The Role of Religion in Transitional Justice - Tamil by NCEASL

,yq;ifapy; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpapy; rkaj;jpd; tfpghfk;

,iwek;gpf;if kPjhd Xu; Ma;T cz;ik> ePjp> kdpj jd;khdk; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd chpik

Copyrights ÂŠ NCEASL and USAID The NCEASL and USAID retain distribution rights of this report. This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The content of this report is the sole responsibility of the NCEASL and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. This publication may be reproduced by any organization for use in human rights education activities, provided the source is acknowledged and the National Christian Evangelical Alliance of Sri Lanka and USAID are notified of such use. Email comments to: legal@nceasl.org / research@nceasl.org

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KfTiu vkJ Njrj;jpd; kPJ kjk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;s jhf;fj;jpid mstplKbahJ. fyhrhug; tsh;r;rpapd; mbg;gilahfTk;> nrhy; mfuhjpapy; CLUtpAs;s trdq;fSf;F fhuzkhfTk;> mjpfkhd nghJ tpLKiwfSf;F fhuzkhfTk; kjk; mike;Js;sJ. Mdhy;> ,it ntspawq;fkhf tplaq;fshFk;. jdpegiug; nghWj;jtiuapy; rkak; vd;gJ mbg;gilahFk;. rkak; egh;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cwTfis tiuaiw nra;fp;wJld; xOf;fj;ij cUthf;Fjy;> rlq;Ffs; rhh;e;j flikfis jPHkhdpj;jy; Nghd;w gytw;wpYk; nry;thf;F nrYj;JfpwJ. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpapDhlhf epue;ju rkhjhdj;ijf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf epWtd hPjpahd jPh;Tfisf; fz;lwptJ Nehf;fkhapd; rkak; gw;wpa Mokhd ghprPyidfisAk; ehk; ftdpg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,e;Nehf;fj;Jld; ,yq;if Njrpa fpwp];jt RtpNr\f If;fpaj;Jtk;; (National Christian Evangelical Alliance of Sri Lanka) “,yq;ifapy; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpapy; rkaq;fspd; tfpghfk;” vd;w ,e;j Ma;tpid ntspf;nfhzh;e;jJ. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwfspy; ,iwapay; rhh;e;j mbg;gilj; J}z;fis ,e;j Ma;T Muha;fpwJ. xUtuhy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij fpwp];jt kjj;JlDk;> cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jtij ngsj;j flg;ghL vdTk; mwpaKbAk;> Mdhy; mjw;Fk; mg;ghYs;s epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpj; J}z;fSf;F cjTfpd;w ,iwapay; mbg;gilfis Gyg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf Ntjk;> ctkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; ePjpf;fijfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J vLNfhy;fs; ,t;Ma;tpy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. rkaj;ij Kf;fpakhf nfhz;l jdp egHfNs ghhpa r%fnkhd;iw fl;bnaOg;Gk; J}z;fhshftpUf;fpd;wdh;. MfNt> epiyNgwhd r%f rkhjhdj;jpw;F rkaq;fs; vt;thW gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpwJ vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,e;j ,Wjp mwpf;ifia thrpg;gJ xU gpufhrkhd mDgtkhFk;. ,J El;gkhdJ. ,Ug;gpDk; Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwfs; kw;Wk; r%f> rka elj;ijfspd; khWgl;l mk;rq;fs; Mfpad njhlh;gpyhd tpsf;fq;fs; %yk; gy tplaq;fis Kd;dpWj;jpAs;sdh;. cjhuzkhf ,];yhk; kjj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> ePjpnaDk; nghOJ ,iwtdpd; tpUg;gg;gb vy;yhg; nghUl;fSk; mjw;Fhpa rhpahd ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhFk;: kdpjd; ePjpiaf; filg;gpbg;gjhdJ ,iw topghl;Lld; Nrh;j;J Ghpe;Jnfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ePjpiaj; NjLfpd;w gazj;jpy; xLf;FKiwfs; epfo;fpd;w nghOJ> ,J ,iwtdpd; cj;juty;y> Vndd;why; ,iwtd; ahiuAk; xLf;Ftjpy;iy. ,];yhkpa ePjpapy; mePjp ,iog;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; ,y;iy. ,e;Jrkaj;jpy; ,ilj;njhlh;Gfs; hPjpahd vz;zf;fUf;fs; %yk; jPq;F ,iog;gij jtph;g;gijg; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpwp];zd; vy;yh caph;fspYk; tpahgpj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;w nghOJ vy;yh caph;fSk; fpwp];zd; njhlh;gpy; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w nghOJ> xUth; kw;wtUf;Fj; jPq;fpiof;fpd;w nghOJ ,J flTshd fpwp];zDf;F ,iof;fg;gLfpd;w jPq;fhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngsj;jkjk; gw;wpa mj;jpahaj;jpy; ey;y fk;k my;yJ nfl;l fk;k gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sitfSf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W rq;f kw;Wk; Gj;jUila tho;f;if gw;wpa fijfs; Mfpatw;wpy; rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtJ njhlh;gpyhd jpl;ltl;lkhd Kiwfs; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sitfs; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. fle;j fhyj;ij kwe;JtpLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf vjph;fhyj;jpy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;glhkypUg;gijj; jLg;gjw;fhfNt ey;ypzf;fg; nghwpKiwfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fpwp];jtHfSf;F ey;ypzf;fk; vd;gJ xU rka MizahFk;. fpwp];jt rigfSk; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fSk; mbg;gilapNyNa ,NaRtpd; gypapdhy; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lth;fshf ey;ypzf;fr; r%fkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wdH. ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd gazk; vd;w mj;jpahaj;jpy; kdk;jpUk;GjYld; Muk;gpj;J r%fj;jpy; tho;fpd;w xUtNuhnlhUtH ey;ypzf;fkhf gazpj;J ,Wjpapy; ,iwtDldhd xg;Gutpy; KbtilfpwJ. ,t; Ma;T> epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwfis rhpahd Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F cjtf;$ba topKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gbAk;> ,t;tpj nghwpKiwfisj; jahhpf;Fk; gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fs; rka egh;fisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; ,tw;wpy; <Lg;gLj;JtJ gw;wp rpe;jpf;Fk; gbAk; NfhhpAs;sJ. ,yq;ifapypUf;fpd;w rhjhuz kf;fs; kw;Wk; rfy kjq;fisAk; Nrh;e;j kjj; jiyth;fs; cgNahfpf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; cz;ikf;fhd chpik vd;w ,e;j Mtzj;ijr; NCEASL rhHghf rkh;;g;gpg;gjpy; ehd; ngUk; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;. vkJ ehl;bw;Fk; fyhrhuj;jpw;Fk; gy Mapuk; tUlq;fs; epuk;gpa Md;kPfr; nrOikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vkJ ehl;by; ntw;wpfukhd epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpia Vw;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf ,jid Mf;fG+h;tkhfg; gad;gLj;JNthk;. Njrkhd;a nfhl;g;hp Nahfuh[h. ,iz nrayhsh; ehafk; cyf RtpNr\f If;fpaj;Jtk;. 4

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cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ePjpia toq;Ftjw;Fk; ey;ypzf;fj;ij milAk; KfkhfTk;> fle;j fhy ghhpa J\;gpuNahfq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L KOikahd nrad;KiwfisAk; nghwpKiwfisAk; cs;slf;fpa r%fj;jpd; Kaw;wp epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;Ws; ePjpj;Jiw rhh;e;j kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw rhuhj nghwpKiwfs; cs;slf;fg;glyhk;. jdpg;gllth;fSf;F vjpuhf rl;l eltbf;if vLj;jy;> ,og;gPLfis toq;fy;> cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpjy;> epWtd hPjpahd kWrPuikg;G> Ma;TfSf;F cjTjy;> gjtp ePf;fq;fs; my;yJ ,tw;NwhL ,ize;j Vidaitfs; (I.eh. nrayhsh; ehafk; 2004). epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp njhlh;gpyhd Nkyjp tiutpyf;fzq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpf;fhd rh;tNjr epiyaj;Jld; njhlh;Gnfhs;sTk;. http://www.ictj.org/en/tj. ,J njhlh;gpyhd vz;zf;fU rhh;e;j tuyhW kw;Wk; ,J njhlh;gpyhd 40 khw;wq;fspy; vt;thW ,J gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;s (ghh;;f;f - Arthur, 2009, McAuliffe, 2011, Elster, 2004, Teitel, 2003). epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp njhlh;ghd fy;tp rhh; Ma;T gw;wpa tpguq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp juT ikak; https://sites.google.com/site/transitionaljusticedatabase/transitional-justice-bibliographyIg; ghh;f;f. 2fle;j fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tpguq;fs; njhlh;gpy; G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;f mZFKiwnahd;iwg; nghWg;Ngw;wy;> ePjpj;Jiw rhh;e;j kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw rhuhj eilKiwfis KO mstpy; $l;bizg;gjw;F ,zq;Fjy;. ,yq;ifapy; ey;ypzf;fk;> nghWg;Gf;$wy;> kdpj chpikfs; Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;. ghh;f;f A/HRC/RES/30/1, 14 October 2015, 4 Mk; ge;jp.

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rpq;fsj;jpy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Fzg;gLj;jy; vdTk; miof;fyhk; (Rtgj; tPk). ,q;F cly; hPjpahd fhuzpfis tpl cs hPjpahd fhuzpfSf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ – tz. fy;fe;j jk;khde;j NjuUldhd fye;Jiuahly;. 4 tz. ty;];ntt Qhduj;jpd NjuUldhd fye;Jiuahly; (Gj;jhpd; tpjkhd nrhy;yhly;fs;> gf;fk; 798)

nghOJ me;j murd; Nfhgg;glf;$lhJ> ;,uz;L jug;gpdiuAk; rkkhf nrtpkLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;> ;,uz;L jug;gpdUila tpthjq;fis ed;F nrtpkLj;jjd; gpd;dh;> vt;tpj gf;fr;rhh;Gkpd;wp> ntWg;Ngh> mr;rNkh> klikNah mw;w epiyapy; jdJ jPh;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd NjrFz [hjf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. kdpj elj;ijfspd; xt;nthU mk;rk; gw;wpAk; ePjpj;Jiwg; nghWg;Gfis rkj;JtkhfTk; kdpjhgpkhd mbg;gilapYk; GhpjYlDk; epiwNtw;WtJ njhlh;ghd topfhl;bfis Gdpj vl;L ghijfs; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;> rhpahd Ghpjy; vd;gJ tplaq;fis cs;sthNw Nehf;FtjhFk;. mtw;iw> ehk; vt;tpjk; ghh;f;f epidf;fpd;NwhNkh mjdbg;gilapy; Nehf;Ftjy;y. ,g;GupjyhdJ gw;wpd;ik; kw;Wk; Cf;fk; Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fSld; njhlh;Gilajhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. md;ghd rpe;jidfs>; ghjpf;fgl;ltu;fis kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfis Vw;wg;gLj;Jgtu;fis Nehf;fpajhf ,Ug;gJld;> mtu;fis ey;topapy; ,l;Lr;nry;tjhfTk; ,Uf;f ,Uf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;> rhpahd rpe;jid vDk; nghOJ> vz;zk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk; jPa rpe;jidfsw;wjhfTk; nfh^ukw;wjhfTk;> gf;fr;rhh;G> Nfhgk;> nghwhikfs; kw;Wk; gifik Mfpad mw;wjhfTk; ;,Uj;jy mtrpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ePjpgjpapd; mbg;gilf; flik rhpahd kw;Wk; gf;fr;rhu;gw;w Ngr;rhFk;. ,jw;fpzq;f> mth; vy;yhr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; cz;ikf;F mbgzpe;J elg;gJjhd;> mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf ngha; ciug;gtuhftpUj;jy; $lhJ. ,Jkl;Lkd;wp> Ra Mf;fpukpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; epjp hPjpahd ed;ikfs ngWgtuhf> mikjpaPdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jgtuhf my;yJ ntWg;gpidj; J}z;Lgtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. vdNt> ePjpgjpapdJ rhpahd nray; vd;gJ> rhpahd Neuj;jpy; mh;g;gzpg;GilatuhfTk; ePjpj;Jiwf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F Vw;g vy;yhr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; ele;Jnfhs;gtuhfTk;> rhpahd tho;thjhuk; vd;gJ> Neh;ikahfTk; epahakhfTk; mtJ}Wfs; mw;wepiyapy;> Neu;ikahf jdJ tho;thjhuj;ij <l;lf;$bajhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk. ,jw;FNkyhjpfkhf> rl;lj;ijAk; cz;ikahd tplaq;fisAk; ed;F Muha;e;J fpufpf;ff; $batuhf ePjpgjp ,Ug;gJ mbg;gilahFk;;. NkYk;> mtuJ rhpahd Kaw;rp> vd;gJ cz;ik> rl;lk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; xU nray; ,yf;if mjd; ;,Wjptiu fz;lwptjw;fhd JzpT Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpapUg;gJld;> ,k;Kaw;rpahdJ Neu;ikahd rpe;jidAld; neUq;fpa njhlu;GilaJ. ,jDld;> Neu;j;jpahd my;yJ rupahd fpufpj;jy; vd;gij xw;Wik> ;,zq;Fjy;> xt;nthU fdg;nghOjpYk; mikjpahftpUj;jy;> vjph;kiwahd czh;Tfisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy;> ntWg;gw;wtuhftpUj;jy; vdf;fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;Wf;fika cz;ikahd ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jdJ flikfis; epiwNtw;WtJ ,jd; mk;rkhFk;. MfNt> ePjpgjpahdtu; ,Ujug;gpdUf;F kj;jpapyhd Kuz;ghLfs; njhlh;gpy; jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gtuhf kl;Lky;yhJ ,j;jPu;khdq;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij tpistpg;gjhy; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd Kd;Djhuzkhf mikAkhWk; jPu;khdj;ij vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1.4 ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;gpy; ngsj;j mZFKiwfs; kd;dh;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gl;l gy;NtW tpjkhd Kuz;ghLfs; njhlh;gpy; ghsp E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> Gj;jhpd; cwtpdh;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; mth;fsJ mikr;rpDs;Sk; Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; ,jpy; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt khWgl;l #o;epiyf;Fk; khWgl;l gq;fPLghl;lhsh;fSf;Fk; Vw;wtpjj;jpy; khWgl;l mZFKiwfis Gj;jh; gpuNahfpj;Js;shh;. cjhuzkhf> Nuh`pdp Mw;wpd; ePiuj; jkf;Fs; gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sk; Kfkhf Gj;jhpd; cwtpdh;fshd rf;fpah]; kw;Wk; Nfhypah]; MfpNahh; Aj;jj;jpw;fhf mzpjpuz;l nghOJ Gj;jh; ,jpy; jiyapl;L Aj;jj;ij KbTWj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. mr;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; mth; Kf;fpakhd xd;iw tpdtpdhu;> mjhtJ> jz;zuP ; kw;Wk; kdpj capupd; kjpg;G vd;d? NkYk;> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd mopTfisAk; mjd; gadw;w jd;ikfs; gw;wpAk; Gj;jh; vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. me;j ,U jug;gpdh; kj;jpapy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJld; vt;tpj ntWg;Ngh my;yJ gifikNah ,d;wp vt;thW tho;tnjd mth;fSf;Ff; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jhh;. jk;kgjtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,e;j thpfs; nghWik kw;Wk; rkhjhd rftho;T Mfpad gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. “,e;j cyfpy; ntWg;ig ntWg;gpdhy; ,y;yhnjhopf;f KbahJ@ ,jid md;gpdhy; khj;jpuNk ,y;yhnjhopf;f KbAk;@ ,JNt epj;jpa rl;lkhFk;” trdk; 5> akf;f thfh (,ul;il trdk;) jk;kg;gj -

“Aj;jj;jpy; ehk; mope;JtpLNthk; vd;gij rpyh; czh;e;Jnfhs;tjpy;iy@ ahh; ,jid czh;e;Jnfhs;fpd;whh;fNsh mth;fs; jkJ Aj;jj;ij KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tUthh;fs;” - trdk; 6> ak;kf;f thfh (,ul;il trdq;fs;)> jk;kg;gj “ntWf;fpwth;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ntWg;gw;wth;fshf kfpo;r;rpAld; ehk; tho;Nthk;@ ntWg;Gld; tho;fpd;wth;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ntWg;gw;wth;fshf ehk; tho;Nthk;” -

trdk; 197> Rfh` thfh (kfpo;r;rp)> jk;kg;gj

NkYk;> jdJ nrhe;j kUkfd; m[hjrj;J}tpdhy; 3 Kiw Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l grdjp Nfhry vd;w murd; kpfTk; ftiyAw;wtdhff; fhzg;gl;lNtisapy; Aj;jj;jpdhYk; Njhw;fbg;gjdhYk; Vw;gLfpd;w gadw;w jd;ikfs; gw;wp Gj;jh; tpsf;fkspj;jhh;. “ntw;wpahdJ ntw;wpnfhz;lth; kPJ ntWg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Njhy;tpaile;jth; Jd;gj;Jld; thOfpd;whh;. ntw;wp> Njhy;tp Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; iftpLfpd;wth;fs; mikjpahf tho;fpd;whh;fs;” - trdk; 201> Rfh` thfh (kfpo;r;rp)> jk;kgj ,jd; mbg;gilapy;> ntw;wpapd; gpd;dh; Njhy;tpaile;jth;fSf;F cjTtJk; mth;fsJ Jd;gq;fis fise;njwptJk; ntw;wp ngw;wth;fSila jhh;kPfg; nghWg;ghftpUf;fpd;wJ. ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fisAk;; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lth;fisAk; r%fj;jpd; ,U $Wfshf ehk; itj;jpUf;fpd;w nghOJ> ntWg;gpidAk; Nfhgj;ijAk; njhlh;e;Jk; itj;jpUg;gth;fshfNt ehk; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. Mifahy;>gaq;futhjpahftpUg;gpDk; my;yJ murhq;fkhftpUg;gpDk;;> jj;jkJ vjpuhspfis cz;ikapd; Xh; mq;fkhf ehk; Nehf;Ftjd; %yk; rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbtJld;> ,jdhy; jPu;tpd; xU mq;fkhf vjpu;jug;gpdiu ghu;f;fyhk; (Mhpauj;d mth;fsJ jiyik ciu). kjj; jiytu;fs; my;yJ Jwtpfs; vt;thW jkJ Fw;wq;fis xg;Gf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> ePz;lfhyg; gpur;rpidfis vt;thW jPh;g;gJ> xUtUf;Fk; kw;nwhUtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ> rq;fhtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpsTfis vt;thW rhe;jg;gLj;JtJ Nghd;wd njhlh;gpyhd KiwfSk; mwpTWj;jy;fSk; jpUgPlfj;jpd; tpeagpl;lfhtpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpeagpl;lf;fhtpy; fk;kf;f`e;jfthdJ Ie;J khWgl;l fk;kf;fis my;yJ Jwtp klq;fisr; Nrh;e;j cWg;gpdh;fs; epe;jpf;ff; $ba tpjj;jpy; ele;Jnfhs;fpd;w nghOJ vt;thW jz;lid toq;fg;gl Ntz;LnkdTk;; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (jphpNrfu 2004> gf;fk; 224 Kjy; 235 tiu). ,tw;Ws; xd;whd> gl;bruzpa fk;k – ey;ypzf;fr; nraw;ghL> ,jd; nghOJ Fw;wk; ,ioj;jth; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthplk; kd;dpg;Gf; Nfhu Ntz;Lk;. ,jid kjFUkhh; njhlh;gpy; Nehf;Fifapy;> mth;fsJ elj;ij fhuzkhf rhjhuz kdpjd; ghjpf;fg;gLtJk;> xU ngsj;j gpf;F Gj;j> jk;k> rq;f Mfpatw;iwAk; J\;gpuNahfk; nra;tJkhFk;;. Jwtp klq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba khWgl;l xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; njhlh;gpyhd rl;lk; gw;wp fhz;lfrpd; rkjf;f`e;jftpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;rl;lj;Jld; Nkyjpfkhf> tof;Ffisj; jPh;j;J itf;fpd;w 7 Kiwfshd Nkhjy;> Qhgfj;jpd; gpufhuk;>fle;jfhy MNuhf;fpakw;w epiyik> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> ngUk;ghz;ik mgpg;gpuhak;> Nkhrkhd elj;ijia vLj;Jiuj;jy;> Gw;fspdhy; %lg;gl;l epiyik (,J gw;wp fPNo tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) MfpadTk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (gpf;F Nghjp> gf;fk; 853 Kjy; 860 tiu). Gw;fspdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;s epiyik vdg;gLk; nghOJ ,JNthh; ,JNthu; ctikahf ,q;F gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ‘jpd;dtjhuf’ vdf;Fwpg;gpLth;. mjhtJ> kz;zpy; Gijf;fg;gl;l rhzk; my;yJ fopthdJ kz;zpd; Xh; mq;fkhf khwp ,Wjpapy; mjd; Nky; Gy; tsh;e;J mJ Gw;fspdhy; %lg;gl;lnjhU ,lkhfpwJ. mNjNghy;> Fw;wkpioj;j ,uz;L jug;gpdUk; jkJ Fw;wq;fis xg;Gf;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ xUth; kw;nwhUth; kPJ ,ioj;j rpwpa Fw;wq;fs; gw;wpa tplaq;fSld; kPs Fw;wk; rhLtjpy;iy vd thf;FWjpaspf;fpd;wdh;. ,jd; fhuzkhf jkJ gpujhd Fw;wq;fs; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. mjhtJ> gpur;rpidf;Ff; fhuzkhd my;yJ mjid mjpfhpf;fr; nra;j tplaq;fs; kPJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf Nkyjpf Gydha;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhjJld;> ve;jj; jug;Gk; jz;lidf;Fs;shf;fg;gLNjh my;yJ mtw;wpd; kPJ Fiw$wg;gLtNjh ,y;iy. vdNt> ,tu;fSf;fpilapy; Xu; el;G kyu;fpd;wJ. ,JNt

mt;Ttikapd; tpsf;fkhFk; (m[hd; gpuhkhtq;Nrh 2011). NkYk;> ,f; nfhs;if ,yq;ifr; #oiktpy; ey;ypzf;fj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ5. Jwtpfs; klj;jpd; ,irtpidg; ghJfhg;gjw;F mtrpakhd xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs; njhlh;ghd Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fs; ‘jpdtl;lfhuf’ tpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ rq;ftpy; Kuz;gLfpd;w jug;gpdh;fSila ,Ug;gpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w mNjNtis> jkJ gphpT rhh;e;j Ntw;WikfSf;F Vw;g mtw;wpy; Vw;glf;$ba gpsTfs; gw;wpAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jdbg;gilapy;> Fw;wq;fis xg;Gf;nfhs;sy;> kd;dpg;Gf; NfhUjy;> vjph;fhyj;ijf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L jPa eltbf;iffspy; <LglhjpUj;jy;> Kuz;gl;l jug;gpdh;fs; kj;jpapy; xw;Wikiag; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;w gue;j Nehf;fq;fs; jw;Nghija ey;ypzf;fr; nraw;ghLfSld; ,it Vw;GildthfTk; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$badthfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1.4.1 gop $Wtij Neh;ikahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; “jdJ tuk;G kPwpa nraiy tuk;G kPwpa nrayhfg; ghh;g;gth;> jdJ tuk;G kPwpa nraiy xg;Gf;nfhz;ltiu Kiwahf kw;wth; kd;dpf;fpd;w nghOJ ,t; ,UtUk; mwpthspfs;” “jdJ tuk;G kPwpa nraiy tuk;G kPwpa nrayhff; fUjhjth;> jdJ tuk;G kPwpa nray; njhlh;gpy; xg;Gf;nfhz;L kd;dpg;Gf; NfhUfpd;wtiu Kiwahf kd;dpf;fhjth;> ,t; ,UtUk; kilah;fs; - ghy-gz;bj;j Rjh> mq;Fj;ju epfha gopr; nraiy Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w Kiwia xU Neh;ikahd tplakhf Gj;jh; mq;fPfhpg;gJld;> kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy; mwpthspfspd; jd;iknadf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. NkYk;> Fw;wkpioj;jth; ey;ypzf;fj;ij ntw;wpf;fhd ghijahf gad;gLj;JtJ ,q;F Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtJld;> kw;wth; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;JtJ> gop jPh;g;gJ> ntl;fg;glf;$ba epiyikfs;> gy tplaq;fis ,oj;jy; Mfpatw;iw tpl ey;ypzf;fk; rpwg;ghdJ vdTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> ‘rkd;dgh`y Rjh’ tpy; jdJ je;ijiaf; nfhiy nra;j murd; m[hrJ mjd; cz;ikahd jhj;ghpaj;ij czh;e;J Fw;wj;ij xg;Gf;nfhz;l nghOJ Gj;jh; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lhh;> “eP cdJ gop jPh;j;jy; nraiy czh;e;J jk;khtpd; gpufhuk; cd;idj; jpUj;jpf;nfhz;Ls;sha;> cd;Dila Fw;w xg;Gjiy ehk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. xUth; jk;khtpd; gpufhuk; jd;ikj; jpUj;jpf;nfhz;L Fw;w xg;Gjiy Kd;itf;fpd;w mNjNtis> vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thW ele;Jnfhs;skhl;Nld; vd cWjpaspf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;> ,J jk;khtpd; mbg;gilapy; xU tsh;r;rpg; ghijahf fUJfpd;w mNjNtis> xOf;fKs;sth;fshfTk; khw;Wfpd;wJ” (rkd;gfy Rjh :jpfhepfha Rjh 2). kWGwk;> ngsj;j nfhs;ifapd;; gpufhuk; xUth; ghtnkhd;iw ,iof;fpd;w nghOJ mg;ghtj;jpw;F kd;dpg;G ,y;iy. ,jd;gpufhuk;> xUth; jhd; ,ioj;j ghtj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;f KbahJ> ,Ug;gpDk; mjidj; jpUj;jpf;nfhs;tJld;> xUth; jdJ Fw;wq;fis czh;e;J mjid ey;ypzf;fr; nraw;ghl;bd; xU Kf;fpa mq;fkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w gl;rj;jpy;> ,e;ey;ypzf;fj;ij ngw Mizf;FOf;fs; my;yJ NtW VjhtJ fl;likg;Gfs; cjtpahapUf;Fk;.

