BUILDING CONSTRUCTION: Documenting Construction Process TUTOR: MR. RIZAL LINDSAY LIM . ALEXANDER CHEAH . CHEE KEAT. NATALIE CHEN . LIM YEE FAH
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This section introduces the requirement of the assignment and the site chosen.
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Content 1.2. Intro to assignment 1.3 Intro to site: Location, address, site layout, key plan, location plan
LINDSAY LIM 0326844
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CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION (LINDSAY) - 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ASSIGNMENT - 1.2 INTRODUCTION TO SITE 2 PRELIMINARIES WORK (CHEE KEAT) - 2.1 Site Clearance - 2.2 Earthworks (Excavation & Soil Filling) - 2.3 Setting out - 2.4 Site Boundary - 2.5 Site Layout - 2.6 Site Safety (NATALIE CHEN) - 2.7 Plants & Machineries (NATALIE CHEN) 3 FOUNDATION (CHEE KEAT) - 3.1 Shallow Foundation - 3.2 Pad Foundation (Foundation type on site) - 3.3 Process of Pad Foundation - 3.4 Deep Foundation - 3.5 End Bearing Piles (Foundation type on site) - 3.6 Process of End Bearing Piles - 3.7 Formwork for Foundation - 3.8 Test for Concrete (Slump Test & Cube Test) (YEE FAH) 4 SUPERSTRUCTURE (LINDSAY LIM) - 4.1 - Ground beam - 4.2 - Ground slab - 4.3 - Column
5 WALLS (ALEXANDER JOSE CHEAH) - 5.1 Types of wall - 5.2 Types of wall used on site - 5.3 Construction of non load bearing wall - 5.4 Masonry - 5.5 Bricks and Bonds - 5.6 Method of Construction - 5.7 Lintels - 5.8 Partitions - 5.9 Finishing use on site - 5.10 - Plastering process 6 STAIRCASE (NATALIE CHEN) - 6.1 Terminologies - 6.2 Formwork - 6.3 Standard requirement - 6.4 Construction of staircase - 6.5 Types of staircase 7 CONCLUSION 8 REFERENCE SKETCHES (YEE FAH)
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INTRODUCTION LINDSAY LIM
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO ASSIGNMENT This project requires us to visually demonstrate our understanding of the construction process and details on 5 topics. In a group of 5, we are to compile an analysis technical report based on our site visitation through documenting it in the form of images, annotated sketches, and drawings.
The task of the assignments is delegated into sections as follows: Group Member Details and Task: ● Lindsay Lim Siew Cheng, 0326844 (INTRODUCTION & SUPERSTRUCTURE) ● Alexander Jose- Cheah ( WALLS ) ● Khoo Chee Keat, ( PRELIMINARY & FOUNDATION ) ● Natalie Chen KheMin ,0327110 (STAIRCASE & SITE SAFETY) ● Lim Yee Fah, (SKETCHES) Picture: (from left to right) Natalie Chen, Khoo Chee Keat, Mr. Fairul (Contractor), Mr Ch’ng (Project Director), Alexander Jose-Cheah, Yee Fah, Lindsay Lim 4
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INTRODUCTION LINDSAY LIM
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO SITE
Location: Persiaran Sierra 2, Bandar 16 Sierra, mukim dengkil, daerah sepang, Selangor Type of Property: Townhouse Land Acres: 20 acres Total Units: 168 lots/ 336 units Total Types: Two, Type A: 81 lots/ 162 units, Type B: 87 lots/ 174 units Size of Unit: Type A and B: 27’ x 73’ Date of Commencement & Completion: 15th October 2014 - 14th June 2016 Duration: 20 Months Contract Sum: RM 88,440,145.54 Client: Lush Development Sdn. Bhd.
VISUALS OF THE SITE
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Preliminaries works, which is sometimes called mobilization, is the works that need to be done before the construction begins to ensure the construction can be done smoothly on time.
2.0 PRELIMINARIES WORK 2.1 Site Clearance 2.2 Earthworks (Excavation & Soil Filling) 2.3 Setting out 2.4 Site Boundary 2.5 Site Layout 2.6 Site Safety 2.7 Plants & Machineries
KHOO CHEE KEAT 0327433
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2.1 SITE CLEARANCE KHOO CHEE KEAT
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE CLEARANCE Site clearance is the first step to be done after the alignment of the site is completed. Site clearance is meant for removing and disposing bushes, trees, fences, loose boulders and grass within the topsoil. However, it is important to prevent as little damage as possible, due to extra cost on damaged landscape. If it is necessary to remove crops and trees , the supervisor has to inform the owners and gives them possibility to harvest the crops themselves. It is important that the supervisor has to record all crops and trees removed in case claims for compensation arises later on.
2.1.2 MACHINERIES FOR SITE CLEARANCE Crawler excavator, dump truck, front loader, Mowers, Bulldozers and Lorries are the machineries used for site clearance.
Crawler Excavator
Lorry
Site Clearance in progress
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2.2 Earthworks (Excavation & Soil Filling) KHOO CHEE KEAT
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO EARTHWORKS Earthworks are engineering works created through the processing of parts of the earth’s surface involving quantities of soil or uniform rock. Earthworks included excavation (addition) and soil filling (subtraction), excavation and soil filling also known as cut and fill.
2.2.2 EXCAVATION
2.2.3 Soil Filling
Excavation is the process of subtraction for earthworks. Contractors will excavate or break the rocks to ensure the ground level is same as the specification.
