natuRE:engaged Biophilic Design for Health & Wellness
Ewa Podgรณrska Hart | Howerton Travel Fellowship 2018
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Cover Image: Kroon Hall, Yale University New Haven, CT Photo by Ewa Podgรณrska
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natuRE:engaged Biophilic Design for Health & Wellness
Ewa Podgรณrska Hart | Howerton Travel Fellowship 2018
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“It is important to realize that biophilic design is more than just a new way to make people more efficient by applying an innovative technical tool. The successful application of biophilic design fundamentally depends on adopting a new consciousness toward nature, recognizing how much our physical and mental wellbeing continues to rely on the quality of our connections to the world beyond ourselves of which we still remain a part.� Stephen R. Kellert
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acknowledgments
This book is a culmination of an exciting and truly educational Travel Fellowship I was fortunate to pursue during the summer of 2018 at Hart Howerton in San Francisco, CA. As part of the program, I spent 11 weeks researching a topic that’s very near and dear to my heart, biophilic design. The travel component of the Fellowship involved visiting best–in-class case studies of biophilic design across the USA. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the entire Hart Howerton team for selecting me as one of the 2018 fellows, the Fellowship Committee for the support and guidance throughout the Fellowship, and all the friendly and talented employees at the firm. Thank you for welcoming me to your Hart Howerton family! This would not be possible without all the experts I had a pleasure meeting during my research. As I planned my travel and subsequently visited case studies across the country, many remarkable people selflessly offered their time, guided me through their spaces, and shared insights about biophilic design. Meeting so many passionate individuals was truly inspirational! Thank you All! My report barely scratches the surface of the vast topic that is biophilic design. As this design approach becomes more widely spread and research on its numerous benefits continues, my hope is that we will soon arrive at a point where it will be an integral part of every design project, whether involving a new building or adaptive reuse.
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My sincere thanks to: ALL at Hart Howerton! Eron Michelle Sarah Jennifer Laura Bill Cristina
Ashley, Hart Howerton Beganskas, Ted Moudis Associates Bice, Hart Howerton, Travel Fellowship Committee Bissonnette, Rhode Island School of Design Briggs, Rhode Island School of Design Browning, Terrapin Bright Green Castillo, California Academy of Sciences
Calla
Chang, Hart Howerton
Halie
Colbourne, BCCI Construction
Lisa
Conway, Interface
Trudy
Couillard, The Liljestrand Foundation
Kena
David, BCCI Construction
Mary
Davidge, Google
Dwight
DeMay, Hart Howerton
Andrew
Doudna, Splunk
Kat
Dovjenko, Former Hart Howerton Fellow
Sara
Elkin, The David & Lucile Packard Foundation
Jenna Matthew Tatiana Jared Ian Lauren
Frowein, Berkeley University Garrett, Yale University, F&ES Gefter, Stok Gilbert, COOKFOX Architects Glidden, Hart Howerton Greenberg, Facebook
John
Hara, John Hara Associates
Mayumi
Hara, John Hara Associates
Sarah
Harburg-Petrich, Etsy
Judith
Heerwagen, GSA
Rachel
Hsu, Hart Howerton, Travel Fellowship Committee
David
Howerton, Hart Howerton
Jim Michelle
Jacobs, Hart Howerton Jaime, The Vanguard Theory
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Suzan Damian
Kaplan, USGBC Kasprzyk, Philanthropist
Clayton
Katsuyoshi, Hart Howerton, Travel Fellowship Committee
Daniel
Kinzer, Punahou School
Adam
Krivatsy, Hart Howerton
Liliana
Lewicka, Studio O+A
Kristen
Magnuson, Stok
Wendy
Maguro, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Liat
Margolis, University of Toronto, GRIT Lab
Timothy
McCarthy, Hart Howerton
Timothy
McGee, International Living Future Institute
Todd Grazyna Christopher Lisa-Maria
Pace, Hart Howerton Pilatowicz, Fashion Institute of Technology Pizzi, Hart Howerton, Travel Fellowship Committee Priester, WCIT Architecture
Kate
Randolph, Google
Stan
Richardson, Bertschi School
Jenny Dominic Steve Ben Deborah
Roe, University of Virginia, School of Architecture Ruiz, Delos Sawyer, Sidwell Friends School Shepherd, Atelier 10 Sigler, UW-Center for Integrated Design
Carol
Swedlow, Aronson’s Floor Covering
Nada
Tarkhan, ARUP
Molly
Taylor, Former Hart Howerton Fellow
Jim Helena Christopher Janna Rachel Bill
Tinson, Hart Howerton van Vliet, Helena van Vliet Architect, AIA Waiamau, University of Hawaii, West O’ahu Campus Wandzilak, Delos Wilson, The A. McKenzie Collection Wiecking, Hawaii Preparatory Academy, Energy Lab Please note that the names are in alphabetical order
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Photo by Anna Popoviฤ
Photo by Ewa Podgรณrska
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contents
Left: Hawaii Community College - PÄ lamanui Kailua-Kona, Hawaii Architect: Urban Works
introduction research methods how to use this book
13 15 21
why biophilic design? what is biophilic design? evidence–based design key findings
27 29 33 39
case studies pattern 1: Amazon Spheres pattern 2: COOKFOX Architects pattern 3: Delos Living, LLC pattern 4: Bullitt Center pattern 5: Bertschi School, Science Wing pattern 6: Windhover Contemplative Center pattern 7: Sidwell Friends Middle School pattern 8: ASID Headquarters pattern 9: The David & Lucile Packard Foundation pattern 10: Etsy Headquarters pattern 11: Case Middle School pattern 12: Splunk Headquarters pattern 13: Thurston Memorial Chapel pattern 14: 1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge Park
46 50 58 66 74 82 90 98 108 116 124 134 142 150 158
(not so) final thoughts
167
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introduction In case you are wondering, Ewa is the correct spelling of my name, pronounced [Ev-ah.] At the time of writing this report, I am an interior architecture graduate student at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). I have been offered a unique opportunity to spend the summer of 2018 at the San Francisco office of Hart Howerton researching biophilic design as part of the firm’s Travel Fellowship program. For the purpose of the Fellowship, I decided to mostly focus on biophilic design in education and workplace settings. Firstly, a considerable amount of research supporting this design approach stems from school and workplace applications. Secondly, these are the spaces where people spend the most of their waking hours. My wish is that this human–centric, nature–based approach becomes a household name and a common practice applied across all design disciplines. I collected insights from experts, designers and, most importantly, users of biophilic spaces by way of phone and in-person interviews and site visits. In order to survey the latest and most advanced applications of biophilic design, I traveled across the United States, starting in the Bay Area. My travels continued in New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Washington DC, Pennsylvania, Washington State and Hawaii. Ultimately, the main goals of my Fellowship were to: ○ analyze biophilic design’s role in creating sustainable, nature-centric spaces based on the human need for health and wellness ○ uncover tangible data used by experts, owners and/or users to support biophilic design incorporation into the built environment ○ understand the measurable impact and positive return on investment resulting from the creation of healthy and productive places
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research methods Research methodology included extensive survey of biophilic design literature, in–depth expert interviews, analysis of best–in–class biophilic design precedents, followed by visits to select case studies. The 11–week long Fellowship consisted of: ○ week 1–4: literature review (research reports, articles, books), 11 expert interviews, case study research, travel coordination and initial Bay Area case studies ○ week 5–8: travel component (30 case studies across the USA & 33 on–site interviews) ○ week 9–11: analysis of findings, final presentation to Hart Howerton, book completion Prior to my travels, I interviewed 11 biophilic design experts, ranging from educators, sustainability consultants, architects, designers, real estate, and government representatives. These invaluable conversations not only helped me to deeply understand the subject, but also created a solid grounding for my future research, practice and relevant travels. Key questions posed to the experts: ○ what is successful biophilic design (bd)? ○ how is success measured? ( #1 metric / pre & post-occupancy data) ○ who keeps track of results? ○ how many elements of bd are needed to make a bd space? ○ what motivates you (your client) to create bd spaces? ○ what are the additional costs & ROI expectations? ○ what are the barriers for implementation? ○ what do users appreciate most? ○ what is your most surprising finding? ○ what is needed to shift behavior toward a more bd future?
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Susan Kaplan
Bill Browning
Dominic Ruiz
PRESIDENT, BUILDINGWRX / USGBC
FOUNDER, TERRAPIN BRIGHT GREEN
DIRECTOR, DELOS
Timothy McGee
Judith Heerwagen
Ben Shepherd
BIOPHILIC DESIGN MANAGER, ILFI
PROGRAM EXPERT, UGS FHPGB
DIRECTOR, ATELIER 10
Kate Randolph
Kristen Magnuson
Helena van Vliet
[E) TEAM DESIGN, GOOGLE
SUSTAINABILITY CONSULTANT, STOK
FOUNDER, BIOPHILLY
Wendy Meguro
Michelle Beganskas
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, MANOA
SR DESIGNER, TED MOUDIS ASSOC
Biophilic Design Expert Interviews
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For the travel component, I have identified 40 potential case studies. These included Living Building Challenge sites dubbed as biophilic spaces by the International Living Future Institute, WELL certified spaces, and other relevant buildings that were either recommended by experts, or that I discovered during my initial research. The preliminary case study list of 40 locations was narrowed down to 30, and, given time constraints, I hoped to visit about 20, expecting some appointments to be cancelled or moved. I was happily surprised when a total of 30 visits came to fruition. Consequently, during the travel component, I visited 30 sites in seven different states and the District of Columbia, where I met with 33 individuals who kindly offered their valuable time to meet me, tour the case studies and discuss biophilic design. I will be forever grateful to all these individuals. You are my inspiration! In addition, thank you to those who have been helpful in connecting me with these individuals, including many administrative staff! During my case study visits, I posed the same questions as during expert interviews (please see above.) Additionally, some of the site-specific questions I asked, included: ○ what is successful about the space? ○ what is not successful about the space? ○ what impact does it have on users? ○ what would you change about the space? ○ is there a missed opportunity you would implement now? ○ what bd elements are used and which are most impactful? I also observed the users and conducted in–person site analysis in order to identify biophilic design Patterns used throughout the spaces. The figure on the following page lists all of the case studies by geographical area. (Please refer to page # 23 for a brief explanation of each of the patterns). Thank you for taking the time to read through my findings. I hope you will find it informative and valuable!
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Places Visited
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The David & Lucile Packard Foundation
Splunk HQ
BCCI Construction
Hanna House
Windhover at Standford University
California Academy of Sciences
Facebook HQ
The Bay Area, CA
Etsy HQ
Delos Living
Omega Institute for Holistic Studies
Kroon Hall, Yale University
Glass House
ARUP Boston
ASID HQ
Sidwell Friends School
Frick Center
Fallingwater
Bullitt Center
Amazon Spheres
Bertschi School
Case Middle School, Punahou School
Thurston, Chapel, Punahou School
Lijestrand House
IBM Building
University of Hawaii, West O’ahu Campus
Hawaii Preparatory Academy
West Hawaii Explorations Academy
Hawaii Community College, Palamanui
CookFOX Architects Studio
Paley Park
New York City + Rhinebeck, NY
CT + MA + DC + PA
Case Studies
WA + HI
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Photo by Ewa Podgรณrska
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how to use this book? The book was set up to serve as a practical introduction to biophilic design and a hands–on guide for those interested in the real–world, tangible applications of this design approach. The first part of the book, which provides background and general information about the topic, can also be found on the blog I was writing during the Fellowship. Please refer to: https://natureengaged.blog/ for more information. For the purpose of the report, I am using a framework based on the 14 Patterns of biophilic design as defined by Terrapin Bright Green, an environmental consulting and strategic planning firm and a leading expert in the field. I find it to be concise and approachable. There is much value in Keller’s comprehensive original framework from the seminal book, co-authored by Judith Heerwagen and Martin Mador, Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. Kellert’s framework is used by Amanda Sturgeon, the CEO of the International Living Futures Institute (ILFI), in her latest book, Creating Biophilic Buildings. Fortunately, all of these frameworks are related and provide essential tools helping us understand the critical aspects of biophilic design. Each Pattern is described through a lens of one of the case studies I visited, which I call the primary case studies. Each primary case study is briefly introduced, and subsequently, the relevant Primary Pattern is described (in general and as it relates to the case study). Next, tips are given as to the Pattern implementation. Please note that these tips are collective insights from the literature review, interviews with various experts, as well as meetings during the Fellowship. Finally, each primary case study is accompanied by two secondary studies, which show another way of applying and working with the Pattern.
Left: Kroon Hall, Yale University New Haven, CT Architects: Hopkins Architects and Centerbrook Architects
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biophilic design patterns
Nature in the Space Patterns 1 – 7
Natural Analogues Patterns 8 – 10
Nature of the Space Patterns 11 – 14
Right: Biophilic Design Framework adapted from Terrapin Bright Green
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nature in the space
natural analogues
nature in of the space
1. Visual Connection with Nature
8. Biomorphic Forms & Patterns
11. Prospect
A view to elements of nature, living systems
Symbolic
An unimpeded view over a distance for
and natural processes.
patterned,
references
to
contoured,
textured
or
numerical
surveillance and planning.
arrangements that persist in nature.
2. Non-Visual Connection with Nature
12. Refuge
Auditory, haptic, olfactory, or gustatory
9. Material Connection with Nature
A place for withdrawal, from environmental
stimuli that engender a deliberate and
Materials and elements from nature that,
conditions or the main flow of activity, in
positive reference to nature, living systems
through minimal processing, reflect the
which the individual is protected from
or natural processes.
local ecology or geology to create distinct
behind and overhead.
sense of space.
3. Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli
13. Mystery
Stochastic and ephemeral connections
10. Complexity & Order
The promise of more information achieved
with nature
Rich sensory information that adheres to a
through partially obscured views or other
spatial hierarchy similar to those
sensory devices that entice the individual
encountered in nature.
to travel deeply into the environment.
4. Thermal & Airflow Variability Subtle changes in air temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin, and
14. Risk/Peril
surface temperature that mimic natural
An identifiable threat coupled with a
environments.
reliable safeguard.
5. Presence of Water A condition that enhances the experience of a place through seeing, hearing or touching water.
6. Dynamic & Diffuse Light Leveraging varying intensities of light and shadow that change over time to create conditions that occur in nature.
7. Connection with Natural Systems Awareness
of
natural
processes,
especially seasonal and temporal changes characteristic of a healthy ecosystem.
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case studies
Nature in the Space Patterns 1 – 7
Natural Analogues Patterns 8 – 10
Nature of the Space Patterns 11 – 14
Right in color: profiled primary case studies
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9
The David & Lucile Packard Foundation
12 BCCI Construction
Splunk HQ
Windhover at Standford University
Hanna House
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Facebook HQ
California Academy of Sciences
The Bay Area, CA
2
CookFOX Architects Studio
1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge Park
3
10 Delos Living
Etsy HQ
Omega Institute for Holistic Studies
14 Paley Park
New York City + Rhinebeck, NY
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Kroon Hall, Yale University
Glass House
ARUP Boston
Frick Center
Fallingwater
ASID HQ
7
Sidwell Friends School
CT + MA + DC + PA
1
4 Bullitt Center
Thurston, Chapel, Punahou School
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Case Middle School, Punahou School
Lijestrand House
IBM Building
University of Hawaii, West O’ahu Campus
West Hawaii Explorations Academy
Hawaii Community College, Palamanui
Amazon Spheres
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Hawaii Preparatory Academy
WA + HI
5
Bertschi School, Science Wing
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Photo by Ewa Podgรณrska
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why biophilic design? When I first heard of biophilic design about a decade ago, I was unimpressed. In fact, the idea made me a little angry. It seemed like yet another human-centric approach focused on using nature to benefit people. I wondered, what was in it for nature? What was nature getting in return? What I realized later is that this anthropocentric focus is actually the strongest feature of such design approach. In biophilic design, it is the human need of health and well-being that is the driving force for creating sustainable, nature-centric habitats. This, in turn, benefits the environment, creating a virtuous cycle. Biophilic design satisfies people’s innate and essential need of connection with the natural world, resulting in health benefits and a noticeably improved quality of life. The impacts are tangible and, as research has shown, generate positive return on investment. When people recognize these benefits and realize that their very health depends on the nature around them, they become stewards of the environment. In his last book, Nature by Design, the late Stephen R. Kellert, the leading expert in the field who pioneered the concept of biophilic design in architecture, defines sustainable design as low–environmental–impact design. Many of today’s sustainable or green buildings successfully minimize or avoid a harmful impact on the environment and human health. But what if, instead of just minimizing its adverse effects, our built-environment could be regenerative and actually improve our wellness? This is where the biophilic design approach comes into play. It is the missing piece of sustainable design whereby architecture and design go beyond simply decreasing the environmental impact of the structures and focus on creating healthy and productive habitats for humans.
