Thirty years of partnership with the people of Madagascar

Letter from the Mission Director Hafatra avy amin’ny Tale Jeneraly

I wish to congratulate all of you on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in Madagascar, where we have worked with and for the people to provide development and humanitarian assistance. Whether you are USAID staff members, government officials, partners, implementing NGOs, international development agencies, colleagues, beneficiaries or simply interested in our work – I would like to thank you.Your involvement has played a part in our successes.

USAID was born out of a spirit of progress, innovation and a reflection of American values, character and a fundamental belief in doing the right thing. President John F. Kennedy recognized the need to unite development into a single agency to maximize expertise. Since its creation in 1961, USAID has been a quiet force for progress, fostering a more peaceful and secure world.

Over the past thirty years, the U.S. Government, through USAID, has provided over $1.5 billion in development assistance — from the people of the United States to the people of Madagascar. Our work is not finished, however, and we must continue to seek innovative ways to tackle the challenges ahead.

USAID remains committed to Madagascar, a beautiful country where its citizens strive daily to create a better quality of life for themselves and their families. Even during the political crisis following the coup d’état in 2009, USAID/Madagascar continued to work with the people of Madagascar, providing life-saving humanitarian assistance in the health and food sectors at the community level by training over 17,000 community health workers.

Since it first opened an office in Antananarivo in 1983, USAID has played a pivotal role in expanding family planning services and in making Madagascar a leader in modern contraceptive use among African nations. Our work in the environment sector helped double the areas of Madagascar devoted to national parks and protected areas. Our assistance to combat malaria is reducing malaria infections and deaths and giving Madagascar a realistic chance to eliminate the threat of this disease. The spirit of innovation and the belief in doing the right thing have never been stronger. Today, USAID brings together the technology, resources and global imperative to meet the challenge of improving lives around the world, and in Madagascar.

We are proud of what USAID has achieved in working to protect Madagascar’s unique biodiversity, supporting anti-corruption reforms, increasing access to basic education, improving women and children’s health, reducing food insecurity and strengthening the country’s ability to respond to natural disasters, improving access to basic health care and family planning services, and fighting trafficking in persons.

We still have a lot of work to do. We will continue to support Madagascar’s development efforts and work toward the fulfillment of the USAID vision, which is, “to partner to end extreme poverty and promote resilient, democratic societies while advancing our security and prosperity.”

Faly aho miarahaba antsika rehetra nahatratra izao faha-30 taona niasan’ny Sampan-draharaha Amerikana misahana ny Fampandrosoana na USAID eto Madagasikara izao, fotoana izay niasantsika miaraka amin’ny vahoaka sy ho an’ny vahoaka, nitondrantsika ny fanampiana izay ilainy ho fampandrosoana ny firenena.

Fisainana mifototra amin’ny fandrosoana, amin’ny fanavaozana sy fandinihana ny soatoavina amerikana, ary ny faharesen-dahatra fa rariny loatra ny zavatra atao no hevi-dehibe nanorenana ny USAID. Tsapan’ny Filoha John F. Kennedy mantsy fa ilaina ny fananganana sampan-draharaha tokana hisahana ny fampandrosoana mba tsy hahaverivery foana ny fahaiza-manao. Natsangana tamin’ny taona 1961 àry ny USAID, ary hatramin’izay ka hatramin’izao dia hery ho an’ny fampandrosoana izy, miasa hisian’ny tontolo milamina sy mandry fahalemana.

Hatramin’izao taona 2014 izao dia fanampiana mihoatra ny 1,5 lavitrisa dolara no nentin’ny fanjakana amerikana amin’ny alalan’ny USAID, avy amin’ny vahoaka amerikana ho an’ ny vahoaka Malagasy. Tsy mbola tapitra anefa ny asa, ary mila mandinika fomba vaovao hafa isika hamporisihana ireo mpamatsy vola sy ny fanjakana Malagasy hiatrika ny asa izay mbola miandry antsika.

Tsy haiko ny tsy hisaotra anareo, mpiara-miasa ao amin’ny USAID, tompon’andraikipanjakana, mpiara-miombona antoka, sampan-draharaha tsy miankina mpanatanteraka, sampan-draharaha iraisam-pirenena ho an’ny fampandrosoana, namana, mpahazo tombontsoa, eny fa na ianareo izay liana fotsiny amin’ny asa ataonay aza: mankasitraka.

Zava-dehibe amin’ny fahombiazanay ny fandraisanareo anjara.

Eo anilan’i Madagasikara mandrakariva ny USAID amin’ny ezaka ataony hanangana fiainana vanona ho azy sy ny ankohonany. Nandritra ny krizy politika taorian’ny fanonganam-panjakana tamin’ny 2009 dia nihantona daholo ireo lahasa tsy natao ho vonjy aina. Na teo aza anefa izany dia nanohy niasa ho an’ny vahoaka Malagasy izahay, nitondra fanampiana vonjy aina teo amin’ny sehatry ny fahasalamana sy ny fampanjarian-tsakafo eny anivon’ny fiaraha-monina, ary nanofana mpanentana arapahasalamana mihoatra ny 17.000 isa.

Efa mijoro sy am-perinasa izao ny fitondrana demokratika taorian’ny fifidianana malalaka sy mangarahara, ary miverina miara-miasa amin’ny fanjakana Malagasy izahay, ka manitatra izany fiaraha-miasa izany amin’ny sehatra hafa toy ny tontolo iainana, ho tombontsoan’ny vahoaka Malagasy.

Hatramin’ny nisokafan’ ny biraony voalohany teto Antananarivo tamin’ny 1983 dia nitàna andraikitra lehibe ny USAID tamin’ny fanatsarana ny fandrindram-piterahana sy hanaovana an’i Madagasikara ho lohalaharana amin’ny fampiasana fitaovana fanabeazana aizana aty Afrika. Ny asa nataonay teo amin’ny sehatry ny tontolo iainana dia nampitombo roa avo heny ny velaran-tany natao valan-javaboahary. Ny fanampiana nomenay iadiana amin’ny tazomoka dia nahafahana nampihena ny tahan’ny aretina sy ny taham-pahafatesana, ary manome herijika an’i Madagasikara hamongotra ity aretina ity. Miorim-paka hatrany ilay fisainana mifototra amin’ny fanavaozana sy ny faharesen-dahatra fa mety ny zavatra atao. Ankehitriny ny USAID dia mitondra ny hay raha sy ny hoenti-manana ahafahana miatrika ny asa tokony hatao hanatsarana ny fiainana maneran-tany sy eto Madagasikara.

Raha atao indray mitopy maso ny 30 taona lasa izay, dia afaka mirehareha aho amin’ny zava-bitan’ny USAID eto Madagasikara tamin’ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana tsy manam-paharoa, fanohanana ny asa fanavaozana iadiana amin’ny kolikoly, fanatsarana ny fanabeazana fototra sy ny fahasalaman’ny reny sy ny zaza, fampihenana ny tsy fanjarian-tsakafo ary fanamafisana ny fahafahan’i Madagasikara hiatrika loza voajanahary, fanatsarana ny fitsaboana sy ny fanabeazana aizana, ary fanamafisana ny ady atao amin’ny fanondranana olona an-tsokosoko. Be ny asa mbola miandry. Hitohy hanampy an’i Madagasikara amin’ny ezaka ataony izahay ho fampandrosoana ny firenena, ary hilofo fatratra hanatanteraka ilay vinan’ny USAID manao hoe “hiombona antoka isika hamongotra ny fahantrana mihoapampana sy hanangana fiaraha-monina matanjaka sy demokratika, sady hitandro ny fandriampahalemana no hiasa ho an’ny fampandrosoana.”

Thank you.

December 2014

Misaotra tompoko.

Desambra 2014 Susan Sawhill Riley

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Country profile Mombamomba ny Firenena Worldwide, USAID is mobilizing a movement to eliminate extreme poverty by 2030 and create resilient, democratic societies that reach their full potential. In Madagascar, and in every other country we work, USAID focuses relentlessly on results and accountability.

USAID provides development assistance in the areas of food security, health, disaster preparedness and assistance, and the environment through nongovernmental organizations, community associations, and other private groups. In 2014, the United States is providing over $63 million in assistance for public health and food security programs reaching hundreds of thousands of Malagasy throughout the country, making the U.S. Government one of the largest bilateral donors to Madagascar.

USAID has been working for over 30 years to help the people of Madagascar accomplish their development goals in the face of ongoing challenges, and has touched the lives of people living in some of Madagascar’s poorest, most remote areas.

Food Security and Disaster Assistance USAID’s two five-year food security programs –Asotry and Fararano (names of harvest seasons in Malagasy) aim to reduce food insecurity and chronic malnutrition, and increase resilience among chronically food insecure households in five vulnerable regions of Madagascar.

The programs will directly benefit 620,000 individuals in the highlands, southwest and east of the country. Major activities under this program include sustainable agricultural production and marketing, natural resource management, non-agricultural income generation, integrated health and family planning, nutrition, water and sanitation, disaster risk mitigation, vulnerable group feeding, and social safety nets.

USAID also provides emergency food assistance to address needs arising from natural disasters, such as floods or droughts, and complex emergencies often characterized by insecurity and population displacement. The agency is helping households develop and implement plans aimed at mitigating the effects of disasters.

Health, population and nutrition USAID is one of the leading health donors in Madagascar. Its programs target rural, underserved, and vulnerable people throughout the country. Emphasis is placed on promoting safe pregnancies and deliveries, effective malaria prevention and treatment, improved nutrition, prevention and management of common childhood illnesses, access to family planning, and reduced incidence of disease arising from lack of safe water and sanitation. In 2014, USAID activities will cover 1200 rural communes and 65% of Madagascar’s population. Various health, population and nutrition projects aim to reduce maternal and child mortality through improving quality and access to health services for malaria, childbirth, child diarrhea and pneumonia, infectious diseases, and family planning. The USAID health team works closely with the Ministries of Health and Water, private sector, non-governmental organizations and the communities to expand access and demand for services. Madagascar is also a priority country for ending preventable child and maternal deaths and a focus country for the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI).

Environment USAID/Madagascar’s renewed environment program aims to enhance the capabilities of the Malagasy people and civil society organizations to combat the illegal exploitation of Madagascar’s natural resources.

The two-year program will improve understanding of unsustainable and illegal behavior; strengthen the capacity of local organizations to monitor illegal activities; increase engagement of civil society organizations in combating illegal practices; and improve media coverage and exposure of abusive practices targeting Madagascar’s endangered natural resources.

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Hetsika iray tohanan’ny USAID maneran-tany ny famongorana ny fahantrana mihoa-pampana amin’ny taona 2030, sy ny fananganana fiarahamonina matanjaka sy demokratika nahafeno ny fepetra amin’ny tanjona tiankotratrarina. Ny vokatra sy ny fandraisana andraikitra no tena zava-dehibe amin’ny USAID eto Madagasikara sy any amin’ny firenen-drehetra iasany.

Manome fanampiana vonjy aina eo amin’ny sehatra maro i Etazonia, toy ny fampanjarian-tsakafo, ny fahasalamana, ny fanampiana raha sendra loza sy ny tontolo iainana, ary miara-miasa amin’ny sampandraharaha tsy miankina, ny fikambanam-piarahamonina sy ny fikambanana hafa tsy miankina izy amin’izany. Telo ambin’ny enimpolo (63) tapitrisa ny fanampiana nomen’i Etazonia tamin’ity taona 2014 ity izay namatsiana tetikasam-pahasalamana sy fampanjariana aratsakafo ho an’ny vahoaka malagasy manerana ny Nosy. I Etazonia no firenena manome fanampiana lehibe indrindra an’i Madagasikara.

Maherin’ny 30 taona izao no niasan’ny USAID manampy ny vahoaka malagasy eo amin’ny lafiny fampandrosoana. Na dia maro ny olana atrehina dia nahitam-bokatra ny fanampiana ny vahoaka mipetraka eny amin’ny faritra lavi-toerana sy tena mahantra.

aizana. Miara-miasa amin’ny ministeran’ny fahasalamana sy ny rano, ny sampana tsy miankina sy ny fokonolona ny USAID eo ampanatanterahana izany tanjona izany.

Laharam-pahamehana ho an’ny Tetikasan’ny Filoha Amerikana miady amin’ny Tazomoka (PMI) i Madagasikara ary manao tanjona ny hisoroka ny fahafatesan’ny reny sy ny zaza.

Tontolo iainana Ny Fandaharanasa vaovaon’ny USAID eo amin’ny sehatry ny tontolo iainana dia mikendry ny hanamafy ny fahafahan’ny vahoaka sy ny fiarahamonim-pirenena hiady amin’ny fitrandrahana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary eto amin’ny firenena. Ny fandaharanasa izay haharitra roa taona dia hanabe ny vahoaka mba hampitsahatra hatreo ny fomba fanao tsy manara-dalàna, ny fanamafisana ny fahefa-mahefan’ny sampandraharaha eto antoerana hanara-maso ny tsy fanarahan-dalàna, ny famporisihana ny fiarahamonim-pirenena hiady amin’izany tsy fanarahan-dalàna izany, ary ny fanatsarana ny fomba fiasan’ny gazety sy ny fampahalalambaovao mamaky bantsilana ny fomba ratsy izay loza mitatao ho an’ny harena voajanaharin’i Madagasikara.

Fampanjariana ara-tsakafo sy fanampiana raha sendra loza Asotry sy Fararano: ireo no tetikasa fampanjarian-tsakafo vaovao tohanan’ny USAID, izay haharitra dimy taona. Ny tanjona dia ny hampihena ny tsy fanjarian-tsakafo eo amin’ireo fianakaviana tena marefo any amin’ny faritra dimy eto Madagasikara. Olona 620.000 no handray tombontsoa mivantana avy amin’ny tetikasa aty afovoantany, sy ny faritra atsimo andrefana ary atsinanan’ny Nosy. Ny lahasa hotanterahina dia ny fanatsarana ny fambolena sy ny hay varotra, ny fitantanana ny harena voajanahary, ny fihariana eo amin’ny sehatra hafa noho ny fambolena, ny fahasalamana sy ny fanabeazana aizana, ny sakafo ara-pahasalamana, ny rano sy ny fidiovana, ny fiatrehana ny tranga ratsy rehefa sendra loza, ny fanomezana sakafo ny fianakaviana marefo ary ny filet de sécurité ara-tsosialy.