1.5 ey;ypzf;fj;ij tYg;gLj;Jfpd;w fyhrhu hPjpahd tpOkpaq;fs;; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;w Mtiy khj;jpuk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Neh;ikahd> epiyNgwhd ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kbahnjd tpida Kiwfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. vdNt mbg;gilf; fhuzpfs; kPJ gu];gu Ghpe;Jzh;T ,Uf;f Ntz;LnkdTk;> vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,t;thW ele;Jnfhs;skhl;Nlhk; vd;w thf;FWjp toq;fg;gl Ntz;LnkdTk; tpida Kiwfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,jdbg;gilapy;> ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F cjTfpd;w fyhrhu hPjpahd tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ,j;jifa nrad;Kiwfspd; nghOJ Vw;glf;$ba J\;gpuNahfq;fs; Nghd;wd gw;wp fPNo fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ (jdp];]hNuh gpf;F 2011@ “kd;dpg;Nghk; kw;Wk; kwg;Nghk;”> 2013). (m)

Ra gpujpgypg;G– mLj;jth; ,ioj;j gpioahd elj;ijf;fhf Fw;wk; Rkj;Jtjw;F Kd;dh;> jk;ktpd; mbg;gilapy; Neh;ikahd Kiwapy; nghWg;Gs;sth;fshf Ra ntspg;ghLs;sth;fshfj; jpfo;tJld;> mjidaila

nty;y];ntt Qhrhu NjuUldhd fye;Jiuahly; (m[fd; gpu`;kh td;Nrh 2011)

mtu; Kd;nkhope;j rupghu;g;G gl;bay; gpd;tUkhW> “mizj;J xg;Guthfj Fw;wq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; ehd; tpLgl;Ls;Nsdh? gop jPh;j;jYf;Fg; gjpyhf ehd; md;gpdhy; ce;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;Nwdh? vkJ gu];gu juhjuq;fs; kPJ njspTilatdhf ehd; ,Uf;fpd;Nwdh? ,tw;Wf;F Mk; vd;w gjpy; fpilf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; rf kdpju; njhlu;ghd gpur;ridfis Ngr mtu;fs; jFjpailfpd;wdu;. (M)

rhpahd Ngr;R– rhpahd Ngr;R vDk; nghOJ> (gphptpidia Vw;gLj;jf;$ba thh;j;ijfisj; jtph;j;jy;) cz;ikahd thh;j;ijfis khj;jpuk; fijj;jy;> md;gpdhy; cUthd ,irtpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba nkd;ikahd thh;j;ijfisg; gpuNahfpj;jy vdg; nghUl;gLk;;.

(,)

mfj;J}z;ly; - ,q;F $wg;gLfpd;w ce;JjyhdJ fUiz> rk;ge;jg;gl;l rfy jug;gpduJk; eyd;fs; njhlh;gpy; mf;fiw nrYj;Jjy;> gpioahf ele;Jnfhz;lth; Gdh;tho;tspf;fg;gl;Ls;shh; vd;gjw;fhd tpUg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik rhp> gpio Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd cz;ikahd epiyg;ghl;bid Neh;ikahfg; NgZtjw;fhd tpUg;gk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ce;Jjy; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpwJ.

NkYk;> fyhrhu hPjpahd tpOkpaq;fs;; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;yf;$ba Ie;J mwnewp hPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fis cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t; Ie;J mwnewp nghWg;Gf;fSk;> kf;fs; Fw;wkpiof;Fk; nghOJ jk; kPJ Vw;wg;gLfpd;w gopiaj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; cj;jpfs; vd etPd r%ftpayhsu;fshy; ,dq; fhzg;gl;l mbg;gil cj;jpfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuzhdit. (jzprhNuh gpf;F> 2011).

cghak;

mwnewpg;; nghWg;G

nghWg;gpid kWj;jy;

vkJ Ra epidthd njhpTfSf;F vg;nghOJk; ehNk nghWg;Gjhhpfs;

cz;ikapy; jPq;F vd;gij kWj;jy;.

,iof;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ehk; vg;NghJk; vk;ik kw;wtUila epiyapypUe;J rpe;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; kWj;jy;.

ngWkjpahdth;

vd;gij vy;yh caphpdq;fSf;Fk; mUfijAz;L

kjpg;gpw;fhd

Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;ltiuj; jhf;Fjy;.

vkJ Fw;wq;fis kw;wth;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;w nghOJ mth;fs; cz;ikapy; Gijay; xd;iwNa Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjhf ehk; fUj Ntz;Lk; cahpa Nehf;fnkhd;wpd; epkpj;jk; mth;fs; xOf;fk; rhh;e;j elj;ijfspd; mbg;gilg; nraw;gLfpd;wdh; vdf;NfhUjy;. gz;Gfis kPWfpd;w nraiy kd;dpf;fpd;w vt;tpjkhd cahpa Nehf;fKk; ,Uf;f KbahJ. Nky; $wg;gl;l Ie;J newpKiw flikfs;> gue;jstpy; Gj;jhpd; mbg;gil Nghjidfis cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;Nghjidfshtd> Ie;J fl;lisfs;> Gdpj vl;L topKiwfs;> jhh;kPff; fhuzpfSf;fhd rl;lk; (fk;kh)> gj;J G+uzj;Jtq;fs; (j`r gukpj;j)> ehd;F caupa epiyfs;. NkYk;> ,k;Kf;fpa Nghjidfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nghUj;jkhd gy;NtW tifahd jdpj;jdp mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwfs;> eilKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw mKy;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf fPNo fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkw; Fwpg;gpltw;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;l> Ie;J fl;lisfshdJ mwnewpf;fhd eilKiw rhh;e;j mZFKiwahFk;;. ,jDld;> ngsj;j Nghjidfs; kw;Wk; xOf;fk; Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F mtw;iw G+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mtrpakhd %d;W tplaq;fshd jhu;kPf nghWg;Gr; rhh;e;j elj;ij> cs hPjpahd xOf;fk;> Qhdk; my;yJ nka; mwpT Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;JtNj ,g; Gdpj vl;L topKiwfspd; rhuhk;rkhFk;. NkYk;> gj;J G+uzj;Jtq;fshtd (j`r gukpj;jh)@ fUizapdhy; Vw;glf;$ba> fhuzpfspdhy; topg;gLj;jf;$ba> Raey Nehf;fq;fspd; nry;thf;fpw;F cl;glhj> gpioahd ek;gpf;ifapdhy; newpg;gLj;jg;glhj> mfe;ijaw;w czh;Tfisf; nfhz;l Mo;epiy ey;nyhOf;fkhFk;. (ehuj kfh Njuhh;> 1980).

1.5.1 ehd;F caupa epiyfs; r%f ey;ypzf;fj;ij miltjw;F Gj;jhpd; Nghjidfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kpf Kf;fpakhd Nghjidfs; ,itahFk;. 1.

nkj;jh> midj;J caphpdq;fs; kPJk; md;Gk; fUizAk; nrYj;JtJ.

fUzh> fUiz my;yJ ,uf;fk;. xUtUila Jd;g Jauq;fs; my;yJ typ njhlh;gpy; fhj;jpukhf gjpyspg;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis ,J ey;FfpwJ.

Kjpj> xj;Jzu;thd kfpo;r;rp kw;Wk; ghuhl;L vd;gJ> gifik> nghwhik> FNuhjk; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J kPz;nlOe;J ,d;ndhUtUila eydpy; kfpo;r;rp MFk;.

cNgf> rfy kf;fs; kPJk; rhe;jkhfTk; rkj;JtkhfTk; ele;Jnfhs;sy;> rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fk; Mfpatw;Wf;Fj; jilahff; fhzg;gLfpd;w kdepiyfs; my;yJ fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iw mfw;Wjy;.

nkj;jh nkj;jh midj;J caphpdq;fs; kPJk; md;Gk; fUizAk; nrYj;JtjhdJ> Nfhgk;> ntWg;G> Vida vjph;kiwahd epiyikfs; Mfpatw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhf rhjfkhd rpe;jidfis vkJ kdjpy; Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,JNt> jPq;fw;w rpe;jidfs; MNuhf;fpakhd clYf;F topaikg;gJld;> mr;rpe;jidiaf; nfhz;Ls;stUf;F ed;ikaspg;gJld; ahUf;F ehk; toq;Ffpd;Nwhkh mtUf;F ed;ikgaf;ff;$bajhftpUf;Fk;. NkYk;> md;igAk; fUiziaAk; gof;fkhf;fpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; vkJ vz;zq;fs; J}a;ikailtJ kl;Lky;yhJ gf;fr;rhu;gw;w> FNuhjkw;w> ghugl;rkw;w> ntWg;gw;w elj;ijfSf;F toptFf;Fk;. nkj;jh vd;w nrhy;> ‘kpj;jh’ mjhtJ ez;gd; vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> xU jha; jhd; ngw;nwLj;j gps;is kPJ nrYj;Jfpd;w md;ghdJ mg;gps;isapd; elj;ij vt;thwpUg;gpDk; xU topNghf;fhdJ Nghd;wJ ,t;td;Gk; fUizAnkd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. “xU jha; jdJ vy;yh gyj;ijAk; gpuNahfpj;J jdJ kfidg; ghJfhf;fpd;whs;> ,ijg;Nghy;jhd; xUth; rfy caphpdq;fs; kPJk; md;G nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. xUtuJ kdij vy;iyapy;yh md;gpd;ghy; ,l;Lr;nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. fUizAld; $ba rfy tplaq;fspYk; xUtDila kdk; jpwf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.Nky;> fPo;> rfy jpirfspYk;>ntWg;G> Nfhgk; Mfpa czh;TfspypUe;J tpLgl;ljhf vt;tpj jq;FjilAkpd;wp gputhfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;” -

fhuzpa nkj;jh Rjh (midth; kPJk; md;G nrYj;Jfpd;w ghly;)

mjhtJ> xUtuJ elj;ij vt;thW fhzg;gl;l nghOJk;> rfy caphpdq;fs; kPJk; md;G nrYj;Jtjhf nkj;jh jpfo;fpwJ. rfy kdpjh;fSk; xNu ,dj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; vd;w fUj;jpdbg;gilapYk; kdpju;fSf;fhd rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Md;kPf xUikg;ghL vd;w nfhs;ifapYk; ngsj;j fUj;jhd Njhoik my;yJ nkj;jh ];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. caph;fisf; nfhy;yf;$lhJ vd;w ngsj;j fl;lisahdJ vjph;kiwahdjy;y. mJ KOikahd rhjfkhd tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. “xUth; caph;fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gLtijj; jtph;f;fpd;w nghOJ> jbfisAk; thisAk; J}u tPrpnawpfpd;w nghOJ> jdJ kdrhl;rpf;Fg; gzpe;J elf;fpd;w nghOJ> mtDf;F rfy caphpdq;fs; kPJk; md;Gk; fUizAk; ghrKk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ” gopthq;Fjy; my;yJ ntWg;G+l;Ljy; Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpuhf rfy kdpjh;fs; kPJk; fUiz nrYj;j Ntz;Lnkd;W ngsj;j jj;Jtk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ntWg;Gzh;T Njhy;tpf;F topaikg;gJld; ntWf;fg;gLgtiu tpl ntWg;gtUf;F mjpf ghjfq;fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt> kdjpy; FNuhjq;fs; Fbnfhs;fpd;w nghOJ mJ ntWg;gpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ. “mtd; vd;idj; J\;gpuNahfg;gLj;jpdhd;@ mtd; vd;id mbj;jhd;@ mtd; vd;idj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;jhd;@ mtd; vd;dplkpUe;J; jpUbdhd;” ,j;jifa rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;bUf;fj;jtu;fsplj;J ntWg;gpUf;fhJ “,j;jifa rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;bUg;gth;fs; kj;jpapy; ntWg;G vg;NghJk; ePq;fhJ” thrfk; 3 kw;Wk; 4> akf;f thf (>ul;il thrfq;fs;)> jk;kg;gj.

cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil epge;jidahf midth; kPJk; md;G nrYj;Jjy;> mjhtJ nkj;jh jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,J vy;iyfisf; fle;J rfykdpjh;fs; kPJk; rfy jpirfspYk; tpahgpj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jdp egh;fsJ mikjpahdJ cyf mikjpf;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpwJ.

fUzh (fUiz) nkj;jh my;yJ md;G nrYj;Jjy;> nray; ghpkhzj;ij milfpd;w nghOJ ‘fUzh’ mjhtJ ,uf;fk; my;yJ ghpjhgk; Vw;gLfpwJ. kw;wth;fsJ typ kw;Wk; Jd;gq;fs; kPJ rhjfkhd gjpyspg;Gfis ey;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;gpid ,J Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp> fUizapd; ntspg;ghlhfNt gfph;jy;> kw;wth;fSf;F MWjyspj;jy;> jia> mf;fiw kw;Wk; ftdpg;G Mfpa ,it ahTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. fUizAs;sk; nfhz;l kdpju;fs; kw;wtu;fSf;F Jd;gk; tpistpf;fhkOk;> kw;wtu;fspd; Kaw;rpfis xLf;FfhJk; ,Ug;gJ kl;Lkd;wp mtu;fSf;F ghJfhg;gspg;gJld; epu;fjpahd epiyapy; tho;gtu;fSf;F MWjYkspg;gdu; vd ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. NkYk;> rhe;jg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Gj;jhpd; Mo;e;j fUj;Jf;fis cs;thq;fpr; nraw;gly; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ePz;lfhykhf vk; kj;jpapy; epytp tUfpd;w Mj;jpuk;> Nfhgk;> jdpik> ntWg;G> mr;rk;> Ghpjypd;ikahy; Vw;gLfpd;w tpuf;jp Mfpatw;iwf; fise;njwpa KbAk;. ,jd; %yk; fUiz> kfpo;r;rp> eyd; Mfpatw;iw ehk; nrOikg;gLj;j KbAk; (FWg;G 2003)

1.6 cz;ik ngsj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk;> cz;ikia kiwf;f KbahJ. mt;thW nra;thnudpy; Ie;J fl;lisfSs; (gQ;rrPy) xd;whd ehd;fhtJ fl;lisahd> ngha;ahd Ngr;rpypUe;J jtph;e;jy; vd;w fl;lisia kPWtjhf mJ mikAk;6. NkYk;> ngsj;j fUj;Jf;fspd; gpufhuk;> VjhtJ cz;ik fhzg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; cldbahf mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; kNdhepiy vk;kplk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;Tz;ik ahuplk; ,Ue;J my;yJ vq;fpUe;J tUfpd;wnjd;gjha; Muha;tJ Njitaw;w tplakhFk;. cz;ik vd;gJ rPuhdJ> “cz;ik vd;gJ xd;whFk;> ,uz;lhtJ cz;iknad xd;W ,Uj;jy; KbahJ”. gj;J G+uzj;Jtq;fSs; (guhkp];) xd;whf cz;ik (rhfh) fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J Ms; epiy ey;nyOf;fkhFk;. xt;nthU Nghjp rj;jhf;fSk; cahpa ghpeph;thzj;ij milAk; Kfkhf ,jid gapw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xUth; vy;yhr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; cz;ikiag; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikiaf; $Wtij ,y;iyah vDk; Nguk; NgRjypy; <Lglf;$lhnjd ‘jr u[ jk;kh’ Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk;> cz;ikiag; NgZtJ vdpy; xUth; vg;NghJ cz;ikiaf; fijj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l cz;ikapd; gpufhuk;> xU mbg;gil ey;nyhOf;fkhf xUtuJ tpopg;Gzh;T kw;Wk; njhlh;ghly; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd ,irthf;fkhdJ; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. Gdpj vl;L topKiwfspy; rhpahd Ghpjy; (jk;k jpjp) Kjy; fhuzpahFk;. ,e;jg; gazj;jpd; Vida fhuzpfis ,JNt topelj;JfpwJ. mj;NjhL xUth; Muk;g epiyiag; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; ,J cjTfpd;wJ. rhpahd Ghpjy; vd;gJ ,U tifahFk;. mitahtd>

ntspg;gilahd ajhh;j;jk; - rhjhuz kuG hPjpahd cz;ik – rKj;jp rhf;fh - ,J cyf tiuaiwf;Fs; nraw;gLtjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. tpQ;Qhdk;> fiy> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW Nghd;w rhjhuz cyf mwpT.

,Wjpahd ajhh;j;jk; - rhuk; kpFe;j cz;ik – gukhh;j;j rhfh - ,t; cyfj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy ngWtjw;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wJ.

rhpahd Ghpjy; %yNk xUth; fhuz fhhpaq;fisf; fz;lwpa KbAk;. vy;yh tplaq;fspdJk; Muk;gj;ijAk; KbitAk; czu KbAk;. mj;Jld;> tho;f;ifapd; cz;ikiag; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F ngsj;j hPjpahd mZFKiw ,JthFk; (FWg;G 2003). kfpo;r;rpf;F cz;ikia czh;e;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. Vnddpy;> Qhdj;jpd; %yk; mbg;gilapyhd gpiofisAk; fiwfisAk; fz;lwpe;J cz;ikapd; ajhu;j;jj;ij czu KbAk;.

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa tyd;tpy;y tpkyuj;jpd NjuUldhd fye;Jiuahly;.

1.7 fk;kh xU gpui[ me;ehl;bd; rl;lj;jpw;F fl;Lg;gl;ltu;fs;> ,ijg;Nghy; fk;kh rl;lj;jpw;F Nky; vtUk; ,y;iynad ngsj;jh;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. fk;kh rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> xUtUila vz;zq;fs; gFjpahfNth my;yJ KoikahfNth mth; tpUg;gj;Jld; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w nray;fSf;fhd ce;JjyhftpUf;fpd;wJ. xUtuJ ed;dlj;ijahf ,Ue;jhnyd;d my;yJ Nkhrkhd elj;ijahftpUe;jhnyd;d> ,e;j ce;Jjypd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,jd; gpufhuNk fk;k tpgpf;f cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> xt;nthU jhf;fj;jpw;Fk; vjph;j;jhf;fk; cz;L. xUth; ey;y nray;fisr; nra;thuhapd; mjd; tpisthf ew;gaidAk; kfpo;r;rpiaAk; ngw KbAk;. xUth; Nkhrkhd nray;fisr; nra;thuhapd; mjd; tpisthf Jd;gNk Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> fuk;tpd; rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; rhjhuz ,izAzu;thfNt $wg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,J jdpkdpj mwnewp nghWg;Gf;fSf;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fpd;wJ. fk;kh rl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp czh;e;Jnfhz;l ngsj;jh; xUth; ,t;thW $Wthh;. “ve;j tpijia tpijf;fpd;NwhNkh mjd; mbg;gilapNyNa kuk; tsh;e;J te;J fdpiaj; jUfpwJ@ ey;y tplaq;fis tpijj;jtd; ed;ikia mWtil nra;thd;> jPikia tpijj;jtd; jPikia mWtil nra;thd;@ tpijf;Nfw;gNt jhtuk; mDgtpf;f KbAk;” -

rkaj;jha; - 227

tsh;e;J

tUfpwJ.

mjd;

mbg;gilapNyNa

goj;jpd;

Ritia

‘mwnewpapd; jd;dhh;t Kiw’ ahf ngsj;jk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vdf; $w KbAk;. ,thwpUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; kdpjd; KOikahf fl;lw;wtdhfpd;whd;;. fk;kh vdg;gLk; nghOJ fle;j fhyj;jpYk; rkfhy tho;f;ifapYk; kdpjh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l nray;fspd; tpisNtahFk;. vdNt xUth; jhd; tpUk;gpr; nra;fpd;w nraYf;F Vw;g mjw;fhd tpisitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whh;. fk;khtpd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; jd;dpr;irahd nrayhw;Wifapd; tpisTfs; gw;wpAk; xUth; Ghpe;Jnfhs;thuhapd;> mth; jPatw;iwr; nra;tjw;F Kaw;rpf;fkhl;lhh;. fh;kpf; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> nghWg;Gf;$wy; jd;ik njspthf czh;j;jg;gLfpwJ. xU tplaj;ijr; nra;fpd;wtUila Koikahd vz;zj;jpNyNa ,J jq;fpAs;sJ. xUtUila vz;zNk mbg;gilf; fhuzp vdTk;> Gydha;T my;yJ tprhuizr; nraw;ghLfspd; nghOJ ,J njhlh;gpy; gpujhdkhf mf;fiw nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;LnkdTk; ngsj;jk; ghprPypf;fpd;wJ. mjdhNyNa> rfy tplaq;fSf;Fk; Kd;Ndhbahf vkJ kdNk jpfo;fpd;wJ (FkuNrd> 2011). “kdjpdhNyNa cyfk; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ. kdjpdhNyNa nry;yg;gLfpwJ. vy;yh kdpj kdjpw;Fk; ,iwik cz;L”– ehuj NjNuh

,Oj;Jr;

1.7.1 fk;khtpd; gyd; ,jid Gj;ju; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;@ “gpf;Ffs; kw;Wk; rpyiug; nghWj;jtiuapy; Nkhrkhd fk;khtpd; fhuzkhf mth;fs; eufj;jpy; kWgpwtpnaLg;gh;. ,d;Dk; rpyiug; nghWj;jstpy; mNj rpwpastpyhd Nkhrkhd fk;khtpd; fhuzkhd mjd; tpisTfis epfo;fhyj;jpy; mDgtpg;gu;;. NkYk; ,jd; tpisTfspy; fLikahdtw;iw kl;LNk njspthf czuKbAk; rpwpastpYs;stw;iway;y. jkJ nray;fis newpg;gLj;jhjtu;fs;> xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs;> kdk; kw;Wk; Qhdk; vd;gdtw;iw newpg;gLj;jhjtu;fshf fUjg;gLtu;. rpwpa fk;kh tpisTfspd; fhuzkhf mth;fs; mjpUg;jpAw;wth;fshf tho;fpd;whh;fs;. ,j;jifa rpwpa fk;khit cila egh;fs; eufj;jpw;Fr; nry;tjw;fhd rhj;jpaf;$W cz;L;.” (ghhpastpyhd cg;ig rpwpa rhbnahd;wpy; NghLtijg; Nghd;wJ) jkJ nray;fis newpg;gLj;jpatu;fs; xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; kdk; kw;Wk; Qhdk; vd;gdtw;iw newpg;gLj;tjpatu;fshf fUjg;gLtu;. ,j;jifa egh;fs; rpwpa fk;khthftpUe;j NghjpYk; $l jw;rkak; mjw;fhd ngWNgWfs; fpilf;Fk;. ,j;jifa rpwpa fk;khf;fs; nghpjhf vjidAk; cUthf;Ftjpy;iy (ghhpasT cg;gpid Mw;wpy; nfhl;LtJ Nghd;wJ). caphpdq;fspd; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapy; fhkpf; tPo;r;rp my;yJ fhkpf; Vw;wj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. vdNt> ngsj;j kjjpd; gpufhuk; xUtUila fk;khit rPh;nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd rfy tha;g;GfSk; cs;sd (ehuj kfh Njuh;> 1980) ,j;

jhw;gupaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> fk;khit rPh;nra;fpd;w Ie;J epge;jidfs; gpd;tUkhW> 15

mfta epge;jidfs; (m) njhlh;r;rpahf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nray;fs;. (M) ghhpa tpUg;gj;JlDk; Jzpr;rYlDk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nray;fs;. (,) vt;tpj ftiyAkpd;wp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nray;fs;. Gwta epge;jidfs; (m) tpNrl jd;ik nfhz;Nlhh; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nray;fs; (M) fle;j fhyj;jpy; ed;ikaspj;Njhu;; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nray;fs;. xU nraiyj; jPh;khdpf;fpd; mfta kw;Wk; Gwta epge;jidfis fk;kh fUj;jpw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,J mftaj; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w nghOJ mjd; jhf;fk; mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> nray;fspd; jhf;fkhdJ rkkhftpUg;gJld;> fhuzpfspd; jd;ikia xj;jjhf ,Ug;gijAk; ,J cWjpnra;Jnfhs;fpwJ. xUtUila jw;Nghija nray;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L fle;jfhy fk;khit khw;w KbAk; my;yJ rPh;nra;a KbAk;. NkYk;> tYthd rpwe;j fk;kh> Nkrkhd fk;khitAk; mjd; tpisTfisAk; jLj;J epWj;j KbAk; my;yJ mjd; jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;f KbAk;. fk;kh rl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; nraw;gLfpd;w nghOJ xUtUf;F jdJ fle;j fhyk; epidtpy;iynad;gJ xU gpur;rpiday;y. xUtUila tho;f;ifapy; fk;kh njhlh;ghd mwpT mjhtJ> rk;ruh ngsj;jh; xUtUila gz;gpidr; rPh;nra;tjw;F cjTfpd;wJ.

1.7.2 Ie;J kb ,aw;ifr; rl;lq;fs; fk;kh njhlh;ghd ngsj;j Nfhl;ghL Co;tpid rhh;e;jJ my;y vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. Gj;jh; fLk; epajpfisNah (epahjpthjh) my;yJ KOikahf epajpaw;w jd;ikiaNa (mjpf;fh rkghdh) ghpe;Jiu nra;atpy;iy. xU kdpjid epge;jidf;Fs;shf;fp mDgtj;ij toq;Ffpd;w gy;NtW fhuzpfspy; fk;khTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gy;NtW tpjkhd rl;lq;fspd; fhuzkhf kdpjd; gof;fj;jpw;F cs;shfpd;wd; vd Gj;jh; tpsf;fkspj;Js;shh; (gpajp];]p Njuh;> 1980). mtw;Ws; Ie;J kb ,aw;ifr; rl;lq;fSk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd (gQ;r epahk jk;k). 1. Rw;whly; kw;Wk; ngsjPfr; rl;lq;fs; (cJ epak – gUtfhyr; rl;lq;fs;) 2. caphpay; rhh;e;j rl;lq;fs; (gp[p epahkh – tpij rhh;e;j rl;lq;fs;) 3. cstpay; rhh;e;j rl;lq;fs; (rpj;j epahkh – kdrhl;rp njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fs;) 4. mwnewp; kw;Wk; Md;kPfr; rl;lq;fs; (jk;k epahkh – Nfhl;ghL hPjpahd rl;lk;) 5. fh;k kuGtop (fk;k epahk – fk;k rl;lk;) ,jd; gpufhuk;> ,e;j cyfj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij tpistpf;fpd;w Ie;J fhuzpfSs; xd;whfNt fk;kh fhzg;gLfpwJ. fk;khw;F mjw;NfAhpa tiuaiwfs; cz;L. NkYk; fk;khtpd; ,Wjp tpisTfshdJ Vida fk;khf;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;;.