Left: Bullitt Center Seattle, WA Architect: Miller Hull
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Biophilic design approach is heavily evidence-based. Although the research on its effects is ongoing, the results indicate unequivocal benefits of nature-full design and its positive impact on our health and wellness. This is not a new idea and humans instinctively know that exposure to nature is positive. We are drawn to it; for example, that’s why we pay premium for rooms with a view. As the city increasingly becomes our ‘natural habitat,’ people will actively seek out biophilic spaces to live, study and work. Even though a number of cities globally make commitments to sustainability, we are still to witness a shift from sustainable to regenerative design, i.e. one that focuses on renewal and the wellness of people. It is evident to me that this is the direction we are headed.
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what is biophilic design? “Let us be clear on this point: any occurrence of nature in the built environment cannot be called biophilic design if it has no bearing on our species’ inborn tendencies that have advanced our fitness and survival.” Stephen R. Kellert
Biophilia, derived from Greek, means “love of life.” The term, first coined in the 1960’s by a German-American social psychologist Erich Fromm, stands for “the passionate love of life and of all that is alive.” In the early 1980’s, Harvard entomologist, E. O. Wilson, popularized the idea in his pivotal book, Biophilia. Wilson defined it as humans’ innate and evolutionarily–based need to connect with nature. The late Stephen R. Kellert, Professor Emeritus of Social Ecology and senior research scholar at the Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, was one of the first who pioneered the concept of biophilic design in architecture. According to the biophilia hypothesis, humans are psychologically wired to respond to natural conditions such as the weather, seasonal changes and time of the day. For over 99% of the history as a species, we have evolved in adaptive response to the natural world. Historically, survival depended on our ability to act upon threats and opportunities the natural world offered. Knowledge of our surroundings and appropriate responses to natural cues (e.g. colors, shapes, forms, and light, to name a few) were necessary for us to survive and thrive. Consequently, with time, these successful adaptations became biologically encoded into humans and resulted in “a diverse set of inclinations to affiliate with natural patterns and processes.” (Kellert) Today, this close connection to the natural world remains one of our fundamental needs, necessary for our wellbeing and both, physical and mental health.
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However, with a broader shift from agrarian to urban lifestyle in the modern world, even merely maintaining the connection proves to be a major challenge. Currently, about 50% of the world’s population lives in cities. The United Nations predicts this figure to increase to nearly 70% by 2050. Moreover, people spend approximately 90% of their time indoors. If such man-made environments do not offer a genuine connection with nature, we become separated from an essential part of ourselves. As Florence Williams, the author of The Nature Fix, aptly states, “we’re losing our connection to nature more dramatically than ever before. Thanks to confluence of demographics and technology, we’ve pivoted further away from nature than any generation before us. At the same time, we’re increasingly burdened by chronic ailments made worse by time spent indoors, from myopia and vitamin D deficiency to obesity, depression, loneliness and anxiety among others.” Since the early 1980’s a body of academic and scientific research has developed testing E.O. Wilson’s biophilia hypothesis. We are, hence, at an exciting moment in time where this seemingly common-sense idea of nature’s positive impact on human health and well-being is legitimized by hard data. One of the first experiments using standards of modern medical research was conducted by Roger Ulrich, testing hospital recovery rates of patients exposed to nature. His study showed that mere views of nature were beneficial to patients’ rate of recovery post-surgery. Another one of Ulrich’s experiments, conducted nearly a decade later, involving heart surgery patients, tested whether simulated nature views had comparable effects as real views. Results proved beneficial effects from simulated nature, however not as strong as with real nature views. In his writing, Kellert emphasizes that biophilic design is not simply about bringing nature indoors. A lonely plant placed in a room does not equal to biophilic design. Biophilic design requires engaging and interconnecting with natural features and processes. In his final book, Nature by Design, Kellert defines biophilic design as a “deliberate, systematic and informed approach to bringing beneficial contact with nature into the modern built environment.”
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He offers a comprehensive design framework, listing 9 basic principles, 3 elements and 25 attributes of biophilic design. Kellert, however, remains cautious that this practitioner’s list needs to be carefully tailored to particular uses, conditions, circumstances, history and culture of a building or constructed landscape. Terrapin Bright Green (TBG), an environmental consulting and strategic planning firm, offers its version of the framework, identifying 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. Building on the work by S. R. Kellert and other prominent researchers in the field, TBG’s publications provide guidelines for applying biophilic patterns as tools for improving health and well-being in the built environment. The 14 Patterns are grouped into three categories: Nature in the Space, Natural Analogues and Nature of the Space. Nature in the Space, i.e. the first seven Patterns, means direct presence of natural elements in a space or place, offering the user visual and/or non-visual nature connection. It means plant and/or animal life, but also presence of water, fresh air, natural light, and non-rhythmic sensory stimuli resulting from some or all of these natural elements, as well as connection to natural systems. Next, Natural Analogues, i.e. Patterns eight through ten, include biomorphic forms and patterns, natural materials, and complexity and order. Finally, Nature of the Space, i.e the final four Patterns, deal with the experiences of prospect, refuge, mystery, and risk/peril in the space. These last ones are – to me – the most exciting of the 14 Patterns.
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“In the big picture, our turn away from nature is associated with less empathy and attraction to nature and, in turn, less interest in environmental efforts related to nature. An obvious concern is that a massive withdrawal from nature will immunize us against emphatic views of nature. Sustainability of the planet is not merely about being a good citizen and recycling; it is ultimately about maintaining an intimate relationship with nature.� Eva M. Selhub MD, Alan C. Logan ND
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evidence–based design According to research studies, biophilic design impacts humans on multiple levels including cognition, psychology and physiology. Nature has a fascinating effect on our nervous system, more specifically the parasympathetic nervous system. In simple terms, our nervous system consists of a somatic and an autonomic nervous system. Somatic system involves the voluntary control of body, whereas the autonomic acts largely unconsciously, and is responsible such functions as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes. The autonomic system is further broken down into a sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Sympathetic system activates the fight-or-flight response. It goes into action to prepare the body for physical or mental activity. When triggered by a stressor, it causes pupil dilation, increases muscle blood flow and tension, increases sweating, heart rate, and blood pressure. To conserve and concentrate energy, it slows down digestive activity. Parasympathetic system is the rest-and-digest system and has the has the opposite effect. It is responsible for relaxing the body, slowing many high energy functions, and returning to the state of homeostasis. Studies unequivocally show that human interaction with nature provides an increase in parasympathetic activity. It reduces stress and improves bodily function, helping our nervous system to reach the state of homeostasis. What biophilic design allows is to tap into the positive impact nature has on us on multiple levels. The following figure lists the biological responses to the Patterns of biophilic design, according to research compiled by Terrapin Bright Green.
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TABLE 1. BIOPHILIC DESIGN PATTERNS & BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES Table 1 illustrates the functions of each of the 14 Patterns in supporting stress reduction, cognitive performance, emotion and mood enhancement and the human body. Patterns that are supported by more rigourous emphirical data are marked with up to three asterisks (***), indicating that the quantity and quality of available peer-reviewed evidence is robust and the potential for impact is great, and no asterisk indicates that there is minimal research to support the biological relationship between health and design, but the anecdotal information is compelling and adequate for hypothesizing its potential impact and importance as a unique pattern. 14 PATTERNS
NATURE IN THE SPACE
Visual Connection with Nature
* STRESS REDUCTION
COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE
EMOTION, MOOD & PREFERENCE
* * *
Improved mental engagement/ attentiveness
Positively impacted attitude and overall happiness
Non-Visual Connection with Nature
* *
Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli
* *
Thermal & Airflow Variability
* *
Presence of Water
Dynamic & Diffuse Light
* *
* *
Lowered blood pressure and heart rate
(Brown, Barton & Gladwell, 2013; van den Berg, Hartig, & Staats, 2007; Tsunetsugu & Miyazaki, 2005)
Reduced systolic blood pressure and stress hormones
(Park, Tsunetsugu, Kasetani et al., 2009; Hartig, Evans, Jamner et al., 2003; Orsega-Smith, Mowen, Payne et al., 2004; Ulrich, Simons, Losito et al., 1991)
Positively impacted on heart rate, systolic blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity (Li, 2009; Park et al, 2008; Kahn et al., 2008; Beauchamp, et al., 2003; Ulrich et al., 1991)
Positively impacted comfort, well-being and productivity
(Heerwagen, 2006; Tham & Willem, 2005; Wigö, 2005)
Reduced stress, increased feelings of tranquility, lower heart rate and blood pressure
(Alvarsson, Wiens, & Nilsson, 2010; Pheasant, Fisher, Watts et al., 2010; Biederman & Vessel, 2006)
(Biederman & Vessel, 2006)
Positively impacted on cognitive performance
(Mehta, Zhu & Cheema, 2012; Ljungberg, Neely, & Lundström, 2004)
(Barton & Pretty, 2010)
Perceived improvements in mental health and tranquility
(Li, Kobayashi, Inagaki et al., 2012; Jahncke, et al., 2011; Tsunetsugu, Park, & Miyazaki, 2010; Kim, Ren, & Fielding, 2007; Stigsdotter & Grahn, 2003)
Observed and quantified behavioral measures of attention and exploration (Windhager et al., 2011)
Positively impacted concentration
Improved perception of temporal and spatial pleasure (alliesthesia)
Improved concentration and memory restoration
Observed preferences and positive emotional responses
(Hartig et al., 2003; Hartig et al., 1991; R. Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989)
(Alvarsson et al., 2010; Biederman & Vessel, 2006)
Enhanced perception and psychological responsiveness
(Alvarsson et al., 2010; Hunter et al., 2010)
(Parkinson, de Dear & Candido, 2012; Zhang, Arens, Huizenga & Han, 2010; Arens, Zhang & Huizenga, 2006; Zhang, 2003; de Dear & Brager, 2002; Heschong, 1979)
(Windhager, 2011; Barton & Pretty, 2010; White, Smith, Humphryes et al., 2010; Karmanov & Hamel, 2008; Biederman & Vessel, 2006; Heerwagen & Orians, 1993; Ruso & Atzwanger, 2003; Ulrich, 1983)
Positively impacted circadian system functioning (Figueiro, Brons, Plitnick et al., 2011; Beckett & Roden, 2009)
Increased visual comfort
(Elyezadi, 2012; Kim & Kim, 2007)
Enhanced positive health responses; Shifted perception of environment
NATURE OF THE SPACE
NATURAL ANALOGUES
Connection with Natural Systems Biomorphic Forms & Patterns
(Kellert et al., 2008)
Observed view preference
*
(Vessel, 2012; Joye, 2007)
Decreased diastolic blood pressure
Material Connection with Nature
(Tsunetsugu, Miyazaki & Sato, 2007)
Improved creative performance
Improved comfort
(Tsunetsugu, Miyazaki & Sato 2007)
(Lichtenfeld et al., 2012)
Complexity & Order
* *
Prospect
* * *
Refuge
* * *
Mystery
* *
Risk/Peril
*
Positively impacted perceptual and physiological stress responses
Observed view preference
(Salingaros, 2012; Hägerhäll, Laike, Taylor et al., 2008; Hägerhäll, Purcella, & Taylor, 2004; Taylor, 2006)
(Salingaros, 2012; Joye, 2007; Taylor, 2006; S. Kaplan, 1988)
Reduced stress
(Grahn & Stigsdotter, 2010)
Reduced boredom, irritation, fatigue (Clearwater & Coss, 1991)
Improved comfort and perceived
safety (Herzog & Bryce, 2007; Wang & Taylor, 2006; Petherick, 2000)
Improved concentration, attention and perception of safety (Grahn & Stigsdotter, 2010; Wang & Taylor, 2006; Wang & Taylor, 2006; Petherick, 2000; Ulrich et al., 1993)
Induced strong pleasure response
(Biederman, 2011; Salimpoor, Benovoy, Larcher et al., 2011; Ikemi, 2005; Blood & Zatorre, 2001)
Resulted in strong dopamine or pleasure responses (Kohno et al., 2013; Wang & Tsien, 2011; Zald et al., 2008)
© 2014 Terrapin Bright Green / 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design 12
14 Patterns of Biophilic Design
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In the 2014 publication, 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design: Improving Health & Wellbeing in the Built Environment, Terrapin Bright Green has reviewed over 500 publications and a myriad of scientific research in support of its framework. On the left, please find the summary of the studies included in their publication. Listed below are some highlight from the latest studies supporting biophilia: ○ according to a 2017 global study in real estate, tech, and finance firms committed to workplace health and wellness design, 19% reported a decrease in absenteeism, 25% reported increased employee retention, and 47% reported increased employee engagement. ○ 2015 Human Spaces global study of 7,600 office workers from 16 countries, found that those who work in environments with natural elements report a 15% higher level of well-being, a 6% higher level of productivity and a 15% higher level of creativity than those who work in environments devoid of nature. Also, the study concluded that office design was so important to workers that a third (33%) of global respondents stated it would unequivocally affect their decision whether or not to work somewhere. ○ 2016 study from Harvard examined 10 high-performing buildings across five U.S. cities in order to study the relationship between the conditions inside the building and both the productivity and well-being of the occupants. The study found that occupants of green-certified, high-performing buildings saw 26% higher cognitive function scores, slept better and reported fewer health symptoms compared to those in similarly high-performing buildings that were not green-certified. ○ Google uses biophilic design elements such as light, water, natural materials and patterns, and different perspectives of space and place in office settings. Surveys have shown that Google employees who can see design elements that mimic nature from their desk report 11% higher overall satisfaction with their workspace and 13% higher satisfaction with its colors and textures. And 15% say their building sparks creativity.
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○ Exeter University study found that employees were 15% more productive when working in a ‘green’ office than their peers in more spartan environment. A green office appeared to provide a boost to employee engagement, concentration levels and perceived air quality all showing a rise after the introduction of plants into the office. ○ The American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) headquarters office was the first space in the world to achieve Platinum certification under both the WELL v1 and LEED (LEED ID+C) systems. In 2017, ASID reported that CO2 levels were down by 60%, sound levels decreased by 50%, collaborative work increased by 9%, and productivity increased by 16%, yielding an estimated $694,000 financial benefit.
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Right: Windhover, Stanford University Stanford, CA Architect: Aidlin Darling Design
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key findings
One of my main inquiries was to investigate and understand the measurable impact and positive return on investment resulting from the creation of healthy and productive places. My aim was to assess tangible results arising from the biophilic design application over time. Historically, companies implemented sustainable design methods to reduce operating costs. Through the incorporation of alternative – often passive – energy sources and temperature control systems, they were able to drive electricity and/ or heating costs down. This low–impact environmental design often neglected the actual users of the space. Consequently, the second wave of sustainability measures included health and wellness “add-ons.” Things like, plants, bike racks, fresh food, healthy snacks served in communal kitchens, etc. One of the sustainability consultants called this approach, a “band-aid” solution. Currently, we are witnessing a noticeable push towards a holistic and fundamental approach, i.e. the biophilic design, implemented via well-developed and integrated systems and themes. The early adopters of biophilic design in the United States have predominantly been the technology companies, e.g., Facebook, Amazon, Google, as well as professional services and construction firms, e.g. ARUP and BCCI Construction. Why? The aforementioned tech companies operate asset–light business models with human capital as their biggest operating expense (70-90% of operating costs) as well as a key revenue driver. Therefore, in such cases, any incremental improvements in employees’ productivity, creativity, mental focus, energy levels and prevention of absenteeism and health issues translate directly into their bottom line. For example, in the case of Google, with its 85,050 employees (figure from March 2018) or Facebook, with its 25,105 employees (figure from Left: IBM Building Honolulu, Hawaii Architect: Vladimir Ossipoff
December 2017), even 1% productivity gain, 1% decrease in missed workdays
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and 1% reduction in annual employee turnover would have material impact on margins, profits and competitiveness. Additional objective behind implementing biophilic design is to use it a differentiator to attract and retain best talent. Latest data shows that 78% of millennials see workplace quality as important when choosing an employer, and 69% said they would trade other benefits for a better workplace. Data quantifying the impact of biophilic design on ROI and profitability for employers and developers is still emerging and is often not disclosed by the early adopters. Companies who implement and measure findings are reluctant to share, as they are weary of their competitors discovering what their competitive advantages are, for example, ways that made their employees generate more revenue. Thankfully, as new technologies develop, they will aid to objectively assess result of biophilic design during post-occupancy stage. Currently, qualitative findings (surveys and anecdotal studies) are more accessible. A big proponent of biophilic design, Google, shares survey results from its employees which show that those who can see design elements that mimic nature from their desk report 11% higher overall satisfaction with their workspace and 13% higher satisfaction with its colors and textures; and 15% say their building sparks creativity. Ultimately Biophilic Design in workplace is about happy, healthy people who are more engaged and creative who don’t change jobs and need fewer sick days.
