Natasha Marks Portfolio 01 by natashamarks_Graphics

Natasha Marks Project 01 The United Peninsula Seoul, South Korea

The project takes the scenario of a future reunited Korea, in particular looking at the impact of Reunification on the city of Seoul. The project assumes mass migration from North to South Korea, causing a population surge in Seoul. Seoul is locked in by a green belt which limits urban sprawl. In order to house the sudden increase in the population, the project looks at how Seoul can become more compact. The proposal is an alternative solution to building high-rise apartments. Existing living blocks are maintained but Canyon-like forms are carved out below existing street level to generate more area for living. Informed by daylight analysis, the living units all receive natural daylight due to the terraced nature of the street canyons. The high population of central Seoul has led to increasingly dense layering of signage and advertising. The expanding population has caused this signage layer to be occupied for living. The proposal intensifies the condition of layering which is already occurring. The layers of the street increase down below existing ground level, forming residential pockets. The existing highway is sunken along with retail and other programmes which have less priority for good daylight levels. By building into the earth, the street canyons have the opportunity for horizontal connectivity to the underground transit system and links to other underground spaces. The proposal aims to increase the population density of the area but also brings to the site increased public space and greenery. Ground level is pedestrianised and daylight reaching the existing buildings is not obstructed. Existing Seoul has a subterranean network of defence bunkers. These sunken spaces are pushed through to create pagoda parks which link to the web of street canyons. Depthmap, a spatial analysis tool created by UCL, is used as a tool through the proposal. The software aids an understanding of the integration and connectivity of Seoulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing street networks at a global and urban scale. The syntax analysis informs the design proposal in regard to the connectivity and accessibility and maintains navigational routes due to the increased complexity of the created spaces. The terraced form of the street canyons step down to create pockets of green public space and public walkways form in front of the residential units.

South Facing Residential Terrace West Canyon, Myeongdong District A visual of the South facing residential units stepping down in layers

South Facing Residential Terrace West Canyon, Myeongdong District Seoul

KEY PLAN -Pedestrianised green ground level Primary ‘open’ social level Retail in low daylight areas Secondary ‘open’ social levels (Bars/ cafes) - since most retail is in darker areas, bridges carry bars and cafes which benefit from the daylight and views and also the bridges are used to increase connectivity. Cycle highway - strong East-West movement increases sky bridges in this direction - bars on top of towers - traditional market thread continuous throuh - skylights down - traditional temple incorporated in - paving advertising on lower levels of blocks, usually advertising down - buildings continue down, light slots help with lighting - multi layered temple with high level links to increase connectivity - bridges between residential units carry social areas and more residential - Toegye road maintains a directly visible link - Lifts

Multi-level temple

Bunker developed into sunken park

Retail in areas with low daylight

Pockets of greenery

Public Access to building tops

Roof Garden

Market

Skylight

3D Advertising

Buildings extend down

Cafes

Elevator Access

Highway

River

Direct route maintained

Skylight

Market 3D Advertising

Pockets of greenery Market

Hotel

Pockets of greenery

Restaurant

Plan West Canyon, Myeongdong District Seoul

USS Enterprise, 342 m RMS Queen Mary 2, 345 m Knock Nevis, ex-Seawise Giant, 458 m Empire State Building, 1,454 feet, 443 m

17 Defence Departments merged into the Pentagon in 1941

Pentagon size

Efficient shape means that workers can get anywhere internally in 7 minutes. Additional Secure Metro Entrance Windows in external ring face outwards, others face internal ‘streets’. 2 secure levels underground One Main entrance. Blast Proof Windows Remote Delivery System Internal protected public space. Shape & size are psychologically imposing and impenetrable.

Pentagon Security

Cells Guard Towers

Departments interact without crossing a city.

Departments switch locations due to changing sizes.

MILLBANK PRISON The geometry creates visibility exposure

5 concentric rings

17.5 miles of corridors

Size of US capitol

Cells Guard Towers

First Floor Cutaway

The Black Palace of lecumerri The geometry creates visibility exposure

The Pentagon

Panopticon Prisons

Visibility & Connections: Layout creates interaction of the departments

Layout of the prisons creates exposure of the prisoner’s cells

Dead

Circular towers create Dead Zones - Areas sheltered from defending fire

Field of fire

Fort with circular towers

Visibility

Defending Fire

Maximum Overlap: 3 lines of fire Optimal Kill Zones: 8 Zones

Octagonal Fort

Walls canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fully defend eachother

Maximum Overlap: 5 lines of fire

Defending Fire

Kill Zone

Visibility

Optimal Kill Zones: 8 Zones Walls can defend eachother - outcroppings give a panoramic view of the battlefield

8 Point Star Fort

Defending Fire

Visibility

Maximum Overlap: 5 lines of fire Optimal Kill Zones: 6 Zones

6 Point Star Fort

(Same as 8 point but with less towers)

1. Guard House 2. Sailant 3. Rammed earth 4. Ditch 5. Rampart 6. Glacis 7. Protected courtyard 8. Protected community/ barracks 9. Parapet 10. Cavalier

Fortress with diamond-shaped bastions to increase visibility of storming infantry.

7. 8. Diamond-shaped points

9. 10.

Diamond-shaped points

3. 4. 5. 6. Visibility from Bastions

Geometry and Vision in the Age of Gunpowder Intricate geometry is used in medieval star forts to defend all angles. They are designed to be virtually impossible to attack due to their protruding bastions. The geometry creates good visibilty of the battlefield and this gives the forts an advantage over the attackers.

Koch, Baustilkunde 1600

Neuf-Brisach Vauban 1699

Palmanova Fortress 1806

Bourtange, Netherlands 1593

Bastion

Attacking Strategy

Range of Fire 80 metres - Mobile Canons Range of Fire 40 metres - Fixed Canons

Vauban's fortification of Huningue on the Rhine, with a ravelin on the opposite site of the river acting as a sort of barbican

Architecture of the village Public Space

Star Fortifications - A city within the walls Research into star forts. These use geometry of their plan and many levels to manipulate lines of vision to defend against attackers. This is relevant since the geometry of the canyons need to be designed to get daylight down.

