Kakamega Forest Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 by Nature Kenya Publications

Kakamega Forest

Strategic Ecosystem

Management Plan 2015-2040

Kakamega Forest

Plan development supported by GEF/UNDP through the “Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya project” coordinated by Nature Kenya Implementers: Kenya Forests Service Community Forest Associations Kenya Wildlife Service Kenya Forestry Research Institute National Environmental Management Authority County Government of Kakamega County Government of Vihiga Nature Kenya

Disclaimer: The production, printing and distribution of this document to stakeholders has been with the financial assistance of the GEF and UNDP (Award ID: 00058356). The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Local Planning Team that developed the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Strategic Plan 2015-2040, and cannot under normal circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the GEF nor the UNDP.

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Approval Page This Kakamega Forest Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan (2015- 2040) is hereby approved for implementation and may be reviewed as need arises.

....................................................................................... Emilio N. Mugo Director, Kenya Forest Service

Date .......................................................................

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Message From The Implementing Partners The Kakamega Forest and its fragmented relics are of national value being the only remnants of the Guineo-Congolian lowland rainforest belt that once stretched Africa across the equator. The Forest ecosystem is thus home to species that only have a distribution within the area nationally. More than half the forest area has been lost since the 1920s and currently the growing human population and dependency of the economically marginalized section of the population for their livelihoods is the main threat to the forests health. Further the ecosystem services from the Forest ecosystem such as the microclimate that supports commercial and small holder tea and sugarcane farming, dairy and food production; and water supply to rural and urban centres downstream, is yet to be appropriately included in the national economic valuation. The potential conservation synergy from upstream interventions and plough back of resources through payment for ecosystem services is far fro being realized. Notable are the gains from the engagement of the local communities through three Community Forest Associations in the co-management of the forests with Kenya Forest Service. This was mainly with the support from varied development partners since the mid 1980s which strengthened the community capacity and improved infrastructure towards effective management of the forests resources. The ecosystem strategic management plan builds on this foundation and is a roadmap at mitigating the challenges and threats that the Kakamega Forest and adjacent forest fragments are facing. Developed jointly by a myriad of stakeholders at the various levels through an elaborate consultative process from June 2011 to December 2013 it is envisaged that a committed implementation process shall be followed by all those with a stake in the conservation and sustainable use of the forest ecosystem and the attainment of the Global Forest Goals of the United Nations Forum on Forests. In the plan seven forest management zones are identified, their specific management objectives stated and the management actions together with responsible institutions proposed. The local communities in the Forest Ecosystem adjacent area are recognized as important stakeholders who will actively participate in its management and conservation.

Mr. Emilio Mugo Dr. Paul Matiku Director Executive Director Kenya Forest Service Nature Kenya iv Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Dr. Ben Chikamai Director Kenya Forestry Research Institute

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Foreword The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem transcends both Kakamega and Vihiga Counties. The scope of this Strategic Management Plan covers all the protected forest units of the ecosystem as well as the surrounding buffer zones. The protected forest units comprises of the; Kakamega Forest Reserve, Malava Forest, Isecheno Nature Reserve, Yala River Nature Reserve, Bunyala Forest Reserve, Kibiri Forest Reserve, Kakamega Forest National Reserve and Kisere Nature Reserve The forest ecosystem plays a very important role in the provision of ecological, social and economic services to the local community and the country at large. In the past, management of the forest has been partly guided by a 10 year Kakamega Forest Ecosystem management plan (2012-2022). This strategic plan is meant to provide the long-term vision guidance required for protected areas and will act as an integrative framework for the ecosystem management. The ecosystem faces numerous challenges which require mitigation, and there are also

opportunities that need to be tapped. The managers seek to address these challenges and make use of the opportunities through the implementation of strategies and activities proposed in this plan. The strategic planning process for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem was initiated under the theme â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and was supported by GEF/UNDP and coordinated by Nature Kenya. It is a 25-year management plan (20152040) for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem, developed through a collaborative initiative between Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and Community Forest Associations (CFAs).

Essau Omollo Deputy Director, Forest Conservation and Management Kenya Forest Service

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Acknowledgement The planning team acknowledges the support provided by respective institutions, community members and individuals in the development of the strategic plan. The planning team based in Kakamega made valuable contributions and worked closely with the four CFAs in the ecosystem. Our thanks go to all the participants for their valuable contributions during the workshops. Nature Kenya was facilitative in the development of the plan through their field Project Officer Mr. Joel Siele and Project Manager Mr. Washington Ayiemba. We do appreciate the role played by the plan facilitators; Messrs Joram Kagombe, James Kimondo and Stephen Kiama from KEFRI. The inputs to the Plan from the Forest Management Plans Section of KFS especially by Mr. John Macharia were of great benefit to the planning process. The KFS Data Office provided the maps. The Plan was developed through generous financial support of GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya.

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Executive Summary The strategic planning process for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem was initiated under the theme ‘Strengthening Protected Areas Network within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspot of Kenya’ and supported by GEF/UNDP. It is a 25-year management plan (2015-2040) for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem, being a collaborative initiative between Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and Community Forest Associations (CFAs), that would be an integrative framework for ecosystem management. The plan has been developed with the recognition of various stakeholders and indeed, the planning process involved extensive participation from these stakeholders who reached consensus on how to manage the forest ecosystem sustainably for posterity. The scope of this Strategic Management Plan covers all the protected forest units of the ecosystem as well as the surrounding buffer zone, all of which make the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. These forest stations include Kakamega Forest Reserve, Kibiri forest in Vihiga County, Yala River Nature Reserve, Isecheno Nature Reserve, Malava and Bunyala Forests all under the management of the KFS and the Kakamega and Kisere National Reserves under the management of KWS. Several important principles were taken into consideration during the plan formulation, and these will guide the plan implementation process. These were: • • •

Inclusion of all relevant stakeholders Gender and youth mainstreaming Integration of sound science

• •

Partnerships framework establishment among stakeholders Transparency and accountability

Vision, mission and strategic management objectives

The main frame of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Strategic Management Plan emanates from a clear vision, statement of purpose, zonation of forest araea and thematic management programmes. The vision is “To be the best managed forest ecosystem in the world, yielding maximum socioeconomic and environmental benefits to the adjacent communities and the country”. The purpose is “Sustainable forest management and conservation practices established and in operation”. The strategic forest management objectives are: 1. To conserve water catchments and enhance the unique biodiversity of the forest. 2. To contribute towards meeting subsistence needs and improving the livelihoods of forest-adjacent communities. 3. To improve and develop the condition and potential for utilization of the forest.

Forest area zonation

Forest zonation provides a framework for guided management of the forest ecosystem on a sustainable basis. The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem zonation scheme takes into account the forest stand structure, function and sensitivity, as well as the opportunities for, and impacts of, existing and potential public use. In general, seven zones were identified and defined. These would be managed in specified manner for the realization of the strategic objectives proposed in this plan. These are livelihood support zone, nature reserve zone, eco-tourism and cultural

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sites/zones, utilization zones, conservation (core) zone, Nyayo Tea Zone, and excision areas.

Thematic management programmes

Thematic management programmes of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem which are of key elements of the strategic management plan were derived from the visioning and thematic workshop. These are expected to lead to the achievement of the strategic objectives the plan. The development of each management programme followed the Logical Framework Approach so that the links between the programme purpose statement, management objectives and the management actions to ensure that there are precise and coherent. For each of the programmes a brief background, underlying issues, objectives, strategies, activities and responsible organization/party are given. The twelve programmes are: i. Forest conservation ii. Commercial utilization of forest iii. Ecotourism iv. Farm forestry v. Participatory Forest Management vi. Environmental education and awareness, vii. Forest protection viii. Income generating activities and payment for ecosystem services ix. Infrastructure development

x. Networking and Partnership xi. Research, monitoring and evaluation xii. Resource mobilization

Governance

Implementation of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Strategic Management Plan recognizes the importance and need of involvement of all stakeholders. The stakeholders were defined as any individual, group, or institution that has a vested interest in the natural resources of the project area and/or who potentially will be affected by project activities and have something to gain or lose if conditions change or stay the same. Primary stakeholders were the main actors in the planning process and are expected to play the greatest and direct roles during the implementation of the management programmes. The key primary stakeholders include KFS, KWS, and CFAs, among others. During the implementation phase of this strategic management plan matching of the responsibilities and roles required for the delivery of the management programmes with the stakeholders will strategically capitalize on the strengths and opportunities afforded by these stakeholders, for purpose of ensuring that activities are allocated in tandem with such profiling. A governance structure that defines the interactions that may accommodate the interests and importance of the different stakeholders is proposed in the plan.

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Table of Contents Approval Page..................................................................................................................... iii Message from the Implementing Partners....................................................................... iv Foreword.............................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................. vi Executive Summary.......................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents................................................................................................................ ix List of Figures..................................................................................................................... xi List of Tables....................................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms............................................................................... xii PART 1.................................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Introduction....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Administrative status of Kakamega forest ecosystem....................................... 1 1.2 Historical background of Kakamega forest ecosystem..................................... 3 PART 2.................................................................................................................................. 4 2.0 Policy, legal and institutional framework........................................................... 4 2.1 Legal and policy frameworks............................................................................ 4 2.1.1 Forests Act, 2005............................................................................................. 4 2.1.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999................ 4 2.1.3 Renewable Energy Act, Section 103:................................................................ 4 2.1.4 Agriculture Act, Cap 318................................................................................... 5 2.1.5 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327................................................................................. 5 2.1.6 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63)........................................................ 5 2.1.7 Kenyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Vision 2030......................................................................................... 5 2.1.8 Other International Conventions and Agreements............................................ 6 PART 3.................................................................................................................................. 8 3.0 Description of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem.................................................... 8 3.1 Biophysical description of kakamega forest ecosystem.................................... 8 3.2 Ecotourism..................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Culture: The Luyha Culture............................................................................. 12 3.4 Socio-economic characterization of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem................ 12 3.5 Forest fire risk................................................................................................. 16 3.6 Infrastructure and equipments........................................................................ 16 4.0 Vision, purpose and objectives of the plan..................................................... 17 4.1 The planning approach................................................................................... 17 4.1.1 Inclusion of all relevant stakeholders.............................................................. 17 4.1.2 Gender and youth mainstreaming.................................................................. 17 4.1.3 Integration of Sound science.......................................................................... 17 4.1.4 Partnerships framework established among stakeholders............................. 17 4.1.5 Transparency and accountability.................................................................... 18 4.2 The planning process..................................................................................... 18 4.3 Zoning............................................................................................................ 19 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 ix

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5.0 Management Programmes.......................................................................... 22 5.1. Forest conservation........................................................................................ 22 5.2. Commercial utilization of forest...................................................................... 24 5.3. Ecotourism..................................................................................................... 25 5.4. Farm forestry.................................................................................................. 27 5.5. Participatory forest management................................................................... 29 5.6. Environmental education and awareness....................................................... 30 5.7. Forest protection............................................................................................. 32 5.8. Income generating activities & payment for ecosystem services................... 34 5.9. Infrastructure development............................................................................. 36 5.11. Research, monitoring & evaluation................................................................. 39 5.12. Resource mobilization.................................................................................... 40 5.13. Threats and mitigation measures................................................................... 43 5.14 Stakeholders.................................................................................................. 43 6.0 Governance................................................................................................... 43 References......................................................................................................................... 45 Appendices........................................................................................................................ 46 Appendix 1 : Mapping of cultural forests in Kakamega and Vihiga counties and part of the Kakamega forest landscape..................................................... 46 Appendix 2 : Categories and ranking of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem stakeholders.... 47 Appendix 3 : List of participants in planning workshops................................................ 49

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List of Figures Figure 1 : Geographic extent of the Forest Ecosystem with the respective forest blocks.... 2 Figure 2 : Map of Lake Victoria North Water Catchment................................................... 12 Figure 3 : Administrative units (sub-location) bordering Kakamega Forest Ecosystem.... 17 Figure 4 : Urban centers/towns boundaring Kakamega Forest Ecosystem...................... 18 Figure 5 : Management zones of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem................................. 28 Figure 6 : Governance structure for the implementation of the plan................................. 58

List of Tables Table 1 : Historical Overview of Kakamega Forest Reserve.............................................. 3 Table 2 : Resources of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem......................................................10 Table 3 : Management zones, defining criteria and management options...................... 26 Table 4 : Strategies and activities to enhance forest conservation.................................. 31 Table 5 : Strategies and activities to promote the sustainable commercial utilization of the forest....................................................................................................... 33 Table 6 : Strategies and activities to build and market sustainable ecotourism in Kakamega Forest ecosystem............................................................................ 35 Table 7 : Strategies and activities to promote farm forestry around Kakamega Forest ecosystem......................................................................................................... 37 Table 8 : Strategies and activities to promote participatory forest management in the Kakamega Forest ecosystem............................................................................ 39 Table 9 : Strategies and activities to enhance environmental education and awareness.41 Table 10 : Strategies and activities to enhance protection of Kakamega Forest ecosystem......................................................................................................... 43 Table 11 : Strategies and activities to promote income generating activities and payment for ecosystem services....................................................................... 46 Table 12 : Strategies and activities for infrastructure development and maintenance....... 48 Table 13 : Strategies and activities to promote networking and partnership among stakeholders..................................................................................................... 50 Table 14 : Strategies and activities to improve generation of knowledge on the Kakamega Forest ecosystem............................................................................ 51 Table 15 : Strategies and activities to mobilize resources and build capacity among stakeholders..................................................................................................... 53 Table 16 : Threats and their possible mitigation................................................................ 56

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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations CBO CCF CDTF CEF CFA DDC FAC FFS GEF GoK IBAs IGAs KAFOGA KEBS KEEP KEFRI KFS KIFCON KTB KWS LPT LBDA LVNWSB MMUST MoA MoL MoT NBEs NEMA NGOs NK NMK PAs PELIS PES PFM UNDP WRMA WRUA

Community Based Organization Consultative Conservation Forum Community Development Trust Fund Community Environment Facility Community Forest Association District Development Committees Forest Adjacent Community Farmers Field School Global Environment Facility Government of Kenya Important Bird Areas Income Generating Activities Kakamega Forest Guide Association Kenya Bureau of Standard Kakamega Environment and Education Program Kenya Forestry Research Institute Kenya Forest Service Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation Kenya Tourism Board Kenya Wildlife Service Local Planning Team Lake Victoria Basin Development Authority Lake Victoria North Water Service Board Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Livestock Ministry of Tourism Nature Based Enterprises National Environment Management Authority Non -Governmental Organizations Nature Kenya National Museums of Kenya Protected Areas Plantation Establishment and Livelihoods Improvement Scheme Payment for Ecosystem Services Participatory Forest Management United Nations Development Programme Water Resource Management Authority Water Resource Users Association

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Part 1 1.0 Introduction

The Kakamega Forest is situated in Western Kenya, 35 km from Lake Victoria, and approximately 1.6-22.4 km east of Kakamega town at the nearest and farthest points respectively. It is located in Kakamega and Vihiga Counties, as shown in Figure 1. The Forest is known to be the eastern-most fragment of the Guineo-Congolian lowland rainforest belt, which once stretched from Kenya across Uganda, East and Central Africa to the West African coast. The ecosystem is an important watershed for some of the rivers that flow into Lake Victoria. It is valuable to the people living around it, as a source of timber, fuel-wood, herbal medicines, building materials, food, income and viewed by part of the population as new land for agriculture and settlement. The ecosystem is also a unique sanctuary for many endemic insects, plants and birds with between 10 to 20% of the animal species in the Forest that are nationally unique. The huge variety of birds, reptiles and insects make it a specialist eco-tourism attraction for bird watchers and wildlife photographers. Large mammals are, however, rare encountered.

