F
R
A
M
I
N
G
T R A N S F O R M A T I O N
TRANSFORMATION IN A TIME OF TRANSITION CAMBODIA
acknowledgments
2
3
c
o
v
e
r
group
picture
0
Participants of the BUDD studio 200
MSc
in
Building
and
Urban
Design
in
Development
_
Development
Planning
Unit
_
University
College
London
UCL London
SG1
CAMBODIA
KAMPONG THOM
4
5
SG3
PHNOM PENH SG2
N
0
200
table
of
contents
6
7 1. CAMBODIA IN TRANSITION
16
2. TRANSFORMING CAMBODIA
44
3.groundingTRANSFORMATION
50
4. FRAMING TRANSFORMATION
66
mainAcronyms
8
9
group
picture
executive
Key findings
summary
Intro
Recommendation
10
11 Objectives
Conclusions
Anlong
Kngan
ourWork
12
RANDOM picture
13
Anlong Knang Š Deborah Navarra
o v e r v i e w
14
15
Anlong
Knang
Š
Jenna
H
understandingTRANSITION
AnalyticalFramework
DefiningTransition
1. CAMBODIA IN TRANSITION
17
1
l
f
o
r
c
e
e
n
s
e
s
s
18
19
s
p
a
c
e
3 lenses periods of transition spaces of opportunity
T
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
i d e n t i t y
1
a history of transition
20
21
W h i t e B u i l d i n g
1
I N _ T R A N S I T I Ot No
d
a
y
22
23
Anlong
Knang
Š
Jenna
H
1
f
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Government of Cambodia
$$$ Foreign aid King
d
a
y
Senate Protsaphea CPP 49% CNRP* 45%
Radhsaphea CPP 78% SRP* 22%
Supreme Court of the Magistry
$$$ Private sector
CDC |
Hun Sen |
Council of Ministers MOI|
MLMUPC
GDLA |
POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT x4
x24 Governor
Municipality Krong
24
25
Khet Governor District Srok
Khan
Sangkat/Commune Council Quarter Sangkat
Khum Village Phum
Village Phum
Phnom Penh, Sihanoukville, Kep, Pailin Direct
Government
structure
Mephum
1
FINANCIAL FLOWS AND INVESTMENTS
26
27
$335.6 billion Foreign Direct Investment
Agriculture
$3.4 billion
14%
Education Health
Bilateral ODA Industry 15%
Other Social
7%
10%
Tourism 53%
Water Supply & Sanitation Energy Transport & Communication
2%
17%
8% Infrastructure & Service 18%
Š
Dita
Top five ODA funders to Cambodia based on 2012-2013, USD million
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing Industry, Mining, Construction
6%
4%
Trade & Tourism Food Aid Other Action Programme
17%
22% 3%
CPP
Other Economic
Multisector Action relating Debt Humanitarian Aid Others
Comparison between Foreign Direct Investment and Bilateral ODA reveals the relative influence of financial flows. Total Amount between 2006-2011
1
LAND LAW Indigenous property Monastery property
COLLECTIVE PROPERTY STATE PROPERTY
STATE PRIVATE PROPERTY STATE PUBLIC PROPERTY
LAND AND HOUSING POLICIES PRIVATE PROPERTY
I S S U E S LAND GRABBING
28
29
ECONOMIC LAND CONCESSIONS CONSTITUTION Right to private ownership and to ownership of land.
LAW
LAND REGISTRATION SOCIAL LAND CONCESSIONS
FORCED EVICTIONS
Land to landless families.
land title that allows them to control, use and dispose land. Anyone in possession of land before august 2001 (other 5 Inhabitants without land tittles, unable to meet the conditions of the legal possetion category and / or live in Sate public land.
