Building a Global Cooperation in a fight Against Terrorism

Police General Da’i Bachtiar (Drs., SH., Tan Sri., AO) Presidium Chairman, Indonesia Crime Prevention Foundation Special Envoy to the President of the Republic of Indonesia for BIMP EAGA Former Chief of Indonesian National Police

An Oration Delivered in a Ceremonial Conferment of Professorship by EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY Perth, Western Australia

ENTITLED

“BUILDING A GLOBAL COOPERATION

IN A FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM” ____________________________________________________________ Police General

Da’i Bachtiar

Perth, 16 November 2006

To my wife Mrs. Ida Yulianti Bachtiar and our daughters and son Nina, Dini and Vivid and our grandchildren

Dita, Dhika, Dilla, Fira, Fiqi, Velda and Vania

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to acknowledge that this paper is made based upon the request and to fulfill my tasks in the occasion of conferment of Adjunct Professorship awarded to me by Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia. For this, I should thank to my good friend Professor Nara Srinivasan who has given this opportunities.

I am indebted to my mentors, the Indonesian former President Her Excellency Madam Megawati Soekarnoputri and Indonesia President His Excellency DR. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, colleagues, friends and family for making this paper possible.

For sharing their knowledge, experience, time and support, I am grateful to my colleagues, Commissioner Mick Keelty, APM., the Australian Federal Police Commissioner, Indonesian Coordinator Minister of Political and Law Enforcement Affairs and other police officers within ASEANAPOL and Interpol. I also wish to thank to my staff either from Indonesia Crime Prevention Foundation or from Indonesian National Police for their hard-work in helping finalizing this paper.

I am sure I have left someone out unintentionally. Whoever you may be, and all those whom I list above, we thank you.

To those of you in law enforcement at every level of Indonesian National Police, Australian Federal Police, Interpol, ASEANAPOL who work daily to make our communities safe from terrorism, we hope this paper provides you some of the resources and information you have been seeking.

Finally, I thank my family who have stood by me in both good and sad times. For their steadfast support and affection, I express my gratitude to my wife Mrs. Ida Yulianti Bachtiar and our daughters and son Nina, Dini and Vivid and our grandchildren Dita, Dhika, Dilla, Fira, Viqi, Velda and Vania.

To them I dedicate this paper.

TABLE OF CONTENT

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1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 2 2. TERRORISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME...................................................... 4 2.1. Trends in Terrorism ............................................................. 8 2.2. Terrorism in relation to Transnational Organized Crime ... 12 2.3. Modus Operandi of Terrorism ........................................... 17 2.4. Suicide Terrorism .............................................................. 20 3. OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ATTACKS AROUND THE WORLD...................................... 21 4. CASES OF TERRORIST ATTACK IN INDONESIA ............. 24 4.1. Perpetrator’s Background .................................................. 26 Bali Blasts 12 October 2002 and 1 October 2005 .............. 29 Bomb Blast at JW Marriot Hotel on August 5th 2003 ......... 32 Bomb Blast in front of Australian Embassy on September 9th 2004 .............................................................. 34 4.2. Motives of Terrorism in Indonesia .................................... 37 4.3. Suicide Bombing and its Revelation in Indonesia ............. 40 4.4. The Discovery of JI Network in Indonesia ........................ 48 5. EFFORTS TO BUILD A GLOBAL COOPERATION ............. 50 5.1. National Capacity Enhancement in Handling Terrorism ... 50 5.2. Regional and International Cooperation ............................ 53

6. CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 58 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................... 62 APPENDIX ................................................................................... 64 Number of Terrorism & Suicide Terrorism Attacks during 1987 - 2003 ............................................................ 64 The Major Bomb Blast incidents in Indonesia.................. 64 Data of Bomb Blasts in Indonesia .................................... 65 The Crime Scene After The Bomb Blast in Front of Australia Embassy ........................................................... 65 JI’s Network and Al Qaeda ............................................... 66 Organisation Structure of JI .............................................. 66 ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in a Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime, Bangkok ........................ 67 JCLEC Training Center ..................................................... 67 Dubai, Seminar Event ........................................................ 68 Hong Kong, Seminar Event ............................................... 68 Police General Da’i Bachtiar with Prime Minister of New Zealand ..................................................................... 69 Ceremony of Submission of Medal of the Knight Order from the Kingdom of Malaysia .......................................... 69 Ceremony of Submission of Medal “Bintang Jasa Utama” by the Government of Indonesia ....................................... 70

Ceremony of Submission of Medal of Australian Order

by Australian Government ................................................. 70 Ceremony of Submission of Medal “Bintang Mahaputra Adi Pradana” by the Government of Indonesia ................ 71 The President of USA congratulating General Da’i ........... 71 General Da’i and Deputy Prime Minister of China signing MOU ..................................................................... 72 General Dai with Chief of Japan National Police .............. 72 INP and AFP Signing MOU .............................................. 73 Bali, The 25th ASEANAPOL Conference ........................ 73 Mexico, Interpol 73rd General Assembly Meeting ............ 74 Chief of INP visiting AFP Headquarters, Canberra .......... 74 Jakarta, International Seminar in Fighting Terrorism ......... 75 Police General Da’i deliver Keynote Speaker on International Seminar in Fighting Terrorism ...................... 75 PROFILE .................................................................................. 76 Police General Da’i Bachtiar and the Family ........................ 78 INDEX ....................................................................................... 79

AN ORATION BY

POLICE GENERAL DA’I BACHTIAR PRESIDIUM CHAIRMAN, INDONESIA CRIME PREVENTION FOUNDATION SPECIAL ENVOY TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA FOR BIMP EAGA FORMER CHIEF OF INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE ENTITLED

BUILDING A GLOBAL COOPERATION IN A FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM Delivered in a Ceremonial Conferment of Professorship Awarded by Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia VICE CHANCELLOR, EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY, COMMISSIONER MICK KEELTY, AFP, POLICE COMMISSIONER WESTERN AUSTRALIA, PROF. JOHN WOOD, DEPUTY VICE CHANCELLOR, DEANS OF ALL SCHOOLS OF EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY, LECTURERS AND STAFF, DISTINGUISHED GUESTS, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 1

1. INTRODUCTION It is, indeed, a great privilege for me to have been able to visit for the second time to Edith Cowan University today and even more a pride and delightful to be part of and associated with ECU. Let me, first of all, extend my sincere gratitude and appreciation to honorable Vice-Chancellor Professor Kerry Cox, Deputy ViceChancellor Professor John Wood, Deans, Lecturers and staff of Edith Cowan University. I would also like to express, in this precious occasion, my deep appreciation and thanks to my good friend Professor Nara Srinivasan, Professor of Security and Risks ECU, Eminent Experts, Distinguished Guests and Colleagues, Ladies and Gentlemen.

I am greatly honored and pleased to have the opportunity to address the ceremony today in which I have chosen a title: “Building a Global Cooperation in a Fight Against Terrorism� for the conferment of professorship to me by Edith Cowan University.

This oration is not, by any means, an academic overview of the subject of terrorism as the way academician may look, but probably more of a contribution to the academic field from a reflection of my own experience as a leadership of Indonesian National Police in dealing with the crime of terrorism. An area, in my view, academicians may overlook and I therefore propose this area to be considered for the sake of mankind. Because, after 2

all, whatever we do in this world if we could contribute to mankind for the benefit of us all, that is the mission every one of us has to bear on our shoulder be it from academic field, practitioner etc.

Before embarking upon the subject, it may be worth elaborating, in my view, the security situation in which we are now facing in order to bring into perspective the title of my oration or presentation today. Let me commence by saying that with the rapid development in the society, the on-going process of globalization, rapid spread of new culture, advancement of information and telecommunication technology has resulted in running one’s life in a relatively much easier and faster way. This has resulted in geographical distance becoming much shorter than ever before. Territorial boundaries of states virtually become borderless. The same applies to crime. The advancement of technology in armament, for example, has lead to a new dimension of crime, which has gone beyond the boundaries of sovereignty of a state. By the United Nations (UN) this new form of crime is called “Transnational Organized Crime” including, of course, “Terrorism”.

Terrorism has become a global issue of the world today. Terrorism is a crime against humanity. Terrorism is also called extraordinary crime because of the huge number of victim it takes. Terrorism is also indiscriminate in terms of targeting its victims, young or old, rich or poor can be the victim of this terror attack.

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The title of my presentation, as I said earlier, is “Building A Global Cooperation In A Fight Against Terrorism” covering five core themes: Terrorism from Perspective of Transnational Crime, Overview of Terrorist Attacks Around The World, Cases of Terrorist Attack in Indonesia,Efforts to Build a Global Cooperation Against Terrorism and Conclusion.

2. TERRORISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME The word “terror” is derived from the Latin word, which more or less means, “to shiver or vibrate”. To frighten, threaten, give violent shocks or kill with the intention to spread fear are all tactics that are inherent to the struggle of power, that later influences the terror nuance. The following discussion shall be devoted to identifying terrorism from transnational crime perspective.

The term “terrorism” itself since the 1970s was directed to various phenomenon, starting from fearsome threats, assassination of government and political figures, up to bomb blasts in public areas.

Until today the world under UN has failed to come to an agreement about what is an acceptable definition for terrorism. It is still under debate despite attempts made by many experts. The effort 4

to approach terrorism from a definitional perspective has thus become a never-ending effort, let alone conform the definition itself. For instance, United States, having declared “war against terrorism”, has not given a clear definition on terrorism itself.

The consequence of such declaration without having the term properly defined have created undesirable treatment to certain groups through discrimination, marginalization, and wrong arrests, all under the premise of protecting human rights.

So many definitions of terrorism have been attempted, for example Hoffman 1998 in his book “Inside Terrorism” has listed frequency of definitional elements from 109 definitions of terrorism. But I am not going to dive into those diversities of definition available. What I intend to inform all the audience is the fact that for enforcing the law against the act of terror in Indonesia, the Indonesian has enacted a law on terror in its Act number 15 and 16, 2003 which goes as follows: “Every person deliberately uses violence or threatens to use violence causing terror or wide fear against person or causing massive victims, by taking others’ freedom or the loss of life, property of others, or causing damage and destruction against vital and/ or strategic installations or environment or public facility or international facility, shall be penalized with a death penalty or life imprisonment or at least four years imprisonment and maximum 20 years imprisonment.”