1.1

Administrative status of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

Kakamega forest ecosystem encloses about 23,000 Ha including the gazetted forest stations, forest and nature reserves. A little less than half of this area currently remains as indigenous forest. There are numerous grassy clearings and glades. Part of the forest also contains unique and rich

highland ecosystems. The ecosystem spans two Counties namely Kakamega and Vihiga. In Kakamega County, Kakamega Forest Station is the largest block in the ecosystem, with a total gazetted area of about 15,984 Ha and is managed by the Kenya Forest Service (KFS). To the north-west of Kakamega Forest Station is the Kakamega National Reserve of 4,468 Ha, that was given national forest reserve status in 1985 and is under the management of Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). Further north is the Kisere Forest Reserve covering an area of 471 Ha also managed by KWS. The Isecheno Forest Station Nature Reserve, estimated to cover an area of 138 Ha, is situated in the western portion of the Kakamega Forest Station area and is managed by KFS. Yala River Nature Reserve covers an area of approximately 538 Ha and is situated in the southern portion of the Kakamega Forest. North-west of Kisere Forest Reserve is Malava Forest Reserve covering an area of 718.8 Ha and is managed by KFS. North-west of Kakamega Forest Station area is the Bunyala Forest covering an area of 826.6 Ha also managed by KFS. In Vihiga County, Kibiri Forest station is the largest, covering an area of 3691 ha. This forest is part of the tropical rain forest of Kakamega and administered from Vihiga district under KFS. Kaimosi forest, situated along the boundary of Vihiga and Nandi Counties and south of Kibiri Forest, is administered by the Missionaries of Friends Quakers, Kaimosi.

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(Source: BIOTA 2010)

Figure 1: Geographic extent of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem with the respective forest blocks

1.2

Historical background of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

According to Kakamega Forest Ecosystem 2 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Management Plan 2010-2020 (BIOTA, 2010), the first demarcation of the forest boundary was done around 1908-1910, though the forest was managed under the Local Native

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Council. The discovery of gold in the district led to the Kakamega gold rush of the early 1930s and many parts of the forest were opened up to gold prospectors. With the sud-

den need for pit-props, fuel wood and timber, this led directly to the first exploitation of the forest for timber. Table 1 gives a summary of historical background of the KFE.

Table 1: Historical Overview of Kakamega Forest Reserve Year

KFE Historical Overview / policy and legislation

1933

Kakamega Forest was declared a forest area by Proclamation No. 14 of 13th February 1933 which set aside 23,777.3 Ha as Kakamega Forest together with the Malava Forest Block. Currently, it covers 19,792.4 Ha in size after several excisions over time. Kakamega Forest Excisions (i) 17.60 Ha excised via boundary plan No. 180/209 for Virhembe, to settle people who were displaced to create room for the current Mukumu Secondary School; (ii) 9.476 Ha excised to give room to the construction of Kaptik Secondary School and surveyed as per L/R 206/94; (iii) 10 Ha excised for relocation of Kisaina Primary School; (iv) 1.8 Ha excised for Kisaina Clinic; (v) 40.47 Ha excised for Kakamega Agricultural Show ground; (vi) 422 Ha excised for the extension of Shikusa Prison; (vii) 13 acres excised from the national reserve for Buyangu Primary School. The area of excision is now under review. (viii) 98.8 Ha excised from Ishiru as per boundary plan No. 180/215; and, (ix) 138.8 Ha excised to settle people displaced from the land occupied by Mbale Hospital and Vokoli Girls Secondary School. (x) Ikuywa settlement of 1934 measuring 53.4 Ha ((Refer to Kakamega Forest Sheet No. 8)

1933

Malava Forest Reserve through Proclamation No.14, of Feb 13th, 1933 was declared a forest reserve with an area of 718.8 Ha. Bunyala Forest Block declared a forest area vide Proclamation No. 421 of 1956 with an area of 825.6 Ha Isecheno Forest Station Nature Reserve was declared a forest nature Reserve via Boundary Plan number 180/40-42 and is estimated to cover an area of 138 Ha. Yala River Nature Reserve was declared a forest nature reserve via Boundary Plan number 180/40-42 In May 1985, under Legal Notice No. 95, 3,984.9 Ha of the Kakamega forest was set aside as Kakamega Forest National Reserve (KNR), the boundaries of which are delineated in Boundary Plan No. 272 of 14th November 1986 (Muthari and Wachihi, 1994). KNR is under the management of KWS. Kisere Forest was gazetted under the same Legal Notice No. 95 as Kisere National Reserve covering an area of 471 Ha. It is managed by KWS. Kibiri Forest covers an area of 3,691 Ha and is part of the tropical rain forest of Kakamega. It is in Vihiga County and administered from Vihiga County under KFS. Bunyala Forest covers an area of 826.6 Ha and gazetted Ander proclamation No. 421 of 1956 and is managed by KFS.

1956 1967 1967 1985

1985

1956

(Source: BIOTA 2010)

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Part 2 2.1 Legal and policy frameworks

These consist of the laws and policies that will facilitate and guide the implementation of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Strategic Management Plan, and other aspects relating to the various functions and values attributed to the Forest ecosystem.

2.1.1 Forests Act, 2005

There are various sections of this Act that are guidelines and provide opportunites for participatory forest management and conservation. These provisions allow for the Director KFS with the approval of the KFS Board to enter into an agreement with any person for joint management of any forest which may enjoin such person to use or refrain from using such forest or any part thereof in a particular manner in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity. The Act also allows a member of a forest community together with other members or persons resident in the same area, to register a community forest association (CFA) under the Societies Act. The CFA may then apply to the Director for permission to participate in the conservation and management of a state forest or local authority forest in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Where there is no management plan in respect of the area, or where the association proposes that there be a new management plan, the application shall be accompanied by a draft management plan.

2.1.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999

This Act has various sections concerned with the protection and conservation of forests and watersheds. The Act permits the 4 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

National Environment Management Authority (NEMA ) to provide guidelines, procedures and measures which shall control the harvesting of forests and any natural resources so as to protect water catchment areas, prevent soil erosion and regulate human settlement within or around the forest. The Act also empowers NEMA to promote the conservation of energy and planting of trees and woodlots, especially through research in appropriate renewable sources of energy, taking measures to encourage the planting of trees and woodlots by individual land users, institutions and by community groups etc. Other relevant sections include: Section 50: Conservation of biological diversity; Section 72: Water and pollution prohibition and the EMCA, Water Quality Regulations 2006: Regulation 4 (Prevention of water pollution) and Regulation 6 (Protection of lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells and other water sources).

2.1.3 Renewable Energy Act, Section 103:

This Act mainly promotes the development and use of renewable energy technologies, including but not limited to biomass, biodiesel, bioethanol, charcoal, fuelwood, solar, wind, tidal waves, hydropower, biogas and municipal waste. The promotion of such may be through: formulating a national strategy for coordinating research in renewable energy; providing an enabling framework for the efficient and sustainable production, distribution and marketing of biomass, solar, wind, small hydro-power projects, municipal waste, geothermal and charcoal; promoting the use of fast maturing trees for energy production including biofuels and the establishment of commercial woodlots including peri-urban plantations harnessing opportunities offered

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under clean development mechanism and other mechanisms including, but not limited to, carbon credit trading to promote the development and exploitation of renewable energy sources among others.

2.1.4 Agriculture Act, Cap 318

This Act provides for the management of agricultural systems and practices. The Act provides for the enactment of rules and regulations, and in this regard, the Agriculture (farm forestry) Rules, 2009 were enacted. The objective and purpose of these rules is to promote the establishment and sustainable management of farm forestry for the purposes of maintaining a compulsory farm tree cover of at least 10 percent of any agricultural land holding; conserving water, soil and biodiversity; protecting riverbanks, shorelines, riparian and wetland areas; sustainable production of wood, charcoal and non wood products; providing fruits and fodder; and carbon sequestration and other environmental services. The Rules require that every person who owns or occupies agricultural land shall establish and maintain a minimum of 10 percent of the land under farm forestry which may include trees on soil conservation structures or rangeland and cropland in any suitable configurations provided that the species of trees or varieties planted shall not have adverse effects on water sources, crops, livestock, soil fertility and the neighborhood and should not be of invasive nature, and that no agricultural landowner or occupier shall grow or maintain any Eucalyptus species in wetlands and riparian areas.

2.1.5 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327

Section 3 of this Act prohibits the burning of vegetation without authority. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall set fire to any vegetation which is not his property unless he has lawful authority so to do. Subsection 2 further states that: No person shall willfully or negligently kindle any fire which by spreading, may damage or destroy the property of any other person.

2.1.6 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63)

Section 3 of this Act covers issues relating to license required for certain tourist enterprises. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall on or after the appointed day carry on, or assist in carrying on, any regulated tourist enterprise otherwise than under and in accordance with the terms of a license issued to him and for the time being in force. Subsection 3 refers to carrying on an enterprise activity in subsection (1) of this section includes negotiating, soliciting, canvassing or accepting business for that enterprise and engaging in correspondence with a person who may become a customer of that enterprise, or with the agent of such a person, concerning business of that enterprise.

2.1.7 Kenya’s Vision 2030 Economic Pillar: Tourism Goals for 2030

The Vision for the tourism sector is to “become a top ten long-haul tourist destination in the world that offers a high-value, diverse and distinctive visitor experience”. To achieve this objective, there will be a critical focus on the quality and the diversity of tourism products in the country through partnership between the Government, the private sector and other stakeholders.

Social pillar: The vision for environment

The vision for the environmental sector is “a people living in a clean, secure and sustainable environment”. The vision is inspired by the principle of sustainable development and by the need for equity in access to the benefits of a clean environment. To realize this vision, the focus will be on four strategic thrusts, among them conservation.

Conservation

The country will intensify conservation of strategic natural resources (forests, water towers, wildlife sanctuaries and marine Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 5

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ecosystems) in a sustainable manner without compromising economic growth. Kenya intends to have achieved four percent forest cover by 2012 and 10 per cent forest cover by 2030. In addition, specific measures will be adopted to promote bio-prospecting activities e.g. research and development of commercial products such as drugs, cosmetics and detergents. The overall goal in forest conservation by 2012 is to increase current forest cover by 50 per cent. This will include significantly improving the contribution of forest services to the economy and providing a base for the growth of the forestry sector. Regarding wildlife conservation, the goal is to fully protect all wildlife ecosystems. This will sustain the anticipated high growth rate of the tourism sector. The country will also develop an environmentally-friendly mining policy. Under Environmental planning and governance, the goals in this thrust aim to integrate planning approaches and improve overall governance of the environment. Specific goals include: ● Increase coverage of spatial data from the current 30 per cent to 50 per cent for land use and 30 per cent to 70 per cent for land cover; ● Enforce all environmental regulations and standards; and ● Attract at least 5 Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects per year in the next five years.

2.1.8 Other International Conventions and Agreements 2.1.8.1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 6 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

(CITES), also known as the Washington Convention is an international agreement between governments, drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The text of the convention was agreed upon in 1973, and CITES entered into force on 1st July 1975. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 33,000 species of animals and plants. In order to ensure that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process.

2.1.8.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is an international legally binding treaty. The Convention has three main goals: 1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); 2. sustainable use of its components; and 3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources Its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development. The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.

2.1.8.3 Rio Declaration on Environment

The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, often shortened to Rio Declaration, was a short document produced at the 1992 United Nations “Conference on Environment and Development” (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. The

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Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable development around the world. A few of the relevant principles include:

Principle 4: Environmental Protection in the Development Process

In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.

Principle 10: Public Participation

Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.

Principle 22: Indigenous Peoples have a vital Role

Indigenous people and their communities and other local communities have a vital role in environmental management and development because of their knowledge

and traditional practices. States should recognize and duly support their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable development.

2.1.8.4 Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” The objective is the “stabilization and reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”The G77 wanted strong uniform emission cuts across the developed world of 15%. Countries, such as the US, made suggestions to reduce their responsibility to reduce emissions. These suggestions included: ● The inclusion of carbon sinks (e.g., by including forests, that absorb CO2 from the atmosphere). ● Having net current emissions as the basis for responsibility, i.e. ignoring historical emissions. ● Carbon storage in forests and soils (carbon sinks), which contribute highly to carbon sequestration.

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Kakamega Forest

Part 3 3.0 Description of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is endowed with multiple physical, biodiversity, social, economic, cultural, and scenic/ecotourism resources (Biota, 2010). These resources and their importance to the area

were confirmed by stakeholders during planning process. Table 2 below is a of some of these resources while in proceeding sections more details of resource base is provided.

the list the the

Table 2: Resources of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Category

Exceptional Resource Value

Biodiversity

➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤

Important Bird Area (IBA) IDiversity of primates such as the De Brazza’s monkey IHigh insect diversity IEndemic snakes IRich diversity of tree species IA remnant of Guinea Equatorial forest

➤ ➤ ➤ ➤

Beautiful panoramic view points - Lirhanda, Mahiakalu and Buyangu hills Isiukhu and Yala River Natural glades Beautiful green canopy of Kakamega Forest

➤

Source of livelihood - fodder for cattle, bee keeping, sericulture (wild silk) harvesting, medicinal plants, wild vegetables – mushroom, grass harvesting and tree nursery establishment Ecotourism potential - tour guiding, bandas, bird watching, butterfly farming, snake farming Good micro climate - high rainfall, water shed for lake basin Domestication and commercialization of Mondia and Ocimum spp National economic importance

Scenic

Social

➤ ➤ ➤ ➤

Cultural

➤ ➤

Shrines / circumcision sites - Tiriki Community - bull fighting, dog market at Lubau, cock fighting, traditional dances, pottery at Ilesi and Mukhonje

3.1 Biophysical description of kakamega forest ecosystem Climate

Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is generally wet throughout the year, with an annual average rainfall of approximately 2,000 mm. Rainfall is heaviest in April and May (long rains), with a slightly drier June and a second peak 8 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

roughly in August to September (short rains). January and February are the driest months. Temperatures are fairly constant throughout the year, with a mean daily minimum of about 110C and mean daily maximums of about 260C.

Kakamega Forest

Geology and soils

The geology of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem can be described by underlying rocks that include basalt, phenolites and ancient gneisses of the Kavirondo and Nyanzian Systems which are associated with gold bearing quartz veins. The rocks form moderately fertile clay-loam soils. Forest cover, with its continuous nutrient recycling activity can maintain itself permanently on these soils.

Topography

The Forest Ecosystem lies in Lake Victoria Basin, about 150 km west of the Great African Rift Valley, from which it is separated by highlands stretching from Cherangani Hills in the North to the Mau Escarpment in the South (KIFCON, 1994). It borders the Kakamega Escarpment to the northeast, falling to lowland of relatively flat topography with altitude ranging between 1,500 and 1,600 m above sea level and up to 2,060 m atop a few scattered forested hills such as Bunyala and Lirhanda.