Soil Filling is the process of addition for earthworks. Contractors will fill in the holes and jags with soil to ensure the ground level is same as the specification.
Crawler Loaders, Lorries Bulldozers, Excavator are the machineries that commonly used for earthworks.
Excavation & Soil Filling process in site
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2.3 SETTING OUT KHOO CHEE KEAT
2.3.1 INTRODUCTION TO SETTING OUT
Setting out is the steps to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the centerline of the walls, so that the construction can be carried out to the plan. Building inspectors will come and check the setting out once it has been done.
2.3.2 Steps of Setting Out Step 1: Calculate the distance from the first peg (Point A) to the second (Point B).
Off- Set line
Step 2: Lay out the distance from first peg to third peg (Point C) by using the Pythagorean theorem [a2 +b2 =c2] and the square root of c2 will give an answer and secure. Step 3: Repeating second step to get the last corner (Point D) by using the diagonal measurement you have established take your tapes and run them out from Point B and C until they exactly cross on your tapes at the established measurements and drive a pin in at position D. Step 4:Set up timber profiles which should be 500mm away and ne about 300mm above the finished level.
2.3.2 Tools To Setting Out Theodolites are used to mark out the building external wall extent. 9 Therodolites
2.4 SITE BOUNDARY KHOO CHEE KEAT
2.4.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE BOUNDARY Site boundary is used to differentiate the land between site and outside. Temporary fencing(Hoardings) are placed to separate the land between public and site to prevent accidents, Signage is placed at the entrance of site to inform that visitors should get permit from local authorities before enter to site.
2.4.2 Hoarding Hoarding is the fencing for site to prevent dust and debris from travelling outside of the site and prevents injuries to pedestrians. Hoarding can create a safe working environment for employees and public.
Boundary
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mm
2440 mm
Hoarding enclosed the site 10
2.5 SITE LAYOUT KHOO CHEE KEAT
2.5.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE LAYOUT Site layout is an important part of preliminary as sites can be complex and dangerous due to the involved movement of large quantities of materials, plan and people. A good site layout can ensure the safety and the efficiency of workers. A site layout should also include site offices, toilet, vehicle washing area, worker shed, signboard and fabrication yard.
2.5.2 MAIN ENTRANCE & SIGNBOARD There is a main entrance to allow workers to go into site. The aim for a main entrance is to prevent outsiders from entering the site without awareness. Signboard are placed at main entrance to give information about the project and the contact method for the authorities who are involved in this project.
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Main Entrance & Signboard 11
2.5 SITE LAYOUT KHOO CHEE KEAT
2.5.3 Fabrication Yard Fabrication yard are spaces meant for precasting works. Fabrication yard can include carpentry yard, bending yard and cutting yard. Fabrication yard will removed after precasting works done
Carpentry yard
Bar Bending Cutting Yard
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& 2
Fabrication yard
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Vehicle Washing Area
2.5.4 Vehicle Washing Area Vehicle Washing Area is needed for a site to ensure that vehicle that goes out will not dirtied the road. Vehicle washing usually placed at main entrance.
Vehicle Labour
Washed
by 12
2.5 SITE LAYOUT KHOO CHEE KEAT
2.5.5 Labour Shed Labour Sheds are important to sites as it is the temporary shelter for labour that allows labourers to work at higher efficiencies.
2.5.7 Site Canteen
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Canteens were built to supply food to the labourers. The aim to have a canteen in a site is to improve and ensure the progress of construction.
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Labour Shed
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Site Canteen
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Toilet & Water Storage
2.5.6 Toilet and Water Storage Toilets are needed to ensure the hygiene in the site. Water storage supplies water for toilets and labourers. Toilet
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Water Storage
2.5 SITE LAYOUT KHOO CHEE KEAT
2.5.8 Site Office Site Office is crucial for a construction site. Site office is used for meeting in site that involved all authorities such as contractor, architect, engineer, developer and etc.
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Site Office
2.5.9 Site Storage Temporary Storage is the important space that used for store the materials. Temporary storages are separated into two parts which is shaded or opened which is used to store different materials. For example steel-made materials should be stored under shaded areas because steel is prone to rust.
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Site Office
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Site Storage
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Spacer Store
Exterior Store
2.6 SITE SAFETY NATALIE CHEN KHEMIN
2.6.1 INTRODUCTION TO SITE SAFETY Site safety is one aspect that contractor have to pay full attention on it. A dangerous site will delay or stopped if serious the progress of site. Site safety has included personal protection equipment, signage of site, scaffolding and site equipment.
2.6.2 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) PPE is the equipments that will protect the construction workers against safety risks and minimise exposure to many types of health hazards at site.
High Visibility Vest It allows people to identify everybody in the dark and protection against toxic and harmful substances. Safety Boots The hard surface of the boots is suppose to prevent foot/leg injuries from falling and sharp objects penetrating into your feet.
Safety helmets The functions of safety helmet is to protect our heads from from unseen falling objects and deflecting blows.
Safety Hearing Devices & Eye Wear Safety hearing devices & eye wear is used to protect eyes and ear from noise, dust and wood debris.
Safety Gloves
The functions of safety gloves is protect hand from cuts and burns. 15
2.6 SITE SAFETY NATALIE CHEN KHEMIN
2.6.3 Safety Signage Essential warning signage in national language and icons is placed in a conspicuous view at the entrance of the construction site , to warn people around about hazardous activities is happening.
