A.A. Ap3aMa3oB
Y,n;MypTcKa5J: rro33H5J: BTOpoif IIOJIOBMHhI
1970 -
Haqarra
2010-x ro,r:i;oB:
qenoBeK, rrpttpo,n;a, ropo,n;
Y,ll,K 82.09(=511.131)«1970/2010» EEK 83.3(2Poc.Y,11,M) A81 Hay'-IttbIH pe,11,aKTop
Tr B;iaOb1Kwia -,11,. qnrno11. H., npo<fleccop, se,11,yllJHH Hay4Hbitt coTpy,11,HHK YHIUIJI YpO PAH PeueH3eHTbI:
I'A. Tnyxoea - K. <flw11011. H., ,11,oueHT Y,11,rY; H.B. Eycb12wta - K. cpw11011. H., se,11,yllJHH ttay'-IttbIH coTpy,11,HHK HHHHO YP
A8 l
Ap3aMaJoB A.A. Y ,11,MypTCKall no33Hll BTopoH. no110BHHbI 1970 - Ha'-!a11a 2010-x ro,11,os: c1e110BeK, npwpo,11,a, ropo,11, : MOHOrpa<flHll I A.A. Ap3aMa30B ; Hay4. pe,!l,. T.r. B11a,11,hIKHHa; YHHJIJI YpO PAH. - H)l(escK: HHCTHTYT KoMnhJOTepHbIX HCCJie,11,0BaHHH, 2015. - 336 c. ISBN 978-5-4344-0304-7 M0Horpa<fl1rn nocsmuetta 11ccne,11,osatt1110 np11po,11,tto-nei1JaJKttoro Ko,11,a 11 yp6aHl1CTl14eCKOro xpoHOTOna B y,11,MypTCKOH Il0331111 1970-2010-x rr. 3T11,!l,Be Cl1CTeMbl KOppecnOH,!1,11py!OT c nepeMeHaMl1 B o6meCTBe 11 C03HaHl111 n11caTem1, OT06palKalOT pacna,11, coupean11CT114eCKOro MeTo,11,a, BOBJieKa!OTCll B TBOp4eCKOC on11catt11e 3KJieKTl14Horo nocTnepeCTpoe4HOro M11pa. HaTypan11CT114ecKall c11Mson11Ka 11 KottuenTyaJihHhIH 06pa1 ropo,11,a paccMaTp11ea10TCll Ha urnpoKoM 11CTOp11KO-Jil1TepaTypHOM 11 KYJibTYPOJIOfl14eCKOM cl>otte. H1,11,att11e a,11,pecosatto cl>11nonoraM, KYJihTyponoraM, npeno,11,asaTeJil!M 11 CTy,11,eHTaM ryMamnapHblX cl>aKyJibTeTOB, a TaKJKe BCeM 11HTepecyIOIIJl1MCll y,11,MypTCKOH Jil1TepaTypoi1.
Y )l,K 82.09(=511.131)«1970/2010» liliK 83.3(2Poc.Y,11,M)
ISBN 978-5-4344-0304-7
© Ap1aMa1os A.A., 2015 © YHHJIJI YpO PAH, 2015
BBE,LJ:EHHE
I1CTopm1 YJJ:MYPTCKOH Il033HH, O.UHOH H3 HpKHX COCTaBJIHIOlll.HX .uyxoBHOH KYJihTYPhI Y.UMYPTOB, BKJIIOqaeT B ce6» He o.uHo cToJieTHe H HJ06w11yeT caMhIMH pa3Hh!MH HCTOpHKO-KYJihTYPHhIMH CIO)f(eTaMH, npHBJieKaTeJibHhlMH .u11» ryMaHHTapHoro ocBerueHHH. Ha cero.uH»IIJHHH .ueHh Y.UMYPTCKa» Il033HH H JlHTepaTypa B ueJIOM CTOHT Ha nopore HOBhIX TeopeTHqecKHX o6o6rn.eHHH, HY)f(.UaIOTC» B <f>YH.UaMeHTaJihHhIX wcc11e.uoBaHHHX. HaQHOHaJibHaH CJIOBeCHOCTh nepBOH IlOJIOBHHhl
11
ec11w
xx BeKa (B nepByIO oqepe.uh,
rnopqecKoe Hac11e.uwe r. Bepern.arnHa, Ky3e6aH rep.ua, AlllaJihqH 0KH) no CHX nop Bhl3bIBaeT 60J1hlllOH HayqHhIH HHTepec, B.UOXHOBJIHeT yqeHbIX Ha HanwcaHHe MOHorpa<f>wH:, yqe6HhIX noco6wH:, cTaTeH, no.uTaJIKHBaeT K nOHCKY HOBaTOpCKHX TeopeTHKO-MeTO.UOJIOrHqecKHX KJIIOqeH:, TO COBpeMeHHaH y.uMypTcKa» JIHTepaTypa TOnhKO B noc11e.uHee BpeM» cTaHOBHTCH npe,UMeTOM IlOJIHOQeHHOH HayqHoH pe<f>JieKCHH.
XX -
uaqa11a
y .UMYPTCKaH Il033HH KOHQa
XXI BB. CTaBHT nepe.u wcc11e.uoBaTeJIHMH p».u ocTphIX Bonpo-
coB - peqh H.UeT 0 <f>opMax H CTeneHH COOTHeCeHHOCTH Tpa.UHQHOHHOH KYJihTYPhI (Mw<f>o11ornw, <f>o11hK11opa) w HOBoro (3THo<f>yTypwcTwqecKoro) xy.uo)f(eCTBeHHOI'O MhIIIJJieHHH, HHTeHCHBHOM o6HOBJ1eHHH o6pa3HOI'O CJIOBapH, B03HHKHOBeHHH HHhIX, qeM npe)f(.ue, 3CTeTwqecKHX o6H3aTeJ1bCTB. Cpe.uw KoHuenTyaJihHhIX auaJIHTHqecKHX npo611eM - 3HaKOBhie JIHHrBHcTwqecKHe Tpauc<f>opMauww, aKTHBHO npoTeKa10rn.we npouecchI Me)f(KYJihTYPHOH KOMMYHHKaQHH, JuaqwTeJihHoe ycJIO)f(HeHHe ncwxo11orwqecKoro .UHCKypca JlHTepaTypHbIX npOH3Be,UeHHH. CTpe.u11araeMa» qwTaTeJIIO MOHorpa<f>m1 np»MO HJIH KOCBeHHO 3aTparHBaeT nepeqwcJieHHbie npo6JieMHbie clf>epb!. r11aBHOH TeMOH KHHI'H srnm1eTCH o6pa3HaH CHCTeMa aBTOpCKHX MHpOTeKCTOB, cneuw<f>wKa .UBYX
3
KJH01IeBbIX HH)J.HBH)J.YaJibHbIX o6pa3HbIX H3bIKOB - npnpO)J.HO-neihaxrnoro n yp6aHHCTH1IecKoro KO)J.a B YAMYPTCKOH II033HH py6e)f(a BeKOB. Ha npoTn)f(eHHH II01ITH 1IeTb1pex )J.ecnTnneTHH
(197 5-20 I 0-e rr.)
3TH )].Be xy)J.O)f(e-
cTBeHHhie napa)J.HrMhl, o6ecne1IHBaH BHyTpeHHIOIO )J.HHaMHKY pa3BHTHH II033HH, 6brnH" OCTalOTCH npOTHBOIIOCTaBJieHHbIMH )J.pyr )J.pyry, COCTaBJIHIOT KOHIJ,eIITYaJibHYIO OIIII03HIJ,HIO npn O)J.HOBpeMeHHOM ceMaHTH1IeCKOM B3aHMO)J.ei1:cTBHH. Ho npnpo)J.Ho-nei1:3a)f(HhIH KO)]. nocTeneuuo ycTynaeT MeCTO yp6aHHCTH1IeCKOMY MOTHBHO-o6pa3HOMY KJiaCTepy, cpopMnpyH HOBYIO CHCTeMy II03TH1IeCKOH H3o6pa3HTeJibHOCTH. IlpnpO)J.HO-IIeH3a)f(HbIH KO)]. npe)J.CTaBJIHeT co6oi1: cepHIO xy)J.O)f(eCTBeHHO peJieBaHTHbIX CHMBOJIOB, KOTOpbie CJiy)f(aT opneHTHpOM B HCCJie)J.OBaHHH: COJIHIJ,e - MeCHIJ,, ue6o 3eMJIH, CHer - )J.0)1()].b, 3apH - cyMepKH, )J.eHb - H01Ib, pO)J.HHK - peKa - Mope, )J.epeBbH - pacTeHHH - u,aeThI, Jiec - IIyr - noJie n AP路 B paMKax yp6aHHCTH1IeCKOH o6pa3HOCTH paccMaTpnaaIOTCH ropoA yJIHIJ,hI - 3aBO)J.hI - Tpy6h1 - )J.hIM, Apyrne KOHCTaHThI. Oco6oe BHHMaHne y)J.eJieHO CHMBOJIHKe
06epu H
OKflQ. 3a OTKpbITbIMH-3aKpbITbIMH )J.BepHMH H
OKHaMH npoXO)J.HT )f(H3Hb qeJIOBeKa, ropO)f(aHHHa B nepBOM IIOKOJieHHH, CJIO)f(HO, HeO)J.H03Ha1IHO BOCIIpHHHMaIOLIJ,ero ropO)J.CKYIO )J.eHCTBHTeJibHOCTb. ABTOp Bbipa)f(aeT HCKpeHHIOIO npH3HaTeJihHOCTb CBOHM CTapumM KOJIJieraM -
uay1IHOMY pe)J.aKTOpy MOHOrpacpHH, )J.OKTopy cpHJIOJIOrH1Ie-
CKHX uayK, npocpeccopy, Be)J.yLIJ,eMy uay1IHOMY COTPYAHHKY YAMYPTCKoro HHCTHTyTa HCTOpHH, H3bIKa "JIHTepaTypbI YpO PAH
T.
r. BJia)J.blKHHOH,
)J.OKTopy cpnIIoJiornqecKnx uayK, npocpeccopy, rnaauoMy uay1IHOMY coTpyAHHKY YAMYPTCKoro HHCTHTyTa ncTopnn, H3hIKa n JIHTepaTyphI YpO PAH B.