Hydrology

The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem forms part of the Lake Victoria Basin. It has a good system of rivers which run from the North East to South West. Rivers Nzoia and Yala are the main rivers. River Nandamanywa drains into Isiukhu River, which ultimately drains into Nzoia River, having criss-crossed the forest for the entire length. River Nzoia eventually drains into Lake Victoria. A general hydrological map of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is shown in Figure. 2. For most of these rivers, sub-catchment management plans have been developed and some are being implemented. These include Banja, Isiukhu, and Garagoli rivers.

Biodiversity

Due to its former connection to the Guinea– Congolian rain forest system, the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is home to many species that are related to the Central and West African flora. There are also several endemic

species, i.e. animals and plants that are not found anywhere else in the World. However, it is no longer a primary forest but an old secondary forest, despite small patches in the Central forest areas that have, to all appearances, the attributes of a primary forest (Holstein et al, 2010).

Flora

More than 120 species of trees have been recorded in the Kakamega Forest Ecosytem. More than 70% of all plant species are of minor or major medicinal importance. Some of the conspicuous plants of Kakamega Forest include: Whitlow Root – Solanum sessilistellatum Bitter; Spiny bole – Chaetacme aristata Planch; White thorn – Acacia sp; Spiny – Acanthus – Acanthus pubescence; Afromomum sp, Aneilema johnstonii; Antheroma naudinii; Desmodium repandum; Dissotis speciosa; White flowering Commelina – Comelina albiflora; Wild fig – Ficus thonningi; Gomphocarpus semilunatus; Habenaria malcophylla; Tree Orchid – Tridactyle bicaudata; Impatiens hochstetteri; Lantana – Lantana camara; Klip Dagga – Leonotis nepetifolia; Mussaenda arcuata Poir; Pollia condensata; Tall Woodland Sugarbush – Protea madiensis; Guava – Psidium guanjava; Kakamega Flame – Spathodea campanulata; Nitobe Chrysanthemum Tithonia diversifolia; Kenaf – Hibiscus cannabinus amongst many others (Holstein et al, 2010). The forest is also home to threatened tree species, Elgon teak and Prunus africana which are species of special conservation concern (locally threatened and rare). These species are prone to over exploitation due to their high quality timber and medicinal value. On the other hand, scientific research has indicated the presence of 13 different plant communities each representing a different succession stage. Forest plantations in the forest reserve covering about 3,199 ha comprise of Pinus patula, Pinus eliotii, Cupressus lusitanica, Eucaluptus saligna, Grevillea robusta and Bischofia japonica have been established for productive purpose. Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 9

Kakamega Forest

Figure 2: Map of Lake Victoria North Water Catchment

Fauna

Like the flora, the fauna of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem show some peculiarities. Birds are numerous with almost over 500 different species. Up to now, over 487 butterfly species have been recorded, which amounts to more than half of all butterflies that inhabit

Kenya (about 900 species). However, many animal groups have not yet been studied in depth, and this applies particularly to insects and arachnids (Holstein et al, 2010). The Kakamega Forest is the only known habitat of about 20% of Kenya and East Africa

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vertebrates. A number of species, especially invertebrates, are endemics of Kakamega Forest. Apart from venomous snakes, none of the animals in the Forest is dangerous to man (Holstein et al, 2010). Some of the most common fauna of Kakamega Forest are: Blue Monkey – Cercopithecus mitis; Black and White Colobus – Colobus guereza; Olive Baboon – Papio anubis; Mountain Fruit Bat – Rousettus lanosus; Verreaux’s Eagle–Owl – Bubo lacteus; Black-and-White-casqued Hornbill – Bycanistes subcylindricus; Pale Flycatcher – Melaenornis pallidus; Montane Side-striped Chameleon – Chamaeleo ellioti; Rhino-Viper – Bitis nasicornis; Gabun Viper – Bitis gabonica; Olive Sand Snake – Psammophis mossambicus; Lineolate Blind Snake – Typhlops lineolatus; Spotted Toad – Amietrophynus maculatus; Common Tree Frog – Hyperolius viridiflavus; Jumping spider – Menemerus congoensis (Holstein et al, 2010). These are just but a few of the animal species found in the forest. There are also at least 72 species of Dragonflies found in Kakamega forest area and 19 are nationally recognized as occurring only in Kakamega Forest. This is also alongside with many endangered riverine species such as hippopotamus and other globally extinct or rare such as the Bushbuck and leopard. The forest is also home to globally threatened bird species, Turner’s Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) and Chapin’s Flycatcher (Muscicapa lendu); a further 15 species regionally threatened, and 46 species known in Kenya only from the forest. Most of these species are found in plantations of mixed indigenous tree species. Many bird species are crucial for the forest ecosystem, because most tree species depend on birds for seed dispersal. In this regard, the Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill (Bycanistes subcylindricus) is an important species for seed dispersal in Kakamega Forest. The forest also has high diversity of primates, with monkeys being the most conspicuous group of mammals in the forest, amongst which the Blue Monkey

(Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni), the Redtail Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti), and the Black-and-white Colobus Monkey (Colobus guereza) are the most common. Pottos (Perodicticus potto ibeanus), although probably fairly common and widespread, are nocturnal and much harder to detect. Baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) are also present in the forest and are well known as pests in the farms adjacent to the forest. The forest is home to de Brazza’s Monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus) which is rare in Kenya and is confined to the riverine vegetation of Kisere Forest. It is the only monkey that could be considered in some form threatened, due to its small population, small habitat range and harassment from local communities. The forest is also characterized by high insect diversity. Butterflies are represented with 487 species which constitutes 54% of the 900 species known to Kenya, with many of them reaching their easternmost limit in Kakamega. Moths are also species rich in the forest with recorded totals of 53 Hawkmoths (Sphingidae), 37 Emperor Moths (Saturniidae), and 43 Tiger Moth species (Arctiinae). A total of 72 dragonfly species, representing 42% of Kenya’s dragonfly fauna, has been recorded in the Kakamega forest. Twenty species are of national importance for Kenya, since they are only found at this site within the country. At the global level, Onychogomphus styx and Chlorocnemis pauli are classified as ‘Near Threatened’, although most species are listed as ‘Least Concern’. The Kakamega Forest has a recorded total of 170 species of ants with estimated species numbers lying between 200 and 250. Several ant species which have been described as new to science were first collected in Kakamega Forest, particularly those in the genus Axinidris. It is very likely that Kakamega Forest holds more species than any other locality in Kenya and nationally the ant fauna of this forest is unique as most of the dominating species in

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the forest are of Guineo - Congolian origin. Termites are among the most important groups of invertebrate decomposers and have enormous impact on soil properties and nutrient cycling. Research suggests that, of the 62 termite species described in Kenya, 25 species have so far been found in Kakamega Forest. To date there are 243 species of bees known in the Kakamega Forest. The forest hosts endemic snakes with so far 36 snake species being recorded. Majority of these snakes are from West Africa including the Forest Cobra, the Black-lipped Cobra, Jameson’s Mamba, the Bush Viper, the Rhinoceros-horned Viper and the Gaboon Viper. The Gold’s Cobra and Kaimosi Blind Snake are endemic to the Kakamega forest and are believed to be in danger of extinction. Species characteristic of West African forests and reaching their eastern limit in Kakamega or the Kakamega Forests are Gold’s Tree Cobra (Pseudohaje goldii) and the Forest Night Adder (Causus lichtensteini).

3.2 Ecotourism

The Forest’s high diversity of both flora and fauna (endemic and non – endemic), unique cultural practices of the forest neighboring communities and natural features portray a great Ecotourism potential. Community participation in Ecotourism activities in the forest can greatly contribute to its social and economic development, but only if the activities are well planned, organized, coordinated and managed. Examples include: the endemic snake, plants, insect and animal species; cultural sites e.g. the Tiriki Circumcision sites, sacred graves and shrines; Cultural practices such as circumcision, bull and cock fighting and natural features such as caves and underground water channels flowing into Lake Victoria. There are also well established bandas, camp and view sites, snake-parks and information centre. The Local community also has rich indigenous knowledge on the forest, which can be

of great value and interest to tourists. Community tour guiding can be a viable option for ensuring that Ecotourism benefits the local community. Kakamega forest ecosystem is at the core of Western Tourism Circuit which if well harnessed would add to the monetary value of the ecosystem.

3.3 Culture: The Luyha Culture

The Luyhas’ have very rich and distinct culture. However, as is common all over Kenya, traditional societies and cultures are increasingly coming under threat, and in many cases cultural norms are breaking down as younger generations migrate to urban areas in search of alternative livelihood opportunities. The forest management seeks to nurture this rich culture through establishment of cultural centres and gazettement of some of the unique features and events of the Luyha community. The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is an important place for traditional ceremonies and worship. There are sacred sites within the forest such as the Ikavakava Shrine used for cleansing community offenders by selected traditional healers and the Tiriki Sacred patches of forests used mainly as circumcision sites by the Tiriki sub-tribe of the Luhya community. Some of the notable cultural events include; bull fighting, cock fighting and traditional dances. The people of Ilesi and Mukhonje continue to make a living out of pottery. Lubao town hosts dog sellers every week making it a unique market in the region. Appendix 1 is a list with the specific details (names of key sites and the latitude and longitude coordinates) for some of the important cultural sites.

3.4 Socio-economic characterization of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Administration

The largest forest block of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem falls in Kakamega County.

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Figure 3 shows the (administrative) sublocation units within Kakamega Forest Ecosystem that number about 35. Some of

these units are occupied by the gazetted forests and reserves while others are mainly the forest-adjacent settlement areas. The

Figure 3: Administrative units (sub-location) bordering Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 13

Kakamega Forest

Figure 4: Urban centers/towns boundaring Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

latter encompasses the rural settlements or agricultural areas as well as the urban areas and that form the critical buffer or

intervention zone with regards to the Forest Ecosystem management. Figure 4 shows the urban centers/towns and road network.

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Population size and distribution

The local inhabitants of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem are mainly the Luhya community. The settlements are densely populated with a mean household size six members in the rural areas. From the 2009 Population and Housing Census, the county population was 1,660, 651 (KNBS, 2010). The population growth rate for the county is estimated at 2.5 percent, with projected county population put at 1,929,401 and 2,028,324 by 2015 and 2017 respectively. This has put great pressure on social facilities; especially in the health and education sectors. Resources that could have otherwise been utilized elsewhere, have been diverted to meet the health and education needs leaving very little for investment into other development needs.

Socio-economic profile

The social, economic and cultural characteristics of the community adjacent and dependent on Kakamega forest were captured through a socio-economic survey (2011), and characterises attributes such as household and family sizes, education levels, employment status and types, average daily household expenditure, average monthly income, main sources of income amongst other socio-economic aspects of the community members. Dependence on the forest by the community was also assessed together with other benefits associated with forest resources. Generally the family and household sizes are large relative to the limited resources upon which the communities can depend, with a small average farm size of about 0.5 acre per household. Most farmers own small pieces of land less than an acre upon which they cultivate crops and rear animals. Access to land as a factor of production has been hindered by land fragmentation. With respect to farming system, majority of the community members are subsistence

farmers. The main crops grown are maize, beans, sweet potatoes, cassava, sorghum, cowpeas, grams, cassava, arrowroots, groundnuts, bambara-nuts, soya beans, finger millet and sugarcane. Of the main food crops, maize and beans are the most important staples. However, a substantial segment of farming families practice cash crop farming. The most important and dominant cash crop is tea but some farmers also grow sugarcane and coffee. Generally, most farmers practice both subsistence and commercial farming. Mixed farming is the dominant farming practice in the area. Animal rearing is practised by a few farmers, with animals kept being mainly cattle, goats, sheep, poultry and pigs.

Hygiene and sanitation conditions

Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of waste. Lack of access to adequate water is associated with poor sanitation and has enormous health and economic costs for households, with consequences to the environment. Poor waste disposal at Kakamega Forest Ecosystem staff quarters attracts wild animals such as primates, scavenging birds, wild cats, among others, which in turn predate on some domestic animals such as chicken. Inappropriate waste disposal for those living inside protected areas poses serious environmental hazards. Garbage seriously affects the sanitation aspects of natural bodies of water (both surface and subterranean), as well as soil, vegetation, cultivation, and pollutes the air.

Dependence on forest resources

Majority of the Kakamega Forest community are primarily dependent on the forest for their livelihood. Forest resource utilization takes place all year round with levels of utilization being determined by the dry and wet seasons. For example, fruits and some vegetables are mostly utilized during the wet season, while grass (for thatching) is mostly used during the dry season. Throughout

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Kakamega Forest

the year the most utilized resources are firewood, pasture/grass, herbs, charcoal, mushroom and timber. Forest resources utilized by most people during the dry season include: firewood, honey and grass. During the wet season most people utilize charcoal, fruits, sand, herbs, honey and bushropes.

the existing two vehicles are old and are frequently grounded because of the high maintenance and operation costs. They are supplemented with motorbikes reducing operations effectiveness especially when a large team needs to be moved during management operations.

3.5 Forest fire risk

The office buildings in Kakamega Forest Ecosystem are generally in good condition with some like those under KWS having been rehabilitated recently, the Biodiversity Information Centre (BIC) has been opened for public visits, while an information centre under KFS which also houses the Head of Conservancy has recently been completed at the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem offices. Malava and Bunyala stations have no offices but have outposts with houses that are old and dilapidated and need to be condemned and new ones constructed. A station should be constructed to house and offer offices for officers in the Vihiga zone as they are under pressure to vacate the Vihiga District Headquarter.

There is a low risk of forest fires to the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem due to the frequent rainfall received in the area throughout the year. As such, the Forest Ecosystem management aims to minimize the negative impacts of wildfires and promote the use of prescribed fires for ecological management purposes where necessary. This will guided by a fire management plan that will inform acquisition of the appropriate fire fighting equipments and training of staff on the use of these equipments and how to fight fires when they occur.

3.6 Infrastructure and equipments

The roads in the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem cover a total length of approximately 54 km. Some of these roads have been abandoned and others rendered impassable. However, all the forest stations are accessible and the road network considered of optimum density as long as they are maintained to all weather conditions. There are no road work equipments stationed in the Forest Ecosystem. KFS previously relied on Pan Paper Mills and the GoK for road work equipments but is now re-equipping its Road Unit. For Kakamega Nature Reserve under KWS, the equipments from the Conservation Area headquarters in Kitale are used when required. The current transport situation in the ecosystem varies among the two management units. KWS has two serviceable land-cruisers used for administration and security purposes and one motorcycle. KFS units have recently been provided with additional vehicles thereby greatly easing the transportation challenge.. At Vihiga (Kibiri Forest)

Housing in Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is inadequate and most of the structures need rehabilitation and additional ones constructed. The Buyangu Station houses are in good condition and have been branded by KWS, while at Kakamega (DFOs) staff houses are in disrepair and dilapidated and lack water and electricity amenities. The lack of amenities is evidenced in most stations that include Kakamega Station, Kibiri and Bunyala. It is proposed that the stations and outpost houses be branded accordingly to reflect uniformity in respect with respective organization brand, and the requisite amenities provided as required. The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is not adequately served by wireless communication technology. Internet connectivity through internet modems, cell-phones, and email is still limited in some places with the ecosystem. All the forest management offices lack important and basic equipments and

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furniture with the existing ones being very old and outdated. Most forest stations such as Malava, Bunyala and Isecheno are not served with electricity, though plans have been initiated to have them supplied.