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It may not sound as perfect from definitional perspective, yet it is vital that it exerts a sense of a point of departure and an element of developmental definition. Suffices to say, such a definition exists in our law as a vanguard of terror act attempted by any individual or group within our jurisdiction. So from law enforcement perspective the law is vital to stop a would-be criminal from attempting to commit crime of terrorism which used to be absent in Indonesia for several years. But from a perspective of motives of terrorist act are recognized as follows: 1. Publicizing a statement through acts of ruthlessness. They believe that only through such acts of ruthlessness can fast and massive publication be made; 2. Act of vengeance towards groups considered disadvantageous to them; 3. Serving as a catalyst for militarization or mass mobilization; 4. Spreading hatred and inter-communal conflict; 5. Announcing a certain group as the enemy and should be held responsible; 6. Victims are not the goal but a means to create “neural war�;

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7. Create mass panic, damage public trust towards the government including security and law enforcement authorities.

Whereas the justifications of terrorism taken on by terrorists including: 1. Justifying all means for the accomplishment of transcendental goals; 2. Extreme violence considered to be therapeutic, full of blessings and regenerative; 3. The executor places himself/herself as part of history, where the act is a consequential element of history under the perspective of moral balance (a deserved treatment); 4. The act of terrorism perceived as a minor crime; many among them even take this act insignificant in comparison to the enemy’s posing threat that suppresses them structurally; Having visited the term of terrorism from various perspectives: motive and its justification, let us now look at how terrorism has developed and its trend these days.

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2.1. Trends in Terrorism As we have stated earlier that terrorism is a global crime. It has become in many respects the predominant geopolitical theme.

The affairs of the world are influenced in important areas by the terrorist agenda. The thinking of policy makers and law enforcers is shaped increasingly by the need to respond appropriately to the threat of terrorism. Terrorism represents a challenge not just to the bases of civilized society, but also to the very foundations of the world order. Terrorism activities threaten fundamental nations’ law and order, human rights and it is the enemy of mankind. Terrorism in one form or another has been around for a long time, and there is no realistic prospect of its becoming extinct in the foreseeable future. All of those concerned with the effective combat of terrorism must be prepared for the long haul. Let it not be thought that there are any simple solutions to terrorism.

Terrorism is fuelled by various factors. These include the openness of free societies, the easy access to technologies by means of violence and a radical and global ideology of hatred.

Conflict in some countries particularly in the Middle East have inevitably formed a global issue and solidarity among terrorist.

This global issue has become a unifying factor to establish a sense of togetherness based on religious brotherhood among the believers to resist.

Terrorism will remain a menace as long as there are people who are driven by fanaticism, paranoia and extremism. So long as 8

there exists in the world poverty, strife, injustice and oppression, conditions will exist which terrorists can turn to their advantage.

There can be no doubt that the campaign against terrorism is one that must be mounted at various levels, including political, economic, and humanitarian. The iron fist approach alone will not succeed. It is to be remembered that the terrorist will often have the advantage over the law enforcer in the sense that he/ she is able to decide when and where he/she will strike, and how hard he/ she will strike. Law enforcement, on the other hand, has to maintain constant vigilance. That is not easy at a time when commercial airlines can be used as flying bombs, and when terrorist strategy is planned by internet, mobile phone, satellite and coded messages on websites.

The threats we face from terrorism are constantly changing in all sorts of ways. Just when progress is being made against a terrorist group, splintering often occurs, and hardliners break away and form splinter groups committed to the campaign of violence. It is feared that weapons of mass destruction previously controlled by governments can now be purchased on the black market. It is said that not only the weapons but also the scientists with the knowledge of how to make them are available if the price is right.

And finance may be the key. Terrorists, like more conventional criminals, need access to adequate funds in order to finance their activities. Weapons, communication systems and transport all come at a price, as does training.

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Terrorism seeks power through violence, and money is a means to achieve that terrorism needs access to international payment systems in order to finance and sustain its campaigns. Terrorists, like organized criminals, make active use of credit card fraud and cheque fraud. This is why vigorous identification checks regime must be exercised on potential customers by credit card companies. The loopholes are in the area of money laundering legislation that must be closed.

Terrorism as it was defined a systematic use of violence or the threat of violence to achieve political, social or economic goals.

Terrorism uses extreme physical violence to shock the targeted audience. The psychological impact generated in the mind of people as a natural corollary of that matters more to the terrorists than the physical attack on the victims (Cline, Ray S, 1998).

Terrorism is as old as the civilization of mankind itself and has existed in all ages in some form or other which might be known anarchists, revolutionaries, fundamentalist or dissidents against the established authority or even ruling tyrants having no tolerance or dissent. However, terrorism was not as widespread phenomenon as it is today in contemporary political system of the world.

Terrorism has, in fact, become a global phenomenon with increasing and rather well identifiable links between different terrorist group and organization. They use each other’s areas for 10

recruitment and training, exchange of illegal weapons, engage in joint planning and ventures and also provide administrative and other logistic support. The extent of global terrorism linkages between terrorist groups in different country can be well appreciated from the fact that a terrorist operation may be planned in country “A” by a certain national, executed in “B” country by terrorist, recruited in “C” country, with the weapon acquired in “D” but manufactured in “E” country supplied by an “F” country diplomat financed by say “G” money. This may be one of the illustrations of global terrorism. There may be many more indicating worldwide connection involving more than one states.

This type of terrorist activities show a new dimension due to circumstances characterized by the advancement of science, technology and diverse social, economic, political and historical reasons conditioning it.

The development of computer science, satellite and mobile links have also affected the modernization of terrorist activities. This further facilitated by support of states/ governments unfavorable to each other. An element of international terrorism comes into the picture when specific persons of the nation are designed as targets by the members of another group outside that nation. It is, therefore, described as warfare without territory. It is warfare without neutrals and with few or no by standards. Another form of global terrorism is sponsored terrorism, which is operated from safe areas in another country, which are out of reach of the counter insurgency forces of the targeted country.

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There cannot be any single cause of terrorism. Causes of terrorism may range from socio-economic and political conditions to theories based on the personality and environment of the terrorist.

Terrorism is motivated by a variety of inner drives ranging from financial gains to revenge, from fundamentalism to deprivation, political frustration, regional disparities, marginalization of subnational groups, extremism, despair, injustice, discrimination, resentment against the existing order, feeling of insignificance, intervention into personal freedom, weak government, separatism and oppression, inequality etc.

Terrorism is never simply the response to socio-economic conditions and determinants; it is always the product of a political planning whether it is at the service of the state or against the state. Terrorism always pursues political goals in the end.

How the relation between Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime, let us explore further how they are both related.

2.2. Terrorism in relation to Transnational Organized Crime Under this heading, I shall further discuss the term terrorism in relation to Transnational Crimes or Transnational Organized Crime. From the lexicon “organized”, the word “organized” entails this type of crime has a very rigid structure or loose structure (like a network system), yet showing hierarchical or horizontal order which is based on the same ideology, goals, acts and even only just the same vision. This type of crime has become 12

a common threat in many countries these days. These types of crime are also called Non-Traditional as opposed to the term Traditional or Conventional crime which refers to the kind of ordinary crime that occurs in any given society.

Transnational Crimes have been officially adopted in ASEAN countries consisting of eight types: Terrorism, Drug Trafficking, Trafficking in Person, Money Laundering, Sea Piracy, Arms Smuggling, Economic Crime and Cyber Crime. Through an annual forum of called SOMTC (Senior Official Meeting on Transnational Crime), and AMMTC (ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime) held once in two years. Both SOMTC and AMMTC have extended the participating countries beyond ASEAN like China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and India. Let us now elucidate the trends in the area of Transnational Crime, in which Terrorism has been ranked in the priority list.

Transnational Crime or Transnational Organized Crime especially terrorism is the defining issue of the 21st century for all of those involved in the security and law enforcement and the prosecution of crime. At all levels it threatens the rule of law, the proper conduct of transactions and traditional notions of good governance. Criminal networks have proliferated and the threat of terrorism has never been greater. Crime has ceased to be largely local in origin and effect, and has instead established itself on an international scale. If responses by law enforcement are limited, unimaginative or disjointed, things may be expected to go from 13

bad to worse. International mechanisms are required as never before to assist those concerned with upholding the law, and to enable them to strike decisively at the financing of crime and its profits.

All of those who enforce the law and prosecute criminals are aware of the nature and extent of transnational organized crime.

Organized crime itself is not a new phenomenon, and may be seen as ‘a systematic and continuing conspiracy to commit serious offences’. What is new is the manner in which its organizers and controllers have diversified their activities and widened their spheres of operation and influence. Activities are conducted at the global level and without regard to national boundaries. Our communities must react appropriately to the threat, and in a way which reflects the new reality.

The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Convention, 2000), provides a framework within which States Parties assist one another in the investigation, prosecution and punishment of crimes committed by organized criminal groups where either the crimes themselves or the groups which perpetrate them have an element of transnational involvement. An offence is defined as ‘transnational’ if it is: 1. Committed in a single State, but planned, prepared, directed or controlled in another State;

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2. Committed in one State but with an involvement of an organized crime group whose activities cross national boundaries; or 3. Committed in a single State but with ‘substantial effect’ in another State.

The Palermo Convention recognizes that the threat posed by organized criminal groups operating at international level is vast and expanding. Types of criminality have been both diversified and refined. This is part of the process of globalization, and the organized criminals which is not just transnational, but also transcontinental, and therein lies in the danger. They make full use of legitimate trade networks to move their cash and merchandise around the world, and they are expert at concealing their activities. Full advantage is taken of the new technology, and the monitoring of their transactions is increasingly difficult.

Pirated or encrypted phones are used for communication, as are stolen phone cards which are replaced with regularity. At the same time the spread of e-business and the ability to create ’virtual identities’ to facilitate criminal activity and then to conceal it is chilling testament to new levels of sophistication. Advances in computer and printer technology system have expanded and enhanced counterfeit documentation. Even the wide choice of routes provided by international air travel has enabled those who are wanted by the authorities to keep the risks of apprehension to a minimum as they move from one place to another. Latest 15

techniques are deployed by those who violate our laws and the challenge facing law enforcers everywhere has never been greater.

The proceeds of crime the means by which new stages of organized crime can be financed, illicit assets are used in some places to bribe officials and to impede the control of money laundering. The effective investigation of those who launder money on behalf of organized crime and the seizure of criminal assets must be priority for law makers and law enforcers everywhere. If that is done a blow will have been struck directly at the working capital of the organized criminal groups, and this will disrupt their capacity to invest in new enterprises and to pay their employees.