1.8 eyd; kPl;G ePjp ngsj;j jj;Jtq;fspd; gpufhuk; ,iof;fg;gl;l vy;yhf; Fw;wq;fSf;Fk; jz;lid toq;FtJ Nehf;fky;y (FkhuNrd> 2011). Fw;wk; jdp egh; njhpthff; fhzg;gl;l nghOjpYk;> Fw;wthspfs; Ravz;zj;Jld; Fw;wr; nraypy; <LgLtjhf fUJtjpy;iy NkYk; tpidatpd; mbg;gilapy; Fw;wkpioj;jtupd; Nehf;fj;jpd; jpirapy; ghu;it jpUk;GtJld; mtupd; Fw;wj;jpid cWjp nra;tjpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr;nry;fpwJ. NkYk;> mtuJ vz;zNk Fw;wj;jpd; jd;ikia jPh;khdpf;fpwJ. xUth; Fw;wkpiog;gjw;F jdJ rk;kjj;ijj; njhptpf;fhj gl;rj;jpy; mth; Fw;wthspay;y. Fw;wkpiog;gjw;fhd vz;zk; ve;jstpw;Fr; rpwpjhftpUf;fpd;wNjh> me;jstpw;F mtUila Fw;wj;jpd; jd;ikAk; rpwpjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. (,uj;jpdghy Rjh> 5> 92>192). jz;lid ika ePjpahdJ mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; epthuzj;ij toq;fyhk;. Mdhy; mJ KOikahd ePjpia toq;fhJ. mf;Fw;wj;jpd; jhf;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; jhw;ghpak; njhlh;e;Jk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ngsj;j jj;Jtj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ePjpahdJ> md;G> fUiz kw;Wk; Qhdk; Mfpatw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. epiy khw;Wf;fhy ePjp kw;Wk; eyd; kPl;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,JNt gpujhd mk;rkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it njhlh;gpy; rpy ghsp> Rj;jhf;fs;; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

1. mq;Fspkhy Rjh> njhlh;r;rpahf Fw;wkpioj;J te;j egh; xUth; vt;thW Fw;wk; kw;Wk; jz;lidfspypUe;J kWrPuikg;gpw;F cl;gl;lhh; vd;gij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; gpugy;ak; ngw;w ngsj;j MtzkhFk;. mq;Fspkhyhitg; ghh;j;J Gj;jh; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. “caphpdq;fSf;F vjpuhf td;Kiwfs; ,iof;fg;gLtij epWj;Jk;gb cdf;F ehd; gyKiw Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jpUe;Njd;. Mdhy; eP mtw;iw epWj;jpf;nfhs;stpy;iy” mjidj; njhlh;e;J mq;Fspkhyh jPa nray;fspy; <LgLtijf; iftpl;lhd;. mq;Fspkhyh rq;fhtpy; xU gpf;Fthf ,ize;Jnfhz;lhd;. mjd; gpd;du; xU G+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;l kdpjdhf khwpdhd;. mtDila fle;j fhy gpioahd eltbf;iffs; iftplg;gl;ld. Fw;wq;fisf; iftpl;L mq;Fspkhyh kfpo;r;rpahf tho;fpd;w re;jh;g;gj;jpy;; mtd; njhlh;gpy; Rjh ,t;thW rpy tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ> “xUtd; jhd; nra;j gpioahd eltbf;iffis Muha;e;J mtw;iwf; iftpl;L ey;y tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w nghOJ Nkfq;fspypUe;J tpLgl;l epyT vt;thW gpufhrpf;fpd;wNjh> mNjNghy; mtDk; gpufhrpf;fpd;whd;” mq;Fspkhyh Md;kPf G+uzj;Jtj;ij mile;jnghOjpYk; mtdJ nray;fSf;fhd fh;k gpd;tpisTfis mDgtpj;jhfNtz;Lk;. ,q;F gbg;gpid Cl;lf;$ba jz;lid Kiw gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. 2. ff;fhtjp rp`hehj (rf;fur; Row;rpapy;; rpq;fj;jpd; fh;r;rid;)> tWikf;Fk; td;Kiwf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;Gfs; gw;wp Rjhtpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gJ njhlh;gpy; rhpahd ngsj;j mZFKiwahdJ> Fw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzj;ij rhpahfg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; - jpUl;L> gpioahd elj;ij> td;Kiw> ntWg;G> nfh^uk; Nghd;w Fw;wq;fSf;Fk; xOf;ff; Nflhd eltbf;iffSf;Fk; tWikNa fhuzk; vd; Rjh Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Rjhtpd; gpufhuk; gbg;gpidA+l;lf;$ba tpjj;jpy; jz;lidaspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fpy; murd; td;KiwAld; nraw;gLtjd; fhuzkhf r%f rPh;FiyTfSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;w td;KiwNa mjpfhpj;jJ. NkYk;;> rpyNeuq;fspy; jz;lidahdJ Fw;wj;jpd; fz;zhb tpk;gk; Nghy; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,q;F Fw;wkhdJ jz;lidapd; fz;zhb tpk;gkhfNt fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; rhfhtjp rp`hde;j Rjhtpd; fijapd; Kbtpy; nfhLikapd; cr;repiy va;Jfpd;w nghOJ FiffSf;Fs;Sk; fhLfSf;Fs;Sk; kug; nghe;JfSf;Fs;Sk; gJq;fpf; fple;j kf;fs; md;igAk; xOf;fj;ijAk; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf xUtiunahUth; Muj;jOtpdu;;. 3. Fj;jhje;j Rjh> ehl;by; rptpy; epiyik Nkhrkile;Js;sjhfTk; Fw;wq;fs; epuk;gpAs;sjhfTk; rl;lk; ,y;yhj jd;ik fhzg;gLtjhfTk;> nrhj;Jf;fs; ghJfhg;gw;wjhftpUg;gjhfTk; GNuhfpjd; murdplk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whd;. mj;NjhL> Fw;wq;fis ehl;bypUe;J ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy;> kf;fSila nghUshjhu epiyikfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd GNuhfpjd; murDf;F MNyhrid toq;Ffpd;whd; (uh`_y 1996). Fw;wq;fisj; jz;lid %yk; ,y;yhnjhopf;fpd;w Kaw;rpahdJ gadw;wJ vd;gij Rjh tpsf;Ffpd;wJ;. rhf;ftjp rp`hde;jh kw;Wk; $l;lhje;j Rjh Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjhtJ> Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffspd; nghOJk; mtw;Wf;fhd jPh;Tfspd; nghOJk; r%fg; nghUshjhu gpd;Gyq;fs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> jz;lid toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf kf;fSila mbg;gilj; Njitfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa mbg;gilg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;f;fpd;w nghOJ> ,og;gPl;L hPjpahd ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; Vida eyNdhk;Gif trjpfs; Mfpad gpujhdkhf fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gly; mtrpakhdJ. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpr; nrad;Kiwapy; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f my;yJ gaDWjpkpf;f ey;ypzf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; ,og;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> ,th;fSf;F ,q;F nghUshjhu hPjpahf el;l<Lfs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSila jd;khdk; Ngzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> fle;j fhyq;fspy; mth;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l ml;^opaq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJld; r%f xUq;fpirTf;fhd tha;g;GfSk; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

1.9 jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs; - kdg;ghq;F hPjpahd khw;wk; tWik> r%f mePjp Mfpatw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf GyDzh;T rhh;e;j Nguth> Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzpahf kfhJf;f`e;j Rjhtpy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ (gpf;F Nghjp gf;fk; 179 Kjy; 184 tiu). epiyaw;w murpay; rpj;jhe;jk; kw;Wk; Jd;gq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;F mbg;gil fhuzpahd ce;Jjy;fs; rhjhuz kdpj elj;ijfspy; ,Ug;gij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,it Nguhirahf> mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd Mirahf> Mf;fpukpg;ghf> ntWg;ghf> Vkhw;Wjy; Nghd;wdthf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU kdpjDila kdijr; rhe;jg;gLj;jhky; mtdplk; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nfhgk;> ntWg;G> Mir Mfpatw;iw ,y;yhnjhopf;fhky; Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;f;f KbahJ. xUKiw 17

flTs;fspd; Ml;rpahsh; rhf;fh nfsjk Gj;jhplk;;> “kf;fs; mikjpahf tho tpUk;gpdhYk; $l mth;fs; mikjpaw;w FNuhjk; kpf;f #oypNyNa tho;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; ntWg;G Mfpatw;Wf;F kj;jpapy; jhd; tho;e;JtUfpd;wdh; ,jd; gpd;dzp ahJ?” vd tpdtpdhu;. mjw;F Gj;jh; ,t;thW, “nghwhik kw;Wk; NguhirAld; njhlh;Gila gpizg;Gfs; kf;fisf; FUlh;fshf;fptpl;ld” vd gjpyspj;jhh.; Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy; Ra khw;wNk mbg;gil ,yf;fhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd Gj;jUila Nghjidfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. vkJ rfy tplaq;fSf;Fk; kdNj Kjd;ikf; fhuzpahf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf kdijr; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUg;gNj ghpfhunkd Gj;jh; njhptpj;jhh;. (jk;kgj 1>2). ,q;F kdg;ghq;F hPjpahd khw;wq;fs; mtrpankd Gj;jh; typAWj;jpdhh;. ,j;jifa khw;wk; eilngw Ntz;Lnkd Gj;jh; ve;jstpw;F tpUk;gpdhh; vd;gij gpd;tUk; thpfs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. “Nfhgj;ij md;gpdhy; jPaij fQ;rj;jd;ikia ngha;ia

my;yJ Nfhgkw;w epiyapy; ntw;wpnfhs;Sq;fs;@ ed;ikapdhy; ntw;wpnfhs;Sq;fs;@ jhuhsj; jd;ikapdhy; ntw;wpnfhs;Sq;fs;@ cz;ikapdhy; ntw;wpnfhs;Sq;fs;” (trdk; 223> jk;kgj)

nghWik> ntWg;gpd;ik> td;Kiwaw;w jd;ik Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l egh;fs; mwpthspfs;> rpwe;jth;fs;> Kjph;r;rpAilath;fs; vd Gj;jh; Fwpg;gpl;lhh; (jk;kgj 258 –261). ,th;fs; gpuhkzh;fshftpUf;fyhk; my;yJ JwtpfshftpUf;fyhk; (jk;kgj 142> 405). “cz;ikiaf; NgRq;fs;> Nfhgg;glhjPh;fs;> ahUf;Fk; vj;jifa jPq;Fk; >iof;fhjPh;fs;> >e;j %d;W Kiwfs; %yk; Kf;jp ngwKbAk;;> njhlh;r;rpahf vt;tpj Jd;gq;fSk; ,Uf;fhJ” (trdk; 224> jk;kgj). nghWik> gzpT Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l kdpjh;fNs cd;djkhd kdpjh;fshth;. ,th;fs; epe;jpj;jy;> mb> mbikj;jdk; Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;th;> FNuhjj;jpw;F kj;jpapy; ez;gh;fshfTk; td;KiwfSf;F kj;jpapy; rkhjhdk; kpf;fth;fshfTk; ,th;fs; jpfo;th; (jk;kgj 406).

1.10 njhFg;G eyd; kPl;Gr; nrad;Kiwfshdit> cz;ik> ePjp> gr;rhjhgk;> fUiz Nghd;w mk;rq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwapy; ,tw;iw xU ce;Jrf;jpahff; fUj KbAk;. ,j;jifa midtiuAk; Nerpf;fpd;w cyfshtpa vz;zf;fUf;fSf;F ngsj;jk; mjpfsT gq;fspg;Gf;fis ey;FfpwJ. ngsj;j jpUkiw E}y;fs; jj;Jthh;j;j mbg;gilfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;gpy; kdpjh;fsJ kdg;ghq;Ffis khw;Wtjw;F ,it mtrpahkd tplaq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. chpikfs; kPwg;gLfpd;w nghOJ mit njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfis ngsj;j Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; ehk; tbtikf;fpd;w nghOJ> gpur;ridfisAk; mjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fisAk; ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; %yNk kw;WnkhU Kuz;ghL vOtijj; jtph;f;f KbAk;. gpur;rpidfSf;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy; kw;Wk; cz;ikia czh;jy; Mfpad cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpjy;> Gydha;Tfs; kw;Wk; cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; Mizf;FO Mfpatw;Wld; njhlh;Gilaitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;> epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwapy; ,it gphpf;f Kbahj mq;fq;fshftpUf;fpd;wd. ngsj;jj;jpy; rhpahd ey;ypzf;fk; vDk; nghOJ> mjd; mbg;gilf; fhuzpfs; fUizAld; $ba Ghpjypy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ngsj;jk; rhh;e;j nghWg;Gf; $wyhdJ> ahiuAk; jz;bg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljy;y> mj;jz;lidf;Fg; gjpyhf ed;ikaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tifg;nghWg;Gf; $wy; Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ngsj;jj;jpd; jj;Jtq;fs; Mokhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. NkYk;> fk;kh vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bw;F Vw;Gilajhf ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nray;> mjd; jhf;fk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bdbg;gilapy; kw;Wk; tpUJfs; my;yJ jz;lidfs; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhfNt Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ,it nraw;gLfpd;wd. Fw;wkpioj;jtiuj; jz;bg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf mtiu kWrPuikf;fpd;w Nehf;fq;fSld; ehk; nraw;gl Ntz;Lnkd tpdagpl;lfTk; MNyhrpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd;gb Fw;wj;ij xg;Gf;nfhs;sy; Kjw;gbKiwahFk;> kw;Wk; gpioahd nray;fis my;yJ gopfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gij xU nfsutkhd Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhf ehk; fUJjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J jdp egh;fSila Md;kPfr; nraw;ghLfspYk; xU Kd;Ndw;wkhff; fUjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ngsj;j kjj;jpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhf ,J fUjg;gLfpwJ. mbg;gilapy;> chpikf;fl;lisfis kPWgitahf ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jdp kdpjh;fSila kdq;fs; xOf;fKilaitahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd 18

jk;k typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. cz;ikahd ey;ypzf;fKk; rkhjhdKk; jdp egh;fSila kdq;fspy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wd. mjd; gpd;dNu mit rKjhaj;jpy; gfpug;gLfpd;wd. List of References  Anh-Huong. The power of forgiveness. Forgiveness and Buddhism. This article was developed for community conversations around The POWER of FORGIVENESS by Journey Films.  Ariyaratne, Dr. A. T. Keynote speech ‘The Role of Religion in Reconciliation’ Report on the National Conference on Role of Religion in Reconciliation organized by Lakshman Kadiragamar Institute for International Relations and Strategic Studies (LKIIRSS).  Bhikkhu Bodhi. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha. A translation of the Majjhima Nikaya, translated from the Pali. Original translation by Bhikkhu Nanamoli. Translation edited and revised by Bhikkhu Bodhi. Third edition.  Brahmavamso, Ajahn. (2011, Feburary). A Buddhist Path to Reconciliation, Perth, Australia. Retrieved from http://www.buddhistfellowship.org/cms/index.php?/Download-document/350-A-Buddhist-Path-toReconciliation.html.  Central Cultural Fund. (1994). Dhammapada. Pali-Sinhala-Tamil-English version.  Dhamma Refelctions. (2015). Collected Essays of Bhikkhu Bodhi. Compiled by the Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy. 

Dhammahaso, Phramaha Hansa. Buddhist Values towards Conflict and Peace: Truth, Justice, Forgiveness and Reconciliation. Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University.

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Dhammananda, Galkande, (2016). ‘Suvapath Wemu’. Dhirasekera, Jotiya (Now Bhikkhu Dhammavihari); Buddhist Monastic Discipline, Buddhist Cultural Centre, 2004

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Guruge, Ananda W. P. (2010, November 16). The Buddha on Reconciliation: Keynote Address to the Symposium, World Fellowship of Buddhists, 25th General Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved from http://buddhasdharma.blogspot.com/2010/11/buddha-on-reconciliation.html

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Hecker, Hellmuth. (2009). Similes of the Buddha: An Introduction. Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy. Khantipalo, Bhikkhu. The Buddhist Monk’s Discipline Kumarasena, Arya Keerthi; Accountability – Buddhist Perspective, Buddhist Cultural Centre, 2011 Kuruppu, Rajah. (2003). Buddhism: Its Essence and Some Relevant Approaches. Public Trustee Department. Loy, David R. (2000). How to Reform a Serial Killer: The Buddhist Approach to Restorative Justice. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, No. 7. Retrieved from http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BE/jbe101789.htm Narada Maha Thera. (1980). The Buddha and His Teachings. Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy. National Conference on the Role of Religion in Reconcilitation. (2013 July). Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute for International Relations and Strategic Studies. Piyadassi, Thera. (1970). Buddhism: A Living Message. Vajirarama, Colombo. Piyadassi, Thera. (1980). The Buddhist Dcotrine of Life After Death. Piyadassi, Thera. (1987). The Buddha’s Ancient Path. Buddhist Publications Society, Kandy. Rahula, Walpola. (1996) What the Buddha Taught (Revised edition), Buddhist Cultural Centre, Dehiwala. Religious Tolerance and Harmony. Research Papers Presented at the International Conference on Religious Tolerance and Harmony. 22nd and 23rd April, 2015. Department of Religious Studies and Comparative Philosophy, Buddhist and Pali Universtiy of Sri Lanka. Saddhatisssa, Hammalawa. (1991) Facets of Buddhism. The Buddhist Publications Soceity, Kandy. Scorsine, John M. Buddhist Perspectives on Transnational Restorative Justice. Thanissaro, Bhikkhu. (2006). Reconciliation, Right & Wrong. Purity of Heart: Essays on the Buddhist Path. Retrieved from http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/reconciliation.html Tilakaratne, Asanga. Justice, Kamma and Dhamma: Does Kamma in Buddhism Make Justice Redundant? Postgraduate Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies, Colombo. Webb, Russell. (2011). An Analysis of the Pali Canon. Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy. Weeramantry, C. G. (2015, November 8). The Noble Eight-fold Path and the judicial process, The Sunday Times. – Retrieved from http://www.sundaytimes.lk/151108/sunday-times-2/the-noble-eight-fold-pathand-the-judicial-process-170842.html

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List of Interviews with Buddhist Monks and Academics 1. Rajakeya Panditha Adikarana Sangha Nayaka Venerable Walaswewe Ghanarathana Thero, Former Senior Lecturer, Buddhist and Pali Univeristy, Former Director General of Priven Studies, Ministry of Education, and President of National NGO Action Front (NNAF) 2. Venerable Bellanwila Wimalaratana Thera, Deputy Chief Incumbent of Bellanwila Raja Maha Vihara, Chancellor of the Sri Jayawardhanapura University 3. Venerable Bhikkhuni Kusuma, Ayya Khema International Buddhist Meditation Centre 4. Venerable Galkande Dhammananda Thero, History lecturer, University of Kelaniya 5. Venerable Professor Gallelle Sumanasiri Thero, Vice Chancellor, Buddhist and Pali University 6. Dr. A. T. Ariyaratne, President, Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement of Sri Lanka

mj;jpahak; 2 epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpr; nrad;Kiw: Md;kPf cz;ik kw;Wk; ePjp Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fpa gazk; ,e;J kjf; fz;Nzhl;lk; “eilngw;w tplaq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $w Ntz;ba mtrpak; vkf;Fz;L> cz;ik vk;ik Fzg;gLj;jp tpLtpf;Fk;;”7

2.1 mwpKfk; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp ,e;Jkjg; NghjidfSld; vt;thW njhlh;Gilad vd;gJ gw;wp ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehk; Muha;fpd;Nwhk;. cgneLjq;fs;8 kw;Wk; gftj;fPij9 Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl vkJ Ma;Tfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghWg;Gf; $wy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F ePjp toq;fy;> epiyNgwhd ey;ypzf;fj;ij miljy;> rkhjhdk;> Mfpatw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fle;jfhy njhd;kq;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlh;GgLj;jp epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp cz;ik fz;lwpjy; njhlh;ghd tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjdbg;gilapy; cz;ik Ngzg;gLtjpw;F epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwapy; rkak; Kf;fpa tfpghfj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpapy; kjj;jiytu;fs; gq;fhdJ ,e;ePjpaia ju;k topapYk;> rj;jpa Nehf;fpYk; ghu;g;gJld;> r%fj;jpid Nru;e;j midtiuAk; ,J njhlu;ghd fdj;Jiwahlypy; <LgLj;jp mNuhf;fpakhd r%fj;ij fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.

2.2 cz;ikia epiy epWj;Jk; nghUl;L ,e;J kjk; (rj;jpak;) cz;ikia ntspg;giilahfj; njhptpg;gjdhYk; cj;jpNahG+h;tkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w trjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wjhYk;> Fzg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ (#fh 2006> gf;fk; 8). “jpupG gLj;jg;gl;l Njrpa ,jpfhrq;fs; my;yJ njhd;kq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf ,it xU ehl;Lf;Fs;NsAk; ehLfSf;F ,ilapYk; Kuz;ghLfisAk; Aj;jj;jpidAk; Vw;wg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,t;thW cz;ikfisAk; tuyhw;wpidAk; jkf;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtijj; jLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;> ,it td;Kiw rhh;e;j Kuz;ghLfSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yyhk;” (nkd;lNyhgh; 2004> gf;fk; 356 – 357). NkYk;> kdpj chpik kPwy;fis kWj;jy;> Vkhw;Wjy;> mikjpia jpzpj;jy; Mfpa tiffSf;Fs; ehk; cs;slf;Ffpd;w nghOJ cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghlhdJ nghWg;Gf; $wYf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. gy;NtW Mizf;FOf;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; $l> ,it gpur;rpidj; jd;iktha;e;j Kf;fpakhd cz;ik vd;w tplaj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iynad vhpd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> Xh; cz;ik epiyehl;lg;gLk; nghOJ> mJ ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;tjw;fhd toptiffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. vdNt> Mizf;FOf;fis cUthf;Ffpd;w nghOJ gpur;rpidf;Fhpa cz;ikfs; mtw;wpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;;. (nkhngf; 2005> gf;fk; 266) ,Jkl;Lky;yhJ> Md;kPfk; rhh;e;j cz;ik vkf;F mtrpak;. ,t;Tz;ikia tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpd;w nghOJ Vw;gLfpd;w fUj;J Fog;gj;ij ,e;Jkjg; Ghpjy;fshd jh;kk; kw;Wk; rj;jpak; Mfpad fise;njwpfpd;wd. NkYk;> jh;kj;ij G+u;j;jp nra;tjjpw;F rj;jpaKk; cz;ikAk; mtrpkhfpd;wd. jh;kk; vd;w nrhy; ‘jh;’ vd;w %yj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,J jhq;Fjy;> cjTjy;> epiyepWj;Jjy; vd nghUl;gLk; (xypnty; 2011> gf;fk; 139). xU kdpjh; ,g;gpugQ;rj;jpw;Fk; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;w mwnewpfSf;Fk; fhj;jpukhf cjTtJld; mtw;iw NgZjy; ,jdhy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ehk; thOfpd;w ,e;jg; G+Nyhfj;jpd; fl;llikg;G> ngsjPfKiw> kf;fsJ xOf;fq;fs;> Md;kPfk; Mfpad vt;thwhf ,Ue;jnghOjpYk; ,e;j G+NyhfkhdJ mbg;gil MjuT mikg;G MFk;;. Ntjq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> jh;kk; MdJ cyfshtpa rl;lkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ju;kkhdJ> cs;sf ePjpapy; > cyfpYs;s rfytw;wpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jh;kj;ij ehk; Kiwahfg; NgZfpd;w nghOJ midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; mJ 7tlf;fpy;

Ngl;b fz;l mNdfh; ,t;tpjkhd czh;TfisNa ntspg;gLj;jpdh;. - nghJthf ,jid Ntjhe;jk; vdTk; miog;gh; my;yJ KbT my;yJ Ntjj;jpd; mjp cr;r Nehf;fk; vdTk; $Wth;. ,e;J kjj;jpdJk; mjd; gy;NtW kuGfspdJk; Kf;fpakhd jj;Jthh;j;j vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; rpy mbg;gil mk;rq;fisAk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; njhFg;ghFk;. (ghh;f;f - Doniger, 1990, gf;fk; 2 – 3)f 9gftj;fPiu (flTspd; ghly;)– 700 nra;As;fisf; nfhz;l rk];fpuj NtjE}yhFk;. kfhghujj;jpd; Kf;fpa fijahfTk; ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. (mj;jpahak; 25-42> kfhghujj;jpd; 6tJ Gj;jk;). fpwp];zhTf;Fk; mh;[_zDf;Fk; ,ilapy; Aj;j fsj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w fye;Jiuahliy my;yJ Nghjidia mbg;gilahf ,t; mj;jpahak; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Md;kPf mwptpw;fhd Kj;J vd ,J th;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xUth; jd;id czh;e;Jnfhs;tjw;F jpl;ltl;lkhd topfhl;bfs; gw;wpa mwpit ,J toq;FfpwJ. 8cgneLjq;fs;

cjtf;$bajhftpUf;Fk; (rh;tGyh`pj). r%f elj;ij Kiwfspy; ,JNt jdpeguhftpUe;jhnyd;d my;yJ FOthftpUe;jhnyd;d Xh; xOf;fnewpf; Nfhitahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rj;jpak; vd;w nrhy; nghJthf cz;ik vd nkhopkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; cz;ikf;Fk; rj;jpaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; khWgl;l nghUl;Nfhly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rj;jpak; vd;w nrhy; mbg;gilapy; nka;g;nghUs; Ma;T> ,Uj;jypay; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlh;GilaJ. ,J ‘rj;’ vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,jw;F ,Uj;jy;> vg;nghOJk; fhzg;gly; my;yJ vg;nghOJk; ,wg;gjpy;iy vd;w nghUl;fSk; cz;L. NkYk>; cz;ik> Neh;ik> J}a;ik Nghd;w nghUl;fisAk; toq;FfpwJ. upf; Ntjj;jpy; jh;kk; vd;w nrhy; xU ngah;r; nrhy;yhf MW Kiwfs; rj;jpak; vd;w nrhy;Yld; ,izj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJkhj;jpukd;wp> g;ujhdf cgepljj;jpy; jh;kk; gw;wp fhj;jpukhd tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. jh;kKk; rj;jpaKk; xd;Wlndhd;W gpz;zpg; gpize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk; ,q;F jh;kk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F xj;j fUj;Jila nrhy;yhf cz;ikiag; gpuNahfpf;f KbAk;. vg;nghOJk; jh;kj;ijf; fijg;gth; rj;jpaj;ijAk; fijg;gtuhftpUg;ghh;> mNjNghy; rj;jpaj;ijf; fijg;gth; jh;kj;ijAk; fijf;ff; $batuhftpUg;ghh;. jh;kj;jpd; cr;rNk rj;jpak;. ,it xd;Wf;nfhd;W neUq;fpa njhlu;Gilait. jh;kk; vd;gJ tho;Tf;fhd tho;f;ifr; rf;jp. rj;jpak;> jh;kk; Mfpa ,uz;L Nru;f;iffisAk; xd;wpypUe;J Ntwhfg; gphpf;f KbahJ. jh;kj;jpw;Fk; rj;jpaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;bid xUth; ,g;nghOJ ed;F Ghpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. mju;tz Ntj;jpy; Kdpth; Fwpg;gpLtjd;; gpufhuk;> xt;nthUtUk; ‘ehd; ,wf;Fk; tiu gpuk;kr;rhup’ vdf; $w KbAk;. gpukr;rhhpak; vd;gJ gpuk;kid NjLtjw;fhd tho;f;if KiwahFk;> mjhtJ cz;ik. Nkd;ikahd tplaq;fisAk; ,Wjpapy; flTis milfpd;w cahpa tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,J ,Uf;fpd;wJ. rhe;Njhf;fpa cgepljq;fspy; ahTk; gpuk;kd; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (rh;tk; fY ,lk; gpuk;kh> 3.14.1). mJkl;Lky;yhky;> gftj;fPij cgNjrpg;gjd; gb> flTis VNjhnthU Kiwapy; czu;e;j kf;fs; jd;idg; ghu;g;gJ NghyNt mizj;J capupdq;fisAk; ghu;f;fpd;wdu;; (mlk; mDgk;a 6.32). 10 cz;ikiag; NgRfpd;wth; cz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; jdJ tho;f;ifiaf; nfhz;L elg;gJld; gpuk;k tho;f;ifia tho;gtuhftpUf;fpd;whh;. kdpjh;fs; cd;djj;ijAk; flTisAk; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;fpd;w nghOJ> mjd; mbg;gilapy; tho;fpd;w nghOJ cz;ik mjpfkhf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpNyjhd; mth;fs; caph;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;G KiwfisAk; ed;F czh;e;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; jk;ikg; NghyNt kw;wtw;iwAk; Nerpf;fpd;wdh;. midtUila eyDf;fhfTk; nraw;gLfpd;wdh; (Nyhfrk;fpuhfh 3.2.0> 25)11. mg;nghOJ cyfk; cz;ikapd; mr;rpy;; tyk; tUfpwJ. rkaq;fs; cz;ikia epiyepWj;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd cz;ikfis epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhd topKiwahf epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpKiwfs; jpfo;fpd;wd. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg;nghwpKiwapy; cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;JtjhdJ> jh;kj;ij epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhd Kjw;gbKiwahff; fUjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt ,t;Tyfpd; mwnewp xOq;ifg; Ngzf;$bajhftpUf;fpd;wJ.