M.
BaHIOUieay, KOTOpb1e )J.aJIH u,eHHhie peKoMeH)J.au,nn, coBeThI B xo)J.e
no)J.rOTOBKH pyKonncn K H3)J.aHHIO. 0T)J.eJihHhie cJioBa 6Jiaro)J.apuocTn peu,eH3eHTaM - KaH)J.H)J.aTy cpHJIOJIOrH1IeCKHX, )J.OIJ,eHTY y )J.MypTCKOro rocy)J.apCTBeHHOro YHHBepCHTeTa
r. A. fJiyXOBOH, KaH)J.H)J.aTy cpHJIOJIOrH1IeCKHX
uayK, Be)J.yLIJ,eMy uay1IHOMY COTPYAHHKY Hayquo-nccJie)J.OBaTeJibCKoro HHCTHTyTa uau,noHaJihHOro 06pa3oaaunn
JI.
B. I>ychirHHOH. nJiaro)J.apIO
TaK)f(e COTPYAHHKOB cpnIIonornqecKoro OT)J.eJia YHIUIJI YpO PAH, no)J.Aep)f(aBUIHX H)J.elO 3TOH KHHrH.
4
Ilpupo)J.uo-neii3a~ub1ii
KO)]. B y)J.MypTcKoii no33HH BTOpoii UOJIOBHHbl 1970-uaqaJia 2010-x rr.
Jlio6asi JIHTepaTypHaSI Tpa.UHUHSI B 3Ha•mTeJibHOH creneHH o6pameHa K 1IpHpO.UHOH CHMBOJIHKe. HaTypaJIHCTHqeCKHe o6pa3bl H MOTHBbI, 3aqacryio CBSl3aHHbie c reorpaqmqecKO-KJIHMaTHqecKHMH, JiaH,Urnalf>THbIMH peaJIHSIMH, OKpyx<aiomHMH H lf>opMHpyiomHMH nHCaTeJISI, o6peTaIOT B npOH3Be.uemm yHHKaJibHOe 3CTeTHqecKoe, KYJihTypo11orHqecKoe 3HaqeHHe, BhICTynaIOT KaK YHHBepcaJibHbIH, H npH 3TOM HH,UHBH,UyaJibHbIH cnoco6 caMonpOS!BJieHHSI, MHpoonHcaHHH. Ho B CHJIY cBoero cTa.UHaJihHO-THno11orHqecKoro pa3BHTHSI JIHTepaTypbl HMeIOT pa311HqHhie OTHOIIIeHHSI c npHpo.uoH: - OT oqeHh TeCHhIX, po.ucTBeHHhIX, .uo oc11a611eHHh1x «yp6aHHCTHqecKHMH» HHTe1111eKTYaJihHhIMH TeopHHMH, couHonoJIHTHqecKHMH KpH3HCaMH, .UHJieMMaMH, IICHXOJIOrHqecKHMH HCKaHHSIMH. lfayqeHHe COOTHeceHHOCTH Il033HH H npHpO,UbI HMeeT MHOroBeKOBYIO Tpa,UHUHIO. IlpHpo.ua Ha pa3Hb!X 3Tanax cymecrBOBaHHSI MHpOBOH JIHTepaTYPhl omymMach no-pa3HoMy. Ha Jape eBponeH:cKoH: KYJihTYPhI npHpo.ua 11 qeJIOBeK BocnpHHHMaJIHCb B CBeTe HX reHeTHqecKH npe.uonpe.ue11eHHOH rny6HHHOH B3aHMOCBSl3aHHOCTH - He no.uBepraJIOCb COMHeHHIO HX o6mee BbICrnee Haqa110. l.JeJIOBeK, O,UHaKO, KaK 6hI HaXO,UHJICSI no.u npHpO,UOH, onaCJIHBO-BOCXHmeHHO OC03HaBa11-qyBCTBOBaJI ee Henpe.ucKa3yeMOCTb, Momh, Heo6h1qai1:Hyio KpacoTy.
B 3noxy poMaHTH3Ma B npHpo.ue npe.uyra-
JJ.hIBaJIOCh HeqTo TaHHCTBeHHO-Tpar11qecKoe, eH: npHnHCb!BaJIHCb MHCTHqeCKHe LJepTbI, KoppecnoH,UHpyiomHe c nepHneTHSIMH cy.uh6hI. 11HTeHCHBHOe pa3BHTHe ecTeCTBeHHbIX HayK cymecrBeHHO noBJIHSIJIO Ha OC03HaHHe Mecra npHpO,Ubl B C03HaHHH LJeJioBeKa, B MO,UeJIH MHpa HCKYCCTBa, Il033HH. IlpH3HaBaJIHCb H Il03TH3HpOBaJIHCb ee HenoK011e6HMaS1 caMOCTOS!TeJibHOCTb, HenOKOpHOCTb LJeJIOBeqecKOH BOJie. l.JeJIOBeK H3 C03epuaTeJIH Bee 60JibIIIe
5
m1m)J,amrn, BeceHHHe Ha)J,e)l()J,hl. 3TH u Apyrue CIO)l(eThI conpoBO)l()J,alOTC51 <t>oHOBhIM yqacTHeM npupOAHO-neiba)l(HhIX KOMnoHeHTOB. Ba)l(HhIM
TBopqecKO-HHTeHI..~HoHaJihHhIM noBopoToM B no33HH TaTh51HhI l.JepHOBOH CTaHOBHTC51 aKTHBH3aUH51 3KOJIOrH'-IeCKo-yp6aHHCTHl.JeCKOro HanpaBJieHH51, KOTOpoe onpe)J,eJ15leTC51 KaK BeKTOp COUHaJihHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, Bep051THO, He CB513aHHhIH c coupeaJIHCTH4eCKHM CTHJieM MhIWJieHH51. BMeCTe c TeM npHpOAHO-nei13a)l(Hbie CHTyauuu, o6wupHbIH CHMBOJ1HKO-o6pa3Hh!H 513hIK npupO)J,hI pe)J,KO pa3BHBalOTC51 no H306pa3HTeJibHOH BepTHKaJIH, He npeBpaw:aioTC51 B 3K<!>paCTH4eCKHe ueHTpbI npOH3Be)J,eHH51, B y6e)J,HTeJibHbie nyTewecTBH51 B TO HJIH HHOe MeCTO-BpeM51-'-IYBCTBO-MhICJ1h. 04eBH)J,HO, 'ITO onucaTeJihHO-BH3ya11bHa5l cTopoHa no3THKH T. l.JepHOBOH Bee )l(e He 51BJ15leTC51 )J,OMHHaHTHOH.
Am1a Ky1ueuoea CTo33H51 Arr11hr Ky3HeUOBOH ( 1940-2003) 3aHHMaeT coBepweHHO oco6oe MeCTo B HCTopuu YAMYPTCKOH JIHTepaTyphI. To4Hee, He 3aHHMaeT, a HenpeMeHHO 3aHMeT: ee TI03TH4eCKOe )J,apoBaHHe, HepOBHOe, npoBOKaUHOHHOe, HeC)J,ep)l(aHHOe, «Kpuqaw:ee», HO Bcer)J,a HCKpeHHee, npOHH3aHHOe 60J1hl0, HCTihITaHHeM, HaHBHOe, 6e33aW:HTHOe, A06poe,- ew:e TOJihKO CTaHOBHTC51 npe)J,MeTOM TIOJ1HOMaCWTa6Horo <t>u11011oruqecKoro HCCJie)J,OBaHH51. QqeBHAHO, 'ITO JIHTepaTypHhIH TaJiaHT
A.
Ky3HeUOBOH AO cux nop He
oueHeH AOJI)l(HhIM o6pa30M. Me)l(AY TeM TparH3M ee )l(H3HeTBOp4eCTBa CHMTITOMaTHl.JeH, OH TaK HJIH HHal.Je KOppecnOHAHpyeT c BHeWHHMH H BHyTpeHHHMH KOHTeKcTaMH 6hITH51, 6hrTa YAMYPTCKoro xy,lJ,O)l(HHKa BAO H noc11enepecTpoel.JHoe BpeM51. <DeHoMeH no33HH, CYAh6hr YAMYPTCKOH no3Tecchr MO)l(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb Ha <t>oHe )l(eHCKOH JIHpHKH, BhI)J,eJ15151 HeKHe «<PeMHHHhre KOHCTaHThr» HAHOCTHJI51 [<DeAopoBa,
2007]. A
MO)l(HO - KaK
CJIO)l(HOe COUHOKYJihTYPHOe H TICHXOJIOrHl.JeCKOe 51BJieHHe, )J,eMOHCTpHpyiow:ee JIH'-IHOCTHYIO He3aHHTepecoBaHHOCTh B OTITHMH3aUHH, HaJia)l(HBaHHH Thma, noBCe)J,HeBHOCTH, «o6beKTHBHhIX napaMeTpoB» )l(H3HH.
B co3HaHHH
A. Ky3HeUOBOH, Bepo51THO, pa6oTaJI MexaHH3M caMopa3pyweHH5l, caMoyHH'-ITO)l(eHH51. B 3TOM CMhICJie <<TeKCThI» 6uorpaqiuu u TBOp4eCTBa no3Tecchr OT'-laCTH c6JIH)l(a!OTC51 c OHT011oruei1 )J,eCTPYKUHH B11a)J,HMHpa PoMaHoBa u Muxau11a <DeAOTOBa. TaKoe OTO)l()J,ecTBJieHue - KaK KpynHhre Ma3KH Ha TIOJIOTHe, y Ka)l()J,Oro H3 Ha3BaHHhIX TI03TOB CBOH Y30pbl 6011u, nepe)l(HBaHH51. 3HaKOMhre, JIIOAH 611H3Koro Kpyra
54
A.