OWNERS L E G A L POSSESSORS ILLEGAL SETTLERS
CIRCULAR 03
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L
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1
TYPES OF LAND COLLECTIVE PROPERTY STATE PROPERTY
STATE PRIVATE PROPERTY STATE PUBLIC PROPERTY
PRIVATE PROPERTY Sub-decree # 118
30
31 CONSTITUTION
LAW
ROYAL DECREE
Preah Reach Khet
SUB-DECREE Anukret
DECLARATION
ORDER Deka
CIRCULAR
DECISION
Sarachar
Prakas # 42
OWNERS LEGAL POSSESSORS ILEGAL SETTLERS
OCCUPANCY
Phnom Penh © Deborah Navarra
1
s
p
a
c
t
eo
d
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y
OF WATER AND LAND
32
33
p r o p o s a l S G 2
1
THE PRODUCTION OF URBAN SPACE
34
35
Anlong
Knang
©
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36
37
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i d e n t i t t yo
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SOCIAL MOBILISATION
38
39
Anlong
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m o b i l i z a t i o n
1
MLMUPC MOU
ACHR
CDF BOARD
$
$
ROYAL GOVERNMENT CAMBODIA
$
$
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
COMMUNITY SAVING NETWORK CAMBODIA (REGIONAL) MPP / PROVINCIAL AUTHORITY
40
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMITEE
DISTRICT
DISTRICT NETWORK
SUB- DISTRICT
SUB-DISTRICT NETWORK
LEADERS
$
$
CDF CDF
COMMUNITIES
ACCA NGOs SUPPORTERS AND DONORS
ACADEMY S U P P O R T AGENCIES
LEADERS
41
1
r e f l e c t i o n s F
42
S
Can shifting identities, new political and economic influences and the emerging spatial conditions in Cambodia frame opportunities for transformation?
I
KEY.FINDINGS
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I D E N T I T Y
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2. TRANSFORMING CAMBODIA
understanding TRANSFORMATION
45
2
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p r i n c i p l e s COLLECTIVE
48
49 FLEXIBLE
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3.groundingTRANSFORMATION
KAMPONG THOM
FORCES
IDENTITY
SPACE:
Phnom Penh Boeung Chuk Manchey Anlong Knagan
Anlong Knagan FORCES
PHNOM PENH IDENTITY
SPACE:
S i t e s L o c a t i o n s
GENERAL DATA
URBAN CONTEXT
Location: Numbers of Communities:
52
53
Numbers of Household: Numbers of Families:
BVRCR
©
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Mosquera
PECULIARITIES
3
Beoung Veng Reik Chom Reoun Kompong Thom
BVRCR © Nathalia Mosquera
54
B o e u n g V e n g R e i k C h o m R e o u n
3
POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
CDF International
Ministry of Land
CDF Province
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Kompong Thom Informal settlements
E
S
LEADER OTHER COMMUNITY (PART OF THE SAME SAVING GROUP)
SAVING GROUP
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COMMUNITY MEMBERS
Kompong Thom Municipality ACTORS
COMMUNITY COMMITTEE
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Beoung Veng Reik Chom Reoun Community
LIVELIHOODS
55
CONNECTIONS RESILIENCE
I D E N T I T Y
SPATIAL CONFIGURATION The linear position of the houses
S
P
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MAIN ROADS
COMMON SPACE
GENERAL DATA
URBAN CONTEXT
Location: Numbers of Communities:
56
57
Numbers of Household: Numbers of Families:
BCMT2
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Zhang
PECULIARITIES
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ACTORS
RENTERS (NOT SAVING)
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COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
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Phnom Penh
GENERAL DATA Location:
URBAN CONTEXT
Numbers of Communities:
60
61
Numbers of Household: Numbers of Families:
Anlong Khagan © Deborah Navarra
PECULIARITIES
3
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capitals
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SPATIAL CONFIGURATION
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64
65
Anlong Khagan Š Deborah Navarra
4. FRAMING TRANSFORMATION
INTRODUCTION
f r a m i n g
67
g u i d e l i n e s Take advantage of the NEW POLICIES AND CITY PLANNING, to translate them into opportunities for new development.