Right: One Hotel, Brooklyn Bridge Park Brooklyn, NY Architects: Inc Architecture & Design
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Based on the numerous interviews, site visits and literature research, I have found the following to be true: ○ Biophilic Design is not a fad– it is here to stay and will only get more widespread as companies, investors, building owners and real estate developers learn more about its many benefits. Wellness is one of the fastest growing industries while real-estate is one of the biggest. The global wellness real estate industry, valued at $134 billion in 2017, has increased 6.4% annually since 2015, and is headed toward $180 billion by 2022 (Global Wellness Institute.) It is not surprising that the aforementioned companies of BCCI Construction and Arup are the early adopters of Biophilic Design in their spaces. Their offices not only offer healthy spaces for their employees, but also showcase these companies’ commitment and capabilities when it comes to creating wellness-focused projects. ○ Whole ecosystems are developing around biophilic design, including consultancy firms, engineering, construction and design firms with relevant expertise, as well as universities with dedicated coursework. According to the experts I interviewed, many of the leading colleges in the country are starting to get involved in the studies, including Cornell University, Carnegie Mellon University, and Harvard University, to name just a few. One of the designers I spoke with, mentioned that her firm was creating a team of expert, so biophilic design could be offered as a service to the clients. Sustainability consulting firms witness the surge of client requests, wanting to incorporate biophilic design in their projects.
Left: COOKFOX Architects New York, NY Architects: COOKFOX Architects
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○ The approach will be much more widely used thanks to the new accreditation programs:
• WELL Building Standard will continue evolving and refining
its biophilic features, as per my discussion with Delos Living.
• International Living Future Institute has started its Biophilic
Design Initiative as well as the Stephen Kellert Award, which
will provide more case studies and references.
○ An increasing number of firms already use the term ‘biophilia’ to describe their projects. ○ Deep expertise and experience in biophilic design will be a competitive advantage for design firms as well as a differentiating factor and clients likely to pay premium for the expertise.
BIOPHILIC HEALTH DESIGN +
ROI
WELLNESS
Right: Etsy HQ Brooklyn, NY Architects: Gensler
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case studies
Nature in the Space
Patterns 1 - 7...................................................................................50 – 105
Natural Analogues
Patterns 8 - 10...............................................................................108 – 131
Nature of the Space
Patterns 11 - 14.............................................................................134 – 165
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N a tur e in th e Sp ace
Pattern 1:
Visual Connection with Nature.........................50 – 57 Primary Case Study: Amazon Spheres
Pattern 2: Non-Visual Connection with Nature................58 – 65 Primary Case Study: COOKFOX Studio Pattern 3:
Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli.........................66 – 73 Primary Case Study: Delos Headquarters
Pattern 4: Thermal & Airflow Variability...........................74 – 81 Primary Case Study: Bullitt Center Pattern 5:
Presence of Water................................................82 – 89 Primary Case Study: Bertschi School Science Wing
Pattern 6: Dynamic & Diffuse Light...................................90 – 97 Primary Case Study: Windhover Contemplative Center Pattern 7:
Connection to Natural Systems.......................98 – 105 Primary Case Study: Sidwell Friends Middle School
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Biophilic Design Patterns 1 – 7
Patt er ns 1 – 7
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Case Study: Amazon Spheres Location: Seattle, WA I Architects: NBBJ I Date: 2018
In a bold move, Amazon added three glass and steel spheres to its headquarters complex in Downtown Seattle. The project, which broke ground in 2015 and opened in early 2018, spans five levels across half a city block. It offers Amazonians a wide array of working, meeting and lounge spaces, many of which are enveloped in dense greenery. During the week the building is open to employees and their invited guests only. But on weekends – and with advanced booking – also to the public, who can explore and enjoy this innovative and biophilic environment. The Spheres are directly inspired by biophilia. As the Understory (public exhibit about the project at the bottom of the Spheres) informs its visitors, “what began as a concept of adding plants to the workplace evolved overtime into a lush botanical conservatory.” The forms of three spheres are inspired by nature and based on plant conservatory design. Constructed out of pentagonal hexecontahedrons, the spheres range in height from 80 to 95ft. The place features two expansive green walls, a stream that turns into a waterfall, a bouncy bridge, a network of open-tread staircases, several unusual conference rooms including a nest-like space, and about 40,000 plants including an 18-ton ficus named Rubi. In addition to typical chairs and tables in open areas inside the Spheres, one can also find some more secluded meeting nooks.
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“A pivotal piece of research backing up the premise of biophilic design is a 1984 study published in the journal Science that found that a suburban Pennsylvania hospital’s gallbladder-surgery patients who had views of green space from their rooms had shorter recovery times than those who didn’t.” Wall Street Journal
Photo by Ewa Podgórska
With 40,000 plants from around the world, Amazon Spheres offer a true nature immersion in the heart of Seattle, providing an interior environment where both people and plants can thrive. When inside, one can’t help but be surrounded by greenery. Visual connection with nature, which is the 1st Pattern of biophilic design (according to Terrapin Bright Green framework), is undeniable in this space. Amazon believes in the positive influence that nature has on its employees. “Drawing on recent studies suggesting brains light up in nature, the design team sought to create a hybrid environment that inspires productivity and collaboration.” Visual connection with nature is the simplest yet the most powerful pattern of biophilic design. It is a common misconception that biophilic design needs to include live plants. In fact, it is possible to have a space designed in a biophilic fashion without one plant present inside. The fact remains that humans evolved in nature during 99% of our species’ history. Multiple studies show that direct visual nature connection reduces stress levels, improves brain function, increases concentration, speeds recovery of hospital patients, to name just a few of the benefits. These results are based on controlled research testing such markers as blood pressure, heart rate recovery, and brain activity scans. It is important to note that using a diverse mix of plants is essential. Studies show it is better to have a small biodiverse area rather than a larger area that is covered in mono-culture. Other important tips when implementing Pattern 1:
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“Research by an international team in 2014 showed that people who worked in offices with leafy green plants concentrated better and were 15 percent more productive than those who went about their day in spartan offices without them.” The New York Times
Photo by Ewa Podgorska Photo by Ewa Podgórska
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Think systems
the space? Even better, can it be a part of a greywater system, and be irrigated by rainwater from the building’s green roof ? Inside and out ○ visual connection can be inside the space, but could also mean view out the window. Experience of nature may take place in front of a
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can the (biodiverse) green wall be part of a system that filters air
(plants filter air best through roots) and pumps clean air back into
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roof. More than plants ○ connection to nature also means connection to other natural systems and animals. Can employees bring their pets to work? Do native species of plants outside windows attract native birds, butterflies or bees that are visible through windows? Spend the time ○ it is essential that nature is present in areas where people spend time, and not just in unoccupied, transition areas. Research shows that as little as five minutes of visual nature contact improves mood and boosts self-esteem. A 20 minute nature immersion is recommended. Think locally ○ can the greenery used reflect the history of the place? Are native species possible to cultivate? Connecting your design to the place is essential for truly biophilic design. Embrace change ○ flowering plants that change color or those that simply die depending on season are more interesting and stimulating than evergreens. Work in all directions ○ green roofs, moss pads, green walls, potted plants, hanging planters, possibilities are endless. It is essential that the space offers uninterrupted views of nature whether users are standing or seated. Additionally, grouping of different plants is preferable over using individual ones. Be real ○ choose real plants. If necessary, use artwork that evokes nature. It is recommended that artwork is not too abstract, but a realistic portrayal of natural forms and patterns (see Pattern 8: Biomorphic Forms & Patterns.)
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building, in the common courtyard, a terrace or atop a usable green
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Secondary Case Study A: Thurston Memorial Chapel, Punahou School Location: Honolulu, HI I Architect: Vladimir Ossipoff
I Date: 1966
Photos by Ewa PodgĂłrska
More than plants â—‹ connection to nature also means connection to other natural systems, like in the case of the chapel, a lily pond is both outside and inside the space
Secondary Case Study B : The David & Lucile Packard Foundation Location: Los Altos, CA I
Architects: EHDD Architecture I Date: 2012 I Size: 49,000 ft2
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Certifications: LEED Platinum I LBC Net Zero Energy Certified
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Inside and out â—‹ visual connection can take place inside the space, but also via a view out the window. In this case, the building features an open courtyard for all to enjoy
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Case Study: COOKFOX Architects
Location: New York, NY I Architects: COOKFOX Architects I Date: 2018 Certifications: WELL Gold I LEED Platinum Nature and wellness-focused workplace in the middle of the concrete jungle that is New York City? A place that offers both direct and indirect access to nature and provides a strong connection to the site and its past, and to the history of the firm itself ? A space where employees can thrive and be creative? The office of COOKFOX Architects delivers on all of these aspects and more! An interior retrofit project, it was the first place in the city to receive WELL Gold certification. The office occupies the 17th floor of the historic Fisk Tire building, located in the very heart of Manhattan. The space offers employees access to three planted terraces. Access to usable and vegetated outdoor space was a non-negotiable factor in selecting the new studio location. COOKFOX Architects believes in connecting people to nature. According to the employees I met during my visit, it is simply a part of the company’s DNA. The planted terraces, an edible garden, and two bee apiaries attract bees and birds, creating local ecosystems. All desks are positioned near the windows and feature dedicated planters. Beyond the visual nature connection, employees can feel the warm sun on their faces, hear birds chirping outside, experience weather changes such as clouds moving across the sky or the falling rain, and run their fingers along the wooden furniture. Fresh air is supplied into the space, and zoned temperature control allows for any necessary individual adjustments. The office features high-quality air filtration system, CO2 monitoring, and low-VOC materials. Importantly, there are ionizing filters installed in ducts. LED circadian lighting illuminates the space.
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Photo by Ewa Podgรณrska
Employees of COOKFOX Architects not only see nature, but hear it (chirping birds, buzzing bees), smell it (flowering plants and herbs both inside and out), taste it (vegetables and herbs from the garden, honey from the hives) and touch it (vegetation, wooden millwork and furniture.) They can feel the cross-breeze when terrace doors open, or simply breathe fresh air while enjoying the outdoor lounge and working spaces on the terraces. All are welcome to plant and take care of the garden, although there is a designated group of employees who volunteer to do so on regular basis. The bee apiaries are also kept by a group of dedicated employees. The experience of the place starts at the meditative entry and transitional space with a lowered ceiling and nature-inspired artwork and planted terrariums. From there, one walks into the common area with expansive views of nature on terraces and the cityscape beyond; there is even tasty fresh kombucha on tap at the communal kitchen. Employees are welcome to harvest vegetables and herbs from the terrace garden. The bee apiaries yield 60-80 pounds of honey annually. There are multiple ways that nature at this workplace can be engaged in a non-visual way. However, according to research findings, it is the combination of both visual and non-visual nature connection that provides the most meaningful and impactful health benefits. A non-visual stimulation happens simply when opening windows to let in some fresh air. Natural and textured materials provide tactile sensory experience. As with the visual connection in Pattern 1, it is essential that the sensory experiences come from authentic nature whenever possible. However, if not available, nature sounds can be digitally simulated, and natural plant oils can be mechanically released into the space. Other important tips when implementing Pattern 2:
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“Research shows that exposure to nature sounds, when compared to urban or office noise, accelerates physiological and psychological restoration up to 37% faster after a psychological stressor and reduces cognitive fatigue and helps motivation.” Terrapin Bright Green
Photo by Ewa Podgórska
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Engage ALL the senses
engagement with nature do we truly reap the benefits of this profound relationship and become stewards of the natural environment. If there is a garden, can the occupants take part in taking care of it? It’s the compound effect ○ nature does not operate in isolation. Even a simple forest walk
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we engage five senses. Only through a meaningful and repeated
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○ connection to nature does not have to be only visual. As humans
enjoy visually, can you use species that flower so the fragrance of the blooms spreads inside or outside the space? Maybe a portion of the green roof or wall can also function as an edible garden? What are the materials used in the space? Can they offer tactile engagement? Not just green ○ nature is not just green plants. Studies show that water features, even small ones, can be highly beneficial. Is there a water feature in the space, and if so, can all of the occupants hear it? Research shows that water sounds are most engaging to humans, second after human voices. Think of a way for all those who see the water feature to also hear it. One thing, many ways ○ a single intervention may be experienced in multiple ways. The aforementioned water feature can be seen, heard, touched. Try to approach each intervention creatively, considering all ways to experience while engaging multiple senses. Keep it simple ○ this does not have to be complicated. It can be as simple as planting some herbs around your space. A lounge where employees relax can boast fragrant yet soothing lavender. A place for pow-outs? Maybe that’s where you place some energizing lemon-basil? Once it overgrows, it can be harvested and used in meals. If all else fails ○ if the space does not have outdoor access or visual connection to an outdoor green space is not possible, maybe there are areas where nature sounds are utilized instead of white noise machines? Essential oils can be used instead of live plants or herbs, to de-stress, energize or simply make the space smell pleasant. It is important that users have the agency to control the environment, as not all people find affinity with the same nature-related sensory experiences.
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provides a multi-sensory experience. If you plant greenery that you
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Secondary Case Study A: 1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge Park
Location: Brooklyn, NY I Architects: INC Architecture & Design Certification: LEED Platinum
I Date: 2017
Photos by Ewa Podgórska
It’s the compound effect
○ while full of plants, the 1 Hotel also boasts a variety of natural materials, with a wide gamut of textures that could be experienced through touch
Secondary Case Study B : Sidwell Friends Middle School
Location: Washington DC I Architect: KieranTimberlake Associates LLP I Date: 2006
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Size: 72,200 ft2 I Certification: LEED Platinum
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Not just green â—‹ even when inside, students hear the water flowing from the roof into the wetland. During heavy rain, water continues to feed the fish pond for days
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Case Study: Delos Living LLC
Location: New York, NY I Architects: Gensler I Date: 2017 I Size: 19,000 ft2 Certifications: WELL Platinum I Living Building Challenge Petal I Pending LEED v4 Platinum Delos Living LLC is a wellness real estate and technology company that established the WELL Building Standard - a performance-based building rating system focused on human health and wellbeing - and the International WELL Building Institute to administer it. As Bill Browning, the co-founder of the environmental and sustainability consulting firm, Terrapin Bright Green, noted, ”LEED is about the building, while WELL is about the experience of the occupants in the building.” The WELL system is based on medical research that shows how our surroundings can affect our health. It certifies, measures and monitors features like air, water, nourishment, light, fitness, comfort, and mind (including biophilia.) Some of the goals behind WELL include improving the nutrition, fitness, mood, and sleep patterns of building occupants. Delos’ headquarters is located in the Meatpacking District of New York City. Overlooking the famed Highline, the space boasts stunning views of the urban park as well as the city. This renovation project occupies the 4th and 5th floors of the building, and features a 1,520 square-foot terrace on the lower floor. It is an open-plan office that includes a wellness room, several conference rooms, smaller huddle/focus rooms for impromptu meetings, as well as a multifunctional lab space, where data from various wellness sensors inside the space is processed (about 51 sensors are installed throughout the office.) The office is Delos’ living lab. This is where the company lives out its “innovate well” promise and its employees benefit from various wellness innovations used in the triple certified space. According to the company, “Delos uses the space to showcase design strategies, technology platforms, and operational strategies that optimize the health and well-being of those who visit and work there.”
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“Non-rhythmic sensory experiences should occur approximately every 20 minutes for about 20 seconds and, for visual stimuli, from a distance of more than 20 feet away.” Terrapin Bright Green Photo by Ewa Podgorska Photo by Ewa Podgórska
Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli is about the unexpected yet welcome distraction. It is about that brief moment when the routine gets interrupted. Nature constantly offers such experiences, e.g., the rustling of leaves, scents of flowers, birds’ song. Delos’ office features this design pattern in an absorbing, and engaging digital way. It is impossible to miss the monumental oak staircase prominently featured in the reception area of the Delos office. It makes the unmistakable statement about the importance of physical movement and fitness, encouraging its employees and visitors to walk up the stairs instead of taking the elevator. But that’s not all. The staircase also boasts the office’s most fascinating and fun feature (in my opinion) the digital “rain screen.” Talk about non-rhythmic sensory stimuli! The screen-clad wall of the staircase displays falling rain. As a Delos employee explained to me, the rain starts with just a droplet in the morning, and becomes stronger as the day progresses and more people use the stairs. The interactive feature of the screen is an added bonus. When you stand in front of it, the sensors pick out your position and capture your movements. As the rain falls, it starts to follow your silhouette and gestures as you move. The Delos office features another live-data display in the reception area. It is a large, 6½ft by 12ft screen, displaying data collected by the sensors across the office. Data includes indoor temperature, humidity level, and other measurements of air quality and comfort. The display changes throughout the day as the conditions fluctuate. Besides visualizing real-time data, the screen also mimics circadian rhythm, so the colors of the renderings change according to time of day. Lights around the office are also based on circadian rhythm. It is essential to note that, if necessary, the settings can be overridden by the employees.
