RETROP : Retrofitting a social housing in tropical climate toward passive system by Nawapan SUNTORACHAI

MASTER IN ADVANCED COMPUTATION FOR ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN THESIS

2020/2021

RETROP

RETROFITTING SOCIAL HOUSING IN TROPICAL CLIMATE TOWARD PASSIVE SYSTEM

BARCELONA

MASTER IN ADVANCED COMPUTATION FOR ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 2020/2021

THESIS : RETROP RETROFITTING SOCIAL HOUSING IN TROPICAL CLIMATE TOWARD PASSIVE SYSTEM

FACULTY : GABRIELLA ROSSI

NAWAPAN SUNTORACHAI

Barcelona

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 7 ABSTRACT 8 01 BACKGROUND 13 02 PROBLEM 16 03 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 21 04 RESEARCH QUESTION 22 05 STATE OF THE ART 25 06 SITE LOCATION SELECTION 32 07 RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

08 TOOLS AND WORKFLOW 44 09 DESIGN STRATEGY 61 10 EVALUATION AND DECISION MAKING

11 DEVELOPMENT 77 12 CONCLUSION 79 13 REFERENCES 80

Acknowledgements This thesis was written during my studies as a graduate student at Institute for advanced architecture of Catalonia(IaaC), Barcelona 2020 to 2021. With the 3 modules of computational study program, I had the chance to learn many tools and design knowledge to support architect and designer in the AEC field. The workflow of this research includes energy and environmental simulations, wind and thermal comfort analysis, structural and materials performance, and optimising process and critical evaluation. First of all, I would like to thank Gabriella Rossi for consulting and advising me to develop and structure my thesis from conceptual level into more practical and theoretical to make this thesis happen. Also David Andrés León, Oana Taut, and all MaCAD faculty including Angelos Chronis, Aris Vartholomaios, Sarah Mokhtar, Rodrigo Aguirre, Arthur Mamoi-Mani, Manja Van De Worp, Jane Burry, Will Pearson, Luis Fraguada, Alan Rynne, Ardeshir Talei, Sepehr Farzaneh, Noelia Rodriguez, Stanislas Chaillou, Iliana Papadopoulou, Dai Kandil, Lea Khairallah, Mark Balzar, Zeynep Aksöz, Maitebravo to support me to explore the boundaries between the disciplines of architecture and technologist, and provided the freedom to find a truly fulfilling research topic. With the 9 months of studying in a very compact and challenging program, I found myself in an astounding development in computational design skills and thinking process. I am very thankful for the help from the faculty that guiding me as well as the opinions from the talented classmates. It was a very productive and challenging time during this master program. And to thanks all my colleagues for all effort and collaboration. With the study for designing toward Data-Driven, Climate Action and Environmental data becomes my interests in this program, I would like to take this opportunity to dig into this topic and develop with knowledge I have learned.

Abstract A social housing sector is one of the main areas globally with regard to energy efficiency and consumption. The sector was growing rapidly during post-war decades to serve population growth. The sector today becomes outdated and inefficient to the climatic responses. Building operational performance requires to evolve over time due to climate change. It appears that more energy needs to be consumed than normal, which increases the consequential causes of GHGs(Greenhouse gases) emission in the long term. As in the post-war of economic and population growth, the environmental concerns were not prioritised to initially put into the account of building design. These post-war social housings are moving to their last stage of their lifespan and require to be retrofitted, renovated, or demolished in near time. This thesis integrates the use of computational design tools and retrofitting strategy by examining performance of building envelope and space arrangement of a typical social housing in a tropical climate zone as well as investigating various strategies that could provide passive system to the building and reduce the use of electricity consumption. This thesis considered the retrofitting strategy using computational design tools for the building operation improvement within 3 topics including environment, social and economic to support both environmental and well-being of the occupants. This thesis is aimed to contribute a tool and workflow for designers to resolve today’s global mundane issues of climate change, energy inefficiency, affordability and well-being of dwellers. This thesis contrbute the use of computational design tool technology to simulate and optimise the existing building for a strategy to achieve comfortness and long-term sustainable living in social housing sector. Simulation and human-centric integration will lead to optimal performative building design results.