30 metres range of fire

LIGHTWEIGHT WHEELED CANON RANGE OF FIRE: 30 METRES

Peru Hill Fort

60 metres range of fire

HEAVYWEIGHT WHEELED CANON RANGE OF FIRE: 60 METRES

Narden Hill Fort

100 metres range of fire

HEAVYWEIGHT BARREL CANON RANGE OF FIRE: 100 METRES

Fortress of Armedia

Changing Weapon Technology changes geometry of the fort The geometry of the forts change over time as the weapons change and the range of fire becomes larger.

1. Public Space 2. Hospital 3. Church 4. College 5. Cathedral 6. Hospital 7. Gardens 8. Livestock 9. Crops 10. Prison 11. Crops 12. Gymnasium 13. Church

3. 4. 5.

12.

1. 13. 7.

10.

11.

8. 9.

The Self Contained Siege Village Geneva 1841

GENEVA STARFORT

LEVEL DIAGRAM OF GENEVA STARFORT

Multi Level Community The levels create defence and good vision over the surrounding area.

How Spatial layout can change behaviour and create social interaction

Banks - 1920’s - Enclosed: Obstructed Vision

Banks - after banking crisis - Open & transparent to increase trust

Offices - 1800’s Overlooking boss - surveillance

Offices - 1920’s - separate work spaces - vision obstructed

Offices - 1980’s - open plan, exposed, increase in productivity

Restaurant

House of Commons - Strangers Gallery The architecture creates transparency & exposure.

Tallinn Town Hall, Estonia - mirror on ceiling, symbolising exposure

Reichstag, Berlin - public above politicians, symbolising exposure

Lines of Vision A study into the Reichstag - where the architectural layout is creating exposure to influence the behaviour of those in the debating chamber. The layout also gets daylight down to the lower levels.

Skylight Providing daylight to the levels below

Pojangmacha Informal eating/drinking establishments

Viewpoint 1

Viewpoint 2

Viewpoint 1

Temples (built around 1400â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) form part of the street life

Drone Accuracy Areas

Viewpoint 2

Animal Cafes An integral part of Korean street life

Pedestrian Flow

Underground network of 3,200 shelters

Street Life An exploration into creating a multi level street to generate more area for living whilst not obstructing the daylight for the existing buildings. The defence bunkers form underground parks.

Main Shopping Street

Residential and offices Tower Ville - hotels and accomodation

Highway Sunken

Museum

Old war bunkers connecting to highway

Downtown A diagram illustrating the different elements of Jongno (Downtown) and the potential space generated if the highway is sunken.

Increasing Levels An exploration into the potential of increasing the layers of the street to generate more area.

Early Massing exploring area generated in negative space between buildings Layers of the street would increase forming a multi-layered public space above & below ground Vertical Layers would also increase and the neon signs become more dense Bunkers would be pushed through to form sunken parks

Increased Connectivity Area generated in negative space between buildings

Underground bunkers running adjacent to tube lines

Solar Collection Dish on top of building

MORNING

NOON

EVENING

Helio Tubes

Reflective core

Acceptance Angle

Jacket

Buffer

Cladding

Core

Reflective polygon domes reflect and distribute underground sunlight. Layout depends on individual plants requiring different light levels.

Underground Bunkers Exploring the idea of turning the underground bunkers into parks using heliotubes Seoulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2 districts with the highest number of underground shelters

Possible Project Steps 200% Living Space 200% Advertising space 200% Retail Clear navigation routes

Existing Space

Existing Important Buildings

Areas with most potential to densify

Circulation Existing Street Network

Proposed Street Network

Skybridges increase and carry programme

Existing Buildings are cutaway to create daylight

Continuations of floors in korean tower blocks

Building shells create a veneer

Undulating canyons

Residential interventions form part of the street

Levels around important buildings

Roof coverings Living

250%

Living

350%

200% below existing ground level 50% as extensions to buildings

Bunker levels increase down

Densification

Living

Densification

370%

Densification

50%

200%

50% 300%

Multi-layered temple

70%

Retail

300%

250%

Retail Retail

350% Subterranean car levels x2

370%

250% below existing ground level 50% as extensions to buildings 50%

200%

50%

Skylights

300%

70% 300%

Vertical layers form to large blocks

Living blocks rise up

Public Space

Large bunkers knocked through to create gardens

Increase in balconies

Signs form as extensions to buildings

Bunkers pushed through to form parks

3D Structures form as living/ advertising

Connections form between buildings

Urban Villages

Connections to MTR

Distribution & no. of levels for living depends on light quality New living blocks created

Public visbility - calculated by isovist studies

North

High level efficient cycle highway

Cathedral has multi level access Iteration 1

4 iterations which explore strategies to generate more residential area in the negative space between buildings. Navigational routes are maintained through bridges. Iterations 3 and 4 have generated the most area but there is no continuity of routes.

Iteration 1 Iteration 1 explores the ground plane moving down for more light to reach the areas below.

Iteration 2

Iteration 3

Iteration 2 separates the site into 3 different areas depending on distance between buildings. In the East area, the distance between buildings is 20 metres or less and live-in signs form between buildings.

Iteration 3 shows an extreme version where canyons form wherever possible. Navigational routes are not considered.

Iteration 4 Iteration 4 shows an extreme version where canyons and live-in signs form wherever the distance between buildings is sufficient.

Secluded areas

High Use areas

Both

2 Strategies for low and high footfall streets High Footfall ( Usually Containing Mixed-Use blocks ) In the high use streets, the buildings are mixed use with retai on the bottom two levels. This retail drops below ground and residential takes its place where there is more daylight.

Proposal to generate more area Residential Offices Retail/Commercial

Residential Offices Retail/ Commercial Ground Level

Ground Level Ground Level

Ground Level

Existing streets with high integration values are mixed use. Retail level makes use of high level of through movement in these streets

Ground Level

Existing Condition: High level of through movement in these streets on ground level

Proposed Condition: Existing Offices & Retail drops due to lower daylight requirements than residential. Major street level drops down for more space for markets which would cause daylight obstruction if kept in existing location.

Proposed Condition: Pedestrian movement in these streets is split between levels but main movement drops to lower levelwhere there is more space for market-style streets.