4.0 Vision, purpose and objectives of the plan Vision

“To be the best managed forest ecosystem in the world, yielding maximum socioeconomic and environmental benefits to the adjacent communities and the country”

Purpose

“Sustainable forest management and conservation practices established and in operation”.

Strategic objectives

The KFS strategic objectives are broadly the national objectives for forest management and conservation of indigenous forest in Kenya, as expressed in the Draft National Forest Policy. Since National Policy Objectives are by definition broad, they have been further refined in this plan to fit the unique local context. In order of priority, the strategic forest management objectives are: 1. 2. 3.

To conserve water catchments and enhance the unique biodiversity of the forest. To contribute towards meeting subsistence needs and improving the livelihoods of forest-adjacent communities. To improve and develop the condition and potential for utilization of the forest.

4.1 The planning approach

The strategic management plan for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem has deliberately taken consideration of several important principles during the plan formulation, and that shall guide the plan implementation. These include:

4.1.1 Inclusion of all relevant stakeholders

The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is a meeting point of diverse and multiple interest groups. All relevant stakeholders (primary, secondary and tertiary) were identified consultatively and played key roles during the planning process. Their valuable contribution will guide the plan implementation process.

4.1.2

Gender and youth mainstreaming

In the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem, women are the majority subsistence users of the forest, in terms of collection of firewood and fruits, and engaging in PELIS. Youths in surrounding communities are mostly unemployed, thereby eking their livelihood illegally from forest. Their involvement was deliberately sought in the planning process. Consensus building was used to accommodate the various views and opinions of the diverse stakeholders in the planning process.

4.1.3 Integration of Sound science

It was recognized that the long term realization of the management vision for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem would be firmly based on sound science. Reference was made s made to relevant government documents and scientific data during the planning process. The implementation of the proposed management programmes in the plan envisages the need for continuous research, education and monitoring.

4.1.4 Partnerships framework established among stakeholders

Experiences in the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem to date suggest that partnership arrangements among different government agencies and other groups in civil society can be an effective way to create joint responsibility and “ownership” of actions. The need to strengthen Forest Level Management Committee as a tool for coordinating partnerships was recognized. No single body or organi-

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zation has the sole right to plan, implement and benefit from actions, and best results will come through collaborative efforts.

4.1.5 Transparency and accountability

Good communication, common vision, and accountability for actions can come only through the use of open and transparent working practices. Civil society today demands more accountability, and the advance of communications technology has made it much easier to practise this style of working: both within the government agencies concerned, and between the government agencies and other stakeholder groups in society.

4.2 The planning process

The plan development and preparation process had three critical stages that included a reconnaissance survey, visioning workshop, thematic workshop and zonation workshop. In all the stages stakeholders participated. The reconnaissance survey was carried out in June 2011 in all the forest blocks to facilitate discussions with KFS personnel and select stakeholders to establish the prevailing situation on the ground. This was done to avoid duplication of activities where information was already available and thus a cost effective strategy in development of the plans. The specific objectives of the reconnaissance field survey were to: (i) assess the status of the development of the ecosystem management plan against planned activities (ii) establish the availability of documents and data related to development of ecosystem forest management plan; and (iii) visits specific areas to familiarize with field conditions and the prevailing management issues. In creating a consensus among stakeholders, a visioning workshop was held with the aim to develop a common vision for the ecosystem. The objectives of the workshop was to (a) create an understanding on status of development of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem management plan (b) develop

a common vision for the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem for the next 25 years (c) identify challenges/obstacles to realizing the vision; and (d) develop general strategies for realizing the vision. The workshop was held on 19-20th December 2011 in Kakamega town at Sheywe Guest House. A total of 37 participants drawn from the various organizations from the counties within Kakamega forest ecosystem attended the workshop. Following this, a thematic workshop was held from 12-14th June 2012 at the same venue with 39 participants drawn from government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations (CBOs), community forest associations (CFAs) and local leaders hailing from the counties within which Kakamega Forest Ecosystem landscape. Thematic group discussions were held, covering 12 management programmes previously proposed during the visioning workshop. During the group discussions, a brief background information was compiled; and strategies and actions for addressing identified issues agreed and prioritized for each theme. The thematic workshop provided an opportunity to consolidate information sourced from different stakeholders. In October 2012, the zonation workshop was held at Sheywe Guest House, Kakamega. The objective was to define and agree on the zoning criteria and delineate the zones within the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem as informed by the proposed management objectives. Since the zones had been defined in the ten year PFM plan, the plenary checked their consistency with strategic management objectives for adoption. The above consultations culminated in the production of a zero draft management plan which was reviewed and validated at stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; workshops in July 2013. Additional comments from the workshops were incorporated to produce the Final Draft which the LPT presented at grass-root sensitization meetings to their respective communities.

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Appendix 2 is a summary of stakeholders analysis outputs held during the thematic workshop that analyzed the interest, importance and influence of each stakeholder; and categorized them either as primary, secondary or tertiary stakeholder. Appendix 3 is the lists of the participants at the various workshops that were held in the course of the planning process.

4.3 Zoning

Forest zonation provides a framework for guided management of resources in a forest ecosystem on a sustainable basis. During the zonation workshop, criteria for zonation were defined, and while the scheme previously defined in the existing 10 year PFM Plan for Kakamega Forest was more or less adopted, there were few changes proposed to enrich the plan to be consistent with the strategic management objectives. The definition of the identified management zones took cognizance of the respective biophysical potential and socio-economic characteristics of the surrounding communities. In the determination of the zones, the following were the general considerations:

Protection zone (nature reserve zone)

These are zones accorded high protection status. The zones are characterized by natural forest with low historical disturbance and thus difficult to access to forest resources. The area forms a good representation of local forest types undisturbed by human activity and is very ideal for research work and acts as a sink or refuge for species.

Core forest zone

These zones are meant to provide large natural forest areas for protection of vegetation and wildlife. This zone also covers areas where permanent corridors are planned that will be important for forest connectivity.

Potential utilization zone

These are strategic forest areas that offer a

buffer to the forest reserves, with ease of access to the forest resources since they are adjacent to the local communities. Signs of heavy disturbances both in the past and in the present are visible: in some areas they are dominated by traditional grazing land and bush land. Most of these areas are currently not utilized for industrial plantation. The main aim for this zone is to enhance sustainable utilization of the forest and contribute to local livelihoods while protecting the rest of the more intact forest ecosystem. Also parts of these areas can be restored to more productive tree stands. Some areas in this zone will also promote the protection of the corridors as well as provide grazing areas with minimal forest interference. The promotion of KFS income via possible monocultures and exotics is provided under this zone.

Livelihood Support Zone

This zone comprises a 2 km buffer form the forest boundary of high priority located on private land and owned by local community. However, the buffer shall be extended up to five kilometers depending on needs as may be deemed necessary by the management. Ideally, this is the area targeted for sustainable livelihood support programs in order to reduce pressure on the forest and to protect forest biodiversity from utilization pressure. The communities in this buffer zone are the greatest consumers of the forest resources and thus contribute most to forest disturbance. It is an important zone that will lead to reduction of illegal use of the forest resources, improve KWS/KFS-local relations and to protect biodiversity. Since the zone is on private land, the management will extend their mandate to creating awareness of the importance of the forests and biodiversity conservation. Within these zones, KWS/ KFS will work collaboratively with institutions mandated to prepare physical development plans and action plans in supporting the communities. Table 3 lists the identified management

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zones, criteria used in their identification and possible management options to be employed in the respective zones. In Figure 5 the geographic location of the zones within the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem landscape

is illustrated. These are livelihood support zone, nature reserve zone, eco-tourism and cultural sites/zones, utilization zones, conservation (core) zone, Nyayo Tea Zone, and excision areas.

Table 3: Kakamega Forest Ecosystem management zones, criteria for their delineation and possible management options No. Zone

Criteria

Management Options

•

Households directly dependent on forest Generally within a buffer of 5km from the forest boundary

• •

Farm forestry Livelihood improvement programme

Livelihood support zone

•

Nature Reserve Zone

•

All areas defined as Nature Reserves by Legal Notice

• •

Natural Regeneration Fencing

Eco-tourism and cultural sites/zones

•

Sites located inside or outside the forest and of cultural or eco-tourism significance

•

Development of facilities and/or infrastructure Marketing

•

Utilization zones

• •

• Plantation areas Natural glades beyond • nature reserves and designated conservation (core) zones/areas

PELIS Sustainable utilization

Conservation (core) Zone

•

Areas generally located • between two nature reserves (Isecheno N.R. and Kakamega National Reserve; and Isecheno N.R. and Yala N.R.) and in Malava forest block, connecting the two patches of N.R.

Institute and enhance connectivity and by reducing extent of utilization zone between Yala N.R. and Isecheno N.R.; between Isecheno N.R. and Kakamega National Reserve; and the area connecting the two patches of N.R. in Malava forest block. Enforce non-consumptive utilization Promote assisted regeneration (enrichment planting of indigenous trees) Keeping to 100m buffer belt Promote wage-based livelihood

• •

Nyayo Tea Zone

•

Be retained only where it is currently established within the 100m buffer along forest boundary

• •

Excision areas

•

Areas officially set for resettling people

•

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Kakamega Forest

Figure 5: Management zones of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem (Source: BIOTA 2010)

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5.0 Management Programmes The management programmes were derived from the visioning and thematic workshop and their implementation should lead to the achievement of the planned strategic objectives. Under each programme is provides a brief background, underlying issues, objectives, strategies, activities and responsible organization/party. The 12 plan management programmes as follows: i. Forest conservation ii. Commercial utilization of forest iii. Ecotourism iv. Farm forestry v. Participatory Forest Management vi. Environmental education and awareness, vii. Forest protection viii. Income generating activities and payment for ecosystem services ix. Infrastructure development x. Networking and Partnership xi. Research, monitoring and evaluation xii. Resource mobilization Each of the strategies for the delivery of the management programmes have action points ranked from 1 to 5: rank 1 being the top priority while rank 5 is the least priority.

5.1. Forest conservation Background

rainfall regime/pattern in the region. Despite this importance the Forest Ecosystem is being subjected to a lot of pressure from the high population of the surrounding communities, urbanization and related development. The Forest Ecosystem has suffered several excisions. A belt of tea under Nyayo Tea Zone was also established in 1994. Out of these pressures for settlement and development, it is likely that the remaining size of the ecosystem is about a third of the original size when the gazettement was done in 1934. Poaching of wild animals especially monkeys and snakes are also rampant in the Kakamega Forest, being attributed to cultural inclination of the surrounding communities. Besides protected forests, the ecosystem has gradually been losing culturally important forests as most are being converted to agricultural land such as the Tiriki Cultural Forest, Shipala near Cheptulu Market, Mungakha Forest in Bunyala. Many hills like Ikoli Hills, Kakamega Escarpment, Bukhakunga Hills have also remained bare due to deforestation and encroachment by surrounding communities. In some of the rivers, the water volume has gradually gone down due to loss forest cover and encroachment to the riverbanks and wetlands.

The Kakamega Forest Ecosystem is endowed with rich biodiversity, some of which are rare fauna such as monkeys, butterflies, snakes (spitting cobra, puff adder) as well as flora like Maesopsis eminii , Mondia whytei, Prunus africana, Olea capensis.

Main issues to address

There are also quite a number of cultural sites of great importance to the local communities.

• •

The Forest Ecosystem is of great hydrological importance, contributing large volumes of water to the Rivers Isikhu, Yala and Malobi. The Forest Ecosystem also influences the

• • • • •

•

22 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Illegal logging and charcoal burning Forest encroachment Poaching of fauna Uncontrolled grazing Unsustainable harvesting or extraction of herbal products Human-wildlife conflict Laxity in enforcement of existing environmental laws Management conflict between mandated institutions Inadequate environmental awareness among local communities Forest excisions

Kakamega Forest

• • •

Inadequate monitoring and evaluation Loss of biodiversity Conversion of high value cultural forests to other land uses e.g. Tiriki Forest

Objective of the forest conservation programme

To enhance conservation of biodiversity and increase forest cover

Table 4: Strategies and activities to enhance forest conservation Strategies To promote forest rehabilitation programmes

Strengthen conservation of endangered flora and fauna in Kakamega forest

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Zone degraded areas in forest

KWS, KFS, CFAs

Recover or reduce land previously excised but not degazetted

KFS, KWS, County Government

Promote production of seedlings of high value indigenous tree species for rehabilitation

Nature Kenya, KFS, KEFRI, CFAs

Strengthen enforcement and compliance unit for proper law enforcement

KFS, KWS, NEMA, County Government, Nature Kenya

Capacity-build local communities KFS, KEFRI, CFAs, CBOs on seed collection, handling and nursery management techniques

Continuously monitor survival and growth performance of planted seedlings

KEFRI, KFS, CFAs, CBOs

Identify and map degraded hills, riverbanks and wetlands

County Government, KFS, KWS, WRMA, WRUAs, CFAs

Initiate rehabilitation of degraded hills, riverbanks and wetlands

County Government, KFS, CFAs, KWS, WRMA, WRUAs

Protect natural regenerations

KFS, KWS, CFAs

Enhance joint intelligence gathering and security patrols

KWS, KFS, CFA

Identify trouble-spot areas and initiate forest fencing to reduce illegal activities and human-wildlife conflict

KFS, KWS, NMK, CFA

Increase area under nature reserve

Nature Kenya, KFS, MMUST, KWS, NMK

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Strategies

Promote sustainable harvesting of forest products

To support activities aiming at increasing forest coverage both in protected and nonprotected areas

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Identification and commercialisation of high value and locally threatened flora in Kakamega forest

KWS, MoALF, KEFRI, KFS, CFAs

Promote alternative livelihood

NGOs, KEFRI, CFAs, MoA, MoE

Adoption of energy saving options such as green energy

NGOs, KEFRI, CFAs, MoA, MoE

Assess and map the stock of forest products

KEFRI, KWS, KFS, CFAs, NMK

Capacity-build harvesters/ collectors of forest products on sustainable harvesting methods

KEFRI, KFS, MMUST, Nature Kenya

Carry out ESIA/EA

NEMA, KFS, KWS, County governments

Increase forest cover through afforestation and reforestation

KEFRI, KWS, KFS, CFA

Improve productivity of commercial forest plantations

KFS, CFAs, KEFRI, Private companies

Lobby for corporate support in tree planting

Civil Societies, CFAs, KFS, MMUST, KWS, MoA,

Initiate regular tree planting events

KFS, NEMA, MoA, KWS, MMUST, CFAs

Promote carbon trade

KFS, KWS, CFAs

5.2. Commercial utilization of forest

Main issues to address

Background:

•

There are about 4,307.9 Ha of forest area reserved for plantation forest. Of these about 1,108.3 Ha are backlog areas. Currently, commercial utilization of the Forest Ecosystem continues under pre-qualified saw millers with permission from the Director, KFS. Occasionally there are illegal activities such as charcoal burning, poaching of poles and other non-wood forest products e.g. herbs, honey, murram and sand harvesting. 24 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

• • • •

Population pressure which is creating high demand for forest products High poverty index (58% in KFE i.e. Ikolomani-68%, Shinyalu-58%, Hamisi 62% and Kakamega Central-56% against the nation average of 46%). Low level of adoption of forestry initiatives High urbanization rate within the ecosystem creating demand for forest products Low soil fertility on farmlands Small farm sizes/continuous sub division of land

Kakamega Forest

Objective of the commercial utilization programme

To maximize sustainable commercial utilization of Kakamega forest ecosystem

Table 5: Strategies and activities to promote the sustainable commercial utilization of the forest Strategies Maximise productivity of plantations

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Improve adoption of high yielding KFS, KEFRI and high quality tree varieties

Enhance sustainable harvesting cycle within the plantation zones

KFS, CBOs

Adopt appropriate plantation establishment methods e.g. PELIS

KFS, CBOs

Improve efficiency in harvesting plantations and conversion

KFS, CBOs, private sector

KFS, MMUST, KWS, KEFRI, NMK, CBOs, NGOs, CFAs

Undertake an assessment of sustainable off-take levels

KFS. KWS. KEFRI, NMK, CBOs, NEMA, MMUST

Develop and institutionalize mechanisms for monitoring removals

KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NMK, Nature Kenya, CBOs, MMUST

Utilizing productive Identify potential products and potential of services from indigenous forest indigenous forest

5.3. Ecotourism Background

Priority

Main issues to address •

Before 1985 tourism was low in the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem due to the inadequate awareness of its potential. In the recent past, several sites have been identified for ecotourism activities that include River Isukhu for swimming and boat riding, Tiriki Cultural sites, waterfalls along River Yala, weeping (crying) stones among others. A tourism plan has also been developed for the ecosystem. In the early 1990s, the community awareness on ecotourism started manifesting through tour guiding with support from KIFCON project. Today there are various ecotourism enterprises including tour guiding, bird watching, hotel industries, traditional dancers and bullfighting.