The mass housing building of the soviet union in post war 1967. Bloomberg CityaLab

Figure 01. Post-war soviet housing in 1967 11

Background Understanding current problem. In the 1950s-1970s the housing buildings were rapidly built due to the growth of population - post WWII ear. Many social housing that exists today are in the need of renovation and retrofitting to provide more sustainable for future occupants and current climatic policy. Retrofitting is one strategy that preserves the building and avoids demolition that caused tons of waste. Therefore, in order to extend the building life toward future architecture, the consideration of this thesis aims to evolve these numerous mass of housing stocks in a way that is both energy efficiency as well as following sustainable development goals 2030, Paris Agreements, wellbeing of people will comply. (CASH, May 2010 p.4) Considering that many social housing buildings could not function effectively, the occupants were inevitable to spend more cost of maintenance to adapt with the climatic problem. The use of utilities with additional elements such as adding external shading devices are commonly found in tropical cities that occupants used for filtering the visual and thermal stress from the sunlight. In addition of spending a lot of electricity cost for air condition, or living uncomfortably due to the unpleasant indoor air quality are also major problems nowaday. These mundane reality need an improvement in both individual and collective scale to avoid bad impacts occuring to both people and building ecosystem.

Park Hill Sheffield refurbishment pre&post-repairment - C

Figure 02. Pre- and Post- facade retrofitting of Park Hill Sheffield 14

Thailand’s residential energy consumption 1990-2014

Figure 03. Thailand residential energy consumption between 1990-2014

Energy demand is increasing every year according to the data from Thailand’s residential energy consumption in the Figure 1. This thesis see the opportunity to bring these two topics including energy efficiency and social housing retrofitting to evolve the building toward future climate.

Problem Building Problem Social housing buildings today require new system to adapt to climate changes for better efficiency in reducing energy consumption. However, regards to the many factors there are more problems occurs and could not re-design freedomly according to the limitation of retrofitting including structure, building orientations, cost of construction, time, occupant feedback, city regulations as well as several site-specific environmental factors that are required to be surveyed in pre-design for analysis and planning strategy in retrofitting process. Design problem To create tools for evaluate and increase the energy efficiency of the building in retrofitting strategy for new operation, many environmental indicators need to be reconsidered in correlation. However, in order to evaluate the building performance, there is still a gap between the digital application algorithms on the market and human centric design which must be taken into the account in term of economical, social, and environmental fields. Even though the building aims to achieve the best performance out of its existing form but the new design, at the same time, needs to comply with the field of all stakeholders including occupants and the community both individually and collectively. In conclusion, many data features are required to comply by all conditions. Also, in any buildings elements and conditions that will be the inputs of this algorithm, the context and problem will be different depending on the climate, location, functions, and use of spaces. That all of these specific elements should be clarified initially from the designer’s view.

Retrofitting & Digital Design Tool Factors

Climate Community Engagement

Natural energy

Tools on market

Comfort

Analysis Software Tools

Regulations

Risk Prediction

Electricity

Structure

Affordability Time

Figure 04. Problem factors in retrofitting design process

In general, the greatest potential for design optimisation happens in the early stages. It could reduce the factors that cause negative environmental impact and also increase the energy efficiency of the building, however as the social housing in the past did not take this environmental issue into the account at the first place, the challenges of this thesis is the building constraints including its size and boundary limitation, geometry, orientation, space arrangement, structures, functions, and occupant paticipations. This leads to the dilemma that the retrofitting strategy has its limitation for improvement. Consequently, even the optimal results are provided, the new design elements may not comply with some existing conditions.