Manampy amin’ny fanomezana sakafo ny USAID rehefa sendra hamehana vokatry ny tondradrano na ny hain-tany, na rehefa tojo tranga sarotra toy ny tsy fisian’ny fandriampahalemana sy ny fifindramonin’ny mponina. Manampy ny vahoaka izy handrafitra sy hanatanteraka planina hanalefahana ny fiantraikan’ny loza.

Anisan’izany ny fandaharan’asa food for work (asa atakalo sakafo) izay miasa amin’ny fanamboarana fefiloha sy lakan-drano, na fambolenkazo iadiana amin’ny fikaohan-tany. Misy amin’ireo fokonolona no mandray fanampiana hananganana Tahiry sy Fampisamboram-bola Ambanivohitra (VSL), ahafahany mindram-bola hanamboarana ny fotodrafitrasa simba.

Fahasalamana, mponina sy sakafo ara-pahasalamana Anisan’ny mpanome fanampiana goavana indrindra an’i Madagasikara eo amin’ny sehatry ny fahasalamana ny USAID. Ny vahoaka any ambanivohitra lavi-toerana sy tena mahantra no kendren’ny tetikasa ho fanatsarana ny fitondrana vohoka sy ny fiterahana, fitsaboana sy fisorohana ny tazomoka, fanatsarana ny sakafo ara-pahasalamana, fisorohana sy fandraisana an-tànana ny aretina mpahazo ny ankizy, ny fisorohana ny VIH, ny fanabeazana aizana ary ny fampihenana ny aretina azo avy amin’ny rano maloto sy ny tsy fisian’ny fotodrafitrasa fidiovana. Mahenika kaominina ambanivohitra 1.200 ny lahasan’ny USAID amin’ity taona ity, izany hoe eo ho eo amin’ny 65% ny mponina.

Ny tanjon’ireo tetikasam-pahasalamana samy hafa ireo dia ny hampihena ny taham-pahafatesan’ny reny sy ny zaza amin’ny fanatsarana ny kalitao sy ny fitsaboana ny tazomoka, ny aretina mety hiseho eo am-piterahana, ny aretim-pivalanana sy ny aretin’ny taova fisefoana, ny areti-mifindra, ary ny fanatsarana ny fanabeazana

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Spring 84 Lohataona 84 In the spring of 1984, Sam Rea was invited to fill the new position of “Program Officer for Madagascar,” and he would later become USAID/Madagascar’s first Mission Director. USAID’s current program in Madagascar has been largely built on the foundations set by the first country strategies and priorities, developed by Mr. Rea over thirty years ago.

Adapted from the Foreign Assistance Series, Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, 1998 Our initial country strategy of 1984 focused our assistance on the agriculture sector -- where 85% of Malagasy were employed and where private, small-holder production prevailed. Rice became the centerpiece of our program throughout the entire decade to follow.Why rice? Rice is the staple food of the Malagasy, who were said at the time to consume more rice per capita than any people on earth—three heaping platefuls apiece, when it could be had, morning, noon, and night.

We started to tackle the root problems of low agricultural production, environmental degradation, and surging population growth. The increased production of higher quality rice became our main focus, with two supporting program elements: family planning and, almost entirely missing from the initial 1984 plan, conservation of Madagascar’s unique biodiversity. These three elements fit together well and were, in the longer term, interdependent.

Our first intervention was designed to make a vital contribution: to improve the varieties of rice and the technical packages available to Malagasy farmers. Over the years since independence, Madagascar had prohibited the import of the improved rice varieties developed elsewhere which had figured so prominently in Asia’s Green Revolution. In collaboration with their Malagasy counterparts, our partners aimed to select from the world seed bank rice varieties with characteristics most germane to conditions in Madagascar, to import these varieties, cross them with local varieties to make them more hardy, test them on station and in farmers’ fields, then to make them available for wide distribution to farmers together with the most appropriate fertilizers, also as tested. At the same time, of course, we would be making a concerted effort to prepare Malagasy research and technical staff and institutions to take entire responsibility for the rice program. To accomplish all this in a reasonable span of time -- a decade or so -- was a stiff challenge.

Our second contribution to rice production, an essential one, was even more ambitious: research and policy reform. Looming over the failure of the rice sector in the years since 1972 was the policy question -- the set of policies by which the price of rice in urban markets had been carefully controlled, creating price disincentives to Madagascar’s rice producers. The third element of our rice production strategy was repairing local infrastructure. As the economy had worsened, rural roads and water control dikes and the terracing necessary for rice production and marketing had suffered serious neglect.

After rice production, the second component of the Madagascar program was the conservation of the environment. Conservancy went hand-in-hand with our work in agriculture. Obviously, we needed to work out ways in which the local populations would see their interests best served by protecting their unique environment, at the same time as they were enabled to farm more intensively on adjacent areas. Biodiversity was not part of the original plan when I arrived. But its importance grew clearer to us, and to the international community, very quickly. Our initial approach, made on a low-cost, pilot basis, was to select several of the highest priority ecological areas on the island and then to arrange and support collaborative ventures in each of them between the local inhabitants and a Malagasy private voluntary organization.Their joint objective was to work out sustainable ways to conserve biodiversity while at the same time achieving a satisfactory level of agricultural production or other means of supporting the local population.

The third and final component of our program in Madagascar was family planning. Family planning works best when it is part of a comprehensive program for family health, particularly to include young children.We worked with UNICEF, which in 1987 was preparing to design with the Ministry of Health a five year child support program.This program would provide oral rehydration therapy/immunization services to at least 80% of all Malagasy children on a phased basis, taking on a different section of the country in each successive year.

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USAID/Madagascar’s first Mission Director, Sam Rea, shares a few memories Ny taona 1984 Andriamatoa Sam Rea no voatendry ho Program Officer ho an’i Madagasikara, izany hoe izy no Tale Jeneraly voalohan’ny USAID teto Madagasikara.

Voarakitra ao amin’ny Tsiaro nosoratany ary fa ny tetikady 1984 dia niompana indrindra tamin’ny fanampiana amin’ny lafiny fambolena, izay sehatra iasan’ny 85 isan-jaton’ny Malagasy.

Ny vary no ho votoatin’ny fandaharan’asa mandritra ny folo taona manaraka.

Ny fomba hamokarana vary bebe kokoa sy tsara kalitao kokoa no noeritreretina hifotoran’ny fandaharan’asa, miaraka amina teboka roa manan-danja, dia ny fanabeazana aizana sy ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.

Ny singa voalohany dia ny fanatsarana ny karazam-bary ary ny fampitaovana ny tantsaha.

Hanatona ny teknisiana malagasy ireo mpiaramiombona antoka hizaha karazam-bary izay tena mifanakaiky amin’ny karazany misy eto.

Rehefa hita izay dia hafarana io karazany io ary hafangaro (croiser) amin’ilay karazany avy eto an-toerana, hatao voly andrana any amin’ny station agricole sy any an-tsaha, ary farany hozaraina tamin’ireo tantsaha miaraka amin’ny zezika mifanaraka aminy. Hofanina ihany koa ny mpikaroka sy ny teknisiana malagasy handray an-tànana tanteraka ny fandaharan’asa fambolem-bary.

Ny singa faharoa dia ny fikarohana sy ny fanavaozana ny politikam-pambolena, izay tsy dia mamporisika loatra ny mpamboly hamokatra vary noho ny vidiny voaara-maso be loatra aty an-tanandehibe. Ary ny singa fahatelo dia ny fanamboarana ny fotodrafitrasa. Noho ny fitontonganan’ny fiharian-karena, dia niharatsy ny làlana any ambanivohitra sy ny fefiloha izay tena ilaina amin’ny fambolem-bary sy ny famoaham-bokatra.

Ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana no teboka lehibe faharoan’ny fandaharan’asa. Faritra maromaro no hosafidianina hanaovana asam-piarovana maharitra ny tontolo iainana, sady hanaovana ihany koa asam-pamokarana izay mahafa-po ny filan’ny mponina.

Ny teboka lehibe farany dia ny fanabeazana aizana. Nisy ny fiaraha-miasa tamin’ny UNICEF izay nandrafitra, tamin’ny taona 1987, ho an’ny Ministeran’ny Fahasalamana fandaharan’asa maharitra 5 taona mikasika ny fahasalaman’ny ankizy madinika.

Fanampiana amin’ny fanomezana sel de rehydratation orale (iray sy valo) sy asa fanaovana vaksiny ho an’ny 80 isanjaton’ny zaza malagasy no hatao.

Ny taona 1987 no tafapetraka soa aman-tsara ny fandaharan’asa teto Madagasikara, niaraka amin’ireo singa telo lehibe dia ny fambolembary, ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana, ary ny fanabeazana aizana.

Food security and disaster assistance

Fampanjariana ara-tsakafo sy fanampiana raha sendra loza

Context Madagascar’s size as the fourth largest island in the world and location in the Indian Ocean means the country is extremely prone to natural disasters including cyclones, floods, and droughts.The significant loss of life and economic assets due to these catastrophes greatly undermines investments in social and economic development.

USAID/Madagascar provides assistance in disaster preparedness and emergency food assistance to address needs arising from natural disasters and complex emergencies often characterized by insecurity and population displacement.

USAID also provides longer-term development assistance for agricultural development and increased food security, crucial in a country where over 50% of young children are chronically malnourished and stunted.

History Food assistance programs in Madagascar long preceded the establishment of the USAID mission in 1984. USAID ‘s responses to food insecurity have consistently targeted the most vulnerable and under-nourished communities in Madagascar through the creation of income opportunities for rural households. Program activities have included groups focused on nutrition practices such as breastfeeding and cooking healthy meals. USAID programs have worked to improve maternal and child nutrition during the lean agricultural periods, along with providing dietary supplementation to toddlers as well as pregnant and nursing mothers. In addition, USAID has worked with farmers groups on techniques to increase food production. Small school-feeding programs have also brought nutritious meals to children in Tulear and the southwestern part of Madagascar.

Village savings and loans (VSL) groups have also been hugely successful at allowing poor communities access to credit. These VSL have operated with clear regulations that stipulate that the money can only be used for critical needs such as medicine and medical expenses, emergencies, and even investing in a business. When members borrow, they must pay back the principal, plus a 10 percent interest rate that goes back into the fund; in this way, at the end of the year, members benefit by earning 10 percent interest on what they have saved.

To make communities more resilient in the face of natural disasters, food for work activities have enabled villagers to reforest thousands of hectares of Madagascar’s precious forests, rehabilitate thousands of kilometers of rural feeder roads to improve access to markets and social services, and restore networks of dams and irrigation canals that feed large tracts of farmland. In exchange for their work, USAID provided fortified rations of rice, oil and other essential foods to villagers and their families.

USAID’s last Food for Peace (FFP) food security program, SALOHI, which ended in August 2014, was designed specifically to respond to severe chronic and transitory food insecurity in 600 vulnerable communities in eastern and southern Madagascar. This program reached over 500,000 people in the South and East of Madagascar.

In collaboration with Malagasy community leaders, the five-year program addressed a range of development issues, including health, nutrition, agriculture, emergency preparedness and resource management. Through this multi-faceted approach, the program helped communities become more resilient to disasters and economic shocks, while improving food security and decreasing dependency on external assistance.

In terms of disaster assistance, Madagascar is particularly vulnerable to climate change. The island nation is struck on average by more than one cyclone a year, increasingly frequent episodes of drought and, since 2012, the worst locust infestation in 50 years. These disasters have collectively brought in their wake food shortages and increasing ruptures of inter-community violence in the South, all exacerbated by the worsening poverty.

The last disaster relief assistance provided to Madagascar was for Cyclone Haruna, which struck in February 2013 with winds at 110 mph, impacting 22,458 people. In order to help combat the locust plague, the USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance has provided funds in support of a three-year anti-locust campaign launched in September 2012. Efforts to date have shown encouraging results, with millions of hectares protected in the main crop production and grazing areas.

What’s next In terms of ongoing disaster preparedness efforts, the Mission is also providing storage costs for pre-positioned plastic sheeting to be used in the event of another cyclone.

In September 2014 Food for Peace launched two new five-year food security programs totaling $75 million that will directly benefit over 620,000 individuals. These programs, Asotry and Fararano (names of harvest seasons in Malagasy), aim to reduce food insecurity and increase households’ resilience among vulnerable people in the regions of Amoron’i Mania, Atsimo Andrefana, Atsinanana, Haute Matsiatra and Vatovavy-Fitovinany.

Results snapshots: • Among children under five, stunting declined from 47% to 41% and underweight decreased from 29% to 20% in the seven regions targeted by the program; • The yields of key crops increased significantly: 80% for rice, 38% for cassava, and 20% for maize; • The average number of months of access to an adequate diet increased from 7.7 months to 9.1 months; • The program constructed 900 km of roads and rehabilitated 99 irrigation systems serving 9,800 hectares of land. An additional 4,295 hectares of land were reforested, contributing to improved agricultural production and community resilience.

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Toe-javatra Amin’ny maha-Nosy fahefatra lehibe indrindra eto an-tany an’i Madagasikara sy ny toerany eto amin’ny Ranomasimbe Indiana dia ianjadian’ny loza voajanahary matetika toy ny rivodoza, ny tondra-drano ary ny hain-tany izy.

Ny fahasimbana aterak’izany eo amin’ny ain’olona sy ny fotodrafitrasa, dia sakana goavana amin’ny fampandrosoana sosialy sy ara-toekarena.

Manome fanampiana ara-tsakafo sy fitaovana iatrehana ny loza ny USAID rehefa sendra hamehana vokatry ny loza voajanahary, na rehefa tojo tranga sarotra toy ny tsy fandriampahalemana sy ny fifindramonin’ny mponina.