Signage on site
2.6.4 Safety Equipment Safety Equipment are the equipment for safety security and practicality of the site. Common safety equipment that on site are first aid kit and fire extinguisher. First aid kit
Fire extinguisher
2.6.5 Fogging Fogging are done in site to prevent the breeding of mosquito, fogging will done by labour for each month. Fogging will cover the whole construction site including the labour shed and material store.
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Fogging at labour shed & Store
2.6 SITE SAFETY NATALIE CHEN & KHOO CHEE KEAT
2.6.6 Scaffolding Scaffold is a temporary structure for construction workers, scaffolding is used to support people and material in the construction or to repair buildings. There are some scaffolding safety rules that need to follow:
● Scaffold must be sound, rigid and sufficient to carry its own weight .multiplied by four times the maximum intended load without settling or displacement. ● They are required when the working height is above 1.5m above ground level. ● Scaffold must be equipped with guardrails , midribs and toe boards. ● Scaffold must not be erected , moved or dismantled unless he/she is under the supervision . ● Do not jump from, to, or between scaffolding. ● Do not slide down cables, ropes or guys used for bracing. ● Keep both feet on the decking. Do not sit or climb on the guardrails.
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2.7 PLANT & MACHINERIES NATALIE CHEN KHEMIN
2.7.1 INTRODUCTION TO PLANT & MACHINERIES Plants and machineries are a common equipment and apparatus in a site.Plants refer to heavy machinery and equipment in site. Common plant and machineries in site are lorries, backhoe loader, crawler loader, concrete mixer truck, portable concrete mixer and road roller. HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED REAR TIPPING HOPPER
2.7.2 Lorries Lorries is the most common vehicle in a site. It is utilize to load and transfer material or waste ,into or out of site. It is also used in site clearance and building constructing.
DRIVING CAB DIESEL ENGINE
FUEL TANK
HYDRAULIC OUTRIGGERS
2.7.3 Backhoe Loader There are one or two backhoe loader in the site.It is used for excavating, demolish and moving materials.Backhoe loader contains 2 bucker which are loading excavating bucket at front and backhoe bucket at the back.
LOADING BUCKET
BACKHOE BUCKET
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2.7 PLANT & MACHINERIES NATALIE CHEN KHEMIN
2.7.3 Crawler Loader Crawler Loader are commonly used to excavate and load soil. It is suitable for trenches and to excavate for foundation. The difference from a backhoe loader, Crawler loader are able to to turn 360 degrees, but it has only one bucket.
2.7.3 Road Roller Road Roller are used to compact roads of the site, it will only be used during leveling after site clearance and when the road is tarred.
SMOOTH DRUM
INTER WHEELS
STEEL SCRAPERS
HINGED FEED CHUTE
2.7.2 Concrete Mixer There are two types of concrete mixer in site, which are concrete mixer truck that transport concrete to site and portable concrete mixer which labourers have to mix the concrete themselves but compared to concrete mixer truck, a portable concrete mixer are more convenient. However it can only mix small amount of concrete.
MIXING DRUMS
DIESEL ENGINE
Concrete Mixer Truck
Portable Concrete Mixer 19
A Foundation is an architectural structure which connects it to the ground and load bearing.
3.0 FOUNDATION KHOO CHEE KEAT
3.1 Shallow Foundation 0327 3.2 Pad Foundation (Foundation type on site) 3.3 Process of Pad Foundation 3.4 Deep Foundation 3.5 End Bearing Piles (Foundation type on site) 3.6 Process of End Bearing Piles 3.7 Formwork for Foundation 3.8 Test for Concrete (Slump Test & Cube Test)
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3.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION KHOO CHEE KEAT
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SHALLOW FOUNDATION Shallow foundation are the foundation that constructed where soil layer at shallow depth (up to 1.5m) is able to support the structural loads, depth of shallow foundation are generally less than its width.The common type of shallow foundation are Strip foundation, Raft foundation, Cantilever footing and Spread footing. Damp-Proof courses
Ground Level
Concrete Slab
Concrete Foundation
3.1.2. TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION Pad foundations are a form of spread foundation formed by rectangular, square, or sometimes circular concrete ‘pads’ that support localised single-point loads.
A strip footing,also known as continuos footing is provided for a row of columns which are so closely spaced that their spread fooding oberlap or nearly touch each other. A strip footing is also provided for a load-bearing wall.
A mat or raft foundation is a large slab supporting a number of columns and walls under the entire structure or a large part of the structure.
A cantilever footing consists of two isolated footings connected with a structural strap or a lever. The strap connects the two footings such that they behave as one unit. The strap is designed as a rigid beam. 21
3.2 PAD FOUNDATION KHOO CHEE KEAT
3.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PAD FOUNDATION Pad Foundation (also known as Isolated footings or Spread Footings) is one type of shallow foundation to carry and spread concentrate loads.This load is then spread by the pad to the bearing layer of rock and soil below. Pad foundations is usually used for supporting ground beams too.
Why Pad Foundation? Shallow Foundation was used in the site due to the subsoil situation of the site is too hard for deep foundation. Pad Foundation was chosen because the structure of the building are single-point loads which are the structural columns. Therefore, Pad foundation are the best choice among all types of shallow foundation
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3.2 PROCESS OF PAD FOUNDATION KHOO CHEE KEAT
3.2.2 PROCESS OF PAD FOUNDATION 3
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EXCAVATION Excavate to specific Foundation plan
level
according
PUTTING FORMWORK to
Putting formwork after excavation done.