KyJHeUOBOH BcnoMHHalOT,
LJTO oHa He oco6eHHO pearn:poeaJia Ha BHernm1e o6CTORTeJihCTBa, yMena )10-!Th cero,UHRllIHMM ,UHeM, pa.uoeaTbCR MaJIOMY' noKa3yllIHO «MMpMThCR» c noCTORHCTBOM mo6oBHhIX nopa)l(eHMH. Co6CTBeHHO, no33MR 6hma ee e.n:MHCTBeHHhIM crep)l(HeM, caMoonpae.uaHMeM, .uonroM nepe.u Hapo.uoM, R3hIKOM. HeJih3R He cKa3aTh, LJTO no3TMLJecKaR 3MOUMOHaJihHOCTh A. Ky3Heuoeoii c TPY.UOM BnMchrnaeTcR B paMKM y.n:MypTcKoii )l(eHcKoii JIMpMKM. AeTopcKoe <<.51» He 6oMTCR 6bITh 6ecnpeue.n:eHTHO OTKpoeeHHhIM, BhIHOCMTh Ha o6o3peHMe TO, 0 LJeM npMHRTO MOJILJaTh, 'ITO npMHRTO «MeTaQ:>opM3MpoBaTb». 3poTMLJeCKMe o6epTOHhI no33MM A. Ky3Heuoeoii «pacKaJihrnaIDT» )l(eHCKYJO nonoBMHY y.n:MypTcKoii cnoeecHOCTM Ha «.uo» M «nocne», .uenaR B03MO)l(HhIM noLJTM HeB03MO)l(HOe. CKna.n:bleaeTcR eneLJaTJieHMe, LJTO no3Tecca 6pocaeT BhI30B KOHcepeaTM3MY 3CTeTMLJeCKMX BKycoe y.n:MypTcKoro l!MTaTeJIR, eii HpaBMTCR HapyrnaTh 3anpeThI. BnpoLJeM, MapKttpoeaHHaR TenecHOCTh MMeeT KoppeJIRUMM c Y.UMYPTCKOH Hapo.n:Hoii KYJihTypoii, c o6pR,UOBhIMM npouecCMRMH, IlOJIHhIMM ceKCYaJihHhIX MMilYJihCOB, HaMeKOB. JlHp11qecKaR repoMHR A. Ky3Heuoeoii o6peLJeHa Ha orrop)l(eHMe M CO)l(aJieHMe, eii CJIO)l(HO OCTaBaThCR co6oii cpe.n:M HOpMaJihHhlX JIJO,UeH, OHa- Bpar ,[(JIR )l(eHIUMH M o6neKT BO)l(.n:eneHMR .UJIR MY)l(LJMH. 3To O.UMH M3 3K3McTeHUMaJihHhIX cueHapttee e no33MM A. Ky3Heuoeoii, OH He e.n:MHCTBeHHhIH. 3pOTM1-IeCKMe MOTMBhl npMMhIKaJOT K ueHTpaJibHOH TeMe TBOp'leCKoro C03HaHMR Il03TeCCbl - TeMe mo6BM. JI1060BHhie CTMXM KOMil03MUMOHHO npOCThl, 6e3 MHTeJIJieKTYaJihHhIX M3hICKOB M R3hIKOBhIX nOMCKOB, MeTaQ:>opMLJeCKMX «no.uneMOB». OHM, KaK npaBMJIO, B CMhICJIOBOM rmaHe npo3paqHhI, nernM .UJIR noHMMaHMR, conepe)l(MBaHMR. B 11t06oeHoii nttpMKe AnnhI Ky3Heuoeoii pa6oTaeT CMCTeMa CKB03HbIX o6pa30B, KOTOphie, B OTJIMLJMe OT rpa.uyca JIMLJHOCTHOro TeMnepaMeHTa aBTOpa, CTeneHM ee BHyTpeHHeH OTKphITOCTM, «.uocrynHOCTM» He KOHTpaCTMPYIOT c HaUMOHaJlhHOH xy.uo)l(eCTBeHHOH Tpa.n:Mutteii. 06pa3HhIH R3hIK no33MM A. Ky3Heuoeoii eocxo.n:MT K Q:>onhKJIOpHoMy cpe3y y.uMypTcKoii KYJihTYPhI, K TBopqecTBy ArnaJihLJM 0KM, Ky3e6aR rep.ua,
<I>.
BacMJiheBa, H. BaiiTepRKOBa, A. BeJIOHoroea M
!~pyrMX. 3TM MMeHa o6ne,UMHReT M TO o6CTORTeJibCTBO, 'ITO B Il03TMLJeCKOH 1<apTMHe MMpa Ka)l(,UOro KJIJOLJeBhlM RBJIReTCR npMpO,UHO-neii3a)l(HhIH KO,U. IlpMcTynaR K MHTepnpeTauMM TeKCTOB, Heo6XO.UMMO oroeopMTh, 'ITO TBopqecKoe Hacne.n:Me A. Ky3Heuoeoii B «KOJIMLJeCTBeHHOM» KOHreKcTe .UOBOJihHO BeJIMKO. 06pa3hl M MOTMBhl npMpO.Uhl B ee CTMxax BCTpeLJalOTCR noeceMeCTHO, B paMKax .uaHHOH pa60Thl HeB03MO)l(H0 MX IIOJIHOe aHaJIMTMLJeCKOe OilMCaHMe. BMeCTe c TeM BhlRBJieHMe OCHOBHhIX
SS
I MoH HO mooii: KeMa yo Yllbl :ib1poaca, I KaHbCblpQJlOO ... Yo 'lyna HU iiyKHQ. I Tooii Ke HO 6QHb33 - 3b1poau 3bl2blpoRCQ, I !0200H CJIMeH 102oii MOil moH nomta» [Ky3He1wsa, 1995: 24-25] - «3HaJia 3apH: He eseTHTh ett )J,OJiro, I B po30Bhie yTpeHHHe 1meb1 He 3anJieTaTb ett Koehl, I YJib16aHeb Ky)J,pHBhIM o6JiaKaM, I He Hatt)J,H Hw-1ero, TOJihKO ee6H oHa noTepHeT. I XoTH 11 3HaJia oHa see: Ha poey mrna I noxo:ame Ha eepe6po eJie3hI pa)J,oeTH. I He)J,oJiro OHa eseTHJia. naJia nepe)J, eOJIHUeM. I CaMa Hee1 iaeTHOH eTaJia- no.J],apHJia HaM eBoe eqaeTbe. I 51. TO)l(e 3HaJia: He 6y)J,ewh )J,OJiro nJiaMeHeTb, I YeTaHeWb ... y)I( He 6y)J,eillb YTPOM ueJIOSaTb. I XoTb H 3HaJia see- nJiaMeHeJia, 06H11MaH Te6H, I CJiosHo 3apH, eBeTHJia H )J,JIH Te6m>. B CTHXOTBopeHHH 3apH HSJIHeTeH npttpO)J,HbIM OTpa)l(eHHeM nyrJIHSOeTH )l(eHeKOH mo6s11, Ta10iuett Ha eOJIHUe, HO )J,0 noeJie)J,Hero OT)J,aIOlll,ett esott eBeT, KpaeoTy. 06pa3bl )l(HSOTHbIX H HaeeKOMbIX 3aHHMaIOT SH)J,HOe MeCTO s CTHXOTSOpHbIX npOH3Se)J,eHHHX KHHrH «JlywKeM HpaTOH. l1HTHM» - OHH qmryp11py10T KaK BapttaHThI MeTacpop114eeKoro eaMoonpe.J],eJieHHH. B Ka4eeTBe np11Mepa MO)l(HO np11seeTH eTHXOTSOpeHHe «Ko6Jia MOH» ( «Ko6bIJia H» ), 0).1,HO 113 Ha1160Jiee 3anOMHHaIOlll,HXeH, pe30HaHeHhIX s y)J,MypTeKOH n033HH 1990-x ro)J,OB. J111p114eeKoe «51.», onHebIBaH esoIO nosee.J],HeSHOeTb, oueHHSaH esoe )l(J13HeyeTpotteTBO, HaXO)J,HT aHaJIOrHH e )l(HBOTHbIMH, HaeeKOMbIMH, npeeMhIKaIOlll,HMHeH. CTptt4eM see 3TH HnOeTaeH 06be)J,HHeHhl HeKHM asTOMaTH3MOM )J,etteTBHH, 6e3pa3JIH'--IHOeTbIO peaKUHH, HpoeTHO Bbipa)l(eHHOH 6eenoma)J,HOeTbIO K eo6eTseHHOMY TeJiy 11 )J,yxy. ABTopeKHH ey6beKT BhIeTaBJIHeT ee6H B KpattHe HeBbirO)J,HOM eseTe - )l(eHeKaH JierKOCTb Hpasa, KOMMYHHKa6eJihHOCTb, OT3bIB'--IHSOCTb, KOKeTeTBO, noCTOHHeTSO SJII06JieHHOeTH nepeeTaIOT 6bITb npHSbl'--IHOH peaJihHOeThlO TeKeTa. CTpeo6Jia)J,aIOlll,aH s TSOp4eeTBe no:neeehI HenpHHY)l()J,eHHaH, HrposaH TOHaJibHOeTb s paeeMaTpttsaeMOM npoH3Be)J,eHHH yeTynaeT MeeTO KOHeTaT11py10me-eapKaCTH'--leeKOMY noseeTSOSaHHIO, r)J,e Ka)l()J,b!e cppa3a, epaBHeHHe OTTO'--leHbl OT'--!aHHHhIM eM11peH11eM, )l(a)l()J,OH eaMopa3pyweH11H: «Ko6J1aMoH: I BbutaM 6a03blM 603 mb1peMblH, I BopMuo Ke HO, I Yo Ke Ho-/ «Hy!» - my3Mbllt. I b!:J1c Ublp MOH: I MoH3 maKaoc Komb1pmo, I EoKco, I JleKQJlO, I T3m'la!lo HO myoo. I 03bbl UK MOH CKQ!l HO: I KymtH 6QUCbKO, I Ho!lMe cemiicbKO HO I I'uOblH ylliiCbKO. IMon UK 'IO!tapu 6omc3m3 c10peM Kym: I 3o!lm3M 60m3CblCb nom3Me HO yz llY. I A 'IUM UK, !l3CR, 'IO!tapu llYUCbKO: I A cMe KymiicbKO HO acMe 6b1omiicbKO .. . » [Ky3Heuosa, 1995: 76] - «51. K06brna: I Ha MHe orpoMHhIH so3, I CnpasttwheH, I He enpaBHWbeH -/ Be311! - eKa3aHo. I 0Be'--!bH roJioBa H: I MeHH oKpy)l(aJOT 6apaHhI, I Kptt4aT, I no)J,aIOT, I CTpbiraIOT 1111rpa10T.