• • • • •

Low community awareness on ecotourism initiatives Inadequate infrastructure Low marketing of the Western tourism circuit Inequitable benefit sharing among stakeholders Un-tapped domestic tourism opportunities Pricing of products and services

Objective of the ecotourism programme

To enhance eco-tourism enterprise management of Kakamega forest ecosystem

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Kakamega Forest

Table 6: Strategies and activities to build and market sustainable ecotourism in Kakamega Forest ecosystem Strategies Identify and develop potential ecotourism sites

Diversify and enhance Eco-tourism

Improve infrastructure network in ecotourism sites

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Identify and map the potential ecotourism sites

KWS, KFS, CFAs, county govt.

Develop the ecotourism sites

KWS, KFS, CFAs, county govt.

To diversify eco-tourism products KFS, KWS, CBOs

Capacity-building stakeholders to KFS, KWS, Private sector manage ecotourism enterprises

Establish standards of products and services

KWS, KFS, KTB, Private sector, Nature Kenya

Value add products and services

KWS, KFS, KTB, Private sector, Nature Kenya

Enhance marketing of ecotourism products and services

KWS, KFS, KTB, Private sector, Nature Kenya

Develop a village-based funding mechanism to be used for local development activities

Nature Kenya, Micro finance Institutions

Promote home stay tourism

Nature Kenya, CFAs, KWS, Ecotourism Society

Promote cultural activities that enrich tourist experience

Community, Private Investors, MoSC&Arts

Developing campsites/tourism KWS, KFS, CBOs, Nature facilities in already identified sites Kenya, Private Sector

Improve road network

KWS, KFS, CBOs, KURA, Private Sector

Improve communication infrastructure

KWS, KFS, Private Sector

Improve security for tourists & infrastructures

KWS, KFS, CBOs, Kenya Police Service

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Strategies Sensitization and awareness on ecotourism potentials

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Promote ecotourism initiatives KFS, KWS, CBOs, Educational through Community barazas, institutions workshops, FBOs, Civil Societies, schools, Media houses

Carry out community field trips & exchange visits

Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, CBOs, Private sector

5.4. Farm forestry

Main issues to address

Background

•

Farm Forestry has been in practice for a long period. Currently, due to population pressure on land, the average farm size per household has significantly reduced to less than 0.5 Ha within the Kakamega Forest adjacent area, resulting to increased competition for respective land uses. The demand for fuelwood, poles and construction timber has also increased. Food production has declined with the changing farming practises to cash crops such as tea and sugar cane. This has caused further clearing of trees on farms. Tree planting on farms targeting Eucalyptus species is currently done in woodlots and along farm boundaries for commercial purposes.

• • • • • • • •

Lack of efficiency in fuel-wood use (energy conservation) Poor wood harvesting and conversion techniques Food insecurity (decreased food production) Increased population pressure Dependency on a few species Unsustainable farming practices leading to soil degradation Low adoption of farm forestry techniques (agro-forestry) Planting of inappropriate tree species along rivers Dependency on public forest Cultural beliefs and customs

Objective of the farm forestry programme

To improve livelihood and reduce pressure on public forests

Table 7: Strategies and activities to promote farm forestry around Kakamega Forest ecosystem Strategies Improve on-farm high-value trees

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Sensitize local communities on high value tree species and planting techniques

KFS, KEFRI, MoA, CFAs

Capacity-build local community on tree nursery management & tree husbandry techniques

KFS, KEFRI, CFAs, NGOs, MoA

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Strategies

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Promote domestication of various KFS, KEFRI, CFAs, NGOs, high value plant species, e.g. MoA Mukobero (Mondia whyteii)

Promote at least 10% tree cover as per the government policy

KFS, KEFRI, CBOs, MoA, WRMA

Sensitize local communities on valuation of standing trees

KFS, NGOs, CFAs, County Govts., MoA

Improve access to market information on tree products

KFS, MoA, CFAs, KEFRI. KWS, Local media, NGOs

Establish and strengthen treeenterprise based schemes

Ministry of Cooperative, KFS, MoA, CBOs, CFAs

Value addition of tree products

KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, MoA

Initiate farm tourism (agro-tourism)

CFAs, KFS, KWS, NGOs

Promote efficient harvesting and processing of tree products

KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, MoA

Promote efficient utilization KEFRI, KFS, NGOs, CFAs, of tree products e.g. sawdust MoA briquetting, use of improved jikos

Encourage formation of woodlot association to improve on marketing

Promote planting of suitable tree species alongside tea belt Improve benefit from on-farm trees

CFAs, NGOs, CBOs, KFS, Dept. Gender & Social Services

Sensitize communities to engage in tree enterprise as a business e.g. tree nursery production, Adopt improved farming practices

Create awareness among communities on appropriate farming practices Establish on farm demonstration plots

MoA, KFS, County Govts, CFAs, NGOs

MoA, KFS, CFAs

Training of Trainers using model farmers, FFS

KFS, MoA, NGOs, KEFRI

Planting suitable species along river banks

KFS, MoA, NGOs, KEFRI

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5.5. Participatory forest management

are yet to have plans for their respective forest areas.

Background

Main issues to address

PFM was started in the Kakamega Forest in 2005 to bring on board the neighbouring community into the management of the Forest. This led to the formation of the CFAs were formed to support the management. The respective CFAs were registered as follows: Muileshi 2007, Bunyala 2008, Kibiri 2008 and Malava 2008. Other CBOs have also been formed in the ecosystem to cater for other needs e.g. WRUAs for the water conservation aspects as provided under the Water Act 2003. The Muileshi CFA has PFM Plan for its forest area signed by KFS. This plan has guided their engagement in forest management, while the other three CFAs

• • • •

•

PFM is at the formative stages with regards to CFAs engagement Lack of clear arrangement on cost and benefit sharing mechanism Lack of joint forest management coordination forum Absence of management agreement among stakeholders Conflict amongst CBOs, CFAs

Objective of the PFM programme

To enhance participatory forest management for improved conservation and better livelihood of the adjacent forest communities

Table 8: Strategies and activities to promote participatory forest management in the Kakamega Forest ecosystem Strategies Establish PFM engagement process.

Provide incentives to the forest adjacent communities

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Sensitize stakeholders on PFM Process

KFS, NEMA, NK, KWS, Provincial Administration

Capacity building of CFAs

KFS, NGOs, NK, CDTF

Create stakeholders’ forum in the KWS, KEFRI, NK and Kakamega ecosystem. KFS

Build capacity in resources mobilization among the local communities.

KFS, NK, KWS, CDTF

Lobby for formalization of increased benefit from the forest ecosystem

NGOs, CBOs, CFAs

Value addition and standardization

KEBS, CFAs, ICIPE

Improve access to markets.

NGOs, CFAs,

NK, NGOs, INSTITUTIONS

Promote increased Training community in proposal funding for PFM. writing.

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Strategies

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Linking community with development partners

Priority

NGOs, NK

KFS, CFAs

Improve accountability and transparency

CFAs, KFS and KWS

Institutionalize gender mainstreaming

CFAs,

Institutionalization of ethics in PFM implementation

CFAs, KFS, NEMA

Improve PFM Improve coordination on PFM Governance activities among community.

5.6. Environmental education and awareness Background

The level of education around the Kakamega Ecosystem/landscape is high with more than 50% of the population having basic education. In addition, there are several on-going environmental education and awareness programs within the Ecosystem. Among the conservation partners mandated to manage parts of the Ecosystem, KWS runs an Education and Awareness Department. Another partner with education and awareness actions is the Kakamega Environment and Education Program (KEEP), a CBO established in 1995 and registered in 1999 through the Ministry of Gender, Culture and Social Services. The organization operates around Kakamega Forest and has five fully operational and well established branches. Other organisations conducting environmental education and awareness are Kakamega Forest Guides Association (KAFOGA), village conservation groups established by KIFCON in 1989,

Goibei Girls, Kakamega Rainforest Tour Guides, KFS, KEFRI, NEMA, and Ministry of Agriculture. In addition, institutes of higher learning such as University of Eastern Africa Baraton; Moi University; Egerton University; Kenyatta University; the University of Nairobi and Maseno University are close collaborators with KEEP. The Center for Kakamega Tropical Rain Forest Studies is continuing to strengthen its ties with the community around the Kakamega Forest via KEEP. There is need to upscale the activities of these organisations for wider public reach.

Main issues to address • • •

Low levels of environmental education Poor packaging of environmental information Low awareness of the existence and importance of cultural sites

Objective of the environmental education and awareness programme

To enhance capacity building in environmental conservation

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Kakamega Forest

Table 9: Strategies and activities to enhance environmental education and awareness Strategies Create environmental awareness in conservation

Strengthen environmental education

Enhance information dissemination

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Harmonize environmental information among service providers

NEMA, MoA, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, CBOs, NGOs, Media Houses

Sensitize stakeholders on the value of environmental relevant policies & legislations

NEMA, MoA, KFS, KWS, CBOs, NGOs, MoE, Media houses

Enhance conservation education NEMA, MoA, KFS, KWS, CBOs, NGOs, MoE

Monitor the impact of environmental education

NEMA, KFS, KWS, KEFRI

Enhance environmental education on cultural forests

Develop environmental education KFS, NEMA, MoE curriculum for specific target group

Mainstream environmental education at all levels of education

MoE, KFS, MEDIA

Use of local print and electronic media in promoting Environmental Education

Media houses

Enforcement of existing environmental policies and laws

NEMA, KFS, Min. of Agric., Min. of Water MoE

Rewarding groups and other organizations working towards environmental. conservation

NEMA, KFS, Min. of Agric., Min. of Water MoE

Establish and support resource centres

CFAs, NGOs, NK, KFS

Develop user friendly information CFAs, Min. of Education, packages/tools for specific target Media, KEFRI, Tea and Sugar groups factories, hotels

Establish and enhance the existing demonstration sites, onfarm and in PAs

NGOs, MoA, KEFRI, KFS, KWS

Tour and exchange visits

NGOs

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5.7. Forest protection

been little surveillance of pest and disease in the ecosystem.

Background

Various actors are engaged in the protection of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem natural resources. At the grass roots are the stakeholders’ personnel such as KFS Ranges, KWS Rangers and community rangers/ scouts. With respect to fire management, the whole ecosystem has insufficient fire monitoring facilities, with only two observation towers in the Kakamega Forest, namely Lirhanda hills and Buyangu hills, both supplemented by a tower in Kakamega forest station. The other forests fragments do not have such facilities. The few fire-breaks are poorly maintained. All forest stations have inadequate forest protection equipment and vehicles. Only two stations have vehicles that are in poor mechanical condition. Communication equipment such as radio calls, walkie-talkies are lacking. The number of joint patrols is low but in all forest stations the working relations are good cordial among the partners. There has

Main issues to address • • • • • • • • • • •

Little awareness of fire detection and fighting techniques Inadequate of firefighting equipment Unmaintained fire breaks Inadequate joint patrols Inadequate empowerment for community scouts Forest encroachment/excision and realignment of forest boundaries Inadequate motivation/incentive to forest adjacent communities Political interference Inadequate patrol staff i.e. rangers Ineffective mechanisms for resolving human-wildlife conflicts Forest pest and diseases

Objective of the forest protection programme

To improve the protection of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

Table 10: Strategies and activities to enhance protection of Kakamega Forest ecosystem Strategies Strengthen fire prevention, detection and suppression

Action Sensitize and create awareness on dangers of forest fires

Responsible organisation/ person KWS, KFS, CFA, KEFRI, NEMA

Priority 1

Capacity-build local communities KEFRI, KFS, KWS, Nature in fire fighting skills Kenya, County Government

Modernise fire fighting equipment and train the staff on their use

Nature Kenya, KFS, KEFRI, County Government

Increase fire observation towers across all forest blocks/ observation points

KFS, KWS, Nature Kenya

Increase and maintain fire breaks KFS, KWS, CFAs

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Strategies

Strengthen co-operation between adjacent communities and forest managers

To modernise and improve existing infrastructure and facilities

Minimize wildlife/ human conflict

Minimize effects of forest pest and diseases

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Decentralise fire fighting units

KWS, KFS

Intensify joint patrols and information gathering

KWS, KFS, CFA

Increase collaborations between KFS and KWS and the adjacent communities

KFS, KWS, CFAs

Formalize involvement of Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, community scouts by giving them CFAs identification

Establish a mechanism for rewarding community participation in forest protection

KFS, KWS,NEMA, Nature Kenya

Procure modern communication equipment

KWS, KFS, Nature Kenya, County Government

Procure adequate and appropriate vehicles for each forest station

KFS, KWS, County Government

Extend and improve on existing road networks

KFS, KWS, County Government, KeRRA

Rehabilitate existing staff houses KFS, KWS, County and offices Government, Nature Kenya

Construct controlled forest entry/ exit points

KFS,KWS, Nature Kenya

Identify trouble spot areas and fence

KWS, KFS, CFAs

Manage wildlife outside protected KWS, CFAs areas

Initiate constant surveillance on pest and diseases

KFS, KEFRI, KWS, MMUST

Strengthen research on pest and KFS, KEFRI, KWS, MMUST diseases

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Strategies

Strengthen and enforce implementation of legislation

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Carry out management intervention of diseases and pests

KFS, KEFRI, Community

Enforce zero tolerance to corruption

KWS, KFS, Community

Lobby for harmonisation relevant policies among stakeholders

Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS CFAs, NEMA

Educate and create awareness on existing legal framework

KFS, KWS, Nature Kenya, NEMA, MoA, WARMA

5.8. Income generating activities & payment for ecosystem services Background

In the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem there are a number of organized groups and individual farmers engaged in income generating activities. Some of the groups include: KEEP with eco-tourism compatible activities such as bandas, butterfly farming, tour guiding, silkworm, snake park, reptiles, and commercial enterprise in briquetting and a medicinal rub from Mondia whyteii; KAFOGA on tour guiding; Muliru Self Help Group in processing; IFECO Action group in processing and value addition in fruits, wine making, extraction of propolis for medication, solar drying of fruit and vegetable, tree seedlings; Malava CFA in fish farming, poultry-NRM, tree seedlings, PELIS; Bunyala CFA in PELIS, tree seedling; Muilleshi CFA in PELIS, Carbon trade project-afforestation, stoves for life; and Kibiri CFA in fish farming, tree nursery. In the Northern side of the Kakamega Forest (Buyangu) the groups include KEEP branch engaged in tree nursery, bee keeping; KAFOGA in tour guiding; and ICIPE assists the local groups in value addition and marketing of honey and silk. The Kaimosi Rural Service Program trains the forest adjacent communities on tree nursery establishment and energy saving

devices e.g. energy saving jikos, kuni mbili, ceramic jikos. Other institutions involved in capacity building in NBEs are NK, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, NEMA, ICIPE, FAN, ECO2, LBDA, Isiekuti Organic farming youth group engages in farmer to farmer training dairy cattle farming under zero grazing has been provided by Green Zones Support project (KFS) in Kibiri (Muungano FFS). These activities are geared towards reducing pressure on the forest resources from extractive utilization and promote the conservation of the ecosystem.