Organized criminal networks will often seek to achieve their objectives through corruption. This is yet another outlet for their cash. Sometimes they regard corruption as a more successful way of ensuring that people co-operate with them than violence or intimidation, and it will often be more durable. If corruption arises at a high level, it may inhibit growth and damage economies. In such an environment priorities and choices are determined by considerations of personal gain rather than national advantage.

The combat of corruption is, accordingly, yet another reason why the profit must be taken out of crime.

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The United Nations Convention Against Corruption has recognized asset recovery as a ‘fundamental principle’ of the convention. In the case of embezzlement of public funds, the confiscated property would be returned to the State requesting it.

As regard the proceeds of the offences covered by the Convention, the property would be returned upon proof of ownership by, or recognition of the damage to, a requesting State. In all other cases, priority consideration would be given to the return of confiscated property to the requesting State, to the return of such property to the prior legitimate owners, or to the compensation of the victims.

Effective asset recovery provisions will without doubt support the efforts of countries to redress the effects of corruption, while sending a message to corrupt officials that they cannot conceal their illicit assets with impunity.

Now let us move to the discussion of Modus Operandi of Terrorism.

2.3. Modus Operandi of Terrorism So far, some modus operandi of terrorism that have been identified are kidnapping, hostage taking and hijack, murder using guns, bomb explosion, car bomb and the most sophisticated is suicide bombing attack, using vehicle, backpack a vest equipped with gadgetry all over the body of the attacker.

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What we must be concerned more is the modus operandi which has not been identified. That is the task ahead that must be anticipated by anti-terror task force, which means thinking through the mind of the terrorist, such as the police and law enforcer thinking not only rationally but also irrationally. An example of that is the incident of 9/11, 2001. Several other modus operandi can be classified into one of the modus operandi above mentioned.

The act of terrorism as a suicide bombing attack that has currently been familiar in Indonesia holds a long history. Suicide attacks in order to achieve wider objectives used in the World War II, when Japan as one of the countries involved had a special force called Kamikaze. In its history, the force’s doctrine was really stringent for no tolerance for its failed mission. Its soldiers were willing to sacrifice their lives if they have to for the success of their missions.

According to the terrorism history, the first and famous suicide attack was conducted in 1972 at Tel Aviv Airport (Lebanon). The attack was conducted by the Red Army of Japan that was affiliated with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).

The next suicide attack using a car occurred in Beirut in December 1981. This time, the attack was conducted by the Dawa Party.

Two years later, in April the embassy of the United Stated in Beirut, Lebanon was attacked by the Hezbollah.

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Indeed, the world has been mostly attracted to suicide attack in the history is the September Eleventh 2001, where the World Trade Center in New York was attacked. The whole world was stunned by the impact of the attack. It caused extraordinary damage and significant casualties. The perpetrators used commercial airplanes with full of passengers that had been hijacked. Then, the planes were directed to hit the buildings. Since then, the United States has declared war against terrorism and followed by the Security Council of the United Nations passing some resolutions related to the war against terrorism around the world.

Modus operandi of terrorism in Indonesia is not only that of suicide bombing, but also car bomb using a remote control is also recognized. The target has always been public facility. Other modus operandi is that upon a bomb blast no one will ever claim that they have committed such blast. Another feature is the selection of a place of worship in order to create a suspicion among religious groups. Many bomb blasts have actually been aiming at public officials but because of a tight security the target was then turned to public at public facilities.

Modus operandi of terrorism in Indonesia in which the blast is blown up immediately one after another which caused a distraction in the part of the police and others security apparatus.

Another modus operandi is the fact that when a strike is made no one claim being responsible.

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Having discussed the modus operandi of terrorism, let us further explore what is actually inside suicide terrorism.

2.4. Suicide Terrorism The suicide terrorism attacks the targeted use of self-destructing humans against a perceived enemy for political ends have increased dramatically over the past few years. It seems that this event in the increase has a direct contribution from the war happening in Iraq and the Israeli-Palestinian’s conflict. This rise in suicide terrorist attacks is remarkable given that the total number of terrorist incidents worldwide fell from its peak of 665 in 1986 to 208 in 2003, whereas the incidence of suicide terrorist bombing increased from an annual average 31 in 1980s to 98 in 2003 (See in Appendix) (Department of State 2004).

There is growing evidence that war in Iraq may be further contributing to an acceleration of this trend. Professor Riaz Hassan from Yale University, USA analysis shows that in 2004 and 2005 there were 291 suicide attacks. (But according to the Associated Press there were 500 such attacks in this period). This means that in 2004 and 2005 there were more suicide bombings in Iraq than in the whole of the Middle East between 1981 and 2003. There is also growing evidence that in Afghanistan, Taliban insurgents are turning to suicide bombings in their attacks against foreigners and NATO peacekeepers as well as Afghan government and civilian targets.

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According to some reports, Taliban leaders claim that they have more than 200 potential suicide bombers. This is a shift away from their traditional guerilla tactics and also a worrisome development because Afghans have traditionally condemned the use of suicide bombers. This shift may indicate either a signal of Taliban insurgents’ increasing desperation or a new strategy by a resilient group aimed at further unsettling the international aid and rebuilding efforts.

As far as suicide terrorism is concerned, one might have overlooked to what is inside the bombing cases in Indonesia.

Out of the so many bomb blasts which have occured in Indonesia since 1999, four of which had been suicide bombings: twice in Bali, J.W. Marriot Hotel, Jakarta, and in front of Australian Embassy. For the purpose of looking into the issue of suicide bombing, we have put aside a discussion of the suicide bombing in Indonesia which can be seen in chapter five.

Now, it may be worth looking at overview of terrorist attacks around the world.

3. OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ATTACKS AROUND THE WORLD Terrorism has become part of the world’s problem. Countries attacked are India, Pakistan, the United States, Canada, almost 21

all the Latin American countries, Ireland, Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Nepal and many more including Japan has had a taste of what it is like to be attacked by terrorist during the last two decades. A large part of South Asia is also worst affected. The following discussion will be devoted to terrorist attacks which have been committed against many countries. The list is not by any means exhausted, but just to pick up a few which may be worth considering in connection with the title of this presentation.

On Saturday, 11 September 2001 the worst terrorist attack in the world had occurred, killing approximately 3000 persons and hundreds more rescue personnel including fire fighters. The attack was prepared for a four different targets: 2 planes were directed to the World Trade Center, 1 plane crashed in Pennsylvania and 1 more plane was directed to the Pentagon, Washington. Al-Qaeda believed to be responsible for the attack against US in US soil.

On Thursday, 11 March 2004, a terrorist attack again occurred in Madrid, Spain which has caused the death of 191 people and injuring 1,800 more.

On 7 July 2005 London was struck by 4 terrorist attacks, three of which were targeting London Underground Trains and one in a bus. 52 people were dead because of the attack including the 4 perpetrators and 700 others injured.

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In Japan, on March 1995, attack was made on the Tokyo subway system with sarin nerve gas, perpetrated by an apolcalyptic Japanese religious cult, killing a dozens persons and wounding 3,796 others; India faces terrorism in a similar scenario to other countries in the region. According to an assessment made by independent Indian think tank, there are about 12,000 civilians were killed by terrorism groups in Jammu and Kashmir from 1988 to 2002. The terrorist groups consist of separatist based terrorist, Sikh, Foreign Terrorist Organization Lashkar e-Tayyiba (FTO LT), Maoist, Jaish-e-Mohammad (JEM) etc.

Unlike other governments in the region, Pakistan government is unique in terms of facing terrorist threat. By Al Qaeda, Pakistan government has been declared as its enemy. 160 people were killed in Sunni-Shia sectarian attacks. The war on international terrorism continues and the Pakistan government keeps pursuing Al Qaeda operatives in the long border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Sri Lanka’s threat of terrorism is manifested in the form of insurgency posed by Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

In Thailand the government’s encounter with terrorism comes from insurgent which originates from south of the country.

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The problem in facing terrorism in the Philippine cannot be separated from the south part of the region which attempt to get independence from the central government in Manila, as does JI group in Indonesia gaining support by local group.

Let us now look more thoroughly at the terrorist attacks which have been happening throughout Indonesia in last 6 years or so.

4. CASES OF TERRORIST ATTACK IN INDONESIA Indonesia is, indeed, big in size, but it is even more so in terms of problems and challenges she has to face, as it is depicted in the following discussion of terrorist attacks or bomb blasts since 1999 until 2005. According to Police’s record there are about more than 30 attacks in total in different places in Indonesia which have occurred during those periods, about 268 people died in total and more than a thousand injured. This will be classified according to year of their occurrence.

In 1999, there were 4 bomb blast incidents in various places in Indonesia. In 2000, 12 terrorist incidents. In 2001, 5 terrorism cases. In 2002, 6 cases. In 2003, 5 cases. In 2004, 3 cases. In 2005, 3 cases. (For more detail data about bomb blast see Appendix)

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During those years no one was able or good enough to come up with an analysis as to who was behind those numerous bombing incidents in Indonesia. The Indonesian National Police kept on working the meticulous job from the crime scene, which later proved to be effectively fruitful (refer to the discussion under the heading “The Discovery of JI Network in the Region� p. 46).

Out of those so many bomb blast incidents since 1999, there have been four of those considered major in scale: twice has occurred in Bali, one at J.W. Marriot Hotel, Jakarta and one in front of Australian Embassy, Jakarta. Those four blasts have been significantly impacting Indonesia badly which has attracted international attention: 1. Bali bombing 1st it happened in Kuta, Bali on 12 October 2002. It took more than 202 lives, mostly foreigners of whom Australian. More than 300 people injured.

2. Bali bombing 2nd it happened in Kuta Square and Jimbaran, Bali on 1st October 2005, killing 43 people including the suicide bombers and injuring more than 100 people.

3. J.W. Marriot Hotel Bombing, it happened in front of the hotel in Jakarta on 5 August 2003, killing 12 people including the suicide bomber and injuring many other people.

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4. Kuningan bomb blast, it happened in front of the Australian Embassy Building, on 9 September 2004. The effect of the bombing 10 people killed including the suicide bombers, injuring more than 100 people.

4.1. Perpetrators’ Background Why terrorism suddenly becomes rampant in Indonesia. This is the kind of question that needs answering by any of us living in this region. Investigation conducted against suspects of the bombing cases revealed that some perpetrators from neighboring countries are involved. The perpetrators mostly have a military training background in Afghanistan to fight with the Taliban against Russian. These are the groups who have later spread over to South East Asian countries, and later hand in hand with other radical groups amalgamated themselves and build their own military training ground in the region.