66
I
A ew.e H Kopoaa:
JI
I
I Mo110Ka ,aaJO, I B x11eay )l(HBy. I I 1-13 ttaTHHYTOH nayTHHhI He Mory BhIKa)l(eTCH, cTaHOBJIJOCh nayKoM: I JI ce6H xaaTaJO H ce6H TeJieHKa po)l(aJO,
)l(e Myxa, nonaarnaH B nayTHHy:
6paThCH.
I JI caMa,
y6HBaJO ... ». Oo33HH A. Ky3tteuosoii, KaK H npoH3Be,aeHHH MHOrHx .upyrHx nHcaTe11eii KOHUa 1980-1990-x, npHBO,UHT K Mh!CJIH 0 TOM, HaCKOJihKO CHJihHO noMeHHJICH ncHXOTHn nepcotta)l(eH H nHcaTe11eii. B TBOpLJeCTBe no3Tecchl «HCKYCCTBeHHOCTh» JIHpH'IeCKOro noBe,UeHHH eCJIH H npHCYTCTByeT, TO B Ol.JeHh He3Hal.JHTeJibHhIX nponopUHHX - MaTpHueii ee o6pa30B, MOTHBOB, BhICKa3bIBaHHH, cpaBHeHHH, MeTacpop HBJIHeTCH co6CTBeHHhIH OilhIT npO)l(HBaHHH )l(H3HH, B ueHTpe no3THLJeCKOH cTpaTerHH - )l(H3HeTeKCT. BepoHTHO, c KOHUa 1970-x rr. B Y.UMYPTCKOH Il033HH ycHJIHBaeTCH, MHOrOCTOpOHHe npOHBJIHeTCH aBT06HorpacpHLJeCKHH BeKTOp xy,UO)l(eCTBeHHOCTH - JIHpHLJeCKHH cy6beKT CTaHOBHTCH IlOl.JTH 3epKaJihHhIM OTpa)l(eHHeM aBTOpa. flpHpo,atto-neii3a)l(HhIH KO,U B TBopLJeCTBe A1111b1 Ky3tteuosou - cTep)l(eHh Il03THKH, OCHOBHOH H3h!K CaMOBbipa)l(eHHH. fepOHHH Il03TeCChl - ,UHTH npHpO,Uhl, OTl.JaCTH ,UHKOe, aCOUHaJihHOe, HHCTHHKTMBHOe, )l(HByW.ee no CBOHM 3aKoHaM. Hey,aHBHTeJihHO, 'ITO npHpo,UHhie o6pa3hI conpoao)1(,UaJOT IlOl.JTH Ka)l(,UYIO penJIHKy, IlOl.JTH Ka)l(,Ub!H OTTeHOK IIHpH'IeCKOro nepe)l(HBaHHH, MhICJIHTeJihHhIH xo.u aaTopa. flo33HH A. Ky3tteuosou, np11 BCeH ee HpKOH HH,UHBH,UyaJibHOCTH, Heno,apa)l(aeMOCTH CTHJIH, rny6HHHO 11 MHOrorpaHHO CBH3aHa c Y.UMYPTCKOH Il03THl.JeCKOH Tpa,UHUHeH, HBJIHeT co6ou npocTpaHCTBO peaJIH3aUHH 3THOil03THl.JeCKHX KOHCTaHT.
Ha nepeKpecThe 1nox: OT uau:uouanhuoro K HH)J,HBH)J.Y3JIH3HpOB3HHOMY 06pa3y npupO)J.hl BJI3.LJ.HMHp POM3HOB
CHMBOJIHKa npHpO,UhI HBJIHeTCH o6pa3HhIM uettTpoM KHHrH B11a,aHMHpa PoMaHoBa «ih1p6epbIKTOH Typhrn» («Tpaaa npHBopoTHam>, 1988), KOTopyIO MO)l(HO OTHeCTH K tta116011ee 3HaMeHaTeJihHhIM, Bhipa3HTeJihHhIM JIHTepaTyptthIM naMHTHHKaM y,aMypTCKOH «THXOH IIHpHKH». Ha3BaHHhIH c6opHHK CTHXOB - «noporOBhIH», B HeM cy6beKT ,UOCTHraeT HaH60JibllleH
67
Ee303M llbl3 20:J1Cbi!c eGMeH I Ycucb iiy:>1c Kyap flRKUCbKe,
I
I fly:>1cbmmblKY cJLMeH, ! Hom MaJlbl 1991: 62-63]- «lb CTHXOTBOp-
i.i):>1c Kyap '-IJpbiicbIH umiicbKe . .. I Ee303MblH UHU Kyap, I YceMblH.
co Jll3n KGObl flom3 Ha MblHblM?» [lllH6aHOB,
HOro 6JIOKHOTa crpoKH I Ho4bIO nona,uaIOT no.u.uo:>K.D.b-/ Co cJie.UaMH py4KH nepeMewaHHbie I He6a pa3JIHBaIOTC51 crpoKH ... I K noracwHM CHHHM JIHHHHM I na.uaIOill,HH )l(eJITbIH JIHCT npHKJieHBaeTC51, I CJIOBHO HaHOC51 Y30pbl, I )J{eJITblH JIHCT co crpoKaMH coe,n:HHHeTc51 ... I 06ecu,Be4eHHhIH y)l(e JIHCT onasw11H:. I Ho noLieMy Tor.ua )l(HBhIM I Ka)l(eTCH MHe?». CTHXOTBOpHbIH oKrn6ph TaK)l(e H3o6pa)l(aeTC51 npH noMOill,H oceHHero npHpo.uHo-o6pa3HOro opHaMeHTa: Jiec 3aTHX, TOJibKO OCHHOe rne3.UO npO.UOJI)l(aeT )l(HTb no-JieTHeMy. B H0516pe repoH: BHOBb .ueJIHTC51 c 4HTaTeJieM (c co6oi1:?) JieHHHrpa.ucKHMH BOCOOMHHaHH51MH - OH Ha )l,sopu,OBOH IlJIOill,a.UH, B O)l(H.UaHHH npa3.UHH4HOro CaJIIOTa. CTpH 3TOM ero 3aHHMaeT MhICJih 06 3HepreTH4eCKOM e.UHHeHHH .uecHTKOB Tb!C514 3pHTeJieH, CJIOBHO npeBpamaIOIUHXC51 B O.UHY )l(HBYIO .uywy. )l,eKa6pbCKHH 3aKJil04HTeJihHblH TeKCT, KaK H nepBblH 51HBapCKHH, npe.ucraBJIHeT CBOH .uepeBeHCKHH JIOKyc. 3HMa B Boo6pa)l(eHHH JIHpH4eCKOro «JI» - BpeM51 qy.uec, npeTBopeHHH B )l(H3Hh MHcpH4eCKHX BhIMhICJIOB. TaK, repoH: 3aMeqaeT B 6aHe roJiy6b1e, 3a3h!Bal0Ill,He B roCTH OrQHbKH H npHXO.UHT K nyraIOill,eMy noHHMaHHIO, 4TO 3TO MJflllOflbUl, MHcpH4eCKa51 X0351HKa 6aHH.1J,HKJI «ApeJI3H .UblpbeCbI3», BKJII04al0Ill,HH B ce651 .UBeHa.uu,aTb npOH3BOJibHbIX CTHXOB, noKa3aTeJieH .D.JI51 TBopqecrBa B. illH6aHoBa KOHLI.a
l 980-x-Ha4aJia
1990-x rr. OH
OT06pa)!(aeT .use OCHOBHbIX Tett.ueHLI,HH B pa3BHTHH xy.uo)l(eCTBCHHOH CHCTeMbl no3Ta H Y.UMYPTCKOH JIHTepaTyphI - TBopqecKoe )l(eJiaHHe aKTyaJIH3HpoBaTh MHcpOJIOrH4eCKHe npe.ucraBJieHH51, MOTHBbl, o6pa3bl Tpa.UHLI,HOHHOH Y.UMYPTCKOH KapTHHhI Mttpa H nocJie.uosaTeJibHoe o6pameHHe K yp6aHHCTH4eCKOMY Il03TH4eCKOMY 513bIKy, o6pa3HO 51pKOMy, ncHXOJIOrH3HpOBaHHOMy, OTBeqaIOill,eMy HHTepecaM BpeMeHH. CJIO)l(HO .ueJiaTh 0606ma10mHe BhIBO.UhI OTHOCHTeJibHo no33HH BHKTopa illH6aHOBa -
Il03T Il04TH e)l(ero.uHo ny6JIHKyeT no.u6opKH HOBblX
CTHXOTBopeHHH. 0.uHaKo HCHO, 4TO npHpo.uHo-nei1:3a)l(HhIH KO.U B ero TBOp4eCTBe nocTeneHHO nepecTaeT 6hITb Il03TH4eCKOH, TeKCToo6pa3yIOIll,eH OCHOBOH. CTo3Ta npHBJieKaeT ncHxoJiorHqecKHH «.uoKyMeHTaJIH3M» ropo.ucKott )l(H3HH y.uMypTa. B. illH6aHoB B HeKoTopoM CMhICJie npocrHJICH c npHpO.UOH KaK c HCT04HHKOM xy.uo)l(eCTBeHHOH H3o6pa3HTeJibHOCTH eme B KOHLI,e 1980-x rr. )l,yMaeTC51, 3TOMY OT4aCTH cnoco6cTBOBaJI ero yxo.u B HayKy, Tpe6yIOill,HH MbICJIHTeJihHOH 11 accou,HaTHBHOH nepeopHeHTal.l,HH, ocBoeHHH HOBhIX TeM, o6pa3oB, KoHu,enToB. CTo3T BttKTOp illH6aHOB Bee
118
6oJiee CTaHOBHJIC5I <i:>HJIOJIO!OM, HCCJie,UOBaTeJieM, H, 6bITb MO)!(eT, BCe 6oJiee .UHCTaHUHposaJIC5I OT TI03TH1IeCK010 BOCTipH5ITH5I npHpO.UH010 MHpa, OT HeCKOJihKO tttt<PattTHJihHhIX cTpaTerttH: y.UMYPTCKOH HaTypanttcTw-1ecKoi1: TI03THKH . EMy s.upyr CTaJIO «MaJIO» npHpO.UbI, KOTOpa5I CJIO)!(HO C01IeTaeTC5I c HOBOMO.UHbIMH TIOCTMo.uepHHCTCKHMH TeopH5IMH, 3aMKHYTbIMH Ha COUHaJibHbIX MH<Pax, rpaH5IX yp6aHHCTH1IeCKOH H.UeHTHYHOCTH coBpeMeHH010 <IeJIOBeKa, ero TICHXOJIO!HYeCKHX KOJIJIH3H5IX, .UHCCOHaHcax H T ..u.