3
PARTNERSHIPS
AND
ALLI-
F R A M I N G SPACES OF DIALOGUE
Strengthen the existing SOCIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURES -
68
NITIES,
to
LIVELIHOOD assure the
OPPORTUsustainabili-
69 F R A M I N G NETWORKS OF SUPPORT
Transform KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNIQUES pro-
Use the opportunities of EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES to SG1
©
Frank
F R A M I N G V I S I O N S THROUGH PUBLIC SPACE
f r a m i n g
Establish ANCES
FRAMING
s t r a t e g y 1 SPACES OF DIALOGUE
MLMUPC
OFFICE OF LAND MANAGEMENT, URBAN PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION AND GEOGRAPHY
MINISTRY REPRESENTATIVE
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MUNICIPALITY
PRIVATE DEVELOPERS KHAN
ROUNDTABLE COMMUNITY REPRESENTATIVES
ADMINISTRATIVE HOUSING UNITS
LAND OWNERS
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2
3
f r a m i n g
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3
3 72
EXAMPLE A. Community Plans to Reblock and Upgrade
UPGRADING PLAN COMMITTEE
1 facilitate
s
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r
a
t
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g
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2
CDF
2
4
PLAN
PRIVATE DEVELOPERS
KHAN & MUNICIPALITY
73
f r a m i n g
FRAMING
s t r a t e g y 2 NETWORKS OF SUPPORT
MUNICIPALITY
ALIGNED VISION
COMMUNITY
2
3
1
74
s
t
r
a
t
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y
3
SS S
COMMON PLAN
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75
f r a m i n g
FRAMING VISIONS
s t r a t e g y 3 THROUGH PUBLIC SPACE
scale
C i t y w i d e U P G R A D I N G MACRO
S
o
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s
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o
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A TR
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SPACE OF DIALOGUE
3 NETWORKS
PUBLIC SPACES
SHORT TERM
MEDIUM TERM
LONGTERM
time
f r a m i n g
77
MESO MICRO
76
list
78
of
figures cover group picture SG3 SG1 SG2 group picture Anlong Kngan Anlong Knang © Deborah Navarra Anlong Knang © Jenna H
2 2 5 5 5 9 11 13 15
Transition WhiteBuilding Anlong Knang © Jenna H Government structure
18 21 23 25
CPP © Dita 26 Top five ODA funders to Cambodia based on 2012-2013, USD million 27 Comparison between Foreign Direct Investment and Bilateral ODA reveals the relative influence of financial flows. 27 landLow 29 Phnom Penh © Deborah Navarra 31 proposalSG2 33 Anlong Knang © cccc 34 © Jenna 36 Anlong Knang © Jenna H 38 mobilization 39 CDF 40 Phnom Penh © Frank 46 ©Jenna SitesLocations BVRCR © Nathalia Mosquera
48 51 52
BVRCR © Nathalia Mosquera BCMT2 © Jiaqi Zhang issues BVRCR © SG2 Anlong Khagan © Deborah Navarra capitals AK © SG3 Anlong Khagan © Deborah Navarra SG1 © Frank strategy1 1 CITY 2 3 strategy2 1 2 3 4 strategy3 1 2 3
53 56 57 60 61 65 68 70 71 71 71 71 72 73 73 73 73 74 75 75 75
79
b i b l i o g r a p h y
Community Development Foundation, 2015. History of CDF Cambodia. [online]. Phnom Penh: CDF. Available at: <http://www.cdfcambodia.net/en/index.php/history>[Aceeseed 30 May 2015]. Elle, M et al, 2014. Trust Formation: Cambodia Field Trip Report. London: BUDD, Development Planning Unit.
Fallavier, P., 2003. Lessons from experience and policy directions for resettlement programs in Phnom Penh. Phnom Penh: UN-Habitat & URC. Foucault, M., 1975. The Body and Power, [online].. Available at: <http://http://www.generation-online.org/p/ fpfoucault6.htm> [Aceeseed 30 May 2015].