Manome fanampiana lavitra ezaka ho fampandrosoana ny fambolena ihany koa ny USAID ary manohana ny fampanjariana ara-tsakafo izay tena ilain’ny firenena satria 50 isan-jaton’ny ankizy no tsy ampy sakafo sy ratsy fitombo.

Raha zohina ny tantara Efa ela taloha ben’ny nisokafan’ny biraon’ny USAID tamin’ny 1984 no nisian’ny fandaharan’asa fanampiana ara-tsakafo ho an’i Madagasikara. Ireo olona tena marefo sy tsy ampy sakafo any ambanivohitr’i Madagasikara no nifantohan’ny tetikasa fampanjariantsakafon’ny USAID, nomena izay ilainy hamoronana fidiram-bola.

Sakafo ara-pahasalamana, vondrona fahandroan-tsakafo ary vondrona fampinonoan-dreny no lahasa natao tamin’izany. Miezaka manatsara ny sakafo ara-pahasalamana ho an’ny reny sy ny zaza ny tetikasan’ny USAID mandritra ny maitso ahitra, ary manome sakafo fanampiny ho an’ny vehivavy bevohoka sy mitaiza kely, ary ny zazakely. Miaramiasa amin’ny fikambanan’ny Tantsaka koa ny USAID manome ny hay tao hampitomboana ny famokaran-tsakafo. Teo koa ny fanomezana sakafo ara-pahasalamana sy be otrik’aina ho an’ny ankizy mpianatra tany Toliary sy ny faritra atsimo andrefan’i Madagasikara.

Nahomby toy izany koa ny vondrona Tahiry sy Fampisamboram-bola any Ambanivohitra (VSL) satria nahafahan’ ny olona sahirana nisambobola. Mazava tsara ny fitsipika iasan’ny VSL ka tsy afaka mindrambola raha tsy antony tena mitombina toy ny fividianana fanafody sy fitsaboana, hamehana, na fampiasam-bola amin’ny fandraharahana madinika. Rehefa mindrana ny mpikambana dia tsy mamerina ny renivola sy zanabola 10% izay miditra ao amin’ny kitapom-bola.

Rehefa miherina ny taona dia mandray zanabola 10% amin’ny vola napetrany koa ny mpametraka tahiry.

Mba hahazoan’ny fiaraha-monina miatrika ny loza voajanahary, dia namboly hazo amin’ny hektarany maro any amin’ny ala sarobidin’i Madagasikara ny tetikasan’ny USAID teo aloha ary nanao làlana any ambanivohitra mba hanatsarana ny asa sosialy sy ny famoahana ny vokatra any amin’ny tsena. Nanamboatra lakan-drano izay mamatsy rano ny tany volena ihany koa izy.

Ny tetikasa fampanjarian-tsakafon’i Food for Peace farany teo, SALOHI, izay nifarana ny volana aogositra 2014, dia natao indrindra hiatrehana ny tsy fanjarian-tsakafo maharitra sy mahalana iainan’ny fokonolona 600 any atsinanana sy atsimon’i Madagasikara. Olona maherin’ny 500.000 any atsimo sy atsinanan’ny Nosy no voakasiky ny tetikasa. Niara-niasa tamin’ny mpitarika eny anivon’ny fiarahamonina ny tetikasa nandritra ny dimy taona, nanao asa fampandrosoana toy ny

fahasalamana, ny sakafo ara-pahasalamana, ny fambolena, ny fiatrehana ny hamehana ary ny fitantanana ny loharanon-karena. Nahafahan’ny fiarahamonina niatrika ny loza voajanahary sy ny voina ara-toekarena ny fanampian’ny tetikasa, sady nanatsara ny fampanjarian-tsakafo no nampihena ny filana fanampiana avy any ivelany.

Eo amin’ny lafiny loza voajanahary dia marefo tokoa i Madagasikara noho ny fiovan’ny toetrandro. Amin’ny maha Nosy azy dia iharan’ny rivodoza tsy latsaky ny iray isan-taona izy ary tratry ny haintany matetika. Nanomboka ny taona 2012 dia nirongatra izaitsizy ny andiam-balala, izay tena nahery vaika indrindra tao anatin’ny 50 taona lasa izay. Ireo loza voajanahary rehetra ireo dia mitarika tsy fahampian-tsakafo sy tsy fandriampahalemana any atsimo, manampy trotraka ny fahantrana mianjady amin’ny Malagasy.

Ny volana febroary 2013 no nahazo fanampiana farany iatrehana ny loza voajanahary i Madagasikara, mandritra ny fandalovan’ny rivodoza Haruna izay naha tra-boina olona 22.458. Mba hiadiana amin’ny firongatry ny valala dia nitondra fanampiana ara-bola hamonoana ny valala ny USAID tamin’ny septambra 2012. Nahitam-bokatra ny ezaka, ary tanimboly sy kialo an-tapitrisan’ hekitarany no voaaro tamin’izany.

inona no dingana manaraka?

Manomboka tetikasa vaovao i Food for Peace izay mitentina 75 tapitrisa dolara ka hahazoan’ny olona 620.000 tombontsoa mivantana.

Lahasa roa, Asotry sy Fararano no hotanterahina ka mikendry ny hampihena ny tsy fanjariana ara-tsakafo sy hanamafy ny fahafahan’ny fianakaviana mahantra hiatrika ny zava-tsarotra any amin’ny faritr’i Amoron’i Mania, Atsimo Andrefana, Atsinanana, Matsiatra Ambony sy Vatovavy Fitovinany.

Vokatra indray topimaso: • Nihena ho 41% ny tsy fahatomombanan’ny fitomboan’ny zaza latsaky ny 5 taona raha 47% izany teo aloha, ary ny tsy fahampian-danja dia nidina 20% raha 29% teo aloha tany amin’ireo faritra fito niasan’ny tetikasa; • Nitombo izay tsy izy ny famokarana voly fihinana: 80% ho an’ny vary, 38% ho an’ny mangahazo, ary 20% ho an’ny katsaka; • Ny salan’isan’ny volana misy sakafo azo hohanina dia niakatra 9,1 volana raha 7,7 volana teo aloha; • Nanao làlana 900 km ny tetikasa ary nanamboatra fitarihan-drano 99 manondraka velaran-tany 9.800 hekitara. Velaran-tany fanampiny 4.295 hekitara no novolena hazo, izay nanampy tamin’ny famokaram-bokatra sy nanamafy ny fahafahan’ny fiarahamonina hiatrika ny zava-tsarotra.

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“Ferocious” businessman quenches villages’ thirst Feroce manages a workshop in southern Madagascar that produces pumps and ploughs for the local market.

He was trained through a USAID - funded program.

Paompin-drano manavotra aina sy manala fahasahiranana Lahasa vaovao fanamboarana paompin-drano any amin’ny faritra karankaina. “Mahavelona sy manampy ny olona ny asa ataoko. Ka inona moa no tadiavina mihoatra izay?”

– Féroce

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Feroce - ferocious in French, and he carries his name well - wears a thin blue shirt and sits in the shade to direct his four workers with wide swipes of his wooden cane. His workers are assembling plows and pumps, welding metal together. He has to speak loudly to cover the rat-rat-tat of his generator, isolated in a clean, cool hut at the edge of his large courtyard, packed with green foot pumps and ploughs. Feroce’s workshop is the only house with electricity for miles.

“I run a business that makes money, I support half a dozen workers, and I supply villages with pumps and water,” Feroce explains. “What could be better?”

A USAID-funded program installed reliable and hardy foot pumps in villages scattered throughout Amboasary and Ambovombe districts, in Madagascar. As part of the project, experts trained Feroce on how to build, sell and maintain these high-quality pumps. His business has grown so swiftly that he works fulltime for his workshop.

A new pump costs 250,000 ariary (about $120), and most customers are farmers’ groups and villages that have pooled their finances. “I am happy to accept payment in several installments” says Feroce. “It’s normal. Everybody needs credit around here.”

The 20 or so pumps the workshop turns out each month are saving lives. In the arid southern regions of Madagascar, obtaining water is a full-time job.Those who do not have access to pumps are forced to purchase water from dirty, donkeydrawn carts at high prices; and if they cannot afford it, women must walk hours each day with backbreaking loads to carry the water long distances back to their homes. Families purchase the absolute minimum amount and use it sparingly. The water is generally contaminated and can lead to diarrhea - the second highest cause of death among infants.

“We started with foot pumps, and now we also supply ploughs for the fields,” Feroce explains. “A new pump is only as efficient as its parts - if it breaks down and there are no spare parts, or anyone to fix it, then it was only as good as the six weeks or six months that it ever lasted for in the first place,” said Feroce. “But my workshop is here to stay.”

Lehilahy efa somary nahazo taona, mipetraka maka maloka no hita manome toromarika amin’ny tehina eny an-tànany ireo mpiasa manambatra amin’ny soudure ny angadinomby sy paompy fampakaran-drano. Voatery miteny mafy izy noho ny tabataban’ny generateur ao amin’ny atelier izay feno paompy miloko maitso sy angadinomby vao avy namboarina.

Izy no Féroce, mpandraharaha tompon’ny atelier izay hany manana sy mampiasa herin’aratra eo amin’ny manodidina. “Mahavelona tsara ity asa ataoko ity. Olona enina no ampiasaiko ato ary izaho no mamatsy paompin-drano sy rano ny eto antànana,” hoy izy.

Tetikasa novatsian’ny USAID vola no nametraka voalohany ny paompin-drano tany amin’ny distrikan’Amboasary sy Ambovombe. Tamin’izany no nanofanan’ny tetikasa an’i Feroce amin’ny fanamboarana, fivarotana sy fikojana ny paompy.

Niroborobo fatratra ny raharaha hany ka lasa niasa tontolon’andro ao amin’ny atelier-ny i Feroce.

250.000 Ariary (eo amin’ny 120 dolara eo) no vidin’ny paompy iray, ary fikambanan’ny Tantsaha sy vondron’olona mitambatra vola no mazàna mividy azy ireny. “Azo aloa tsikelikely ny entana, hoy i Feroce. Tsy olana izany, ary manao izany daholo ny olona.”

Paompin-drano 20 eo ho eo no vokarin’ny atelier isam-bolana, izay tena manavotra aina tokoa. Tena asa mandany fotoana be mantsy ny fitadiavan-drano any amin’iny faritra atsimon’i Madagasikara iny, izay tena maina tokoa. Ireo tsy afaka mividy paompy dia voatery mividy rano entina amin’ny sarety, izay sady lafo no maloto; ary ireo tsy manam-bola anaovana izany indray dia voatery mandeha tongotra lavitra be mitady rano ary mivesatra izany mody. Kely dia kely anefa ny rano azon’ny fianakaviana vidiana ary tsitsitsitsiana aoka izany ny rano. Matetika ny rano azo no feno otrik’aretina ka miteraka aretim-pivalanana, izay mahafaty betsaka ny ankizy madinika.

“Paompin-drano no nanombohanay, ary izao izahay efa manamboatra angadinomby koa,” hoy i Feroce. “Tsy misy dikany anefa ny paompy vaovao raha tsy eo ny piesy.

Raha simba tsinona ny paompy ka tsy misy piesy na olona manamboatra azy, dia mahafaty antoka.Fa izaho sy ny atelier-ko mbola eto ihany,” hoy izy.

Christopher La Fargue, FFP Officer, buys fruit at Honorine’s food stand.

Mividy voankazo eo amin’ny tsenakelin’i Honorine i Christopher La Fargue, Talen’ny Fampanjariana ara-tsakafo ao amin’ny USAID.

Small changes make a big difference in Madagascar On a hill amidst unkempt grass and wild vegetation on the outskirts of Madagascar’s capital, Antananarivo, stands a shabby-looking wooden hut, surrounded by banana trees and other makeshift shelters. A few feet below, a middle-aged woman is attending to a few customers that come to buy items at her food stand. Her name is Honorine, and the hut is her home. Her life has substantially improved thanks to a USAID-funded food security program.

ASA or Ankohonana Sahirana Arenina (promotion of vulnerable families) is one of five social protection centers working in Antananarivo to provide technical assistance and training, as well as food rations, to poor families in this teeming city. Annually, the center identifies about 40 extremely vulnerable households –mostly headed by women—and provides them with training in income-generating activities that will help them earn a decent living. Household members come to the center for 10-month training, and receive a monthly food ration of corn-soy blend, fortified cooking oil, and rice.

On completion of their training, they are given equipment to help start up the business of their choice.

With the help of the center, Honorine started a small food stand selling homemade soup, doughnuts, noodles, fruit, and other vegetables. Although she still lives in a wooden hut, her life has nonetheless improved. With the money that she saved, she bought two pigs that are kept in the countryside, and she is confident her life will continue to improve, as she has seen with her fellow ASA peers.

Bodo, another beneficiary, is the widowed mother of five children.

Before she entered the program, she felt ostracized because she was poor, and her neighbors and relatives would look down on her. Her life improved soon after joining ASA as she could earn and even save money thanks to chicken farming. “I’m now able to buy new clothes for me and my family, and my neighbors are now more considerate and respectful. Our life has changed thanks to the center and USAID’s support”, she said.

Ms. Sarah, the ASA project coordinator spoke highly of the USAID funded food security project that helped many vulnerable families improve their living conditions. Eight hundred and forty families in Antananarivo have benefited from the project since it started in 2009, and 2,549 households among 15 social protection centers throughout the country. This food security program ended in June 2014.