2.3 ‘cz;ik – ty;yik’ kpf;f rkak; (rj;jpafpufk;) cz;ik khj;jpuNk nty;Yk;> ngha; my;y flTis miltjw;fhd top cz;ikahy; tpahgpj;Js;sJ jkJ mZFKiwapd; fhuzkhfNt Nahfpfspd; vz;zq;fs; epiwNtwpAs;sd. cah;thd ciwtplk; cz;ikNa rj;ak; <th [aNj eh me;jk; rj;adh ghe;jh tpNl Njtpaehj; ahdh mf;ukdp uNrh `p mg;jhf;kh 10mj;kDgadh

rh;tj;uh rkk; grpaj;jp A+wpr;dh Rfk;gh ahjPth Jfhfk; rNahfp guNkh khjh rfy caphpdq;fspYk; KOikahd rkj;Jtj;ijf; fhZfpd;w me;j Nahfpfis G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;f Koikahd Nahfpfshf ehd; fUJfpd;Nwd;. kw;wth;fSila ,d;g> Jd;gq;fis jkf;Nf Vw;gl;lit Nghy; ,th;fs; czh;fpd;wdh;. 11fh;khd;ah< rd;rpjp`pk; m];jpuh [dfhehaj; Nyhf rq;fpufhk; ,thgP rq;];gahd; fhJk; mh;]p ahj;ahj; mrhNu rpwp\hj; jhh;naj; ,thjhNu [d`h rhaj; gpukQ;rk; Fh;j;J Nyhfh]; jhj; mDthh;j;Nj. jkf;F toq;fpa flikfis epiwNtw;wpajd; %yk; murd; [dfDk; kw;wth;fSk; KOik ngw;wdh;. ,e;j cyfj;jpw;F ey;y cjhuzj;ijf; fhl;lf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ePq;fs; cq;fsJ flikfis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. rpwe;j kdpjh;fs; vt;tpj Ntiyfisr; nra;jhYk; rhjhuz kf;fs; mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wthh;fs;. mth;fs; vjidr; nra;jhYk; KO cyfKk; mijg; gpd;gw;Wk; (BG 3:20-21)

ahj;uh lhl; rj;jpaNr gukk; epjdk; (Ke;jhf;f – mgdprhl; 3.3.6) rj;jpak; mjhtJ> cz;ik gw;wpa rpy Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fis ,e;j ke;jpuk; njhptpf;fpd;wJ. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpapy; cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; nghwpKiwf;F ,J Kf;fpakhdJ. Kjyhtjhf> cz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; rj;jpak; vd;w nrhy; nghJthf cz;ik vd nkhopngah;g;Gr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. cz;ik vd;w nrhy;Yf;F khWgl;l gy fUj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. cz;ikahd tiutpyf;fzk; vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ vd;why;> ,jw;F fUj;jhh;e;j ,irT ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> ajhh;;j;jj;ijg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T mjDs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xUtDila kdjpw;Fk; ntspapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ajhh;j;j cyfpw;Fk; ,ilapy; gf;fr; rhh;gw;w Kiwapy; rpe;jpj;J cWjpg;gLj;jf; $bajhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. %d;whtjhf> cz;iknaDk; nghOJ> xUth; cz;iknad csg;G+h;tkhf vjid ek;Gfpd;whNuh my;yJ mth; mwpe;jJ cz;ikahfpd;wJ. ehd;fhtjhf> nka;g;nghUs; Ma;T rhh;e;j cz;ik ,Uf;fpd;wJ. xU nghUs; kPjhd vkJ fUj;jpw;Fk; cz;ikapy; mg;nghUs; fhzg;gLk; tpjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;G. ,J cz;ikapd; ,Ug;G. ,Wjpahf> rkak; rhh;e;j cz;ik. xUtUila tho;f;ifia ek;gpf;if #o;fpd;w nghOJ mth; cz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; tho;fpd;whh;. mth; cz;iknad vjidf; $Wfpd;whNuh mjdbg;gilapy; tho Kaw;rpf;fpd;whh;. cz;ikahd kjq;fs; cah;thd mwnewpfSld;; tho;tjw;fhd miog;gpid tpLf;fpd;wd. mit kdpj tpOkpaq;fshd cz;ik> ePjp Nghd;wtw;Wf;F Kd;Dhpikaspf;fpd;wd. rPuhd rpe;jid Kiw - ,JNt rj;jpaj;jpw;fhd Kjy; mh;j;jk; - jh;f;f hPjpahf Kd;itf;fpd;w nghOJ xUtiu ek;gyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; vkJ czh;Tfspd; mbg;gilapyhd juTfisNa ehk; cz;iknad Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ rj;jpaj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; mu;j;jkhFk;. vkf;F xUtiug; NghjpasT njhpe;jpUf;Fkhapd;> mth; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w rhl;rpaj;ij ehk; cz;iknad Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. mth; jhd; vjid cz;iknadf; fUJfpd;whNuh mjidNa Fwpg;gpLtjhf ehk; ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;. ,J rj;jpaj;jpw;fhd %d;whtJ mh;j;jk;. rj;jpaj;jpd; ehd;fhk; mu;j;jkhf xU epWtdj;jpd; ,Ug;G mtrpag;gLfpd;w nghOJ> cz;ikapy; mjidg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wth;fSf;F mJ miog;G tpLg;gjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mjidg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wth;fSf;Fk; mjw;Fk; njhlh;GilajhftpUf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; tho;f;ifapy; xUth; Fw;w xg;Gjspf;fpd;w nghOJ ehk; mjid tpl;L mfd;WtpLfpd;Nwhk;. ,J rj;jpaj;jpw;fhd Ie;jhtJ mh;j;jkhFk;. flTs; ,Uf;fpd;whuh ,y;iyah vd;w tpthjj;jpw;F cq;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jf; $ba xU gjpiy vd;dhy; Kd;itf;f Kbahky; Nghfyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; md;Ng flTs; vd ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. Mdhy; njhlh;r;rpahf vd;id xU md;ghd> fUizkpf;f> rpwe;j kdpjd; vd ePqf ; s; fUJtPh;fshapd;> cq;fSf;F NtW ve;jtpjkhd thjq;fSk; mtrpakpy;iy. vd; tho;f;ifNa ehd; Kd;itf;fpd;w kpfr;rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. mJNt kpfr;rpwe;j thjKk; MFk;. rhl;rpak; my;yJ rhd;Wfs;> mit $wg;gLtjdhy; cz;ikahtjpy;iy. mtw;iw cz;iknad gpufhzg;gLj;JtdhNyNa mit cz;ikahfpd;wd. cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; Mizf;FO Kd; te;J egh;fs; jq;fSf;F ele;jtw;iw $Wfpd;w nghOJ mtw;iwf; ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; mq;Nf tUifje;jhh;fs; vd;gjw;fhf ehk; ntWkNd nrtpkLf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mdhy; jhd; vjid cz;iknad ek;Gfpd;whNuh> mjid mq;F mth; njuptpg;gjdhNyNa mJ kjpf;fj;jf;fJ. “cz;ik khj;jpuNk ntw;wpaspf;Fk;” Kuz;ghLfSf;Fg; gpd;duhd #o;epiyapYs;s cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; nghwpKiwfshdJ gpugQ;r xOq;ifg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk; (jh;kk;). Nkw;gb ke;jpuk; mLj;jjhf kjj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bid $w tpisfpwJ. flTis miltjw;fhdnjhU topahfNt ( ge;j ) mJ Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa Nfhl;ghLfsps; XU mq;fkhf rkaj; jiyth;fs; kdpjhgkpf;f Njrpa thjk;> Mo;e;j kdpjhgpkhdk;> mj;jifa Nfhl;ghLfisf; fl;likg;gjd; Xh; mq;fkhf epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpiaAk; jhgpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. flTis miltjw;fhd top kjk; vd;w Kiwapy; kjk; jdJ milahsj;ij kPs; fz;Lgpbf;fpd;w nghOJk;> mjhtJ ,iwtid miltjw;fhd top vq;Fk; tpahgpj;Js;s cz;iknad czh;fpd;w nghOJ ,J tha;g;Gs;sjhfpd;wJ. rkhjhdj;ij miltjw;fhd fUtp kjk; vdpy;> mjDldhd vkJ njhlh;Gfis ehk; J}a;ikg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid ntWkNd r%f milahsj;jpw;f;Nfh my;yJ r%fg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf khj;jpuNkh gad;gLj;jy; $lhJ. ,t;thW Vw;fj;jFjpaw;w nraw;gLfspdhy; gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; kjj; jiyth;fSk; kjFUkhh;fSNk kjj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F mbg;gilf; fhuzpfshftpUf;fpd;wdh;. cr;rkhd cz;ik flTsplNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd me;j ke;jpuj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fifapy; xU r%fk; jd;dplk; khj;jpuNk KOikahd cz;ik ,Uf;fpd;wnjd epidf;fpd;w nghOJ mJ td;KiwAld; nraw;gl Kay;fpd;wJ.

flTsplk; khj;jpuNk cah;thd cz;ikfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ehk; ntWk; gf;ju;fs;; khj;jpuNk. ,j;jifa tpopg;G+l;ly;fs; vkJ nrhe;j ek;gpf;iffis Muha;fpd;wd: mit eyd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wdth? mikjpf;Fk; rhe;jpf;Fk; mit toptFf;fpd;wdth? ,e;j cz;ikf;fhd gazk; - gzpT> ehk; gpio tpLNthk; vd;w Ghpjy;fs;> mj;jifa gpiofSf;fhf kd;dpg;Gf; NfhUfpd;w gz;G rfy kdpjh;fsplKk; r%f ePjpiaAk; Rw;whly; rhh; Fzg;gLj;jy;fisAk; Vw;gLj;Jk; Kfkhfr; nraw;gLjy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;. kjkhdJ cz;ik ty;yikahfTk; kjj;jiytu;fs; cz;ikia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtu;fshfTk; fUJk; nghOJ vjpu;fhyj;jpidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Kuz;ghLfspd; mbg;gil vd;d vdTk; kPs; epfohikf;fhd topKiwfs; ahit vdTk; Muha;tJ vspjhfpwJ.

2.4 rkaKk; cz;ik njhlh;ghd Mo;e;j rpe;jidAk; g;ujhdf cgepljj;jpy; ,t;thW Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. “… `ph;jadh `P rj;jpak; [dhj;jp> `ph;ja `P <th rj;ak;” cz;ikia ,jaj;jpdhy; (kdjpdhy;) mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ khj;jpuky;y> mJ ,jaj;jpy; tho;fpwJ. cz;ik njhlh;ghd Moe;j ntspg;ghL xU Neh;ikahd kdpjdplk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gij ehk; Ghpe;Jnfhz;lhy; ,jid ,yFthf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk; . ,e;J kjk; cs;slq;fyhf gy;NtW tpjkhd rkaq;fs; flTs; md;G kpf;fth;> md;G nrYj;Jgth; vdf; fUJfpd;wd. mj;jifa flTs; Kd;dpiyapy; vq;fsJ tpopg;Gzh;Tfs; md;ghfg; ghpzkpf;fpd;wd. fpU\;zupd; cgNjrk; vdf; $wg;gLk; gftj; fPijapy; mjpf gf;jpAilatd; (gu gf;jp) flTis mwpthd; vd mh;[_dDf;F fpU\;zu;; njhptpf;fpd;whh; (gftj;fPij 18:5455)12. md;Gld; flTis Nehf;Fk; NghNj ehk; mtiu cz;ikahf mwpfpd;Nwhk; NkYk; kdpju;fisAk; ehk; ,t;thwhd md;GlNdNa Nehf;Ftjd; %yNk mtu;fisAk; cz;ikahf mwpa KbAk;. gftj;fPijahdJ mjd; thrfu;fis cz;ikahd kw;Wk; cz;ikaw;wtw;wpid (tpntfh) gpupj;jwpaTk; FUN\j;jpu Nghupy; mu;[{dd; Aj;jk; nra;a tpUk;ghj NghJ mtd; jdJ Nghu;f;fs flikfspy; ,Ue;J jtWtJ (\Pt;yhd;l; 2007) rupahd Gupe;Jzu;it vLj;Jf;fhl;LtjhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gftj;fPijapy; \j;upa ju;kj;jpw;F rhu;ghd thjq;fs; fPijapd; jhu;kPf newpfSf;F KuzhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Md;kPfg; ghugl;rj;ij newpKiw rhh;e;j ghugl;rkhf fPij ,izf;fpwJ. kw;wth;fisAk; rkkhf Nehf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. jk;ikg;Nghy; kw;wth;fisAk; Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,JNt nja;tPfg; gz;gpd; mbg;gilahFk;> Md;kPf hPjpahfTk; xOf;f hPjpahfTk; ghugl;rq;fs; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd> (tpNtfh) mj;jpahak; 6 ,d; gy;NtW thrfq;fs; ,t;thNw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd (gftj;fPij-6:7> 9> 12> 19).13 xUtuJ cs kw;Wk; newpKiw tho;f;ifahdJ ntWg;gw;wjhfTk;; gpizg;Gfs; mw;wjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> rpy ez;gh;fSf;F ghugl;rk; fhl;Ljy;> ,d;DnkhU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; jd;Dila vjpuhspf;F ghugl;rk; fhl;Ljy;. kdjpw;Fk; ntsp cyfpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,t;tpj gpizg;Gfs; egUf;F egh; khw;wkilfpd;wd. ,tw;iw nka;g;nghUs;> mwptpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mth;fSf;Fk; fpU\;zUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpizg;gpYk; ,J jq;fpAs;sJ. kw;wth;fSs; jd;idf; fhz;gtd; fpU\;ziuAk; fhz;fpd;whd;. ghugl;rk; fhl;Lfpd;w newpahdJ gq;Fgw;Wjy; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;by; jq;fpAs;sJ. xOf;fj;JlDk;> vy;yh tplaq;fisAk; rkj;Jthd fz;fSlDk; Nehf;Fjy;> “cz;ikahd Nahfpfs; jq;fsJ kdrhl;r;rpia flTSld; ,izj;J rkj;Jt fz;fSld; Nehf;Fk; NghJ mizj;J capupdq;fspYk; flTisAk; flTsplk; mizj;J capupdq;fisAk; ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.” Nghd;wJ (gftj;fPij 6:29-31)14. Xhplj;jpy; xUthW ,Uf;fpd;w xUth; kw;nwhU ,lj;jpy; NtWtpjkhf 12gpuk;k

G+jh gpurd;dj ehnrhr;Nr ehfd;nfrhj;jp rkhrh;NtR Gh;rhrp khj; gf;fhj;jpk; yg;fhNj guk;. Mo;epiy gpuk;kdhftpUf;fpd;wtd; mtDila czh;Tfs; mikjpahfTk; cs hPjpahf rhe;jkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. mtd; Jd;gg;glTk;khl;lhd; Mirg;glTk;khl;lhd;. rfy caphpdq;fs; kPJk; xNutpjkhf md;G nrYj;Jthd;. mj;jifa NahfpNa vd;dplk; cah;e;j gf;jdhfj; jpfo;thd;. gfj;jpah khk; mgpfp[dhj;jp ahtd; ahR rh];kp jj;jhth. jj;Njhkhk; jj;jthj;Njh ,Q;rthj;Nj tp];fhNj jhj; mde;juk;. vd;dplk; vtd; cz;ikahd gf;jpAld; tUfpd;whNdh mtd; ehd; ahnud;gij czh;e;Jnfhs;thd;. vd;id mwpe;Jnfhz;ljd; gpd;dh; vd;Dila gf;jd; vd;id KOikahf mwpe;jtdhf khWfpd;whd;. 13“FspuhftpUe;jhnyd;d

ntg;gkhftpUe;jhnyd;d> Mde;jk; my;yJ Jd;gkhftpUe;jhnyd;d> kjpg;G my;yJ ,fo;r;rpahftpUe;jhnyd;d> rhe;jkhf ,Ug;gjpy; ty;yik ngw;wtd; cah;e;jtdhthd;. jdJ Njhoh;fs; Nerk; kpf;fth;fs; vjpuhspfs;> kj;jpa];j;jh;fs;> eLepiyahdth;fs;> ez;gh;fs;> ey;yit> nfl;l kdpjh;fs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J jdJ tpUg;gkpd;ikia xJf;fpitg;ghd;. mtd; jdJ rpe;jidapy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jthd;. ntWk; czh;Tfs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpa nraw;ghLfisj; jtph;g;ghd;: me;j Mrdj;jpy; mkh;e;J J}a;ik miltjw;fhd xOf;f hPjpahd gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;thd;. fhw;wpy; xU tpsf;F Mltijg; Nghy; mtd; jLkhwkhl;lhd;. cz;ikf;fhd ctkhdkhf ,tidf; fUj KbAk;. xOf;fj;jpw;fhd ctkhdkhf ,tidf; fUjKbAk;. Ra xOf;fj;ijg; NgZthd;”(gftj;fPij Aj;j fhyj;jpy; fpwp];zhtpd; MNyhrid 1986). 14mwGG+j;jh rpj;jk; mj;jk;kk; rh;tG+j;jhdp rj;kdp ,f;rNj Nahf ,fj;jkh rh;tj;jh rkhjh;\dh. df

,Uj;jy; KbahJ. NkYk;> vy;yh caphpdq;fs; kj;jpapYk; flTs; tho;fpd;whh;. flTs; ,Uf;fpd;whh; vd Cf;Ftpg;gJld; flTs; njhlh;gpy; ajhh;j;jG+h;tkhd gq;Fgw;Wjy;fSk; ,lk;ngwy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW mbg;gil tplaq;fis czh;e;J gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w nghOJ vy;yh tplaq;fisAk; flTs; Gdpjkhf;Ffpd;whh;. Jwj;jy; gw;wp fPij vd;d Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ vd;gij re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wp Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. Jwj;jy; vDk; nghOJ ntspAyfk; rhh;e;j gpizg;Gfis khj;jpuk; ehk; Jwg;gjy;y. egh;fs; gw;wp mwpthh;e;j Kiwapy; ehk; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jpAs;NshNkh mitAk; kdpju;fs; gw;wpa ekJ fl;likg;Gf;fSk; cs;slq;Fk;. Jwj;jy; vDk; nghOJ mJ njspthd r%f> xOf;f gpd;tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vt;tpj MirNah my;yJ ntWg;Ngh mw;w fh;k Nahfpfis Jwtpfshf ehk; ghprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; rfy ghrhq;FfspypUe;Jk; tpLgl;lth;fs;. nghUs; rhh;e;j gpizg;Gfspy; ,Ue;Jk; mtu;fshy; ,yFthf tpilngw KbAk; (gftj;fPij 5:3>18)15. fpU\;ziug; Ghpe;Jnfhs;fpd;w nghOJ rfy caphpdq;fisAk; xNutpjkhf Nehf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk; ehk; mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fpU\;zu; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; ,Uf;fpd;whu;;. caphpdq;fs; gw;wpa cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jhh;kPf hPjpahd nghWg;Gf;$wYf;F miog;G tpLg;gNj fpU\;zupd;; njhiyNehf;fhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW nka;awpT rhh;e;j gq;Fgw;WjYf;F mjhtJ> nka;awpT rhh;e;j ajhh;j;jG+h;tkhd gq;Fgw;WjYf;F miog;G tpLg;gjhdJ> kw;wth;fs; kPJ nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mDjhgj;jpw;F mg;ghw;wg;gl;L mtw;wpypUe;J tpLgl;l epiyapNyNa ,J tpLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xUth; kw;NwhUtUs;; jd;idAk; jd;Ds; kw;NwhUtiuAk;; czh;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpr; #oiktpYk; Kf;fpakhd njhlu;GilajhFk;.

2.5 ghugl;rkw;w Nritf;fhd ghij rkak; (ep];fk fh;k) ghugl;rkw;w Nritf;fhd ghij fh;kNahfk;> ,e;j cyfpd; fhj;jpukhd tho;f;ifia tpl;Ltplhky; jd;id czh;e;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; flTis czh;e;Jnfhs;tjw;Fkhd top nray; MFk;. fh;k Nahfj;jpy; <LgLgth;fSf;F mth;fsJ NtiyNa nja;tPFkhFk;. fh;kk; vd;w thh;j;ij tha;nkhopia mbnahl;ba %ykhd ‘fphp’ vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;. ,jw;F mh;j;jk; nraw;gL> Ntiy nra; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;J vd;gjhFk;. fh;kNhafk; MdJ> nghJthd nray;fisAk; (fh;kh) flik rhh;e;j nray;fisAk; (jh;kh) Md;kPfk; rhh;e;j nray;fisAk; (rk;];fhuh) r%f Nritfs; rhh;e;j nraiyAk; (a[hdh) cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gftj;fPijapd; Muk;gk; Kjy; ,Wjp tiu nraypd;ik fz;bf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kdpj ,Ug;gpw;F nray;fs; gphpf;f KbahjNjhh; mk;rk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. “ve;jnthU kdpjDk; xU fdg;nghOJk; $l Ntiy vJTk; nra;ahky; ,Uf;f KbahJ. cyfpy; gpwe;j vy;yh caphpdq;fSk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;w VNjh Ntiyiar; nra;Jjhd; MfNtz;Lk;” (gftj;fPij 3:5)16. cz;ikahd Jwtp nray;fis iftpl;ltdy;y mr;nray;fs; kPJs;s Raey gw;iwj; Jwe;jtd;. “cah;e;j nja;tPf MSikgilj;j fpU\;zu;; Fwpg;gpl;ljhtJ> Mirapdhy; ce;jg;gl;l nray;fis iftpl;ltNd rd;dpahrp vd mwpTgilj;jtd; Ghpe;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;. gyid vjph;ghuhJ jdJ flikiar; nra;gtd; jpahfp vdf; fw;wtd; czh;fpd;whd; (gftj;fPij 18:2)17;. “thof;ifapy; xUtd; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lkhdhy; mtd; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;”. mjhtJ rhpahfr; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; (jh;kh). ,JNt nray; rhh;e;j jh;kk; MFk;. NkYk;> rpy nray;fis iftply; Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; iftplf;$lhJ. gftj; fPijapy; Md;kPff; fh;k Nahfk; njhlh;gpy; ,uz;L mk;rq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ep];fk fh;kh mjhtJ> Mirfisf; iftpl;l epiyapy; flikiar; nra;tJ. ,t;thW Mirfisf; iftpl;L cs;shh;e;j Rje;jpuj;Jld; ,aq;FtJ fh;k gfy jpahfh vdtiof;fg;gLk;. “cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l flikfis tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;lthW ePqf ; s; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mjd; gyid mDgtpg;gjw;F cq;fSf;F cupikapy;iy. ePqf ; s; Nkw;nfhz;l nray;fSf;fhd gyd; cq;fspdhy; jhd; fpilj;jJ vd epidf;f Ntz;lhk;. mNjNtis> nraw;;glhkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;lhk;” (gftj;fPij 2:47)18. jhd; nra;j Ntiyf;fhd gyid kdk; vjph;ghh;f;ff; $lhJ. vdNt gftj;fPijapd; mbg;gilapy; KOepiwthd Nahfp flTshf tho;e;J flTspd; tpUg;gq;fis ,t;Tyfpy; epiwNtw;wp mwptpid jd;dfj;Njnfhz;L r%fj;jpl;lw;fhf Ntiy nra;gtNd Mthd;. ,e;j cyfpypUe;J Xa;T ngw;wtd; rd;ahrp my;y. 15Neah\h

epj;jpah \d;ahrp Nahdh jpth];jp ehfq;frhj;jp eph;tNjh`P kfh gNfh Rf;fk; ge;jj; gpukr;rhpahj;jp. `P f];[pjp frd;dk; mg;gp[j;J jphp];juhufk;fpwpj; fhh;Na math fh;kh \hth gpufph;j;jp [aFz;zap. 17fk;ad;dk; fh;kdak; epah\k; \d;dpah\k; ftNahtpj;J rh;tfh;k gfyh jpahfk; gpufh\; jah[pd; tpf;\h ]`h[d;. 18fh;kdp ,thjpf;fuh\; Njkh gpNfR fe;jrhdh khfh;kh gfy vj;jhh; Gfh;khNj \q;Nfh \ptfh;kdp. 16eh

mNjNghy;. vy;ytw;iwAk; iftpl;ltDk; rd;ahrp my;y. Mdhy; ghugl;rkw;w FLk;g];jUf; Fk; rd;ahrpahFk; jFjpAz;L. ,tNu ep];fk fh;kNahfp Mthh;. xUtdJ flikapy; ,uz;lhtJ gpujhd mk;rk; Nyhfrk;g;fpufh (cyf xw;Wik my;yJ gpugQ;r ed;ik) mjhtJ> cyf ed;ikf;fhf Ntiy nra;tjhFk;. xUtd; jdJ flikfis jpahf czh;tpd; mbg;gilapy; nra;tJ ah[;eh vdg;gLk;. kdpjh;fs; jkJ nry;tj;ijAk; nray;fisAk; flTspd; Nritf;fhf mh;g;gzpf;fpd;w nghOJ> mth;fSila tho;f;if ah[;ehthf khWfpwJ. NkYk;> fhkj;jpd; rfy fl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;Jk; tpLgl;L ah[;ehTf;fhf tho;fpd;w nghOJ ,j;jifa Nahfpfs; Neh;ikahd kdg;ghq;FlDk; Ra jpahfj;JlDk; ,aw;iff;fhfTk; r%fj;jpw;fhfTk; Nrit nra;fpd;wdh;. ,tu;fs; nghUs; rhh;e;j rfy gpizg;GfspypUe;Jk; jk;ik tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;tNjhL> mth;fsJ mwpT nja;tPf mwpNthL ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,th;fs; rfy nray;fisAk; jpahfj;Jld; flTspd; ghijapy; nra;tjdhy; rfytpjkhd fh;ktpidj; jhf;Fjy;fspypUe;Jk; tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;19. fh;kNahfk; vd;gJ “rfytpjkhd caphpdq;fs; kPJk;> mtw;wpd; eyd; kPJk; Mh;tk; kpFe;j mf;fiwfs;”. ,q;F kdpjh;fs; khj;jpuky;y Vida caphpdq;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kdpjh;fSf;Fk;> tho;f;iff;F cap&l;Lfpd;w ,aw;iff;Fk; ,ilapy; gu];guk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W tsh;f;fpd;w cwT Kiwapdhy; khj;jpuNk midtUf;Fk; cfe;j eyd;fisf; nfhz;Ltu KbAnkd Nahfpfs; czh;e;jdh;. “cq;fSila jpahfj;jpd; fhuzkhf NjtNyhfj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w flTs;fs; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;wdh;. kdpjh;fSf;Fk; NjtNyhf flTs;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xw;Wik epyTfpd;w nghOJ mq;Nf midtUf;Fk; RgPl;rk fpilf;fpd;wJ” vd gftj;fPijAk; ,jid Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ (gftj;fPij 3:11)20. gue;jstpy; r%fj;ijAk; Rw;whliyAk; czh;e;J nfhs;shjtUf;F Ra mwpjy;fs; ,Uf;f KbahJ. ,Jkl;Lkd;wp> midj;Jyf xw;Wikf;fhf (Nyhf rk;fpufh) jh;kj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk; midtUila eyDf;fhfTk; xUtd; Ntiy nra;fpd;whd;. ,jd; %yk; epiykhl;lw;Wf;fhy ePjp ,j;jifa Md;kPf uPjpahd nray; my;yJ flikfspy; xd;nwd Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;;. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; cs;sfr; Rje;jpuj;Jld; nraw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid fh;k Nahfk; toq;FtJld;; (ep];fk fh;k) (Mirapy;yh nray;)> ,tu;fs; rh;t cyf eyd;fSf;fhfTk; gpugQ;r eyf;fSf;fhfTk; nraw;gl vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rhpahfTk; jpahfk; kpf;f KiwapYk; Ntiy nra;tij ,J tuNtw;fpd;wJ. NkYk;> gpwpnjhUtu; kw;nwhUtUf;fhf jd;dplkpUf;fpd;w vy;yhtw;iwAk; jpahfk; nra;tjw;F Kd;tuNtz;Lk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; mtu; nray;fspy; rpytw;iwf; iftplyhk;. Mdhy;> midj;J nray;fisAk; iftpl;Ltplf;$lhJ vd ,J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