Main issues to address • • • • • • • •

• • • •

Conflict within group Inadequate finance Inadequate value addition Low capacity in IGAs Poor market access Poor governance Un-favourable government policies Negative attitude/cultural beliefs (local community against establishment of snake park) Insecurity for established IGAs Lack of product certification Government bureaucracy Lack of business plans

Objective of the management programme

To enhance conservation-based incentives to improve livelihood of forest-adjacent communities

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Kakamega Forest

Table 11: Strategies and activities to promote income generating activities and payment for ecosystem services Strategies To diversify and strengthen naturebased enterprises

To promote payment for ecosystem services on conservation based activities

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

To diversify NBEs e.g. mushroom, Aloe farming

NK, ICIPE, KFS,KWS, KEFRI, LBDA, NEMA, MoA, CBOs

Capacity building on IGAs

NGOs, CBOs, ICIPE, KFS,KWS, KEFRI, LBDA, NEMA, MoA

Value-adding and standardization KEBS, KIPR, KEMRI, KFS, (honey, fruits, medicine, wine) KWS, CBOs, Hotel

Create and sustain market

Min. of Cooperative Dev. & Markt., Min. of Agric., KEFRI, KWS, KTB

Create/develop business plans

Min. of Cooperative Dev. & Markt., Min. of Agric., KEFRI, KWS, KTB, NK

Capacity build the CFAs

KEFRI, KFS, KWS, KTB, NK

Develop credit schemes

Min. of Cooperative Dev. & Markt., Min. of Agric.,

Exchange visits to success sites

NGOs, CFAs, CBOs

Develop a framework for PES

KFS, WRMA, KEFRI, NEMA, KWS, NGOs, CFAs

In-built legal mechanisms to support PES

KFS, WRMA, KEFRI, NEMA, KWS, CFAs, NGOs, County govt.

To pilot PES , e.g. carbon, water, eco-tourism, biodiversity prospecting, energy

KFS, WRMA, KEFRI, NEMA, KWS, LVNWSB, CFAs, NGOs

Develop framework for carbon market

KFS, KEFRI, ECO2, CFAs,

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Strategies

Enhance information dissemination on IGAs

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Develop framework for bio-fuel initiatives

KFS, KEFRI, ICIPE, NGOs, MMUST

Sensitization on PES

NK, NGOs, MMUST, CFAs

Valuation of environmental services

KFS, KEFRI, NEMA, Min. of Agric, ICIPE, NGOs, MMUST, CFAs

Production of user-friendly awareness creation material (brochures, pamphlets)

NGOs, CFAs, KWS, KEFRI, KFS

Set up demonstration sites onfarm and PAS

KFS, KWS, KEFRI, CFAs

Sensitization of stakeholders on alternative IGAs

KFS, KWS, KEFRI, CFAs

5.9. Infrastructure development Background

There are a number of facilities within Kakamega Forest Ecosystem ranging from offices, staff housing, road networks, nature trails, bridges, gates, watch towers & communication facilities. Infrastructure development varies of status and distribution depended on the KFS and KWS who are the key managers. Infrastructure such as roads; buildings need to be maintained & new ones established. Communication facilities and computers are required in most of the offices, especially by KFS. Electricity & water is vital in the offices & staff houses for the work effectiveness especially with move to digital work platforms in institutions. Having road works equipments within at the Forest Ecosystem that can be shared by partners

could be most appropriate for maintenance of the roads network.

Main issues to address • • • • • • • • • •

Inadequate communication equipment and network Inadequate office space for key players Poor road conditions Inadequate rangers’ outposts Lack of bridges to connect forest blocks Inadequate resource centers Inadequate tourist facilities Poor housing for forest guards Lack of electricity Inadequate water supply

Objective of the infrastructure development programme

To rehabilitate, establish and maintain adequate infrastructure for the Ecosystem management.

Table 12: Strategies and activities for infrastructure development and maintenance Strategies Improve and increase the existing road network and man entry points to the forest

Action Upgrade road condition within the ecosystem

36 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Responsible organisation/ person KWS, KFS, public works, county government

Priority 1

Kakamega Forest

Strategies

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Carry out regular surveys of road conditions to ensure that maintenance efforts are properly targeted and prioritized

KFS, KWS, CFAs

Construct more controlled forest entry/exit points

KFS, KWS, CFA & County Government

Mobilise resources to maintain road network & establish new ones

KFS, KWS, CFAs

Maintain and Establish & maintain the existing KWS, KFS, CFA increase the nature trails nature trails and observation towers Construct & maintain observation KFS, KWS, CFAs towers

Put signage in all the nature trails KFS, KWS, CFAs,

Install the electricity in the offices Kenya Power & staff housing

Supply water to the staff houses

Lake Victoria North Water Services, KFS, KWS, County Government

Promotion of rain water harvesting

KFS, KWS, CFAs, NGOs

Install the electricity & improve existing water supply,

Improve and maintain housing facilities

Rehabilitate existing staff houses KWS, KFS and offices

Mobilise resources to maintain & construct new houses

KFS, KWS

Rationalise and Construct rangerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Outpost

KFS, KWS

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5.10. Networking and partnership Background

There is no formal coordinating unit that brings all the stakeholders together. As a result the existing informal coordination is often weak and operates on goodwill basis. At times actors undertake various projects/ activities without reference to activities being carried by others. This normally leads to duplication of efforts and waste of resources. However, there is some networking amongst some stakeholders and development partners. Project priorities are at times

influenced by development agencies without regard to local needs.

Main issues to address â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

Duplication of efforts Lack of database of projects/activities undertaken Lack of a coordinating Forum

Objective of management programme

Strengthen partnerships and networking among stakeholders and development partners

Table 13: Strategies and activities to promote networking and partnership among stakeholders Strategies

Action

Enhance Sensitize stakeholders on the coordination and need to work together partnership among stakeholders

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

KFS, CFAs, KWS, County Govts, NGOs

Establish a Coordinating forum

All stakeholders

Develop guidelines and frameworks on coordination and partnership

All stakeholders

Lobby for legalization of the developed guideline and forum

NGOs and all others stakeholders

Coordinating forum

Establish a Resource Centre

Coordinating forum

Collect & store information from among the stakeholders and development partners

Coordinating forum

Develop protocols on data sharing among stakeholders

Coordinating forum

Establish database Mobilize resources to facilitate management the development of a database

38 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

5.11. Research, monitoring & evaluation

leaving out most of the other fragments e.g. Bunyala, Malava & Kibiri.

Main issues to address

Background

There are research activities that are ongoing but there is no joint coordination of actions at the moment e.g. University of Colombia, BIOTA, NMK, KEFRI, ICRAF, local universities. Data generated from different research activities is not freely and readily available to inform management decision making. The areas of research that would contribute most to management decisions are not given proper priority e.g. restoration/ rehabilitation, improving yield of indigenous species, PFM (including community in establishment, policing). Research is mainly skewed towards Kakamega main forest block

• • • •

No joint coordination of ongoing research No joint coordination of monitoring Research findings not readily available to all stakeholders Research activity not spread to other forest fragments e.g. Bunyala, Malava & Kibiri

Objective of the management programme

To mainstream and strengthen participatory research, monitoring and evaluation for improved sustainable conservation of Kakamega forest ecosystem

Table 14: Strategies and activities to improve generation of knowledge on the Kakamega Forest ecosystem Strategies To coordinate research activities

To strengthen biodiversity information center to improve databank warehousing

To enhance dissemination of research findings

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Establish research coordination unit with a clear ToR

KEFRI, KWS, KFS, CFAs

Enhance Research protocol

NMK, KEFRI, KWS, KFS, NEMA, KARI, MMUST

Capacity-building

Nature Kenya, KFS, KEFRI, Universities, KWS, MoA, County governments

Data banking and warehousing

Nature Kenya, KFS, KEFRI, Universities, KWS, MoA, County governments

To identify and sensitize of stakeholders on on-going researches

MoA, Min. of Gender and Youth, KFS, KWS, Universities, KEFRI, County Government, NEMA

To establish demonstration sites, on-farm, on-station and in protected areas (PAs)

KEFRI, KWS, KFS, KARI, Universities, MoA

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 39

Kakamega Forest

Strategies

Enhance participatory monitoring and evaluation

To prioritize research activities within Kakamega Forest Ecosystem (KFE)

Action

Priority

To package research findings on KARI, KEFRI, MMUST, KWS, specific targets on a user-friendly KFS, NGOs, Ministry of packaging manner of information Information, Media houses for specific targets e.g. flyers, pictorials, brochures

To establish a participatory M&E Unit with a clear ToR

KFS, KWS, CFAs

To build capacity of the established new Unit (M&E)

Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, Universities

To develop corrective mechanisms for non-conformity

M & E Unit

To improve facilities and infrastructure for M&E Unit

Nature Kenya, KFS, KWS, County Government, NEMA

To create awareness of and enhance EIA and audits

NEMA, KFS, KWS

To develop monitoring and evaluation indicators and procedures

KFS, KWS, CFAs

To promote community-based monitoring/evaluation

M & E Unit

To evaluate the research needs/ requirements of KFE

MMUST, KEFRI, KFS, KWS, NMK, CFAs

To intensify research within KFE

Research Coordination Unit, KARI, Universities, KEFRI, KWS, KFS

To incorporate emerging R & D themes in research programs

Researchers, Research Coordination Unit, KARI, KEFRI, KWS, KFS

5.12. Resource mobilization Background

Responsible organisation/ person

There are a number of NGOs, government institutions, donor and private sector involved in the conservation of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. Over the past two decades the actors have included: KIFCON (19881994 indigenous forest conservation and poverty eradication), ICIPE (establishment

of honey and Mondia tonic processing plant and provision of beehives), Forest Action Network, ACTS-Kenya, FORD Foundation; MacArthur Foundation, BioVision, Pittsburg Zoo, UNDP, USAID, Danish International Development Agency, Swedish International Development Agency, KWS, WKCD/FMP, Finnish International Development Agency, Japan International Cooperation Agency FAN (advocacy and capacity building and tree planting), BIOTA worked in the forest for 10

40 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

years. PACT-Kenya (carbon offset project), FORD foundation (environmental education and research), Marc-Urther foundation (land for ocimum and research dormitories processing plant), Bio Vision (processing of the nature rub), Pittsburg Zoo (resource centre), UNDP/NK (bandas, watchtower and gift shops), DANIDA/NK (capacity building, natural forest rehabilitation and biodiversity) SIDA, KWS, WKCD/FMP, FINIDA, JICA. The Kenya government through KFS, KWS and NEMA are also involved in conservation activities in the ecosystem. The CFAs established in the ecosystem are also involved in forest protection, tree nursery establishment, tree planting excursions and awareness creation mainly as in kind contribution or volunteerism.

Main issues to address • • • • • • • •

Inadequate skills on proposal writing, financial management and group dynamics Uncoordinated distribution of resources Inadequate accountability and transparency Duplication of activities Unsustainability of donor funded projects Conflicting donor interest Lobby for establishment of fund coordination unit Inadequate allocation from GoK funds

Objective of management programme

To enhance resource-sustainability conservation activities

for

Table 15: Strategies and activities to mobilize resources and build capacity among stakeholders Strategies

Action

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Carry out resource Resource identification matrix in the ecosystem Resource utilization

All stakeholders

Include environmental activities Lobby for increased resource in County budget allocation from the Government of Kenya (GoK)

County Govt., NEMA,KFS,KWS,WRMA

Mainstream activities in the management plan in the workplans of relevant sectors

KFS,KWS,CFA/CBOs, WRMA and NEMA

Promote inter-sectoral collaboration

CFCC(expected), KFS,KWS,NEMA

Explore payment for environmental services in support conservation activities

NEMA, KFS, KWS, WRMA, MoA, LVBDA

Partner with private sector in conservation

Sensitize the private sector in the NK, NGOs, KFS, KWS, NEMA, importance of conservation CFAs, county govt.

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 41

Kakamega Forest

Strategies

Responsible organisation/ person

Priority

Develop mechanisms for their involvement in conservation

NK, NGOs, KFS, KWS, NEMA, CFAs, County Government

Promote revolving funds in conservation

KFS, KWS, WRMA, NEMA, LBDA, MEDIA, Tertiary learning Institutions and Private sector

Market Kakamega ecosystem management plan to development partners

CBOs, CFAs, NGOs, Media, KFS, KWS, KEFRI

Develop proposals for funding in various activities

KFS, KWS, NEMA, LBDA, WRMA, CBOs, CFAs, NGOs, WRUAs, Tertiary learning Institutions and Private sector

Implement and monitor conservation proposals

KFS, KWS, NEMA, LBDA, WRMA, CBOs, CFAs, NGOs, WRUAs, Tertiary learning Institutions and Private sector

Lobby for tax relief on conservation work

Seek tax waivers on land rates and incentives that reduce capital investment required

KFS, NEMA

Strengthen the capacity of CFAs in proposal writing

Capacity build the CFAs in proposal writing skills

CSOs, CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, County Govt.

Develop proposals for funding in various activities

CSOs, CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA

Resource mapping Identify and map all the resources within the ecosystem

CSOs, CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, County Govt.

Enhance adequate Capacity build the community human resource

CSOs, CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, County Govt.

Develop mechanisms to ensure proper resource utilization

CSOs, CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, County Govt.

Negotiate roles and responsibilities and develop a framework for joint operations

CSOs, CFA, NK, KFS, KWS, KEFRI, NEMA, WRMA, County Govt.