From the data of terrorist attack 1999 – 2002 (before Bali bomb blast 1) so many perpetrators have been arrested and the cases have been revealed, but from the result of investigation against the perpetrators we were unable to uncover the existence of JI’s network or other groups. It seems that all the apprehended perpetrators simply doers or operatives - not the key players. Not until after the Bali bomb blast 1, then the network of JI (AlJamaah Al-Islamiyah) was uncovered.

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It was concluded that the perpetrators of the bombing cases during this time belong to groups like: Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah (JI); Indonesia Islamic State (N.I.I.); former Free Aceh Movement (GAM), which has a link with the south of Thailand; Radical Muslim Groups and individual and other latent potential. A further result of the INP’s investigation also unveiled that the perpetrators of terrorism often use illegal routes through the border to move from countries to countries like Malaysia, south Thailand, south Philippine, Indonesia etc.

This illegal route is later confirmed by Nasir Abas (2005) in his book “Membongkar Jamaah Islamiyah - Pengakuan Mantan Anggota JI” (Uncovering Jamaah Islamiyah - A confession by a member of JI) p. 143.

All these groups have also deliberately used and taken advantage of the conflict between Muslim and Christian in Ambon, Maluku, and Poso, Central Sulawesi in 1999 and 2000, for example, as their battle ground to assist Moslems in trouble and to exercise their military skills they once acquired in Afghanistan in using military strategies and tactics as well as weaponries.

Indonesia’s social characteristic as being highly cooperative among Moslem has been used or misused rather by would-be perpetrators to carry out their acts of terrorism against the West’s interest in Indonesia.

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Other characteristics pertaining to terrorism perpetrator are those of economic reason like poverty and unemployment prevalent in the society. Others like the opening up of a free society, easy access to technologies, fanaticism, extremism, separatism, misinterpretation of religious teaching through a specific indoctrination, high solidarity among its fellow, weak government etc. are those which influence small number of Muslim to join the radical groups.

As we have quoted from the confessions made by the convicts, for example Amrozi from Bali Bombing case who said: “I’m not scared at all to be arrested, even if I have to face death penalty, I’m prepared, as my struggle”. “Look at Muslims who have been killed, women and children in many places in the world”. “Look at those ‘Bule’ (the white), tell them that I want to kill them”. Ali Gufron alias Mukhlas also from Bali Bombing case said: “My message to the world that if there is injustice against Muslims in this world, although I’m facing death penalty, a thousand more like Ali Gufron will come into being’. Imam Samudra, also from Bali Bombing case, said: “Our communication with one another run very well and because witnessing injustice and ruthlessness of the West against Muslims through the media especially in the internet which has caused us to fight back”. “We have been fighting in Afghanistan and driving the Soviet Union out of the country”. “Our spirit of fighting has been demonstrated through the war in Afghanistan”.Heri Gulun, suicide bomber of the suicide bomber at Australian Embassy Bombing, wrote: “My way of 28

struggle is in accordance with my religion, and that I see the leaders of my country is kafir”. (not the way of God).

And that brings me on to the next discussion of the four major bomb blasts: twice in Bali, at J.W. Marriott Hotel, Jakarta and in front of Australian Embassy, Jakarta discussed in more detail manner.

Bali Blasts on 12 October 2002 and 1 October 2005 Bali is, as you may be aware, famous with the name “Island of gods” and has become tourist destination for both domestic and international. The fame of Bali is, for many years, also known for its secluded, safe and full of traditional and Hindu ceremonies.

But, the seclusion was vanished on night of 12 October 2002.

Those who stayed in Bali were in deep shock and really disbelief by a series of bomb blasts in three different locations: Paddy’s Pub, Sari Club and nearby USA Consulate in Renon. People around the crime scene were pervaded by a panic and horrified atmosphere. They could hear hysterical scream of the victims.

Meanwhile, the police and local government officials were not ready to handle the situation. The infrastructure and facilities of the hospital were also unfit to handle and accommodate the injured and the dead victims. The coordination among the local government agencies did not run as expected because they never thought that such terrible incident would ever strike.

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Bali bombing had caused a huge amount of human casualties (202 people) and also a huge amount of material loss and property damage. Many citizens from many foreign countries have become victims especially Australian. The incident has attracted international attention. Those, whose citizens were mostly the victim of this tragedy, offered not only condolence but also donation. Shortly, the fund was flowing to Bali with significant amount especially for the injured and killed victims that are out of capacity of the facility available.

In the investigation, Indonesian National Police was not without facing obstacles particularly in the field of detecting explosives, identification of vehicles and victims that needed advanced technology, particularly in the areas of detecting explosives, identification of vehicles and victims. Faced with this bombing case with huge number of victims, feeling of helplessness in the part of the police was prevailing, and the idea of engaging cooperation with other countries’ law enforcement agency should be part of the solution. During the process of investigation of Bali bombing, there was a transfer of technology, skills and knowledge between INP and other law enforcement agencies from the developed countries. The results, eventually, were fruitful.

Especially between the INP and AFP have successfully brought about a scientific crime investigation and the result of which can be accounted for scientifically and legally.

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Through the identification of the L300 and the body of the dead victims had brought the investigators to identify and to arrest Amrozi as the suspect and also to identify those suspected of conducting suicide bombings, Iqbal alias Arnasan. Through the identification of the types of explosives, investigators could decide the type of the bomb, the car used and vest bomb. Based on excellent cooperation and exchange of intelligence and information with other countries, the process of revealing the network of Bali bombing case could be made faster than expected.

INP has succeeded in arresting 110 suspects alleged directly or indirectly involved in the bombing incident. They were united in an organization which they name Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah. This group was also suspected of engaging relationship with Al Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden especially on the program for military training in Afghanistan and the funding of Bali bombing.

Most of the suspects involved in the Bali bombing have been tried in the court and some of whom have served severe punishment. Three of those: Mukhlas, Amrozi and Imam Samudra have been handed down a death sentence.

INP, tirelessly, keeps running after other suspects believed to have been involved in the Bali bombing tragedy and searched for any connection as well as networks that may be developed on the basis of what has been achieved from the arrested suspects, crime scene, witnesses, bystanders etc.

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Despite a tight security which has been exercised in Bali after bombing incidence, on 1st October 2005, the world was shocked again with yet another blast which attacked Bali for the second time. The Bali bombing this time occurred in Raja’s Bar Kuta Square, Kuta beach and in Nyoman CafÊ, Jimbaran, Bali, using a vest bomb killing 43 people including the suicide bombers themselves and injuring more than 100 people.

Bomb Blast at JW Marriott Hotel on August 5th 2003 While a Special Task Force responsible for terrorism of the INP was running after the suspects of Bali bombing who remained at large, chasing more suspects of another blast occurred at Indonesian Parliament Building, Soekarna Hatta International Airport, and behind United Nations Building in Jakarta. On the 5th of August 2003 Jakarta people were shocked again by yet another terrible bomb blast at JW Marriot Hotel, South Jakarta.

The incident caused 12 people killed including the suicide bomber and injured many more, and damaged the surrounding buildings, etc.

Having acquired the experience in dealing with first Bali bombing, the Special Task Force of INP, soon was able to identify the culprit based on the type of the bomb first blasted. The successful efforts and a relatively quick time in revealing the case were due to information and support from the suspects of Bali Bombing. The perpetrators of JW Marriot and Bali bombing were from the same root, which is the Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah.

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Using a method of scientific criminal investigation, the Special Task force of INP was able to identify the alleged suicide bomber, Asmar Latin Sani and to identify the type of the method of bombing which is car bomb. The suspects involved in preparing and storing the material were also arrested. They were Rois Rusdi, Idris, Sardona Siliwangi, Toni Togar, etc.

Upon acquiring some experiences in handling various terror of bombing cases, other law enforcement agencies from foreign countries considered, by then, that INP has possessed a capacity and capability in coping with terrorism. In order to strengthen and to promote cooperation with other countries, the INP, therefore, is willing to give opportunity to other law enforcement agencies abroad especially those who have not had any experience in handling bombing case to study from INP, starting from crime scene processing and management, identification of explosives and dealing with victims.

Then, the INP’s Special Task Force focused on hunting down those suspected of being involved in both JW Marriot bombing and Bali bombing, the late Dr Azahari, Noordin M. Top, Zulkarnain, Syahron and others.

The investigator found a seriously broken head of human, which later identified as “Asmar Latin Sani” – the suicide bomber.

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A staging house used for making the bomb and the car for carrying the bomb was also identified. Then we were able to conclude the type of car used for the bombing as well as the owner of the car.

Results from the arrested suspects, witnesses and bystanders, the face of the tenant and the buyer of the car were able to be established. This then lead us to be able to arrest the rest of the perpetrators. One perpetrator of the bombing was known as “Ismail”, related to “Noordin M. Top”.

Bomb Blast in front of Australian Embassy on September 9th 2004.

Not yet entirely completing the cases of previous bombings, on Thursday, 9 September 2004, at 10.30 a.m. another bomb blasted at Kuningan area in front of Australian Embassy, Jakarta, causing twelve persons died, 214 persons injured, 32 cars and some motorcycles destroyed as well as 11 buildings damaged.

The modus operandi of the blast was suicide in nature by using a Van which blasted in front of Australian Embassy, Jakarta.

The result of CCTV recording from the building across the street of Australian Embassy, and with the support of forensic experts was able to identify the engine’s number of the vehicle used and identified the type of car – Daihatsu Zebra, year make 1990 bearing a plate number B 9065-NH, and further it was identified 34

as the car that carried the bomb which later blasted in front of Australian Embassy building.

From the engine number it was then able to be established the first, second, third until sixth or the last ownership of the car bearing the name “Heri alias Rois”.

Further, investigation of the case revealed that it was apparently designed by Noordin M. Top and the (late) Dr. Azahari. To realize their plan, they obtained the detonating cord and TNT from Usman in Solo, Central Java, Noordin M. Top then, through his network in Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah, over East Java and Central Java, recruited Deni, Jabir, Urwah, Ubaid, Ahmad Hasan and Ansyori alias Shogir to help them execute the blast in Jakarta.

Noordin M. Top has also recruited Iwan Darmawan alias Rois (alumni of Military Training Camp Udaibiyah, south Philippine) which also has a membership of N.I.I. (Indonesia Islamic State) whose base is in Banten, Western tip of Java. Having joined the team, Iwan Darmawan recruited Saiful Bachri alias Ipul and Heri Gulun from Sukabumi (West Java) to carry out the blast who was the executor of the suicide bombing.