2.6 rkak; xU td;Kiwaw;w ghij (mfpk;ir) rfy caphpdq;fSk; xw;Wikahf tho Ntz;Lnkd;w nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapyhd newpKiwfs; mfpk;irapypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,e;J kjj;jpd; gy;NtW tpjkhd rl;lq;fs;> newpKiwfs;> gf;jp rhh;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,J Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. cah;thd ajhh;j;j Kiwfs; gw;wp gy ,lq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> rfy caphpdq;fs; njhlh;gpYk; td;Kiwaw;w Kiwapy; ele;J nfhs;tNj rpwe;j kdg;ghq;fhFk;. m`pk;ir vDk;nghOJ> kdpjh;fSf;Fk; ,aw;iff;Fk; ,ilapy; td;Kiwaw;w Kiwapy; tho;tjhFk;. m`pk;ir vd;w nrhy;Yf;fhd mh;j;jj;ij KOikahf nkhopngah;g;gJ rpukkhFk;. nghJthf td;Kiwapd;ik> fhag;gLj;jhik> nfhiy nra;ahik Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis ,J Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; rk];fpujj;jpy; ,J Mokhd fUj;Jf;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd; Muk;g ‘m’ thdJ g;hpthl;btk; mjhtJ kWj;jy; vdg;nghUl;gLk;. `pk;rh vd;w nrhy; ‘N`d;’ vd;gjpypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,jw;fhd nghUs; jhf;Fjy;> nfhiynra;jy;> Jd;gkpioj;jy; Nghd;wd. `pk;rh vd;w nrhy; ntWknd ntspapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jhf;Fjy; my;yJ Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;iffis khj;jpuk; vLj;Jiug;gjy;y> khwhf ,J xUtUila cs;shh;e;j MiriaAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. MfNt ntWkNd td;Kiwaw;w epiyia m`pk;ir vd ehk; $wKbahJ. ,q;F jhf;Ftjw;fhd Mirfs; iftplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> gpuhkz kw;Wk; rpuhkz kuGfspd; mbg;gilapy; jah (fUiz)> fhUz;ah> ,uf;fk;> \hkh (nghWik) Mfpad mfpk;irapd; xOf;f hPjpahd fl;lisfspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kfhj;kh fhe;jp mth;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> m`pk;irahdJ thof;ifapd; mbg;gilr; rl;lkhFk;. ,JNt kdpj tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;fhFk;. ,t;tfpk;ir md;GlDk; cz;ikAlDk; flTSlDk; xd;whfg; gpize;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. kfhj;kh fhe;jp mth;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy;> cyfshtpa hPjpapy; mfpk;ir eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; nghOJ> Rth;f;fj;jpypUf;fpd;w flTs; ,e;jg; G+Nyhfj;jpw;F tUfpd;wjhf fUjpdhu; (nkul;ld; 1965> gf;fk; 7). NkYk;> mtuhy; td;Kiwf;fhd 19fj-rq;f\;ah

20Njtd;

Kf;j\;ah [d];tpj;uh ];tNjrh a[ehar;jufh fh;kh rkfpufk; g;uhtpypahNj.

gfaj;jhNd jPNjth gftd;jd;th gu];gpuk;kk; g`tadhj; ];uah guk; mthgpuah\jh.

gpujpaPlhf xj;Jioahik Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. xj;jioahik vdg;gLtJ> tpUg;gkw;w Nkhrkhd eltbf;iff;F vjpuhf Ml;Nrgid njhptpg;gjhFk; (nkul;ld; 1965> gf;fk; 19). kfhj;kh fhe;jp ahy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l m`pk;ir tplaq;fspy; gpujhd tplak; ,e;J kjj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rfy caphpdq;fSk; xd;Nw vd;w nfhs;if ,q;F typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. kdpjh;fs; khj;jpuk; my;y rfy caphpdq;fSk;; xNu %yj;jpypUe;J te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,J my;yh`;thf ,Uf;fyhk;> flTshf ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ guNk];tuuhf vdf;fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. rkhjhd fyhrhuj;ij mbg;gilahaf; nfhz;Lk; m`pk;ir vd;w ghuk;ghpak; gw;wp ehk; vLj;Jiuf;f KbAk;. m`pk;ir vDk; nghOJ> td;Kiwia KOikahf vkJ kdjpypUe;J fise;njwpa Ntz;Lk;. ,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; m`pk;irahdJ rkhjhdf; fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; md;G epiwe;j ehfhPfk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; fUjp miog;G tpLf;fpd;wJ. m`pk;iria kfhj;kh fhe;jp mth;fs; kpfTk; rhpahf nghUl;Nfhbdhh;. mjid md;G kw;Wk; cz;ikf;F Neh;ikahf ,Uj;jy; vdj; njhptpj;jhh;. ,ijNa mth; rj;jpahf;fpufk; my;yJ cz;ikiaj; jOTjy; vdf;Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. gphpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j cyfj;jpy; cz;ikiaj; jOTjy; vd;gJ md;igAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; jOTtjw;fhd Nghuhl;lkhFk;. rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd fyhrhuk; kw;Wk; md;G epiwe;j ehfhPfk; Mfpad kyu Ntz;Lkhdhy; ehk; vkJ tho;f;ifia ,j;jifa ngWkjpfis cs;slf;fp vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf thoNtz;Lk;.

2.7 kjKk; kdpjh;fspd; Gdpjj;JtKk; flTSk; kdpjDk; Md;krhuk; (Mj;khd;)> kw;Wk; J}a tpo;g;Gzu;TfSk; (ifj;jhz;akhj;uh) nfhz;ltu;fs;;. ,th;fSf;fpilapy; kpfTk; neUq;fpa cwTKiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit> gukhj;kk; kw;Wk; [Ptdhj;kk; vd;gdthFk;. mj;itj;jpa jj;JtQhdpahd rq;fuh kdpj Mன்;khTf;Fk; flTs; Md;khTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa njhlh;G Kiwfs; gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;. ,J jhj;kah vdtiof;fg;gLk;. mjhtJ> xUtUs; flTs; ,Uf;fpd;whh; vd;gjhFk;. Kd;jf cgneLjq;fspd; gpufhuk;> kdpj Md;khTk; > nja;tPf Md;khTk; ,uz;L gwitfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,uz;L ez;gh;fshf ,J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mjhtJ> xNu kuj;jpd; fpisfspy; ,th;fs; mkh;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. kWGwk;> nja;tPf Md;;kh vDk; nghOJ mJ kdpj eltbf;iffspd; cs;sfr; nraw;ghL vdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> kdpjh;fSf;Fr; Nritahw;WtJ cz;ikapy; flTSf;F Mw;Wfpd;w NritahFk;. ,j;jifa fUj;Jf;fis ehu-ehuhad my;yJ jhhpjhu-ehuhad Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fspYk; fhzKbAk;. kdpjh;fs;> Fwpg;ghf Viofs; flTspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,e;j mfj;J}z;lNy Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; mth;fis Viof rhh;ghf gzpahw;Wtjw;Fj; J}z;baJ. ,tUila M\;ukq;fs; ViofSf;fhf gzpahw;wpd. ,J gukhj;kh rhh;e;jnjhU nraw;ghlhFk;. ,tuJ NritAk; gftj; fPijia ikakhff; nfhz;L fhzg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ> Nyhf;rkhf;u`h vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. cyfpYs;s rfy caphpdq;fSk; xw;Wik> ed;ik Mfpatw;iwg; NgZfpd;w mNjNtis> mtw;wpd; eyd;fSf;fhfTk; fUkkhw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,t; cyfpd; eyDf;fhf Nritahw;wp> G+uzj;Jtk; ngw;w Nahfp [df mtu;fs; xU rpwe;j cjhuznkd> mh;[_dDf;F cgNjrpf;fpd;w nghOJ fpU\;zhgukhj;kh njhptpf;fpd;whh;. ,ij kf;fsplk; nfhz;lilar; nra;J rkhjdj;ij epiyehl;Lk; Kfkhf midj;Jk;kwpe;j fpU\;zu;; kWgpwtpnaLj;J ,t;Tyfpy; gzpahw;wpdhu;.

2.8 njhFg;G gu];guk; xUtiu kw;nwhUth; jq;fpapSs;sth;fs; vd;w Kiwapy; ,e;J kjg; ghuk;ghpakhdJ r%fg; Ghpjy; rhh;e;j czh;tpid toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J rpe;J kuGfspy; xd;whd ‘Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wikiar; rhh;e;jjhFk’;: vfk; rj; cg;uh gNfhjh Ntjhe;jp (cz;ik xd;Nw> ,Ug;gpDk; mJ njhlh;gpy; gy;NtW tpjkhd fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd). ,e;j Ntj ntspg;ghNl ,e;Jf; fyhrhuj;jpd; ,ja ehjkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cz;ikiaAk; gukhj;khitAk; nja;tPf tho;f;ifiaAk; NjLtjw;fhd vkJ tplh Kaw;rpfs; vkJ tho;f;ifapdJk; rpe;jidapdJk; rfy mk;rq;fspYk; tpahgpj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jid miltjw;Fg; gy;NtW tpjkhd topfs; cs;sd vd;gij ehk; mwpNthk;> mjid tuNtw;fpd;Nwhk; (rkh[; jh;kh). ,e;Jg; ghuk;ghpa jj;Jtq;fspd; gpufhuk; gu];guk; xUthpy; kw;nwhUth; jq;fpapUj;jyhdJ> r%fj;jpw;Fk; r%f rkj;Jtj;jpw;FkhdNjhh; mDgtkhf Nehf;f KbAnkd typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa kughdJ gy;NtW tpjkhd rkaq;fis xw;Wikahf rkhjhdkhf rftho;Tld; ,ize;J tho;tjw;F cjTfpwJ. rh;tNyhf tpOkpaq;fshd cz;ik (rj;jpak;)> ePjp (jh;kk;)> kd mikjp my;yJ rhe;jk; (rk;khgtdh)> rkj;Jtk; (rkj;Jth)> td;Kiwapd;ik (mfpk;ir)> md;G (ikj;jphp) kw;Wk; fUiz (fUzh) Nghd;wtw;iw kjj; jiyth;fs; epiyepWj;jp mtw;iw kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Nghjpg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ep];fk fh;khtpd; %yk; ehk; Ntiy 27

nra;tjd; %yk; rkhjhdk;> ePjp> Njrpa xUq;fpizg;gpw;fhf mh;g;gzpg;Gld; kdpj chpikfis Nkk;gLj;jy; Mfpa nray;fspy; ehk; <Lgl KbAk;. gpd;dh; xt;nthU kjKk;; mjd; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; <Lgl;L rfy kdpjh;fisAk; xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; <Lgl KbAk; (Nyhfh re;jpufh). ,e;J rkak; vk;ik cz;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;gb NfhUfpd;wJ. mNjNtis> cz;ikAld; ,Uf;Fk; gbAk; NfhUfpwJ. ,J Mo;e;j rpe;jidia J}z;LtjhFk;;. mj;Jld; khDl Nkd;ikf;fhd miog;ghFk;. ,j;jifa re;jh;g;gj;jpy; kw;wtUs; ehk; vk;ikf; fhz KbAk;. mNjNghy; vk;kpy; kw;wtiuf; fhzKbAk;. flTspd; kfpikf;F ,J kw;WnkhU cjhuzkhFk;. vk;ik tYg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;GfSk; ,q;F cs;sd. khWgl;l gy;NtW tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp vq;fs; kj;jpay; xw;Wik vd;w fyhrhuk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;> mJ rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topkiwfis@ me;jpNahjah (ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fis cah;j;Jjy;) kw;Wk; rh;Nthjah (midtuJ mgptpUf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;yy;) Nghd;wtw;iwj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,j;jifa re;jh;g;gj;jpy; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwfs; %yk; vkJ ehl;by; ehk; vjph;ghh;f;fpd;w rkhjhdk; Njhd;Wk;. Xk; \he;jp \he;jp \he;jp. Bibliography Annan, K.-G. (2004). The Rule of Law in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies, NY: United Nations. New York: United Nations. Doniger, W. (1990). Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism. Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Fischer, M. (2011b). Transitional Justice and Reconciliation: Theory and Practice. In B. Austin, M. Fischer, & H. J. Giessma, Advancing Conflict Transformation: The Berghof Handbook II (pp. 405-430). Opladen, Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich Publishers. Gonda, J. (83-93). The Historical Background of the Name Satya Assigned to the Higest Being. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 48-49. Gowing, R. (2016, August 18). LST International Development. Retrieved from www.lse.ac.uk/depts/ID: http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/pdf/WP/WP138.pdf Kapoor, S. K. (2015). Hinduism: The Faith Eternal. Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama. Kritz, N. (2009). Policy Implications of Empirical Research on Transitional Justice. In H. van der Merwe, V. Baxter, & A. R.Chapman, Assessing the Impact of Transitional Justice. Challenges for Empirical Research (pp. 13-22). Washington : Washington DC: USIP. Mendeloff, D. (2004). Truth-Seeking, TruthTelling,and Postconflict Peacebuilding: Curb the Enthusiasm? International Studies Review, 6(3), 355–380. Merton, T. (1965). Gandhi on Non-Violence. New York: New Directions Pub. Mobekk, E. (2005). Transitional Justice in Post-Conflict Societies – Approaches to Reconciliation. In A. Ebnother, & P. Fluri (Eds.), After Intevention: Public Security Management in Post-Conflict Societies - From Intervention to Sustainable Local Ownership (pp. 261-292). Geneva: Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). Mohanty, J. N. (2007). Dharma, imperatives and tradition: Toward and Indian theory of moral action. In P. Dilimoria, J. Prabhu, & R. Sharma, Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges (pp. Vol. 1. 5778). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Olivelle, P. (2011). Language, Texts, and Society: Explorations in Ancient Indian Culture and Religion. London:New York:Delhi: Anthem Press. Radhakrishnan, S. (1994 ). The Principal Upaniṣads. New Delhi, India: Indus/Harper Collins India. Sheveland, J. N. (2007). The Gita’s ‘Equal Eye’: Resourcing a Christian Concept of Neigbour without Limit. Louvain Studies 32, 408-21.

Sooka, Y. (2006). Dealing with the Past and Transitional Justice: Creating Conditions for Peace, Human Rights and the Rule of Law. Dealing with the Past â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Series (pp. 165-182). Switzerland: Political Affairs Division IV, Federal Departement of Foreign Affairs FDFA. Tagore, R. (1970). Gitanjali. Bombay: Macmillan. Tarnas, R. (1991). The Passion of the Western Mind. New York: Ballantine. The Bhagavad Gita: Krishnaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Counsel in a Time of War. (1986). (B. S. Miller, Trans.) New York: Bantam Books.

mj;jpahak; 3 ,yq;ifapy; epiykhw;W;ffhy ePjp Kd;ndLg;Gfs; ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk; “ey;ypzf;fNk rpwe;jJ” (S.4:128)21

3.1 mwpKfk; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpf;F ,yq;ifapy; cs;sf mZFKiw mtrpak;. ,jpy; gopthq;fy;> kPz;Lk; ,j;jifa rk;gtq;fs; ,lk;ngwy; Mfpatw;iwj; jtph;f;Fk; Kfkhf jPh;f;f jphprdk; kpf;f> JzpTld;$ba epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp njhlh;ghf nrhy;yhly;fs; gy;NtW nraw;ghl;lhsh;fspd; mh;j;jKs;s gq;Fgw;WjYld; Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. NkYk;> jFe;j jz;lid toq;Fjy;> kWrPuikg;G> ey;ypzf;f eilKiwfs; Nghd;w epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpapd; J}z;fshd ,tw;iw ,];yhkpar; rl;l mbg;gilahd \hPahr; rl;lk; gw;wp ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Muhag;gLfpwJ22. rkhjhdk;> ePjpj;Jiw njhlh;ghd ,];yhkpar; nrhy;yhly;fspy; gphpf;f Kbahj mq;fkhf ePjp fhzg;gLfpwJ. ePjp vd;why; vd;d? mJ vjid cs;slf;fpAs;sJ? mjid miltjw;F kdpjh;fSila nghWg;Gfs; vd;d? vd;gj gw;wp Fh;Md; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,];yhkpa mbg;gilapy; ePjpia ,uz;L tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mit epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp njhlh;ghd nrhy;yhly;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdit vd;gij ,t; mj;jpahak; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. jz;lid rhh; rl;lk; ,J Fw;wj;jpw;nfjpuhf Fw;wtpay; rl;l eltbf;if vLj;jy;@ mLj;jjhf kWrPuikg;G ePjp> Fw;wkpioj;jth;fSf;F jz;lidia ikakhff; nfhs;shj ePjpKiw. ,];yhk; kjj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> ePjpia miltnjd;gJ xUtUila topghl;bw;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Fh;Md; Nghjidfs; ePjpAld; njhlh;Gila vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;Jld; njhlh;Gila vz;zf;fUf;fs; Mfpad epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwfSf;Fg; gadspf;Fk; Kiwgw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

3.2 rkhjhdk; njhlh;ghd ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk; ,];yhk; vd;w nrhy; muhgpar; nrhy;yhd ryhk; my;yJ rpy;k; vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,jw;F rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfr; nraw;gly; vd;w mh;j;jKk; cz;L. mjhtJ> ,iwtdpd; Mizg;gb vt;tpj epge;jidfSkpd;wp rkhjhdj;ij miltjw;fhf jd;id mh;g;gzpj;jy; (j];ypk;) vd;gjhFk;. NkYk;> ,];yhkpa tho;f;if Kiw rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd ghij vd Fh;Md; njhptpf;fpd;wJ (Fh;Md; 5:16)23. K];ypk;fs; jpde;NjhWk; Ie;J Kiw fl;lhakhfj; njhOfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa gpuhh;j;jidfs;> jk;ik Neh;topapy; ,l;Lr; nry;tjw;fhfTk; mopTfspypUe;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w Nfhhpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. njhOifapd; ,Wjpapy; K];ypk;fs; jkJ tyJ> ,lJ Gwkhfj; jpUk;gp> my;yh`;tpd; rhe;jpAk; rkhjhdKk; cq;fs; kPJ cz;lhtjhf vdg; gpuhh;;j;jpf;fpd;wdh; (my; ryhk; miyf;Fk;). mjhtJ> cq;fs; kPJ rkhjhdk; cz;lhtjhf. rkhjhdk; vq;Fk; gutNtz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fj;jpNyNa ,J Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,];yhk; kjj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu rkhjhdk; vd;gJ mfk; kw;Wk; Gwk; rhu;e;j epge;jidahFk;.

21t,dpk;umJd;

f/gj;kpk;g`;,`h E\pa ]d;mt;,uhjd;gyh [d;dh`h miy`pkh ma;A];yp`h ga;d `_kh Ry;`h Ry;`h `a;Ud; tc`;jpujpy; md;G#rp ra;apm`h td; J`;rpD tjj;jc g,d;dy;yh` `hfgpkh j`;kY} ehf`;gpud;xU ngz; jd; fztdhy; Nkhrkhf elj;jg;gLtjhfNth my;yJ iftplg;gLtjhfNth mr;rg;gl;lhy; mth;fs; ,UtUk; jkf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisf; fye;Jiuahb ey;ypzf;fj;jpy; <LgLtjpy; vt;tpj jtWk; ,y;iy. Vnddpy;> ey;ypzf;fNk rpwe;jJ. kdpjh;fs; Nguhirapdhy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$bath;fs;. ,Ug;gpDk; vJ rpwe;jNjh mijNa ePq;fs; nra;Aq;fs;. vg;nghOJk; gf;jpAld; ,Uq;fs;. ePqfs; nra;fpd;w tplaj;ij ,iwtd; mwpe;jtdhftpUf;fpd;whd;. 22\hpah vdg;gLtJ ,];yhkpar; rl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,];yhkpa kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; ,r;rl;lj;jpdhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLfpd;wdh;. ,e;j rl;lq;fs; ,uz;L %yq;fspypUe;J Njhd;wpait. xd;W Fh;Md; (,iwtdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lit) mLj;jJ `jP]; (Kfk;kJ (]y;) mth;fSila tho;f;ifAk; mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;litAk;) (ghh;f;fCoulson, 2011gf;fk; 1-7). 23a`;jp gp`py;y`_ kdpj;jgmh;hpj;thd`_ Rgy]; ]yhkp tAf;hp][;`_k; kpdy; Yykhjpd;D}hp gp,j;dp`p ta`;jp`pk; ,y];uhjpk; K];jfPk; ,iwtd; $wpathW rkhjhdg; ghijapy; nry;gth;fis ,iwtd; topfhl;Lfpd;whd;. mth;fis ,UspypUe;J ntspr;rj;jpw;F nfhz;LtUfpd;whd;. mth;fis Neh;topapy; ,iwtd; elj;Jfpd;whd;;.