B ueJioM, H)!(eBcK c
ero HH.UYCTpHaJibHOH MeHTaJibHOCTbIO BbI3bIBaeT y
cospeMeHHoro Y.UMYPTCKoro xy.uo)!(HHKa 11yscTBO rny6HHHOH HenpH5I3HH H B TO )Ke BpeM5I npoBOUHpyeT onpe.ueJieHHOe TBOp<IeCKOe Hanp5I)!(eHHe.
B paMKax
HaUHOHaJibHOH JIHTepaTypttoH: Tpa.UHUHH <PopMttpyeTc5I ttosoe
o6pa3HOe MblllIJieHHe, npttpo.ua OTLiaCTH OKa3bIBaeTC5I B CTOpOHe, CJIY)!(HT .UHCKypcy naM5ITM, o6peTaeT CTaTyc aJibTepHaTHBH010 ropo,UCKOMY B006pa)!(aeMO-)!(eJiaeMoro npocTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHH010 H3MepeHH5I.
CnMBOJIHKa npupo,a:bl B y,a:MypTcKoil noJJHH
1990-2000-x
rr.:
MOTHBbI, o6pa3bl, MeTaMop<t>oJbI, JK3HCTeuu;uu IleTp 3axapos 0.UHHM H3 HaH6oJiee HHTepeCHbIX TI03TOB, o6palll,aIOIIJ.MXC5I K HCTOYHHKaM npttpo.uttoro MHpa, 5IBJI5IeTc5I ITeTp 3axapos 1• Ero TBop11ecTBO (npeHMyIIJ.eCTBeHHO - paHHee) npOHH3aHO oco6bIM, rny6oKO JIHYHbIM YYBCTBOM npHpO.UbI, OTCIO,Ua - 5IpKa5I H306pa3HTeJibHOCTb, BH3YaJibHOCTb o6pa30B,
1 OuemrnaH xy.um1<ecrneHHhie crpaTenm UHTaTy
JI.
TI. 3axapoBa, yMecrHo 6y.ueT rrpHBecrH
Ilpo6rnTeHHa, o6pameHHYIO K TBOpL!eCTBY O.UHOro H3 o6HOBHTeJieH
aHrnOH3hJL[HOH II033HH 33phl TiayH.ua: «Ero MH<Pononl3M - He rrpOCTO BOCrrpOH3Be.ueHHe MH<PonorHL!eCKHX CIO)l(eTOB HJIH o6pa30B, He TO, LITO rOBOpHTCH BO speMH pHTYaJihHhIX .uefi.CTB, .ua)l(e He CHMBOJI HJIH apxeTHII, a crroco6 MhlllIJieHHH, II03BOJIHIOlllHH BhIHBHTh B o6pa3e, CHMBOJie HJIH apxeTHIIe TaKoe OTHOllleHHe KO speMeHH, rrpoCTpaHCTBY H 6hITHIO, 6naro.uapH KOTopoMy BOCC03)J,aeTCH KapTHHa MHpa. He .UOCTOBepHOCTh rrepecKa3a MH<tJonorHLleCKHX CIO)l(eTOB H o6pa30B, a TpaHc<tJopMaUHH, MeTaMop<tJ03a HJIH .ua)l(e TpaHCIIOHHpOBaHHe MH<tia, T.e. KaK
6b1
pa3birpbIBaHHe MH<tJa B .upyroM MeCTe H BpeMeHH)) [Tipo6rnTeHH,
2003: 45].
119
ropo,D,OB. 0,D,HaKO B MO)J,eJmpoBaHirn MX 06pa3a HaTypantteTM4eeKaH eMMBOnMKa He MrpaeT pernaIOll.l,ero 3Ha4eHMH. rnaBHbie o6pa3Hb!e 3neMeHTbl neiba)!{ett YAMypTeKoH: no33MM 1970-2000-x rr. - nee, nyr, none, peKa, He6o, eonHue, nyHa, 3Be3,D,hI, eHer, pyqeH: M T.,D,. B 3K30TM4eeKMX neH:3a)!{aX Hepe,D,KO nptteyTCTBYIOT Mope, ropbl, )J,MKOBMHHbie paeTeHMH. Ba)!{HeH:wttM KOMnoHeHTOM YAMypTeKoro no3TM4eeKoro npttpo,D,Ho-neH:3a)!{HOro KO,D,a HBnHIOTeH BpeMeHa ro,D,a. «06oeKTMBHbIH» Mttp npttpO,D,bl B ee30HHbIX xpoHOTonax BeTpeqaeTeH e ey6oeKTMBHOH aBTOpeKOH ,D,etteTBMTenbHOeThIO, HanonHeHHOH MH)J,HBH,D,YaJibHbIMH o6pa3aMH, MHOrorpaHHblMH newxonorwqeeKHMH OTTeHKaMH. 0,D,HOBpeMeHHO TeKeTbl, o6birpbIBaIOll.l,He TO HnH HHOe BpeMH ro,D,a, BeTynaIOT BO B3aHMO,D,eHCTBHe e MHOrOMepHOH nttpwqeeKOH Tpa,D,HUMeH, KaK HaUHOHanhHOH, TaK M o6meMHpOBOH. Heo6xo,D,HMO no,D,qepKHYTh, 4TO B YAMypTeKoH: no3TM4eeKoH: KapTHHe MHpa 1970-2000-x rr. npHpO,D,HO-neH:3a)!{HblH KO)], npeJJ,eTaBneH B nepByIO oqepe,D,b qmopHeTM4eeKOH eHMBOnHKOH: ,D,epeBbH, UBeTbl, TpaBbl B KOnwqeeTBeHHOM aeneKTe npeo6na,D,aIOT Ha)], npe,D,eTaBHTenHMH cpayHbl. 06pa3bl )!{MBOTHbIX H IlTHU B uenoM OKa3b!BaIOTeH MeHee BOeTpe6oBaHHbIMH: ,D,yMaeTeH, HX enO)!{Hee BnHebIBaTb B eTHXOTBOPHYIO MaTepHIO Heo6xo,D,HMa 6oJihll1aH eMbieJioBaH apryMeHTaUHH. OHM, no-BH,D,HMOMy, Tpe6y10T 6onee eymeeTBeHHoro xy,D,o)!{eeTBeHHoro o6oeHoBaHHH. AHHMantteTwqeeKtte H opHMTOMOpQJHbie eHMBOJlbl eeMaHTH~1eeKH MoryT KOppeenOH,D,HpoBaTb e YAMypTeKoH: Tpa,D,HUHOHHOH KYJihTypoH:, oTehIJiaTh K MHcponorwqeeKHM npe,D,CTaBneHHHM, Te3aypyey cponhKnopa. Ilpwpo,D,a B YAMypTeKoH: no33HH npttHHMaeT Bee: nIO,D,eH: e wx )!{M3HeHHhIM, MbienHTenbHbIM, qyBeTBeHHbIM 6ara)!{OM, nnaeTaMH MeHTaJlbHOeTH, nI06hie eIO)!{eTbl, eHTyaUHH. CHMBOJIH4eeKHH H3bIK npHpO,D,bl -yHHBepeanhHbIH xy,D,O)!{eeTBeHHO-H306pa3HTeJibHbIH H3bIK, K KOTOpOMY nerqe Beero o6paTHTbeH, HO KOTOpblM qpe3BbI4aHHO enO)!{HO OBna,D,eTb B eoBepweHCTBe. QqesH,D,HO, 4TO YAMypTeKHe no3TbI - HoettTeJIH 3Toro H3bIKa, O,D,HaKo KTO Ha KaKOM ypOBHe HM Bna,D,eeT - BOnpoe OTKpb!TblH.