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Herikerika maha-tondradrano Havoana kely rakotry ny bozaka sy ahitra ery an-dafy atsinanan’ Antananarivo renivohitra no misy ity trano kely iray vita amin’ny hazo, voahodidina akondro sy trano bongo hafa. Ery ambanimbany, misy vehivavy efa somary azoazon-taona mikarakara ny mpanjifa tonga mividy entana eo amin’ny tsenakeliny. Izy no Honorine, ary ao amin’ilay trano hazo izy no mipetraka. Efa tena nihatsara ny fari-piainany taorian’ny nahazoany tombontsoa tamin’ny tetikasa fampanjariana ara-tsakafo tohanan’ny USAID. ASA na Ankohonana Sahirana Arenina dia iray amin’ireo ivontoerana fiarovana ara-tsosialy dimy miasa eto Antananarivo, manome fanampiana sy fiofanana ara-teknika ary sakafo ny fianakaviana sahirana eo an-tanàna. Fianakaviana tena mahantra eo amin’ny 40 isan-taona eo, mazàna tariham-behivavy manano tena, no sivanin’ny ivon-toerana omena fiofanana ahafahany mianatra asa ka ahazoany vola iainana. Mankany amin’ny ivon-toerana ny fianakaviana mandray fiofanana mandritra ny 10 volana, ary izarana sakafo isam-bolana toy ny koba katsaka-soja mifangaro, menaka sy vary. Rehefa tapitra ny fiofanana, dia omena fitaovana izy ireo anampiana azy amin’ny asa izay nosafidianiny.

Rehefa naharay ny fanampian’ny ivon-toerana i Honorine dia tapakevitra ny hanao tsenakely fivarotana lasopy, mofo, paty, voankazo sy karazana legioma samy hafa. Na dia mbola mipetraka amin’ny trano hazo aza izy dia efa nanomboka nihatsara ny fiainany. Nampiasainy ny vola izay voaangony ividianana kisoa anankiroa ompiana any ambanivohitra. Matoky i Honorine fa hitohy hihatsara ny fiainany, tahaka ny an’ireo namany hafa ao amin’ny ASA. Mpahazo tombontsoa iray hafa koa i Bodo, manano tena mananjanaka dimy. Talohan’ny nahalalany ny ivon-toerana dia tena nijaly izy satria niavonan’ny mpiara-monina aminy, eny hatramin’ny havany, noho izy mahantra sy ratsy fitafy. Nihatsara, anefa, ny fiainan’i Bodo noho ny ivon-toerana ary nanomboka nanangom-bola izy ividianana akoho (poulet de chair) ompiana. “Efa afaka mividy akanjo vaovao ho ahy sy ny fianakaviako aho izao, ary manaja ahy sy tsy miavonavona amiko intsony ny mpiara-monina. Tena niova ny fiainanay noho ny ivontoerana sy ny fanampian’ny USAID,” hoy izy.

Afa-po amin’ity tetikasa fanjariana ara-tsakafo novatsian’ny USAID vola ity ramatoa Sarah, Mpandrindra ny tetikasa ASA, satria nanampy fianakaviana sahirana marobe hanatsara ny fiainany ny ivon-toerana.

Fianakaviana mahatratra 840 eto Antananarivo sy ankohonana 2.549 any amin’ny ivon-toerana 15 manerana ny nosy no nahita tombontsoa tamin’ny tetikasa hatramin’ny nanombohany tamin’ny taona 2009.

Nifarana tamin’ny jona 2014 teo ny tetikasa.

Democracy and Governance Demokrasia sy Fitantanana Since 1984, USAID has provided focused support to strengthen targeted government institutions and provided assistance to create an informed and empowered constituency, with an overall goal of ensuring that more Malagasy citizens are able to benefit from democracy, peace, and economic and social opportunities.

Special Program Objective Between August 1999 and March 2004, USAID sought to address the ills of Madagascar through USAID’s Democracy and Economic Growth Special Program Objective (SPO) focused on improving the environment for private initiatives in order to stimulate investment and job growth. This approach – with the ultimate goal of reducing poverty – had two facets. The program worked closely with the government of Madagascar to improve the legal, financial, and policy framework for trade and investment. It also worked to improve public information and dialogue to ensure citizens had a greater say in decision-making processes.

As a result of these interventions at both the public and private level, there is a greater knowledge about economic investment and trade, government is more receptive to input from civil society actors, and a more participative approach to decision-making has been adopted in targeted sectors and regions. Three new business laws, passed in the final days of the strategy, strengthened the legal framework in 2004 and encouraged investment in the years afterwards. USAID-funded technical assistance and training of prospective Malagasy Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) professionals in arbitration and mediation led to the creation of the national Centre d’Arbitrage et de Médiation de Madagascar (CAMM) which was officially inaugurated on March 15, 2001, and the accreditation by the CAMM of thirty-six (36) arbitrators and thirty-one (31) mediators.

The Mission was also a strong supporter of the Leland Initiative, helping to expand the use of Internet within Madagascar from 0 Internet accounts in 1994 to approximately 12,000 Internet accounts by 2002.

Good Governance Program USAID’s good governance program served as a link between all of the Mission’s offices (environment, health, and economic growth).

The program worked from 2004-2008 across sectors to improve the advocacy skills of organizations and create regional and national platforms that strengthened the coordination and voice of civil society. Information flow among central and local government and citizens was improved. The democracy and governance program also worked to strengthen the government’s ability to respond to citizens’ demands in key communes where health and environment activities were focused.

Regarding the fight against corruption, USAID was instrumental in helping the government develop and launch its first national anti-corruption strategy. Pioneering efforts to establish a national

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civil society coalition and the first women mayors’ association were brought to fruition with USAID support. USAID-funded technical assistance led to the modernization of the information, communication and technology national policy and legal framework.

USAID Anti-Corruption Initiative The Mission launched the AIM program in April 11, 2007, which supported the Government of Madagascar’s (GOM) effort to fight against corruption. The overall goal of the program was to reduce corruption in Madagascar by strengthening the capacity of GOM anticorruption institutions and mobilizing civil society to improve public awareness and engagement in the overall fight against corruption.

The program built the technical and operational capacity of the Independent Anti-Corruption Bureau to help the bureau better process and investigate corruption complaints and monitor and report on corruption cases transferred to local courts. AIM also worked with local civil society organizations to increase public understanding of corruption and anti-corruption mechanisms, oversee local public finances, involve the business community in anticorruption measures, and improve the media’s role in corruption investigation and exposure.

Election Program With support from USAID, the National Democratic Institute (NDI) conducted a program to enhance the prospects for more transparent and credible elections from September 2006 to February 2008.

NDI sought to 1) develop the capacity of the National Consortium for Election Observation to use advanced election observation techniques; 2) promote the transparency and integrity of the election process through international assessment of the pre-election, election-day, and post- election periods; 3) promote greater access to unbiased election information on the election process through media monitoring and training for journalists; and 4) enhance the capacity of civil society organizations to promote reform and citizen participation in the electoral process.

New Anti-Trafficking Program The goal of USAID’s new anti-trafficking program is to support the Government of Madagascar in its efforts to reduce incidences of human trafficking and protect and provide assistance to victims of trafficking.The achievement of this goal will be supported by focusing on four different but interconnected objectives: 1) Improve national coordination on human trafficking; 2) Achieve greater awareness about human trafficking; 3) Strengthen victims protection (primarily women and children); and 4) Support coordination between Madagascar, destination and in-transit countries.

Nanome fanampiana ny andrim-panjakana voafidy ny USAID hatramin’ny taona 1984, ary nanampy ihany koa teo amin’ny fanamafisana ny faripiadidiam-panjakana sasany mba hahafahan’ny olom-pirenena malagasy mahazo tombontsoa amin’ny fampiharana ny demokrasia, ny fisian’ny fandriampahalemana, ary ny fampandrosoana ny lafiny toekarena sy sosialy.

Demokrasia sy fitantanana ary fampandrosoana ara-toekarena Niezaka nanarina ny lesoka eto Madagasikara ny USAID teo anelanelan’ny aogositra 1999 sy martsa 2004 tamin’ny alàlan’ny fanatanterahana tetikasa iray mitondra ny anarana hoe ‘Special Program Objective’ (tetikasa misy tanjona manokana). Fomba roa no narahin’ny tetikasa, izay nanana tanjona ny hampihena ny fahantrana. Ny voalohany dia ny fiaraha-miasa akaiky amin’ny fitondrana Malagasy hanatsarana ny tontolo araka ny lalàna, ara-bola sy ara-politikan’ny varotra ary ny fampiasam-bola. Ny faharoa indray dia nifantoka amin’ny fanatsarana ny fizaram-baovao sy ny fifanakalozan-kevitra mba hahafahan’ny olompirenena tsirairay mandray anjara amin’ny fanapahan-kevitra.

Nahazoam-bokany ny ezaka natao teo amin’ny sehatry ny miankina sy ny tsy miankina izay nahazo fahalalana tsaratsara kokoa mikasika ny fampiasam-bola sy ny varotra. Ny fanjakana kosa dia lasa nihaino kokoa ny hetahetan’ny fiarahamonim-pirenena, ary nisy ny fandraisan’ny sehatra sasany andraikitra bebe kokoa eo amin’ny fanapahankevitra. Lalàna vaovao telo mikasika ny fandraharahana no noraisina hamporisihana ny fampiasam-bola. Nanampy tamin’ny fanofanana mpiasa matihanina amin’ny fanelanelanana ny USAID, izay nitondra nankany amin’ny fananganana ny Centre d’Arbitrage et de Médiation de Madagascar, notokanana ara-pomba ofisialy tamin’ny 15 marsa 2001, ary mampiasa mpanelanelana miisa 36 sy mpampihavana miisa 31.

Nanohana ny ‘Leland Initiative’ ihany koa ny USAID hanapariahana ny fampiasana ny Internet eto Madagasikara, izay nanomboka tamin’ny tsy misy tamin’ny 1994 ary nahatratra 12.000 teo ho eo tamin’ny 2002.

Fitantanana Ity tetikasa ity dia niasa toy ny rohy teo amin’ny fandaharan’asa rehetran’ny misiona (tontolo iainana, fahasalamana, sy fandrosoana ara-toekarena). Niasa teny amin’ny sehatra rehetra izy nanatsara ny fahaizana eo amin’ny lafiny fandaminana, ary nanangana sehatr’asa rezionaly sy nasionaly hanamafisana ny fandrindrana sy mba hahafahan’ny vahoaka maneho hevitra. Nohatsaraina ny fifanakalozam-baovao eo amin’ny fitondrana foibe sy fitondram-paritra ary ny olom-pirenena.

Niasa ihany koa ny tetikasa hanatsara ny fahafaha-mahefan’ny fanjakana hamaly ny hetahetam-bahoaka any amin’ireo kaominina iasan’ny tetikasa fahalasamana sy tontolo iainana. Noho ny fanampian’ny USAID dia tafatsagana ny fikambanam-ben’ny fiarahamonim-pirenena sy ny

Education From 2006-2010, USAID/Madagascar’s education program focused on improving first- and second-grade teachers instructional practices by means of an Interactive Radio Instruction (IRI) program; helping communities support their schools via a radio program and school improvement grants; and helping teachers engage in their own professional development through the formation and support of teacher networks. Expanding upon this foundation in its second phase, the program assisted the ministry in its move toward improving instruction in English as a Second Language (ESL).

Most of our current health and food security programs have a component of adult education, including nutritional and cooking classes and basic health training for community health workers.

fikambanan’ny Ben’ny Tanàna vehivavy voalohany teto amin’ny firenena.

Nihatsara ny politika sy ny tontolon’ny teknolojia fampitam-baovao sy fiseraserana na TIC noho ny fanampiana nomen’ny USAID.

Ady amin’ny kolikoly Ny 11 avrily 2007 no nanomboka ny tetikasa AIM izay nanampy ny fitondrana amin’ny ady atao amin’ny kolikoly. Ny tanjona dia ny hampihena ny kolikoly eto Madagasikara amin’ny fanamafisana ny fahafaha-mahefan’ny andrim-panjakana misahana ny ady atao amin’izany sy ny fanentanana ny fiarahamonim-pirenena hanazava amin’ny vahoaka ny tokony hatao hiadiana amin’ny kolikoly.

Nanatsara ny fomba fiasan’ny Birao mahaleo tena miady amin’ny kolikoly na BIANCO koa ny fandaharan’asa hahafahan’itsy farany mandinika sy manadihady tsaratsara kokoa ny fitoriana tonga any aminy, sy manara-maso ny tatitra mikasika ny raharahan-kolikoly nalefa any amin’ny fitsarana. Niaraniasa tamin’ny fiarahamonim-pirenena ny AIM hampahafantatra ny vahoaka ny atao hoe kolikoly sy ny fepetra raisina hiadiana aminy, hanara-maso ny volampanjakana, hampandray andraikitra ny mpandraharaha amin’ny ady amin’ny kolikoly, ary hanatsara ny asan’ny filazam-baovao amin’ny fanadihadiana sy fitaterana an-gazety ny momba ny kolikoly.

Fifidianana Niara-niasa tamin’ny National Democratic Institute (NDI) ny USAID ny volana septambra 2006 ka hatramin’ny febroary 2008 hampanjary ny mangarahara sy hanatsarana ny fifidianana. Ny zava-kinendrin’ny NDI dia ny 1) hanamafy ny fahafaha-mahefan’ny komity nasionaly mpanaramaso ny fifidianana na CNOE hampiasa teknika ary fomba amin’ny fanaraha-maso ny fifidianana; 2) hampiroborobo ny mangarahara sy ny fahamarinana eo amin’ny fizotran’ny fifidianana miaraka amin’ny mpanaramaso iraisam-pirenena aloha, mandritra sy aorian’ny fifidianana; 3) hanampy amin’ny fanomezambaovao tsy mitanila mikasika ny fizotry ny fifidianana amin’ny fanofanana ny mpanao gazety; ary 4) hanatsara ny fomba fiasan’ny fiarahamonim-pirenena hanavao sy hamporisika ny fandraisana anjaran’ny olompirenena amin’ny fizotry ny fifidianana.

Ady amin’ny fanondranana olona an-tsokosoko Ny tanjon’ity tetikasa ity dia ny hanohana ny ezaka ataon’ny fanjakana Malagasy hampihena ny fanondranana olona an-tsokosoko, sy hiarovana ary hanampiana ireo ianjadian’ny fanondranana. Hifantoka amin’ireto manaraka ireto ny tetikasa hahatrarana ny tanjona: 1) hatsaraina ny fandrindrana ny ady amin’ny fanondranana an-tsokosoko; 2) hasiana fanentanana bebe kokoa ny momba ny fanondranana an-tsokosoko; 3) hamafisina ny fiarovana ireo ianjadian’izany (indrindra ny vehivavy sy ny ankizy); ary 4) hatsaraina ny fandrindrana ny ady eo amin’i Madagasikara sy ny firenena iondranana.