Ladybug Tools and Data Visualisation

Figure 05. Environmental design simulation tools

Tools problem. By using computational-aided tools for analysing data, the complexity of algorithm problem is to collaborate all data aspects from many open resources such as climatic data, energy consumption statistics, occupant opinion, regulations, materials, local living behavior as well as demographic data. Currently, the available tools could not function all aspects of these data in the design areas in one service. The tools require designer to write and systemise collaboratively between various related tools in very detailed and complex structure in specific way to bring out the essential information properly that could help visualise and calculate for the results. In summary, the main problem of retrofitting social housing always have some constraints from the building and analysis tools that limit the new design strategy to achieve its best performance. However, there are still opportunities to make tools works for combining and solving the condition step by step and satisfy all aspects of consideration from environment, society, and economic field which will be described in the next stage. The problem of current tools can be divided into 5 sub-problems: 1. The retrofitting social housing strategy depends on a specific context, and can not be generalise in all steps. The passive system will required different algorithm based on climatic condition of places. 2. An interaction to the community or participatory will be required for design directions. This may require an understanding of place. 3. The existing characteristics of chosen building itself limit or constraint the range of building performance. 4. Currently there are no single tools that could solve problem holistically, the application requires various tools and different data that needs to be combined for evaluation in specific structure. 5. Some inputs and results are collected or calculated from statistics and prediction and averagely optimised to reduce time consumption.

Research Objective The main objective of this thesis is to provide designer, architects and planners with a method for viewing and determining their retrofitting social housing strategy in all aspects of environmental, economical, and social participation through the specific context data-driven tools. And to help them design for passive system using environmental data at the pre-retrofitting stage for energy consumption effeciency purpose. Architects and planners provide zones and problem to the tools to analyse and develop further for the building performance. As the tools are developed from climatic and context data, all aspects related to environmental condition will be mainly focused and aiming toward passive system. For social and economic issues will be used as the parameters for user to adjust in term of occupancy percentage and cost. This thesis objective can be divided into 5 sub-objectives. according to current needs in social housing sector described previously. 1. Increase basic environmental needs to the occupant with passive design system. 2. Reduce cost of building energy consumption in scope of lighting, water heating, and air conditioning. 3. Increase occupants wellbeing, living quality and healthy both individually and collectively. This can be achieved by setting ventilation rate, visual quality, daylight factor, and thermal comfort. 4. Increase building stock values for circular economic by strategising facade design and materials and arrangement of spaces of the building. 5. Provide passive system strategy and adaptability concept with user participatory through workflow.

Research Question The main research question corresponding to the main objective described previously is: How can computational design tools can help making decision for planners in retrofitting social housing strategy for better energy performance as well as increase wellness to the occupants? This thesis question can be divided into sub-questions, which correspond to the processing parts of the thesis. Analysis : What will be the main factors for reducing building energy and increase passive system, and how can reduce the research gap? Requirements: Which requirements for building energy optimisation method, data, and parameter should be used for the analysis? Development : What will be the results and how to improve and critically interpret options toward the most optimal result? Evaluation : Comparing to the default exisitings, how much the design improved in term of building performance?

State of the Art From Single Problem to Holistic Tools Available simulation tools have been developed to deal with specific environmental concerns and many research and tools for environmental analysis has made it easier than ever. Many tools are integrated since the beginning of the design stage upto construction stage or even operational stage for predicting optimal result that could improve a building performance. However, these multi-processes caused time consumption for constructing and combining between software and linking domains between datas of different components. This thesis see this gap as an opportunity to bring multiple software available on the market together in order to optimise the process and concise scientific domains and data related down into shorter way as well as integrate parametric system in computational-aided tools that could help reduce a lot of time consumption as well as possible to provide more options for the project. The thesis tends to structure guideline that integrate to context data of the building to be adjustable to any contexts and any locations globally, and to provide diversity of planners and site-specifics to customised and optimal results based on their constraints.

Figure 06. Grand Parc before renovation

Cité du Grand Parc, renovation comparision, Lacaton & Vassal Architects

Figure 07. Grand Parc after renovation 27

Winter Garden area

Figure 08. Winter garden concept

Case Studies 01 Cité du Grand Parc Trabsformation Lacaton & Vassal + Frederic Druot + Christophe Hutin architecture ‘from the moment you can offer double or triple the space (for the same price), houses can function in a non-uniform way: some areas are insulated and heated whereas some others are not, and these spaces can be combined.‘ (Lacaton, A. and Vassal J.R., 2017) The case study of improving social housing in term of building performance and well-being is the transformation of winter garden. Spaces are flexibility and adaptable for dwellers. The diagram (Figure 09) explains the envelop system of the building. The exterior layer is either single glazing or corrugated polycarbonate and often permeable to air through slits. The interior layer is double glazing with minimum U-value, and maximum light and solar transmission. This configuration of spaces provide a buffer zone in between, that the thermal curtain insulates the living areas at night. And the permeable geotextile screen made of aluminium is used to control solar access or privacy during the day. (Lacaton, A. and Vassal J.R., 2017) The environmental benefits that the system providing could control thermodynamic exchanges with the outdoors and allow occupant to take benefits from the local climate condition through daily and seasonally. The mitigation of heat, ventilation, and daylighting enable the healthy living condition and connection to natural system without consuming operational energy.