To put it briefly, in the morning of 9 September 2004, the (late) Dr. Azahari, Ahmad Hasan and Heri Gulun departed to Australian Embassy with a Van. Approaching the Embassy, Ahmad Hasan got off and rode a motorcycle borrowed from Iwan Darmawan’s 35

friend. (late) Dr. Azahari and Heri Gulun then were driving the Van heading to the Embassy. At about 200 meters away from the Embassy, (late) Dr. Azahari got off and gave away the steering wheel to Heri Gulun. Right in front of Australian Embassy the Van then blasted.

The effect of the blast, 10 people died including the suicide bomber and 180 injured; buildings damaged, as well as cars and motorcycles and others.

From a joint crime scene processing, we found many dismantled body parts. Then compared with the DNA examination from the suspected parents had brought about an identical result of the perpetrator having the name “Heri Gulun”.

Based on the result of investigation, it was then concluded that the bomb blast at Australian Embassy has connection with the key suspect (late) “Dr. Azahari” and “Noordin M. Top” of Bali and J.W. Marriott bombings.

Chasing suspects who remained at large had never stopped. All Regional Police Commands (Polda) throughout Indonesia had been alerted to and leaflets bearing the faces of the suspect as wanted persons were sent out then disseminated to the public.

It is now time for us to have a look at analysis of terrorism in Indonesia which shall bring us to what and why the acts of terrorism occurs and its links with other entities as they have manifested these days in Indonesia.

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4.2. Motives of Terrorism in Indonesia This analysis will have a look at global, regional and local issues (within Indonesia) related to terrorism. According to the confession made by the suspects the motive of terrorism is inspired by the global issue that there is injustice in the world today, especially against Moslems by certain states. This global issue causes the emergence of a global solidarity for building power and influence. On the basis of this justification, the Moslems then assist each other. The way is through using violence, bombing, and other destructive means which is unacceptable, because it will not only destroy civilization but also sacrificing innocent people. Indonesia as moderate Moslem country, indeed, condemns such terror acts.

Another confession made by Abas as written in his book (2005) “Membongkar Jamaah Islamiyah” (Uncovering Jamaah Islamiyah), Moslems in south Philippine and south Thailand are pressurized by their government. With or without realizing the consequences of such government’s action, it has caused solidarity to other Moslems at regional level.

Adding to the solidarity, at local level in Indonesia in 1998 was the start of a new era of “reformasi”. This is an indicator of the emergence of open society, which includes the return of Abu Bakar Basyir from his exile abroad and perhaps his visit to Australia at one time. The reformasi era was also time of many ethnic conflicts which once rocked Indonesia. This ethnic conflict 37

was then turned into religious conflict such as in Ambon, Maluku and Poso, Central Sulawesi.

Still within the area of solidarity, as a supporting factor of such a solidarity is the fact that there is a latent potential within the society of Indonesia, especially among Moslems, because our national struggle for independence was basically dominated by the Moslems. Within those fighters for the independence, however, some used to have a desire to separate themselves from Indonesia, like Indonesia Islamic State (N.I.I.) – an old idea coated with a new emerging spirit. Indeed, this supporting factor which is latent potential across Indonesia is widely shared among Indonesian Moslems. This kind of solidarity occurs both at regional and global level as above mentioned. Based on our Police investigator’s probing the suspects from major bombings and JI’s document, their eventual goal is to establish an Indonesian Islamic State in the southern hemisphere.

This global solidarity shares some degree of resistance against American interest and their allies worldwide. As government official, our belief has always been that the act of terrorism for us will, not only be a crime against humanity, but also threatens, if not jeopardizes, the basis of our fundamental political foundation and nation’s law and order.

The global network player as has been demonstrated by Hambali who is now detained in USA, and his brother who was 38

apprehended by Pakistan authority in Pakistan. At regional level player, it has been shown both by Fathur Rahman Al Gozi and Nasir Abas from JI and all other JI’s activists.

The result of investigation against a bombing in front of Australian Embassy revealed that Noordin M. Top was successful in recruiting a new recruit for the bomber or executer Heri Gulun and Saiful Bachri who is from that of N.I.I. organization based in Banten, western tip of Java.

So, terrorist groups gain support from domestic or local, regional and international sources. This has been demonstrated by the group of the Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah which also exist its network in other ASEAN countries. Furthermore, this terrorist group alleged to have a link with Al Qaeda at individual level relationship. The group has taken advantage with the existence of the separatist and insurgent in any given country in the region.

The threat will not only aim at threatening one country but also can extend to others.

From the suspects and evidence obtained, here are the following common features of those involved in suicide bombing: 1. The motivation of suicide bombers is to revenge on the death of civilians, women and children in Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine.

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2. Their act of suicide bombing, as they perceive it, is justified by their religion.

3. They declare their commitment to their families, both in the form of letters and electronic recording.

4. They set in their mind that all citizens of United States as target, and citizens of its allies as enemies, and, when met everywhere, may be killed and their possession be seized.

Let us now move on to the discussion of revelation of terrorist attack which used suicide bombing that occurred in Indonesia.

4.3. Suicide Bombing and its Revelation in Indonesia Bali bombing case in 2002 was able to be revealed and completed in a relatively short time, due to, I am certain, the correct processing of crime scene in the part of INP investigator and associates until we concluded that it was a suicide bombing. From the crime scene processing in Legian, Bali, the following facts were found: 1. The main ingredient used for the bombing was Potassium Chloride triggered by some high power explosives such as TNT and RDX. 2. High explosives bomb in front of Sari Club which, from the blast, has created a crater of 12 meter square, and depth 40

of 65 centimeters. All this bomb and its gadgetry and circuits were brought using a Mitsubishi vehicle van type L-300.

3. The bomb in Kuta Square and Jimbaran, Bali was carried by a person using a vest containing bomb with its gadgetry.

4. Suicide bombers in Mitsubishi vehicle van were known as coming from Malingping village in Banten, western tip of west Java which is more than 1000 kilometers away from Bali, and they were then identified based on DNA testing of the perpetrators’ parents.

As a result of police hard work through processing of the crime scene involving various experts, the owner of Mitsubishi Van L300 could later be identified, despite the fact that ownership of the Van having been changed for six times. The last owner of the van could eventually be apprehended - a man called Amrozi, from a remote village in Lamongan, East Java. From the interrogation of the suspect, the network of perpetrators, motivation, source of fund and how the bombing in Bali was conducted could eventually be unveiled.

Because of Bali bombing experience in 2002, other suicide bombing cases using car as the bomb carrier, could be revealed quicker and the perpetrators were apprehended more immediately.

The key factor to reveal those bombing cases is still the appropriate conduct of, again, processing of the crime scene.

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In the J.W. Marriot bomb blast case (2003) the suicide bomber was completely destroyed or damaged, the same applies to the vehicle being used, including that of the serial code number of the engine which was totally damaged and unrecognizable. But again, the police have worked hard to conduct a crime scene processing, and later discovered that the head of the suicide bomber was not totally damaged. Through a forensic reconstruction technique, the head of the suspect was able to be reconstructed, and could be well recognized by the family members.

The blast in front of the embassy of Australia (2004) was able to be revealed through identification of the van used. This revelation based on the evidence which has been recorded by CCTV, installed on the building next to, and opposite building of the said embassy.

After the terrorists found out that Indonesian police were always successful in revealing suicide car bomb cases, in 2005, the terrorists, then, changed their tactics by using backpack as the carrier of the bomb gadgetry and circuits. This was done so in order that the police would not able to reveal the case, since there was no vehicle or car to be identified. Once again, the police worked hard to conduct crime scene processing on the three blast sites in Bali on October 1, 2005. Through correct crime scene

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processing, the three perpetrators and the bomb gadgetry could be revealed.

From each of the three crime scenes, pieces of items had been recovered are parts of head, arms and legs, as well as maimed torsos. The police processing the crime scene immediately referred the finding to the suicide Bali bombing case in Paddy’s Pub in 2002, in which the suicide bomber left parts of body like the heads, arms and legs only. Subsequently, the police made an attempt to reconstruct the three heads as genuinely-looking as possible. The result of the reconstruction was then brought to the places where the suspects of suicide bombers come from.

Once again, through meticulous crime scene processing involving bomb experts from Indonesia, and other friendly countries, the bomb gadgetry and circuits could be identified, such as the container of the bomb, batteries used, detonators, switch system, explosives and materials used. From the identification of bomb gadgetry, it could be concluded that those bombs shared common features with the bombs found in other areas in Indonesia, which bear similar characteristics of bombs made by (late) Dr. Azahari.

Thus, the search of suspect was focused on Dr. Azahari’s group.

At last, through surveillance and analysis of intelligence data, the hiding place of (late) Dr. Azahari could be found, and in the 43

police raid, (late) Dr. Azahari was shot dead before he was able to activate his vest bomb attached to his body. From the revelation of (late) Dr. Azahari’s network, the identities of the three suicide bombers could be revealed through DNA examination of the family members.

The handling of bombing case has been discussed above, in which the processing is dependent upon the examination of crime scene, which could lead to the revelation of the identity of (suicide) bombers, and at the same time their network. After the network was revealed, analysis on communication of all their activities was conducted through investigation, surveillance, and undercover operation. In the end, some would-be suicide bombers were captured including some evidence pertaining to their terror acts.

Not all would be suicide bombers are mentally prepared to conduct such a suicide attack, despite the bomb already being carried on their bodies. Cholily, a house mate of (late) Dr. Azahari, who became a courier for Noordin M. Top, could be captured, despite carrying the bombs on his backpack. When he was apprehended by the police, he showed his backpack containing bombs, but when the police pointed their guns and threatened to shoot, Cholily immediately raised his hands indicating surrender and was later managed to be apprehended by the police.

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This is different from the apprehending of (late) Dr. Azahari, who was an expert in bomb making. During police raid in November 2005, (late) Dr. Azahari had some exchanges of fire with the police and threw out eleven bombs. However, (late) Dr. Azahari, who had managed to wear the vest bomb died in the raid with two gun-shot wounds on his left chest. This condition was different from Arman, a room mate of (late) Dr. Azahari, who died by blowing up himself with vest bomb on his body during the police raid.

Although Indonesia is considered successful in handling terrorism through law enforcement, there are some constraints in practice.

The constraints among others are the capability of law enforcement officers, the use of evidence, problems of identification and (in the past) the use of pre-paid cellular phone with no registration of the identities of the user.