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INSTALLING REBAR Rebar are putting into form work as the reinforcement for concrete
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ADD IN EXTRA REBAR
POURING CONCRETE
Extend some rebar from footing for column and slab
Start pouring concrete after civil engineer checked the reinforcement.
BACKFILLING SOIL Back filling soil after concrete has cured. Proceed to ground beam stage
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3.3 DEEP FOUNDATION KHOO CHEE KEAT
3.3.1 INTRODUCTION TO DEEP FOUNDATION Deep foundation is the foundation that transfer the building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. Deep foundation can be divided into two types which are end bearing piles and friction piles.
Weak Soil
In end bearing pile, the bottom end of pile rest on a strong layer of soil and rock, the load of the building will transferred bypass the weak layer to the strong layer through the pile which is same function as a column. The key principle of it is that the intersection of a weak layer and strong layer.
Fiction Direction
3.3.2. TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATION Friction pile transfer the load of the building to the surrounding soil through the skin friction of the pile, the strength of the pile is directly proportionate to its length.
Strong Soil 24
3.4 END BEARING PILE KHOO CHEE KEAT
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION TO END BEARING PILES End Bearing Piles behaves as an ordinary column, end bearing piles will usually used in the site that the depth between the surface and hard strata is near.It will not fail by buckling it in weak soil and this effect need only considered if part of the pile is unsupported
Why End Bearing Piles? Deep Foundation but not shallow foundation is because of the soft soil part in the subsoil layer is shallow.Therefore deep foundation is a better choice compare to shallow foundation. Structural Engineer choose end bearing piles because of the hard strata is found at a negotiable depth from the surface.
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3.4 PROCESS OF END BEARING PILE KHOO CHEE KEAT
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EXCAVATION Excavate soil for piling.
3.4.2 PROCESS OF END BEARING PILES 2
PILING Piles are hammering into soil.
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PUTTING FORMWORK Formwork of pile cap are placed on pile.
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ADD IN REBAR Rebars are installed into the formwork as the reinforcement.
POURING CONCRETE
BACKFILLING SOIL Back filling soil after concrete has cured. Proceeds to ground beam stage.
Concrete is poured into formwork after checks by engineer.
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3.5 FORMWORK KHOO CHEE KEAT
3.5.1 INTRODUCTION TO FORMWORKS Formwork is the temporary molder for concrete to be poured in. Formwork can be made in wood and metal (miven). Formwork is used for foundations, beams, slabs, columns and staircases in construction stages. The process will be putting formwork, installing rebar and pouring in concrete. Formwork can usually be used up to 3 or 4 times. Timber formwork is less durable but cheaper in cost compared to metal formwork.
3.5.1 INTRODUCTION TO FORMWORKS
Formwork for foundation (Footings)
Formwork for foundation (Pile Cap)
Formwork for beam
Formwork for slab
Formwork for column
Formwork for staircase 27
3.6 TEST FOR CONCRETE LIM YEE FAH
3.6.1
CONCRETE SLUMP TEST
Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity and it is an indirect measurement of concrete consistency and stiffness. The slump test is done to make sure a concrete mix is workable. The measured slump must be within a set range, or tolerance, from the target slump.
Process of Slump Test
Step 1 : Clean the cone , dampen with water and collect sample of concrete. Stand firmly on the foot pieces and fill 1/3 the volume of the cone with the sample.
Interpretation of results :
Step 2 : fill to 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into the top of the first layer.
Step 3 : Fill to overflowing, rodding again this time just into the top of the second layer. Top up the cone till it overflows
Collapse The concrete collapse completely
Step 4 : Level off the surface with the steel rod using a rolling action.
Step 5 : Carefully lift the cone straight up making sure not to move the sample.
Shear In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways
Step 6 : Take several measurements and report the average distance to the top of the sample.
True In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape 28
3.6 TEST FOR CONCRETE LIM YEE FAH
3.6.2
CONCRETE CUBE TEST
Concrete cube testing is a process done by making a cube of concrete in a machine. It is often used to test strength and durability of a batch of concrete. The machine used in this process is designed to make concrete blocks, curing the concrete and removing it to perform tests at specific time intervals.
Process of Cube Test The cubes are generally tested at 7 and 28 days unless specific early tests are required , for example to remove a concrete shutter safely prior to 7 days. Usually 1 cube will be tested at 7 days and 2 cubes at 28 days. The blocks are moved to a specific testing machine after they have been made and cured for specific periods of time. Pressure is applied to the cubes until they fail. The concrete mixture is marked as a bad batch if the cubes fail before they should or in ways they shouldn't.
Machine used in concrete cube test
Sample of Cube Test on site:
Example for Failure Specimens:
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Superstructure is an upward structure that’s part of a building or construction which sits above the foundation. In this case, we are looking at columns, beams, slabs, formwork.