Winter Garden Elements

Figure 09. Winter garden element diagram

Thermal Analysis

Balcony elements and space transition Wintergardens are an additional space to the dwelling that can be freely designed by the users

Figure 10. Room Thermal Comfort analysis

Thermal analysis for Winter days Plan of one of the units with datalogger placement (left), and it’s measurement results (right). In solid line, measured temperature in two main rooms, winter garden adn outdoors during 10 days of December (heating on). The dotted line shows the calibration of the model to the measurements. The pink and red lines indicate the reduced heating demand when introducing the winter garden. (F. Collo, O.Dambron & R. Alonso, 2019) 29

Thermodynamic analysis and monitoring using computational design tools for thermal comfort design strategy

Figure 11. Thermodynamic simulation of different time within a winter/summer day

Microclimatic cartography of the apartment during a typical day. Different environmental parameters (solar access, light levels, airflow, and operative temperature) were scanned at 4 different hours of the day, and on average during a week. 30

Microclimatic Evaluation This cartography was produced to visualise environmental conditions across the seasons, covering solar access, light levels, airflow, and operative temperature. This results is not only create understanding results of each room, but also enabling the potential to make solution for occupants’ feedback. The diagram on the left represents the evaluation of comfort, heating demand and daylighting. The space was assessed in passive mode in terms of daylight and thermal comfort against the European Standards EN15251 and EN17037. 80% of the space is in daylight autonomy (300 lux) with very bright levels inside. The living room remains in comfort 75% of the time and the bedrooms 61%. The winter garden area generally have daylight in thermal comfortness during 6 months of the year, while the other hald depend on solar availability. Heating demand is very low with a setpoint of 19 degree Celcius, and an average of 7KWh/sqm, and remains low if a more realistic setpoint of 23 degree Celcius is considered: the total energy demand would be around 20.3 KWh/sqm. (F. Collo, O.Dambron & R. Alonso, 2019)

Site Location Selection To develop toward passive design system including passive ventilation and passive cooling strategy, the context selected is Bangkok city in Thailand. The climate type is in the tropical zone where the average temperature annually is between moderate heat stress and strong heat sress(28-36 degree Celcius). According to the Thailand electricity consumption report between 1999-2017 demonstrates the rise of electricity use from 22000 megawatt to 30000 megawatt(TCIJ Thailand, 2018). Half of overall housing energy consumption is used for Air Conditioning and the other half are distributed to water heating, lighting and other appliances. Therefore, this thesis selected site is focused for prototyping the research tools to reduce cost of HVAC and building operation by integrated passive design strategy as site-specific circumstance.

Sun path data from EPW & Ladybug

Figure 12. Bangkok Sunpath and Temperature graph

Bangkok Climatic Data / Sunpath The sun most reach the northern point during Summer(Apr - Sep) and start rising around the southern direction during Winter. (Oct - Mar)

Bangkok Climatic Data / Temperature The highest temperature reach maximum(red) most in Apr-May and constantly stay averagely 34-35 Degree Celsius

Wind and season analysis

Figure 13. Bangkok Wind direction and Season relation

Bangkok Climatic Data / Wind According to Thai meteorological department and Ladybug data, showing that during Summer, the wind direction flow mostly from South and West(Oceanic). 34

While in Winter, Oct - Dec, the wind mostly flow from the North (China and Vietnam). As the wind cannot flow directly from the North due to mountain side that geographically located along the border.

Humidity and Solar Radiation Analysis

Figure 14. Bangkok Solar radiation and Humidity graph

Bangkok Climatic Data / Solar Radiation During Q2 & Q3 it appears that the Solar radiation has a range from below 94 to 300 kWh/m2. While winter time, Q1 & Q4, the solar radiation reach the higher values.