200
Yp6auucTuqecKuil KOJJ. B coBpeMeuuou Y.ll.MYPTCKoil no13uu
CBoe -
qy~oe:
06pa3
H~eBcKa
B y;:i:MypTcKoii no13uu
1990-2000-x rr. K
t.n1cny HaH6onee HHTepecHbIX H KYJihTyponorHqecKH 3HaKOBhIX
KOHqmrypaUHH BH3YaJibHOCTH B COBpeMeHHOH Y.LJ.MYPTCKOH TI033HH (H JIHTepaType) OTHOCHTCH o6pa3 ropo.r:r.a. I>y.r:r.yqH O)J.HHM H3 npHMeqaTeJibHbIX CHMBOJIOB B MHpOBOH ryMaHHTapHCTHKe, 3TOT o6pa3 pacnonaraeTCH O)J.HOBpeMeHHO B HeCKOJihKHX npocTpaHCTBeHHhIX 30ttax KYJihTYPhI: B «TeKCTe» peanbHOCTH, HBJIHH co6oi1: cpe.r:r.oToqHe cpH3HqeCKHX o6oeKTOB MHpa npHpO.LJ.bl HJIH HCKYCCTBeHHOH cpe.LJ.hl, B 30He xy.r:r.o:>R:eCTBeHHOH BH3YaJIH3aUHH - KaK KmoqeBOH H306pa3HTeJibHbIH 3HaK, yqaCTBYIOW:HH B ceMH03HCe 3TIOXH, KaK 3JieMeHT Bep6anbHOro TeKCTa, HMeIOW:HH CBOIO 3THMOJIOrHIO H BKJIIOqeHHbIH B H)J.HOMaTHKy H3b!Ka. TeMa ropo.r:r.a B xy.r:r.o:>R:eCTBeHHOH JIHTepaType KaK o6oeKT ttayqttoH: pecpneKCHH )J.OCTaTOqHQ nonynHpHa B COBpeMeHHblX ryMaHHTapHbIX o6nacTHX -
JIHTepaTypoBe.r:r.eHHH, KYJihTyponorHH, HcKyccTB03HaHHH,
COUHOJIOrHH, TICHXOJIOrHH. Ilo:>R:anyH:, ew:e 60JibllIHM MHoroo6pa3HeM OTJIHqaeTCH Kopnyc HCCJie)J.OBaHHH yp6aHHCTHqecKoro TeKCTa 3a npe.r:r.enaMH CJIOBeCHOCTH: «B ryMaHHTapHbIX ttayKaX ropo.r:r. TIOHHMaeTCH KaK CJIO:>R:Hb!H COUHOKYJibTypHbIH cpeHOMeH H npe.r:r.CTaBJIHeTCH KaK OTKpbITaH H .LJ.HHaMHqHaH CHCTeMa, MeCTo M06HJihHOCTH H .r:r.eHTeJibHOCTH. Hccne.r:r.oBaTeJIH nHIIIYT o HeB03MO:>R:HOCTH oueHHBaTh ropo.r:r. B KaqecTBe e)J.HHOro uenoro, CBeCTH MHOroo6pa3He ropO.LJ.CKHX HBJieHHH K KaKOH-m160 CHCTeMHOH ueJIOCTHOCTH. 06paw:eHHe ryMamnapHCTHKH K TeMe ropo.r:r.a CTaHOBHTCH oco6eHHO aKTYaJibHbIM B CBH3H c OOBbIIIIeHHeM HCCJie)J.OBaTeJibCKoro HHTepeca K CHMBOJIHKe npocTpaHCTBa» [KnoqKoBa,
2006: 3].
Pa60Tbl, TIOCBHW:eHHhie
201
BJiaCTl1, IlOJil1Tl1qecKl1Ml1 l1HTp11raM11, 3KOHOM11qeCKl1Ml1 Max11Haum1M11, Koppynu11ew, Kp11Ml1HaJihHhIMl1 pa36opKaMl1, COU11aJihHhIMl1 o6MaHaMl1. H)!(eBCK -
OTHoc11TeJihHO MOJIO.llOM ropo.ll, qyTh CTaprne Y.llMYPTCKOM
Jil1TepaTyphI, 11 OH JlOCTaToqHo Il03.llHO, 0)].HaKO CTpeM11TeJibHO, nona.l::(aeT B op611Ty ee XYJlO)!(eCTBeHHhIX 11HTepeCOB, KOHQlJI11KTOB, co BpeMeHeM npeBpamaHCb B 0Jll1H 113 KmoqeBbIX o6pa3HbIX Cl1MBOJIOB.
c ysepeHHOCTbFO MO)!(HO
3aKJimq11Th, qTo B Y.llMYPTCKOM n11Teparype, no331111 1990- 2000-x Haq11HaeT CKJia.l::(bIBaTbCH caMOCTOHTeJibHbIM )!(aHp «ropO.llCKOro TeKCTa>>, «06Jia.l::(aFOIIJ.11M ycroJ:iq11BOM TOill1KOM, xapaKTepHbIM Cl1HTaKCl1COM, onpe)J.eJieHHbIM Ha6opoM oueHOqHbIX cy)!()J.eHl1M 11 cra611JibHOM ceMaHTl1KOM» [Lachman, 2004: 401]. B uenoM, H)!(eBcK He 0Tn11qaeTcH 6onhrnow KOHUeHTpau11ew apx11TeKTypHhrx naMHTHl1KOB, HaJI11q11eM KYJibTOBbIX l1CTOp11qecKl1X MeCT, BbIJ::(aFOIIJ.11XCH 3CTeT11qecK11x apTecjlaKTOB. Ero n11TepaTypHO-XYJlO)!(eCTBeHHhie OTpa)!(eHl1H He HeCyT B ce6e rny611HHO KOJll1Ql11U11pOBaHHbIX KYJibTYPHhIX nochIJIOB, OH11, B nepsym oqepe.llh, HBJIHFOTCH 3KCTpanom1u11ew TBopqecKoro soo6pa)!(eH11H cospeMeHHhIX Y.JJ.MYPTCK11x noJTOB, coqeTaH B ce6e M11cjlonor11qecK11ii 11 peaJil1CT11qeCKl1M IlOJ::(TeKCTbI. ilCl1XOJIOr11qecK11e nJiaCTbI 3Haq11TeJihHO npeo6na)J.amT Ha.ll KYJihTypHo-11cTop11qecK11M11. 06pa3 H)!(eBcKa B Y.llMYPTCKl1X noJT11qecK11x oueHKax-11306pa)!(eH11Hx, HeCMOTpH Ha npeo6Jia.l::(aH11e pe3Kl1X cy)!()J.eHl1M, OTp11uaTeJibHO 3apH)!(eHHbIX MOTl1BOB, OTTaJIKl1Bamm11x CFO)!(eTOB, He MO)!(eT 6bITb l1CKJIF()q11TeJibHO qepHhIM, J::(eMoH11qecK11M . .ll,hrM, cMpa.l::( 11)!(eBcK11x 3aBO.llOB, y.llpyqammaH cepoCTh naHeJihHhIX xpymosoK, noKoc11srn11ecH OT KOMMYHaJihHo-qenoseqecKoro 3a6BeHl1H .JJ.epeBHHHhie .JJ.OMa, accjlaJibTOBhIM useT He6a, yTpaT11Brn11e npe)!(HFOFO CMbICJIOBYFO Harpy3KY COUl1aJil1CTl1qecK11e MOHyMeHThI, rHl1Jih, BOHh, p)!(aBq11Ha 3a6porneHHbIX, OTpaBJieHHbIX peqeK 11 BOJ::(OeMOB, xoJIO.ll, rpH3h np11ypanbcKoro KJil1MaTa coqeTaFOTC51 c pe.llKl1Ml1 XYJlO)!(eCTBeHHhIMl1 on11caHl15IMl1 3eJieHl1 napKOB, MOTl1BaMl1 poMaHT11qecKOM 3a.JJ.YMq11BOCTl1, 3araAoqHocT11 AepeBbeB, CBe)!(eCT11, npoxna.llhI H)!(eBcKoro npy.JJ.a. YHhIJIOCT11, 6ecnpocseTHOCTl1, O.lll1HoqecTBy, HeoTcTynammeMy 6ecnoKOMCTBy, CTpaxaM, Ilb51HCTBy, npe.llqYBCTBl1FO 3K311CTeHU11aJihHOro Tyn11Ka, noTep51HHOCTl1, ropeq11 paccTaBaH11ii, nycTh 113peAKa, npoT11BonoCTaBJI5IFOTC5! 51pKOCTb nepe)!(l1TOM B ropo.l::(e MOJIOJ::(OCTl1, nepBbie TBopqecK11e ycnex11, npocjleCCl10HaJibHOe np113HaH11e, «Me.l::(OBbie MeC51UhI» JIF06B11, po)!(AeH11e .JJ.eTeii, .llpyr11e cm)!(eThI. BoKpyr pean11cT11qHoro o6pa3a ropo.lla pa3pacTaeTc51 csoeo6pa3Ha51 M11cjlonor1151 -
H)!(eBcKy np11n11chrnamTc5!
napaJIJieJibHbie M11pbI, HaceJieHHbie .llYIIIaMl1 yMeprn11x, pa3Jil1qHbIMl1 .llY-
262
xaMM, TemIMM, BeJIMKaHaMM M T.JJ:., rrepMOJJ:WieCKM KOHTaKTHpyIOmMMM c JIIOAhMM, rropa6oma10mMMM BIIe'IaTJIMTeJibHOe C03HaHMe. B uenoM H)!(eBCK B omymemrn:x YAMYPTCKMX rrwcaTeneH: - ropo.D:-3aBOA, ropo.D:-TIOpbMa, ropo.D:-06me)!(MT11e, 3.D:eCh He xBaTaeT B03.D:yxa, rrp11poAhI, COJIHI..J,a, CIIOKOMCTBMR, 'IeJIOBe'IeCK010 Terrna, IIOHMMaHMR. 3To ropOA o6MaHOB, MHpa)!(eM, MJIJII03MM, pa30'IapoBaHHM, BHyTpeHHMX pacrra.D:OB, rrycTOT, rrpe.D:OTBpaTMTh, 3aIIOJIHMTb KOTOpbie, Ka)!(eTCR, HeB03MO)!(H0. no BCeM BepORTHOCTM, XYJJ:O)!(eCTBeHHaR peuerrI..J,MR H)!(eBCKa IIOCTerreHHO 6y.D:eT MeHRThCR. EcTh OCHOBaHMe rronaraTb, 'ITO paHO HJIM II03.D:HO CJIO)!(MTCR KOMIIJieKC OCTOpO)!(HbIX IIOJIO)!(MTeJibHbIX TBOp'IeCKMX AMCKypcoB, a CTOJIMI..J,a YAMYPTMM rrepecTaHeT 6b!Tb CMHOHMMOM OAMHO'IeCTBa M 60JIM YAMYPTCKOM ryMaHMTapHoH: MHTe1111wreH1..1,MM. PaccMoTpeHwe o6pa3a H)!(eBCKa B coBpeMeHHOM YAMYPTCKOM rro331111 BIIMCbIBaeTCR B MCCJie.D:OBaTeJihCKMe CTpaTerMM, IIOCBRmeHHbie ropO.D:aM poCCHMCKOM rrpOBMHI..J,MM.
qeJIOBeK H ropo)J,: UOJTHKa peaJihHOro H HJIJil030pHOro (CHMBOJIHKa }1,Bepu H OKHa B y)J,MypTCKOH UOJ3HH
1980-2000-x rr.)