4.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 4.1 - GROUND BEAM 4.2 - GROUND SLAB 4.3 - COLUMN
LINDSAY LIM 0326844
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4.1 GROUND BEAM LINDSAY LIM
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO BEAM To start, after the stage of footin, ground beam will be develop. In general beams are just like columns but are horizontal placed, usually to support the roof or floor above. They are a structural element that is capable of withstanding load by resisting against bending. Beams contains reinforcement bars across. In this site, they use in -situ concrete beams which are constructed on site and timber formwork is needed. There are 2 types of concrete beams: â—? In-situ concrete beams are cast on site, which need formwork and can be time consuming â—? Pre-cast concrete beams and block is the rapid solution to high quality, economical concrete floor construction. Concrete beam and block floors are constructed using prestressed concrete beams supporting standard concrete blocks spanning between 'T' beams.
4.1.2 PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING BEAM 1. 2. 3. 4.
SIZE OF GROUND BEAM
Formwork Bending and binding steel bars Laying of cement concrete Curing
600 mm
31 225 mm
4.1 GROUND BEAM LINDSAY LIM
4.1.3 PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING BEAM ON SITE 1
Firstly, the rebar is inserted and bent into the shape desired to set it’s place.
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The the formwork is erected to prepare for the pouring of concrete. In this site, the formwork used is tradition wood formwork.
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Lastly, the concrete is poured and wait for curing which can take up to 24 to 48 hours. The formwork shall not be removed until it is hardened.
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4.1 GROUND BEAM LINDSAY LIM
4.1.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING BEAM ON SITE
REBAR
Firstly, the rebar is constructed and bent
FORMWORK
Then, the formwork is constructed around the reinforcement bars. Before the pouring of concrete, mould oil is painted around the formwork to allow easy removal of formwork after curing.
CONCRETE
Lastly the concrete is poured and cured for about 48 hours. Then the formwork is removed.
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4.2 GROUND SLAB LINDSAY LIM
4.2.1 GROUND SLAB
TYPES OF SLABS USED ON SITE
Slabs are large, thick, flat piece of horizontal stone, concrete, or wood, typically rectangular that are spread throughout and used as floors or subfloors. They are supported by columns and beams. There are various types of construction in slabs: 1. Flat slab 2. Two way slab 3. Hollow core ribbed slab 4. Hardly slab 5. Waffle slab 6. Pitched roof slab 7. Many more
TWO WAY SLABS are supported by the beams on all four sides and their main reinforcement is provided in both direction therefore, it’s load is carried in both direction of the two way slab.
ONE WAY SLABS are supported by the beams on two opposite side and their main reinforcement is only in one direction therefore, it’s load is also carried in one direction.
4.2.2 SLABS LAYERS CONCRETE GROUND SLAB REINFORCEMENT BARS
DIMENSIONS
POLYTHENE LAYER ANTI- TERMITE SPRAY AND OTHER SOLVENTS
600 mm
GROUND SOIL
34 125 mm
4.2 GROUND SLAB LINDSAY LIM
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After the construction of the ground beam and removal of formwork, backfilling will proceed.
4.2.3 PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING GROUND SLAB ON SITE 2
Setting up of formwork ground slab will occur.
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for
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Then, the sewer pipes will be installed by before pouring concrete
Concrete will then be poured and the formwork is removed after 2-3days
Reinforcement bars are installed.
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Concrete takes up to 28 days to 35 retain its 100% strength.
4.2 GROUND SLAB LINDSAY LIM
4.2.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING GROUND SLAB ON SITE 1
After the construction of the ground beam, backfilling of soil will proceed. Termite prevention spray will also be added.
3
At this stage formwork will be set up before the reinforcement bars are being placed. Then the installation of piping will occur.
2
Then a layer of polythene sheet is laid to avoid moisture from the ground to penetrate through the ground slab.
4
Concrete is then being poured and cured for about 48 hours before the removal of concrete.
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4.3 COLUMN LINDSAY LIM
4.3.1 COLUMNS Columns are upright pillars that are above ground, usually made of stone or concrete. Designed relatively to support arial compressive load applied on it’s surface. These columns are made of concrete with reinforcement bars known as rebar inside. They take about 28 days to cure before the formwork can be removed, but in the case of this site. They allow curing for only 48 hours for efficiency purposes but no load will be applied until 28 days has passed.
BEFORE: Extruded rebars from footing
DETAILS OF A COLUMN REINFORCEMENT BARS / COLUMN REBARS
CONCRETE COLUMN
COLUMN STIRRUPS
FOOTING
REINFORCEMENT BAR GRATE
Dimension:300 x 575 mm
AFTER: Concrete is casted and cured. Formwork is removed
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4.3 COLUMN LINDSAY LIM
4.3.2 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING A COLUMN FORMWORK
In this site, the frequent formwork material is timber and below are what a formwork should consist of: 1. Yoke 2. Nuts and Bolts 3. Side and End planks
1. Position formwork for the column in its predetermined grids. Make sure it’s propping angle is at 45 degree angle from the floor. 2. The props should be safely secured and is able to adjust pushing and pulling operations 3. Set out positions of column clamps from storey rod 4. Then transfer the column damp position from the storey rod onto column formwork 5. Use nails or nuts and bolts to secure the column clamps whole wedging 6. Position and wedge the bottom, middle and top clamps 7. Check the formwork at the top of the square and position the remainder of the column clamps 8. Make sure it has a final alignment check 38 before casting the concrete in
4.3 COLUMN LINDSAY LIM
4.3.3 PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING COLUMN ON SITE
1
The first step of constructing column is to identify the extended rebars from the ground slabs and tie it with the column reinforcement bars.