Bangkok Climatic Data / Analysis During Q2 & Q3, They are rainy season and higher in relative humidity which diffuse direct solar radiation. And during Q1 & Q4, the sky is clearer which allow direct radiation to be higher.

Thermal Comfort & People Behavior Analysis

Figure 15. Bangkok comfort condition and people’s behaviour

Bangkok Climatic Data / Comfort Condition Bangkok is in the tropical country that people normally avoid facing directly to the sunlight as it could easily burn the human skin within an hour. So by living under the shading area would be a suggestion and used as a design factor further. 35

Site survey and photos for primary analysis process : Finding user needs and building inefficient areas

Selected Site Study Figure 16. Typical social housing in Bangkok, Phutharet Flat

13.741533, 100.509776 Figure 17. Satellite Map of Phutharet Flat 36

Building plan Figure 18. Phutharet Flat’s plan

Staircase Figure 20. Phutharet Flat’s staircase

Balcony area Figure 22. Phutharet Flat’s balcony

Corridor - No light Figure 19. Phutharet Flat’s corridor

Room space Figure 21. Phutharet Flat’s room

Facade utilities Figure 23. Phutharet Flat’s facade utility 37

Site survey and photos for primary analysis process : Finding user needs and building inefficient areas

Unit - Living space Figure 24. Phutharet Flat’s light exposure from balcony

Facade utilities Figure 25. Phutharet Flat’s facade utility 38

Building Analysis In order to prepare the data for the tools, designers are required to identify problems both from context environment and from the building elements. In this selected location of Bangkok, it is clear that people prefers to stay in the shading area due to the very hot sunlight. From the site visit of selected trpical social housing, the main problem of the building are identified that not only sunlight is harmful to the people living condition, but the quality of living place such as daylight, hygiene and ventilation are very poor and required for improvement. By visiting the place, cooridor space requires more lighting for the vision and safety and also ventilation. The exterior focused on the balcony areas that are over exposed to sunlight. For the indoor living space, the room needs useful light and reduction of glare. And for communual space, the building needs area for community to have collective public activities together to enhance social and wellness. As a result, these site-specific problem can help designers to develop the tools with solutions according to the limitation and constraints. The next following steps are to plan strategy and scope of softwares for collaboration.

Research Approach and Methodology The tool initially requires the identification of the target social housing building and analysis based on site-survey and occupant opinion. These inputs will be used to setting up models, zoning, tools and data, risk or potential area, and general needs of occupancy and spaces. This research was divided into four stages to enable analysis, learning and improvement between phases.

Research Approach Analysis Table Planning for tools

Phase 1 : involved an understaning of the building problem and the development of simulation to fit retrofit scenario. Data was collected from site-surveys and participation from occupant. These provided the information needed to develop 3D models and meet expectation from the tenants. Also, this can help scope the selected tools in the market to support the energy, structure, costs and simulations in this phase. Phase 2 : the phase takes analysis results and started with an adjustment from user to detail and zoning for further simulation. This analysis data will help locate the problem and area in different level of improvement. Phase 3-4 : the phase will include a revision from planners and refinement of the simulation. The planner will need to set goals for optimisation process such as costs of electricity, daylight factors, shading benefits, sun hours required.

Rhinoceros

Grasshopper

Excel

Karamba3D

Ladybug

Honeybee

Eddy3d

OneClickLCA

Human UI

Wallacei 43

Tools and Workflow This thesis target is to strategise retrofitting social housing that the scope of research include energy calculation, structural analysis, and society. The tools for the thesis can be demonstated below: Rhinoceros3D - For modeling Grasshopper - For parametrise workflow Karamba3D - For structural simulation Eddy3D - For ventilation and CFD simulation Ladybugtools - For climatic simulation Honeybee - For energy performance simulation OneClickLCA - Materials and Carbon Emission (to be developed) Wallacei&Galapagos - For generative and optimisation HumanUI - For user interface