105. Development Planning Unit.
I
Antona, L. et al, 2014. Reimagining Cambodia: Cambodia Field Trip Report. London: BUDD, Development Planning Unit.
II Laguian, A. A., 2005. Beyond Metropolis: The Planning and Governance of Asiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mega-Urban Regions. Baltimore: Lindstrom, N. ed., 2012. Losing the Plot: Rapid Assessment of Household Debt in Trapeang Anhchanh, Phnom
Unit.
London: Routledge. Footprint, 13, pp.41-62.
Development. Oxford: Routledge. pp.20-43. of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction Phnom. [online]. Available at: <http://www2.hawaii. May 2015].
pp.151-173.
30 May 2015]. Murphy, D. and Anana, T.,1994. Evictions and Fear of Evictions in the Philippines. Environment & Urbanisation,
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OECD, 2013. Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing Countries 2013.[pdf]. Available at: <http://
OECD, 2015. Aid at a glance charts - OECD. [online]. Available at: <http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/aid-at-a-glance. htm> [Accessed 30 May 2015].
III
IV doi/10.1177/0042098012452457>[Accessed 11 February 2015]. Poor. London: Earthscan.
30 May 2015].
626. com/2015/01/13/the-house-that-hun-sen-built-cambodia/>[Accessed 30 May 2015].
in Cambodia: Commune Council Performanc and Citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Participation 2007-2012. [pdf]. Available at: <http:// English.pdf>[Accessed 30 May 2015].
Tudehope, M., 2012. A tale of two cities. A review of the development paradigm in Phnom Penh. [pdf]. Available 30 May 2015].
asp> [Accessed 30 May 2015].
V
II
30 May 2015]. Cambodia. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. 147.
A
P
P
E
N
D
I
X index
APPENDIX a2
BU3: THE MODULE AS A WHOLE METHODOLOGY a5
DetailsFromSites
a9
a4
CambodiaLectures a28 ActorsDiagrams a30 Field visits in and around the outskirts of Phnom Penh a36
BU3:
a4
THE
The case of Bangkok
MODULE
AS
A
WHOLE
The case of Brescia
M
p r e - f i e l d
f i e l d - w o r k The case of Cambodia
p o s t - f i e l d
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
a5
a6
a7
a8
D e t a i l s F r o m S i t e s site1
Boeung VengReikChomReoun
site2
Boeung Chuk Manchey
site3
Anlong Knagan
a9
S
i
BeoungVengReikChomReoun
t
e
1
Main Findings
Data a10
a11
Main Economic Activity
The Local Authority (mayor)
The involvement of CDF
workshops
Main Strategy Proposed While on Site
Infrastructure and Services Housing Typologies
a12
a13 Land and Land Tenure
Saving/Communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Solidarity
Location and Livelihood
S
i
t
e
1
09/05/2015 Materialising Knowledge into Strategies 8am: pre-presentation 4pm: presentation to the community
A Journal of BoeungVengRik 07/05/2015 Critical Observation (introduction to the community) 05/05/2015 Day 1 Identifying the Needs and Priorities 4pm: meeting with the community leader and other members of community 8am: first observation of the community 10am: visit to the relocation site 12am: understanding the community/community mental mapping 2pm: interactive community surveys Main findings from today
a14 06/05/2015 Day 2 Identifying the Political Agenda 7am - 1pm: departure from Phnom Penh to Kompong Thom province
08/05/2015 Co-production of Knowledge 8am: dream house, dream community 2pm: meeting at the municipality
4pm: visiting two different communities and the museum of the province
11am: transect walk 2pm: visit to the Cadastral office
10/05/2015 Re-materialising Knowledge/Visibility and Autonomy 8am: preparing the presentation with the community 4pm: presentation by members of the community to the municipality
a15
S
i
B o e u n g C h u k M e a n c h e y
t
e
2
Main Findings
Data a16
a17
Main Economic Activities
Economies and Finances
Housing Typologies
a18
a19
Infrastructure and Services
Land and Land Tenure
Main Strategies Proposed While on Site
a20
a21
S
i
A n g l o n g K n g a n S e t t l e m e n t
t
e
3
2001
2015
past
present
se s ere rnt n a e r n ent
r
na
e n
Data a22
ANLONG S E T T LKAGAN E M E N
T
140-145 m c.a
MARKET
king narodom sihamoni housing
primary school informal communities
N
roads main roads
675 m c.a.