3
Then, the formwork will be constructed around the column and concrete will be poured. Before the concrete is poured, mould oil will be used as a non-sticky coat for the interior of the formwork.
2
The reinforcement bars are constructed to a certain height and width.
4
After 28 days, which is the best time for concrete to regain its strength, then the formwork is removed.
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4.3 COLUMN LINDSAY LIM
4.3.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING COLUMN ON SITE 2
1
Extruded rebars
Reinforcement bars are tied to the extruded rebars to create a column structure
Formwork constructed rebar.
is then around the
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4
Then, the pouring concrete will occur.
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of
Curing will take about 48 hours before the removal of formwork.
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Walls define areas, carries load, provides shelter and security.
5.0 WALLS 5.1 - TYPES OF WALLS 5.2- TYPES OF WALL USED ON SITE 5.3 - CONSTRUCTION ON LOAD BEARING WALL 5.4 - MASONRY 5.5 - BRICKS AND BONDS 5.6 - METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 5.7 - LINTELS
5.8 PARTITION 5.9 FINISHINGS USED ON SITE 5.10 - PLASTERING PROCESS
ALEXANDER JOSE-CHEAH 0326803
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WALLS ALEXANDER JOSE-CHEAH
5.1 TYPES OF WALLS In building construction, there are typically two different classifications of walls:
5.2 TYPE OF WALL USED ON SITE NON- LOAD BEARING WALL
-Load Bearing Wall -Non-Load Bearing Wall Walls are structures that clarifies a space and provides security. They are generally known for taking load for structures.
LOAD BEARING WALL
The walls at our site does not carry any load. The columns beside the brick walls holds the load of the structure and bricks laid here to form walls do not carry any load as bricks are not able to withstand the load. Non-load bearing walls only carries its own weight. Usually used for separating spaces but does not receive any gravitational load.
Load bearing walls usually bear the weight of a house from the roof to the foundation.The weight that transfers down in a house is called the “load�, thus load bearing walls is called.
This diagram here shows where the non-load bearing walls tend to be placed which usually ends up as the inner walls. 42
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WALLS ALEXANDER JOSE-CHEAH
5.3 CONSTRUCTION OF NON LOAD BEARING WALLS
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Our site starts by constructing the column to hold the load from the upper slabs and roof. This is why the walls do not carry any load.
After the columns and slabs are ready, the workers start by adding the bricks. Scaffolding or support is no longer need after columns are ready.
The brickwork is shown here after the workers have placed them. This then becomes the Non-Load Bearing walls which carry no load.
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5.4 MASONRY MASONRY TERMINOLOGIES
Wythe Stretcher
Course Header
Masonry Bonding Soldier
Rowlock 44
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MASONRY INTRODUCTION Mortar Used to join the bricks together with this paste like substance.
Courses Courses are rows of bricks
Brickwork A masonry produced when layers of bricks are laid using mortar to connect them.
Using different materials and forms to server several kinds of functions. The exterior walls give the sense of security and prevents natural phenomenon from entering inside such as the heat and cold weather, ultraviolet radiation, rain and snow, sunlight and sound. Walls can also prevent fire from spreading for a certain period depending on the resistance of it.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MASONRY
Advantages • Increase the thermal mass of a building and can protect the building from fire. • Non-combustible product. • More resistant to projectiles, such as debris from hurricanes or tornadoes.
Disadvantages • Extreme weather, can cause degradation of masonry due to expansion and contractions forces associated with freeze-thaw cycles. • Masonry tends to be heavy and must be built upon a strong foundation, such as reinforced concrete, to avoid settling and cracking. • Requires more skilled labour than stick-framing. • Masonry consists of loose components and has a low tolerance to oscillation. 45
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5.5 BRICKS AND BONDS TYPES OF BONDS
Stretcher Bond ( USED ON SITE )
English Garden Wall
Flemish Bond
Common / American
English Bond
Bond
Herringbone Bond
Bond 46
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TYPES OF BOND USED ON SITE 1.STRETCHER BOND
2. SOLDIER BOND
Stretcher bond was used in this site because this bond is one of the simplest brickwork patterns. This bond is also known as running bond. Placed with the stretcher part of the brick facing out. This prevents cracks to run straight down.
Stretcher bond is usually used in reinforced concrete frame structures that that acts as the outer faces. Walls constructed with stretcher bonds are not stable enough to stand alone in case of longer span and height. Thus they Then need supporting structure such as brick masonry columns at regular intervals.
Soldier Bond is placed on the upper part of the walls to fit the gap. The bricks are laid at a tilted angle to create a leaning effect on one another. 47
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TYPES OF BRICKS USED ON SITE
Basic Advantages of Brick
Specifications of Brick
•
Aesthetic Appeal
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2.5kg
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Thermal & Acoustic Insulation
•
•
Zero Maintenance Cost
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Fire Resistance
SIRIM Fire Resistance Test (BS 476: Part 22:1987) = 2 Hours Rating
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Flexible in Application
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Low production cost(approx. RM0.27 per piece)
Cement sand bricks are made with the mix of fly ash, coal cinder, coal gangue, slag, chemical residue or natural sand, mud as raw materials and cement as its coagulant. This is done without the use of high temperatures. 48
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5.6 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 1
2
In the beginning, damp proofing membrane is added at the very bottom to prevent moisture from entering into the house.