Fanabeazana Ny tetikasa Fanabeazana novatsian’ny USAID Madagasikara vola mandritra ny taona 2006-2010 dia natao hanampiana ny mpampianatra taona voalohany sy faharoa hanatsara ny fampianarana amin’ny alalan’ny fandaharana alefa amin’ny fandefasam-peo (IRI), hanampiana ny fokonolona hanohana ny sekoliny amin’ny alalan’ny fandaharana, ary hanatsarana ny asan’ny mpampianatra sy ny fifandraisany amin’ny fikambanam-pampianatra hafa. Nanampy ny ministera ihany koa ny tetikasa amin’ny fanatsarana ny fampianarana teny anglisy (ESL).

Ahitana lafiny fampianarana ny olon-dehibe hatrany ny ankabetsahan’ny tetikasan’ny USAID, na eo amin’ny sehatry ny fahasalamana izany na ny fampanjariana ara-tsakafo, toy ny ny fampianarana mahandro sakafo arapahasalamana sy ny fanofanana ny mpanentana ara-pahasalamana.

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Health, Population and Nutrition

Fahasalamana, Mponina sy Sakafo ara-pahasalamana

Context Madagascar is facing major health challenges.

Respiratory infections, diarrheal disease, malaria, under-nutrition, and maternal and neonatal mortality are a burden on Madagascar’s families, its communities, its health system, and the economy.

With limited access to basic health services, 100 Malagasy children die each day primarily from common and preventable illnesses; and, every day 10 Malagasy women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. The country’s high maternal mortality rate (478 per 100,000) has essentially remained unchanged for over two decades. Over 18 million Malagasy people do not have access to clean water and sanitation. In contrast, use of modern contraception has dramatically increased from 5% in 1992 to over 33% in 2013.

Likewise, under-five mortality dropped from 163 per 1000 live births in 1992 to 52 per 1000 live births in 2013.

History USAID has long been one of the leading health donors in Madagascar, supporting integrated programs with the goal of ending preventable child and maternal deaths. Through strategic investments in innovative community health services and systems, USAID has scaled up the provision of community-based diagnosis and treatment for simple pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria as well as oral and injectable contraceptives. Presently, USAID/Madagascar’s Community-based Primary Health Care program supports an expanded network of over 17,000 Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) in 20 of the island nation’s 22 regions. USAID’s community-based program increases access to life-saving products and services for integrated Community Case Management (iCCM), Maternal Care, and Community-based Family Planning services to approximately 9.5 million Malagasy people or about 64 percent of the 15 million people living in Madagascar’s rural and remote countryside.

These investments are largely credited with helping the country to reach its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of reducing under-five mortality to 52 per 1,000 live births. Similarly, Madagascar is on track to achieve its national goal to increase the modern Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) to 34 percent by 2015.

Since USAID initiated its health programs, the Agency has made a major contribution to controlling the transmission and impact of HIV/ AIDS through its experience in research, social marketing, capacity building, and behavior change communication. USAID assistance emphasized prevention, social marketing and included targeted behavior change activities for high risk populations, increased awareness about Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), increased availability and quality of STI services and products, and improved surveillance and data collection. These efforts have contributed to a significant reduction in the syphilis prevalence rate among female sex workers from over 30% in 1990 to 3% by 2012.

To increase youth access to quality reproductive health services USAID partnered with private clinics to offer affordable STI/HIV prevention, testing and treatment services using vouchers coupled with mass media campaigns. In addition, USAID initiated the Red Card Campaign to empower young adolescents to delay first sex.

This campaign was internationally recognized by UNAIDS as a bestpractice in innovative behavior change communication.

Technical assistance to the Ministry of Health has supported the development of national policies and guidelines for community health and malaria prevention and treatment. USAID has also provided

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technical assistance to support the development and budgeting of the health sector development plan.

In order to accelerate progress in reducing under-five mortality and address one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in Madagascar, USAID pioneered the introduction of innovative, life-saving, communitybased interventions including chlorhexidine to prevent umbilical cord infection and misoprostol to prevent post-partum hemorrhage. USAID leveraged other donor support for national scale-up.

USAID’s involvement in the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector led to the creation of a new, dedicated Ministry of Water.

USAID pioneered groundbreaking public-private partnerships: increasing access to safe water to more than 270,000 people; and ensuring the sustainability of those water systems. USAID catalyzed the national scale-up of the Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach, an innovative behavior change methodology, which empowered and mobilized more than 18,000 communities to eliminate open-air defecation and improve overall hygiene practices.

More than 120,000 community stakeholders were trained using this approach which catalyzed the construction of more than 57,000 latrines providing access to improved sanitation to more than 300,000 people All latrines were made with locally-available materials; no subsidies were provided.

USAID supported Madagascar to reposition family planning at the national level, enabling the rapid expansion of access to quality public, private and community-based family planning services.

USAID pioneered the provision and scale-up of community-based distribution of injectable contraceptives using a sustainable social marketing approach. Currently, USAID supports quality family planning and reproductive health services through 350 socially franchised private sector clinics and 20 mobile outreach clinics to complement short-acting contraceptives provided through a network of approximately 12,000 community health volunteers.

Madagascar was among the first U.S. Government’s President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) focus countries. PMI has scaled up insecticidetreated mosquito nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), improved diagnostic tests, and highly effective antimalarial drugs.

These interventions have made a major contribution to the health of Malagasys –reducing by 23% all-causes of mortality in children under five years of age. PMI is implemented in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

What’s next?

Over the past five years alone, Americans invested over $250 million in population and health programs in Madagascar to improve the survival, well-being, and productivity of the Malagasy people. Many of USAID’s investments in health have demonstrated their lasting value.

Participatory, community-based approaches have rapidly expanded access to life-saving health services to rural and remote populations.

Over the coming years, USAID’s primary focus will be on consolidating these gains and ensuring the continuity of quality service provision through close collaboration with the Government of Madagascar.

To further our impact, USAID/Madagascar is actively identifying and scaling-up innovative breakthrough solutions to accelerate reductions in maternal and newborn mortality. Specifically, USAID/Madagascar plans to support the Government of Madagascar to scale-up lowcost, evidence-based interventions including pregnancy test kits, chlorhexidine, misoprostol, and the introduction of a new injectable contraceptive. USAID/Madagascar will also reinforce the public health sector by strengthening the national commodity supply chain system and improving the skills and capacity of health care workers.

RESULTS SNAPSHOTS: • Advocacy efforts resulted in the creation of Ministry of Water.

• Feasibility testing and scale-up of high-impact interventions including community-based injectable contraceptives, mobile outreach, and subsidized vouchers that made all contraceptive methods affordable for the poorest of the poor.

• Surveillance, prevention, and control of major infectious diseases, including HIV, STI, malaria, and polio.

• Feasibility testing pioneered the introduction of innovative, life-saving, community-based interventions including chlorhexidine to prevent umbilical cord infection and misoprostol to prevent post-partum hemorrhage.

• 17,000 Community Health Volunteers trained and supplied to provide maternal and child health education; increase access to family planning and reproductive health services; and increase prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of simple childhood illnesses.

• Integration of Population, Health and Environment programs recognized as a worldwide model.

Zava-misy Maro ny olana ara-pahasalamana to Madagasikara.Vesatra ho an’ny fianakaviana malagasy, ny fiaraha-monina, ny sampandraharahan’ny fahasalamana ary ny toe-karena ny tazomoka, ny aretin’ny taovam-pisefoana, ny aretin’ny zaza, ny tsy fahampian-tsakafo sy ny fahafatesan’ny reny.

Noho ny fahazoana asa sosialy sy fitsaboana voafetra dia zaza malagasy miisa100 isan’andro no maty noho ny aretina mahazatra nefa azo sorohana, ary reny malagasy 10 isan’andro no maty noho ny fahasarotan’ny fitondrana vohoka sy ny fahasarotam-piterahana.

Ambony ny taham-pahafatesan’ny reny (478 amin’ny 100.000) ary tsy niova mihitsy nandritra ny roapolo taona. Malagasy miisa maherin’ny 18 tapitrisa no mbola tsy mampiasa rano fisotro madio sy fidiovana.

Tetsy andanin’izany, nitombo fatratra ny fampiasana fanabeazana aizana hary fomba, koa raha 5 isan-jato izany tamin’ny 1992 dia nihoatra ny 33 isan-jato tamin’ny 2013. Toy izany koa, nihena ny taham-pahafatesan’ny zaza latsaky ny dimy taona, izay raha 163 isaka ny zaza 1000 teraka izany tamin’ny 1992 dia nidina ho 52 isaka ny zaza 1.000 teraka tamin’ny 2013.

Raha zohina ny tantara Anisan’ny mpamatsy vola lehibe indrindra ny fahasalamana eto Madagasikara ny USAID, ary manampy amin’ny tetikasa ho an’ny fahasalaman’ny reny sy ny zaza, ny fanabeazana aizana sy ny sakafo ara-pahasalamana izay ahitam-pahombiazana tokoa. Ampiasaina ny vola fanampiana avy amin’ny USAID hanaovana asa sy hametrahana fomba fiasa vaovao eny anivon’ny fiaraha-monina mba hahazoana mitily sy mitsabo ny aretin’ny aretina tevika tsotra, ny aretimpivalanana sy ny tazomoka, mba hahazoana fanafody fanabeazana aizana toy ny pilina sy ny tsindrona. Mpanentana ara-pahasalamana miisa maherin’ny 17.000 no tohanan’ny tetikasan’ny USAID eo amin’ny sehatry ny fahasalamana, miasa any amin’ny faritra 20 amin’ny 22. Ny fanampian’ny USAID dia ahafahana manome fitsaboana sy fanafody manavotra aina ho an’ny reny sy ny zaza ary anaovaona fanabeazana aizana ho an’ny Malagasy 9,5 tapitrisa, izany hoe 64 isanjaton’ny mponina 15 tapitrisa, miaina any ambanivohitra lavitra any.

Ny antony ampiasana vola toy izao moa dia ny hahafahana mahatratra ny tanjon’ny arivo taona fahatelo ho an’ny fampandrosoana (OMD) hampidina ny taham-pahafatesan’ny zaza latsaky ny dimy taona ho 52 amin’ny zaza teraka 1.000.Toy izany koa, dia efa an-dàlana ny firenena amin’izao fotoana izao amin’ny fampitomboana ny taham-pampiasana ny fanabeazana aizana hary fomba ho 34 isan-jato amin’ny taona 2015.

Hatramin’ny nanombohan’ny tetikasam-pahasalaman’ny USAID dia nitondra anjara vaventy izy amin’ny fampihenana ny fifindran’ny VIH/ SIDA amin’ny fampiasana ny vokatry ny fikarohana, famarotana ny fanafody sy ny vokatra ara-pahasalamana hafa amin’ny vidiny mirary, fanomezana fiofanana ary fanovana ny fomba fanao hatrizay. Ny fanampian’ny USAID dia nanome lanja ny fisorohana ny aretina sy ny fanovana ny fomba fanao ho an’ny sokajin’olona mampanahy, ny fanomezam-baovao mikasika ny aretina azo avy amin’ny firaisana (IST), ny fanomezana fitsaboana tsara sy mahomby ho an’ireo mararin’ny IST, ary ny fanatsarana ny fanaraha-maso sy ny fanangonam-baovao.

Izany ezaka izany dia nahafahana nampihena betsaka ny tahan’ny aretina angatra teo amin’ireo mpivaro-tena, avy amin’ny 30% tamin’ny 1990 ka nidina 3% tamin’ny 2012.

Mba hanatsarana ny fahasalamana ara-pananahana, dia niara-niasa tamin’ny tobim-pahasalamana tsy miankina ny USAID hahafahana misoroka ny aretina IST/VIH amin’ny vidiny mirary, manao analizy sy mahazo fitsaboana amin’ny fampiasana “bon” miaraka amin’ny

fanentanana fahobe. Nampidirin’ny USAID ihany koa ny fampiasana ny karatra mena mba tsy hanaovan’ny tanora firaisana aloha loatra. Nahazo fankasitrahana avy amin’ny ONUSIDA ity fanentanana ity noho izy tena mahomby amin’ny fanovana sy fanavaozana ny fomba fanao Ny fanampiana ara-teknika ny Ministeran’ny fahasalamana dia nahafahana namolavola politika sy toromarika nasionaly ho an’ny fahasalamam-bahoaka isorohana sy itsaboana ny tazomoka. Nanampy ara-teknika koa ny USAID nandrafetana ny tetibola fampandrosoana ny sehatry ny fahasalamana.

Ho fampihenana haingana ny taham-pahafatesana eo amin’ny reny sy ny zaza latsaky ny dimy taona, dia nampiditra fomba vaovao manavotra aina ny USAID eny anivon’ny fiarahamonina, toy ny chlorhexidine isorohana ny ferin’ny foitra tsy hanonitra, ary ny misoprostol ialana amin’ny fahaverezan-drà be loatra eo am-piterahana. Miandrandra fiaraha-miasa amin’ny mpamatsy vola hafa ny USAID hanapariahana ity fomba ity eo amin’ny sehatra nasionaly.

Ny fandraisan’ny USAID andraikitra teo amin’ny sehatry ny Rano, ny Fidiovana sy ny Fahadiovana (WASH) dia nitondra mankany amin’ny fananganana Ministeran’ny Rano. Lohalaharana ny USAID teo amin’ny fananganana fiombonana antoka vaovao eo amin’ny miankina sy tsy miankina hahafahan’ny olona 270.000 mahazo rano fisotro madio, sy

VOKATRA INDRAY TOPIMASO: • Tafatsangana ny Ministeran’ny Rano taorian’ny ezaka fanentanana • Andrana sy fanapariahana ny asa ahazoam-bokatra tsara toy ny fampiasana tsindrona fanabeazana aizana, fanentanana mitety vohitra, sy bons hanatsarana ny fahazoan’ny tena mahantra fitsaboana • Fanaraha-maso, fisorohana sy ady amin’ny areti-mandoza, toy ny VIH, IST, tazomoka sy lefak’hozatra.