r
nat e t e tee t s e r
re t
ea nt pe p e a rea t t e an t t e s t e r an t ts ers
r
an
na esr en e s at ns e t e ne t e ea t entre
n
a ne r a sett e ent
eat e p e
er r a
ett e ent
a23
30-32 m c.a
health center
e
n str
Main Findings
Main Economic Activities
workshops
HOUSE DIMENSION:
inside
ORIGINAL (today)
4m x 6m = 24 m2
‘DREAM’ HOUSE
4m x 15m = 60 m2
‘WORKSHOP outcome’ HOUSE
13.6m x 7.8m = 106 m2
community
Land and Land Tenure ‘NEGOTIATIATED’ HOUSE
DRAINAGE
a24 community
along
+
COMMON SPACES
PROPER ROADS
GARBAGE
canal FILL THE CANAL FILLE THE POND
Infrastructure and Services
4m x 8m = 32 m2
GARDEN STUDY ROOM DRYNING CLOTHES PARKING/OPEN SPACE
Economies and Finances
Housing Typologies
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACES
a25
Main Strategy Proposed While on Site
+ UPGRADING TIMELINE _ social and urban dimensions
people with land title ‘public’ land (ministry of health)
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
ROAD
ROAD
ROAD
ROAD
ROAD
The sensitive reblocking is thought to be developed following five different stages. These stages are suggested according to different building conditions, starting to upgrade the area in the worst conditions to cover then the entire community. The timeline is important to have a guide for the reblocking process, which will be activate thanks the presence of ngo and community abilities.
people without land title
EMPTY PLOT
EMPTY PLOT
EMPTY PLOT
EMPTY PLOT
ROAD
ROAD
ROAD
ROAD
STAGE 5
ROAD
STAGE 1
common services
garden within the community
a27
ROAD
reblocking
=
people without land title
ROAD
sharing knowledge
co-op / associations
INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE COMMUNITIES AND THE ENTIRE SITE
ROAD
drainage implementation
construction skills
ROAD
park regenaration
ACTIVATE COMMUNITY
collection of garbage
saving groups
ROAD
a26
Connections established between the communities with the rest of the relocation site. The site has been developed as a city itself.
EMPTY PLOT
people with land title HEALTH CENTRE
HEALTH CENTRE
HEALTH CENTRE
HEALTH CENTRE
HEALTH CENTRE
‘public’ land (ministry of health)
pond upgrading
North
North
North
around 140 buildings will be involved in the upgrading
ROAD
ROAD
ROAD
ROAD
around 204 buildings will be involved in the upgrading
ROAD
North
around 100 buildings will be involved in the upgrading
North
around 38 buildings will be involved in the upgrading
C a m b o d i a L e c t u r e s
People a center: Base Development a28
Housing and Planning Policies, insights from and the Role of NGOs and International Agencies
a29
Historical development: economic, social and cultural, political in Cambodia that effects on the urban transformation and development
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Your Life is Organicâ&#x20AC;?
History, mission, activities of CDF in Cambodia
A c t o r s D i a g r a m s
a30
a31
a32
a33
a34
a35
Field visits the outskirts
in of
and around Phnom Penh
2/5/2015_ PRETAKONG 1 and the WHITE BUILDING Pretakong 1
a36
a37
fieldVisits 3/5/2015_ SAMAKI COMMUNITY and ANDONG COMMUNITY
a38
a39
4/5/2015_ BOREI KEILA and ROSREAY COMMUNITY
a40
a41
a42
a43
Development Planning Unit MSci Building and Urban Design in Development London, June 2015