4
3
After the damp proofing membrane is added, mortar is placed along a string used as a marking point. Bricks are laid according to the line to provide a straight wall.
5
Every 4 layers of brick, wire ties will be placed over the mortar layer. Wire ties prevent cracks from cracking horizontally along the brick wall.
Mortar is spread across the brickwork every layer after a brick is placed. This process is repeated until the height wanted is achieved.
6
Above the wire ties, a dowel bar from the column is placed. The dowel bar also known as a starter bar acts as a connector for the column and bricks. They also prevent cracks vertically.
Finally, a trowel is used to scrap off the excess mortar in between the joints of the brickwork. 49
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5.7 LINTELS
Timber Lintel
Stone Lintel
Brick Lintel
Steel Lintel
A lintel is the horizontal bar placed across openings like doors and windows in buildings and houses. Lintels are designed to withstand load from the structure above it and provides support. The thickness or width is based on the width of the wall and the ends of the lintel are built directly into the wall.
Reinforced Concrete Lintel Reinforced Concrete Lintels is widely used at openings of doors and windows due to its toughness, strength, rigidity, fire resistance, economy and construction ease. This lintel is suitable for all types of load and span.
Types of Lintels: • Timber Lintel • Stone Lintel • Brick Lintel • Steel Lintel • Reinforced Concrete Lintel 50
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5.8 PARTITION
Type A
Party Walls Partition Walls
Type B Party Walls These are the walls that are between each tenant’s residence that acts like a divider between two units.
Partition Walls These are walls that separate spaces in a house. The divide spaces into rooms. Usually do not carry any load. 51
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5.9 FINISHINGS USED ON SITE Finishing work is usually done by means of mechanized equipment that speeds the process of finishing buildings and this also reduces the number of operations required. Finishing work can also be done manually but take a longer procedure. The purpose of adding finishing work is to cover the front surfaces of structures with products made of natural or artificial materials.
TROWELS
Trowels are used to smoothen the walls surface. It is a small handheld tool with a flat, pointed blade, used to apply and spread mortar or plaster.
INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
The exterior walls used walcrete on the outer surface of each building. Walcrete acts as an exterior plastering with a rough cast texture. It is then painted after the surface dries.
The interior walls used plastering after the brickwork and mortar has bonded together and dried. Skim coating is then applied to provide a smooth surface. After rough cast plastering, the workers apply skim coats to provide a smooth surface. This hides any sort of imperfect details and can give a level 5 drywall. Level 5 achieves flatness under the observation and has no trace of errors. 52
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5.10 PLASTERING PROCESS 1
Walls must be cleaned and get as much of dust away.
4
Prepare a trowel to scoop an amount of plaster and place in on the hawk.
2
3
The next step is to sprinkle some water on the walls to strengthen the sticking of plaster process.
Prepare the walcrete in a bucket and mix it with with necessary ingredients with proper ratio.
5
6
Begin at the bottom of the wall and using smooth strokes, evenly spread the plaster around the area.
Keep the trowel leading edge 15mm away from the wall to allow proper flattening and drying of plaster. 53
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EXTERIOR FINISHING Walcrete the easy, efficient, economical and environment friendly way of mixing mortar. Its excellent water retaining property prevents premature loss of water, therefore ensuring: •Strong bonding •Low drying shrinkage •Better weather resistance •Good workability •Easier handling •Smoother finish
Ratio The ratio for the walcrete in our site was 1:4. The 1:4 ratio is used for the external plastering process.
Purpose To obtain hard surface and gives a layer for the paint to dry above while giving a certain texture to the walls.
Plastering is the process used at our site which covers the surfaces of our structure with wet materials that spread over the brickwork. With suitable types of equipment, the surface is smooth. This was also used in the interior and exterior before other processes or coatings were applied. Painting provides an aesthetic sense of touch to the building. The paint on the exterior protects against the harsh weather conditions and is applied over the walcrete plastering layer. 54
A construction design allowing us to walk across a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances called steps,from the first floor to the next.
6.0 STAIRCASE 6.1 - TERMINOLOGIES 6.2 - FORMWORK 6.3- STANDARD REQUIREMENTS 6.4 - CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE 6.5 - TYPES OF STAIRCASE
NATALIE CHEN KHEMIN 0327110
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STAIRCASE
BALUSTERS
NATALIE CHEN KHEMIN
HANDRAIL
6.1 TERMINOLOGY LANDING The first step above the lower landing.It may be wider than the other steps.
NEWEL CAP
RISER The vertical plane between each tread of the stair steps.
STRINGER The supporter of the treads and risers.
TREAD The part of the stairs is stepped on.The thickness of construction is same as flooring.
RISE
NOSING An edge that protrudes over the riser
175 mm
280mm
NEWEL
180mm RUN
R.C.C STAIRS Reinforced concrete is most suitable for the construction of stairs. Pros: fire-resistant,durable,strong and 56 can be easily rendered non-slippery.
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6.2 FORMWORK MATERIALS STEEL
6.3 STANDARD REQUIREMENTS TIMBER
RISERS AND TREADS -Riser height : 100mm (4”) min. -Thread depth : 280mm (11”) min. -Less than 16 risers for every flight STAIR WIDTH -Width :1120mm (44”) min.
Stringers are replaced with aluminium forming system or with steel beams,supported by metal props.They’re also more systematic and reusable.
Plywood are the common wood being used as formwork.They’re lightweight thus easily removed.Rebar is added for reinforcement.