B xyJJ:O)!(eCTBeHHOM Tpa.D:wuww caMhIX pa3HhIX ttapo.D:OB cymecTBYIOT HaI..J,MOHaJibHbie, 3THM'IeCKM MapKHpOBaHHbie CMMBOJihl, xapaKTepw3y10mwecR BhICOKOM cTerreHhIO noBTOpReMOCTM. Hx ttay'IHoe paccMoTpeHwe, KaK npaBMJIO, ccpoKycwpoBaHO Ha Bb!HBJieHMM cneuwcpH'IeCKOM ceMaHTMKH B paMKaX penpe3eHTHpyeMOM MO.D:eJIM MHpa. BMeCTe c TeM BbIJJ:eJIReTCR IIJiaCT YHMBepCaJibHbIX, 06me1..1,MBHJIH3aI..J,MOHHhIX CMMBOJIM'IeCKMX o6pa30B, KOTOpb!e BCTpe'IaIOTCR B «TeKcTax» npaKTM'IeCKM 111060H: KYJihTYPhI. AHaJIM3 wx 3HaKOBhIX npoRBJieHMM B OT.D:eJihHO B3RTOM KYJihType, ee HeKoTopbIX cpe3ax ( cpOJibKJIOp, JIMTepaTypa, mo6pa3MTeJibHOe MCKYCCTBO) TaK)!(e RBJIReTCR aKTYaJihHbIM, nonynRpHbIM B COBpeMeHHOM ryMaHMTapHCTMKe MCCJie.D:OBaTeJihCKMM HanpaBJieHMeM. CeMMOTM'IeCKaR 3Ha'IMMOCTb CMMBOJia IIOHMMaeTCR, OC03HaeTCR He TOJihKO B KOHTeKCTe CBoero KYJihTYPH010 JiaH.D:lllacpTa, HO B cpaBHMTeJibHOM rrpoeKI..J,MM Ha .D:pyr11e Tpa.D:HI..J,MM, Tepp11Top1111, 3IIOXH. 11MeHHO MaKpoceMMOTM'IeCKMM KOHTeKCT Hepe.D:KO Il03BOJIReT npoRCHMTb Te MJIM MHbie MHBapwaHTHbie ceMaHTM'IeCKMe cpyHKI..J,MM, CBOMCTBeHHbie pa3JIM'IHbIM qacTHhIM peanw3a1..1,MRM o6pa3a-cMMBOJia B YHMBepcyMe KYJihTYPhl.
263
qipaHIW3CKHMH rna3aMH») [Opexosa,
2007: 60-61]:
«JI» cpaBHHBaeTCH c
)l{aHHOtt )l;'ApK, TOTibKO 6onb, CTpa.D,aHHe, paHbl eme 6onee 'IY.D,OBHIUHbl. 0KHa B npOH3Be.D,eHHH BHOBb aCCOQHaTHBHO nepeKnHKaIOTCH c 1na3aMH: B OKHa-1na3a «Jl»-1epOHHH CTy'laTCH cne3bl. 0KHa B YAMYPTCKOtt II033HH 'lacTo conpK>KeHhI c xpoHOTOIIOM HO'IH. Ho'IHOtt nel13a:>K B pH.ue CTHXOB
JI.
OpexoBott Me.D,HTaTHBHhitt, penaKCH-
pyromwi1. Ho'lh - speMH c03epQaHHH, mo6osaHHH npwpo.D,ott, speMH «MH<t>ono1wqecK010 npo3peHHH». ITpwMe'laTenhHO, 'ITO sceneHHaH, npwpo.D,a TO:>Ke HHTepecyIOTCH TIIOJ],bMH.
lb OKHa Ha nHpH'leCKYIO 1epOHHIO CMOTpHT
nyHa, 6nH3KO-.D,aneKO 3a1opaIOTCH-HC'le3aIOT He6eCHbie CBeTHna: «l02blm
I Illyoo y'IKUJ yK1-to cbopbtcb moJ13Jb .. . ! lf.UJ1b - eo2007: 118-119]- «CBeTnhIM 01HeM 1na3a cnenwn OH. I C'IaCTTIHBO nocMoTpena H3 OKHa nyHa ... I :OneCTHIUHH-CBeTHIUHHCH He6eCHbltt lliap I 3a OKHOM HC'le3 ... ». l.Jepe3 OKHa mbllr:m MaJlbOUJ cuHMaM.
peKORCb umuap I YKHO cbopbl blWUJ .. . » [OpexoBa,
B 'laCTHblll qenoBe'leCKHH MHp npOHHKaeT KOCMOC, Ha6nIO.D,aIOT 3a qenoBeKOM nnaHeTbl, ocymecTBnHeTCH KOHTaKT Me)l(.D,y HHM H MH<!>H'leCKHMH cymecTBaMH. JiwpH'leCKHH cy6oeKT, HaXOJ],HCb y OKHa, caM CTaHOBHTCH xy.D,O)l(HHKOM-C03epQaTeneM, CTpeMHIUHMCH K II03TH3aQHH ysw.D,eHH010. CKB03HhIM MOTHBOM
vs .D,Bepb-OKHO HBnHeTcH wx OTKphIThitt I 3aKpb1-
Thitt CTaTyc. PacnaxHyB OKHa, .D,BepH, nHpH'leCKHH cy6oeKT OTKphrnaeT CBOe cep.D,Qe, .D,yrny, MbICnH «.D,py10My», yBenH'IHBaeT .D,HaIIa30H CBOett BHyTpeHHett OTKphITOCTH. BHernHHH cpe.D,a B YAMYPTCKOtt II033HH, KaK Bhrncttwnoch, pe.D,KO 6brnaeT naccHBHOtt - oHa pea1wpyeT Ha caMhie pa3Hhie qenoBe'leCKHe npoHBneHHH - nro6oBh, paccTaBaHwe, O.D,HHO'leCTBO, 6onh. B QenoM nwpH'lecKoMy nepcoHa)l(y MY'IHTenhHO 6bITh BHYTPH ce6H, 6ny)l()],aTb B na6wpHHTax CBOHX IIOTepb, npo6neM, Hey.D,a'I, II03TOMY .D,BepH (H oco6eHHO - OKHa) y YAMYPTCKHX II03TOB 'laCTo 6brnaIOT OTKpbIThIMH. 0TKphITOCTh OKHa - O.D,Ha H3 Ba)l(HettllIHX BH3yanhHO-II03TH'leCKHX CHTyaQHH, aKQeHTHPYIOIUHX nett3a)I(, naH.D,rna<t>T H npH 3TOM IIOKa3bIBaIOIUHX qenoBeKa H3HyTpH. 3a OKHaMH 1epoeB - He6o, conHQe, o6naKa, MeCHQ, .D,epeBhH, IITHQhI, .D,O)l()],h, 1po3a, speMeHa 10.D,a. Hepe.D,KO B OKOHHhIX CTeKnax OTpa)l(aeTCH 1opo.D,. MoTHB 3aKpbITOCTH .D,Bepett
I
OKOH, KaK npaswno, CBH3aH c TeMott Heo6paTHMOCTH speMeHH, c
HeB03MO)l(HOCTbIO BepHyTh 10)1,bl .D,eTCTBa, MOTIOJ],OCTH, 6hIBllIHX B03TII06neHHbIX, c Hepeanw3yeMOCTbIO )l(enaHHH, IIOTpe6HOCTett. ,lJ,BepH H OKHa B YAMYPTCKOtt )l(eHcKott nwpwKe - 3HaKOBhie ncwxono3TH'leCKHe CHMBOTihI, 'laCTo o6pameHHhre K MY)l(CKOMY «Thl», MeTa<t>opH3wpy10mwe nro6osb H Henro6osb, BCTpe'IH, pa3nyKH, B3aHMHOCTb, OTperneHHOCTh, naMHTh, 3a6BeHHe.
314
IlpHBe,UeHHbie B .uaHHOH rnaBe KHlffH H OCTaBmHeC51 «3a Ka.UpOM» <t>parMeHTbl CBH,UeTeJibCTBYIOT 0 TOM, lJTO anpHOpHbie MH<t>o11or11qeCKHe npe.uCTaBJieHH51 Y.UMYPTCKHX no3TOB pery115IpHo «cpa6aTbIBaIOT» B Mo.ueJIHpoBaHHH xy.uo)l(eCTBeHHOH ceMaHTHKH paccMaTpHBaeMhIX o6pa3HOCHMBOJIHqecKHX KOHCTaHT. 0.uHaKO Il03THqecKoe C03HaHHe He CTpeMHTC51 K TOqHoH nepe.uaqe nepBHqHbIX 3THOKYJibTYPHhIX, <t>oJibKJIOpHbIX CMbICJIOBbIX HHBapHaHTOB, TeKcTyaJihHbIX MO,UeJieH. «MapmpyThI» Il03THqecKoro BOCilpHSITH51 CHMBOJIHKH pa3Hble, KaK H caMa Y.UMYPTCKa51 Il033H51.
qymoe - qymoe: o6pa3 Ilapuma B no1Tu1JecKoM TeopqecTee II. 3axapoea u C. MaTeeeea Y.uMypTcKaH JIHTepaTypHaH Tpa.um.~1151 B Haqane HOBoro ThIC5lqe11eTHS1 npe.uCTaBJI51eT co6oi1 CJIQ)l<HYIO CHCTeMy' KOTOpaH BKJIIOqaeT B ce6H KOMUJieKC pa3HbIX TeqeHHH, .UBH)!(eHHH, npou,eccoB B3aHMOCB513aHHOCTH H B3aHM006ycnoBJieHHOCTH.