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“Studies show that healthy workers tend to be more productive, a concept that is behind a growing trend in real estate to create offices with measurable wellness benefits. One frequently cited Harvard study showed that improving air quality caused mental cognition to soar.” New York Times
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The real-time display provides transparency as to the conditions inside
offers non-rhythmic sensory stimuli provided by nature. The objective of the 3rd Biophilic Design Pattern is to attract attention so our capacity to focus can replenish. Here are some other important tips when implementing Pattern 3: Imagine nature
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prompt system fixes, if required. Outdoor access to the terrace also
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the space. It engages the users, encourages movement and allows for
move across the sky, you hear the rustling of leaves as they move in the wind, you smell the sweet grass, hear the dry branches as they break under your feet. How can that be reflected inside a building? It can be as simple as a material change from one area to another or installing operable windows. Think systems ○ ideally, the implemented feature is part of a greater system. An example can be an indoor water fountain that recycles rainwater changes flow intensity with the falling rain. How is your peripheral vision? ○ in a workplace or educational setting, it is imperative that the external stimuli do not cause too much distraction. One way to avoid it is to assure that stochastic and unpredictable movements happen at the periphery of vision. Studies show that humans perceive peripheral views much quicker than a view straight ahead. A proper positioning of work areas or desks (ideally by windows) is essential. Element of surprise ○ a non-rhythmic stimulus needs to occur at unexpected moments. It cannot be a stochastic occurrence that happens at a designated time each day, etc. It needs to be a fresh, stimulating and an energizing distraction. Seasonal changes also need to be considered. Research shows that natural movement is perceived as positive, while mechanical movement is neutral or negative. Keep it simple ○ one of the simplest ways of implementing this pattern is to use plant species that attract birds, bees, butterflies and other insects. The animals will make unexpected appearances and provide visual and possibly even auditory stimulation. Another way is to use fabrics that reflect light, or move with the wind. As in Pattern 2, essential oils can be used and released in the space at unexpected moments.
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○ think about what happens when you are on a nature walk: clouds
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Secondary Case Study A: Frick Environmental Center
Location: Pittsburgh, PA I Architects: Bohlin Cywinski I Date: 2016 I Size: 15,570 ft2 Certifications: LEED Platinum I LBC Certified Living
Photos by Ewa PodgĂłrska
Think systems â—‹ ideally, the implemented feature is part of a greater system. At the Frick Environmental Center rainwater is diverted into its sculptural Rain Ravine
Secondary Case Study B : Hawaii Preparatory Academy, Energy Lab Location: Waimea, HI
I Architects: Flansburgh I Date: 2010 I Size: 6,100 ft2
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Element of surprise â—‹ a non-rhythmic stimulus needs to occur at unexpected moments, like the natural breezes used for ventilation of the Hawaii Preparatory Academy
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Case Study: Bullitt Center
Location: Seattle, WA I Architects: Miller Hull I Date: 2013 I Size: 52,000 ft2 Certifications: Living Building Certification I Net Zero Energy I Net Zero Water Dubbed the greenest commercial building in the world, the Bullitt Center in Seattle opened its doors in 2016. Designed to last 250 years, it is the first timber-framed structure to be permitted in Seattle since the 1920, and the first commercial office building to be fully certified as a Living Building by the International Living Futures Institute. Due to local regulations, the building had to become its own water district. As a result, all of the rainwater that falls on the site is collected and treated to potable drinking standards, and supplies all water needs of the structure. All bathrooms are equipped with micro-foam-flush marine composting toilets. And the list goes on and on… The inspiration behind this uber-sustainable, six-story commercial building is a tree. “The Bullitt Center takes cues from nature and has been compared to a living organism incorporating simplicity and efficiency in its interconnected systems.” As a representative from the UW Center for Integrated Design (also headquartered in the building) told me, this building acts like a Dougla Fir tree would if it were growing in its spot (pre-development, this area was a Douglas Fir forest). It even looks like one with exposed wooden structure and a canopy of photovoltaic panels. Like a tree, the building collects rainwater and treats it. The waste product becomes fertilizer (yes, compostable toilets in the building make that happen.) The building is both Net-Zero Energy and Net-Zero Water certified, and like a tree, it is meant to thrive for centuries ahead. Moreover, it provides a healthy environment for its occupants. For example, 92% of the building traffic passes through the highly inviting “irresistible staircase” despite it not being temperature controlled.
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“Research shows that people like moderate levels of sensory variability in the environment...and that an environment devoid of sensory stimulation and variability can lead to boredom and passivity.” Terrapin Bright Green
Photo by Ewa Podgorska Photo by Ewa Podgórska
The expansive operable floor-to-ceiling windows and external shade systems are automated, so the users do not have to adjust the temperature manually. The large windows allow the light to reach deeply inside the building, creating bright spaces with dynamically changing light. Moreover, the windows provide natural ventilation and “allow the building to breathe in response to the weather. When the windows are open, breezes circulate through the spaces, connecting the occupants to the sounds and smells of the surrounding urban neighborhood.” The aforementioned ‘irresistible staircase’ is also naturally ventilated and never heated, providing a truly transitional space between the inside and the greater outdoors. Interestingly, a part of the project involved closing off one of the streets running by the site in order to create a pedestrian plaza between the building and a neighborhood pocket park called McGlivra Park. This is not only beneficial to the building occupants but the community at large. When standing outside of the building one can witness how some windows open in response to the conditions. The Bullitt Center’s ventilation and shade systems are fully automated, but there is the 30 minute overwrite option available to the occupants. What I discovered in speaking with experts is that people like to know that they have the option of controlling their environment, but prefer an automated system. For example, one of the educational places I visited, where college students have the full agency over operating windows informed by simple sensors, either forget or simply disregard that option. Designated thermal zones with thermostat controls seem to be a good solution, where specific areas shared by a few individuals offer a range of control (for example a 35F degree variability), for users to adjust as they deem fit.
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“The era of harm reduction, half steps and lesser evils is behind us. As a society, we need to be bold in ways that were once unimaginable. Luckily in the building sector, we now can imagine where we need to go. In fact, we don’t need to just imagine it. We can touch, experience, learn from, and replicate it.” Denis Hayes, The Bullitt Foundation Photo by Ewa Podgorska
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Another solution is to provide users with the option for physical
different conditions, according to their preference. Yet another idea, used at the ASID Headquarters in DC (see Pattern 8), is the use of unassigned desks. Everyday, ASID employees can choose to work at different workstations, depending on their immediate needs/wants. In general, moderate level of thermal control is recommended. It is
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desks/carts so employees can shift their workstations into areas with
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relocation. For example, Delos Living LLC (see Pattern 3) has movable
Research shows that soft breezes and other natural movements can improve concentration. Here are some other important tips when implementing Pattern 4: Sense of control ○ studies show that fully automated systems that offer users the option to temporarily ‘overwrite’ the settings seem to work best Offer options ○ it is best if users have options to take some control over their environment. That may include manual, digital, or physical relocation. Make it easy ○ at one of the workplaces I visited, each employee’s desktop was equipped with a dashboard displaying environmental conditions in the office, informing the user whether it was preferable to open or close windows. The information was at their fingertips and they could choose to act on the prompt. The notices were also a good reason to get up from the desk and stretch their legs. Mechanical controls ○ when architectural controls (for example, operable windows) are not possible, it is advisable to offer users other ways to control their space. Those can include individual small heaters or fans. Think materials ○ there are simple ways to offer thermal variability besides more advanced architectural or mechanical systems. A strategic use of different materials with variable heat conductivity works well. Those may include cool stone or tile and warmer natural wood.
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also proven that subtle changes in airflow velocity improve comfort.
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Secondary Case Study A: Kroon Hall, Yale University
Location: New Haven, CT I Architects: Hopkins Architects and Centerbrook Architects and Planners Date: 2009 I Size: 66,822 ft2 I Certification: LEED Platinum
Photos by Ewa Podgórska
Offer options ○ users of Yale’s Kroon Hall have full agency of operating windows to adjust thermal conditions. In such cases stewardship needs to be promoted
Secondary Case Study B: Case Middle School, Punahou School I Architects: John Hara Associates I Date: 2004 Certification: LEED Gold
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Sense of control â—‹ classrooms are cooled passively when the trade winds enter the spaces through operable windows. Although AC system is in place, it is rarely used by the school
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Case Study: Bertschi School Science Wing
Location: Seattle, WA I Architects: KMD Architects I Size: 1,425 ft2 I Date: 2011 Certification: Certified Living The design of the Science Wing of the Bertschi School aligns with the mission of this exemplary elementary school to “educate children to become compassionate, confident and creative learners in a global community.” According to the school employee I met, students are well aware that their school is a special and an unusual space. Certified Living by the Living Futures Institute, the building located on an urban campus, was the 4th building in the world to pursue the certification. To-date, there are 15 buildings in the world certified living. The design of the Science Wing was a multidisciplinary, highly collaborative process from inception, schematic to completion. This meant that all of the members of the design team, stakeholders and key collaborators, such as the city and county, were involved in every decision. The school was not able to reclaim its collected rainwater to be potable (Bullitt Center, described in Pattern 4 achieved that through becoming its own Water District). However, it still boasts a rainwater collection and recycling system and a compostable toilet. Sensors placed in the classroom allow students to participate in real-time monitoring of the building’s energy use and production, as well as the water usage and collection. The Science Wing engages all the senses thanks to a number of relevant features including the FSC certified and local wood cladding, radiant recycled concrete flooring with imprinted leaves from local trees, natural ventilation, biodiverse green wall, moss roof, ethnobotanical garden, and most importantly, rainwater “river” running through the classroom. Students were also involved in the design process. In fact, the indoor river, was one of their ideas.
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“Research has shown that the presence of water prompts greater improvements in both self-esteem and mood...Water is soothing, prompts contemplation, enhances mood, and provides restoration from cognitive fatigue.� Terrapin Bright Green
Photo by Ewa Podgorska
Human bodies are mostly water (average 60% for an adult, 75% for children ), and we can only survive without this precious resource for a few days (we can survive without food for about a month). As such, we are naturally drawn to water, our life source. This means we also have a positive reaction to the views and the sounds of water, especially nonstochastic ones (see Pattern #3 Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli.) As Bill Browning from Terrapin Bright Green explained to me, people are mostly drawn to the sounds of water that resemble a flowing stream, evoking sounds of a freshwater source that can be found in nature. Students of the Bertschi school instinctively knew they wanted to have a river flowing through their classroom. What is great about the design, is that it is a part of a greater system (See Pattern #7 Connection with Natural Systems.) Greywater from the roof is diverted into the classroom via the river in the floor, and flows into a potable cistern. If the cistern overflows, the water is diverted into an exterior runnel and travels into an irrigation cistern under the garden. If that fills, the overflow flows back into the exterior runnel to irrigate the garden. Rainwater collected in the exterior cistern is used for toilet flushing, irrigation of the ethnobotanical garden, and for supplemental watering of the interior green wall. Research shows that spaces containing water elements reduce stress levels, increase feeling of tranquility, and lower heart rate and blood pressure.
As Bill Browning explained, if human voices are most
distractive to us (think open-plan offices) then sounds of water are next on the list of most distractive auditory stimuli. We are innately able to quickly pick out human voices and our attention involuntarily turns towards conversations taking place around us; it is an adaptive reaction. Interestingly, we are almost as strongly drawn to the sounds of water.
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“In one drop of water are found all the secrets of all the oceans.� Khalil Gibran
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Even small water features have a positive effect. Currently studies
achieve – stimulating or calming – we can choose various water features to be incorporated into our design. Here are some other important tips when implementing Pattern 5: Systematic thinking ○ if possible, it is best if the water feature is part of a greater system,
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impact on our wellbeing. Depending on the effect we are looking to
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continue as to the specific sizes of water features that have a positive
and providing multiple benefits. Ideally, it is not a static water body, but rather one that flows and fluctuates. Engage all the senses ○ can you see the water, hear it, touch it? Multi-sensory experiences are always preferable. It is ideal if the water fluctuates naturally and not in a predictable way. Note that high volume and turbulence can have negative effect, so always consider proximity to the feature. So fresh and so clean ○ research shows that people prefer views of clean, unpolluted water. Assure that there are systems in place that will keep the water fresh and clean. Size doesn’t matter ○ even a small water feature will have positive impact on the occupants, especially if it incorporates moving water that can be heard. A constructed waterfall, aquarium, fountain, are all examples of water features that can be used. Who is your audience? ○ is the space meant for relaxation, focused work, or play? It is preferable if the feature could be adjust to achieve the desired effect. In addition, the water feature should be designed with the user and function of the space in mind. It can be as simple as a fish tank placed in an area where occupants spend time. Minimum five minutes of nature exposure is advised. If all else fails ○ if a water feature is not possible, try incorporating artwork that evokes water.
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as in the case of the Bertschi school, functioning on different levels
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Secondary Case Study A: Fallingwater
Location: Mill Run, PA I Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright I Date: 1964 I Size: 2,885 interior & 2,445 terraces
Photos by Ewa PodgĂłrska
Engage all the senses â—‹ can you see the water, hear it, touch it? Multi-sensory experiences are
always
preferable,
as
exemplified
by
the
iconic
Fallingwater
Secondary Case Study B: IBM Building
I Architect: Vladimir Ossipoff (original)/Howard Hughes (renovation) Date: 1962 / 2014 (renovation)
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Size doesn’t matter ○ even a small water feature will have positive impact on the occupants. Here, the small water feature masks traffic noise in Downtown Honolulu
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Case Study: Windhover Contemplative Center
Location: Stanford, CA I Architects: Aidlin Darling Design I Size: 4,000 ft2 I Date: 2014
The Windhover Contemplative Center is a fascinating place. An equal part art gallery, spiritual sanctuary, and a contemplative garden, it provides a much needed retreat for Stanford University students, faculty and staff. A world-renowned artist and Stanford educator, Nathan Oliveira, inspired by a series of his paintings titled, Windhover, envisioned this unique space. The paintings, representing kestrels (birds belonging to the falcon family, known for their ability to hover in mid-air) swooping above the university foothills, were in turn inspired by a poem written in 1877 by Gerard Manley Hopkins. Nathan Oliveira taught at Stanford for over 30 years, and over time grew increasingly concerned with the stress levels he witnessed among his students. His dream was to install his Windhover paintings in a dedicated space that would not be constrained strictly to art display. He envisioned a sanctuary where the Stanford community could enjoy them in quiet contemplation. “Nathan wanted a very organic space, not a museum but a place of contemplation that valued nature and his paintings equally,” said the architect. “It was a dream project—it was like an architectural thesis project, combining architecture, nature, art, and spirituality.” The most striking feature of this seemingly simple and minimalistic building is the juxtaposition of the heavy rammed earth walls (it was the artist’s dream to use this ancient building tradition) and the lightness of the glass and aluminum. The open courtyard allows for the space to be utilized at any time of day or night.
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“Early research showed that productivity is higher in well daylighted workplaces, sales are higher in daylit stores, and that children performed better in daylighted classrooms with views.” Terrapin Bright Green
Photo by Ewa Podgórska
Sensitive to the daily pressures and stresses experienced by its students and employees, Stanford made a bold move to offer a meditative space where both art and nature could be contemplated. As stated in its design intent, “by offering easy access to a venue explicitly devoted to relieving stress and invigorating the spirit, without explicit religious reference, the university hopes that its community members will become happier and more productive.� The meditative experience starts far beyond the entrance to the building. A long path inspired by Chinese temples leads the visitor into the garden along the wall, and helps to calm the mind. The interior is quite dim, with dark-stained oak flooring and slatted ceiling. It is the perfect backdrop to the vibrant paintings on display. The water in the reflective pool sparkles and is patterned by the moving reflections of nearby trees. Heavy rammed-earth walls, which range up to 2 feet in thickness, contrast with glass walls. The space offers a refuge and a strong nature connection. As you transition to the back room, the glass enclosed bridge offers an almost surreal floating experience. The interior floor continues outside to form a deck. The structure appears to incessantly look outward and connect with its surroundings. A series of black aluminum fins screens the art from direct sunlight. The fins create dynamic patterns of moving shadows, as the sun travels across the sky. In addition, the fins, spaced irregularly, also evoke the trunks of trees planted around the building. Oliveira’s artist studio was mostly lit by skylight, which served as an inspiration for the architect. The dynamic yet diffused light enhances the calming influence of the space.