Low Footfall ( Usually containing Reisdential blocks ) In the low use streets the buildings are mainly residential so the residential units extend below down, forming a market on the lowest level. Residential Residential

Ground Level

Existing Condition: Low level of through movement in these streets on ground level

Retail + Residential Canyons Researching footfall and distance between buildings, I distinguished a contrast between different areas on the site. The more secluded streets have potential for residential whereas the retail areas are more likely to form along the busier roads.

Proposed Condition: Since there is less through-movement in the lower integrated streets (where the residential canyons are forming), the lower level forms a public meeting spae for social interaction

Existing Private Space

Private Space (blocks)

Existing Street Network

Iteration 1

Existing Site

Public Space (streets) Extreme Version 6 - 8 layers (Large canyon)

Extreme Version

Private Space

Street Network

Extreme Version - Private Space (blocks) Extreme Version All Canyons

4 - 5 layers (Medium canyon)

Extreme Version Filtered Canyon

2 - 3 layers (Small canyon)

Extreme Version -Public Space (streets)

Canyon Depth

Canyons Filtered Out

350%

250%

Extreme Version Live-In Signs

Proposal

Canyons

Condition 1 - Street over 20 metres (Canyons) Live-In Signs

Extreme Version - live-in signs formed on facing facades 20 metres or less

Filtered Version - live-in signs only over public streets

370%

330%

Filtered Version - live-in signs and canyons

280%

Development of the Masterplan

Condition 2 - Street under 20 metres (Live-in signs)

Existing Site

Segment Angular Integration Influence Range = Infinity

Existing

Test 1

High

Low

High

Low

Test 1 (Iteration 4) is an extreme version where canyons are everywhere and fragment the street space.

Existing

Test 2

High

Low

Test 2 adds a connecting road taking away some of the high flow of people going through potential residential streets. Street Added

Identification of Key Routes Due to the increased complexity of the spaces that are being produced, I found it important to analyse the accessibility of the site with different proposals.

Myeongdong District - Seoul DATA FROM 1 JAN - 31 JAN

Oxford Street - London DATA FROM 1 JAN - 31 JAN

CUMULATIVE RADIATION ANALYSIS WEATHER FILE - INCHEON

CUMULATIVE RADIATION ANALYSIS WEATHER FILE - LONDON GATWICK

DATA FROM 1 JAN - 31 JAN

kWh/m2

1002.52< 902.27 802.02 701.77 601.51 501.26 401.01 300.76 200.50 100.25 <0.00

Low radiation under bridges

Lower levels recieve lower radiation values

Low radiation under bridges

South Facing part of canyon receives higher radiation

Daylight Analysis Daylight levels of the site need to be considered since daylight is a vital requirement for a residential project. The comparison with Oxford street highlighted 2 potential areas for the large residential canyons

Area of Analysis 1

Area of Analysis 2

Low Daylight Danger zone: Skylights required

Low Daylight Danger zone: Residential is located on upper levels where daylight levels are higher.

Low Daylight danger zones 1

South facade has high daylight levels

Bridge has high daylight levels

Low Daylight Danger zone 2

Low Daylight Danger zone 1

Area under building is shaded Area under bridge is shaded

Analysis highlighted area of concern: Living canyon with 339.07< kWh/m2

Removal of the extruded retail bridge gives increases the radiation value to <565 kWh/m2

Underneath this retail bridge is radiation value 452 kWh/m2

Largest Canyon Further daylight analysis was carried out looking at the largest canon. The south facing side has highest daylight levels and levels decrease with the depth of the canyon.

Removal of this retail bridge gives a high radiation value of 904< kWh/m2, however there is no living canyon underneath

Canyon Form in Development Plan

Important route to the river

Multi-Level Prototype

Important route to the Myeongdong museum and Town hall Canyon Development Form

Important route to large Department Store

Old defence bunker Important route from Namsan Park

Vertical Atriums create areas for social interaction and natural light.

Canyon Form in Development Spatial Arrangement

Vertical Atriums Shallower Canyon (Distance available is less)

Residential units in high-mid daylight zones Glazed facade of residential units Retail in low-daylight zones Shared public gardens

Residential Units reach a maximum distance away from natural light

Section B-B

Glazed facade of residential units

Canyon Massing Early massing showing the reltionship between retail and residential. The residential steps down so that each level receives daylight. Existing buildings extend down forming retail areas to sell to the residential areas.

Existing Buildings Routes (Subterranean and above ground)

Iteration 2

Iteration 1

Prototype Form 1

Iteration 3

Prototype Form 3

Prototype Form 2

Iteration 2

Prototype Form 4

Iteration 3

3D Printed Models Through iterations, the models show the increased density of the area highlighting the public market space on the lowest level.

Iteration 1

Iteration 2

Toegye Road High-use road

East-West bridging links

Residential areas step down in terraces to give public green space

Iteration 2 explores the strategy further. The aim is to generate more, well connected residential area in the negative space between buildings.

By carving down below existing ground level, the level of daylight reaching the existing buildings is not hindered and navigational routes are maintained by bridges.

Continuation of East-West Bridging Links

Spatial Form

Public gardens Overlooking enhances feeling of community

Residential units look out onto the market and sunken canal where public events take place. East/West bridging links over the canyon to give continuation of this existing movement of people moving East-West.

Physical Testing 2 iterations of the South Canyon were created to help define the spatial arrangement.

Early Massing Attempt 1 This simple canyon model does not allow for any public space in front of the residential units

Residential

Early Massing Attempt 2 This canyon has far too many bridging links which obstruct daylight to the lower levels.

Residential

Existing Ground Level Existing Ground Level

POTENTIAL PROJECT STEPS

Early Massing Attempt 3 Location of public space at a junction

Public space and green pockets are incorporated into the proposal. Sky bridging links form on existing buildings.

Levels increase above ground

Levels increase below ground

Existing Buildings extend

Connections to the city

Early Massing Attempt 4 Existing street level of social bars, cafes + restaurants are maintained. The sunken canal which runs through downtown continues through the lower level of the canyon.