For energy concept, the problem of energy efficiecy has been developed for decades, and modern buildings have been implemented this energy efficiency and environmental impact on their design since prestages. Technology and design computational tools can help architect identify and optimise building forms and functions toward the best options. However, this workflow is commonly used in new building development, therefore this thesis will take this tools and apply for retrofitting strategy that could extend the building life and improve energy efficiency in parallel to increase building value to the market. The focus areas for this thesis is considering for daylight utility, thermal comfort, shading benefits, heating and cooling system, and natural ventilation which all of them will be the inputs to the design algorithm. As energy efficiency in retrofitting housing strategy is more than a technical problem that requires many aspects of areas to calculate and identify according to the situation. Users and desisgners need to balance the demands and be acknowledged about the energy management that include the adaptibility concept to the building system. The design should increase the living quality of the dwellers and surroundings at the same time as the costs of living. For structure, the thesis implement the structural analysis design tools, Karamba3D, for observing the beams and columns that most likely to be maintained and strengthened by selecting the most utilized elements and risk areas. The input requirements for this tools are the types of structure, materials, dimensions, and drawing grid to parametrically build the structure model for analysis. As well as building age is needed put into the design algorithm for calculating the durability of structure and failure probabilit. For context, the tools is aimed to be useful at any locations as the input could be adapted and replaced with both building information and environmental information. The tools requires the epw file from the city location near the user site, that the design will be site-specific calculated and constrainted. The data from epw is extracted to many features in this tools including wind direction, wind velocity, sunlight hour, sunpath, thermal comfort-UTCI, daylight study, overheating area, shading benenfits, wind ventilation, wind pressure on the facade, electricity for HVAC, and solar radiation if needed for PV cells installation.

Workflow for the tools development

Figure 26. Computational Design Workflow for Retrofitting with digital tools

01. Gathering information and modeling building for analysis

Figure 27. Building Geometry

08.1 Modeling input geometry and context for simulation The geometry of the building and the context surrounding was built in Rhino. The architectural elements including floor slab, beam, column, facade, staircase, shear wall, unit exterior wall, interior wall, door and windows, facade elements, and roof were classified into layers as these elements will be further used as input differently in Grasshopper3d.

02. Classify building elements for easily parametrizing

Figure 28.Facade wall

Figure 29.Room Partition

Figure 30. Fixed element

Figure 31. Shading devices

Figure 32. Building structure

Figure 33. Overall

03. Strategise the input for simulation

Figure 34. Scope of analysis

Input

Scope of analysis

There are 5 elements in this workflow to be used in the computational design tools development including fixed elements, room massing, facade surface, structure, and shading.

Each input geometry will be used specifically in different tools to extract data, which is further used for optimisation. The simulation process can be clarified into 3 framework including Structure, Skin, and System.

Structure Structure Analysis for Maintenance and Risk management - The data was both collected from onsite and digital tools analysis, Karamba3d, to find location and utilisation of the structural elements and inform engineer or contractor to carefully manage the maintenant process further.

Skin

Facade optimisation for utility and reducing energy consumption - Using community feedback, occupant bahaviors and environmental data to achieved complied result. Facade will adapt both to the climatic issue and functional of the users.

System

Thermodynamic flow by passive system - Designing overall internal and external elements and re-arranging spaces for building efficiency for reducing uses of electricity.

Structure

Skin

System

04. Structural Analysis and Risk Management

01 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Structural Analysis - Utilisation In this stage, the built environment data including wind direction, wind forces, loading (dead/live load) were calculated with material durability to find sensitive and maintenance needed areas.

Figure 35. Structural Analysis 52

Figure 36. Wind Force directions

WIND FORCE FROM LADYBUG Total wind force : 21kN / sqm

Figure 37. Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structure

Probability distribution function of service life The service life design demonstrate the performance and degradation of the engineeting materials, both of these are heavily influenced by the environment which is affected by local macro and micro climate. In addition to understanding the environment, knowledge of local materials is required, as this too varies greatly. Because of these variations, material performance and service life should be treated stochastically. 53

Structure

Skin

System

05. Wind Analysis and Ventilation Design by openings

02 WIND

Understand Wind Direction The EPW file provide the average wind direction annually which will be used for the input and factors for design strategy toward passive cooling by using ventilation.