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Dynamic & Diffuse Light
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“If you look at the spectral quality of daylight, it is blue-ish in the morning and red-ish in the afternoon, and it turns out the human body responds to those spectrum, the color and the intensity—the frequency of light— by putting out hormones. We put out serotonin, which suppresses melatonin, in the morning when blue and white daylight enters the eye, which keeps us very alert.” Vivian Loftness
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Early research focused on the benefits of daylight on building
health. Sunlight transitions from soft yellow in the early morning, to bright blue at midday, to red in the evening. Our circadian rhythm is in tune with these changes (reason why companies like Apple offer “night shift” mode on their devices.) It is essential that the lighting design (especially in spaces where we spend a considerable amount of time) respects these changes. Here are some other important tips when
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fluctuations and color temperature changes, and their effect on human
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occupants while the most recent studies concentrate on illuminance
Light sensors ○ lights that dim with the changing natural illumination level not only offer energy efficiency but also provide for dynamic lighting conditions. It is ideal if such a system also incorporates circadian lighting (an option of a manual overwrite is essential to be incorporated) Beware of the glare ○ the goal of dynamic lighting is to provide a welcome yet subtle distraction. Uniform light distribution is not dynamic and thus results in cognitive fatigue. Note that too much light may cause uncomfortable glare. In workplace settings luminance ratio between the task and ambient lighting should not exceed 10:1. Layer it ○ as any good lighting designer knows, it is all about layering of light levels, sources and types. This creates a dynamic design, but also offers greater control to the user to appropriate the space as necessary. Think of different directions ○ it is ideal if natural light can penetrate the space from different directions, not only from windows, but also skylights, clerestories, and window shelves, etc. Some control ○ it is essentials that users have some control over their immediate environment. Personal task light and accent lights as well as dimming controls offer such possibilities. All about movement ○ light reflected in a body of water and dappled light under a tree canopy create fractal patterns that attract our attention. Our brains have developed to be attuned to fractal patterns in nature, such moments offer welcome distractions helping us to refocus and concentrate.
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implementing Pattern 6:
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Secondary Case Study A: University of Hawaii West O’ahu Campus Location: Kapolei, HI I Architects: John Hara Associates I Date: 2012
Photos by Ewa Podgórska
Think in different directions ○ it is ideal if natural light can penetrate the space from different directions, like in the case of the library building by John Hara on the Big Island of Hawaii
Secondary Case Study B: Etsy Headquarters
Location: Brooklyn, NY
I Architects: Gensler I Date: 2016 I Size: 225,000 ft2
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Layer it â—‹ it is all about layering of light. Etsy HQ offers architectural and decorative ambient, task, and accent lighting as well as an abundance of natural light
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Case Study: Sidwell Friends Middle School
Location: Washington DC I Architects: KieranTimberlake Associates LLP Size: 72,200 ft2 I Date: 2006 I Certification: LEED Platinum The independent Quaker school was the first K-12 school in the world and the first building in Washington DC to achieve LEED Platinum certification. The fundamental objective of the design was to physically demonstrate a responsible relationship between the natural and the built environment and their systems. The school with its green roof and constructed wetland, which reduce runoff and supply naturally treated water to be used for toilets, is an excellent example of the 7th Pattern of biophilic design. Constructed wetlands not only treat water but also provide habitat for plant and animal life. Fish and turtles live in the pond, and many other animal species call the wetlands home. It is a truly teaching landscape, where student get to learn about water cycle and start understanding that their actions impact the environment. To demonstrate the cyclical nature of the environment, a reclaimed cedar was selected for external cladding, and reclaimed greenheart wood (from pilings from the Baltimore Harbor) was used for flooring and decking of the school. Stone used for landscaping was also reclaimed. The mechanical systems inside the building are not concealed, further emphasizing the systems connection. Solar panels on the roof provide some of the building’s electricity needs. Other building features include high-efficiency electric lighting, occupancy sensors, solar-ventilation chimneys, operable windows, and ceiling fans. A central power plant was created to serve most of the campus’ buildings, as part of the project. Interior finishes were selected for their recycled content, low VOCs and use of rapidly renewable materials.
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“An obvious concern is that a massive withdrawal from nature will immunize us against empathic views of nature. Sustainability of the planet is not merely about being a good citizen and recycling; it is ultimately about maintaining an intimate relationship with nature. Research shows that in order to truly care about ‘being green,’ one must actually have meaningful exposure to nature.” Eva M. Selbuh, Alan C. Logan
Photo by Ewa Podgórska
Nature is systematic. Any fully integrated ecosystem is superior to the sum of its parts, where even the smallest insects are essential to maintain the equilibrium. The design of the middle school was a mix of new built and renovation. Creating the wetlands and incorporating them into the school’s curriculum helps student learn about the natural systems. According to a school’s employee, kids are more careful when using the facilities now that they understand the water cycle. A simple look at the building provides an educational moment, with the color of reclaimed cedar cladding differing on the northern and southern exposure sides. A trickle filter, part of the constructed wetland system, also serves as an informational kiosk so students and visitors can be reminded of how water is reclaimed. It was interesting to learn that students are welcome to roam the mechanical room, and many become tour guides for visitors like me looking to learn about the school and its innovative solutions. Students are not, however, allowed to use the elevator (unless necessary.) CO2 sensors, which control and regulate the supply of fresh air in a given space, are very popular with kids as well, many like to breathe into them to see how the readings are affected in real-time. Steve Sawyer, the school’s long-time head of buildings and grounds, or as the kids call him, the Green Man, told me that one of the things people had to get used to was the “unmanicured” look of the wetlands. They definitely do not resemble a golf course, he noted. One more interesting facts I learned is that as much as the school wanted to use only native plants for the green roof, because roof conditions are not native conditions, some succulents had to be introduced as well. Similarly, the fish species in the wetland had to be reconsidered. Just like in nature, the building is a living system that responds in its own, unique way.
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Connection to Natural Systems
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“Human body, mind, and spirit largely developed in adaptive response to mainly environmental forces. In this world people depended on responding quickly to threats and opportunities associated with the natural world. Knowledge of plants, animals, soils, water, landscapes, and an array of ecological cues...largely determined whether people would survive, reproduce, and thrive.” Stephen R. Kellert
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The reason behind implementing the 7th Pattern is so that people
six Patterns are incorporated into one system. Ultimately, connection with natural systems is about promoting environmental stewardship, so the biophilic relationship becomes mutually beneficial to humans and nature. The middle school boasts a robust system demonstrating Pattern 7. Below are additional important tips when implementing it: Visual access to the outdoor ○ simply providing visual access to natural systems may be beneficial (even if that is the only option.) Observing climate and weather patterns has a number of proven positives. Can you see a green roof or terrace from the window? Can you observe animals inhabiting the outdoor space? Exposure to the cycle of life reminds us that we are also part of nature. Direct outdoor access ○ accessible green spaces provide more benefits than the ones that occupants passively observe. Growing edible plants and herbs provides a deep connection to nature (see Patterns 1&2.) Embrace the imperfect ○ like with the unruly and slightly wild-looking wetlands of the Sidwell School, people need to learn that nature is not meant to look like a perfectly pedicured golf-course. Embracing the Japanese ideal of wabisabi (beauty of imperfection) is a necessary mind-shift. Patina of time ○ nature operates in cycles. Aging is a natural process and should be embraced and even celebrated. The untreated reclaimed cedar wood on the cladding of Sidwell has different colors depending on the side of the building it is located. This sight provides visual interest and stimulates curiosity. Light it up ○ as mentioned in Pattern 6, incorporating simulated daylight system that responds to diurnal cycles is beneficial in spaces where people spend significant amounts of time, as it is aligned with our biology.
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start taking better care of their surroundings. Ideally, all of the previous
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at Sidwell, they become more aware of their environmental impact and
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Secondary Case Study A: Omega Center for Sustainable Living Location: Rhinebeck, NY I Architects: BNIM Architects I Date: 2009 I Size: 6,250 ft2 Certifications: Certified Living I LEED Platinum
Photos by Ewa PodgĂłrska
Patina of time â—‹
nature operates in cycles. The untreated recycled wood cladding of
the OCSL perfectly illustrates the passage of time and the aging process
Secondary Case Study B: Splunk HQ
Location: San Francisco, CA
I Architects: Revel Architecture and Design I Date: 2016 Certification: LEED Platinum
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Direct outdoor access â—‹ accessible green spaces provide more benefits than the ones that occupants passively observe. Employees of Splunk HQ are able to use their courtyard
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Natural Analogues
Pattern 8: Biomorphic Forms & Patterns.....................108 – 115 Primary Case study: ASID Headquarters Pattern 9: Material Connection with Nature.................116 – 123 Primary Case study: D&L Packard Foundation Pattern 10: Complexity & Order......................................124 – 131 Primary Case study: Etsy Headquarters
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Photo source: www.interiorsandsources.com
Case Study: American Society of Interior Designers HQ Location: Washington DC I Architects: Perkins + Will
Size: 8,500 ft2 I Date: 2016 I Certification: LEED Platinum ASID HQ is the first space in the world to attain both LEED Platinum & WELL Platinum certifications. It is also the first WELL certification in Washington DC. The organization, which believes in design’s positive impact on people’s lives, wanted to create a model workplace, with collaboration, flexibility, sustainability, and occupant well-being as the primary design drivers. Some of the features of the space include circadian lighting system that mimics natural daylight, and automated shades system that follows the sun’s movement to help eliminate eye strain. ASID employees are not assigned workplaces, but can select their desks daily, depending on their needs. Assigned lockers for storing personal property are provided. The space is an open-plan office with sit-stand desks, and all employees have access to the daylight. In fact, the space is filled with light. “Research has found the amount of artificial and natural lighting can have big impacts on employees’ sleep patterns, a major element in both their health and productivity,” said the lead architect on the project. ASID is a strong proponent of evidence-based design strategies. Therefore, the organization tracks its office’s performance statistics and environmental conditions. That data is displayed in real-time on three large screens by the entrance to the office, monitoring air quality, sound levels, and more. The organization intends to use the office as a lab for researching what a return on investment into a WELL space looks like. As such, it has partnered with Cornell University to analyze the data findings.
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“Research by Cornell University found that employee satisfaction on the environmental quality of the office increased significantly, as did overall job satisfaction, perceived support by the organization, and perceived organizational productivity.” International WELL Building Institute Photo by Ewa Podgórska
To give an example of ASID’s recent data analysis, below are select post-occupancy results (% improvements as compared to the previous office; for a detailed description of the study and relevant definitions see [ASID Research Study link]): ○ 16% productivity gain ○ 9% increase in collaborative work among staff ○ 25% of employees attributed circadian lighting at the new office for their enhanced sleep quality ○ 92% increase in satisfaction with acoustical quality ○ 110% increase in air quality satisfaction ○ increased engagement and reduced absenteeism The design team implemented multiple biophilic design Patterns throughout the space. There are live plants around the office, natural materials and organic patterns. A unique and subtle biomorphic pattern of magnified dragonfly wings was applied on the interior glass to provide a level of visual privacy. A bright Net Effect carpet in the large conference room, resembling the ocean, is made of a 100% recycled nylon from used fishing nets. One of smaller conference rooms features a colorful and abstract water pattern wallpaper. Even the ceiling fixture has a biomorphic, cloud-like shape. Research findings show that biomorphic forms and patterns help reduce stress, as they help humans shift focus, and have also been found to help with concentration. Although we do not respond well to fake nature representation, we have positive reactions to biomorphic forms, as symbolic life representations. According to studies, these tend to feel interesting and sometimes even captivating. This explains why the Fibonacci series and the Golden Ratio, which occur in many living things, have been widely used throughout centuries in art and architecture. Spaces with biomorphic forms and patterns are visually pleasing and enhance cognitive function while reducing stress.
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“Most modern architecture is composed of euclidean geometry although there is no perpendicular grid in the natural world… Today we are able to create architecture based on the rules in the natural world by using computer technologies. However, we should use these rules not to make forms that imitate nature but instead to create architecture that breathes and is congruous with the environment.”
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The implementation of Pattern 8 is ideal for places where people spend significant amount of time, either working or studying. Advancement
combined with nature-inspired forms and patterns on the inside of the structures. Here are some other important tips when implementing Pattern 8: Follow a theme
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edges and biomimetic qualities. Ideally, such building forms should be
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in technologies allow us to create more organic structures with softer
project? Is there a cohesive theme that unifies all of the spaces? Whatever the theme, the biomorphic forms and patterns should reflect and enhance it. Multiple Functions ○
ASID designers applied the biomorphic patterns in strategic
locations. A pattern of magnified dragonfly wings was applied on the interior glass to provide a level of visual privacy. Wallpaper with slightly abstract rippling water representation adds color to an otherwise subdued space. Make the pattern function beyond its aesthetic qualities. Think in 3D ○ it is not just partitions or walls that can be patterned. Think about floor, ceiling, millwork and of different levels. Is there an unexpected place where this can be applied, providing a fun element of surprise? Make it simple ○ it can be as simple as selecting carpets or fabric with biomorphic forms and patterns, a sculptural piece or a painting or photograph. Don’t overdo it ○ less is more. Too many distinct patterns may lead to visual toxicity. Be strategic with the application.
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○ what is your concept? What is the main inspiration behind the
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Secondary Case Study B: Hanna House
Location: Stanford, CA
I Architect: Frank Lloyd Wright
I Date: 1937
Photos by Ewa PodgĂłrska
Make it simple â—‹ F.L. Wright used the hexagonal pattern on the ground outside and inside Hanna house, as well as planters; the plan of the house has no right angles
Secondary Case Study B: IBM Building
I Architect: Vladimir Ossipoff I Date: 1962
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Think in 3D â—‹ think about 2-3 planes when applying the pattern. For example, the IBM Building where the facade pattern is scaled up and repeated on the ground
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Case Study: The David & Lucile Packard Foundation
Location: Los Altos, CA I Architects: EHDD Architecture I Size: 49,000 ft2 I Date: 2012 Certifications: Net Zero Energy I LEED Platinum
The largest Net Zero Energy Certified building in the world, the headquarters of the David & Lucile Packard Foundation is also LEED Platinum certified. This sustainable space provides a regenerative environment for the Foundation’s employees and stands as an example and a replicable model of environmentally responsible architecture. It is a true reflection of the company’s core values and mission – focused on conserving resources, protecting the planet, and improving the lives of all people. The most stunning feature of the building is its largest “office” or the open courtyard. To achieve this, a typical office building block was split in the middle and pulled apart, with both parts connected by a landscaped courtyard as well as bridge connectors. This allows for the two wings of the building to be narrow enough to have windows on both sides, allowing all of the employees access to the natural light. The two wings are themed “woodland” and “grassland” reflecting the local ecology. The space includes conference rooms, individual work areas, and common areas. Post-occupancy studies show that the direct access to nature has increased employee satisfaction as well as strengthened the sense of community. Occupancy and lighting level sensors are deployed throughout the building and site. Data from the sensors is displayed on each employee’s desktop dashboard. The dashbroards also notify them when it’s an appropriate time to use the operable windows. Other innovative features include chilled beam construction with external water storage, a highly insulated building envelope, rain gardens that capture and filter runoff, and solar panels.
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When driving by, it is easy to miss the building of the Foundation. This is a testimony to the fact that its architecture blends seamlessly with the surroundings. The building is enveloped by nature, which continues into the courtyard. Landscaping comprises of 90% California native and/or local vegetation. According to the architect behind the project, “the building supports the revitalization of a highly visible gateway to downtown Los Altos, while maintaining a look that is in harmony with the existing architectural style of the neighborhood.� The outdoor parking is equipped with solar PV canopies and an electric vehicle charging station. The energy from solar panels supplies the building. It is the first clue about the sustainable mission of the Foundation. In addition to the innovative solutions implemented in its design, some of the most impressive features of the structure are the materials used and the level of detail visible in their application: from the wooden cladding, which used exclusively Forest Stewardship Council certified (FSC) western red cedarwood, to the recycled copper exterior panels, and the beautifully marbled Mt. Moriah stone from the border of Utah and Nevada (within a 500-mile radius from the site.) Cork is used as flooring in common areas on two levels. The color of the cork changes from one floor to the next. Some of the floor is made of waste end-cut pieces of wood, which are set on ends creating a beautiful mosaic and a very durable floor. Another innovative material feature is the reuse of non-native and invasive eucalyptus trees that were removed from the nearby Presidio Park in San Francisco to make office doors throughout the facility. Furniture upholstery, window treatments as well as area rugs all feature very subtle patterns of nature.