• Fampidirana fitaovana vaovao sy manavotra aina eny anivon’ny fiaraha-monina toy ny Chlorhexidine isorohana ny foitra tsy hanonitra, sy ny Misoprostol isorohana ny fahaverezan-drà be loatra aorian’ny fiterahana.

• Mpanentana ara-pahasalamana 17.000 nofanina sy nampitaovana hanome fanabeazana ara-pahasalamana ny reny sy ny zaza; hanome fanabeazana aizana sy fahasalamana ara-pananahana; fisorohana, fitiliana sy fitsaboana ny aretina tsotra mpahazo ny ankizy.

• Fampiarahana ny sehatry ny mponina, ny fahasalamana ary ny tontolo iainana izay zary lasa modely arahina eran-tany.

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hanatsarana ny fitantanana ny fotodrafitrasa. Namporisihan’ny USAID ny CLTS na Fidiovana sy Fahadiovana Tantanan’ny Mpiara-monina Tanteraka, hahafahan’ny vondrom-piarahamonina mihoatra ny 18.000 hanova ny fomba fanao sy hampihena ny fanaovana maloto eny an-kalamanjana ary hitandro ny fahadiovana.

Mpiray tarika maherin’ny 120.000 no nofanina hampiasa ity fomba vaovao ity, izay nitondra nankany amin’ny fanamboarana lava-piringa miisa 57.000 ka nanatsara ny fidiovana ho an’ny olona 300.000. Fitaovana avy eo an-toerana avokoa no nanamboarana ny lava-piringa, ary tsy nisy vola fanampiana nomena tamin’izany.

Nanampy an’i Madagasikara ihany koa ny USAID hamerina ny fanabeazana aizana amin’ny toerana sahaza azy eo amin’ny firenena, ka nahafahana nanome fitsaboana tsara kalitao ho an’ny mponina. Nampidirin’ny USAID ny fampiasana tsindrona fanabeazana aizana eny anivon’ny fiaraha-monina amin’ny famarotana izany amin’ny vidiny mirary. Ny USAID koa dia manohana ny fanabeazana aizana omena eny amin’ny tobim-pahasalamana tsy miankina 350 sy tobim-pahasalamana mitety vohitra 20, izay manampy ny asa ataon’ny mpanentana ara-pahasalamana 12.000 manome fomba fanabeazana aizana fohy ezaka.

Anisan’ny firenena izay laharam-pahamehana ho an’ny Tetikasan’ny Filoha Amerikana miady amin’ny Tazomoka (PMI) i Madagasikara. Ity farany moa no manaparitaka ny fampiasana ny lay misy odimoka, ny famendrahana odimoka ny atin-trano, ny fanatsarana ny fitiliana, ary ny fampiasana fanafody tena mahomby iadiana amin’ny tazomoka. Izany ezaka rehetra izany dia nahafahana nanatsara ny fahasalaman’ny Malagasy sy nampihena 23 isan-jato ny antom-pahafatesana rehetra eo amin’ny zaza latsaky ny dimy taona. Iarahana amin’ny Foibe Fanarahamaso sy Fisorohana ny Aretina (CDC) ny fanatanterahana ny PMI.

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Inona no dingana manaraka?

Vola maherin’ny 250 tapitrisa dolara no nampiasain’ny Amerikana ho an’ny tetikasam-pahasalamana eto Madagasikara tao anatin’ny dimy taona lasa izay, hanatsarana ny fiainana sy ny vitri-pamokaran’ny vahoaka malagasy. Maro amin’ny tetikasa novatsian’ny USAID vola teo amin’ny sehatry ny fahasalamana no tetikasa maharitra. Ny fampandraisana andraikitra ny fiarahamonina dia nanatsara haingana ny fanomezana fitsaboana manavotra aina ho an’ny mponina ambanivohitra lavitoerana. Hohamafisin’ny USAID ny fahazoam-bokatra tsara ary hotohizany ny fanatsarana ny kalitaon’ny fiarahamiasa amin’ny fanjakana malagasy. Mba hanatsarana ny vokatra dia mikaroka vahaolana ny USAID hampihenana haingana ny taham-pahafatesan’ny reny sy ny zaza. Manampikasana ny USAID hanampy ny fanjakana malagasy hanatsara ny fomba fiasa izay sady tsy mandany vola no hita porofo ny fahombiazany, toy ny fitiliana ny vehivavy bevohoka, ny fampiasana ny chlorhexidine, ny misoprostol, ary ny fampiasana tsindrona fanabeazana aizana vaovao.

Hohamafisin’ny USAID ihany koa ny rafitra famatsiana fitaovana sy fanafody eto an-toerana, ary hohatsarainy ny fahaiza-manaon’ny mpanentana ara-pahasalamana.

Community health workers teach women to prepare for birth Erline, a nineteen year old new mother, was shocked to learn about the risks of having her baby at home from community health worker Madame Rasoa while she was pregnant with her first child, Priscilla, now 4 months. Erline said her family wanted her to give birth at home because it was cheaper, but she changed her mind after Rasoa described some of the dangers of giving birth at home. Erline worried especially about her baby suffering complications and explained that if the baby had trouble breathing, there wouldn’t be anyone at home to help her.

Madame Rasoa described how a birth at home had gone terribly wrong. Manampy was a young woman whose labor stalled, and the mother-to-be was still far from a health center. “After many hours when the baby would not come out, the matronne (traditional birth attendant) went to look for the ambulance but it was too late. Manampy was saved but her baby did not make it.” From this experience and many others, Rasoa embraced the guidance she received from a USAID-funded training to always encourage women to give birth in health facilities.

In Madagascar, fewer than 2 in 5 women deliver in a health facility. Some key barriers to health facility access include a lack of transport and poor or nonexistent roads.

Some communities are inaccessible by car or motorcycle and are as far as two days of walking from the closest health facility.

USAID-funded trainers not only stress the importance of giving birth in a facility; they also teach health workers how to help women and their families plan in advance for the upcoming birth so they are prepared in case problems arise. Though Rasoa was not able to accompany Erline to the facility for Priscilla’s birth, Rasoa was proud that Erline was prepared when the time came and the birth went smoothly at the health center.

To plan in advance for the birth and give birth in a facility with skilled providers are essential for combatting the high rates of maternal and newborn deaths. As Rasoa explained, “before this training, I didn’t know about all the dangers of giving birth at home. Now I can explain these dangers to women to encourage them to prepare for the upcoming birth and especially to give birth in a facility.”

Erline had her baby Priscilla safely at a health facility after counseling from her health worker Rasoa.

Teraka soamantsara i Erline noho ny torohevitra ara-pahasalamana nomen-dRasoa mpitsabo azy.

Ankehitriny, salama tsara i Priscilla sy ny reniny.

Fiomanana amin’ny fiterahana Sady taitra no kivy i Erline raha nahare tamin-dRamatoa Rasoa, Mpanentana ara-pahasalamana, ny zava-doza mety hitranga raha miteraka an-trano ny vehivavy. Sivy ambin’ny folo taona i Erline tamin’izay ary nitondra vohoka an’i Priscilla kely, zanany voalohany. Raha ny sitrapon’ny fianakaviana tokoa mantsy dia any an-trano i Erline no hiteraka, saingy niova ny heviny rehefa naheno ny fanazavan-dRasoa izy. Ny tena nampatahotra an’i Erline dia raha sanatria misy fahasarotan-javatra tampoka, toy ny hoe tsy avy miaina ny zaza, tsy hisy an’iza n’iza any antrano afaka hanampy.

Notantarain-dRtoa Rasoa ny fiterahana an-trano iray natrehany izay ratsy fiafarana.Vehivavy mbola tanora i Manampy izay tratry ny fahasarotana teo am-pihetsehan-jaza, kanefa mipetraka lavitra ny tobim-pahasalamana. Na dia ora maro aza no lasa dia tsy nety nivoaka ny zaza. Nanapa-kevitra ary ny renin-jaza ny hiantso ambilansy kanefa tratra aoriana loatra.

Avotra ihany ny ain’i Manampy fa ilay zaza no tsy azo. Nanomboka teo dia tsy tapaka mihitsy Rtoa Rasoa ny mampihatra ny fampianarana azony tany amin’ny fiofanana nomen’ny tetikasa vatsian’ny USAID vola, tetikasa fanatsarana ny fahasalaman’ny reny sy ny zaza (MCHIP), mamporisika ny vehivavy hiteraka any amin’ny hopitaly.

Latsaky ny vehivavy 2 amin’ny 5 eto Madagasikara no miteraka any amin’ny tobimpahasalamana. Ny tsy fahatomombanan’ny fitaterana sy ny haratsian’ny làlana no tena anisan’ny sakana lehibe amin’izany. Misy fokontany tsy tongan’ny fiara na ny moto, ary manao dian-tongotra roa andro ny olona vao tonga any amin’ny tobim-pahasalamana.

Ataon’ny mpanofan’i MCHIP vaindohan-draharaha ny manitrikitrika ny maha zavadehibe ny fiterahana any amin’ny tobim-pahasalamana. Ampianariny ihany koa ny mpanentana hanampy ny vehivavy sy ny fianakaviana hiomana mialoha amin’ny fiterahana mba hiatrehana ny olana izay mety hitranga. Na dia tsy afaka nanotrona an’i Erline tamin’ny fiterahany an’i Priscilla aza Rtoa Rasoa, dia faly izy satria vonona tanteraka i Erline nony tonga ny fotoana ary nizotra soa aman-tsara ny zava-drehetra.

Tena zava-dehibe tokoa ny fiomanana amin’ny fiterahana sy ny fiterahana any amin’ny tobim-pahasalamana atrehan’ny mpampiteraka mba hisorohana ny fahafatesan’ny reny sy ny zaza. Araka ny fanazavan-dRtoa Rasoa: “Talohan’ny nahazoako fiofanana dia tsy fantatro mihitsy ny loza mety hitranga raha miteraka an-trano. Fa amin’izao dia afaka manazava tsara izany amin’ny vehivavy aho, ary mamporisika azy ireo hiomana amin’ny fiterahana sy hiteraka any amin’ny tobim-pahasalamana.”

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President’s Malaria Initiative Tetikasan’ny Filoha Amerikana miAdy amin’ny Tazomoka

Malaria is one of the most significant causes of illness and death in Madagascar. It was once the single highest cause of death among children under five, and continues to seriously endanger the life of the mothers during pregnancy and their children in utero across large swaths of the country. Among the adult population, the illness results in a substantial loss of productivity and household income, as well as a significant drag on the national economy.

At a White House Summit for Malaria on December 14, 2006, President Bush named Madagascar as one of the focus countries for the “President’s Malaria Initiative” – initially a $1.2 billion U.S. commitment to cut in half the number of deaths from malaria.

Based on the 2008 Lantos-Hyde Act, PMI funding was increased up to $5 billion, and PMI’s goal was broadened to achieve Africa-wide impact by halving the burden of malaria in 70 percent of at-risk populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. PMI started in Madagascar in 2008, and there have been tremendous drops in mortality and morbidity rates in the north and northwest of the country since then.

PMI supports and expands coverage of four highly effective malaria prevention and treatment measures, primarily to the most vulnerable populations, represented by pregnant women and children less than five years of age. The U.S. initiative ensures that new, effective drugs reach rural clinics to replace failing treatments, provides pregnant women medicine that protects them and their children in utero, distributes long-lasting, insecticide-treated bed nets that prevent mosquitoes from biting their intended victims, and supports the spraying of the inside walls of homes to kill mosquitoes that transmit the disease. Families are using mosquito nets in larger numbers than ever before and USAID-trained community health workers are able to treat and refer afflicted patients.

PMI doubled its resources for Madagascar in 2010 and will continue to support the four key interventions to prevent and treat malaria in the country.

RESULTS SNAPSHOTS: • Over 80% of the population uses a net, up from 48% as recorded in 2008-9, including higher rates among children under five and pregnant women (89% and 85% respectively); • From 2002 to 2013, the average number of houses sprayed annually was 444,153; • 13,883,657 treated mosquito nets have been distributed; • 5,548,000 rapid diagnostic tests have been purchased and distributed; • 2,250,000 doses of Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine have been procured and distributed.

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Anisan’ny miteraka aretina sy fahafatesana be indrindra eto Madagasikara ny tazomoka, ary efa nisy fotoana ny tazomoka no nitarika fahafatesana be indrindra teo amin’ny zaza latsaky ny dimy taona. Tandindomin-doza ny ain’ny reny mitondra vohoka sy ny zaza ao an-kibony any amin’ny faritra maro manerana ny nosy noho ny afitsoky ny tazomoka. Eo amin’ny olon-dehibe indray dia mampihena ny vitri-pamokarana sy ny fidiram-bola ho an’ny ankohonana tokoa ny aretina ary mety ihany koa ho lasa antony lehibe mahatonga ny toe-karem-pirenena tsy hivoatra.

Nambaran’ny Filoha Bush nandritra ny fihaonana an-tampony tao amin’ny Maison Blanche tamin’ny 14 Desambra 2006 fa anisan’ireo firenena hahazo tombontsoa amin’ny Tetikasa Ady amin’ny Tazomoka i Madagasikara, tetikasa izay vatsiana vola mitentina 1,2 lavitrisa dolara hampihenana antsasany ny taham-pahafatesana vokatry ny tazomoka. Taorian’ny fivoahan’ny lalàna Lantos-Hyde tamin’ny 2008 dia niakatra ho 5 lavitrisa dolara ny tetibolan’i PMI, ary ny tanjona dia ny hampihenana avo sasaka ny vesatry ny tazomoka any amin’ny 70 isan-jaton’ny mponina ahiana ho voan’ny aretina aty Afrika ambanin’i Sahara. Ny taona 2008 no notokanana ny PMI Madagasikara, ary

nanomboka teo dia nihena fatratra ny taham-pahafatesana any amin’ny faritra avaratra sy avaratra andrefan’ny Nosy.