Facade Wind Pressure The facade wind pressure can indicate the area for operning. By dividing into floors, the front facade entry will require lowest pressure, while the back end will be highest pressure. CFD analysis Using Eddy3d to visualise CFD-wind flow for each floor. By removing the target facade openings, the tools can output different results in different removing options.

Figure 38. Wind Analysis : Pressure and Ventilation in different floors 54

Wind Pressure on the facade opening Simulation of wind pressure and velocity on facade

Figure 39. Wind Pressure on the Building facade

Merging data to geometry The result was calculated on mesh faces, while it could averagely indicate the target openings by closest locations.

Consideration of Wind Pressure To achieve accurate result, the opening strategy need to at once either be simulated, or consequencely simulated floor by floor. 55

Structure

Skin

System

03 SUNLIGHT

06. Daylight hour and Overheated zones

Sunlight Sunlight is essentially required for thermal simulation as it can be extracted to many topics such as Solar radiation, Sun hours, Daylight factor, Overheated, Glare, Thermodynamic, and thermal comfort.

Digital & Reality Compare the results from the tools with the on-site images to match problem.

Proposed Solution Designer proposed solution to avoid using overheated area as a dwelling unit, but to create open for maximum daylight access for internal corridor.

Figure 40. Solar hour simulation on the facade surface 56

%Floor in direct sunlight

Outdoor comfort condition

Dry bulb temperature

Comparison the analysis to reality

Period of Typical Days Analysis 27 Aug - 2 Sep

Figure 41. Problem indication on the facade according to sunlight study Pink - Overheated zone Blue - Under shaded zone

Both zones will be developed for openings. The pink zone can benefit maximum daylight for corridorr area, while the blue zone required opening for increasing daylight. 57

07. Combining Sunlight data and Wind data to achieve common zone for opening

Structure

Skin

System

SUNLIGHT

OPENING FOR SUNLIGHT

WIND

OPENING FOR VENTILATION

Figure 42. Sunlight and Wind data demonstrating locations for openings 58

too bright 5

comfort vision

COMPLIED OPENING FOR SUNLIGHT + VENTILATION

2 too dark

Running Daylight Opening Facade Study for each floor

0 After findind opening ratio, classify the facade according to orientation

Figure 43. Opening strategy and Daylight study

UNIT CLASSIFIED BY FACADE SIDE

Combined Daylight & Ventilation

By merging two data results for opening, it allows optimal option that could comply to both ventilation and daylight issue to bring most energy efficiency to the retrofitting design. Figure 44. Facade opening in different side-orientation 59

Design Strategy In this chapter, the complied result will be developed by designer to implement their design strategy according to the space functions and programs. By understanding how the space will be used, it helps create ecology of energy flows and balancing them with the context condition. For instance, the balcony area is normally used for laundry, cooking, planting, and normally is wet. In this condition, the designer could implement idea of sunlight hours and shading devices to dry the specific areas. Even further, the waste water used could be another input at this stage by integrating to cooling system. As a result, the tools will allows data-driven to make primary condition, while human-centric feedback will develop the option further according to the uses of specific zones.

Figure 45. Current user utility on the balcony area

User utility on the facade area

Zones of utility

Dry zone Wet zone

Figure 46. Zoning of balcony

Function of Space

Identigy the use of space and rethinking for energy reduction plan

By understanding use of facade and balcony could help designer integrate the benefit for building performance such as using dry zone for increase sunlight hours for drying clothes, or wet zones for cooling system by using waste water as a cooler temperature.

Figure 47. Rethinking for ecological system for passive cooling by using functions of spaces. 63

Form and Function Designers need to propose strategy for facade design. In the left diagram is the facade devices explaing the quality of vision and different uses. The facade design is depend on designer to propose as well as the cost of materials.

Figure 48. Facade design options 64

Shading device orientation study Shading device study for optimal daylight hour and shading zones

Figure 49. Facade simulation and overheating simulation study

Figure 50. Applying facade for calculation 65

Optimisation and objective

Design of facade and orientation classification

After the design of facade were proposed, the parameter will be brought to the optimisation tools, Wallacei, to generate best performace according to the design logic. In this thesis, the objective of optimisation is to maximize shading as well as limit sunlight for 2 hours per day.