y .UMYPTCKaSI CJIOBeCHOCTh, KaK H .upyrHe THilOJIOrHqecKH
6JIH3KHe, «coce,UCTBYIOI.IJ,He» JIHTepaTypbI, pa3BHBaeTC51 Ha nepeKpeCTbe «caoero» H «qy)l(oro» (3THHqecKoe H 06meM11poaoe). MHoroMepHaH OpHeHTHpOBaHHOCTb «CBoero» Ha ((qy)!(Oe» 51BJIHeTC51 OCHOBOH .UHHaMHKH KYJihTYPhI, .UOMHHaHTOH KYJihTypHoro poCTa 3THoca. Cne.uyeT 3aMeTHTh, qTo npecnoayToe «qy)!(oe» B KYJihTYPHOM npe110M11eHHH .uaneKo He acer.ua CTaHOBHTC51 «CBOHM», cymecTBYIOT npoMe)!(yToqHbie <t>a3bl H COCT051HHSI, HHor.ua peqb MO)!(eT H.UTH 0 HenpHSITHH, OTTOp)!(eHMH. JlHTepaTypHoe TBOpqeCTBO- KOMMYHHKaTHBHOe none, cnoco6CTBYIOI.IJ,ee .UHanory KYJihTYP· )],Han or 3TOT HMeeT pa3JIHqHhIH xapaKTep, pa3JIHqHyIO TOHaJihHOCTh. B paMKax .UHanora npoHBJI51IOTC51 aKTHBHO-B03.UettCTBYIOI.IJ,ee Haqano O.UHOH KYJihTYPhI 11 yCTaHOBKa Ha aocnpHHTMe .upyroi1. BnpoqeM, naccHBHOCTh peu,enu,HH MO)!(eT npe.uonpe.ue11HTh HeKoTopyIO naccHBHOCTh KYJihTypHoro B03.UeHCTBHH. B 2000-e rr. y.uMypTcKa51 KYJihTypa aKTHBHO ocaa11aaeT eaponei1cKHH ryMaHHTapHhIH KOHTeKCT. B o6pa3Hoi1 ranepee Y.UMYPTCKOH no33HH no51BJI51IOTCH «He-y.uMypTCKHe» ropo.ua. CoapeMeHHYIO Y.UMYPTCKYIO JIHTepaTypy MeTa<t>opHqecKH B03MO)!(HO cpaBHHTb c nyTemeCTBHeM - 3TO nyTemeCTBHe B ce6SI, K CBOHM <t>oJibKJIOpHO-MH<t>onorHqecKHM HCTOKaM, H 3TO - nyTemeCTBHe K «.upyroMy», B HHhie KYJihTYPH0-3CTeT11qecKHe MHphI. IlyTemeCTBHe K «.upyroMy» H KaK MeTa-
315
3AKJIJOqEHHE
06pamaHch K no3THtieCKHM TeKCTaM BTopoii noJIOBHHhI 1970-2010-x rr., npe;::i:craBJIHIOIIIHM no11T111IeThrpe ;::i:ecHTHJieTHH )!(H3HH y;::i:MypTCKOH JIHTeparyphr, Ba)!(HO IlOHHMaTb, 'ITO 3TOT HenpOJJ:OJI)!(HTeJibHhIH c xpoHOJIOr1111eCKOH T01IKH 3peHHH nepHOJJ: 6bIJI HaCblllleH Ba)!(HeHlllHMH HCTOpH1IeCKHMH co6hITHHMH. 11x TBop11ecKoe nepe)!(HBaHHe, xy;::i:o)!(eCTBeHttoe ocMb1c11ett11e Ha cero;::i:HHlllHHH ;::i:ettb npe;::i:cTaBJIHIOTCH OJJ:HHM 113 tta116onee 3Ha1IHMhIX HToroB pa3BHTHH y;::i:MypTCKOH ;::i:yxoBHOH KYJihTYPhl. 3a 3TO BpeMH B Hal..(HOHaJihHOH JIHTepaType npOH30lllJIH cymecTBeHHbie Kal.JeCTBeHHhie H3MeHeHHH, 6naro;::i:apH KOTOpblM YJJ:MYPTCKaH CJIOBeCHOCTh, no MHeHHIO oT;::i:enhHhIX aBTop11TeTHhIX uett11TeJiei1-ryMaH11Tap11eB (ttanp11Mep, ApBo Ba11Totta, npe311;::i:ettTa accou11au1111 qmtttto-yropcK11x n11caTenei1) 3aHHMaeT COBepllleHHO oco6oe IlOJIO)!(eHHe cpe;::i:H ;::i:pyrnx cpHHHo-yropCKHX JIHTepaTyp Pocc1111. Ilo3JJ:HHe CTHXOTBopeHHH <l>nopa Bac1111heBa, TBop11ecK11e no11cK11 H11KoJiaH Eai1TepHKOBa, AneKcatt;::i:pa EenottoroBa, ;::i:pyrnx Il03TOB py6e)i(a 1970-1980-x rr. CHrHaJIH3HpyIOT 0 TOM, 1ITO «y;::i:apHbIH», «rpOMKHH» coupeaJIH3M, npe)!()J;e JJ:OMHHHPYIOIIIHH, nepecTaeT 6bITh a6COJIIOTOM, o6H3aTeJibHOH xy;::i:o)!(eCTBeHHOH CTpaTer11ei1. Ilp1106peTaIOII1aH B KOHTeKCTe pa3BHBaIOmei1cH JIHTepaTyphl Bee 60JihlllYIO 3Ha1IHMOCTh «THXaH JIHpHKa» OKa3hIBaeTCH TeM HOBhIM-CTapbIM Te11ett11eM, B paMKax KOTOporo Il03T MO)!(eT CKa3aTh 0 6oJibllleM, 1IeM MO)!(HO. B paMKax 3TOro HaTypcpHJIOCOcpCKOro HanpaBJieHHH cpHKCHpyeTCH IlCHXOJIOrH1IeCKOe ycJIO)!(HeHHe TBOp1IeCKH C03,1J;aBaeMOH JIH1IHOCTH, OIIIYTHMO ceMaHTHl.JeCKOe yrny611ett11e o6pa3ttoro H3hIKa. Ha11a110 1980-x rr. 03HaMeHOBhrnaeTcH TpHyMcpoM y;::i:MypTCKOH )!(eHCKOH 1111p11K11
T.
(A.
Ky3tteuoBa,
JI.
KyrnttoBa,
llepHOBa): B (()!(eHCKHX» TeKCTax npaB;::i:a qeJIOBe1IeCKOH )!(J13HH 3BY1IHT
oco6eHHO y6e;::i:11TeJihHO. Bo BTOpOH IlOJIOBHHe 1980-x 3aHBJIHeT 0 ce6e HOBOe IlOKOJieHHe Il03TOB: M. <l>e;::i:oTOB,
C.
n. 3axapoB, B. Ap-Ceprn, B. lllH6aHOB,
MaTBeeB. Ilepe1111cneHHhre no3ThI, CTHJIHCT1111ecK11, MHpOB033pett11ecK11
01.JeHb pa3Hhle, OKa3aJIHCh B YHHKaJihHOH CHTyau1111: HM npHIIIJIOCh OCBaH-
323
CO):(EP)KAHHE
Bee.ueuue ...................................................................................................... 3 Ilpupo.uuo-neii3a*HbIH KO.!l e Y.!lMYPTCKOii nOJ3HH BTOpoii DOJIOBHHbl 1970 - H3'1aJia 2010-x rr ................................................ 5 DpttpoJJ.a 11 qenoBeK B YJJ.MYPTCKoli: no131111 BTopoli: nonoBHHbI 1970-x Ha'lana 1990-x rr.: OT cou:peanttCTH'leCKHX KaHOHOB K «cBo6oJJ.e» o6pa3a ................................................................................... 13 AneKcaHJJ.p EenoHoroB ........................................................................ 13 n10)J.Mttna KyTj!HOBa ........................................................................... 28 TaTbj!Ha qepHOBa ............................................................................... 37 Anna Ky3Heu:oBa ................................................................................. 54 Ha nepeKpecThe 1nox: OT HaU:ttOHaJihHoro K HHJJ.HBttJJ.yantt3ttpoBaHHOMY 06pa3y npttpOJJ.hI ........................................................................................ 67 BnaJJ.ttMttp PoMaHoB ............................................................................ 67 M11xa11n <l>eJJ.OTOB ............................................................................... 79 BttKTop lll116aHoB ............................................................................. 105 CttMBonttKa npttpOJJ.hI B YJJ.MYPTCKoli: no331111 1990-2000-x rr.: MOTHBhl, o6pa3hl, MeTaMopc!:>03hl, 3K3HCTeHU:HH ....................................... 119 DeTp 3axapoB ................................................................................... 119 Bjj'lecnaB Ap-Ceprtt .......................................................................... 141 Cepreli: MaTBeeB ............................................................................... 154 napttca OpexoBa ............................................................................... 183 Yp6auucTH'leCKHii KO.!l e coepeMeuuoii y.11.MypTcKoii noJJHH ..................... 201 CBoe - qy)i(oe: o6pa3 I1)!(eBcKa B YJJ.MYPTCKoli: no331111 1990-2000-x rr. ................................................................................. 201 qenoBeK 11 ropoJJ.: noJTttKa peaJihHOro 11 11nn103opHoro (CHMBOnttKa )J.Beptt H OKHa B YJJ.MYPTCKOH n033HH 1980-2000-x rr.) ................................................................................ 263 qy)!(Oe - 'IY)!(Oe: o6pa3 Ilaptt)!(a B Il03TH'leCKOM TBOp'leCTBe n. 3axaposa H C. MaTBeeBa ............................................................. 315 3aKJIIO'leHHe .............................................................................................. 323 liu6JiuorpaiJ>uH ......................................................................................... 325 J1CTO'IHHKH ........................................................................................ 325 n11TepaTypa ....................................................................................... 326