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“A space with a good Material Connection with Nature feels rich, warm and authentic, and sometimes stimulating to the touch.” Terrapin Bright Green
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Materials used throughout the building not only provide a tangible connection to nature, but also to the place, and the history of the
area is covered by a film depicting the founders’ apricot orchard, even the artwork has been carefully curated to reflect nature scenes. Interesting fact: the Foundation staff is encouraged to go to the apricot orchard and pick the ripe fruit. The space is full of innovative material solutions. Here are some other important tips when implementing
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founders’ property, glass of the main meeting space by the reception
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Foundation. The reception desk is made from a tree fallen on the
Consider the function ○ research shows that too much natural wood inside a space can cause an unintended effect; 30%-40% is optimal. Very high percentage of wood is known to cause a decrease in brain activity, which could be beneficial in places like spas or doctor offices, but not places of work or study. Minimal processing ○ it is advisable that natural materials used in the space are minimally processed and reflect the local ecology or geology to create a distinct sense of space and connection. Not just wood ○ wood is not the only natural material. Stone, cork, metals, and their varied types can all be used in the design. The quantity and variability will cause different effects on the users. Patina of time ○ the beauty of the natural material is that it will change over time. Minimally treated materials will change color with time and become weaved into the history of the building. Inside and out ○ consider the building facade, the paths around the structure, footbridges, as well as interior materials and finishes. They all need to speak the same language and tell the same story. Green is in ○ color green is proven to help facilitate creativity. Color preferences are very subjective, so it is essential to exercise restrain with the color application, and follow a strategic approach.
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Secondary Case Study A: Davies Chapel, Hawaii Preparatory Academy Location: Waimea, HI I Architect: Vladimir Ossipoff I Date: 1966
Photo source: curbed.com
Photos by Ewa PodgĂłrska
Minimal processing â—‹ it is advisable that natural materials used in the space are minimally processed, like the brise soleil branches on the exterior of the Davies Chapel by Ossipoff
Secondary Case Study B: Liljestrand House
I Architect: Vladimir Ossipoff I Date: 1952
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Not just wood â—‹ wood is not the only natural material. Stone, cork, metals, sand can be used in the design. Like the local stone on walls and fireplace of Liljestrand House
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Case Study: Etsy Headquarters
Location: Brooklyn, NY I Architects: Gensler I Size: 200,000 ft2 I Date: 2016 Certifications: Net Zero Energy I LEED Platinum Etsy HQ is the largest Living Building Challenge (LBC) Petal-certified commercial building in the world. It is also the only LBC certified building in New York City and the first and only public technology company space to attain the certification. The goal behind the project was to create an environment that would reflect Etsy’s values around community, craft, and sustainability. The space sets a new standard for sustainable construction and design. An interior retrofit project, the HQ is located in the iconic Watchtower complex in DUMBO Brooklyn, which once served as the world headquarters of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The space features a myriad of innovative sustainable solutions. Low flow and flush fixtures, rainwater tank to support water usage for thousands of interior plants, three green walls, and three usable planted terraces. The project uses high efficiency light fixtures and daylight controls, as well as onsite and offsite solar arrays. During construction over 90% of waste was diverted from landfills. Etsy partnered with a local nonprofit, BIG Reuse, to send excess materials to nearby building projects. Etsy’s biggest claim to fame is the use of locally-sourced non-toxic floors and furnitures. Furniture and art installations are designed and made by local independent artisans, and some are from Etsy’s online community of sellers. The project required screening of more than 1,500 items in the office (everything from paints and adhesives to the heavy metals in A/V equipment) to ensure they did not contain any harmful or toxic chemicals from the LBC’s so-called “Red List.”
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“Some of the most successful building and landscape designs possess prominent elements of both organization and complexity...These buildings contain extraordinary detail and diversity, yet offer experiences that are visually coherent and balanced. Much of modern architecture, by contrast, is excessively uniform, homogeneous, and monotonous.” Stephen R. Kellert Photo by Ewa Podgórska
With its bright and multi-colored artwork and fixtures, patchwork sofas and other colorful furniture pieces, as well as thousands – often flowering – plants, Etsy HQ may seem a bit too stimulating at a first glance. However, when walking through the space, that is not the impression one gets. Yes, the artwork is bright but it is also strategically placed and mostly in the common areas, along with ping pong tables or other playful touches. It acts as a sort of a wayfinding tool, showing a way to the retreat places. The comfy sofas encourage collaboration in a pleasant, casual setting. Colorful mosaics in the kitchens portray fresh fruits and veggie, encouraging healthy eating habits. Areas for quiet work are more understated. Booths separated by planters and secluded nooks with 2-seater tables support individual work. It is all about options, employees can choose to sit on low benches, high bar stools, booths or tables. The common craft area lets them experiment and create. Most of Etsy’s artwork features very organic and natural shapes. Such fractal geometries and hierarchies are most pleasing to occupants and, as research proves, provide a balance between the boring and the overwhelming. If you imagine a natural environment, it is most likely an information rich environment. In nature, complexity means ample resources and opportunities. We are hardwired to be attracted to spaces that reflect it. Yet, we also require some order to that complexity, as overly stimulating spaces foster confusion and can cause mental fatigue. According to Stephen Kellert, some of the best buildings offer balanced and coherent complexity. Think of some well-known Gothic cathedrals or Persian rug designs.
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“Complexity & Order is rich sensory information that adheres to a spatial hierarchy similar to those encountered in nature.” Terrapin Bright Green
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Many designs of the aforementioned Persian rugs can be described as that are self-similar across different scales. They are created by repeating a simple process over and over in an ongoing feedback loop.” Although studies still continue on the topic, the optimal fractal ratios are being investigated to discover geometries most beneficial to humans. It is undeniable that such patterns are preferred by humans, as they have been implemented in both art and architecture for centuries. Here are
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fractal, never-ending pattern. “Fractals are infinitely complex patterns
Don’t overcomplicate it ○ complexity can be as simple as using a wallpaper, carpet or fabric with a fractal pattern, or even exposing some of the structure or the ceiling and the mechanical systems in it. Scale it ○ this pattern refers to a “hierarchy through space and scale that goes back to the naturally occurring variety in plants...we do this through varied application of scales.” Can you feel it? ○ complexity does not have to be just visual. Can textured materials or finishes be incorporated, ones that can be touched or walked upon? Maybe a variety of essential oils can be used in the space? Nature sounds can also be used to enhance the complexity. Art ○ Etsy HQ is an excellent example of how art can transform a seemingly uniform space into a fun and stimulating environment. If designing your own artwork, think of incorporating fractal designs with iterations of three. Recent research shows the ratio to be most interesting yet reducing stress levels of the observer.
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some other important tips when implementing Pattern 10:
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Secondary Case Study A: California Academy of Science
Location: San Francisco, CA I Architects: Renzo Piano Building Workshop I Date: 2008 Certification: LEED Platinum
Photos by Ewa Podgórska
Don’t overcomplicate it ○ complexity can be as exposing some of the structure or the ceiling and the mechanical systems in it, as in the case of California Academy of Sciences
Secondary Case Study B: Amazon Spheres
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Location: Seattle, WA I Architects: NBBJ I Date: 2018
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Can you feel it? â—‹ complexity does not have to be just visual. The Spheres engage multiple senses with various flowering plants and multiple active water features
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NatuRE of the Space
Pattern 11: Prospect...........................................................134 – 141 Primary Case study: Case Middle School Pattern 12: Refuge..............................................................142 – 149 Primary Case study: Splunk HQ Pattern 13: Mystery.............................................................150 – 157 Primary Case study: Thurston Chapel Pattern 14:
Risk/Peril.........................................................158 – 165 Primary Case study: 1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge
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Case Study: Case Middle School, Punahou School
Location: Honolulu, HI
I Architects: John Hara Associates I Date: 2004 Certification: LEED Gold
I was honored to meet the architect behind many of the Punahou School’s buildings, John Hara. The nine buildings of the middle school have been designed to be environmentally, socially and culturally sustainable. It was the first major development in Hawaii to obtain LEED Gold certification. Born and raised in Hawaii, the architect focused on strategically positioning the structures so they work with and take advantage of the trade winds for passive cooling, at the same time offering stunning views of Honolulu and the campus. Understanding and supporting the interdisciplinary curriculum championed by the school and its emphasis on community, all of the classrooms have windows on at least two sides, effectively providing views through the buildings. All of the windows are operable. Initially, both students and teachers had to get used to the idea of opening windows for cooling. In a warm place like Hawaii, where air conditioning is ubiquitous, it took the users some time to get used to the idea of natural ventilation. Now, air conditioning is rarely used. To foster the sense of community, the buildings’ program is organized such that each floor has four classrooms occupied by a single grade level teaching team. There are open-air team meeting areas and multiple terraces, allowing for team-building activities and play, as well as integration across class levels. Positioning of the buildings blends in with the steeply-sloped site, preserving the natural landscaping. The middle school complex includes ‘creative learning centers’ for upper grade level students and a multi-use assembly and performance space.
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“Designing with or around an existing or planned savanna-like ecosystem, body of water, and evidence of human activity or habitation will help the informationrichness of the prospect view.” Terrapin Bright Green
Photo by Ewa Podgórska
Setting the Case Middle School buildings into the steep slope has not only integrated the structures into their surroundings, but also opened up the views of the ocean and the Honolulu skyline. Each building boasts open-air common areas with ocean and city views, and multiple terraces with visual connection to the campus. The visual axes defined by the architecture, act as connecting lines between the school, the campus, nature, and the greater metropolitan area. The expansive views are truly inspiring and foster the sense of belonging to the greater community. They exemplify Pattern 11: Refuge, which has been widely studied by different disciplines, including evolutionary psychology and cultural anthropology. The Savanna Hypothesis purports that it was the African savanna where human species developed. Thus, we are genetically predisposed to prefer and feel better with access to prospect views. It is essential to note that such views are best if they include clear signs of some human habitation, copses of trees, water features, as well as flowering plants. For example, views of water put us at ease, as they assure us of access to our basic life sustenance. Flowering plants indicate healthy plant growth, signaling the fertile soil the land offers. The tree copses provide necessary shade and refuge. Benefits of prospect views include reduction in stress, boredom, irritation and perceived vulnerability, as well as improved comfort. Research result provide specific guidelines as to the distances of prospect views. Distant prospect (100ft +) is preferred over short ones (<20ft) and is best when offers information rich views.
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“You can look at design over the years and see how often we do this: Balconies, open floor plans, mezzanines, and transparent materials all aim to provide unimpeded views.” Diane Rogers
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The Prospect Pattern offers a sense of awareness and puts us at ease,
benefits. Prospect allows us to look out across our surroundings and contemplate them, as well as survey them for any potential benefits (i.e. food) or threats and hazards. Here are some important tips when implementing Pattern 10: Start early
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elevated position or a view across an expanse. Both offer equally positive
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especially in an unfamiliar setting. Prospect can mean a view from an
tioning buildings such that they offer expansive and distant views, like in the case of the Case Middle School, is ideal. In the case of Bullitt Center (see Pattern 4,) the “irresistible stair” serves multiple function, it is a required fire egress, and since it is enclosed in glass, it offers prospect views of the surroundings. Holistic approach ○ circulation, fenestration, workstations, meeting rooms, and terraces of the middle school all offer prospect views. Think of ways to allow for prospect views from multiple locations in the building. Research shows that a mix of short and long prospect views is preferred. Different positions ○ when it comes to interiors, think about how the views can be accessed by all occupants, whether standing or seating. Research shows that low partitions of 42” in height, provide privacy but also offer prospect views beyond. Prospect and refuge ○ combining Prospect with Refuge (see Pattern 12) is ideal. The combination, even as a small intervention, will be more beneficial than each individual one done separately at a large scale or at a higher frequency.
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○ it is best to consider prospect views in early planning stages. Posi-
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Secondary Case Study A: University of Hawaii CC at Palamanui Location: Kona, HI I Architects: Urban Works Certification: LEED Platinum
I Date: 2015
Photos by Ewa PodgĂłrska
Prospect and Refuge â&#x2014;&#x2039; combining Prospect with Refuge (see Pattern 12) is ideal. Students can enjoy the expansive views of the nature beyond, while sheltered from elements
Secondary Case Study B : Hawaii Preparatory Academy, Energy Lab Location: Waimea, HI
I Architects: Flansburgh I Date: 2010 I Size: 6,100 ft2
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Holistic approach â&#x2014;&#x2039;
circulation, fenestration, workstations, meeting rooms, and terraces
of the Energy Lab at Hawaii Prep middle school all offer prospect views
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Case Study: Splunk Headquarters Location: San Francisco, CA
I Architects: Revel Architecture and Design I Date: 2016
Size: 180,000 ft2 I
Certification: LEED Platinum
San Francisco Headquarters of the international data company, Splunk, is an impressive space. This seven-story building featuring a ground-level courtyard has obtained a LEED Gold certification. The design intent behind the project was to embody the company’s culture, which is innovative, dynamic, open, and fun. The designers from Revel managed to achieve these goals, while incorporating many biophilic design patterns in the process. To reflect Splunk’s egalitarian culture, the top floor along with its usable rooftop are meant to be enjoyed by all employees. That is where the wellness center, yoga room, and a kitchen/lounge area with TVs and videogames are located. Every floor has a kitchen stacked with healthy snacks. The work areas are open plan with sit-stand desks, and there are many small break-out huddle spaces, conference rooms, and comfy collaborative spaces with cushy seating. There is a game room on the ground floor, which includes arcade games, as well as a large area with a ping-pong table, so employees can have some fun when taking breaks from work. Inspired by San Francisco through the ages, each floor has its own theme that is reflected throughout each floor. For example, there is the Gold Rush, Victorian Era, and Summer of Love, to name a few. This helps with wayfinding, but also creates connection to the city, its history, and the greater community. The courtyard doubles as a basketball court and also has rainwater catchment, which is used to water the plants in the space.
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“The edge of a wood is one of the most prevalent of natural prospect-refuge conjunctions for it provides protection from weather and predators, but allows for outward surveillance.” Terrapin Bright Green
Photo by Ewa Podgórska
When visiting Splunk HQ I was impressed with the many refuge spaces available to the employees. The workplace offers open-plan offices that allow for greater collaboration, and thermal control zones are implemented so employees can control their immediate surroundings (thermostats allow for a few degree temperature adjustments.) Splunk employees are also encouraged to appropriate and/or decorate their spaces as they seem fit. For example, one floor has a small tiki-bar that a few employees decided to add to their area. The refuge places around the office are most impressive, however. Some of Splunkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s refuge spaces include circular booths in the elevator lobbies (shown in photo on left), with great views of the courtyard and an abundance of natural light. Employees can also decide to take power-naps on daybed wall nooks, where drapes provide extra privacy, if needed (photo on next page.). There is a myriad of small rooms, where staff can take calls and mini-breaks or just work alone. Refuge is an important experiential biophilic design pattern. Desire for a safe retreat and withdrawal is an essential need of every human. There are exhaustive studies about the Pattern, from as early as 1970s. Refuge can be a space of individual seclusion or an area for a small group. It can be dedicated to focused work or for rest and healing. Studies show that refuge conditions are essential for restoration and stress reduction by lowering blood pressure and heart rate. There are many benefits of refuge spaces such as reduced fatigue and irritation, and improved concentration and attention. Prospect and Refuge (Pattern 11 & 12) work best when implemented together.
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â&#x20AC;&#x153;The traditional lean-to is a great example of basic refuge, as are a cozy bench seat in a bay window of the kitchen or a fireside inglenook.â&#x20AC;? Terrapin Bright Green
Photo by Ewa Podgorska Photo source: https://homeworlddesign.com
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The iconic example of these two patterns is the tree growing on a
unobscured views across the savanna ahead. It is essential to note that the refuge space should not be completely enclosed. Ideally, protection from three sides (including top and back) is recommended. Here are some important tips when implementing Pattern 12: Smaller part of large space
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the tree trunk, protected by the canopy. The position offers safety and
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savanna. There, a person can rest under the tree with her back against
of, yet offer unique and distinct features. Blinds, screens or other partitions can be implemented to offer a degree of separation that do not completely severe the two areas. Contact is key ○ refuge space cannot be completely enclosed. Some contact, either visual or aural, to the rest of the space is advisable. Protection from the back and above head is the minimum, with enclosure on three sides the recommended degree of separation. It’s in the ceiling ○ refuge spaces can be created by lowering the ceiling in designated area, with a dropped ceiling or soffit, among some of the solutions. Think about your audience ○ for large spaces with high occupancy rates, it is best to provide a variety of refuge moments, like in the case of Splunk HQ. There, the refuge areas at the workplace offer different lighting conditions and degrees of concealment, assuring that the varying needs of employees can be met.