Relationship of retail + residential Connections to MTR tube

Connections to the underground parks

Covered areas

Voids

Public Space The spatial arrangement considers public areas for social interaction.

POSITION 4

90% VISIBILITY

POSITION 1

60% VISIBILITY

POSITION 3

40% VISIBILITY

POSITION 2

10% VISIBILITY

POSITION 1

60% VISIBILITY

Viewpoint 1

POSITION 2

POSITION 3

10%

40%

VISIBILITY

Viewpoint 1

90% VISIBILITY

Viewpoint 1

Viewpoint 2

Viewpoint 2 Viewpoint 2

Viewpoint 2

Viewpoint 3 Viewpoint 3

POSITION 4

Viewpoint 3

Visibility Isovists Visibility studies within the forest of signs

Viewpoint 3

Section 5 PROPOSAL

West Residential Canyon

Retail Canyon

LOW-MID DAYLIGHT ZONES

MID-HIGH DAYLIGHT ZONES

Massing Study of Public Temple space

Subterranean Street

Multi-level Public space

Massing Study of Residential Canyon

Subterranean Street

Subterranean and Sky Routes Increased Connectivity

Development of the Masterplan A multi-level public space is formed on the crossroads in the centre 2 main residential canyons are created (The South canyon and The West canyon)

Existing

Buddist Temple Toegye Street

Underground defence bunker

Car Park

Football Pitch

Proposed

South Residential Canyon Existing + Proposed

Circulation: Overall Existing mixed-use building (residential with retail units on the lower two levels). My proposal shifts the retail units down and replaces the area with residential which has more requirement for daylight.

Heavy-use East-West routes between Seoul station and downtown. Both of these are existing but the yellow route has been made more direct to improve accessibility.

High-Use street Pedestrianised ground level Revealed basement level to existing buildiing Elevators Market Thread Public Access at front of residential

Toegye Road. The retail canyon is created along this route and the main public thoroughfare has been lowered to run along its lower level.

Sunken Pagoda Park. A public park has been created replacing a defence bunker.

Market thread

Main elevator locations down into the canyon

Multiple routes SouthNorth connecting the area to Namsan Park. More than one route to the park disperses the flow of people, avoiding bottlenecks.

Circulation: South Facing Residential Terrace Green pockets in front of the residential units allow public access. (Through-movement and connect the existing and proposed communities)

High-Use street Major pedestrian routes Revealed basement level to existing buildiing Public Access at front of residential Market Thread

The routes are chanelled to the Pagoda Park in this vertical atrium encouraging social interaction.

Public routes increasing connectivity between existing and proposed communities. Multiple routes merge to form the main bridge over the canyon.

Shifted retail Main elevator locations down into the canyon

Pockets of green space are created in the low movement areas defined by the transit routes.

Market thread

Multiple bridges creates an even dispersal of pedestrians.

Circulation of the South Canyon Existing circulation is maintained and enhanced

Level 1, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Roof Accessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, refers to the public access at the top of some high buildings since these spaces have the best views and light in the city. In some cases, sky bridges form connections between these.

Integration Value High Low

Roof Access

Existing Ground Level Pedestrianised Level

Spatial Form 1. Roof Access

Local Circulation Pagoda Level 2. Existing Ground Level

Social Level

3. Local Circulation

4. Social Level

Market Level

5. Market Level

Vehicle - Local Circulation 6. Vehicle Local Circulation

Highway Global Circulation

7. Vehicle Highway

VGA Analysis - Analysis I did showing the visual integration of the major levels - to see how accessible they would be - to ensure easy navigatin - influenced my placing of vertical circulation points.

T ERRACED

Terraces spiral down, twisting to make room for public green space.

Ribbons of strip lighting illuminate activities on the facade.

Terraces are extruded and pushed back to allow for green pockets, walkways and seating in the facade.

QUALITIES

Public and semi-private routes in front of the residential units.

BRIDGING

East-West bridging connection between downtown Jongno and Seoul station.

Multi-level routes connect to the pagoda park.

QUALITIES

The stepped formation of the terraces creates no shaded windows.

Voids to allow for natural light to lower levels.

Cafe space and strips of retail form on the facade.

Multi-level routes connect to the pagoda park.

High

South Facade

High

Low

Central zone encourages social interaction

Residential units overlook the traditional market levels.

Low

South Facade

< A project that was influential to the proposal.

City Life Residences Zaha Hadid Architects

Timber Cladding Glazed Paved and Landscaping

TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE - HANOKS

CERAMIC TILED ROOF

A. Ridge End Tiles (Bugo) B. Ridge Beam (Yongmaru) C. Short Rafters (Danyeon) D. Long Rafters (Jangyeon) E. Queen Post F. Collar Rafters G. Crosswise floorboard H. Longitudinal Floorboard I. Entrance J. Large windows K. Wooden floor (Heated from Below) L. Brick wall elevates house to allow space or heated floor M. Overh

ONE LEVEL Elevated for under floor heating with fire

Hipped Roof

I J

OVERHANGING ROOF FOR SHADING

G H

Elevated with bricks for underfloor heating

A ONE CONSISTENT WOODEN FLOOR

A. Ridge Beam (yongmaru) B. Crosswise Floorboard (Donggiwteul) C. Short Rafters (Danyeon) D. Middle Purlin (Jungdori) E. Long Rafters ( Jangyeon) F. Column top purlin (Jusimdori) G. Purlin Support (Jangyeo) H. Upper Brace ( Sanginbang) I. Doorjamb (Munseoliju) J. Column (Gidung) K. Column (Gidung) L. Brick Wall M. Lower Brace (Habang) N. Foundation (Gidan)

SECTION THROUGH A HANOK

A O

P Q

T U

O. Ridge End Tiles (Bugo) P. Ridge Core (Marujeoksim) Q. Ridge Purlin (Jongdori) R. Ridge Purlin Support (Jongdori bathimjangyeo) S. Queen Post (Daegon) T. Primary Posts (Daegong) U. Secondary posts (Jongdori bathimjangyeo) V. Eaves Purlin (Pyeonggodae) W. Rafters (Seokkarae) X. Middle Brace (Jungbang) Y. Lower Brace (Habang)

F G

V W

K L Y

M N

TIMBER USE IN THE RESIDENTIAL TERRACES

Residential Outdoor Space/ Transit Retail/ Residential Access

Traditional Korean floor - Under floor heated - Wooden

Timber facade - Boat building techniques

RETAIL

Retail + Transit in areas of low/no daylight.