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,d;rhdpd; my;]k;dh`_ jh,u`_ gP md;fp`p tE`;`php[_ y`_ at;ky;fpahkjp ,jhg ay;$`_ kd;ra;uh. 29t,jh `yy;Jk; g];jhJ} tyh a[;hpkd;dFk; ra;adE ft;kpd; md; rhjpFk; mdpy; k];[pjpy; `uhkp md; j/jJ} tjMtD} myy; gph;hp tj;jf;th tyh j`;tD} myh,];kp ty;cj;thdp mya;f - Gdpj gs;spf;F cq;fisr; nry;tjpypUe;Jk; jLj;J epWj;jpath;fs; gs;spapDs; cq;fsJ Nfhgj;ijj; J}z;bath;fs; mth;fis ePq;fs; ntWf;f Ntz;lhk;. rhpahd kdr;rhl;rpapd; %yKk; elj;ijapd; %yKk; xUtUf;F xUth; xw;Wikahf ele;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;. ghtr; nraypNyh my;yJ Fnuhjkhd tplaq;fspNyh xUth; kw;nwhUtUld; $l;lhf ,ize;J nraw;gl Ntz;lhk;. ,iwtDf;F mQ;Rq;fs;. 30kpd; m[;yp]h fjg;dh myh gdp]; md;`_kd; fjy eg;]k; gp ma;hp ek;]pd; mt; g]jpd; gpy; mh;jpgh f,d;dk Fjhyd;dh r[kPyd; tkd; m`;a`h gfmd;dkh m`;ad;dh r[kpad; MfNtjhd; ,];Nuyth;fsJ gs;spfSf;F ehk; fl;lisapl;Nlhk;> xU egiu ahh; nfhiy nra;jhYk;> mJ xU nfhiyahftpUe;jhnyd;d my;y ,e;j G+kpapy; J\;gpuNahfkhftpUe;jhnyd;d> mth; rfy khDlj;ijAk; nfhiy nra;jjhfNt fUjg;gLthh;. ahh; kw;wtUf;F Nrit nra;fpwhNuh mth; KO khDlj;jpw;Fk; Nrit nra;jjhfNt fUjg;gLthh;. 31fhed;dh]_ ck;kjt; th`pjjd; gh`h g]y;y `_d;dgpa;apdh Kg];]php; tmKd;]phpd; tmd;]y kh`_Ky; fpjhg gpy; `f;fp ypa`;Fk ga;dd;dhrp gp kf;jyG gP`p tkf;jygh gP`p ,yy;yjPdJ`_ kpk; ,];dP ty;yh`_ a`;jP kdpj ,dk; xNu rKjhakhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mjd; gpd;dh; jPh;f;fjhprpfis ,iwtd; mDg;gpitj;jhd;. mth;fSf;F ey;y nra;jpfis toq;fp vr;rhpf;iffis tpLj;jhd;. mth;fSf;F Ntjj;ij mDg;gpitj;jhd;> cz;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpl;lhd;. gy;NtW NtWghLfSf;F kj;jpapy; kf;fis kjpg;gpLk; Mw;wiy toq;fpdhd;. ehk; toq;fpatw;iwj; jtpu mth;fsplk; NtW NtWghfs; ,y;iy. mjw;fhd ep&gdk; mth;fSf;F fpilf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dh; mth;fSf;fpilapyhd gu];gu nghwhik ePq;Fk;. ,iwtdpd; tpUg;gj;jpd; gpufhuk; jhk; gpzf;fpy; <Lgl;likf;fhd cz;ikahd fhuzj;ij czh;e;J ek;Gfpd;w nghOJ ,iwtd; mth;fis topfhl;Lthd;. ,iwtd; mth;fSf;F Neh;topiaf; fhl;Lthd;. 32ah ma;A`y;yjPd MkD} $D} ft;thkPd gpy; ,];jp \`hj ypy;yh`p ty`_y;y mk;G]pFk; mtpy; thypjPdp ty; mf;ugpdh ,a;ahFd; [dpa;ad; mghfpud; gyh`_ myh gp`pkh gyh jj;jgpcy; `th md; j/jpY t,d;jyt; mt; JhPJ g,d;dy;yh`h fhdgpkh j`;kDdh fgPud; cq;fspy; ahh; ek;gpf;ifahsNuh ePq;fs; ePjpf;F cWjpahftpUq;fs;. rfytw;iwAk; ,iwtd; ghh;j;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. cq;fSf;F vjpuhdjhftpUe;jhnyd;d> cq;fs; ngw;NwhUf;F vjpuhdjhftpUe;jhnyd;d> tpyfpr; nrd;whnyd;d my;yJ NtW jpirapy; nrd;whnyd;d> ePq;fs; nra;fpd;w ahtw;iwAk; ,iwtd; mwpe;jtdhftpUf;fpd;whd;. 33tfjg;dh miy`pk; gP`h mdd; eg;]h gpd; ek;]p ty; ma;d gpy; ma;dp ty;md;gp gpy; md;gpty; `_];dh gpy; `_[;dp t];]pdh gp];]pd;dp ty;[_&`h fp]hrd; gkd; jrj;jf gp`p g`_t fg;ghuj;Jy; y`_ tky;yk; a`;Fk; gpkh md;]yy;yh`_ gcyh,f `_k]h ya;Kdh ,Jgw;wp ehk; mth;fSf;F $wpAs;Nshk;. capUf;F caph;>xU fz;Zf;F fz;> %f;fpw;F %f;F> fhjpw;F fhJ> gy;Yf;Fg; gy;> xU fhaj;jpw;F epfuhd fhak;. Mdhy; ed;ikapd; ghijapy; ahh; ,tw;iw tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;fpd;whh;fNsh mth;fSf;F ght kd;dpg;G ,Uf;fpwJ. ,iwtd; Fwpg;gpl;ljd; gb> Ml;rp nra;ahjth;fs; ghtkpiog;gth;fs;. 34g,dpd;j`_ g,d;dy;yh` fG_Uh;u`Pk; mth;fs; mjid epWj;jptpLthh;fshapd;> ,iwtd; mth;fis kd;dpf;fpd;whd;. mtd; fUizAilatd;. tFjpYH `k;Mjh yh j$dh gpj;dJ taFdj;jPD ypy;yh`p g,d;dpd; j`_ gyh cj;thd ,y;yh myj;jhypkpdh -

ePjpf;fhd my;yJ gpw;Nghf;Ff; fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l Ml;Nrgid mikg;G my;y. ,J rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd> Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd mikg;ghFk;. FWq;Fythj Raeyd;fSf;F mg;ghy; ePjpiaf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ ,jd; jhw;ghpakhFk;.

3.3 ePjp njhlh;ghd ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lk; rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; ePjp njhlh;ghd ,];yhkpar; nrhy;yhly;fspy; ePjp Xh; gphpf;f Kbahj mq;fkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,];yhkpag; ngWkhd Kiwfspy; ePjp> ikag; nghUshff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. xU kdpjDila kpfg; ngWkjpahd gpizg;ghd jd; kPJ jhd; nfhz;Ls;s gpizg;gpw;F mg;ghy; ,J nraw;gLtjhf K];ypk;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. (K]hgh; 2000. gf;fk; 261). vdNt> xUtUila Ra tpUg;gj;jpw;F kj;jpapy; ePjp Kf;fpakhdjhf NkNyhq;fpapUf;fpwJ. ,];yhj;jpy; ePjpiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg; gy;NtW tpjkhd nrhw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; thh;j;ij ‘mjy;’ ,J Ie;jyhk; vd;w thh;j;ijapypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ,e;jr; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gy mh;j;jq;fs; cs;sd. xd;W Neuhf mkh;jy; my;yJ xOq;fikj;jy;. ,uz;lhtJ> jPikapypUe;J tpyfp ed;ikiag; gw;Wjy; my;yJ rhpahd ,lj;ij eph;zapj;jy;. %d;whtJ> rkj;Jtk; my;yJ rkkhftpUj;jy;. ehd;fhtJ> rkj;Jtj;ij my;yJ rkepiyia cUthf;Fjy;. Ie;jhtJ> ePjpahd Neh;ikahd my;yJ Jy;ypakhditfs;. vdNt> ePjpf;fhd mh;j;jk; jhw;ghpak; kw;Wk; r%f tpOkpaq;fis cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ePjp vd;gJ ,iwg; gz;Gfspy; xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,];yhj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,iwtd; ePjpapd; %ykhff; $wg;gLfpd;whd;. KOikahd ePjp my;yJ ,Wjpahd ePjp> m`;fk; my; `f;kpdp> my; `rh (KiwNfL)> my;Kq;fh; (mbgzpahik)>my;thfp (khpahijapd;ik) Mfpatw;iw ,iwtd; jLf;fpwhd; (Fh;Md; 16:90). Fh;Mdpy; ntspg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; ngUkhdhh; (]y;) mth;fSldhd njhlh;ghly;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ,iwtd; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shd;. vdNt> ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,e;j ntspg;gLj;jy;fs; %ykhfNt ePjpf; nfhs;iffs; mstplg;gly; Ntz;Lk; (Fh;Md; 57:25)35. ntFkjpfs;; kw;Wk; jz;lid Mfpad njhlh;ghd Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,iwePjpapd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> xt;nthU kdpjDk; mtDila jdpg;gl;l nray;fs; kw;Wk; rhjidfs;; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ (nrsfpah 2008> gf;fk; 1). Fh;Mdpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j cjhuzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nehf;Fifapy;> ,iwtd; kPjhd xUtDila czh;Tfs; gw;wp ,q;Nf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ (jf;th). (Fh;Md; 5:8)36. m]; Nrf; f];kp mth;fs; Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ> “,iwtidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ePjp vd;gJ ahTk; rhpahd ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ. kdpjh;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ePjp vd;gJ vy;yh tplaq;fisAk; rhpahd ,lj;jpy; itg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpahFk;. vdNt> ,iwtdpd; ghijapy; ,J khw;w Kbahj kNdhjj;Jtg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. kdpjidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,aq;fhw;wy; kpf;f khWgl;l Kaw;rpfshFk;. Neh;ikahfr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd kdpjDila jhh;kPf Kaw;rpfshdJ Njhy;tpailtJ> mjw;NfAhpa rhpahd ,lj;jpy; ,y;iy vd;gjhFk;.” ,J cs;shh;e;j> Md;kPf> Kd;$l;bNa jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;l ePjpapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jjhFk;. kdpjidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; nray; vd;gJ ntspg;ghlhFk;. cz;ikapy; vy;yhg; nghUl;fSk; ,iwtdplNk ,Uf;fpd;wd. mtd; tpUk;gpathNw mit ,e;j cyfj;jpypUf;fpd;wd (Nrf; f];]hyp 2007> gf;fk; 82 – 83). J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;Fk; rkhjhd rPh;Fiytpw;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;w ghtr; nray;> ,iwtdpd; rl;lj;ij mtkjpj;jy;> jPa nray;fspy; <Lgly;> xLf;FKiwfs;> Neh;ikaPdq;fs; Mfpad xLf;FKiw ,y;yhnjhopAk; tiu NghuhLq;fs;. ,iwtid khj;jpuNk vg;nghOJk; tzq;Fq;fs;. mth;fs; epWj;jpf;nfhs;thh;fshapd; mlf;FKiwahsh;fis my;yJ xLf;FKiwahsh;fisj; jtpu NtW NtW FNuhjq;fs; ,Uf;f KbahJ. 35yfj; mh;]y;dh U]_y;dh gpy; ga;apdhjp mtd;]y;dh kh`_Ky; fpjhg ty; kp];dh ypa$kd; her gpy; fp];j; tmd;]y;dh `hjPjh gP`p g/]d; rj;J tkdh gP ypd; eh]p typa;ayk;ky; y`_ ka;ad;R&`_ tU]_y`_ gpy; ma;gpd;dy;yh`; ftpa;Ad; m]P]; njspthd ep&gdq;fSld; vkJ J}jh;fis ehk; mDg;gpitj;Njhk;. kdpjh;fs; ePjpia epiyepWj;jf; $ba tpjj;jpy; xU Gj;jfj;ijAk; xU rkepiyiaAk; ehk; mDg;gpitj;Njhk;. ehk; ,Uk;ig mDg;gp itj;Nghk;. ,J mjpf rf;jpgilj;jjhFk;. kdpjh;fSf;F cjtf;$baJ. ,iwtDf;F ahh; cjTfpwhh;fs; vd;gij ,iwtd; mwpthd;. ,iwtDila J}jh;fSf;F ahh; cjTfpwhh;fs; vd;gijAk; ,iwtd; mwpthd;. ,iwtd; cWjpahdth;> mjpfhuk; kpf;fth;. 36ah ma;A`y;yhjPd; MkD} $D} ft;thkPd ypy;yh`p ma;A`jh gpy; fp];jp tyh a[;hpkd;dFk; `pa;dhDFkpd; myh my;yh j/jpY ,`;jpY `_t mf;uG ypj; jf;th tjf;yh`h ,d;dy;yh`h fgPUk; gpkh j`;kYdh – ePq;fs; ek;gpf;ifAilatuhfTk; ,iwtDf;F Neh;ikAilatuhfTk; ele;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;. ePjpAld; ele;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;. ePq;fs; Neh;ikahf ele;Jnfhs;tij rpy kdpjh;fis ePq;fs; ntWg;gjd; %yk; jLf;ff; $ba tpjj;jpy; ele;Jnfhs;shjPH;fs;> ePjpf;F gzpe;J ele;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;> cq;fs; gf;jpf;F mJ neUq;fpajhFk;. ,iwtDf;F mQ;Rq;fs;. ePq;fs; vd;d nra;fpd;wPh;fs; vd;gij ,iwtd; ed;F mwpe;jtdhftpUf;fpd;whd;.

mePjpahd nray;fshf (ry;k;) Fh;Mdpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,];yhj;jpy; ePjp xU ntFkjpahfNth my;yJ ed;ikgaf;Fk; nrayhfNth typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ37. MfNt ePjp kw;Wk; rkj;Jtkhd rl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; RgPl;rj;ijAk; ehl;bw;Fs; nfhz;LtUtJ murhq;fj;jpd; flikahFk;. rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Ml;rp nra;tjw;Fk; ePjp mbg;gil mk;rkhFk;. ,iwtdpd; ePjp ,e;j cyfpy; epiyepWj;jg;gLtjd; Njitia ,];yhkpar; rl;lq;fSk; ,];yhkpa ePjpg; ghpghyd KiwfSk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. Fh;Mdpd; tpsf;fj;jpd; gpufhuk; ePjpahd r%fk; vDk;nghOJ> rfytpjkhd mlf;F KiwfspypUe;Jk; tpLgl;l r%fkhftpUf;fpwJ. ,];yhkpa murpay; rhh; xOf;fnewpfs; mePjpia (ry;k;) mfw;Wtjw;fhf khj;jpuNk td;Kiwia mq;fPfhpf;fpd;wd. xU r%fkhdJ ek;gpf;ifaPdj;Jld;> tplh Kaw;rpAld; ,Uf;f KbAk; (Fg;h;). Mdhy; mePjpAld; (ry;k;) ,Uf;f Kbahnjd ngUkhdh; (]y;) mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;;. Mz;ltd; kdpjh;fis vg;NghJk; mlf;FtNjh> xLf;FtNjh ,y;iy (my;Fh;Md; 9:70> 10:44> 29:40 kw;Wk; 30:9)38. vdNt> mePjpfSk; my;yJ mlf;FKiw rhh;e;j nray;fSk; kdpjh;fspd; jiyaPl;bdhNyNa Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,iwtd; kdpjh;fis xLf;fhjjd; fhuzkhf ePjpia miltjw;fhd xNutop ,iwtdpd; ghijnad Fh;Md; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

3.4 ,];yhKk; jz;lid rhh; ePjpAk; Fh;Mdpd; gpufhuk; ePjpia ntspf;nfhzu Ntz;Lnkdpy;> “vJ rhp> vJ gpio> vit jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd” (Fh;Md; 3:104)39 vd;gJ njhlh;gpy; xUth; Vt Ntz;Lk;. “r%fj;jpd; xw;Wikf;fhfTk; xUikg;ghl;bw;fhfTk; ,iwtdplk; gpuhh;j;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;” ,g; gpd;Gyj;jpdbg;gilapy; r%fj;jpw;Fk; jdp egUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilj;njhlh;Gfs; my;yJ cwTfspdbg;gilapy; Fw;wk; vdg;gLk; nghOJ xUtd; ,iwtd;ghy; jdf;Fs;s nghWg;Gf;fspypUe;J ePqf ; pajhfNt Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghy;> jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; nghJ tho;f;ifapy; rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; xw;Wik Mfpa nghWg;Gf;fspypUe;J ePq;fpAs;sjhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,];yhk>; Fw;wq;fisAk; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila jz;lidfisAk; 3 tifahf tifg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. `_J}j;> fp]h]; kw;Wk; j/jPh;. ,e;j tiffs; khWgl;l chpik kPwy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,iwtdJ chpikfs; (nghJ) my;yJ jdpg;gl;l chpikfs; ,e;j tiffs; gy;NtW tpjkhd jhf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. jz;lidfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghOJ> gy;NtW tifahd ePjpj;Jiw rhh; jw;WzpGfs;> tpjpf;fg;gLk; jz;lidapd; nfh^uk;> khWgl;l rhd;Wfs; my;yJ cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; juhjuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ve;j tifahftpUe;jhnyd;d> ve;jj; jhf;fkhftpUe;jhnyd;d> ,t;tifahd Fw;wq;fisAk; jz;lidiaAk; tifg;gLj;Jtjd; ,Wjp Nehf;fk; r%fj;jpy; ePjpia miltjhFnkd ePjpj;Jiw rhh;e;j midtUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. `_J}j;> (,jd; xUik `j; vdg;gLk;) vd;gjw;F tiuaiwfs; vdg; nghUl;gLk;. nghJthf `_J}j; rhh;;e;j Fw;wq;fshdJ ,iwtdJ chpikfis kPWtjhFk; (`_Ff;Fy; - my;yh`;) my;yJ ,iwtdpd; Nfhhpf;if> mtdhy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l rl;l> r%f xOq;Ffs; my;yJ kdpjh;fsJ chpikfs; (`_Ffy;,ghj;) vd;gdtw;iw kPWtjhFk;;. ,iwtdpd; ghijapypUe;J tpyfpa xUtd; `_J}j; Fw;wthspahf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. ,tDf;Fhpa jz;lidfs; Fh;Mdpy; fl;lhaj; jz;lidfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd (`_Fghj; Kfj;juh). ,q;F Gdh;tho;tpw;Nfh my;yJ ghtkd;dpg;gpw;Nfh rpwpjsNt tha;g;Gf;fs; cz;L. nghJthf ePjpgjp xUth; jd; Kd;dpiyapy; itf;fg;gLfpd;w rhd;Wfspd; Jy;yaj; jd;ik gw;wpNa Muha;fpwhh;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; Fw;wq;fs; ep\&gpf;fg;gl;lhy; kd;dpg;G toq;f KbahJ@ tpgr;rhuk;> jpUkzkhfhjth; nra;fpd;w tpgr;rhuk;> jfhGzh;r;rp> rpWth; kPjhd ghypay; Fw;wk;> ghypay; 37

Fy;`y; mdgpa;apFk; gp\p`;ukpd; jhypf k]_gjd; ,d;jy;yh`p ky; y`;d`_y;yh`_ tfhjpgh miy`p t[my kpd;`_Ky; fpuhjj ty; fhd ]puh tMgjj;jhFjh cyh,f \a;Uk; kfhd t mj;Yd; md; rt;th,];]gPy; ,iwtdplkpUe;J tUk; jz;lidia tpl Nkhrkhd rpytw;iw cq;fSf;F ehd; mwptpf;fl;Lkh> mth;fis ,iwtd; rgpj;Js;shd;. mth;fSld; ,iwtd; Nfhgg;gl;ltdhff; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. ,th;fis kdpjf; Fuq;FfshfTk; gd;wpfshfTk; rpiy tzf;fj;jpy; <LgLgth;fshfTk; mtd; khw;wpAs;shd;. ,Jjhd; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd epiyikahFk;. rhpahd ghijapypUe;J tpyfpr; nrd;wth;fshf ,th;fs; ,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;. 38 myk; ajP`pk; EGt;ty;yjPd kpd; fg;yp`pk; ft;kpD `pk; tmjpt; r%jh tFkp ,g;uh`Pk mt\hgP kj;ad ty; Kjg;gpfhjp mj;jhj;Jk; U];Y`_k; gpy; ga;apdhj;jp gkh fhdy;yh`_ ypa];ypk`_k; tyhfpd; fhD md;Grp`_k; aj;ypKdh mth;fSf;F Kd;G tho;e;jth;fSila fijfisg; gw;wp mth;fs; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iyah? Mjk;> E`;> jhT+j; ,th;fSila kf;fs; kw;Wk; ,g;uh`PKila kf;fs; kw;Wk; kjpad; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; kw;Wk; eph;%ykhf;fg;gl;l efuq;fs;? mth;fSila J}jh;fs; kpfj;njspthd jfty;fSld;> kpfj; njspthd e&gdq;fSld; mth;fis neUq;fpdhh;fs;. ,iwtd; vg;nghOJk; mth;fSf;F jtW nra;atpy;iy. Mdhy; mth;fs; jhkhfNt jtW nra;Jnfhz;lhh;fs;. 39 ty;jFk; kpd;Fk; ck;kjp aj;cdh ,y;yy;yh`; fhhp t ak;Udh gpy; k`;&gP tad;`t;d mdpy; Kd;fhp tm`;ypf `Ky; kg;yp`_dh. cq;fSila rKjhaj;jpy; rpyh; xOf;fKs;sth;fshfTk; rhpahd tplaq;fisg; ghpe;Jiug;gth;fshfTk; jPikapypUe;J tpyfp ele;Jnfhs;gth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. ,tu;fNs ntw;wp ngw;wth;fs;.

td;Gzh;T> Mz; jd;ghy; ghypay; njhlh;G> ngz; jd;ghy; ghypay; njhlh;G> fhkj; juF Nghd;wd `_J}j; Fw;wq;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. MAjf; flj;jy; (`puhgh)> gaq;futhjk;> MAj Kuz;ghL (ghfp)> mtJ}W (fhjpg;)> Nghijg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; (my;fkh;)> jpUl;L (rhpf;fh)> rka vjph;g;G (hpj;jh)> ,];yhkpa Ml;rpahsUf;F epahag;gLj;j Kbajstpy; mbgzpahjpUj;jy; Mfpad ,iwtDf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Aj;jq;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. kw;Wk; ,iwtDf;Fk; mtdJ J}jUf;Fk; vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w Aj;jq;fSk; ,tw;Ws; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. r%fj;jpw;Fg; gbg;gpidA+l;Ltjw;fhfNt `_J}j; jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. r%fj;jpw;F gbg;gpidA+l;lNtz;Lnkd;w Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,it gfpuq;fkhf epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. nghJkf;fsJ eyidg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,j;jifa jz;lidfspd; ,yf;fhFk;. vdNt> ,it ,iwtdpd; Nfhhpf;ifnad milahskplg;gLfpd;wd. jdpg;gl;l egh;fsNjh my;yJ kdpjh;fsNjh Nfhhpf;iffshf ,it fUjg;gLtjpy;iy. `_J}j; Fw;wq;fis ep&gpf;fpd;w nghOJ mit rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljd; gpufhuNk ep&gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ePjpkd;wq;fspy; Fw;w xg;Gjyspf;fpd;w kw;Wk; rhl;rpakspf;fpd;w nghOJ khj;jpuNk mJ nry;Ygbahfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL> mt;thW Fw;w xg;Gjyspf;fpd;wth; jdJ Fw;w xg;Gjyspg;gpd; mh;j;jj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf;$batuhf ,Ug;gJld;> Rakhf mtw;iw mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpj;jputij %ykhfg; ngwg;gl;l Fw;w xg;Gjyspg;GfSf;F vt;tpjkhd rl;l me;j];;j;Jk; ,y;iy. rpy `_J}j; Fw;wq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; jz;lid rhh; KiwahdJ jz;lid mspf;fg;gLtijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,J Fh;Mdpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljd; gpufhuk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,iof;fg;gl;l Fw;wq;fSf;F gjpyhfNt ,q;F jz;lid toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Gdu;tho;Tf;F vt;tpj tha;;g;GfSk; ,q;F ,y;iy. fp]h]; (gopthq;fypy; rkj;Jtk;) vd;gJ fprh vd;w mbr;nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ. ghijia my;yJ Rtl;ilg; gpd;gw;wpdhd; vd ,jw;Fg; nghUs;gLk;. ,];yhkpar; rl;l Kiwapy; gopthq;fy; vd;w nrhw;gjkhdJ fp]h]; vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;> ,J Fw;wthspapd; ghijia my;yJ Rtl;ilg;; gpd;gw;wpr; nry;fpwJ. ,q;F tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;F ve;jsT fhaq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhNuh mjw;F epfuhd jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjidtpl mjpfkhf toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy (t];jp 2008> gf;fk; 12). fp]h]; Fw;wq;fshf nfhiy Nehf;fkw;w nfhiyfs; (Fh;Md; 4:92)40 kw;Wk; nfhiy Nehf;fKila Fw;wq;fs; (FHMd; 4:93)41 Mfpad cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. midtUk; ,uh[tzd; gilg;ngd;gjhy; nghJkf;fspd; cupikAk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; FLk;gk; ,d;dy;fis re;jpg;gjhy; jdpegu; cupikAk; kPwg;gLtjhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. mj;jifa Fw;wq;fSf;fhd jz;lidfs; rkj;Jtk; my;yJ gopthq;fy; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; (fprh]p];) kw;Wk; e\;l<L (jpah) Fh;Mdpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljd; gpufhuk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; (Fh;Md; 2:178) 42. “rl;lk; fLikahf rhpahff; filgpbf;fg;gLk; nghOJ> r%f xOq;F epiyepWj;jg;gLfpwJ.” ,];yhj;jpy; jz;lid Kiw rhh; ePjp gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfis ,e;j thrfk; nfhz;Ls;sjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. fp]h]; Nfhl;ghLfspd; gpufhuk; jz;lid rhh; ePjpahdJ kWrPuikg;Gf;fhdnjhU eilKiwahf rr;rPdh Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,];yhj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; gopthq;Fk; eltbf;iffs; NkNyhq;fpf; fhzg;gl;ld;. vdNt> kd;dpj;jy; kw;Wk; el;l<l;il Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; njhlh;ghd Fh;Md; mwpTiufshdit ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wJ vd;gjd; 40

tkhfhd ypK`;kpdpd; ma; af;JY K/kpdd; ,y;yh fhjd; tkd; fjy K/kpdd; fjy md; gj;j`pU uhfgjpd; K/kpdhjpd; t,d; fhd kpd;c kpd; ga;dFk; ta;d`_k; kP]hFk;gjpa;aJd; K]y;ykj;Jd; ,y;yh m`;yp`p tj`;hPU uf;gjpd; K/kpdhj;jpd; gky;yk; a[pj; gh]pahK ra`;ua;dp Kjjg;gpma;dp jt;gjhk; kpdy;yh`p tfhdy;yh`_ gy;MypkPd `hfpkd; jtWjyhftd;wp xU tpRthrp kw;WnkhU tpRthrpiaf; nfhiynra;akhl;lhd;. jtWjyhf tpRthrp xUtiuf; nfhiy nra;j xUtd; tpRthrpahd mbik xUtiu tpLjiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gj;jpw;F el;l<Lfis toq;fNtz;Lk;. mth;fs; fUizapd; mbg;gilapy; Ntz;lhk; vdr; nrhy;yhnyhopa ,e;j el;l<l;il toq;fy; Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; cq;fSld; FNuhjj;jpYs;s egh;fSs; xUtuhapd;> mNjNtis mth; xU tpRthrpahf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; ,jw;fhd el;l<lhf tpRthrKila mbik xUtiu tpLjiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; cld;gbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l kf;fs; $l;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtuhf mth; ,Ug;gpd; me;j el;l<L mtUila FLk;gj;jpdUf;F ifaspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> tpRthrKila mbik xUtUk; tpLjiy nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F trjp ,y;yhjth; njhlh;r;rpahf ,uz;L khjq;fs; Nehd;G Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,iwtdplk; ghtkd;dpg;Gf; NfhUjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,iwtd; vy;yhtw;iwAk; mwpe;jtd;. mtNd rpwe;j mwpthsp. 41 tka; af;Jy; K/kpdd; Kjmk;kpjd; g[]h`_ [`d;dK fhypjd; gP`h t`;jpghy`_ tmj;jy`_ m]hgd;dh]pkh tpRthrp xUtiu Ntz;Lnkd;Nw xUtd; nfhiy nra;thdhapd;> mjw;fhd jz;lid eufkhFk;. me;j eufj;jpy; mtd; vg;NghJk; ,Ug;ghd;. ,iwtd; mtDld; NfhgkhftpUg;ghd;. mj;jifNahiu ,iwtd; rgpg;ghd;. mth;fSf;nfd fLikahd jz;lidfisj; jahh;nra;thd;. 42 ah ma;A`y;yjPd; MkD} Fjpg mya;FKy; fp]hR gpy;fj;yh my;`_h;U gpy;`_h;hp ty;mg;J gpy;mg;jp ty; md;rh gpd; cd;rh gkd; cgpay`_ kpd; mf;fp`p ra;apm`_d; gj;jpghck; gpy; k`;&gp tmj;j md; ,iy`p gp ,`;rhdpd; jhypf jf;gPGk; kph; ug;gpFk; tu`;kjd; gkep`;jjh g/j jhypf gy`_ mjhgd;myPKd; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljw;Fg; gjpyhf gopthq;fy; epakpf;fg;gl;ljhf ePq;fs; ek;Gfpd;wPh;fsh: tpLjiyf;F tpLjiy> mbikf;F mbik> ngz;Zf;Fg; ngz;. mtDila cwtpdh;fshy; kd;dpf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; epahakhd Nfhhpf;ifia mDkjpf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; ed;Ndhf;Fld; mjidr; nrYj;Jq;fs;. ,J ,iwtd; cq;fSf;F mspj;j rYifahFk;. mtd; cq;fSf;fspj;j fUizahFk;. Mdhy; mjd; gpd;dh; ahh; ml;^spak; ,iof;fpd;whh;fNsh mth;fSf;nfd fLikahd Ntjid fhj;jpUf;fpwJ.