Lahasa efatra fisorohana sy fitsaboana tena mahomby ny tazomoka no tanterahan’ny PMI ho an’ny mponina tena marefo, indrindra ny vehivavy bevohoka sy ny zaza latsaky ny dimy taona. Vaindohandraharahan’ny tetikasa ny manamarina fa tonga soa aman-tsara any amin’ny tobim-pahasalamana any ambanivohitra ny fanafody ilaina ho an’ny fitsaboana, manome ny vehivavy bevohoka ny fanafody ho fiarovana azy sy ny zaza ao an-kibony, mizara lay misy odimoka isorohana ny kaikitry ny moka, ary manohana ny famendrahana odimoka ny atin-trano hamonoana ny moka mpamindra ny aretina.

Mitombo isa andro aman’alina ny fianakaviana mampiasa lay misy odimoka, ary ireo mpanentana ara-pahasalamana ofanin’ny USAID dia manana ny fahaiza-manao ilaina hitsaboana ny aretina tsotra na mandefa ny marary mafy any amin’ny hopitaly.

Tamin’ny taona 2010 dia nitombo avo roa heny ny hoenti-manana nampiasain’ny PMI, ary hitohy hatrany ny fanohanany ireo lahasa efatra hisorohana sy hitsaboana ny tazomoka eto amin’ny firenena.

VOKATRA INDRAY TOPIMASO: • Maherin’ny 80 isan-jaton’ny mponina no matory anaty lay ankehitriny, raha 48 isan-jato izany tamin’ny taona 2008-2009, ary ny zaza latsaky ny 5 taona sy ny vehivavy bevohoka no be mampiasa azy indrindra (89 isan-jato sy 85 isan-jato); • Teo anelanelan’ny 2002 sy 2013 dia tokantrano 444.153 tafo, raha atao ny salan’isa, no voafendraka odimoka; • Lay misy odimoka miisa 13.883.657 no nozaraina; • Fitaovana fitiliana ny tazomoka miisa 5.548.000 no novidiana sy nozaraina; • Lanjana Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine 2.250.000 no novidiana sy nozaraina.

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Environment

Tontolo iainana

Context Madagascar is one of the world’s top biodiversity hotspots – the country has more biodiversity than the whole of Africa. At least 80% of natural wildlife, habitats and plants are unique to the island. However, Madagascar’s natural heritage is severely threatened. Illegal exploitation of Madagascar’s increasingly endangered forests and wildlife has increased to alarming levels since the coup d’état in 2009.

Illegal logging is threatening the health of Madagascar’s remaining forest ecosystems, and the illegal export of other threatened and endangered species that are found nowhere else on earth will result in the loss of globally renowned biodiversity. The ultimate risk may be irreversible loss of forest and biodiversity for Madagascar, and a great loss to all of humanity.

History USAID has been a leader in the environment sector in Madagascar.

When USAID opened its doors in Madagascar in 1984, the country was coming out of a decade of serious economic stagnation and environmental decline (some 400,000 hectares (ha) of forest were lost each year). USAID rapidly became one of the principal actors in developing and implementing the three Environmental Programs (EPs) that operationalized the 1990 National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP).The NEAP sought to protect Madagascar’s biodiversity heritage (which meant, in practice, saving the forests on which the biodiversity depended) and to improve the living conditions of the population.

Slash-and-burn agriculture by very poor farmers is one of the primary threats to Madagascar’s forests. It was recognized early on that there was little hope of protecting forests without also addressing (1) fundamental economic issues that maintain rural people in abject poverty and (2) rapid population growth (close to 3% a year) that has caused Madagascar’s population to more than double in

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roughly 25 years. Consequently, USAID’s program has consistently promoted synergies between the health and environment sectors.

(The Madagascar population-health-environment program [PHE] is a worldwide model for this approach.)

USAID’s programs linked environmental conservation and improved livelihoods. In the first decade (1984 to 1994), USAID had robust funding and strong economic and agricultural programs that complemented work on the environment and social services. In 1994, after Madagascar failed to meet its structural adjustment commitments, the Mission was demoted and suffered major funding cuts to nearly all programs except health and population.

USAID’s environment programs in Madagascar then roughly followed the three phases of the national Environment Programs.

EP I (1991-1996) funding totaled some $49 million. Programs focused on (1) making the newly establish Protected Areas (PAs) work and (2) establishing the foundations for environmental management through institutional strengthening and human resource development. The key national environment sector institutions (The National Environment Office, or ONE, and National Association for the Management of Protected Areas, or ANGAP) were established and closely mentored during this phase. The largest project was an Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) that funded social and economic development activities in communities adjacent to seven national parks.

Evaluations highlighting the limitations of the ICDP approach (both in Madagascar and elsewhere in the world) led to a paradigm shift in thinking toward the eco-regional approach that characterized project interventions in EP II (1997-2002) and EP III (2003-2008).

These projects focused on identifying systemic threats to natural resources over larger landscapes (specifically focusing on alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture), while policy interventions continued to address institutional weaknesses and the legal framework needed to implement sustainable resource management. Throughout the program’s history, there have been efforts to increase civil society capacity and improve governance.

What’s next?

Environment program funds were cut after the coup d’état in 2009.

Following recognition of the new government, USAID/Madagascar is currently funding a small environment program and in the process of designing a comprehensive environment strategic plan and program for the next five-six years. Madagascar has recently been named as USAID’s top biodiversity priority country, in Africa, a symbol of the agency’s renewed commitment to the exceptional environmental treasures in the country.

The current environment program is fighting the illegal exploitation of Madagascar’s natural resources. The program will help the Malagasy people have an improved understanding of unsustainable and illegal behavior associated with biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation; assist organizations working at community level in monitoring illegal activities involving Madagascar’s endangered natural resources and compliance with laws; encourage local organizations to fight these illegal practices; and improve media understanding and involvement.

Zava-misy Ahitana ny karazana harena voajanahary anisan’ny tsara indrindra eran-tany sy manerana ny Afrika eto Madagasikara . 80% fara-fahakelin’ny biby sy ny fonenany ary ny zava-maniry eto dia tsy misy any an-toeran-kafa.

Tandindomin-doza anefa izany harenan’i Madagasikara izany. Nitombo fatratra ny fitrandrahana tsy ara-dalàna ny ala sy ny zava-manana aina eto Madagasikara hatramin’ny taona 2009 nisian’ny fanonganam-panjakana.

Loza mitatao ho an’ny ala velona sisa mijoro ny fitrandrahana tsy ara-dalàna ny hazo, ary mety hahafongana ny karazam-biby sy zavamaniry tsy manam-paharoa eto an-tany ny fanondranana azy ireny an-tsokosoko. Ahiana fatratra noho izany ny hanjavonan’ny ala sy ny zavaboahary hafa izay hisy fiantraikany lehibe eo amin’ny olombelona.

Raha zohina ny tantara USAID dia anisan’ny mpitarika eo amin’ny sehatry ny tontolo iainana eto Madagasikara. Raha nisokatra teto Madagasikara ny USAID tamin’ny taona 1984, dia vao avy nandalo fotoan-tsarotra aratoekarena sy tontolo iainana ny firenena (ala 400.000 ha isan-taona no ripaka). Nanana andraikitra goavana noho izany ny USAID teo amin’ny fandrafetana sy fampiharana ny fandaharan’asa telo mikasika ny tontolo iainana izay notanterahina tao anatin’ny Drafitr’asa Nasionaly ho an’ny Tontolo Iainana na PNAE natao ny taona 1990. Ny tanjon’ny PNAE dia ny fiarovana ny lovan-javaboaharin’i Madagasikara (izany hoe fiarovana ny ala) ary fanatsarana ny fiveloman’ny mponina.

Loza iray mitatao amin’ny alan’i Madagasikara ny tavy fanaon’ny tantsaha sahirana ara-pivelomana. Fantatra izao fa ho nofinofy ihany ny ahafahana miaro ny ala raha tsy atrehina (1) ireo olana ara-pihariana mianjady amin’ny mponina ambanivohitra miaina ao anaty fahantrana mihoa-pampana, sy (2) ny fitomboana haingana teo amin’ny isan’ny mponina (3% isan-taona) izay niakatra roa avo heny tao anatin’ny 25 taona monja. Nataon’ny USAID ho vaindohan-draharaha, noho izany, ny fampiarahana lalandava ny sehatry ny fahasalamana sy ny tontolo iainana (modely arahina eran-tany ny fandaharan’asa mponina sy tontolo iainana nataon’i Madagasikara).

Mifandray toy izany koa ny fikojana ny tontolo iaina sy ny fanatsarana ny fivelomana. Teo anelanelan’ny 1984 sy 1994 dia nanana famatsiambola sy fandaharan’asa ara-pihariana sy ara-pambolena matanjaka ny USAID, izay notanterahiny niaraka tamin’ny tetikasa teo amin’ny sehatry ny tontolo iainana sy ny asa sosialy. Rehefa tojo tsy fahombiazana anefa i Madagasikara tamin’ny taona 1994 teo amin’ny sehatry ny fanitsiana ara-drafitra, dia nampidinina ny haavo lentan’ ny USAID ary nahena ny famatsiam-bolan’ny fandaharan’asa, afa-tsy ny an’ny fahasalamana sy ny mponina.

Vanim-potoana telo no narahin’ny fandaharan’asan’ny USAID, mitovitovy ihany amin’ny fandaharan’asa nasionaly. PE 1 (1991-1996): vola mitontaly 49 tapitrisa dolara. Sehatra niasana: (1) fampandehanana ny faritra voaaro vao avy napetraka, sy (2) fametrahana ny tsara tantana eo amin’ny sehatry ny tontolo iainana amin’ny alalan’ny fanamafisana ny andrim-pitantanana sy fanatsarana ny fomba fiasa.

Napetraka ny andrim-pitantanana nasionalin’ny ny tontolo iainana (ONE, ANGAP) ary narahi-maso akaiky ny fomba fiasany. Ny Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) no tetikasa lehibe indrindra, izay namatsy vola ny lahasa sosialy sy ara-pihariana any anivon’ny fokonolona monina akaikin’ny valan-javaboahary fito.

Tsapa tamin’ny tomban’ezaka natao mikasika ny ICDP (teto Madagasikara sy tany amin’ny firenen-kafa) fa nisy fiovana goavana teo amin’ny fomba fijery sy fisainana ny atao hoe ‘approche écorégionale’, izay nanamarika ny tetikasa notanterahina tao amin’ny PE-II (1997-2002) sy ny PE-III (2003-2008). Ireo tetikasa ireo dia nifantoka manokana tamin’ny fijerena ny loza mitatao amin’ny harena voajanahary sy ny fitadiavana fomba hafa hasolo ny tavy eo amin’ny sehatry ny fambolena, fanarenana ny lesoka eo anivon’ny rafi-pitantanana ankapobeny sy ny fitantanana maharitra ny harena voajanahary. Nisy hatrany ny ezaka natao hampitomboana ny fahefamahefan’ny fiarahamonim-pirenena sy hanatsarana ny fitantanana nandritra ny fanantaterahana ny tetikasa.

Inona no dingana manaraka?

Tapaka ny famatsiam-bola ho an’ny tontolo iainana taorian’ny fanonganam-panjakana tamin’ny taona 2009. Rehefa nahazo fankatoavana anefa ny fanjakana vaovao dia manohana ara-bola fandaharan’asa kely eo amin’ny sehatry ny tontolo iainana indray ny USAID Madagasikara. Eo am-pandrafetana tetikady sy fandaharan’asa ho an’ny dimy na enin-taona ho avy izy amin’izao fotoana izao.

Nofidian’ny USAID i Madagasikara ho anisan’ireo firenena manerantany tokony harovana ny tontolo iainana ao aminy.

Hiady amin’ny fitrandrahana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary eto amin’ny firenena no tanjon’ity fandaharan’asa vaovao ity.

Hampahafantarina ny vahoaka malagasy ny vokadratsin’ny faharinganan’ny zavaboahary sy ny rohivoahary, hampiana ny fikambanana miasa eny anivon’ny fiaraha-monina hijery akaiky ny fitrandrahana tsy ara-dalàna ny harena voajanahary sy hanara-maso ny fanajana ny lalàna velona, hampaherezina ireo fikambanana samy hafa hiady amin’ilay fomba fanao tsy manara-dalàna, ary hatsaraina ny fanomezam-baovao sy fandraisana andraikitry ny gazety sy ny fampahalalam-baovao.

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Species-Rich Rainforests Recognized as World Heritage USAID’s assistance has jumpstarted the protection of primary forest along Madagascar’s eastern edge, supporting the creation of six national parks and swaths of protected forest areas.

Acknowledging the unique biodiversity found in these rainforests, UNESCO has named the six parks to the list of World Heritage Sites.

On June 26, 2007, the UNESCO Committee on World Heritage Sites inscribed Madagascar’s Atsinanana - or Eastern - rainforests as a natural World Heritage Site. The inscription of the rainforests both validates and reinforces USAID’s ongoing efforts to protect the island’s unique natural environment.

The World Heritage Committee chose the Atsinanana forests for their role providing the ecological processes necessary to maintain the island’s extraordinary biodiversity. Particularly unique to the rainforests are the mammals, 72 species of which are endangered.The forests include at least 25 lemur species.

USAID/Madagascar has had a very active role in developing these protected areas. Beginning in 1989, USAID supported the government of Madagascar in developing the Madagascar National Environmental Action Plan, one of Africa’s first. Among other elements of the plan, USAID helped finance the protection of six areas within the Atsinanana belt of forest. Each protected area had two central goals: (i) conserve biodiversity, and (ii) generate tourist revenue to improve Malagasy livelihoods.

By working to build governance and resource management capacities, USAID supported the Malagasy government in developing all six protected areas into national parks. The process included delimitation of park boundaries and compensation negotiations with the local populations. Surrounding communities have limited user-rights within the national park boundaries, and 50 percent of park visitor revenues pass directly to bordering community hands.