RESIDENTIAL

8 Metres maximum away from natural light .

OUTDOOR

Green Pockets for relaxing/transit.

Traditional Korean Architecture Traditional Korean architecture are timber ‘hanoks’. These have traditional heated wooden floors, hipped roofs and sometimes elaborate carved details.

Multi-Layered Timber Temple

Connections on each Level

in major public space of the proposal

Wooden Bridges Curved timber structure and cladding (Using Korean boat building techniques) Glazing

Levels connected to the residential units

Wooden Latticework

Levels connected to retail and market

Levels connected to existing street level

Curved Korean boat building techniques

Sketch for the sculptural timber facades of the residential units

Timber Studies The residential units and multi-layered temple are made from curved timber using traditional boat building techniques.

Curved Timber Residential Study

Spatial Form

Timber facade sweeps up to create the handrail

Curved timber facade

Traditional underheated wooden floor

Curved Timber Residential Study

Spatial Form

Residential units step back 8 metres before retail

Spherical Study Terraced South Facade stepping down similar to rice fields

Key Plan showing view direction

Greenery + Timber on the Residential Terraces The residential units step down and create pockets of greenery in a similar way to rice fields.

Natasha Marks Project 02 Changing Technology Through Domes Domes from 19,000 BC till now are layered to show how technology and other influences have changed the appearance of the dome. Timeline Segment showing binishell, Geodesic dome and Reichstag dome. Domes are often used for important buildings and show the Pioneering Sentiment of the time.

C C 0B 0B AD ,28 AD ,70 AD 00 19 11 20 14 36 14 14

AD 84 18

AD 54 19

AD 64 19

AD 90 19

w No

A section through layers of domes from 19,000 BC till today.

Timeline Segment showing a wigwam dome, Byzantine dome, Wooden Onion dome, Brunelessci dome and Reichstag dome.

Timeline Segment showing binishell, Observatory dome and Biomimicry dome.

Changing Technology Through Domes Domes from 19,000 BC till now are layered to show how technology and other influences have changed the appearance of the dome. Domes are often used for important buildings and show the Pioneering Sentiment of the time.

Timeline Segment showing binishell, Geodesic dome and Reichstag dome.

19,280 BC

Beehive Dome -- Burial

11,700 BC

1400 AD

Wigwam -- Shelter

Byzantine -- Religious

Now Now 19,280 BC

Timeline Section forming interesting areas between layers 1420 AD Wooden onion -- Religious

1436 AD Brunelessci dome -- Religious

Now

19,280 BC

1436 AD Reichstag -- Government

Now

Timeline Section 1954 AD Geodesic -- Shelter

1964 AD Binishell -- Shelter

1990 AD Observatory -- Telescope

Now 3D printed ice dome -- Shelter

Now

19,280 BC

Now Biomimicry dome -- Shelter

Timeline Section

Areas between the Layers of Domes Dome Timeline

The shape, form and materials of domes contrast forming interesting points between the layers

Top Node 5 Strut Bottom Node 4 Strut Side Node 5 Strut

Maximise Stiffness 5% of overall mass 20 mm min thickness 4 Strut Symmetrical Loading

Maximise Stiffness 15% of overall mass 20 mm min thickness 5 Strut Symmetrical Loading

6 Strut Symmetrical Loading

5 Strut Symmetrical Loading

Maximise Stiffness 15% of overall mass 20 mm min thickness

Maximise Stiffness 45% of overall mass 20 mm min thickness

5 Strut Asymmetrical Loading Maximise Stiffness 60% of overall mass 20 mm min thickness

Maximise Stiffness 5% of overall mass 10 mm min thickness

Maximise Stiffness 20% of overall mass 5 mm min thickness

Maximise Stiffness 30% of overall mass 5 mm min thickness Maximise Stiffness 15% of overall mass

Maximise Stiffness 40% of overall mass 5 mm min thickness

Maximise Stiffness 20% of overall mass

Maximise Stiffness 30% of overall mass

Maximise Stiffness 45% of overall mass

Topological Optimisation of the Dome A series of tests to maximise stiffness with varying material thickness and varying percentages of overall mass.

Maximise Stiffness 10 mm minimum thickness 30% of overall mass

Optmised Dome forms pixels distributed due to tension/ compression areas

Pixel study forms architectural expression

Maximise Stiffness 10 mm minimum thickness 15% of overall mass

Optmised Dome forms pixels distributed due to tension/ compression areas

Pixel study forms architectural expression

Maximise Stiffness 20 mm minimum thickness 15% of overall mass

Optmised Dome forms pixels distributed due to tension/ compression areas

Pixel study forms architectural expression

Pixellated Forms The information from different optimisation results are used to create pixellated forms.