mbg;gilapy; jz;lid rhh; rl;lq;fs; ngWkjpkpf;fitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd (rpgh my;rjh; ,jaj;ijf; Fzg;gLj;jy;). ,q;F ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;> Fw;wthsp Mfpa ,UtiuAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fw;wj;ij xg;Gf;nfhz;ljd; gpd;dh; Fw;wthsp Gdu;tho;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whh; (rr;rPdh 2001> gf;fk; 111 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 112). jz;lid> ePjpahd Kiwapy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf fprhrp];; Fw;wq;fSf;F jz;lidaspf;Fk; nghWg;G epakpf;fg;gl;l ghJfhtyh; my;yJ eLthplk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rKjhaj;jpw;Nfh ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;Nfh my;yJ mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdUf;Nfh ,J toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; jhd; tpUk;Gk; gl;rj;jpy; kd;dpg;gspf;fyhk; vd;w nghOjpYk; $l jz;lidaspg;gjw;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; chpikia ,J kPwpr;nry;ytpy;iy. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltiu muR gpujpaPlhf ,Uf;fpd;w epiyikfisj; jtpu> Vida re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuJ chpikfisAk; mtUf;fhd ghpfhuq;fisAk; muR ,uj;Jr; nra;a KbahJ. ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;shky; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; el;l<Lfis ehlKbAk;. Mdhy; tof;iff; iftpLtjw;fhd mjpfhuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;F cz;L. ,J ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUila chpikiag; ghJfhf;Fk; nrayhFk; (fp]h];). j/jPh; vd;gJ ,];yhj;jpy; kw;WnkhU tiff; Fw;wkhFk;. ,J rpW Fw;wq;fSld; njhlh;GilaJ. r%fj;jpd; eyidg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk; mj;jifa Fw;wq;fs; kPz;Lk; ,lk;ngWtij jtph;g;gjw;fhfTk; rpW Fw;wq;fs; njhlh;gpy; jw;WzpG hPjpahd jz;lid gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Fw;wkpioj;jtUf;fhd Gdh;tho;T cs;slq;fyhf nghJkf;fsJ eyid ikakhff; nfhz;L j/jPh; hPjpahd jz;lidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fw;wkpioj;jtiu ed;dlj;ijf;F cl;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf fle;j fhyj;jpypUe;J nry;YgbahFk; jz;lidahf ,J ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ xUth; jdJ flikia epiwNtw;Wfpd;whh; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf ,Wf;fkhd eilKiwfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. mjhtJ> kj topghL my;yJ Nehd;G Nghd;wd. j/jPh; Fw;wq;fSf;F ePjpgjpapd; jw;WzpG> r%fj;jpd; mikg;G Kiw> Fw;wkpioj;jthpd; MSik> me;j];j;J Mfpad Fw;wj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. kw;Wk; jz;lidia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,it gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd (mkh; 2001> gf;fk; 173). j/jPh; Fw;wq;fspd; ikakhf kd;dpg;gspj;jy; kw;Wk; Fiwe;jsT jz;lidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kj;jpa];jk; nra;jy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;Fk; Fw;wthspf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fye;Jiuahly;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;fhd el;l<l;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf nghJthf jz;lid rhh; ePjpKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehd;F re;jh;g;gq;fspy; khj;jpuk; j/jPh; Fw;wq;fSf;fhd jz;lid js;Sgb nra;ag;gLk;@ Fw;wkpioj;jthpd; ghtkd;dpdg;G> Muk;gj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lthpdhy; xU njhifia toq;Fjy; gpd;dh; ePjpgjpAk; Fwpg;gpl;l njhifiar; nrhy;Yjy;. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUk; Fw;wkpioj;jtUk; xUtiunahUth; kd;dpj;jy; kw;Wk; Fw;wkpioj;jth; ,wj;jy;. Fw;wkpioj;jth; jdJ nghWg;GfisAk; flikfisAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F ,];yhk; kjj;jpd; gpufhuk; ,j;jifa jz;lidr; rl;lq;fs; mtrpag;gLfpd;wd. Fw;wkpioj;jth;fSf;Fg; gbg;gpidA+l;Lk; eltbf;iffis `_J}j; toq;Ffpd;wJ. j/jPh; kw;Wk; fp]h]; Mfpad r%f eyd;> ,uf;fk;> kd;dpg;gspj;jy;> Gdh;tho;tspj;jy; Mfpa topfhl;ly;fspd;gb vt;thW jz;lid rhh; ePjpia eph;tfpf;f KbAnkd;w tha;g;gpid Nkw;$wg;gl;l j/jPh; kw;Wk; fp]h]; Mfpad toq;Ffpd;wd. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Fw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngwhkypUg;gij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L j/jPh; hPjpahd jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNtis> td;Kiwfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; mjpfhpf;fhkypUg;gij ghJfhg;gjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jz;lid rhh; ePjpahd fp]h]; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. jz;lid rhh; rl;lj;jpd; fLikiaf; Fiwf;Fk; Kfkhf ,iwtdJ ghrKk; fUizAk; jPh;g;Gfspd; nghOJ ehlg;gLfpd;wd. jz;lid rhh; rl;lq;fis xOq;fikf;fpd;w nghOJ ,uz;L r%f ika ,yf;Ffisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd Fh;Md; njhptpf;fpd;wJ. mjpfsT jz;lid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ,ay;ghd kdpjg; Nghf;FfSf;F rpy jhw;ghpa> rl;l hPjpahd kl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jy; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUila FLk;gj;jpw;F el;l<lhf xU njhifia mth;fsJ FLk;gj;jpd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Nghpy; toq;Ftjd; %yk; Fw;wkpioj;jtUf;F kd;dpg;G mspj;jy; kw;WnkhU KiwahFk;. jz;lid rhh; rl;lq;fSf;F khw;wl P hf Nehf;Ffpd;w nghOJ gopthq;fy; eltbf;iffs; %yk; ve;j re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; rkhjhdk; Njhd;Wtjpy;iy vd;gij ehk; czu KbAk;. Fzg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;F kd;dpg;G mtrpakhfpd;wJ. kdpj cwTfis fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F ,J mbg;gilahFk;;.

3.5 ,];yhKk; kWrPuikg;G ePjpAk; rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;Fjy; (ry;`h)> ey;ypzf;fk; (Kry;y`h) Mfpad ,];yhkpa Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPh;Tg; nghwpKiwfshFk;. ,it ,uz;Lk; nghJthf ry;`h vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. rPh;jpUj;j ePjp kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;Fjy; Mfpa nraw;ghLfs; mjd; tpisTfs; gw;wp ,it ,uz;Lk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ry;`h vd;gJ Md;kPfk; rhh;e;j Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPh;Tg; nghwpKiwahFk;. cjhuzkhf>jdpg;gl;l KiwapNyh my;yJ nghJthfNth 36

eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; rkak; rhh;e;j tplaq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthf xU ry;`h eilKiwahdJ gy;NtW tpjkhd gpd;tUk; gbKiwfisf; nfhz;ljhftpUf;fpd;wJ. 1. fhaj;ijNah my;yJ ,wg;igNah Vw;gLj;jpa Fw;wk.; 2. gopthq;fy; my;yJ jz;lid toq;fy; Mfpatw;iwj; jLf;Fk; Kfkhf jdJ Fw;wk; gw;wpa tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gb Fw;wkpioj;jth; Neh;ikahd jiyth; xUtiu ehLfpd;whh;. 3. ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdiu jiyth; re;jpj;J mth;fsJ Jd;gq;fisf; Nfl;lwpfpwhh;. mjd; gpd;dh; mt;tplaj;jpy; ,ilaPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; tof;fpd; jPh;g;ig toq;Ftjw;Fkhf mth;fsplk; mDkjpia ehLfpd;whh;. 4. ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; ,zq;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; Kiwahd ry;`h tplaq;fs; Muk;gkhfpd;wd. 5. Fwpg;gpl;l fhy fye;jhuha;Tfs;> tprhuizfs;>Jf;fk; ,Uj;jy; Mfpatw;iwj; njhlh;e;J jPh;g;ghsh; el;l<l;bw;fhd Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whh; (jpah). ,J Fw;wj;jpd; fLik mjd; jdpj;jd;ik Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L FwpaPlhfNth my;yJ gzk; hPjpahd ,og;gPlhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. 6. kj mbg;gilapy; K\hgh xd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf r%fk; mzpjpus;fpd;wJ. if FYf;FtJ Nghy; xUtUila fuj;ij kw;wth; ,Wfg;gw;wp rkhjhdj;ijj; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. Fw;wkpioj;jth; ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j xt;nthUtUlDk; K\hgh nra;Jnfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; ,Wjpapy; Fw;wkpioj;jth; itj;jpUf;fpd;w nts;isf; nfhbapy; rpy Kbr;Rfis eLth; ,Lfpd;whh;. rkhjhdj;ij epiyepWj;JtJ ,q;F epidT$ug;gLfpwJ. 7. kd;dpg;igAk; NkYk; jkJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUila FLk;gj;jpdh; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

ey;ypzf;fj;ijAk; Fw;wkpioj;jtUf;F

Gyg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf Nfhg;gp toq;Ftjw;F

8. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUila FLk;gj;jpdUf;F Fw;wkpioj;jtUila FLk;gk; czT toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j czit Kkhy`h vd miof;fpd;wdh;. ey;ypzf;f kj mD];lhdk; ,j;NjhL epiwTngWfpd;wJ. Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ey;ypzf;fr; nrad;Kiwapd; gpufhuk; Fw;wj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ik> Fw;wkpioj;jth; jdJ Fw;wj;ij xg;Gf;nfhs;sy;> kd;dpf;fpd;w mNjNtis> gopthq;fy; vz;zj;ijf; iftply;> Fwpg;gpl;l jz;lg;gzj;ij my;yJ el;l<l;bid toq;Fjy; (jpah) Mfpad ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ry;`h vd;w ,e;jr; rlq;F kWrPuikg;Gj; jd;ikia jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tplj;jpy; ahh; rhp> ahh; gpio vd;w jPh;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy (Fh;Md; 42:40)43. ,q;F jPh;g;G toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf ey;ypzf;fj;jpd;ghNy mjpf fhprid nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,U jug;gpdUk; jkf;F chpa Kiwapy; FwpaPl;L Kiwapy; jdJ tfpghfj;ijj; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. ,e;jr; nrad;Kiwapd; nghOJ ,U jug;gpdUk; Neh;ik> ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; rkhjhdj;ijj; jSTfpd;wdh;. ,e;j Kf;fpakhd tplaj;ijNa td;Kiw my;yJ Fw;wk; mth;fsplkpUe;J jpUbapUe;jJ (mG+-epkh; 2001> gf;fk; 95). ry;`h jPh;g;gspg;gjpy;iy> mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ghjpf;fg;gl;lthplk; fhzg;gLfpd;w gopthq;fy; vd;w kdg;ghq;fpid khw;wp kd;dpg;gspf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ. mjd; %yk; jkJ kjpg;igg; Gyg;gLj;JtJld;> Fw;wkpioj;jtUila kjpg;gpd; kPJ Vw;gLfpd;w ghjpg;gpidAk; jtph;f;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf r%fj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gz;Gfis kPs;epiy epWj;JtNjhL> r%fj;jpdJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpduJk; Kwpe;J Nghd cwTfis kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;GfpwJ. Nlhu;d; ngy;yp mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ljhtJ> ry;`h vd;w gpd;Gyj;jpNy ,j;jifa r%ff; fz;Nzhl;lq;fs; mtrpakhfpd;wd. Vnddpy;> Fyq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd gpzf;Ffisj; jPh;g;gjw;F ,J rpwe;j KiwahFk;. jdpg;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf Fyq;fSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPh;thfTk; ,k;Kiw gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ (ngyp 2016> gf;fk; 27). NkYk;> kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w cwTfis Ml;rpnra;tjhf ry;`h fhzg;gLfpwJ. r%f rkhjhdj;ijAk; rhe;jpiaAk; ghJfhf;ff;$ba Neubahd Kf;fpakhd r%ff; fliknad ,jidf; fUj KbAk;. 43

t[]hm ra;apMjpd; ra;apmJk; kp];Y`h gkd; mgg;t m];y`h gm[;u`_ my;yh`; ,d;d`_ thA`pg;g];]hypkpd; jtwhd nrYf;fhf nrYj;jg;gLk; njhif mjw;Fr; rkkhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ahh; kd;dpj;J tpl;L ey;ypzf;fj;jpy; <LgLfpd;whNuh mtUf;fhd ghprpy; ,iwtdplk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mePjpahsh;fs; kPJ mtd; vg;nghOJk; md;G nrYj;Jtjpy;iy.

Mdhy;> ,iwtdpd; chpikAld; njhlh;Gila rfytpjkhd tplaq;fSk; ,jDs; mlq;fhJ vd;gijf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sTk;. ry;`htpd; kpf Kf;fpa mk;rk; kd;dpg;gjhFk;. ,iwtNd kpfr; rpwe;j kd;dpg;ghsdhff; fUjg;gLfpd;whd; (Fh;Md; 39:53)44. epahag;gLj;jf; $basT NfhgKilath;fisAk; kd;dpg;gspj;J mUs;fis toq;Ffpd;whd; (FH;Md; 42:37)45. gop jPh;g;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,q;F kd;dpg;gspf;fg;gl;L ey;ypzf;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gop jPh;j;jy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l nghOjpYk;$l kd;dpg;gspj;jy; Kd;Dhpik ngWfpd;wJ. kd;dpg;gspj;jy; xU Jzpfukhd nrayhFk; (Fh;Md; 42:43)46. Kuz;ghl;L epiyikfspy; cwT hpjpahd rkepiy kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; Fw;wkpioj;Njhh; MfpNahUf;F ,ilapyhd Fzg;gLj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F kd;dpg;gspj;jy; xU Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. vdNt> kWrPuikg;G eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ kd;dpg;gspj;jy; Kf;fpakhdnjd Fh;Mdpy; typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. rl;l hPjpahd newpKiwfSf;Fk; mg;ghy; kWrPuikg;Gf; nfhs;iffs; ,];yhkpag; Nghjidfspy; gpd;dpg;gpize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,];yhkpaf; nfhs;iffs; gopthq;FjYf;Fg; gjpyhf mj;jpaj; vd;w el;l<l;L KiwiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sd (Fh;Md; 4:92)47. nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ltUila FLk;gj;jpw;F mj;jpaj; el;l<lhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ (nghJthf Ngrg;gLfpd;w ,uj;jg; gzk; my;y). Fw;wkpioj;jth; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; Mfpa ,U jug;gpdUk; mj;jpaj; nfhLg;gdT njhlh;gpy; ,zq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUila tpUg;gkhdJ r%f mf;fiwfSf;Fk; mur Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; Vw;w tpjj;jpypUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; nfhiy nra;jth;fSf;F jz;lid epiwNtw;Wk;gb Nfhuyhk; my;yJ tpUk;gpdhy; mj;jpaj; ngwhkNy mtiu kd;dpf;fTk; KbAk; (t];j;jp 1989> gf;fk; 64). Fw;wkpioj;jthpdhy; mj;jpaj; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. Kbahjgl;rj;jpy;;> mtuJ FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs; mjid toq;fyhk;. ,tu;fs; ahuhYk;; toq;f Kbahj gl;rj;jpy; mjid toq;FtJ murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. Vnddpy;> nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l egh; mtuJ FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSila chpik kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd nghWg;G murhq;fj;jpw;F cz;L. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUila FLk;gk; Fwpg;gpl;lsT mj;jpaj; el;l<l;Lj; njhifiaf; Nfhu KbAk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,J njhlh;ghd ,Wjpj; jPh;khdk; murpdhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mNugpa ehNlhbr; r%fq;fshf tho;e;j kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd rpwe;j Jzpfukhd topKiwahfNt mj;jpaj; ngUkhdh; K`k;kJ (]y;) mth;fshy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. tuyhw;iw ehk; Muha;fpd;w nghOJ ,];yhj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapDs; ,uj;jj;jpw;F ,uj;jk; vd;w epiyikapNyNa r%f xOq;F Ngzg;gl;lJ. NkNy fye;Jiuahlg;gl;ltw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;> mj;jpaj; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; Kfkhf r%fj;jpy; td;Kiwfs; Fiwe;Js;sJ vdf;Fwpg;gplyhk;.

3.6 njhFg;G ,];yhj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ePjpia ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;. jz;lid rhh; ePjpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; Kfkhf Fw;wkpioj;jtUf;F vjpuhf rl;l eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;. ,uz;lhtJ> Fw;wkpioj;jtUf;fhf jz;lid toq;fhj rl;l eilKiw. ,jid kWrPuikg;G ePjp vd;fpd;Nwhk;. ePjpkd;wnkhd;wpy; Fw;wkpioj;jtUf;F vjpuhf vt;tpj re;Njfj;jpw;Fk; ,lkpd;wp rhd;Wfs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;w nghOJ jz;lid rhh; rl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 44

Fy;ah ,ghjpay; yjPd m];uG+ myh md;Grp`pk; yh jf;dJ} kpu; u`;kjpy;yh ,d;dy;yh`; ,d;dy;yh`h af;gpUj;JD}gh [kPM ,d;d`_ `_ty; fG+Uh; j`Pk; $Wq;fs; â&#x20AC;&#x153;X Nrtfh;fNs cq;fspy; ahh; tuk;G kPw ele;Jnfhs;fpd;wPh;fNsh: ,iwtdpd; fUiz kPJ ek;gpf;ifAs;sth;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wPh;fNsh ,iwtd; rfy ghtq;fisAk; kd;dpj;JtpLthd;. mtNd kd;dpf;ff;$batdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;. mtNd mUs; ,uf;fKs;stdhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;. 45 ty;yjPd a[;jdpG+ eh fhgpuy; ,];kp ty; gfh,]p ,tjhkh fhjpG`_k; a`;kp&d; nghpa ghtq;fisAk; xOq;fPdj;ijAk; ahh; jtph;f;fpd;whh;fNsh> mth;fs; Nfhgg;gl;lhy; kd;dpj;JtpLq;fs;. 46 tykd; ]gu tmgu ,d;d jhypf m];kpy; c%h; ahh; nghWikahf jhq;fpf; nfhz;L kd;dpf;fpd;whh;fNsh mJNt cz;ikahd jPh;tpd; mj;jhl;rpahFk;. 47 tkhfhd ypK`;kpdpd; ma;af;Jy k/kpdd; ,y;yh fjmd; tkd; fjy K/kpdd; fjmd; gjh,Ud; ufgjpd; K/kpdhjpd; ,d; fhd kpd; fa;Akpd; ga;dFk; tga;d`_k; kPjhFk; ghjpaJd; K]y;ykjd; ,y;yh m`;yp`p tj`;hPU ufgjpk; K/kpdjpd; gky;yk; a[pj; g]pahK r`;ua;dp Kjjg;gpma;dp jt;gJk; kpdy;yh`p t fhdy;yh`_ myPkd; `fPkd; jtWjyhftd;wp xU tpRthrp kw;WnkhU tpRthrpiaf; nfhiynra;akhl;lhd;. jtWjyhf tpRthrp xUtiuf; nfhiy nra;j xUtd; tpRthrpahd mbik xUtiu tpLjiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gj;jpw;F el;l<Lfis toq;fNtz;Lk;. mth;fs; fUizapd; mbg;gilapy; Ntz;lhk; vdr; nrhy;yhnyhopa ,e;j el;l<l;il toq;fy; Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; cq;fSld; FNuhjj;jpYs;s egh;fSs; xUtuhapd;> mNjNtis mth; xU tpRthrpahf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; ,jw;fhd el;l<lhf tpRthrKila mbik xUtiu tpLjiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; cld;gbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l kf;fs; $l;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtuhf mth; ,Ug;gpd; me;j el;l<L mtUila FLk;gj;jpdUf;F ifaspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> tpRthrKila mbik xUtUk; tpLjiy nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F trjp ,y;yhjth; njhlh;r;rpahf ,uz;L khjq;fs; Nehd;G Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,iwtdplk; ghtkd;dpg;Gf; NfhUjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,iwtd; vy;yhtw;iwAk; mwpe;jtd;. mtNd rpwe;j mwpthsp.

,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; Fw;wkpioj;jth; jdJ fUj;Jf;fisj; njhptpg;gjw;F KOikahd tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; el;l<l;il toq;f kWf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;> ePjpkd;wkhdJ fLk; jz;lidia my;yJ kuz jz;lidia> vJ Vw;GilaNjh mjid tpjpf;fyhk;. ,];yhkpa jz;lid Ma;Tfs;> jz;lidia ,U tifahf tifg;gLj;jpAs;sd. mit Fh;Mdpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s `_J}j; kw;Wk; fp]h]; MfpadthFk;. Fh;Mdpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sitfs; (`_J}j;> fp]h];) mLj;J murdpd; jw;WzpG mjpfhuq;fSf;F tplg;gl;lit. ,it khWgl;l chpik kPwy;fisAk; flg;ghL kPwy;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. ,iwtdJ chpikfs; my;yJ jdp egh;fsJ chpikfs;@ jz;lidfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;w nghOJ khWgl;l ePjpj;Jiwj; jw;WzpGfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidiaf; Fiwj;jy;> cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd gy;;NtW Kiwfs;> ,Ug;gpDk; ,it ahtw;wpdJk; ,Wjp Nehf;fk; ePjpahd r%fj;ij miltjhFk;. jz;lid mspj;jiyg; gpuNahfpf;f Kbahj #o;epiyfspy; gz hPjpahd el;l<Lfis toq;FtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ (mj;jpaj;). kuz jz;lidf;F khw;wl P hf fp]h]; Nghd;w KiwfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; el;l<L (jpah)> ey;ypzf;fk; (ry;`h) mfpadTk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. ghjpf;fg;gl;lthpd; ,ilaPlhf kd;dpg;igAk; ,izf;f KbAk;. ,];yhj;jpy; kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpf Kf;fpakhd nfhs;iffSs; xd;whf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ry;`h vd;gJ jpah vd;w el;l<l;bw;F khw;wL P my;y. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jr; nrad;Kiwapy; xU Nkyjpf gbKiwahf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ry;`h kd;dpg;G vd;w me;j];j;jpidg; ngWfpwJ. jz;lid rhh; rl;lkhftpUf;fyhk; my;yJ kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lkhftpUf;fyhk; ,jid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd njhpT njhlh;ghd mZFKiw ghjpf;fg;gl;lthpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. jdpegh; xUth; nfhiy nra;ag;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;F ePjpia ehLtjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij Fh;Md; toq;Ffpd;wJ. fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;w rfytpjkhd rhd;WfisAk; Muha;e;jjd; gpd;dh; mtuJ Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;> Kiwahd Muha;Tfspd; gpd;dh; ,J eilngWk; gl;rj;jpy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;F jz;lid rhh; rl;lj;ijf; NfhUtjw;fhd rl;l hPjpahd chpik cz;L. Mdhy;> rl;l hPjpahd ,e;j Rje;jpuk; fl;Lg;ghLld;; $bajhFk;. jz;lidapid toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd; jPu;khdpf;Fk; NghJ ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; epahakhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fh;Mdpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s rhpahf topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wk; gl;rj;jpy; ePjpahd jz;lidg; gpuNahfkhdJ ePjpahd> Neh;ikahd rl;l chpikahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fhl;Lkpuhz;bj; jdkhd gopthq;fYf;F khw;wl P hf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fh;Mdpy; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPh;G xU nfhs;ifahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fh;Mdpy; “ey;ypzf;fNk rpwe;jJ” vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ (Fh;Md; 4:128). Ngh;d;]; Fwpg;gpl;ljhtJ> “td;Kiwaw;w r%fnkhd;iw ,];yhj;jpdhy; fl;bnaOg;g KbahJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F vt;tpjkhd jh;f;f hPjpahd fhuzpfSk; ,y;iy> ,d;iwa #oypy; epr;rakhf xUrpyhpdhy; ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;” (Ngh;d;]; 1996> gf;fk; 165). Fh;Mdpd; xl;Lnkhj;jg; NghjidfSk; rkhjhdk;> ePjp vd;w vz;zf;fUf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpg; nghwpKiwf;F kpfTk; mtrpakhdit vd ,];yhkpa kjj;jpd; ngauhy; MNyhrpf;fpd;Nwhk;. Bibliography Abu-Nimer, M., & Augsburger, D. (Eds.). (2010). Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians. Lexington Books. Alī, M. S. (2004 ). The Holy Qur’ān. Islamic International Publications Limited. Ammar, N. H. (2001). Restorative Justice in Islam: Theory and Practice. In M. L. Hadley (Ed.), The Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice (pp. 161-180). Suny Series in Religious Studies: State University of New York Press. Bala, M. (2015). Transitional Justice in Sri Lanka: Rethinking Post-War Diaspora Advocacy for Accountability. International Human Rights Law Journal, 1(1). Retrieved from http://via.library.depaul.edu/ihrlj/vol1/iss1/2 Bloomfield, D. (2006). Strategies for Reconciliation: Are Justice and Peacebuilding Complementary or Contradictory? In M. Bleeker (Ed.), Dealing with the Past and Transitional Justice: Creating Conditions for Peace, Human Rights and the Rule of Law (pp. 57-64). Political Affairs Division IV, Federal Departement of Foreign Affairs FDFA