Collaborate with local and international partners

Establish MoU among partners

Action

42 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

5.13. Threats and mitigation measures Table 16: Threats and their possible mitigation Threat

Mitigation Measures

Population increase

Family planning education

High cost of living, including inflation

Introduction of IGAs and diversification

Fear of unknown

Awareness programs

Possible intimidation by illegal loggers/poachers Employment of more forest rangers & involving on CFAs, managers, other stakeholders poachers/ loggers in the community scouting; Enhance environmental education Global economic recession

Self sustenance especially on food & promotion of domestic tourism; Promotion of local tourism

Urban development

Controlled planning & diversification of energy technology

Political instability & lack of political goodwill

Promote good governance & awareness on the importance of the ecosystem

Disasters like fire, floods, landslides, el-nino, la-nina

Develop disaster response strategies and promote awareness

High Poverty levels

Micro finance the very poor & vulnerable Develop cottage industries – Honey processing, silk processing, basketry, pottery, wildlife utilization Improve on food security Establish village banks & introduce revolving fund approach Subsidize farm input to the poor

6.0 Governance

The goal of the stakeholders’ analysis was two-fold:

6.1 Stakeholders A rapid stakeholders’ analysis was conducted in identification of stakeholders critical to the effective co-management of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. A stakeholder was defined as any individual, group, or institution who has a vested interest in the natural resources of the project area and/ or who potentially will be affected by project activities and have something to gain or lose if conditions change or stay the same.

•

To develop a strategic view of the human and institutional landscape, and the relationships between the different stakeholders and the issues they care about most, and

•

To identify all primary and secondary stakeholders who have a vested interest in the issues with which the project is concerned

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 43

Kakamega Forest

Stakeholderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identification was carried out in a workshop setting and as brainstorming activities, where participants listed all potential stakeholders, being guided by the definition of the concept. Implementation of the second activity employed a matrix form ranking the respective membership of each stakeholder for purpose of categorizing the stakeholders into classes. Stakeholders were categorized based on their affinity to the three criteria namely their interest(s), their importance and their influence. The stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; were put into three categories/classes. These were: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary stakeholders, who were the main actors in plan development process, are also expected to play the greatest and direct roles during the implementation of the management programmes. This is based either on their legal mandate or their direct livelihood dependence. They include

KFS, KWS, CFAs, among others. Secondary stakeholders are also key actor but essentially play an indirect role in the process. Tertiary stakeholders are those perceived to be potentially affected either positively or negatively by the activities. The profile of some of some these stakeholders are captured in Appendix 2.

6.2 Governance Framework It is expected that during the implementation phase of this strategic management plan, allocation of responsibilities captured in the management programmes will make use of the output of stakeholdersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; analysis, for purpose of ensuring that activities are allocated in tandem with such profiling. Here, we present a proposed governance framework that will serve to harmonize the roles and responsibilities of the multiple stakeholders as seen in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Governance structure for the implementation of the plan 44 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

References G. Schuab, B. Khayota, G, Eilu and W. Wagele (2010). The BIOATA East Africa Atlas. Rainforest Change over time. BIOTA East Africa Holstein et al. (2010) A Short Guide to Kakamega Forest. BIOTA East Africa KIFCON (1994). Kakmega Forest survey reports. Unpublished Reports. KNBS (2010). The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census: Volume 1A Population Distribution by Administrative Units. August 2010. Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Management Plan. (2010 - 2020) (November 2010 Edition) by KFE Manager, KFE stakeholder, KWS Biodiversity Planning Department, KFP Planning Department

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 45

Kakamega Forest

Appendices Appendix 1: Mapping of cultural forests in Kakamega and Vihiga counties and part of the Kakamega forest landscape ID

NAME

LAT

LONG

Y_PROJ

X_PROJ

Kaptechi CF

0.1575

34.8241

17421.5369

703005.5437

Kaptechi Kapkorosi

0.1638

34.8254

18110.3391

703150.7395

Muhudu CF

0.1639

34.8352

18122.2024

704247.8766

Mulundu Mkt CF

0.1401

34.8355

15494.4397

704283.3745

Mulundu Mkt Dancing Field

0.1399

34.8358

15471.3612

704310.7462

Walukalia CF

0.1391

34.8501

15382.9820

705908.8314

Siekuti CF

0.1692

34.8559

18706.7034

706552.7760

Siekuti B CF

0.1602

34.8594

17711.1005

706938.2272

Bulukhombe CF

0.1558

34.8458

17224.0618

705421.3723

Makuchi CF

0.1524

34.8581

16856.9934

706799.4543

Shaviringa CF

0.1384

34.8665

15306.3280

707730.0746

Voita CF

0.1464

34.8670

16195.6839

707787.7393

Siekuti Dancing Field

0.1624

34.8493

17958.5562

705819.3169

Shaviringa B CF

0.1420

34.8756

15704.8121

708747.5322

Musasa CF

0.1353

34.8823

14965.1991

709487.3657

Shiiru Dancing field

0.1545

34.9150

17081.3387

713135.2318

Shiiru CF

0.1532

34.9104

16939.5591

712623.4405

Musurkha CF

0.1159

34.8544

12821.5389

706388.6261

Wasakwa CF

0.0898

34.8495

9935.2590

705842.1626

Kamunono CF

0.0982

34.8550

10862.5182

706449.8879

Shamakhokho CF

0.1093

34.8373

12081.8996

704481.0169

*LAT and LONG are in decimal degrees while Y_PROJ and X_PROJ are in UTM

Observations/Comments 1.

Three sites were not mapped: Kavuteini located in Hamisi area was too far; the location of Iyoongo Mukavayi and Wakasoni Mukavayi were unknown to the community assistants. Identification of the listed cultural forests was difficult because an area had several cultural forests and the parcel numbers offered little assistance as none of the assistants from the community recognized the numbers. And so, they recommended that the village name and the name of the caretaker should be added to the list to ease recognition of the sites. There are several cultural forests which had title deeds and were missing from the list. He hoped that they would be included before the management plans were developed.

46 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

Appendix 2: Categories and ranking of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem stakeholders Stakeholders

Interest score

Importance score

Influence score

Average Score

Overall Category

Government Departments and agencies Kenya Forest Service

Kenya Wildlife Service

National Environment Management Authority

Kenya Forestry Research Institute

Ministry of Agriculture

Agricultural Society of Kenya

Ministry of Planning & National Development &Vision 2030

County Government

Water Resources Management Authority

Dept. of Social Services

National Museums of Kenya

Lake Basin Development Authority

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

Dep of Mine & Geology

Min of Energy

Min of Forestry & Wildlife

Min of Tourism

Min of Envir. & Mineral Resources

Nature Kenya

Forest Action Network

Winrock International

ICIPE

Wildlife Clubs of Kenya

Resource Project

East African Wildlife Society

Rural Enterprise

KAMADEP

NGOs

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 47

Kakamega Forest

Stakeholders

Interest score

Importance score

Influence score

Average Score

Overall Category

Community and faith-based organizations Muileshi CFA

Malava CFA

Kibiri CFA

Bunyala CFA

Kakamega Forest Guide Association

Tiriki Cultural Forrest

Faith-based-Kaimosi

Ecolibrium

Media

Sugar companies

Hotels

Tea companies

Timber companies

Seed companies

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

Moi University

Baraton University

Maseno University

Kenya Forestry College, Londiani

Friends University, Kaimosi

Baraka college

KWS Training College

Private Sector

Learning Institutions

Bukura College of Agriculture

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

Adjacent schools

Community Based Organisations

Farmers

Faith Based Organisations

KEEP

Western tree planters association

CDTF -CEF

GEF-UNDP

Mac Arthur Foundation

UNEP

Community

Development partners

48 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

Appendix 3: List of participants in planning workshops Participants of Visioning Workshop held on 19-20th December 2011 at Sheywe Guest House, Kakamega #

Name

Organization

Address

Tel #

Email address

Leonard Muhangâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;a

2731, Kakamega

0724202393 mlikhotio@yahoo.com

Isaac Mutanyi

WRMA/LVNCA

774, Kakamega

0700507604 mutanyim@yahoo.com

Johnson A. Mayabi

CFA-Kibiri

204, Tiriki

0718923064

Nixon Safita

KAFOGA

879, Kakamega

0716294939 Snixion@yahoo.com

Stephen Kiama

KEFRI

13953, Nairobi

0714048573 Nastakim500@yahoo.com

Jennifer Adero

1233, Kakamega

0722630535 jennyadero@yahoo.com

Dr. Tsingalia

MMUST

190, Lubao

0732628258 Mugatsi2005@yahoo.com

Humphrey Isiye

Mission F. Kakamega

35, Tiriki

0700635629 isiyeh@yahoo.com

Mwai Muraguri

KFS

1233, Kakamega

0722676627 mmuraguri@kenyaforestservice.org

Julius M Luvayo

CFA-Kibiri

132, Tiriki

0722481309 jmaloka@yahoo.com

Stanley Chiveti

CFA-Malava

33, Malava

0723677047 Stanley.toweet@yahoo.com

Clement Mmaitsi

CFA-Kibiri

132, Tiriki

0738526530 clemmaitsi@gmail.com

Victor Otieno

KEFRI-HQ

20412, Nairobi

0721593953 victorotieno@yahoo.com

Mary Shimwenyi

CFA-Malava

33, Malava

0718087807 maryshimwenyi@yahoo.com

James Maua

KEFRI-Kakamega

1901, Kakamega

0721601497 james_maua@yahoo.com

James Shihuma

CFA-Malava

1085, Webuye

0713156189

Mambili S. Lutiali

CFA-Muilesshi

1233, Kakamega

0724205777 mambilislutiali@yahoo.com

Alfred Mulamba

Kakamega CC

36, Kakamega

0723125633 Ammualfred02@gmail.com

Pauline Okode

KWS

879, Kakamega

0719108614 kakamegaforest@kws.go.ke

Wellington Mahelo

KFS-Hamisi

781, Maragoli

0714883890 wellingtonmahelo@yahoo.com

Kennedy S. Azenga

MoA

110, Shinyalu

0729716342 azangaa@yahoo.com

Benjamin Okalo

KEEP

11, Shinyalu

0735610095 keeporg@yahoo.com

Laban Adero

NEMA

499, Kakamega

0723308155 labanadero@yahoo.com

Patrick W. Erima

CFA-Bunyala

28, Nambacha

0726495708 enma@yahoo.com

James M. Kimondo

KEFRI-HQ

20412, Nairobi

0722630487 jmkimondo@kefri.org

Newton Lime

DDO-Rep

1383, Vihiga

0726958316 newtolimo@ymail.com

Benard Lugohe

NEMA-Vihiga

785, Vihiga

0727086696 luguheb@yahoo.com

Cllr. Jackson Musoga Vihiga CC

246, Tiriki

0721327659

Joram K. Kagombe

KEFRI-HQ

20412, Nairobi

0733809949 jokagombe@yahoo.com

Joel Siele

Wilberforce Okeka

Opinion Leader

2731, Kakamega

0720672603 wokekason@yahoo.com

Mkung Daniel

Snr. Forester KFS

1233, Kakamega

0733987939

Daniel Nabwayo

Media

2123, Kakamega

0723834463 dnabwayo@yahoo.com

Washington Ayiemba NK

44486, Nairobi

0721291231 wayiemba@naturekenya

John Luseno

ECO2

2731, Kakamega

0710796519 j.lusenoECO2@gmail.com

Anton Espira

ECO2

560, Kakamega

0712117018 antonespira@gmail.com

Fred Manoa

Sahara

131, LND

0728476010 fmanosh@yahoo.com

0722067337 sielegk@gmail.com

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 49

Kakamega Forest

Participants of Thematic Workshop held on 12-14th June 2012 at Sheywe Guest House, Kakamega No. Name

Organization / Insti.

Address

Email address

Joel Siele

Nature Kenya

11 Sirwa

sielejk@gmail.com

Boaz C. Mung’aya

KFS

1233 Kakamega

boazmungaya@yahoo.com

Johnson A. Mayabi

Kibiri CFA

204, Tiriki

Beatrice Mwale

Kaimosi EAYM

35 Tiriki

mwalebeatrice@yahoo.com

Ken Bolingo

LBDA

2648 Bungoma

bolingoken@yahoo.com

Clement Mmaitsi

Tiriki Cultural Forests

132, Tiriki

clemmaitsi@gmail.com

Stanley Chiveti

Malava CFA

33, Malava

Stanley.towett@yahoo.com

Okello Belle Joshua

KFS AHoC Kakamega

460, Kakamega

simbikam@gmail.com

Emilly Munian’gi

B.C.F.A

28, Nambacha

Agrippina Khakabo

ICIPE

1233, Kakamega

akhakabo@yahoo.com

Kennedy S. Azenga

M.o.A

110, Shinyalu

azenga6@gmail.com

Charles N. Ongweya

KEFRI

1901, Kakamega

charlesndegeongweya@yahoo.com

Dr. Saul Kibe

WRMA

774, Kakamega

kiberog@yahoo.com

James Maua

KEFRI

1901, Kakamega

james_maua@yahoo.com

James B.M. Shihuma

Malava CFA

1025, Webuye

Julius M. Luvayo

Kibiri CFA

132, Tiriki

jmaluha@yahoo.com

David Osir

Rondo Retreat

2153, Kakamega

rondo@trinityfellowship.or.ke

Justus Kinara

KWS

879, Kakamega

kakamegaforest@kws.go.ke

Henry Mukhola

KAFCOA

879, Kakamega

henrymukhola@yahoo.com

Chelang’a Maiyo

MSPND&VISON 2030

1077, Kakamega

chelmaiyo@yahoo.com

Philip Kirui

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

Makalasia B. Khwesa

KEEP

2180, Kakamega

b.khwesa@yahoo.com

Philip Osembo

BCFA

28, Nambacha

bcfshg@yahoo.com

Patrick W. Erima

BCFA

28, Nambacha

erimapatrick@yahoo.com

25 Laban Adero. O.

NEMA

499, Kakamega

laban.adero@yahoo.com

26 Mary Shimwenyi

Malava CFA

33, Malava

maryshimwenyi@yahoo.com

27 Jennifer Adero

460, Kakamega

jennyadero@yahoo.com

28 Leonard Mahanga

2731, Kakamega

mlikhotio@yahoo.com

29 Wilberforce Okeka

Opinion Leader

2731, Kakamega

wokekasan@yahoo.com

30 Victor Otieno

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

victorotieno@yahoo.com

31 Anastacia Mwaura

KWS

879, Kakamega

amwaura@kws.go.ke

50 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

No. Name

Organization/Insti.

Address

Email address

32 Stephen Kiama

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

Mastakim500@yahoo.com

33 Caleb Makalasia

ECO2librium

20, Shinyalu

calebmakalasia@yahoo.com

34 Mwai Muraguri

KFS

1233, Kakamega

mwaimrgr36@yahoo.com

35 Mkung Daniel

Forester KK

1233, Kakamega

dmkung1973@gmail.com

36 Alfred Mulamba

County Council of Kakamega

36, Kakamega

ammualfred02@gmail.com

Dr. Tsingalia H.M

MMUST

190, Lubao

mugatsi2005@gmail.com

Nixon Soyita

KAFOGA

879, Kakamega

snixion@yahoo.com

Joram Kagombe

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

jokagombe@yahoo.com

Mambili S. Lutiali

Muileshi CFA

1233, Kakamega

mambilislutiali@yahoo.com

Kuya Robert

KFS, Intern

1233, Kakamega

kuya200@gmail.com

Dr. James Kimondo

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

Participants of Zonation Workshop held on 17-18th October 2012 at Sheywe Guest House, Kakamega No. Name

Organization/Insti.