Natasha Marks Project 03 FORMACIÃ&#x201C;N DE LA CIVIL GUARDIA ALTITUDE TRAINING

TERM 1 RESEARCH

ROBOTICS AS A DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY

A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME

WATCH BRAND MARKET SHARE

ROBOTICS IN WATCHMAKING

SWATCH BRAND MARKET SHARE

SWATCH

SWATCH SISTEM 51 A WATCH COMPLETELY MADE BY ROBOTS

SWISS WATCH BRAND MARKET SHARE

ROBOTS USED IN WATCHMAKING PROCESS FOR 4 DIFFERENT WATCHES

TERM 1 RESEARCH

6 AXIS ROBOT

MOTION RANGE OF PIVOT POINTS

ROBOTIC RANGE OF MOVEMENT

TERM 1 RESEARCH

ROBOT & HUMAN INTERACTION

DIFFERENT WORKING ENVIRONMENTS

ABB ‘YUMI’ ROBOT CHANGING THE HUMAN-ROBOT RELATIONSHIP

TERM 1 RESEARCH

ROBOTIC INTERACTION ASSISTIVE CARE ASSISTIVE CARE

Assistive Care Robots

HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS

CONNECTION ENDS

HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS

BATTERY TRANSFORMER

TERM 1 RESEARCH

ROBOTIC SURFACES: STUDY 1

TERM 1 RESEARCH

ROBOTIC SURFACES: STUDY II

TERM 1 RESEARCH

ROBOTIC SURFACES: STUDY III

TERM 1 RESEARCH

ROBOTIC SURFACES: STUDY IV

DURABLE SURFACE WITH WATERPROOF SKIN BELOW

ANGULATED SCISSORS MECHANISM BELOW ALTERS SURFACE ABOVE

OVERALL PROGRAMME Fig. 1

Fig. 2

ROBOTS MONITORING THE CIVIL GUARDS AS THEY SLEEP

Assistive Care Robots Sourcing

Emergency oxygen robot and robot monitoring for burst blood vessels

CREATING LOW OXYGEN ENVRONMENTS

HEALTHCARE ROBOTS -Compact - Nimble - Precise

Low oxygen environments are often used in sport to give inadequate oxygen to the blood of the athlete, causing an increase in red blood cells.

Robots monitoring for changes in blood pressure & internal body temperature

Hypoxic Chambers

Hyperbaric Chambers

[reduced oxygen to the athlete]

[increased oxygen to the sick]

Fig. 3 1. Oxygen level decreased

Oxygen level increased

Unwanted oxygen

Unwanted nitrogen

Air in

Air in Nitrogen concentrator

Oxygen concentrator

2. Oxygen level decreased by pressure

Air compression unit

Fig. 4 The affect of different methods of sleeping & training above 3000 m on the intake capacity of

Fibreglass robotic compartment holding 3 assistive care robots on rails

LIVE HIGH, TRAIN HIGH

MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE OF THE BLOOD (ML/KG/MIN)

Robot body turning circle Diameter: 370 mm Robot arm full extension Diameter: 1958 mm

oxygen in the blood

LIVE HIGH, TRAIN LOW

LIVE LOW, TRAIN LOW

WEEKS

As part of the programme, sleep units simulate higher altitudes by depleting the oxygen content of the air. Each sleep unit is serviced by a robotic compartment for assistive care. As the guards sleep, the robots monitor for burst blood vessels & changes of air pressure.

SITE

SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS, SPAIN SITE ALTITUDE: 3700 M

SITE

SITE LOCATION 10 km South East of Granada, Andalucia region, Spain. Fig. 1. Project Location: Spain Fig. 3. Nearby towns in a 30 km radius

Spain

Towns/ Cities

The Site

Granada , population: 240,000.

Fig. 2. Project Location: Sierra Nevada Mountains

Fig. 4. Nearby water sources in a 30 km radius

Rivers/ Lakes The Site

Mt Mulhacen, 3749 m Sierra Nevada mountains Granada

Fig. 5. The site in relation to the tree line

The Site

Site Civil Guards existing training routes B Roads Civil Guard Department of Defense Civil Guard Training Operations Headquarters

Tree Line

SITE

SITE CONDITIONS SITE CONNECTION

Earlier

1998

Fig. 1

Cliff to the South [ Civil Guards currently use the cliff as extreme rock climbing training.]

2007

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Site

Mt Mulhacen Fig. 4

3720 metres

Mt Mulhacen 3749 metres Fig. 5 The siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location in the Sierra Nevada range Mt Mulhacen

Civil Guards existing training routes Mountain Road

Natural Estuary leading into Lake Comi

Civil Guards existing rock climbing routes

3749 metres

The Site

Fig. 6 Location of fatalities Mt Mulhacen

40 m

Deaths caused by accidents Deaths caused by climate induced conditions, eg. Hypothermia

SITE

GEOLOGY The geology on site is Volcaniclastic (a hard rock) and Miocene sediments (a softer rock).

Fig. 2 Geology of the site

Fig. 1 Geology of the Sierra Nevada mountains

Early miocene sediments Volcanoclastic sediments The Site

Cretateous - eocene Oligocene volcanic arc Early volcanoclastic sediments

Volcanic rock

Volcanic Volcanoclastic rock rock

Miocene

sediments

(Shifting)

Step 1 Vibrohammer

Fig. 5 Different helical foundations Double lead

Triple lead

Carved approach

CHOSEN

Fig. 3 Carved approach to the building

Step 2 Digger

Fig. 4 Carved out Central Spine

Step 3 Crawler Basin is carved into rock to achieve sunken central spine Protruding units are elevated above the rock

Fig. 6 Machinery with the capabitity of installing helical foundations

Single lead

SITE

NATIONAL PARK The Sierra Nevada National Park is located in the Region of Andalucia and covers 85,883 hectares.

People in the Sierra Nevada mountains Fig. 1 The increase in using the mountains as a training ground Runners

People in the Sierra Nevada mountains

2010

2017 Military Training

Training for mountains of higher elevations

Runners

Athletes using the high altitude for fitness training

Military Training Training for Mt Kilimanjaro

Training for mountains of higher elevations

Training for Mt Blanc

Cyclists

Training for Everest Training for other mtns

Rock climbers

Hikers

Cyclists

Naturalists / biologists

Runners

Cyclists

Naturalists / biologists

Fig. 3 The main areas in which athletes carry out altitude training.

Hikers

Fig. 4 The region of Andalucia

Fig. 5 The location of the main rock climbing centres in Granada

The Sierra Nevada National Park Granada province Almeria province

ALMERIA MT MULHACEN GRANADA

Athletes using the high altitude for fitness training

SITE

CLIMATE Fig. 1 Precipitation Levels Reference Meteoblue weather data

The climate data highlights that attention must be given to solar shading during the summer months and a good ventilation strategy to avoid uncomfortably high internal temperatures.

Fig. 2 Maximum Temperatures Reference - Meteoblue weather data

The climate data shows that April has the most rainfall. In July and August, precipitation levels are very low (2mm 20mm). There is 0.1 - 0.2 days on average of snowfall in the months of January, Febuary & March.