Law enforcement officers, investigator, prosecutor and judge, who handle suicide bombing cases, are not specifically prepared for this. The following is some facts pertaining to the handling of terrorism cases: The handling of terrorism cases with a modus operandi of suicide bombing employs a perspective of general crime or business as usual;

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The handling of (unusual) secret organization and its networks uses a perspective of (usual) formal organization; The expertise on terrorist network is minimal in the law enforcement part; Willingness to see other terrorism cases and the terrorism data base is absent; and The handling of terrorism cases is assigned to any investigators, prosecutors and judges as they are available.

Therefore, a terrorist defendant who has given testimonials for the prosecution of another defendant could give different testimony on his own prosecution, and this is not known by the law enforcement officers handling the court proceedings.

Although there has been extension of evidence used in the counter terrorism law, the minimum use of evidence stipulated in the criminal code may not be sufficient to disclose conspiracy therein or intellectual actors or the mastermind among terrorism perpetrators.

In the investigation process conducted by the police, facts are found that suspects use many aliases and possessed several identity cards, such as national identity cards, driving license and passport. The absence of single identity number system has hindered the effort of tracing terrorist actors and their networks,

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since it is easy to conduct transactions or activities using forged documents.

The use of cellular phones by the terrorists, who have been extremely careful in protecting their activities and their identities and their groups, has also hindered the police, because in those years the system of pre-paid cellular cards in Indonesia had not obliged the users to give up their identities upon registration.

This makes the investigation hindered, since the identities of cellular phone owners known to be communicating among terrorist networks used to be difficult, if not impossible, to detect.

As said earlier, that was of course a history, the government has now been regulating that all cellular users have to be registered their identity upon purchase a device.

Now, let us see how the police conduct the processing of scientific crime scene using a scientific crime investigation. As we all know that the issue of terrorism is an extremely sensitive issue in Indonesia. That is the reason why, all investigations conducted by the police always observe the following rules: 1. The investigation should be technically proved; 2. The investigation should be accepted by law and justice; 3. The investigation should scientifically be accounted for; 4. The investigation should be acceptable by the public and not against human right conventions.

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From investigation result, some facts are found that in certain society there have been some would-be suicide bombers, both directly recruited by Noordin M. Top group as well as those influenced by Osama bin Laden’s propaganda. This propaganda could be easily found, both in the form of books as well as electronic data, easily accessed from the internet. This means that there may be would-be suicide bombers among us, but what remains is that we just wait for the triggering factors.

Further, the suicide bombers have different logics from ordinary people, since death is not a daunting factor for them, but a purpose rather. The faster they die, the better, since they would be free from all worldly concerns. Most importantly, they would get a reward according to the religious belief they practice, and thus, severe punishment is not a deterrent factor.

A continuous commitment in the part of Indonesian National Police to work from the crime scene, witness and other sources has eventually lead us to the discovery of JI network in Indonesia which shall be discussed under the following heading.

4.4. The Discovery of JI Network in Indonesia Since the era of “reformasi� in Indonesia after the fall of President Soeharto in 1989, there has been a systematic effort operating in a clandestine manner which has been going on for quite some 48

time indiscernible under the eyes of the Government until the network was discovered. The Indonesian National Police’s work in dealing with terror acts perpetrated by the terrorist has been fruitful in uncovering the network of the used-to-be clandestine organization operating within the society of Indonesia.

After the Bali bomb blast 2002, the INP had been bewildered for such a long time as to who and what motive behind so many bombing incidents in Indonesia. The bewilderment was eventually answered upon the hard work of officers of the INP collaborating with other law enforcement officers from other countries. Such bewilderment surrounding a series of bombing incident which had occurred for the last three years was finally unveiled. Incident after incident in the past was not standing alone. They are interconnected. What is more revealing was the fact that we discovered the network of the Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah operating in the region who was responsible for the previous incidents of bombings across Indonesia and in the region. This is a vital clue for investigator to further find and link some connections that are there for more arrests of suspects. This group was also suspected of engaging relationship with Al Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden especially on the program for military training in Afghanistan and in the south Philippine including the funding of Bali bombing on 12 October 2002.

It is worth noting that the score of successes of the INP has not stood alone but the assistance of other international law enforcement agencies especially the Australian Federal Police 49

has been so significant. The cooperation and collaboration is such intensive that it has resulted in the unveiling of the terrorist networks in the region.

Furthermore, intelligence analysis reveals that this JI has some connection with Aceh Separatist Movement (GAM), Indonesian Islamic States (N.I.I.) based in West Java, other separatist elements as well as other radical Islamic groups operating in Indonesia.

Amidst the presence of the police in the conflict zone, these local potential has manifested itself and taken advantage in the break up of conflict in Ambon, Maluku and Poso, Central Sulawesi during 1999-2000 between Muslim and Christian as a battle ground to exercise their skills once they acquired from those training places overseas.

5. EFFORTS TO BUILD A GLOBAL COOPERATION To achieve a global cooperation against terrorism it has to begin from local or national capacity within the law enforcement agencies in any given state. We shall be exploring in this chapter how local or national capacity rolls into regional and global in order to build a global cooperation against terrorism.

5.1.

National Capacity Enhancement in Handling Terrorism

Before we go beyond our own state, the issue of enhanced cooperation among internal law enforcement agencies in the fight against terrorism must be emphasized. Needless to say that 50

cooperation and collaboration is an absolute must among law enforcement agencies within a given country, such as the police with the attorney, judge as well as prison service. The cooperation between the police and the military and intelligence has to be established also, where necessary.

Firstly, in combatting terrorism, the security experts and public prosecutor has a vital role to play. It is the security and prosecutor who know how to advise the investigator, how to marshal the evidence, how to gather material from other places, how to present a case, and how to confront challenges at court based on legal, constitutional and other grounds. Security and prosecutors in different places must be prepared to share their experiences and ideas, and to pool the lessons they have learned from their successes as well as from their failures. Prosecutors and security services everywhere must consider how best they can hit organized criminals in financial terms, always remembering that whereas captured personnel can be replaced with ease, lost profits are gone forever. Security and prosecutors must develop: Skill in the employment of new technology; Creativity in the bringing of offenders to account; Receptiveness to fresh techniques; Capacity to think along global lines; Means to promote better legal assistance; Methodology to retrieve criminal assets; Resolution in the prosecution of crime.

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Secondly, legislation is the area in which emphasize must be put.

Through working for several years, Indonesia is now having an Act of Anti-Terror as well as Act on Money Laundering which is part and parcel of handling the act of terrorism within our own jurisdiction and beyond.

Thirdly, in facing the people, our law enforcement agencies’ efforts should be aimed at winning their heart and mind. Public awareness on lethality of terrorism must be build especially among informal, religious leaders and NGO which should become, in turn, a deterrent factor to resist the offences. After all, it is the public which shall face the consequence of being at disadvantage or loss.

Fourthly, Working together hand in hand with intelligence officers as terrorist activities is very complicated and strictly covered needed intelligence skill and knowledge at any aspects, such as to build network and good contra-intelligence agents which can enter network cells from the terrorist group. To build strong information exchange system between intelligence officers in a synergy ways.

The last point, including the security guard which has significant strength in terms of number, the police must have a close working engagement with them. As for Indonesia, in our police law no 2, 2002, it is stipulated that the police are to provide technical assistance and supervision against the security guard.

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The issue of terrorism is so intricate and complicated that it demands both the involvement of various government agencies, NGO’s and others. It has then become important to have a body which functions to integrate various efforts in the fight against terrorism.

As long as the security guard is concerned which has significant strength in terms of number, the police must have a close working engagement with them. As for Indonesia, in our police law no. 2, 2002, it is stipulated that the police are to provide technical assistance and supervision against the security guard.

5.2.

Regional and International Cooperation

For a long time terrorist has attracted the world attention. It was triggered by the tragedy of 9/11 in the USA that States throughout the world begin to think the best way to cooperate with other countries to fight terrorism. So indeed it is a good entry point, especially for Indonesia, to build cooperation between countries based on mutual need and benefit for the states.

Accordingly, the Security Council of the United Nations issued two declarations (No.1368 dated 12 September 2001 and No.1373 dated 28 September 2001). The resolutions emphasize on the importance of cooperation among member countries of the United Nations to prevent and to fight terrorism. That is precisely why United Nations Resolutions 1373 has at its core the need for the 53

suppression of terrorist financing. The disruption and seizure of terrorist money is fundamental to any successful anti-terrorist strategy. Prior to that is Resolution 1269 (1999) affirming that war on international terrorism including the involving State is a significant contribution to maintain international peace and security; Resolution 1377 (2001) stressing the importance of Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) as to organize program of technical assistance, financial, legislation or other assistance to facilitate the implementation of Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001). Other Security Council Resolution is 1566 (2004) covering some measures to promote the role of UN in combating terrorism.

ASEAN countries also responded the incidents by issuing an agreement on overcoming terrorism act in Brunei Darussalam in November 2001 namely ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism. Many other agreements have been issued among ASEAN member countries in countering the crime of terrorism.

The forms of senior official and ministerial cooperation in the area of law enforcement that area available at ASEAN are SOMTC (Senior Official Meeting on Transnational Crime) and higher government officials AMMTC (ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime), ASEANAPOL (Association of South East Asian Nation Chiefs of Police), Asia Pacific forum, ICPO Interpol and others. Not to forget the bilateral level cooperation between 54

countries. Even AMMTC has developed its forum with other partners such as China, Japan and South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.

Our views and expectations for the future has been always how the existing forums are made effective so that we can implement all the way through operational level. As what has been achieved

by Indonesia, in cooperation and collaboration with other countries in dealing with Bali bombing cases, JW Marriott and in front of Australian Embassy, has demonstrated excellent results.

Through ASEANAPOL conference which is an annual forum, the membership of whom is all chiefs or commissioners of police in ASEAN countries with observers from Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea as well as Timor Leste. The meeting of this nature is significant indeed to boost our commitment to enhance cooperation and collaboration to combat transnational crimes which was rather different from that of SOMTC and AMMTC forum. In ASEANAPOL meeting issues of common security concerns are: Illicit Drug Trafficking; ASEANAPOL Database; Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters; Commercial Crime/ Bank Offences/ Credit Card Fraud; and Exchange of Personnel and Training Programs among ASEAN Police Forces.

Every year this commitment is reviewed and progress is monitored.