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○ refuge space needs to feel connected to the larger space it is a part
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Secondary Case Study A: BCCI Construction
Location: San Francisco, CA I Designers: BCCI Construction
I Date: 2015
Size: 16,150 ft2 I Certification: LEED Platinum
Photos by Ewa Podgórska
Smaller part of large space ○ refuge space needs to feel somewhat connected to the larger space it is a part of. Color scheme of the office is reflected in the Wellness Room at BCCI
Secondary Case Study B: Etsy Headquarters
I Architects: Gensler I Date: 2016 I Size: 225,000 ft2 Certification: LBC Petal Certified
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Contact is key â&#x2014;&#x2039; refuge space cannot be completely enclosed. The sectional placed in a corner of the Etsy office offers just enough separation to signify a different use intent
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Case Study: Thurston Memorial Chapel, Punahou School Location: Honolulu, HI
I Architect: Vladimir Ossipoff I Date: 1966
I visited Ossipoff ’s Thurston Chapel during my second tour of the Punahou School. It was quite special and reminded me of my past visit to the MIT Chapel by Saarinen. Both structures, so seemingly understated, offer elements of mystery and discovery at every step. Thurston chapel is a 500-seat worship place, also serving as school performance and meeting venue. Open courtyard and outdoor “roundhouse” classroom are both part of the design. What is most striking about the chapel is its location on a lily pond. The structure seems to float on the pond, which is at the heart of the campus. The name of the school stems from the ‘Ka Punahou” natural spring that formed the pond. It is a magical place on the campus, with blooming water lilies, koi fish and turtles, it teems with life. One has to go up a few steps to reach the courtyard, but the chapel itself is five steps lower than the courtyard level, so one needs to descent the steps to reach the main entry. The choreographed procession helps to relax and prepare for the entry to the chapel with a more peaceful or quiet mind. From the entry door, made of local koa wood with copper carvings by local artists, to the angled pews, each material detail is considered and beautifully crafted in the true Ossipoff style. The most fascinating feature of the chapel is the presence of water. When inside the space, standing in the middle, the building is very symmetrical. However, what instantly catches one’s eye is the colorful undulating water reflection on the ceiling to the right. That is the area where the lily pond enters the inside of the chapel.
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“Japanese researchers have found the sweet spot for just the right amount of wood on the floor and walls in an interior environment - somewhere between 30 and 40 percent of surface areas. This percent has the highest rating of relaxation and is linked to lower physiological stress markers (blood pressure and pulse rate.)” Eva M. Selhub & Alan C.Logan
Photo by Ewa Podgórska
It is hard not to think of traditional Japanese architecture and gardens when visiting the Thurston Chapel. Ossipoff, although born in Russia, was raised in Japan, where he lived before moving to Hawaii. It is of no surprise that Japanese influence is evident in this and his other works. The element of mystery starts even before one approaches the chapel. It is not immediately obvious that the building is on a pond, until you approach it closely. Even if anticipated, the building that seems to float on water is still surprising to witness. The steps leading up to the courtyard and the subsequent descent down to get to the chapel entry, stir a sense of anticipation and excitement, and encourage one to proceed further to discover the place. The chapel interior does not disappoint. The juxtaposition of wood on the ceiling, altar and pews with the central wall of stone, the cross that seems to float in mid-air, descending from a skylight above, the colorful light seeping in through the stain glass walls, and finally, the presence of the lily pond inside the chapel, all add to the mystery and surprise. The dynamic colorful reflection of water inside is ever-changing and hypnotizing. Seemingly simple at first, the chapel offers many moments of mystery and surprise that make one want to spend time in the space and explore all of its special moments. The Mystery Pattern stems from the idea that humans have two basic needs in environments: to understand and to explore them further. Research shows that mystery results in a strong pleasure response in the brain, caused by an anticipatory situation. Study findings prove that application of the Pattern has many benefits, including heightened curiosity and improved preference for a space. Therefore, it is ideal if the focal subject inside the space is partially obscured, as to increase the sense of anticipation and curiosity.
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“This process of denial and reward, obscure and reveal is evident in Japanese garden design...The gardens at Katsura Imperial Villa, in Kyoto, Japan, make strong use of Mystery to draw visitors through the space and instill a sense of fascination.” Terrapin Bright Green
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○ curving paths that slowly and partially reveal what is ahead are recommended. Think of a choreographed procession that feels natural, with partially obstructed views enticing the user to move forward and discover what lays ahead. Engage ALL senses
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Here are some important tips when implementing Pattern 13:
pleasant scents, these could all intrigue, interest and prompt further investigation of the space. Depth of field ○ it is recommended that views are of medium (20ft+) to high (100ft+) depth of field, as not to cause a fear response. Hide & seek ○ peek-a-boo windows that offer an introduction into a space are highly recommended. As the sense of mystery can disappear with constant exposure, it is best if such windows look into occupied spaces, with fluctuating yet constant levels of activity. If all else fails ○
artwork or installation can be used to introduce the mystery
conditions. Think of using screens or dividers or translucent fabrics to partially obscure the view, or ways to create moments with dramatic shade and shadow that enhance the experience.
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○ light and shadow, sound or vibration from an imperceptible source,
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? Secondary Case Study A: Windhover Contemplative Center Location: Stanford, CA I Architects: Aidlin Darling Design I Size: 4,000 ft2 I Date: 2014
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Hide & seek â&#x2014;&#x2039; peek-a-boo windows that offer an introduction into a space are highly recommended. This idea is implemented numerous times at the Windhover
? Secondary Case Study B: Sanctuary, Omega Institute
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Engage ALL senses â&#x2014;&#x2039; light and shadow, sound or vibration from an imperceptible source, pleasant scents, could all intrigue as exemplified by the Sanctuary at the Omega Institute
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Case Study: 1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge Park
Location: Brooklyn, NY I Architects: INC Architecture & Design
I Date: 2017
Certification: LEED Platinum This boutique hotel in the iconic Brooklyn neighborhood exudes biophilic design. All of the 14 Patterns are present here, making the hotel a truly remarkable destination. The design of the hotel is strongly connected to the history of Brooklyn and to its coastal location on the wharf. The mission of the hotel is “real green” development, and so a part of the project development included a public park. Connection between the park and the interior spaces is emphasized in the design, and the park seems to spill into the building. The very first thing a visitor notices is a hydration station at the entrance to the hotel. This scaled-down version of the emblematic New York water tower is made of wood salvaged from water towers around NYC. The engraving above informs the visitor that it stands as a reminder of a simpler time, when a way to store water was as simple as water itself. This unexpected moment makes you stop and ponder the simple truth. After crossing the threshold, one is greeted by a suspended stair anchored by a pile of rocks, with each rock tied with a fishing rope; the pile looks like it was just fished out from the river. A look to the right reveals an expansive lounge area with a large living wall. Plants are everywhere in the space. An understated reception desk is almost hidden from view by the large staircase. The mix of materials, including reclaimed wood and metals, textured stone, patterned wallpaper, create a mélange of earth-tones and textures that combine into a cohesive whole. The lobby café offers healthy food options. The hotel also features a restaurant, a lounge, a rooftop garden with a bar, as well as a spa. Views of the East River and Manhattan skyline from the hotel’s rooftop are unforgettable.
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“The objective of the Risk/Peril Pattern is to arouse attention and curiosity, and refresh memory and problem solving skills.” Terrapin Bright Green
Photo by Ewa Podgórska
There are a number of remarkable Risk/Peril moments at the 1 Hotel. After crossing the threshold, one is greeted by suspended stairs with open treads, which seems to unfold into the space while hanging from thin metal wires. This is the first instance of Pattern 14. An even more striking moment, that may just make oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heart race, is the glass railing on the rooftop. With amazing views of NYC and the river, one is pulled toward the edge of the rooftop. As much as the views are enticing, the glass railing is equally thrilling and scary. What saves it, is the top cap, providing a cue that this risky moment is in fact safe. Pattern 14 surely affects individuals differently. For example, I have a fear of heights so I tend to stay away from the edge. My sister (in the photo), is fearless, but still felt a bit uneasy with the glass railing. The same glass railing continues to the pool side of the deck. The most important part about Pattern 14 is that the condition of seeming danger must be accompanied by a trusted element of safety. Perceived danger feels exhilarating and mischievous, which causes intrigue and an urge to explore, but safety measures need to be noticeable, like in the case of the 1 Hotel rail cap. This pattern results in strong, yet short-lasting dopamine pleasure responses in the brain, which studies show to support motivation, memory, problem solving. It is important to note that prolonged exposure and high levels of dopamine may have the opposite, negative results. Additionally, the deliberate application of Pattern 14 needs to be done in a site-appropriate way. Moreover, varied degrees of perceived risk can be incorporated. A water feature inside a plaza of an office building will offer a different experience from one on a playground. Here are some important tips when implementing Pattern 14:
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“Our species may have evolved in the natural world, but the ‘natural habitat’ of people today has increasingly become the human-designed and -developed environment. This contemporary reality does not diminish people’s inherent need to affiliate with nature as necessary basis for health, productivity, and well-being.” Stephen R. Kellert
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Start early
that acts like a counterweight to a canopy located on one of its bridges. Everyone walking down the bridge must walk under the hanging rock. Some people figure out that they actually control how high or low the rock can be placed. This is thrilling for both the passerby and the person controlling the rock. Although everyone knows all the necessary safety-measures are implemented, this still causes a bit of
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project. For example, the Amazon Spheres (see Pattern 1) have a rock
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○ the planning for Pattern 14 needs to start at early stages of the
Architectural features ○ when planning for the project, consider incorporating cantilevers, double-height spaces, suspended bridges, tensile features like staircases, infinity features, transparent facades or railings. Cantilevered terraces of the Fallingwater that expand above the waterfall below are an excellent example of Risk/Peril. Element of surprise ○ the moment where Pattern 14 occurs does not have to be obvious. It is more thrilling if there is an element of surprise involved. For example, Amazon Spheres have suspended footbridges one can walk on. What first time visitors are unaware of is the fact that these bridges are also bouncy. Stepping onto the bridge causes an instant thrilling experience. Even multiple walks on the bridges do not cause the feeling to fully dissipate. Think about nature ○ what can cause Risk/Peril in nature? Is it a fear of heights, water, predators? What perceived risks do they present? Falling, slipping, loss of control? Think about how this element can be incorporated in a controlled and safe way. Keep it simple ○ the two bee apiaries at the offices of COOKFOX (see Pattern 2) provide a level of Risk/Peril. Any proximity to active or predatory animals can result in the Pattern. If not possible, a similar (though lesser) effect will be caused by life-size photography of animals likes snakes or spiders.
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Secondary Case Study A: Bullitt Center Location: Seattle, WA I Architects: Miller Hull I Date: 2013 I Size: 52,000 ft2 Certifications: Net Zero Energy I Net Zero Water
Photos by Ewa PodgĂłrska
Architectural features â&#x2014;&#x2039; Consider incorporating cantilevers, double-height spaces, suspended bridges, tensile features, infinity features, transparent facades or railings
Secondary Case Study B: Amazon Spheres
Na tu r e of the S pace
I
Location: Seattle, WA I Architects: NBBJ I Date: 2018
Pa tt er n 1 4
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Element of surprise â&#x2014;&#x2039; It is more thrilling if there is an element of surprise involved, like the bouncy suspension bridges or the nest-like meeting space inside Amazon Spheres
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(not so) final thoughts There are a number of design considerations that are necessary for designing biophilic spaces, without which biophilic design simply cannot exist, no matter how many patterns are implemented. The most essential is the connection to the place and space. Whatever the design, it needs to be appropriate to its location, reflecting the local ecology and geology in the space. Ideally, it integrates with the landscape, and whenever possible, uses local plant species as well as locally sourced materials. Equally important is the focus on making connections to the culture and history of the place, space and its people. Stewardship and ownership of the spaces are key. Only when users feel a sense of ownership do they take care of their surroundings. According to the experts I spoke with, if the users are involved and have a say in the initial design process, they feel more connected to the place. The ultimate goal is to create spaces that people love and want to care for, and that they want to see thrive and exist for a long time. Longevity of the buildings is essential in creating biophilic spaces. The 11-week Fellowship has been â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in equal parts â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rewarding, challenging, eye-opening, fun, and exhausting. I feel honored to have been selected to be the 2018 Travel Fellow at Hart Howerton, San Francisco. I still canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t believe how many remarkable people I met thanks to the experience, internally at Hart Howerton, as well as the experts and individuals I met during case study visits. Some of the top experts in the industry have found the time to meet with me, and everyone I encountered was passionate and open to share their insights. As I continue to study the subject of biophilic design, I am sure I will look back at this report and smile at my own ignorance. Nonetheless, I feel I have come far and have gained a solid understanding of the subject in the past weeks. I cannot wait to incorporate what I have learned during my studies at RISD, and beyond, in my future career.
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Thank you for taking your time to read through my report. Please contact me with any questions you may have at epodgors@risd.edu or epodgorska@gmail.com
â&#x20AC;&#x153;As humans become increasingly disconnected from nature in our daily lives, the task of connecting people and nature in our built environment becomes even more urgent. Doing so will require intentional action, and we will have to purposefully unlearn of our habitual ways of designing and constructing buildings.â&#x20AC;? Amanda Sturgeon
Right: outside of the Hart Howerton SF Office San Francisco, CA
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Photo by Ewa Podgรณrska
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image credits 34 Terrapin Bright Green. Table 1. Biophilic Design Patterns & Biological Responses. 2014. From “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. 109 ASID Headquarters. Digital Image. “ASID Headquarters Is the World’s First Platinum LEED & WELL Certified Space.” n.d. July 13, 2017. https://www.interiorsandsources.com/news/design-news/news-detail/articleid/21337/title/asid-headquarters-is-the-world-s-first-platinum-leed-wellcertified-space. 146 Splunk Headquarters. Digital Image. HomeWorldDesign (blog). December 26, 2017. https://homeworlddesign.com/splunk-headquarters-san-francisco-revel-architecture-design/. 162 Laignel, Eric. “1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge Park.” Interior Design Magazine. January, 2018. https://www.interiordesign.net/projects/142661-hotel-brooklyn-bridge-park-by-inc-architecture-and-design-marvel-architects-and-michael-van-valkenburgh-associates-2017-best-of-year-winner-foru-s-boutique-hotel/.
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notes 5 “It is important to realize...” Kellert, Stephen R. 2015. “What Is and Is Not Biophilic Design?” Metropolis (blog). October 26, 2015. https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/what-is-and-is-not-biophilic-design/. 21 For the purpose of the report, I am using a framework based on Terrapin Bright Green LLC. “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. 21 There is much value Kellert, Stephen R., Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador, eds. 2008. Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. 21 Kellert’s framework is used by Amanda Sturgeon Sturgeon, Amanda. 2017. Creating Biophilic Buildings. Edited by Juliet Grable. Seattle, WA: Ecotone Publishing. 23 “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. 2014. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. 27 In biophilic design, it is the human need of health Kellert, Stephen R., Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador, eds. 2008. Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. 27 Biophilic design satisfies people’s innate and essential need Kellert, Stephen R. 2018. Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 27 It is the missing piece of sustainable design Vliet, Helena van. 2015. “Biophilia: Sustainability Meets Health & Well-Being.” Blog. Human Spaces. March 27, 2015. https:// blog.interface.com/biophilia-sustainability-meets-health-well-being/.
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27 In his last book, Nature by Design Kellert, Stephen R. 2018. Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, IX. 28 Biophilic design approach is heavily evidence-based Goldhagen, Sarah Williams. 2017. Welcome to Your World: How the Built Environment Shapes Our Lives. First edition. New York, NY: Harper, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 138. 29 As the city increasingly becomes our ‘natural habitat’ “68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN.” 2018. UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. May 16, 2018. https://www.un.org/ development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects. html. 29 “Let us be clear on this point…” Kellert, Stephen R. 2015. “What Is and Is Not Biophilic Design?” Metropolis(blog). October 26, 2015. https://www.metropolismag.com/ architecture/what-is-and-is-not-biophilic-design/. 29 Biophilia, derived from Greek, means “love of life.” Williams, Florence. 2017. The Nature Fix: Why Nature Makes Us Happier, Healthier, and More Creative. First edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 21. 29 The term, first coined in the 1960’s Wilson, Edward O. 1984. Biophilia. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 29 For over 99% of the history as a species, we have evolved in adaptive response to the natural world. Kellert, Stephen R. 2018. Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1. 30 Currently about 50% of the world’s population lives in cities “68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN.” 2018. UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. May 16, 2018. https://www.un.org/ development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects. html.