NW NE SE SW

Figure 51. Create baseline comparison for facade design strategy 66

Wallacei tools shows the optimisation process and results with maximum and minimum value according to the input-objective.

Results The results show that each orientation has different angle of facade rotation for maximum performace according to the set objective. Figure 52. Optimisation process and results 67

Evaluation and Decision making The next process after optimisation from both user utilities and environmental data-driven is the cost and construction. In this stage, Honeybee will play a role to calculate the energy consumption related to the previous facade result. The electricity cost will be according to the materials property. Designers are required to apply some information including reflectivity, transparency, glazing ratio, and color of materials. The process developed in this research is HVAC and Electric lighting monthly.

Material and property to consider and set before running Honeybee simulation

Figure 53. Materials property and relation to the visual comfortness

Radiance Material The materials for calculating thermodynamic and glare for energy consumption was defined by using Radiance materials. It is a simple text file in very specific format, the formate line contains information about the material type and name. The first two number, ‘0’ indicate optional data, in this case it state no data. The following line, starting with ‘5‘ indicate a material property definition. The following decimals indicate Red value(0.700), Green value(0.700), Blue value(0.700), Specularity (0.000), and Roughness (0.000).

Material property table for Honeybee simulation

Figure 54. Material property value for Radiance and Honeybee simulation

https://github.com/ladybug-tools/honeybee-wiki/blob/master/Daylighting.md

Honeybee_Radiance Material type The chart provides an overview of how Reflectance, Specularity and Roughess affect light bouncing off of opaque and material objects. Specularity of metals is typically between 0.9 and 1.0, specularity for opaque objects is usually between 0.0 and 0.1, and roughness is usually between 0 and 0.2.

Figure 57. Solar Radiation Reduction and AC cost reduction simulation

Solar radiation study according to the materials and orientation of shading devices.

Electricity cost comparison between default option and proposal

Default

Retrofitting proposal

Figure 58. Monthly utility cost chart calculated from baseline and designed option in comparison

Connecting to Electrical Utility consumption With the benefit of the Honeybee tools, the electricity consumption can be predicted from the EPW files, OpenStudio, Materials property, Building Geometry, Glazing Ratio, Floor area, and Orientations. As a result, the value may not be accurate because of the input information is lack of details, however it will be useful when comparing to default or existing building to know the differences between each options. Designers could use this tools to evaluate the differentness based on geometry and design strategy in a short period of time.

Enscape rendering and illuminance study in real-time Figure 59. Enscape lighting illuminance study and rendering in real-time

Visualisation and Lighting Illuminance There are plenty of tools available on the market that could provide real-time design rendering or visualisation. Enscape is one of the tools linked to both non-BIM and BIM(Building Information Modeling). The benefits of using this tools has not yet well performed when integrating with grasshopper. However, the designers could export their options and test for the satisfied illuminance value for their decision making toward the best design option and efficiency in building energy performance.

Development For further development, the thesis was aimed to achieve Carbon emission calculation and better energy performance. However, this process is required much more detail from the pre-retrofitting, that designers and contractors need to give material properties, prices, location of manufacturers, mass, and transportation type. This process can be done via excel and linked to grasshopper definition for further optimisation. As well as the tools was aimed to be user friendly, however, with the available technology today that are not yet become one-stop services, the designers may be required to re-construct the workflow definition to suite their condition or in different creative methods. This thesis tools are now possible to work for tropical climate country as it was designed for passive cooling system including ventilation and sunlight performance. And by using other tools in collaboration such as Enscape or RhinoInsideRevit could allow the BIM to be integrated that it will be useful for automation and optimisation via BOQ details to be working in more accurate results.

Conclusion The thesis can provide initial stage of analysis for pre-retrofitting. The results for structural, ventilation and sunlight simulation can be used for designers and engineering to understand how the building works and requires for maintenance and improvement. The collaboration between stakeholders are also required to achieve in all area including social, economic, and environmental as the feedbacks will be the input during the workflow. This thesis has explored the possibility to link different data results from different software tools together to make new formula for passive design system within specific location. This prototype tool could apply for any different location as the initial input is from EPW file, designer could select their own location and change the input parameters including EPW and Geometric models.

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