The temperatures throughout the year range from -1C to 35C. During the summer months of July and August, temperatures reach 30C for over half the month. Fig. 5 Wind turbulance over the cliff

Fig. 4 Prevailing wind informing building orientation

Fig. 3 Wind Rose Reference Meteoblue weather data

ENE prevailing annual wind

The wind rose above shows that the prevailing wind comes from the ENE. However, the strongest wind is the North wind.

Fig. 6 Sunpath Piagram

Summer Solstice

The building is orientated to make use of the natural ventilation of the prevailing ENE wind through opening louvres. It is essential for the building to have a good ventilation strategy to avoid uncomfortably high internal temperatures in July & August.

Fig. 7 Graph showing number of sunny, partly cloudy and overcast days

Winter Solstice

Area in risk of wind turbulance

The diagram highlights the area in risk of wind turbulance on the lee side of the cliff. The structure will need to be strong enough to withstand wind loading in this area.

Fig. 8 Sunpath informing building orientation

Sunny (days with less than 20% cloud cover) Partly Cloudy (days with 20-80% cloud cover) Overcast (days with more than 80% cloud cover)

The data shows that from June - August there is less than 5 overcast days / month.

The buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s orientation will be informed by the path of the sun.

SITE CONDITIONS

1. Chosen site - proximity to a ‘catchment’ zone in which a borehole can reach for subterranean water providing water to the remote site.

4. Rock climbing - The chosen site is an excellent training ground of extreme cliff climbs

2. Chosen site - proximity to a mountain road which makes building delivery by vehicle possible.

5. Geological Condition - The site is suiable for building, formed of a mixture of volcaniclastic sediments (hard rock) and miocene sediments (a softer rock)

3. Continuing the passage condition - There is a high concetration of Civil Guard’s existing routes through the area.

6. Sunpath - The routines of the Civil Guards and the Training Areas are defined by the path of the sun.

BUILDING GENESIS

1. Excavation - Long approach to the building carved into the rock and carved basin for floor of the central spine

6. Terrain - Protruding units follow direction of terrain, staggered to maximise daylight and views

2. Foundations - Footings positioned in a grid

3. Structure - Structural frame of Central

to elevate building above rocky terrain

Spine

7. Level changes - Building terraces to follow site level changes

8. Training deck - surrounding the South Facade, the deck is used for training, access & circulation

4. Orientation - Orientation of building for natural ventilation of prevailing wind through Spine

9. Cantilever - The training deck cantilevers over the cliff to enhance the views of outstanding beauty

5. Prefabrication - Elements of the building are prefabricated.

10. Entrance View - From the building approach, there is a view straight through the building over the cliff

Protruding Units

Fig. 1

Volumetric Relationships

WEST WING

Fig. 3 Rocks causing obstruction

ENTRANCE & CIRCULATION SPACE WEST WING

EAST WING

Fig. 5 Sleep unit layout according to rank of Civil Guard

Fig. 6 Location of robotic compartments

Fig. 7 Location of air control units

Fig. 8 Location of service facilities

UTILITY & BOOTROOM WC’S KITCHEN PANTRY SOCIAL SPACE / DINING ROOM BALCONY ROCK CLIMBING KIT STORE SUN TOWER LOWER DECK SUNKEN FIRE PIT EAST WING CIRCULATION SPACE

SLEEP UNIT FOR 2X SQUADDIES

ROCKS

ROBOTIC COMPARTMENTS

UTILITIES (WASHING MACHINE & WATER POINT)

AIR CONTROL UNITS

STORAGE AREAS COMMANDER MEETING ROOM

SLEEP UNIT FOR 2X OFFICERS SLEEP UNIT FOR 1X OFFICER

EMERGENCY CARE ROOM

SLEEP UNIT FOR 1X DOCTOR

SLEEP UNITS

SLEEP UNIT FOR 1X COOK

HUNG BALCONIES STORAGE

The individual protruding units are elevated above the rocky terrain.

UTILITY POINT COMMANDER’S MEETING ROOM

The units are either single or bunk units, according to Guard rank.

Fig. 4 Section A-A Sleep unit design responding to rocks causing obstruction

MEDICAL CARE ROOM

The air controlled units (all of the sleep units except for the Doctor’s and Cook’s units) are serviced by a robotic compartment each containing 3 robots for assistive care.

The units controlling the oxygen content of the air are located on the periphery of the modules.

In case of emergency, a doctor gives medical care in the Emergency Care Room. The Storage Areas are important due to minimal stroage space within the sleep units themselves.

SUN TOWERS LOWER DECK Fig. 2. User Experience The Civil Guard’s time is split between intense training & enjoying the environment of outstanding beauty

COOK MAKES MEALS DOCTOR ON SITE EMERGENCY CARE

WALK IN FROM MOUNTAIN WALK INTO MOUNTAINS

DRYING ROOM

LONG APPROACH TO THE BASECAMP FROM ROAD

LOCKER STORAGE

SOCIAISING

DINING

WC’S

VIEWS OVER CLIFF

TRAINING ON DECK

STRETCHING ON DECK

TRAINING IN MTNS

ROCK CLIMBING OFF DECK

OUTDOOR RUNNING TRACKS

VIEW THROUGH BASECAMP OVER CLIFF

RELAXING BY THE SUNKEN FIRE PIT

RELAXING IN SUN TOWERS

SLEEP UNITS

OXYGEN DEPLETION

ROBOTS MONITOR OCCUPANTS

ROBOTS GIVE EMERGENCY OXYGEN

INDIVIDUAL WEIGHT TRAINING

BOOT ROOM

ACCESS TO ROAD

1 PLATOON STAYS FOR 4 WEEKS TO BENEFIT FULLY FROM ALTITUDE EXPOSURE COOK TAKES TRIP DOWN TO GRANADA FOR FOOD PROVISIONS

KEY BUILDING ELEMENTS

1. Prefabricated sleep units with air control - The modules are fabricated from ISO tanks and their supporting frames. ISO tanks are designed to contain liquid, therefore are an appropriate solution for air control.

1. Prefabricated Sun Towers - Elevated small-scale spaces for the Civil Guards to relax alone or in small groups. There are 4 variations, depending on their supporting structure or size. The majority of the Sun Towers are used as break-out spaces for each Guardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sleep unit. The Towers increase in size according to rank of the Guard.