Address

Email address

Joel Siele

Nature Kenya

11 Sirwa

sielejk@gmail.com

Boaz C. Mungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;aya

KFS

1233 Kakamega

boazmungaya@yahoo.com

Johnson A. Mayabi

Kibiri CFA

204, Tiriki

Beatrice Mwale

Kaimosi EAYM

35 Tiriki

mwalebeatrice@yahoo.com

Ken Bolingo

LBDA

2648 Bungoma

bolingoken@yahoo.com

Clement Mmaitsi

Tiriki Cultural Forests

132, Tiriki

clemmaitsi@gmail.com

Stanley Chiveti

Malava CFA

33, Malava

Stanley.towett@yahoo.com

Emilly Munianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;gi

B.C.F.A

28, Nambacha

Agrippina Khakabo

ICIPE

1233, Kakamega

akhakabo@yahoo.com

10 Kennedy S. Azenga

M.o.A

110, Shinyalu

azenga6@gmail.com

11 Charles N. Ongweya

KEFRI

1901, Kakamega

charlesndegeongweya@yahoo. com

12 Dr. Saul Kibe

WRMA

774, Kakamega

kiberog@yahoo.com

13 James Maua

KEFRI

1901, Kakamega

james_maua@yahoo.com

14 James B.M. Shihuma Malava CFA

1025, Webuye

15 Julius M. Luvayo

Kibiri CFA

132, Tiriki

jmaluha@yahoo.com

16 David Osir

Rondo Retreat

2153, Kakamega

rondo@trinityfellowship.or.ke

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 51

Kakamega Forest

No. Name

Organization/Insti.

Address

Email address

17 Justus Kinara

KWS

879, Kakamega

kakamegaforest@kws.go.ke

18 Henry Mukhola

KAFCOA

879, Kakamega

henrymukhola@yahoo.com

19 Chelangâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;a Maiyo

MSPND&VISON 2030

1077, Kakamega

chelmaiyo@yahoo.com

20 Philip Kirui

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

21 Makalasia B. Khwesa KEEP

2180, Kakamega

b.khwesa@yahoo.com

22 Philip Osembo

BCFA

28, Nambacha

bcfshg@yahoo.com

23 Patrick W. Erima

BCFA

28, Nambacha

erimapatrick@yahoo.com

24 Laban Adero. O.

NEMA

499, Kakamega

laban.adero@yahoo.com

25 Mary Shimwenyi

Malava CFA

33, Malava

maryshimwenyi@yahoo.com

26 Jennifer Adero

460, Kakamega

jennyadero@yahoo.com

27 Leonard Mahanga

2731, Kakamega

mlikhotio@yahoo.com

28 Wilberforce Okeka

Opinion Leader

2731, Kakamega

wokekasan@yahoo.com

29 Victor Otieno

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

victorotieno@yahoo.com

30 Anastacia Mwaura

KWS

879, Kakamega

amwaura@kws.go.ke

31 Stephen Kiama

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

Mastakim500@yahoo.com

32 Caleb Makalasia

ECO2librium

20, Shinyalu

calebmakalasia@yahoo.com

33 Mwai Muraguri

KFS

1233, Kakamega

mwaimrgr36@yahoo.com

34 Mkung Daniel

Forester KK

1233, Kakamega

dmkung1973@gmail.com

35 Alfred Mulamba

County Council of Kakamega

36, Kakamega

ammualfred02@gmail.com

36 Dr. Tsingalia H.M

MMUST

190, Lubao

mugatsi2005@gmail.com

37 Nixon Soyita

KAFOGA

879, Kakamega

snixion@yahoo.com

38 Joram Kagombe

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

jokagombe@yahoo.com

39 Mambili S. Lutiali

Muileshi CFA

1233, Kakamega

mambilislutiali@yahoo.com

40 Kuya Robert

KFS, Intern

1233, Kakamega

kuya200@gmail.com

41 Dr. James Kimondo

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

52 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

Participants of Validation Workshop held on 3rd July 2013 at Mugumu Musasa-Kibiri, Kakamega #

Name

Organization\

Address

Telephone #

Joel Siele

11, Sirwa

0722967337

Johnson A. Mayabi

CFA Chair

204, Tiriki

0738502607

Rachel Khayosa

Kibiri F. Scout

28, Tiriki

0729359055

Iganza Onzere

MoA Hamisi

28, Hamisi

0716500795

William G. O.

DDO Hamisi

33, Hamisi

0720280529

Simeon Munyeti Andashe

Tiriki U. Culture

62, Tiriki

0721965919

Rev. Lucas Mudoga

FCK/NCCK

175, Tiriki

0723720788

Selestine Khavere

Group Chairlady

162, Tiriki

0727678255

Thomas Okode

Tiriki U. Culture

62, Tiriki

0731685878

10 Jeridah I. Sore

Kamulembe F. Group

146, Tiriki

0727682685

11 Rose Khavere

Mungako

38, Tiriki

0710466098

12 Margaret Chumbo

Mungako

38, Tiriki

0715223882

13 Aggrey Isale

1638, Sirwa

0720163880

14 Paul Maseche

223,

0728854070 0721261121

15 Simon Sesi

Kibiri F. Scout

132,

16 Charles Ambunya

Friends Church

35, Tiriki

0710718172

17 Beatrice Mwale

Friends Church

35, Tiriki

0725724140

18 Ephraim Konzolo

Friends Church

35, Tiriki

0722920502

19 Julius Maluha

CFA

132, Tiriki

0722481309

20 Petronillah Shiriebi

Ecotourism

35, Tiriki

0721625532

21 Sheila Ingato

Ecotourism

35, Tiriki

0706214560

22 Wellington Mahelo

KFS

781, Maragoli

23 George Managa

CFA

24 Florah Indashi

Mushanga

204, Tiriki

0729504648

25 Membo Khavugwi

G. member

204, Tiriki

0728242580

26 Emily Amuhaya

G. member

181, Tiriki

27 Chrispine Shidoro

Makuchi Firewood

223, Tiriki

0727952848

28 Clement Mmaitsi

FCL Western

99, Serem

0721526530

29 Josephine O. Khalwale

Chief

223, Tiriki

0726239760

30 Lt. Sarah Bitolwa

Host

159, Tiriki

0726281275

31 Cpt. Martin Bitolwa

Host

159, Tiriki

0726716957

0714883890 0722698819

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 53

Kakamega Forest

Name

Organization\

Address

Telephone #

32 Dr. Okello Belle

Ass. HOC/Western

460, Kakamega

0700875241

33 Fredrick Kisia

Scout

0702944817

34 Solomon Beru

Scout

0729493548

35 Anne A. Owiro

NEMA

781, Maragoli

0725712826

36 Protus Musawa

NEMA-Vihiga

781, Maragoli

0715247167

37 Hellen Ogashi

Youth Scout

159, Tiriki

0726746957

38 Atheris Atango

CFA-Treasurer

10, Kaimosi

39 Ephraim Livambwa

KFFFS

172, Kaimosi

0726228815

40 Ken Barlogony

Inspector KFS

460, Kakamega

0721562778

41 Esther Nwache

Ass. Chief

204, Kaimosi

0726772578

42 Seth Jiveti

Ass. Chief

78, Kaimosi

0712985115

43 Hillary Serede

Ass. Chief

7, Tiriki

0720696559

44 Matayo Maleya

172, Kaimosi

0729894378

45 Vivenye Shikutwa

204, Tiriki

46 Wamalwa Daniel

190, Kakamega

0701188738

47 Monica Moraa

1168, NAKURU

0723281273

48 Githinji Wamahiu

DO, Hamisi

2, Hamisi

0721693415

49 Jennifer Adero

460, Kakamega

0722630535

50 Leonard Muhanga

2731, Kakamega

0724202393

51 Pius Konzolo

Ass. Chief

158, Tiriki

0725714590

52 Robert Inyanjo

Chief

246, Kaimosi

0724604989

53 Patrick Lime

CDF Executive member

372, Tiriki

0721938319

54 Butiya Nickson

MCA

nbutiya@yahoo.com

0722722577

55 Richard Lagat

NEMA

56 Jared Sajita

57 Charles K. Koech

KEFRI

58 Joram Kagombe 59 Samwel Kimani

KEFRI KEFRI

jokagombe@yahoo.com kimanisam86@yahoo. com

0720148977 0721171025

60 Victor Otieno

KEFRI

victorotieno@yahoo.com

0721593953

61 Peter Muiruri

KEFRI

0720494951

62 David Anusu

KTDA-Director

0721241253

63 Kennedy O

KFS

0720836859

64 B. V. Kisawya

KFS

0721412047

64 B. V. Kisawya

KFS

0721412047

65 Eunice Wendo

Mushanga group

0729324178

67 Benjamin Makula

Community Scout

0738109567

54 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

0725369227 jaredsajita@yahoo.com

0733197119 0723707136

Kakamega Forest

Participants of Validation Workshop held on 4th July 2013 at Sheywe Guest House, Kakamega #

Name

Organization\

Address

Telephone #

Joel Siele

11, Sirwa

0722967337

Israel Makau

KWS

753, Kitale

0722397554

Dr. Okello Belle

KFS-W

460, Kakamega

0700875241

James Shihuma

Malava CFA

1045, Webuye

0713156189

Stanley Chiveti

Malava CFA

33, Malava

0723677047

Mazisola Naliaka

Malava CFA

28, Malava

0728794449

Gladys M. Tendwa

Muilesshi CFA

101, Kakamega

0729485437

Mwakwi M. Stephen

National Coord. Gvnt.

209, Shinyalu

0723339835

Benedict N. Kakuku

KFS

23, Kakamega

0723218366

10 Philip O. Kukali

CFA

28, Nambacha

0713713801

11 Aggrey L. Mambili

Muilesshi CFA

78, Shinyalu

0729098336

12 Adan N. Waswa

Bunyala CFA

28, Nambacha

0719332245

13 Wycliffe Khamis

Muranda Ward Rep.

198, Kakamega

0720373175

2, Ileho

0725281577

14 Hellen Imbusi 15 Jadris K. Mmayi

Murhanda Ward

474, kakamega

0721724762

16 Skevin Asivula

Murhanda Ward

42, Shinyalu

0710171097

17 Elias Lisangaro

Murhanda

925, Kakamega

0717584748

18 Ezakiel Shitanda

Administrtaion

65, Malava

0723692169

19 Francis F. Muhenge

Agriculture

110, Shinyalu

0721213803

20 Vincent Mwanzi

Munasio Youth Group

936, Kakamega

0722641960

21 Ken Bolingo

Lake Basin Dev.

2648, Bungoma

0720919731

22 Henry Mukhola

KAFCOA

879, Kakamega

0718138570

23 Patrick W. Erima

Bunyala CFA

79, Kakamega

0726495708

24 Nixon K. Sajita

KAFOGA

879, Kakamega

0716294934

25 Abraham Imbai

KKFTG

2153, Kakamega

0726951764

26 Nancy Andega

Muilesshi CFA

861, Kakamega

0202066042

27 Leonard Muhanga

2731, Kakamega

0724202393

28 Wilberforce Okeka

Opinion Leader

2731, Kakamega

0720672803

29 Carolyne Busuru

KFS

1901, Kakamega

0729422331

30 Saul Shamala

KAFCOA

93, Kakamega

0712369426

31 Zablon Chesoni

KAFCOA

93, Kakamega Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 55

Kakamega Forest

Name

Organization

Address

Telephone #

Moses Wekulo

Nambacha, Snr Chief

156, Kakamega

0722243058

33 Christopher Amutabi

Eco2

560, Kakamega

0720648274

34 Francis Mitalo

Eco2

560, Kakamega

0726241101

35 Jacqueline Ayuka

KWS

879, Kakamega

0720924730

36 Agrippine Khakabo

ICIPE

1233, Kakamega

0725326340

37 James Maua

KEFRI

1901, Kakamega

0721601497

38 Patrick M. Luloka

KAFOGA

879, Kakamega

0713874898

39 Prof. Tsingalia M.

Moi University

3900, Eldoret

0722286082

40 Musiko Halater

Chief

198, Kakamega

0722254573

41 Mambili S. Lutiali

Muilesshi CFA

14, Shinyalu

0724205777

42 H. Kiruaye

WRMA

774, Kakamega

0722359596

43 Alfred Mulamba

Sub County Kakamega

36, Kakamega

0723125633

44 Vitalis I. Musoka

National Admin.

648, Kakamega

0726082464

45 Hellen Mwavishi

Vamla

1954, Kakamega

0702447143

46 Mutsami Patrick

KEEP North

18, Kakunga

0724242656

47 Chelangâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;a maiyo

Planning

1077, Kakamega

0724669918

48 Wamalwa Daniel

190, Kakamega

0701188738

49 Ernest N. Mmasavia

Administrator

277, Malava

0729828022

50 Monica Moraa

1168, Nakuru

0723281237

51 Peter M. Kulecho

County Rep.

32, Kambiri

0722988676

52 Dr. Saul Kibe

WRMA

774, Kakamega

0720382685

53 Duncan Osale

NEMA

499, Kakamega

0724141776

54 W. Omondi Were

NEMA

499, Kakamega

0722293387

55 Duncan Ochola

KNA

56 Robert Lutatwa

0722298208 2294, Kakamega

0729498038

57 Brenda Wawire

MMUST FM

2307, Kakamega

0725348319

58 Abubakar M. kovi

Kakamega

2782, Kakamega

0722675346

59 Mary Shimwenyi

Community

32, Malava

0718087807

60 Hon. Richard Nahonzo

MCA

125, Shinyalu

0721450144

61 Jared M. Sajita

460, Kakamega

0733197119

62 Benjamin Okelo

KEEP

keeporg@yahoo.com

0735610095

63 Hillary Kipyator

KWS

753, Kitale

0727358577

64 Samwel Kimani

KEFRI

20412, Nairobi

0721171025

56 Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040

Kakamega Forest

Name

Organization

Address

Telephone #

Jennifer Adero

460, Kakamega

0722630535

66 Anastacia Mwaura

KWS-Research

879, Kakamega

0722486515

67 Gervase Shisundi

Shamakhubo HC

175, Shinyalu

0715694976

68 Kennedy Ayuya

Driver

27, Kambiri

0720381498

69 Chris Indagasi

Driver

32, Kambiri

0716798796

70 Kuhecho Victor

Driver

32, kambiri

0713981289

71 Wilson Sigilai

NEMA

499, Kakamega

0721733796

72 Emily Barasa

Radio Sahara

73 Hilda Atika

MEDIA

atikahilda@yahoo.com

0710614520

74 Victor Otieno

KEFRI

20412 Nairobi

0721593953

75 Joram Kagombe

KEFRI

20412 Nairobi

0720148977

0718382923

Strategic Ecosystem Management Plan 2015 - 2040 57