HEAD ROOM -Height : 2000mm (79”) min. -For convenience and good movement around the house. LANDING -Width :1120mm (44”) min. HANDRAILS -Width :Less than 1120mm (44”) -Height : 865-965mm ( 34”-38”) from the edge of step -Length : one handrail should extend at least 305mm (12”) min. Plus one tread width beyond the last riser. 57
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6.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTIONS 2
1
Calculate the dimension of stairs including the riser and run. Measure from the height of one floor to another then divide the height with 7� to get the total number of steps. Also, determine the dimension of foundation.
3
Constructing the staircase formation , using framing lumber such as plywood and reinforced iron bar to support the weight.
4
Make sure to use wood stakes to support the forms to prevent them from bowing outwards during drying process. To prevent any honeycombs and voids , either tap the wood form with a hammer or use a palm sander.
Preparing concrete and pouring mortar.Producing well mixed mortar with portable cement mixer, start at the bottom and pour partially at a time.
5
The drying process is spraying the stairs with some curing compound and cover it with burlap.After 3-4 days, you may remove the lumber. 58
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6.5 TYPES OF STAIRCASE
WINDER STAIRS These types of stairs changes in direction through 270 degrees.Instead of a flat landing , they have either a pie shaped/triangular steps at the corner transition.
SPIRAL STAIRS This type of stairs is often confused with circular stairs as they both followed a helical arc and most of the time the stairs may be supported by a centre post.
L-SHAPED They are used when the direction of flight is changed by 90 degrees.Change in direction can be effected by either introducing a quarter space landing or by providing winders at the junction.
U-SHAPED The stairs change its direction through 180 degrees. In open newel stairs , there is a well between the flights and it might used to accommodate a lift thus this stairs type are used at places where sufficient space is available.
CURVED STAIRS When viewed from a bird’s eye view , the stairs will appear to follow a circle with a single centre of a curvature and large radius , unlike a spiral stairs.These stairs are usually provided near the end of the building to give access for servicing at various floors. 59
7 CONCLUSION ALL
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PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATION
SETTING OUT
EARTHWORKS ON SITE
CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND BEAM
CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND SLAB
CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND COLUMN
FIRST FLOOR COLUMN
ROOF
FIRST FLOOR BEAM - STAIRCASE - BRICKWALLS
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REFERENCES
PRELIMINARY AND FOUNDATION ● Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Site_layout_plan_for_construction ● Pad/Isolated Footing. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.finesoftware.eu/geotechnical-software/solutions/shallow-foundations/isolated-footing-pad-foundation/ ● TYPES OF PAD FOUNDATIONS. (2013, March 25). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/types-of-pad-foundations/7514/ ● Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pad_foundation ● Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Footings_in_foundations ● Gaurang Kakadiya, Engineer Follow. (2015, April 25). Different types of pile. Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/GaurangK/different-types-of-pile ● What Is The Difference Between Friction Pile And End Bearing Pile? - Bayt.com Specialties. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/93631/what-is-the-difference-between-friction-pile-and-end-bearing-pile/ ● Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html ● Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Hoarding_for_construction_sites SUPERSTRUCTURE ● The Design and Construction Process. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/03_The_Design_And_Construction_Process.html ● Step by step guide for how to build a slab-on-grade. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from http://www.ecohome.net/guide/slab-grade-construction-step-step-guide
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REFERENCES
● Concrete slab. (2017, November 01). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab ● Nabeel Rajpoot, Student at University of South Asia Follow. (2017, January 01). Construction process''column,beam,slab''. Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/NabeelRajpoot1/construction-processcolumnbeamslab ● L. (1970, January 01). Construction. Retrieved November 02, 2017, from http://construction-greatopportunity.blogspot.my/2012/03/beam-and-slab.html ● Makita, Y. N., K., Chaudhari, G. B., Gupta, S., Talwar, K., Siva, K., . . . Ansari, M. F. (2017, August 11). 16 Different types of slabs in construction | Where to use? |. Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://civilread.com/16-different-types-slabs-construction/ WALLS ● Designing Buildings Wiki The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Lintel ● WALLS- TYPES, FEATURES AND DESIGN CONCEPT. (2016, December 02). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/building/walls-types-features-and-design-concept/819/ ● Finishing Work. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Finishing Work ● Types of Plaster Finishes and External Rendering for Buildings. (2017, February 21). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/building/types-plaster-finishes-external-rendering-buildings/14532/ ● Cement Sand Bricks (PIECE). (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://www.ewarehouse.atkc.com.my/building_material/bricks/Cement-Sand-Bricks-PIECE ● Wall. (2017, November 01). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall ● Ching, F. D., Mulville, M., & Ching, F. D. (2014). European building construction illustrated. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ● Chudley, R., Greeno, R., Hurst, M., & Topliss, S. (2012). Advanced construction technology. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. STAIRS + MACHINERIES + SITE SAFETY ● Chudley, R. (1987). Construction technology. Harlow: Longman. ● Ching, Francis D. K.(2014) . Building construction illustrated : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ● Chudley, R.. (2014 ) Building construction handbook: Routledge
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Explains
(2014)
,retrieved
from
● Types of stairs - Advantages & Disadvantages. (2015 ) retrieved from https://www.keuka-studios.com/types-of-stairs ● R.Barry (1992) , The Construction og building , vol.2, 5th edition ,blackwell science ltd.
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