For Atsinanana’s protected areas, both goals have seen success on the ground. The six national parks of Atsinanana took in a significant portion of the island-wide tourist visits to national parks. With 50% of these rising tourist revenues distributed to surrounding communities, local residents have increasingly strong incentive to protect neighboring biodiversity.

Because of Atsinanana’s World Heritage status, Madagascar could receive international assistance in preserving the site. And as a world landmark, the national parks will likely attract more international tourists. The World Heritage inscription of the Atsinanana rainforest has strengthened the Malagasy government’s drive to generate local revenue through increasingly protected biodiversity.

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Andohahela is one of the six national parks within the Atsinanana rainforests.

Andohahela, iray amin’ireo valam-pirenena ao amin’ny ala atsinanana.

Lova iraisam-pirenena ny ala atsinanana Nanampy be tamin’ny fiarovana ny ala velona any Atsinanana ny fanampiana nomen’ny USAID, ka nahafahana nanangana valam-pirenena 6 sy valanjavaboahary voaaro maro. Amin’ny maha tsy manam-paharoa ny rohinaina hita ao dia natsangan’ UNESCO ho anisan’ny lova iraisam-pirenena ireo valan-javaboahary enina ireo.

Nanapa-kevitra ny UNESCO fa raiketina ho anisan’ny Lova iraisam-pirenena ny ala velona any atsinanan’i Madagasikara ny 26 jona 2007. Izany no natao dia ho fankasitrahana sy fanamafisana ny ezaka ataon’ny USAID hiarovana ny tontolo iainana tsy manam-paharoa eto amin’ny Nosy.

Voafidy ny ala atsinanana noho ny zava-tsoa entiny amin’ny fiarovana sy ny fikojana ny hamaroan’ny rohinaina eto amin’ny firenena. Ny tena mampiavaka an’ity ala atsinanana ity dia ny karazam-biby mampinono marobe ao aminy, saingy ny karazany 72 amin’izy ireo dia efa tandidomin-doza. Misy karazan-gidro tsy latsaky ny 25 ao amin’io ala io.

Nanomboka ny taona 1989 no nanohana ny fanjakana malagasy ny USAID nandrafitra ny tetikady nasionaly entina miaro ny tontolo iainan. Nitondra fanampiana ara-bola ny USAID iarovana faritra enina ao amin’ny ala atsinanana, ka ny tanjona dia (i) hikoja ny hamaroan’ny rohinaina, sy (ii) hampitombo ny isan’ny mpizaha tany ka ny voka azo amin’izany dia hoentina hanatsarana ny fameloman-tenan’ny olona.

Nanampy teo amin’ny lafiny fitantanana sy fanamafisana ny fahefa-mahefa ny USAID, ka niara-niasa tamin’ny fanjakana malagasy mba hamadihana ireo valan-javaboahary enina ho valam-pirenena. Nofaritana ny vala ary natao ny fifampiraharahana tamin’ny vahoaka. Nomena zo voafetra hampiasa ny ala ny mponina manodidina, ary nomena azy ireo ny 50 isan-jaton’ny vola azo avy amin’ny mpitsidika.

Fahombiazana roa loha no azo tamin’ny fiarovana ny ala atsinanana. Nitombo fatratra ny isan’ny mpizaha tany any amin’ireo valam-pirenena enina. Ary noho any vola azony avy amin’ny fizahan-tany dia niha-nazoto hatrany ny mponina hiaro ny tontolo iainana.

Amin’ny maha lova iraisam-pirenena ny ala atsinanana dia hahazo fanampiana iraisampirenena i Madagasikara hikojana ny ala. Hitombo isa noho izany ireo mpizaha tany ho avy hitsidika ny valan-javaboahary, ary hitady hevitra hatrany ny fanjakana malagasy hanatsarana ny fidiram-bolan’ny mponina amin’ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana.

USAID Projects - Past and present USAID “epoch”

Mission opened; launch of programs (1984-1990)

Time frame

USAID sector1

Project acronym

EP III (2003-2009)

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Approximate US funding

Micro-projects

PL-480 food monetization

Various

Unknown

1988-1994 Operational program grants

ICDP grants [unofficial]

Integrated Conservation & Development Projects

Test linkages between conservation and development in four protected areas

Duke University and North Carolina State University, Missouri Botanical Garden, World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

$4.1 million

1989-2002 Protected areas / environmental management / landscapes

Debt-forNature

Debt-for-Nature [reduce government debt and invest in protected areas]

Training nature protection agents; forest World Wide Fund for Nature management transfers

$2.5 million

1989-1995 Natural resource governance

PVO-NGO NRMS

Natural Resource Management Support

Reinforce NGO capacity to conserve environment

$0.2 million (central Bureau)

1991-2000 Protected areas / environmental management / landscapes

SAVEM

Sustainable Approaches to Viable Environmental Management

National parks management; strengthen Tropical Research & Development, ANGAP; ICDPs around seven protected Pact (sub-grants to Conservation International, CARE, State Univ. of areas New York – Stonybrook,VITA, and WWF)

$40.0 million

Knowledge and Effective Policies for Environmental Management

Policy and institutional strengthening of ONE

Associates in Rural Development (ARD)

$42.0 million [include $33 m of non-project budget support]

Commercialization of natural resource products

Chemonics International (?)

$0.5 million

Madagascar Population Support Project

Family planning support around ICDP areas

Management Sciences for Health (MSH)

Unknown

1994-1999 Economic growth CAP

Commercial Agriculture Support Project

Economic growth poles

Chemonics International

$24.2 million

1997-1998 Natural resource MITA policies

Managing Innovative Transitions in Agreement

Support for ANGAP decentralization

Pact (with Forest Management Trust)

$3.0 million

RARY

[Malagasy word meaning “to weave”]

Public debate of complex economic and Pact social policy questions

Unknown

1998-2004 Natural resource MIRAY policies

[Malagasy word meaning “to be united”]

Develop national capacity to manage protected areas

Conservation International, Pact, WWF

$12.3 million

1999-2003 Health and population

JSI

Jareo Salama Isika

Child survival, nutrition, STDs, family planning at community and service delivery levels

John Snow International (JSI) Research and Training Institute

$16.8 million

1998-2004 Protected areas / environmental management / landscapes

LDI / PTE

Landscape Development Interventions

Eco-regional activities to conserve forest corridors and improve wellbeing of farmers living nearby

Chemonics International

$22.0 million

1999-2002 Natural resource PAGE policies

Environmental Management Support Project

Environmental policy and institutional strengthening

International Resources Group (IRG), (with Winrock International), Harvard Institute for International Development

$6.2 million

1999-2004 Health and population

EHP I & II

Environmental Health Project Monitoring and evaluation of linked interventions in the field

Academy for Educational Development (AED)

$1.2 million (central Bureau)

2000-2003 Natural resource governance

ILO

[Malagasy word meaning “light”]

Capacity building for civil society

Cornell University, Pact

$3.0 million (includes ~$0.6 m to monitor elections)

2001-2005 Infrastructure

FCER

FCE Railway Rehabilitation

Rehabilitate FCE railway after 2000 cyclones

Chemonics International

$4.7 million

2001-2005 Infrastructure

RECAP

Rehabilitate CAP roads

Rehabilitate farm-to-market roads in LDI areas after cyclones

Chemonics International

$5.5 million

2004-2008 Economic growth BAMEX

Business and Market Expansion

Economic benefits and value chains

Chemonics International

$5.3 million

2004-2009 Protected areas / environmental management / landscapes

ERI

Eco-Regional Initiative

Eco-regional activities to conserve forest corridors and improve wellbeing of farmers living nearby

Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI)

$2.0 million

2004-2013 Health and population

SantéNet I & II

Health Network

Increasing demand, availability, quality of health & family planning products and services at community & natl levels

Chemonics International RTI

$16.5 million

2003Global 2005-2008 Development Alliance (GDA)

LARO

Linking Actors Regional Opportunities

Public-private project to mitigate negative social and environmental effects of Qitfer mine

CARE, Pact, Population Services International

$3 million QMM $3 million USAID

2005-2008 Health and population

EMI

Extra Mile Initiative

Increase remote rural community – including those near threatened forests – access to family planning services

CARE, John Snow International Research and Training Institute

$225,000 (central Bureau)

1991-1995 Economic growth TRADEM

1996-2000 Natural resource governance

EP II (1997-2002)

Implementing partner(s)

n/a

1993-1998 Health and population

EP II (1997-2002)

Focus of interventions

1984-1992 Food for Peace (Title II)

1993-1997 Natural resource KEPEM policies EP I (1991-1996)

Project full name

APPROPOP

CARE, World Learning, WWF

USAID “epoch”

EP III (2003-2009)

Time frame

USAID sector1

Project acronym

Project full name

Focus of interventions

Implementing partner(s)

Approximate US funding

2003-2010 Protected areas / environmental management / landscapes

Menabe

Menabe Biodiversity Corridor

Build forest connectivity through management & revenue-generation including eco-tourism

Conservation International

$3.0 million

2004-2009 Protected areas / environmental management / landscapes

MIARO

[Malagasy word meaning “project”]

Expansion of protected area network through co-management

Conservation International (with sub-grants to Wildlife Conservation Society, WWF, and ANGAP)

$6.3 million

[Malagasy word meaning “forest management”]

Policy and Institutional support, especially reform of Directorate General for Water & Forests (DGEF)

International Resources Group (IRG)

$12.2 million

Managing Information and Strengthening Organizations for Networked Governance Approaches

Promote civil society, improve information flows between citizenry & government, improve govt. responsiveness, reduce corruption

Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Pact

$8.2 million

Farmer to farmer extension and technical assistance for water management and farming systems

CARE

$0.6 million

Build commune capacity to improve environment, food security, livelihoods

Catholic Relief Services (CRS)

$0.2 million

Catholic Relief Services (CRS), CARE, Land O’ Lakes, ADRA, Malagasy PVOs

$75 million

2004-2009 Natural resource Jariala policies 2004-2006 Natural resource governance

MISONGA

2006-2009 Economic growth VARI 2007-2009 Economic growth VAHATRA

Laying Foundation for Strong Local Governance and Livelihoods Security

2009-2014 Food Security / Title II

SALOHI

Food security and disaster preparedness

2011-2015 Community health

MAHEFA

Sustainable Approaches to Viable Environmental Management

2014-2015 Natural resources SCAPES management

Community-based health in some of the JSI most isolated and inaccessible areas of Madagascar Knowledge and Effective Policies for Environmental Management

WWF, CI

WSUP, CARE, WaterAid

$million $1.6 million

2009-2012 Water & Sanitation

ACF

African Cities for the Future

Poverty reduction and achievement of the MGDs relating to water and sanitation

2011-2012 Health & Population

HEHC

Healthy Environment for Healthy Communities

Improving the health status Medical Care Development of women and children living adjacent to International (MCDI) the Mikea National Park

$ 275,000

2009-2013 Health & Population

MCHIP

Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program

Contribution to significant reductions JHPIEGO in maternal and neonatal mortality rates.

$2,150,000

Delivering health services health and environment and messages

Blue Ventures and Marie Stopes Madagascar

$ 246,455

Increasing access to reliable and economically sustainable water and sanitation services

CRS, CARE, Caritas Madagascar, Voahary Salama, BushProof, Sandandrano

$7,981,049

Improving hygiene practices and increasing access to sustainable, safe water and sanitation

CRS, RTI International, Conservation International (CI), Human Network International (HNI), Caritas National, BushProof, Sandandrano

$ 7,578,186

Support for International Family planning services Family Planning Organizations

Marie Stopes Madagascar

$2,500,000

Social Marketing

PSI

$ 30,000,000

2011-2012 Health, Population & Environment around Mikea national park 2009-2013 Water and Sanitation

RANO-HP

2010-2013 Water and Sanitation

RANON’ALA Rural Access to New Opportunities for Health and Water Resource Management

2012-2015 Health & Population

SIFPO

2008-2012 Health & Population

Health & Population

Rural Access to new opportunities for Health and Prosperity

DELIVER

2011-2012 Health, Population & Environment

Increasing access to quality health products and services in the private sector for maternal and child health, family planning and reproductive health, malaria, HIV and sexually transmitted infections Supply of long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs)

Tokantrano Salama

$ 741,510

Unknown

increasing access to family planning services and safe water, sanitation, and hygiene in high biodiversity areas

Conservation International (CI)

$275,000

Reduction of diarrheal diseases and improve child survival

FHI 360, WSUP, CARE, and Practica

$758,000

Abt Associates, PSI

2011-2012 Water & Sanitation

WASHPlus

2008-2013 Health

PMI

President’s Malaria Initiative

Malaria prevention and treatment

2014-2015 Democracy & Governance

TIP

Trafficking in persons

Reduction of domestic and transnational International Organization for trafficking in persons while protecting Migration (IOM) and assisting its victims

$462,000

35

To all our colleagues and friends, in Madagascar, across the African continent and in Washington,

Ho an’ny mpiara-miasa sy ny namana rehetra eto Madagasikara, manerana ny kontinanta afrikana sy any Washington

To our partners and partner staff, who do the work in the field, whose dedication and hard work shines through, and whose great knowledge and understanding of Madagascar make our projects possible,

Ho an’ireo mpiara-miombona antoka sy ny mpiasa ao aminy izay manatanteraka ny asa any an-toerana, ka manao ny ainy tsy ho zavatra satria raha tsy misy ny fahalalany sy ny fahafantarany an’i Madagasikara, dia tsy ho tanteraka izay kasaina,

To our colleagues in international organizations,

Ho an’ireo mpiara-miasa any amin’ny fikambanana iraisam-pirenena;

To our colleagues and technical partners in Ministries and in regions across this beautiful country.

Namana sy mpiara-miombona antoka ara-teknika any amin’ny Ministera sy any amin’ny faritra rehetra an’ity Nosy mahafinaritra ity.

Thanks Misaotra

All photo credits to USAID except page 20 credited to Pierrot Men, page 30 credited to Vincent Valiente, and page 28, 31 and 33 credited to Shutterstock.

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