3. Double Height Social Space - The rock formation of the cliff allows for a double height Social Space to the South West of the site. This will have a high degree of transparency for views over the cliff with an incorporated system for solar shading.

4. Fold up Balconies - Raised balconies

5. Lower Deck - The training deck

6. Operable roof louvres - The Central

are hung from the ISO container frames by tension cables. These have the ability to fold up in winter or adverse weather conditions by means of a winch.

surrounds the South Facade and terraces with the changing site levels.

Spine has large roof louvres which can open to naturally ventilate the Spine.

PREFABRICATION

Fig. 1. Key Plan

Elements of the building are prefabricated off site. This is due to their specialist requirements, the short construction time, decreasing risks on site and good control of quality. The sleep units are required to control oxygen levels, therefore there is a need for these units to be treated differently to the rest of the building.

Fig. 3 Sectional Cut Multi-purpose central spine Air controlled sleep units made from ISO tank container ISO tank container frame

Fig. 2 Axonometric of a standard ISO tank container

Sun Towers (break-out space for sleep unit occupants)

Fig. 5

Vertical Contact Corner Fittings Corner Posts Bracing of Corner Posts

Sleeping

A. ISO CONTAINER FRAME 20 FT X 8 FT X 8.6 FT B. BOTTOM OUTLET C. PROTECTIVE ALUMINIUM CLADDING D. COMPRESSED GLASS WOOL INSULATION E. STAINLESS STEEL TANK SHELL F. ACCESS LADDER G. TOP DISCHARGE VALVE H. AIR INLET CONNECTION I. WALKWAY

Drying

Storage

Socialising

Relaxing/ Alone Time

Fig. 4 Types of containers

STANDARD

LIGHTWEIGHT

SWAP-BODY

FUEL

GAS

BITUMEN

Reference - Peacock Tank containers

The strength of the container is determined by the strength of the corner post.

OVERALL PROGRAMME ROBOTIC SURFACE FORMING A BED CONSISTENT MONITORING OF CIVIL GUARDS

Research was carried out into interactive robotic surfaces, in particular researching ‘Materiable’, an MIT shape-shifting interface.

SENSORS MONITOR TEMPERATURE

SENSORS RESPOND TO OCCUPANTS MOVEMENTS

FORCE Tensile Fabric

Connection Points FORCE

Pins

Sensors [reacting to different stimuli]

TO FILTRATION SYSTEM

AIR LOCK

SLEEP UNIT

Fig. 1 Rainwater collection from the roof into water storage tanks

ELECTRICAL SOLAR PUMP

Fig. 3 Overall water and waste strategy

Fig. 2 Water Strategy for the sleep unit

BOREHOLE

WATER STRATEGY

SUN TOWER

ROBOTIC SERVICE COMPARTMENT

WASHING MACHINE

UV DISINFECTANT

MICRON FILTER

PUMP

WATER STORAGE

SINKS

FILTRATION SYSTEM

WC’S

DISH WASHER

SHOWERS

HOT WATER SYSTEM

SUN

L. AIR LOCK DOOR; SIPS PANELS WITH HERMETICALLY SEALED SLIDING DOOR [FOR DETAILS SEE 2.12. AIR CONTROL]

K. SOIL PIPE OUT TO FILTRATION SYSTEM

J. BACKUP INLET COLD WATER PIPE FROM WATER STORE [BOREHOLE OR RAINWATER] TO WC

H. WC CUBICLE

G. INLET COLD WATER PIPE FROM WATER STORE [BOREHOLE OR RAINWATER] TO SHOWER

F. INLET HOT WATER PIPE [SOLAR HEATED WITH PHOTOVOLTAICS] TO SHOWER

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

RAINWATER

E. GREY WATER PIPE FEEDING FROM SHOWER FOR USE IN WC

D. SIPS PANELS (STRUCTURALLY INSULATED PANEL) CUT TO SIZE

C. AIR TIGHT GLASS DOORS [FOR DETAILS SEE 2.12. AIR CONTROL]

[PROTECTIVE ALUMINIUM CLADDING, COMPRESSED GLASS WOOL INSULATION & STAINLESS STEEL TANK SHELL]

B. ISO CONTAINER

A. ISO CONTAINER FRAME [20 FT X 8 FT X 8.6 FT ] T. SUN SHADE

W. VENTILATION LOUVRES

V. ACCESS FOR MAINTENENCE OF ROOF & COMMUNICATION ARRAY

TO FILTRATION SYSTEM

Soil pipe from the WC to downhill filtration system. .

Grey water pipe from the shower to be recycled in the WC’s.

Hot water pipe from thermal store, heated by photovoltaic array to shower.

Cold water from water storage tank [water collected from rainwater roof drainage or piped from borehole] to WC and shower located in the air lock.

R. DISPLAY SCREEN SHOWING BOTH OCCUPANTS INTERNAL BODILY STATISTICS, SUCH AS TEMPERATURE & RED BLOOD CELL COUNT. THIS IS ALSO WHERE THE EMERGENCY AIR CONTROL STOP IS LOCATED.

Q. EMERGENCY OXYGEN

P. ASSISTIVE CARE ROBOTS

U. PATTERENED ETFE SUN SHADE

S. AIR OUTLET 2

N. AIR CONTROL UNIT [FOR DETAILS, SEE FIG. 5] O. FIBREGLASS COMPARTMENT CONTAINING CARE ROBOTS

M. TIMBER STUD WALL

Ground Floor Plan 1:200

1:100 SECTIONS

ROCK EXCAVATION In order to create access from the road for the building construction and use, an approach to the building is carved out. Due to the uneven surface of the rocky site, a decision was made to carve down into the Miocene sediments (softer rock) to form the Central Spine of the building.

1:100 SECTION BB

- Elements of the building are prefabricated off site due to restricted site access & short construction time. - The sleep units need to control oxygen levels. ISO tank containers can be used due to their continuous air tight skin, which is designed to hold liquids, the containers strength and the ease of delivery to site.

1:100 SECTION CC

Dormant & Active Mode

Sectional Cut A-A

Sectional Cut B-B B

Perspectives

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