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30 As Florence Williams, the author of The Nature Fix, aptly states Williams, Florence. 2017. The Nature Fix: Why Nature Makes Us Happier, Healthier, and More Creative. First edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 5. 30 One of the first experiments using standards of modern medical research Ulrich, R. S. 1984. “View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery.” Science (New York, N.Y.)224 (4647): 420–21. 30 In his final book, Nature by Design Kellert, Stephen R. 2018. Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 26. 32 In the big picture...” Selhub, Eva M., and Alan C. Logan. 2012. Your Brain on Nature: The Science of Nature’s Influence on Your Health, Happiness and Vitality. Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada. 33 According to research studies, biophilic design impacts humans on multiple levels Goldhagen, Sarah Williams. 2017. Welcome to Your World: How the Built Environment Shapes Our Lives. First edition. New York, NY: Harper, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 138. 33 In simple terms, our nervous system “Parasympathetic Nervous System.” https:// www.sciencedaily.com/terms/parasympathetic_nervous_system.htm. “Sympathetic Nervous System.” https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/sympathetic_nervous_system.htm. 33 Studies unequivocally show that human interaction with nature Williams, Florence. 2015. “This Is Your Brain on Nature.” Magazine. December 8, 2015. https://www. nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/01/call-to-wild/. 34 “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green.. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. 35 According to a 2017 global study Bonislawski, Adam. 2017. “A Good Fit: Challenges and Opportunities in the Drive for Workplace Wellness.” Blueprint, Presented by CBRE(blog). March 21, 2017. https://blueprint.cbre.com/a-good-fit-challenges-and-opportunities-of-the-drive-for-workplace-wellness/.
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35 2015 Human Spaces global study Human Spaces. The Global Impact of Biophilic Design in the Workplace. http://www.interface.com/US/en-US/about/press-room/Human-Spaces-Report-Press-Release. 35 2016 study from Harvard examined Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. The 9 Foundations of a Healthy Building. 2017. http://forhealth.org/Harvard.Building_Evidence_for_Health.the_9_Foundations.pdf. 35 Google uses biophilic design elements CBRE. “The Snowball Effects of Healthy Offices.” 2016. https://www.cbre.com/netherlands/healthy-offices-research. 35 MacNaughton, Piers, Usha Satish, Jose Guillermo Cedeno Laurent, Skye Flanigan, Jose Vallarino, Brent Coull, John D. Spengler, and Joseph G. Allen. 2017. “The Impact of Working in a Green Certified Building on Cognitive Function and Health.” Building and Environment114 (March): 178–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.041. 36 Exeter University study found University of Exeter. “Why Plants in the Office Make Us More Productive.” Accessed November 11, 2018. http://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/featurednews/title_409094_en.html. 36 Gaskell, Adi. Forbes. “A Green Office Equals A Productive Office.” https://www.forbes. com/sites/adigaskell/2017/02/15/a-green-office-equals-a-productive-office/#6489d7cf7ca5. 36 The American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) American Society of Interior Designers. “American Society of Interior Designers Headquarters Office.” Impact of Design Series, Vol. 1. https://www.asid.org/impact-of-design/asid. 36 For example employee data from annual company reports by Google and Amazon. 39 Latest data shows that 78% of millennials CBRE. Millennials: Myths and Realities. 2016. https://www.cbre.com/about/live-work-play-2016. . 40 A big proponent of biophilic design, Google CBRE. “The Snowball Effects of Healthy Offices.” 2016. https://www.cbre.com/netherlands/healthy-offices-research.
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43 Wellness is one of the fastest growing industries “Health & Wellness Progress Report | Deloitte | Consumer Business.” n.d. Deloitte. Accessed November 11, 2018. https:// www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/consumer-business/articles/health-wellness.html. 43 The global wellness real estate Global Wellness Institute. 2018 Research Report: Build Well to Live Well. https://www.globalwellnesssummit.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018Research_BuildWelltoLiveWell_v12FINAL3618_lores.pdf ?mod=article_inline 44 WELL Building Standard will continue evolving Ryan, Catie. 2015. “Biophilia & WELL Building Standard.” Terrapin Bright Green. July 22, 2015. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/blog/2015/07/biophilia-parallels-well/. 44 International Living Future Institute has started “Biophilic Design Initiative | Living-Future.Org.” 2016. International Living Future Institute (blog). November 5, 2016. https://living-future.org/biophilic-design/.
50 – 57 Pattern 1 Logan, Katharine. n.d. “Amazon Spheres by NBBJ Open in Seattle.” Accessed November
11,
2018.
https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13227-ama-
zon-spheres-by-nbbj-open-in-seattle?v=preview. “Seattle Spheres.”Spheres. https://www.seattlespheres.com/. “Amazon Spheres.” 2018. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_Spheres&oldid=866016104. “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. 2014. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. “A pivotal piece of research…” Wells, Ken. 2018. “More Buildings Are Going Green. Literally.” Wall Street Journal, June 27, 2018, sec. Business. https://www.wsj.com/articles/ more-buildings-are-going-green-literally-1530065281.
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“Research by an international team…” Schiffman, Richard. 2018. “A Greener, More Healthful Place to Work.” The New York Times, June 8, 2018, sec. Well. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/11/well/a-greener-more-healthful-place-to-work.html.
58 – 65 Pattern 2 Schulz, Dana. n.d. “How COOKFOX Architects Outfitted Their Midtown Office with Wellness Technology and Outdoor Space.” https://www.6sqft.com/how-cookfox-architects-outfitted-their-midtown-office-with-wellness-technology-and-outdoor-space/. “COOKFOX Office - Profile | International WELL Building Institute.” https://wellonline.wellcertified.com/project-profiles/cookfox-office. COOKFOX Architects. “250 West 57th Street.”. http://cookfox.com/project.php?id=250West-57th-Street. “Research shows that exposure to nature sounds…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green.. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/.
66 – 73 Pattern 3 “Delos Headquarters.” n.d. Delos LLC. https://delos.com/project/delos-headquarters. Knox, Nora. n.d. “What Is WELL? | U.S. Green Building Council.” https://www.usgbc. org/articles/what-well. “Delos Headquarters Renovation | Living-Future.Org.” n.d. https://living-future.org/lbc/ case-studies/23524/. “Delos | Projects.” n.d. Gensler. https://www.gensler.com/projects/delos. Gonchar, Joann. 2015. “Architectural Record: The Picture of Health |.” Delos®. June 1, 2015. https://delos.com/in-the-news/the-picture-of-health. “The Frick Environmental Center.” n.d. Architect. https://www.architectmagazine.com/ project-gallery/the-frick-environmental-center_o.
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“Non-rhythmic sensory experiences…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green.. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. “Studies show that healthy workers tend…” Margolies, Jane. 2018. “How Healthy Is Your Office?” The New York Times, August 9, 2018, sec. Business. https://www.nytimes. com/2018/07/31/business/healthy-office-real-estate.html.
74 – 81 Pattern 4 “Bullitt Center | Living-Future.Org.” 2018. International Living Future Institute(blog). March 6, 2018. https://living-future.org/biophilic/case-studies/bullitt-center/. Pena, Robert B. “Living Proof The Bullitt Center.” University of Washington Center for Integrated Design. 2014. http://www.bullittcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/living-proof-bullitt-center-case-study.pdf “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. 2014. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. “Research shows that people like…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green.. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. “The era of harm reduction...” “Miller Hull — Bullitt Center.” n.d.. http://millerhull.com/ project/bullitt-center/.
82 – 89 Pattern 5 “Living Building Science Wing.” 2018. Bertschi. April 10, 2018. https://www.bertschi.org/ science-wing. “Bertschi Living Building Science Wing | Living-Future.Org.” 2016. International Living Future Institute(blog). October 20, 2016. https://living-future.org/lbc/case-studies/bertschi-living-building-science-wing/. Ross, Kritiana. 2011. “Bertschi School Living Science Building / KMD Architects.” ArchDaily. December 1, 2011. http://www.archdaily.com/184405/bertschi-school-living-science-building-kmd-architects/.
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USGS. “Water Properties: The Water in You (Water Science School).” https://water.usgs. gov/edu/propertyyou.html. Letzter, Rafi. n.d. “How Long Can a Person Survive Without Water?” Accessed November 11, 2018. https://www.livescience.com/32320-how-long-can-a-person-survive-without-water.html. Meenderman, Malia L. 2014. “Remaking of the Historic IBM Building in Honolulu - Hawaii House.” Hawaii Real Estate | Luxury Homes for Sale | Find Condos in Hawaii(blog). December 2, 2014. https://www.hawaii.house/articles/remaking-historic-ibm-building-honolulu/. “Research has shown that the presence…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green.. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/.
90 – 97 Pattern 6 Stanford University. “About | Windhover.” n.d. https://windhover.stanford.edu/about-0. Lee, Lydia. “Windhover Contemplative Center by Aidlin Darling Design.” Architectural Record.
https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/7993-windhover-contemplative-cen-
ter-by-aidlin-darling-design. Sullivan, Kathleen J. 2014. “Windhover Contemplative Center Opens Thursday on Stanford Campus.” Stanford University. October 8, 2014. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/october/windhover-center-opening-10-08-14.html. “Windhover Contemplative Center / Aidlin Darling Design.” 2015. ArchDaily. March 18, 2015. http://www.archdaily.com/608268/windhover-contemplative-center-aidlin-darlin-design/. “Early research showed that productivity…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green.. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. “If you look at the spectral quality of daylight…” Kemper, Nicolas. “Vivian Loftness on Biophilia and Why We Must Design Buildings Connected to Nature – Common Edge.” http://commonedge.org/vivian-loftness-on-biophilia-and-why-we-must-design-buildingsconnected-to-nature/.
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98 – 105 Pattern 7 “Stewart Middle School | Sidwell Friends School | KieranTimberlake.” n.d. https://kierantimberlake.com/pages/view/230/stewart-middle-school/parent:3. “Middle School | Green Building Detail.” n.d. https://www.sidwell.edu/about/environmental-stewardship/green-buildings/green-building-detail/~board/green-buildings/post/ middle-school. “Sidwell Friends Middle School.” n.d. http://www.aiatopten.org/node/140. Wesseler, Sarah. 2009. “AD Interviews: Kieran Timberlake.” ArchDaily. August 19, 2009. http://www.archdaily.com/32490/ad-interviews-kieran-timberlake/. “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. 2014. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. “An obvious concern is that a massive withdrawal from nature…” Selhub, Eva M., and Alan C. Logan. 2012. Your Brain on Nature: The Science of Nature’s Influence on Your Health, Happiness and Vitality. Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada, 3. “Human body, mind, and spirit…” Kellert, Stephen R. 2018. Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1.
108 – 115 Pattern 8 Reed, Tina. “American Society of Interior Designers Debuts New WELL-Certified Office Design for Workplace Wellness. Washington Business Journal. https://www.bizjournals. com/washington/breaking_ground/2016/06/want-to-improve-workplace-wellness-buildit-into.html. Garson, David. “A Pathway to WELL Certification | Interface Blog.” Human Spaces. June 18, 2017. https://blog.interface.com/biophilic-design-pathway-well-certification/. Matos, Jamie. “Measuring WELL: ASID Post-Occupancy Analysis Highlights the Value of Designing WELL.” 2018. International WELL Building Institute. February 13, 2018. https://www.wellcertified.com/en/articles/measuring-well-asid-post-occupancy-analysis-highlights-value-designing-well.
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“American Society of Interior Designers | ASID.” https://www.asid.org/impact-of-design/asid. “First WELL & LEED Platinum Space in World Showcases Impact of Design.” n.d. December 13, 2017. https://www.asid.org/news/asid-releases-comprehensive-research-studyon-the-impact-of-design-in-the-workplace. Weiss, Allie. 2017. “ASID Headquarters Becomes World’s First Space to Earn LEED and WELL Platinum Certification.” Interior Design. July 13, 2017. https://www.interiordesign. net/articles/13496-asid-headquarters-becomes-world-s-first-space-to-earn-leed-and-wellplatinum-certification/. “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. 2014. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. “Research by Cornell University…” “ASID National Headquarters - Profile | International WELL Building Institute.” n.d. https://wellonline.wellcertified.com/project-profiles/ asid-national-headquarters. “Most modern architecture…” Gadanho, Pedro, Phoebe Springstubb, Terunobu Fujimori, Tarō Igarashi, Julian Worrall, and Glenn D. Lowry. 2016. A Japanese Constellation: Toyo Ito, Kazuyo Sejima, SANAA,Ryue Nishizawa, Sou Fujimoto, Akihisa Hirata, Junya Ishigami. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
116 – 123 Pattern 9 “The Packard Foundation | EHDD.” n.d. http://www.ehdd.com/5477. Urban Land Institute. “The David & Lucile Packard Foundation Building.” 2013. https:// sf.uli.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/47/2013/05/ULI-CaseStudy-PackardBuilding-FINAL.pdf. The American Institute of Architects. “The David and Lucile Packard Foundation Headquarters.” n.d. http://www.aiatopten.org/node/403.
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“Packard Foundation Headquarters | Living-Future.Org.” 2016. International Living Future Institute(blog). https://living-future.org/lbc/case-studies/david-lucile-packard-foundation-headquarters/.
“A space with a good Material Connection…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green.. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/.
124 – 131 Pattern 10 “Etsy Headquarters | Living-Future.Org.” 2017. International Living Future Institute(blog). April 11, 2017. https://living-future.org/lbc/case-studies/etsy-headquarters/. “Gensler-Designed Etsy HQ Achieves Living Building Challenge Certification | Press Releases | News.” n.d. Gensler. https://www.gensler.com/news/press-releases/etsy-headquarters-achieves-living-building-challenge. “Etsy Living Building Challenge.” n.d. Etsy. https://www.etsy.com/living-building-challenge?utm_source=OpenGraph&utm_medium=PageTools&utm_campaign=Share. “Some of the most successful building…” Kellert, Stephen R. 2018. Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1. “Complexity & Order is rich…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/.
134 – 141 Pattern 11 “Punahou School - John Hara Associates Inc.” n.d. http://jhara.com/projects/punahouschool-case-middle-school/. “Designing with or around an existing or planned savanna-like ecosystem…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen. com/reports/14-patterns/.
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“You can look at design over the years…” Rogers, Diane. “Did You Know There Are 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design? – DIAmeter.” n.d. Accessed November 12, 2018. http:// www.interiorarchitects.com/blog/did-you-know-there-are-14-phases-of-biophilic-design/. 142 – 149 Pattern 12 “Splunk Headquarters.” n.d. Revel Architecture & Design. https://revelers.com/work/featured/splunk-headquarters/. “Inside Splunk’s Super Cool San Francisco Headquarters - Officelovin’.” n.d. https://www. officelovin.com/2016/08/02/inside-splunks-super-cool-san-francisco-headquarters/. “The edge of a wood is one…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. “The traditional lean-to is a great example of basic refuge” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-pat-
terns/.
150 – 157 Pattern 13 “Thurston Memorial Chapel.” n.d. https://www.punahou.edu/about/campus-and-learning-environments/facilities-guide/facility-profile/~board/facilities-guide/post/thurston-memorial-chapel. “Japanese researchers have found…” Selhub, Eva M., and Alan C. Logan. 2012. Your Brain on Nature: The Science of Nature’s Influence on Your Health, Happiness and Vitality. Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons Canada, 20. “This process of denial and reward, obscure and reveal…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/.
158 – 165 Pattern 14 Barreneche, Raul. 2018. “1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge Park by Inc Architecture & Design, Marvel Architects, and Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates” Interior Design. January 4, 2018. https://www.interiordesign.net/projects/14266-1-hotel-brooklyn-bridge-park-by-inc-architecture-and-design-marvel-architects-and-michael-van-valkenburgh-associates-2017best-of-year-winner-for-u-s-boutique-hotel/.
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“1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge Park.” n.d. INC Architecture & Design. https://inc.nyc/commercial/1-hotel-brooklyn-bridge-park/. “1 Hotel Brooklyn Bridge Allows You to Be Part of the Park, Says Jonathan Marvel.” n.d. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/06/11/video-1-hotel-brooklyn-bridge-jonathan-marvelarchitects-marvel-new-york-ahead-americas-awards/. “The objective of the Risk/Peril Pattern…” “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. “Our species may have evolved in the natural world…” Kellert, Stephen R. 2012. Birthright: People and Nature in the Modern World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 157.
167 There are a number of design considerations Kellert, Stephen R. 2018. Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 18.
Right: Mount Umunhum San Jose, CA Back Cover Image: Bullitt Center Seattle, WA Photos by Ewa Podgรณrska
Photo by Ewa Podgรณrska
Hart | Howerton Travel Fellowship 2018