Beyond ASEANAPOL, with Australia the Indonesian National 55

Police has, in particular, established a cooperation and collaboration mechanism with the Australian Federal Police, designed under an MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) to combat terrorism. In it lays down guidelines necessary for our officers at grass root or field level officer to enable them to collaborate in dealing with cases of terrorism affecting both countries. AFP and INP has signed MOU on February 2002 in Perth Western Australia and after a few month later has been implemented to uncover Bali bomb blast 2002 and other bomb cases in Indonesia.

Perth, especially Joondalup is a historical place of a monumental cooperation in fighting against terrorism.

The result of Ministerial Meeting on Combating Terrorism in Asia Pacific in Bali has been attended by Foreign Ministers and other government official who are responsible on countering terrorism which is organized by Australia and Indonesia on February 2004. The said meeting has given birth of two working groups. They are law enforcement practitioner and legal framework. From the two working groups it is formed a new entity called JCLEC (Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation) located in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. These three working group results coming out of the meeting have continued to evolve which serves a purpose for the harmony of laws regarding a concerted effort in fighting terrorism in the region.

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The establishment of JCLEC is a phenomenal achievement that has been initiated by Indonesia and Australia. This centre of JCLEC is intended to cater for the need of law enforcement agencies in the area of dealing with terrorism and other related training and courses in the region of Asia Pacific and other countries. Currently, the centre has been supported and assisted

by European Union and other countries geared to a further enhancement of our law enforcement agency’s capacity.

In the next phase an effort to start connecting database system among member countries has been initiated which will further connect with Interpol hub in Japan. This connection should enable us to monitor and work together to combat transnational crimes threatening the security of our region.

All the above issues had been brought to the attention of the Secretary General of ICPO Interpol Mr. Noble at ASEANAPOL Conference in May 2005 in Bali.

In addition, in the very near future there will be established a permanent secretariat of ASEANAPOL (office) that is likely to be built in Jakarta.

As time progresses, upon completing my leadership role in the INP we keep moving on building measures and confidence within our society especially on how to prevent the crime of terrorism and other transnational crimes from happening. This is the point 57

of our departure to build a mechanism whereby an entity like Indonesia Crime Prevention Foundation (ICPF) recently built, is a case in point. This organization embraces more wide ranging issues of crime prevention including, of course, terrorism.

Through this entity it will not only work locally and regionally but also internationally, building networking in all possible ways to achieve a common goal to prevent transnational crime especially terrorism.

6. CONCLUSION To conclude, the crime of terrorism exists not caused by a single factor only but normally it is deeply-rooted in the ideology, politic, economy, socio-cultural and history of a givien nation where terrorism is there. The nations of the world must therefore comprehend what is the ideological, political or economical etc. construction of a given nation which has root causes to terrorism in each single nation There is global issue that has unified terrorist groups wherever they may come from upon witnessing the world tragedies which shows a discrimination and unfairness happening in world especially in the Middle East and Afghanistan. This condition has caused the rise of militant Muslims, thereby strenghtened and unified the terrorist groups to resist. Especially for a country or regional areas which has potential problem of national threat like separatism, extremism, radicalism and conflict between 58

ethnics, which for some reasons, commit themselves to join in the global issue.

Therefore, this is the role of world nations these days to always avoid from making a new conflict which generates a new issue or solidarity and as a result making certain groups united.

Realizing that facing terrorism cannot be dealt with by a single country alone, concerted efforts among countries are, therefore, required attacking from every front available. Law enforcement agencies national and international at both top level official and grass-root especially are the front liner to deal with this type of menace. This may be harnessed through an education and training cooperation program that must be established among the agencies, like we have demonstrated by Australia and Indonesia. Along with that, there should be an exchange of expertise and information among law enforcement agencies on a continuous basis. Exercises or real joint investigation are the next item in the agenda that must be instilled among our officers who do the job on the ground.

We, therefore, need to increase international communities’ awareness of the potential terrorist threat that may look mundane on the surface. Other vital item needs considering is to increase public awareness in order to prevent terrorism that might be initiated or operated in our neighborhood.

As for now and in the near future we must build our capacity and capability, not only being able to deal with terrorism upon its 59

occurrence, but curbing the act of terrorism and other transnational crimes from happening in the first place. This means we must win the heart and mind of our society especially through, as in our example, the police work practice. This is the task ahead that we must be able to achieve.

Overcoming terrorism will not be sufficient by exclusively conducting law enforcement activities. Greater role and far reaching hands of the states, government and people are necessary to prevent such act, through the following means: All nations must refrain from plunging into conflict which may be used by terrorist groups as a global issue generating solidarity over the concern of the existence of discrimination and unfairness.

Avoid at all cost the use of armed intervention in any dispute between states, because every strike of violence will result in further violence.

A peaceful solution through dialogue is of vital measure to be considered, such as dialogue forum and others. Every nations and states will always initiate such interfaith dialogue or other means in solving conflicts and anticipating potential ones.

Every nations and states will always initiate interfaith dialogue or other means in solving conflict and anticipating potential ones.

Religious preachers should give enlightenment by using religious principles and teaching that could show the right understanding of religious beliefs so that the followers may returns to the right 60

track. The same applies to all the apprehended terrorists, especially for those who have signed up to be suicide bombers, that they too, deserve similar kind of enlightenment.

Strategic and smart action through international cooperation by publishing books, conducting public debates and disseminating audio visual recordings that are against terrorism and particularly suicide bombing action should be conducted as frequent as it possibly can.

Enhance practical security measures to improve intelligence collection and targeting.

Include soft power strategies to overturn support for suicidal bombings and discredit the use of violence.

Integrate education, dialogue, and action within the security framework.

Final point of this conclusion is that not to forget of course capacity and capability enhancement in each and every single agency from intelligence to law enforcement, including the strike force and other related security apparatus operating in the country.

Eventually, that brings me to the end of my oration, ladies and gentlemen, and once again thank you very much for all your attention and thanks again to the committee from Edith Cowan University for the excellent arrangement you have made for us during our stay here in Australia. Thank you all.

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7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Abas, Nasir. 2005, Membongkar Jamaah Islamiyah, Pengakuan Mantan Anggota JI (To Uncover Jamaah Islamiyah, Confession of a JI’s member). Publisher: Grafindo Khazanah Ilmu, Jakarta.

2. Abegebriel, A. Maftuh. 2005, Negara Tuhan (God’s State).

Publisher: lnti Karya Grafika, Jogjakarta.

3. Bjorgo, Tore, 2005, Root Causes of Terrorism, Myths, reality and waysforward. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York.

4. Gunaratna, R. 2002, Inside Al Qaeda Global Network of Terror. C Hurst & Co (Publisher) Ltd, UK. 5. Hoffman, B. 1998, Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press, New York.

6. Ray, S. Cline. 1986, Terrorism as state-sponsored covert warfare, Hero Books, Fairfax.

7. Ressa, A. M., 2003, Seeds of Terror, Free Press, A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. 1230 Av. of the Americans, New York 10020.

8. Laqueur, Walter 1999, “The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and Arms of a Mass Destruction” 9. Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, Asset Recovery Agency (ARA), Great Britain.

10. International Seminar Materials 2006: Building International Cooperation Against Terrorism, held in Hotel Mulia, Jakarta.

11. Acts of the Republic of Indonesia Nr. 15 & 16, 2003, On Eradication of Terrorism. Publisher: Citra Umbara, Bandung.

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12. The 9/11 Commission Report 2002, Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. WW Norton and Copy Ltd. 5005th Av. New York 10110.

13. United Nations, 2000, United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

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APPENDIX 1. Comparison of Number of Terrorism and Suicide Terrorism Attacks during 1987 - 2003 C o m p a r is o n o f N u m b e r s o f T e r r o r is m a n d S u ic id e T e r r o r is m A tta c k s 1 9 8 7 -2 0 0 3 800 700 600 500

S u ic id e T e r r o r is t A tta c k s

400

T e r r o r is m

300 200 100 0 1987

1990

1998

2000

2003

Y e ar

Source: Department of State (2004); Pape (2005) 2. The Major Bomb Blast incidents in various places in Indonesia

4 MAJOR BOMBS BLAST IN INDONESIA

IN FRONT OF AUSTRALIAN EMBASSY DEATHS : 10 INJURED : 180

THE PAST 4 BOMBING CASES AFTER 9/11

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Page 1 of 27

3. Data of Bomb Blasts in Indonesia 1999 - 2005 BOMB BLASTS IN INDONESIA AND THE VICTIMS 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

325

325

202 180

166

43 4

1999

8

2000

6

2001

Bomb Blast

9

6

2002

13

2003

Deaths

7 10

2004

Injured

20

2005 Page 1 of 27

4. Police General Da’i Bachtiar Visiting the Crime Scene after the Bomb Blast in front of Australia Embassy

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5. JI Network in the Region & Al Qaeda Connection

OSAMA BIN LADEN

KHOLID SYEH MOHAMMED (9/11-WTC)

?

AL GHUROBA AMAR

HAMBALI Arrested, Augst, 11 2003

MAJID

GUN GUN Arrested, Sept, 1. 2003

AGUS DWIKARNA Arrested, MARCH 13, 2002

ZUBAIR TAUFIQ RIFQI Arrested, OCT.2, 2003

Arrested, Nov. 2000, FATHURRAHMAN AL GHOZI (died, Oct. 13,

LILLIE

2003 WAN MIN bin WAN MAT

OMAR AL FARUQ Jail, June 5, 2002

JOHAN

POSO

KUNINGAN BOMB BLAST 9 Oct 2003

MUSTOFA Arrested, Juli 8, 2003

ISMAIL

Dr. AZAHARI

MUKHLAS Arrested, Des,4 2002

NOORDIN M.TOP

12 OCT.2002

BALI BOMB BLAST BOMB BLAST 5 Augst.2003 J.W. MARRIOTT HOTEL

IMAM SAMUDRA ABU BAKAR BAASYIR

Source: Indonesian National Police Head Quarter (

6. A sample of Organisation Structure of Al Jama’ah Al Islamiyah ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF AL JAMA'AH AL ISLAMIYYAH PLH Amir AL J AL I Regional Shura

Amir Ketua Askari

BP Markaziyah ABU BAKAR BA’ASYIR ABU RUSYDAN al. ABDUS SOMAD al. THORIQUDIN DZULKARNAIN al. Uztad DAUD

MANTIQI ULA / I SINGAPURA MALAYSIA

WAKALAH KL/SELANGOR

ABU YUSUF

MUKHLAS April 2001

WAKALAH JOHOR

WAN MIN bin WAN MAT

ADUNG April 2002

MANTIQI SANI / II

MARKAZ

MANTIQI THALID / III

ABU IRSYAD al. SYAHRONI

MINDANAO SABAH, KALTIM SULAWESI

INDONESIA

WAKALAH NEGERI 9

WAKALAH SINGAPURA

WAKALAH PERAK

ABDUL HALIM

MAS SLAMET bin KASTARI

SULAIMAN

KHATIBAH

KHATIBAH

KHATIBAH

QIRDAS

QIRDAS

QIRDAS

FI’ FI’AH

HAMBALI

MOHAMMAD NASIR bin ABAS al. KHAIRUDIN al SULAEMAN al. LEMAN al MAMAN al MALIK al. ABU HUSNA al. EDDY MULYONO

FI’ FI’ AH

Source: Indonesian National Police Head Quarter 66

MUSTOFA ACHMAD ROICHAN al. ABU THOLUT al. SAAD

MANTIQI UKHRO AUSTRALIA MALDIV

ABD ROHIM AYUB

7. Police General Da’i Bachtiar attending ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Fighting Transnasional Organized Crime (AMMTC) + 3 (Japan, China, The Republic of Korea, 10 January 2004

8. Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, International Training Center dedicated for fighting Transnational Crime especially Terrorism, initiated by Police General Da’i Bachtiar and Commissioner Mick Keelty, AFP.

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9. Police General Da’i Bachtiar delivering his keynote address at The International Airport, Port and Transport Security Conference in Dubai, UAE 3rd - 4th April 2006

10. Police General Da’i Bachtiar delivering his keynote address on The International Aviation & Maritime Security Conference in Hong Kong, 13-14 June 2006

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13. Police General Da’i Bachtiar being awarded a Medal of Honor “Bintang Jasa Utama” from Megawati Soekarnoputri, the President of the Republic of Indonesia.

14. Police General Da’i Bachtiar being awarded a Medal of Honor “Australian Order (AO) from the Prime Minister of Australia H.E. Mr. John Howard.

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15. Police General Da’i Bachtiar being awarded a Medal of Honor “Bintang Mahaputra Adi Pradana” from H.E. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the President of the Republic of Indonesia.

16. Police General Da’i Bachtiar being congratulated by the President of United States of America George W. Bush for his achievement in fighting terrorism.

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21. Police General Da’i Bachtiar is delivering a speech during Interpol

73rd General Assembly Meeting, Cancun, Mexico, 2004

22. Police General Da’i Bachtiar and Commissioner Mick Keelty, AFP

in a press release in Canberra, March 2003

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23. Police General Da’i Bachtiar and The President of The Republic of Indonesia during the opening of International Seminar on Building International Cooperation Against Terrorism, Jakarta 27-28 Feb, 2006

24. Police General Da’i Bachtiar deliver Keynote Speaker on International Seminar on Building International Cooperation Against Terrorism, Jakarta 27-28 Feb, 2006

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PROFILE

Da’i Bachtiar Police General, Indonesian National Police (Former Chief of INP) Chairman, Indonesia Crime Prevention Foundation ( ICPF ) Special Envoy to the President of the Republic of Indonesia for BIMP EAGA

Police General Da’i Bachtiar has more then 30 years of service for the Indonesian National Police (INP). He has hold several key positions before reaching to the top of leadership in the INP, among others: Head of Public Information Service, Chief of National Criminal Investigation, Chief of East Java Regional Police Command, Head of National Police Academy, Executive Director of National Narcotics Coordination Board and the top position as the Chief of INP from 2001 - 2005. During his top leadership in the INP, Police General Da’i has built phenomenal project so-called “JAKARTA CENTER FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION” (JCLEC). This center is dedicated to cater for the need of law enforcement officers to practically study and learn the skills in the area of dealing with terrorism in the region. Police General Da’i is the one who directly has supervised the course of action for the rescue, recovery and investigation of Bali Bombing, J.W. Marriot and the one in front of Australian Embassy.

Police General Da’i Bachtiar is currently assigned as a special envoy to President of the Republic of Indonesia for BIMP (Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine) in East Asean 76

Growth Area (EAGA), being responsible to enhance cooperation in the field of security, economic and human resource development among members of East ASEAN countries.

Apart from that Police General Da’i is also Chairman of Indonesia Crime Prevention Foundation, affiliated with ACPF in Japan, which has 80 branches all over Asia and the Pacific region. This foundation is actively promoting crime prevention and counter terrorism.

Police General Da’i was educated at Police Academy, then pursued his further study in the College of Police Science, BKA Investigative Course in Wiesbaden, Germany, Police Staff and Command Course in Bandung, Joint Armed Forces Course, Senior Police Officer Course in Paris and one time studied at University of Bhayangkara, Indonesia. He lives in Jakarta and married with Ida Yulianti Bachtiar and has three children with 7 grandchildren.

Police General Da’i has, several time, been invited as an international speakers on issues of terrorism and security related subjects including at Interpol 73rd General Assembly Meeting, Cancun, Mexico 2005; International Airport, Port and Transport Security Conference, Dubai, UAE, in April 2006; Airport and Maritime Security APS Asia Expo, Hong Kong, in June 2006, ASEANAPOL Conference, Bali in May 2005, Keynote Speaker at an International Seminar titled “Building International Cooperation Against Terrorism “, Jakarta, February 2006.

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During his time of service, he has attained some recognitions including: Medal of “Bintang Mahaputera Adi Pradana (the highest medal in Indonesia) conferred by the Government of Indonesia; Medal of Australian Order (AO) from the government of Australia and the Knight Order (Tan Sri) from the Royal Kingdom of Malaysia plus other 14 medals granted by the Government of Indonesia.

Police General Da’i Bachtiar and family

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INDEX Cheque, 10 Cholily, 44 Daihatsu Zebra, 34 Dawa Party, 18 Deni, 35 DNA, 36, 41, 44 GAM (Free Aceh Movement), 27, 50 Hambali, 38 Heri alias Rois, 35, 36, 39 Heri Gulun, 28, 35, 36 Hezbollah, 18 Hindu, 29 ICPF (Indonesia Crime Prevention Foundation), 58, 76, 77 ICPO Interpol, 54, 57 Idris, 33 Imam Samudra, 28, 31 India, 21, 23 Indonesia, 5, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 77, 78 Indonesian Islamic State (NII), 50 Indonesian National Police (INP), 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40, 48, 49, 55, 57, 76 Incident of 9/11,2001, 18 Iraq, 20, 39 Iqbal alias Arnasan, 31 Ismail, 34 Israel, 20 Iwan Darmawan alias Rois, 35 Jabir, 35 Jakarta, 21, 25, 32, 34, 35, 57, 77 Jammu and Kashmir, 23 Janish-e-Mohammad (JEM), 23 Java, 35, 41, 50, 56 JCLEC (Jakarta Center for Law Enforcement Cooperation), 56, 57, 67, 76 JI (Al-Jamaah Al-Islamiyah), 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, 48, 49, 50, 66 Jimbaran, 25, 32, 41 Joondalup, 56

Abas, Nasir, 27, 37, 39 ACPF (Asia Crime Prevention Foundation), 77 Act Indonesia No. 15 and No. 16, 5 Afghanistan, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31, 39, 49, 58 AFP (Australian Federal Police), 30, 49, 56 Ahmad Hasan, 35 Al-Gozi, Fathur Rahman, 39 Ali gufron alias Mukhlas, 28, 31 Al-Qaeda, 22, 23, 31, 39, 49, 66 AMMTC, 55, 67 Ambon, 27, 38, 50 Amrozi, 28, 31, 41 Ansyori alias Shogir, 35 AO (Australian Order), 70, 78 Arman, 45 ASEAN, 54, 55, 76 ASEANAPOL (Association of South East Asian Nation Chiefs of Police), 54, 55, 57, 77 ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC), 13, 54 Asmar Latin Sani, 33 Association of South East Asia Nation (ASEAN), 13, 39 Azahari, Dr., 33, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45 B 9065 NH, 34 Bali, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 49, 55, 56, 57, 76, 77 Bandung, 77 Banten, 39, 41 Basyir, Abu Bakar, 37 Beirut, 18 BIMP EAGA, 76 Bintang Jasa Utama, 70 Bintang Mahaputra Adi Pradana, 71, 78 Brunei Darussalam, 54 Bule, 28 Cancun, 74, 77 CCTV, 34, 42

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Sardona Siliwangi, 33 Sari Club, 29, 40 Sarin, 23 Security Council, 19 Semarang, 56 Shia, 23 Soeharto, 48 Soekarno Hatta International Airport, 32 Solo, 35 SOMTC (Senior Official Meeting on Transnational Crime), 13, 54, 55 Sukabumi, 35 Sulawesi, 27, 38, 50 Sunni, 23 Syahron, 33 Taliban, 20, 21, 26 Tan Sri, 69, 78 Tel Aviv, 18 Timor Leste, 55 TNT, 35, 40 Toni Togar, 33 Trade Center, 19, 22 Ubaid, 35 Udaibiyah, 35 United Nation (UN), 3, 4, 14, 17, 19, 54 United States, 5, 18, 19, 21, 40 Urwah, 35 USA, 53 Usman, 35 Websites, 9 Zulkarnain, 33

J.W. Marriot, 21, 25, 29, 32, 33, 36, 42, 55, 76 Kafir, 29 Kamikaze, 18 Kuningan, 26, 34 Kuta, 25, 32, 41 L-300, 31 Lamongan, 41 Lashkar e-Tayyiba (FTO LT), 23 Lebanon, 18 Legian, 40 Lexicon, 12 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 23 Malingping, 41 Maluku, 27, 38, 50 Manila, 24 Maoist, 23 Middle East, 8, 20 NATO, 20 NGO, 52, 53 NII (Indonesia Islamic State), 27, 35, 38, 39 Noordin M. Top, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 44, 48 Nyoman Cafe, 32 Osama bin Laden, 31, 48 , 49 Paddy’s Pub, 29, 43 Pakistan, 21, 23, 38 Palermo Convention, 2000, 14, 15 Palestine, 18, 20, 39 Pennsylvania, 22 Pentagon, 22 Philippine, 49 Polda, 36 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 18 Poso, 27, 38, 50 Raja’s Bar Kuta Square, 32 RDX, 40 Red Army, 18 Reformasi, 37, 48 Renon, 29 Riaz Hassan, 20 Rois Rusdi, 33 Saiful Bachri alias Ipul, 35, 39

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