Burns, J. P. (Ed.). (1996). War and Its Discontents: Pacifism and Quietism in the Abrahamic Traditions. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Coulson, N. J. (2011). A History of Islamic Law. Aldine Transaction. Haleem, M. A., Sharif, A. O., & Daniels, K. (2003). Criminal Justice in Islam: Judicial Procedure in Sharia. London: Tauris. Kasapas, G. (October 2008). An Introduction to the Concept of Transitional Justice: Western Balkans and EU Conditionality. UNISCI Discussion Papers (pp. 59-76). UNISCI: Hellenic Centre for European Studies. Khadduri, M. (1984). The Islamic Conception of Justice . Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. Lambourne, W. (2004 ). Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Meeting Human Needs for Justice and Reconciliation. Peace, Conflict and Development(4 ), 1-24. McCandless, E. (2001). The Case of Land in Zimbabwe: Causes of Conflict, foundation for Sustained Peace. In M. Abu-Nimer (Ed.), Reconciliation, Justice and Coexistence: Theory and Practice (pp. 209-222). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Mustaffa, F. (n.d.). Islamic Concept of Human Rights. Retrieved 9 5, 2016, from Christian Muslim Dialogue On: http://www.daga.org.hk/press/ia/christian-muslim/content_3.htm Muzafar, C. (2000). Islam: Justice and Politics. Journal of Dharma: Dharmaram Journal of Religions, 25, 260‐ 280. Nadery, A. N. (2007). Peace or Justice? Transitional Justice in Afghanistan. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1(1), 173-179. Rosen, L. (2000). The Justice of Islam: Comparative Perspectives on Islamic Law and Society . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sacehina, A. (2001). The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001. Shah-Kazemi, R. (2007). Justice and remembrance : introducing the spirituality of Imam ʻAlī. London: I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies. Sharify-Funk, M. (2001). Peace and the Feminine in Islam. In A. AZIZ SAID, N. C. FUNK, & A. KADAYIFCI (Eds.), Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam (pp. 277-298). University Press of America. Sooka, Y. (2006). Dealing with the Past and Transitional Justice: Creating Conditions for Peace, Human Rights and the Rule of Law. Dealing with the Past – Series (pp. 165-182). Switzerland: Political Affairs Division IV, Federal Departement of Foreign Affairs FDFA. Souaiaia, A. E. (2008). Contesting Justice: Women, Islam, Law, and Society. State University of New York Press. The Holy Qur’ān. (2012). (T. ITANI, Trans.) Dallas/Beirut: ClearQuran. Wadud, A. (1995). On Belonging as a Muslim Woman. In G. Wade-Gayles (Ed.), My Soul Is a Witness: AfricanAmerican Women’s Spirituality (pp. 253-265.). Boston: Beason Press. Wasti, T. (2008). The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan (Vol. 2). Brill | Nijhoff. Weeramantry, C. G. (1988). Islamic Jurisprudence. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

mj;jpahak; 4 fpwp];jt ew;nra;jp ey;ypzf;fk; ,yq;ifapy; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp Kd;ndLg;GfSf;F fpwp];jt gjpyspg;Gfs; “ehl;bw;F ,iof;fg;gl;l jPq;F kPz;Lk; ,lk;ngWtij ehk; tpUk;gtpy;iy. mth;fSf;F kdpjhgpkhdj;ij ehk; fhl;l tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;. mjd; %yk; mth;fs; mth;fSf;Fhpa nrhe;j kdpj Neaj;ij kPl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;”48

4.1 mwpKfk; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpapid mila ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd murpay; mh;g;gzpg;G mtrpak;. mjhtJ “ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuJ Jd;gq;fis mq;fPfhpj;jy;> Fw;wkpioj;jth;fsJ xg;Gjy;fs; kw;Wk; khw;wq;fs;> gfpuq;f kd;dpg;Gf; Nfhuy;fs;> kd;dpf;Fk; nraw;ghLfs;> nghJthd epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;> gy;NtW tpjkhd fhaq;fis Mw;Wjy;>gifikiaAk; FNuhjj;ijAk; ntw;wpnfhs;sy;” Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; Mf;fG+h;tkhd cWTfisf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ mtrpakhfpwJ. Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;g;gJ njhlh;gpy; kj;jpa];j gq;fpid fpwp];jt Njthyaq;fs; Vw;fNtz;Lk;;. ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;ghd rpy tpsf;fq;fis fpwp];jt kugpypUe;J Ghpe;Jnfhz;lik> mjd; nghUs; tpsf;fq;fs;; Mfpatw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;L ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpy; rpy tplaq;fs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ey;ypzf;fkhdJ fpwp];jt ew;nra;jpAld; njhlh;Gila tplakhFk;. mJ ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd gbKiwfis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. mitahtd@ ePjpf;fhd jPu;f;fjuprd miog;G kw;Wk; cz;ikia; vLj;Jiuj;jy;. mu;j;jKs;s ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F cz;ikia fz;lwptJ Kf;fpakhtJld;> cz;ikia fz;lwpa cz;ikia vLj;Jiuj;jy; mbg;gilahFk;. NkYk;> 'ntspg;gLj;jy; Fzg;gLj;Jk;' vd;gjw;F mika> ey;ypzf;fk;> Vw;wg;gl;l tLit Fzg;gLj;Jk; vdTk;; thjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; ePjpAk; ey;ypzf;fKk; gpupf;fKbahJ vd;gJk;> ,jdhy; ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; el;nra;jp ek;gpf;if cUthf;fj;jpd; ikag; Gs;spahf ,Ug;gijAk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

4.2 Njthyaq;fSk; fpwp];jt ew;nra;jpnjhlh;ghd ey;ypzf;fKk;. ,it flTsplkpUe;J te;jd. fpwp];j;J %ykhf mtNu ey;ypzf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;. vkf;F ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd mikr;ir toq;fpdhh; (jpahNfhdpah). fpwp];j;J %ykhf ,e;j cyfj;jpy; Mz;ltd; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. mth;fsJ mj;JkPwy;fis mth;fSf;F vjpuhf gpuNahfpf;ftpy;iy. ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd nra;jpia ek;gpf;ifAld; tpijj;jhh; (NyhNfh];) (2 ;nfhhp 5:18-19). nfhhpe;jpy; nrd;l; Nghspd; $w;wpd; gpufhuk;> VRtpd; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd mikr;R kw;Wk; rkhjhdk; Mfpad Myaq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mj;Jld; fpU];jtu;fs; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;ltu;fshTk; ey;ypzf;f r%fj;jtu;fshfTk; jpfo;fpd;wdu;. ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa cs;ehjkhf flTNs ,Uf;fpd;whh;. kdpj ey;ypz;ffk; njhlh;ghd mikr;ir Nehf;FifapYk; $l ,e;j ey;ypzf;fr; nraw;ghLfshdJ flTSf;Ff; Fiwe;jJ my;y. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp njhlh;gpy; rkfhy murpay; nrhy;yhly;fspy; ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;stw;iw tpl tpj;jpahrkhfNt Nghs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. Kjyhtjhf> ey;ypzf;fr; nrad;Kiwapid flTNs Muk;gpj;J itf;fpd;whh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> epiykhw;W;ffhy ePjpiag; nghWj;jtiu Fw;wkpioj;jtNu mjid KbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd Kd;ndLg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJld;> ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; mjid ey; tpUg;Gld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; (khh;\y; 1978). ,uz;lhtjhf> nfhhpd;l; Myaq;fs; flTsplk; ey;ypzf;fk; nra;Jnfhs;s r%f kw;Wk; murpay; tho;f;ifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;s; Ntz;Lk;. %d;whtjhf typik Fd;wpa jug;gpdh; ePjpia ehLtjpYk; ghh;f;f ntw;wpnfhz;lth;fs;> ,og;gPLfis toq;Fjy; Nghd;w nray;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; ey;ypzf;fj;ij ntw;wpfukhf fl;bnaOg;g KbAnkd Nghs; njhptpf;fpd;whh;. ,q;F ,uz;L tplaq;fs; ghpkhwg;gLfpd;wd@ “gifikf;F el;G (ey;ypzf;fk;)> ghtj;jpw;F ePjp” (2; nfhhp 5: 18-21)49. Ntsebeza, 2000a ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jdJ kfd; fpwp];Njhgh; gPl;]; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lJ njhlh;gpy; mts; rhl;rpakspf;ifapy;> jdJ kfdpd; nfhiyf;Fg; nghWg;ghd nghyp]; mjpfhhpia rpad;dpah epf;F kd;dpj;jhh;. ,e;j thh;j;ijfis mth; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. mjd; fhuzkhf Fw;wkpioj;jth; kdpjdhf khwpdhh;. 49 ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd fpNuf;fr; nrhy;yhdJ ghpkhw;wk; vd;w nrhy;ypd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpaJ. gifikf;fhf el;ig khw;wpf;nfhs;sy; vd mh;j;jg;gLk; (khh;fy;> 2004> gf;fk; 261). Cor 5:21. vdNt> kw;WnkhU ghpkhw;wk; 48

Nuhkd;]; 5: 9-10 rkhjhdKk; ey;ypzf;fKk; rkhe;jukhfr; nry;fpd;wd vd;gjw;fhd epahag;ghLfis Nghs; typAWj;Jfpd;whu;: “epr;rakhf mtuJ ,uj;jj;jpdhy; ehk; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;Nshk;> mtUila ,uj;jk; rpe;jy; fhuzkhf flTspd; Nfhgj;jpypUe;J ehk; fhg;ghw;wg;gLNthk;> ehk; vjphpfshftpUe;j nghOJ mtUila kfdpd; ,wg;gpd; fhuzkhf flTsplk; ehk; ey;ypzf;fk; nfhz;Nlhk;. epr;rakhf mjpfstpy; ehk; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhk;. mtUila tho;f;ifapdhy; ehk; fhg;ghw;wg;gLNthk;”. Nuhkd;]; 5: 1-11> epahag;ghLfSk; ey;ypzf;fq;fSk; flTsplkpUe;J xd;whf ghprpy;fshff; fpilf;fpd;wd. r%f nghUshjhu; gyk; nghUe;jpatuhfNs tpistpf;fg;gl;l jPikfSf;F tUj;jg;gl Ntz;batu;fs; vd $Wfpd;wJ. NkYk;> jPik tpistpj;Njhu; ey;ypzf;fj;ij milAk; Kfkhf tUj;jtUj;jg;gl Ntz;baJ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; cupik vd gupe;Jiu nra;ag;gLtJld;> ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; %yk; kdpjh;fs; ,iwtdpd; ePjpia ehl KbAkvdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;> nra;j nraYf;F tUj;jg;gLtjd; jhw;gupak; ey;ypzf;fj;jpid mila vj;jdpf;Fk; NghJ njspTgLj;jg;gLk; vdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ey;ypzf;fkhdJ khWgl;l gy kf;fs; FOf;fSf;F kj;jpapy; ,lk;ngwyhk;. cjhuzkhf> “,NaR ehjh; rpYitapy; miwag;gl;ljd; %yk; A+jh;fisAk; gpw rkaj;jth;fisAk; xd;whf ,izj;jhh;. ,uz;L FOf;fisAk; Mz;ltdplj;yjpy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;” (vng 2:1416)50;. ,uz;L khDl ,dq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf mtw;iw xd;whf khw;WtNj fpwp];j;Jtpd; Nehf;fhf; fhzg;gl;lJ. mjd; %y Nehf;fk; rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. mth;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gl;l gphptpidthj vz;zq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf ,g;nghOJ rkhjhdk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fpwp];j;JNt me;j rkhjhdk; (vng 2:14). Mz;ltdpd; ,uhr;rpak; ey;ypzf;fr; nra;jpfis cs;slf;fpAs;sjhf Ntjq;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd. mj;jifa ey;ypzf;fk; xU Nfhl;ghNlh my;yJ ntWk; vz;zf;fUNth my;y. mJNthh; kdpjd;: fpwp];j;J> flTsplk; vq;fSf;fhf ey;ypzf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lth;. ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;> ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd nghWg;G Myaq;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mth;fSila gazj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ey;ypzf;fk;. vdNt> ,yq;ifapy; Myaq;fs; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd jkJ nghWg;gpidf; fhj;jpukhf Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> fpwp];jt ew;nra;jp ey;ypzf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp njhlh;gpy; nghUj;jkhd tiuTr;rl;lfq;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4.3 ePjp kw;Wk; cz;ikia vLj;Jiuj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd jPh;f;fjhprdk; kpf;f miog;ghf ey;ypzf;fk; ePjp njhlh;ghd njhdpg;nghUs; KjyhtJ ,irahtpd; Gj;jfnkq;Fk; tpahgpj;Jf; fhzg;gLtJld; (mj; 1-39)> ngupa ehLfsplkpUe;J Mf;fpukpg;G mr;RWj;jy;fisf; ,uz;L rpwpa ehLfspd; kf;fSf;F ,irathy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,irah ePjpia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkdf; fUjpa jUzj;jpy; me;j ,uz;L r%fj;jpdUk; cs;sf hPjpahf ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mth;fSf;F vjpuhf ahh; mePjpfis ,ioj;jhh;fNsh mth;fSld; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; njuptpf;fpd;whu;. jPh;f;fjhprp ,irah mth;fSk; ePjpf;fhd mtuJ miog;Gk; r%fq;fs; vt;thW ey;ypzf;fj;ij Kd;ndLf;f KbAk;> mjhtJ kpfTk; rf;jpgilj;jth;fs; $l jhk; ,ioj;j mePjpfis kWf;fpd;w re;jh;g;gj;jpy; $l ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAnkd;gjw;fhd rpwe;j cjhuzkhf ,r;rk;gtk; jpfo;fpwJ. ePjpf;fhd flTspd; miog;ig ,irah KOtJk; ehk; fhz KbAk;. Fwpg;ghf jPik nra;tij epWj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;> ed;ik nra;tjw;F fw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;> ePjpia ehLq;fs;> xLf;fg;gl;ltiu kPl;nlLq;fs;> mehijfis ghJf;fhg;ghf itj;jpUq;fs;> tpjitfSf;F cjTq;fs; Nghd;w trdq;fis ,q;F fhzKbAk;. jd;Dila rf kdpjid KiwahfTk; Neh;ikahfTk; elj;Jtjd; %yNk flTSf;Fr; Nrtfk; nra;af;$ba kf;fshf jhk; jpfo KbAnkd;gij [_lh kf;fSf;F ,irah epidTgLj;jpdhh;. flTs; me;j kf;fisg; ghh;j;Jf; Nfl;lhh;> “vd;Dila kf;fis mlf;Ftjdhy; cq;fSf;F vd;d fpilf;fpd;wJ> mth;fisj; Jd;gj;Jf;F cs;shf;Ftjdhy; cq;fSf;F vd;d fpilf;fpwJ” (Vrh 3:15). jkJ ehl;bYs;s Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kf;fis Jd;gj;jpw;F cs;shf;Ftjdhy; gy ehLfs; tPo;r;rpailfpd;wd. ,jdhy;> mg;ghtp kf;fsJ chpikfisj; jLf;f Ntz;lhnkd flTs; miog;G tpLf;fpd;whh;. kf;fSf;fpilapy; jPh;g;ghsuhf flTs; nraw;gLk; nghOJ Aj;jk; nra;tjw;fhd> MAjq;fspd; Njitfs; ,y;yhnjhopfpd;wd. kf;fs; jkJ MAjj;ijAk; thisAk; rhjhuz kf;fSf;F ,lk;ngWtjhf Nghy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ed;ikf;Fg; gjpyhf my;yJ ePjpf;Fg; gjpyhf jPik khw;wpf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 50 gifikf;Fg; gjpyhf mtNu rkhjhdk;: mtUila rijapdhy; ,uz;L FOf;fisAk; xd;whf;fpdhh;. gphpj;j Rtiu cilj;jpUe;jhh;. mJNt vk; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;l FNuhjk; MFk;. jdJ fl;lisfspdhYk; epahaq;fspdhYk; rl;lj;ij ,y;yhnjhopj;jhh;. ,uz;L khDl ,dq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf Gjpa khDlnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gpdhh;. rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. rpYitapd; %ykhf ,uz;L FOf;fisAk; ,iwtdplk; ey;ypzf;fg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,jd; %ykhf FNuhjj;ij ,y;yhnjhopj;jhh;.

vjpuhf gad;gLj;Jtij gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ehk; fz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. (Vrh 2:4) nja;tPf ey;ypzf;fkhdJ r%fq;fisr; rhe;jg;gLj;jp> mth;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cwTfis Nkk;gLj;jp> mth;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mePjpfis ntd;nwLf;fpwJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp> xLf;F Kiwf;F kj;jpapYk; cWjpg;ghl;Lld; vk;ik ,Uf;Fk;gb flTspd; nra;jpapy; ,irah Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mth; Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ> “ePq;fs; ek;gpf;ifAld; epkph;e;J epw;ftpy;iynad;why; ePqf ; s; vg;nghOJk; epkph;e;J epw;fkhl;Bh;fs;” (Vrh 7:9). cWjpAld; epw;wy; vd;gJ gy gpur;rpidfSf;F kj;jpapy; ek;gpf;ifia ,of;fhky; ,Ug;gjhFk;. ,Wjpapy; ePjp nty;Yk;> ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpath;fs; kPz;Lk; tUthh;fs; (Vrh 10:20). ,irahtpd; KiwapayhdJ xLf;F Kiwia Nkl;nfhs;Nthu; tpku;rpf;fg;gLtJk; ek;gpf;ifahd vjph;fhyj;jpw;fhd njhiyNehf;ifAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,J ePl;rp ngw;w r%fj;jpw;fhd czh;jy; MFk;. jpUE}y; rhh;e;j nghJkd;wf; Fw;wr;rhl;L> Kd;dwptpg;G Mfpad mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLtJ njhlh;gpy; rf;jptha;e;j Kiwapy; xd;iwj; njhptpf;fpd;wd. NkYk; r%fj;jpy; rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;LtJ njhlh;gpYk; ,it mwptpf;fpd;wd. ,it mlf;FKiwia kWjypg;gNjhL> ntWg;G kw;Wk; td;Kiw Mfpatw;iw tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;tijAk; epuhfhpf;fpd;wd. rfy kdpjh;fSk; ,iwtDf;F Kd;dhy; xNutpjkhfNt tuவேw;fg;gLfpd;whh;fs; vdTk; ey;ypzf;f Kaw;rpfspd; ,U tbt jd;ik gw;wpAk; ,it fUj;Jf;fisj; njhptpf;fpd;wd. fle;j fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w mePjpfs; njhlh;gpy; mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis> vjph;fhy ey;ypzf;fr; r%fk; gw;wpa njhiyNehf;fhd fUj;Jf;fisAk; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. fle;j fhyj;jpy; vd;d eilngw;wJ kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fSf;F vit mtrpak; vd;gijAk; ,it Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nghJkd;wf; Fw;wr;rhl;bd; Kjw;gbKiwahf r%fj;jpw;F vjpuhf ,iof;fg;gl;l mePjpfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. khLfisAk; nrk;kwp MLfisAk; gyp nfhLg;gij ,iwtd; fz;bf;fpwhh; vd KjyhtJ ,irahtpd; %yk; ehk;; mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. (Vrh 1:12) NkYk;> kf;fSila fuq;fs; ,uj;jf;fiw epuk;gpajhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; jPatw;iwr; nra;tjpypUe;Jk; ,d;Dk; tpLgltpy;iy (Vrh 1:16). Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gplg;gl;ljd; gpufhuk;> jPatw;iwf; iftpLk;gb flTs; kf;fsplk; NfhUtJld;> ey;ytw;iwf; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs; vd mth; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. kw;wth;fis mth;fSf;Fhpa KOikahd kjpg;GlDk; khpahijAlDk; elj;jj; jtWgth;fs; mth;fis xLf;F Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jpa Fw;wr;rhl;bw;F chpath;fs;. mj;jifa J\;gpuNahf Kiwfis epuhfhpj;jjd; gpd;dzpapy;; xLf;F Kiw kw;Wk; mePjpfsw;w cyfj;jpw;fhd njhiyNehf;nfhd;iw mwptpg;gjw;fhf clNd ,irah Kd;tUfpwhh;. ,jw;nfd rpy fw;gpjq;fy;is ,irah ghtpf;fpd;whh;. mjd; gpufhuk;> ePjp mjpfstpyhd ed;ikfisj; jUk; vd czh;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,iwtdpd; ePjpapy; Nkd;ikfs; epuk;gpf;; fhzg;gLtJld;> Gdpjkhd flTs; rhpahd tplaq;fs; Gdpjkhdit vd czh;j;jpapUf;fpd;whh;. “nrk;kwp ML Gw;jiuapy; Gy; Nka;fpwJ Mdhy; Ml;Lf; flhf;fSf;Fk; Ml;Lf;Fl;bfSf;Fk; mope;j rpijTfspypUe;J czT+l;lg;gLfpd;wd” (Vrh 5:16-17);. mePjpf;nfjpuhf vOe;Jepw;gJk; mePjpia vLj;Jiug;gJk; ,iwtdpd; ghijapy; vk;ikr; rhe;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wnjd ,irah Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,J rfy caphpdq;fSf;Fk; xw;WikiaAk; ePjpiaAk; ehb epw;fpwJ. xLf;FjYf;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzpia nghJkd;wf; Fw;wr;rhl;lhfj; njhptpf;fpd;w mNjNtis> ,iwtdpd; MrPh;thjj;jpdhy; vjph;fhy mikjp Kd;dwptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjp njhlh;gpy; nghJkd;wf; Fw;wr;rhl;L kw;Wk; Kd;dwptpg;G njhlh;ghd fUj;Jiufs; nropg;ghd Mw;wYilaitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; Kjw;gbKiwahf Aj;jk; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghL njhlh;ghd kugpay;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;bj;J tpl;L cz;ikia mjd; gpd;tpisTfSld; vLj;Jiug;gjhFk;. ,J ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F jfty; hPjpahd chpikfis toq;FtJld;> ePjpiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd Njrj;jpd; mh;g;gzpg;gpidAk; kPs; cWjpnra;fpwJ. mjidj; njhlh;e;J Kd;dwptpg;gpidg; gpd;gw;wyhk;. ,irah jdJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,jid vt;thW Nkw;nfhz;lhNuh mjdbg;gilapy; ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. NkYk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;> mfjpfs;> Gyk;ngah;e;jth;fs;> cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fs; Mfpa midtUk; kPz;Lk; tutiof;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; kPz;Lk; tUthh;fs; vd;gij ,irah vjph;ghh;j;jhh;. mth;;> “rpwpjsT kf;fNs tUthh;fs;> N[fg;gpd; rpwpjsT kf;fNs tUthh;fs;> vy;yh rf;jpAk; ,iwtDf;NfAz;L” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh>; NkYk;> mbf;fl;ilapypUe;J mk;G Nghy; mth;fs; Gwg;gl;L tUthh;fs; - ,iwtdpd; Mtp mth;fs; kPJ ,Ug;gjhf> ,iwtdpd; mwpTk; Ghpjy;fSk; mth;fs; kPJ ,Ug;gjhf (Vrh 11:1-2)> mt;thW ntspNawpath;fs; kPz;Lk; tUif je;j nghOJ MopTf;fhd fhyk; KbTw;wJ vdTk;> kPz;Lk; mePjpfs; ,lk;ngwhkypUg;gij jiyth;fs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> Fw;wkpioj;jth;fspdhy; ,og;gPLfis toq;Ftjw;fhd eltbf;iffSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSila jd;khdj;ij epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Fwg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jpahak; 10 ,y;> ,irah> vfpg;J kw;Wk; M];hpah tpNuhjpfis xd;wpizg;gjw;fhd topKiwnahd;iw ehk; fz;Ls;Nshk;. ePjp ,uh[;aj;jpy; ,irah vjph;ghh;g;gJ vd;dntd;gJ 43

gw;wp ,t; mj;jpahaj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j gpujhd topKiwahdJ rhe;jpf;Fk; rkhjhdj;jpw;Fkhd ghijahfj; jpfo;tJld;> ,];uy;> M];hpah kw;Wk; vfpg;J Mfpa ehLfis cyfpy; MrPh;tjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrkhf khw;WfpwJ. flTs; mth;fsplk; ,t;thW $Wfpd;whu;;> “vfpg;J khw;W M];jpupatpy; ,Uf;Fk; vd; kf;fs; vd; fuq;fshy; MrPu;tjpf;fg;gLtJld; ,];Nuy; vdJ ghuk;gupaj;ij giwrhw;WtjhfTk; mikal;Lk” (19:25). ,jd;nghOJ> ePjpahd Ml;rpahdJ rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ> ehLfs; xd;Wlndhd;W ,iwtdpd; ghijapy; gpizf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,irahtpd; fijapypUe;J ehk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w mbg;gilj; jfty; vd;dntdpy;> ey;ypzf;fk; vd;gJ ePjpahFk;.

4.4 Nfl;gjw;F Jzpr;ry; kpf;f ey;ypzf;fk; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpf;F cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpjy;> cz;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpLjy; Mfpad Kf;fpakhditfs;. Mdhy;> mj;jifa nraw;ghLfSf;F ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; kw;Wk; Fw;wkpioj;jth; Mfpa ,U jug;gpduJk; gq;fspg;G mtrpakhFk;. cz;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhd Jzpr;ry; Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghy; cz;ikiar; nrtpkLg;gjw;fhd Jzpr;rYk; Ntz;Lk;. ,uj;jk; tbe;j epiyapy; tUif je;j ngz;Zila fij gw;wp khf;]pd; fpwp];jt ew;nra;jp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ (5:24-32). ,e;jg; ngz;zplk; cz;ikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Jzpr;rYk; mtrpaKk; fhzg;gl;ld. ngah; Fwpg;gplg;glhj ,e;jg; ngz; r%fj;jpypUe;J xJf;fg;gl;lts;. Kuz;ghLfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; Nghy ,tsplKk; cz;ikiaf; fijg;gjw;fhd mr;rk; fhzg;gl;lJ> mjhtJ mt;thW $wpdhy; r%fj;jpypUe;J Xuq;fl;lg;gl;L tpLNthk;> MtJ}Wf;F cs;shf;fg;gLNthk; vd;w mr;rk;. ,g; ngz;zpw;fhf ahUk; ghpe;Jiufis Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy. eph;f;fjpahd epiyapy; ,ts; fhzg;gl;lhs;. ,ts; ahUk; mwpahj tifapy;> ,NaR ehjUila Miliaj; njhl;ljd; %yk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhs;. ,t;thW nra;jjd; %yk; rka rl;lq;fis kPwpatshf ,ts; fUjg;gl;lhs;. Vnddpy;> Fzg;gLj;jy;fis ehLtjw;F mf;fhyj;jpy; mDkjp mtrpak;. ,t;thW Jzpfukhd eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;ljd; fhuzkhf mtsJ nray;fs;; Fzg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; kPl;G Mfpatw;Wf;F cjhuzkhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. fLk; eph;f;fjpahd epiy Jzpfukpf;f ek;gpf;iff;Fk; khw;wq;fSf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;yyhk;. ew;nra;jpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jg; ngz;zhdts; jdJ mikjpfhj;j epiyapypUe;J tpLgl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; jdpikapypUe;J jhd; tpLgl;L tpLNtz;LNkd;gijAk; czh;e;jpUe;jhs;. mg;NghNj jd;dhy; Fzg;gLj;jiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAnkd;gijAk; mwpe;jpUe;jhs;. Fzg;gLj;jiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ njhlh;gpy; me;jg; ngz;zplk; fhzg;gl;l Jzpr;ry; ,NaR ehjUila ftdj;ij <h;j;jJ. vdNt> “vd;idj; njhl;lJ ahh;” (Mk. 5:30-31) vd tpdtpdhu;. mts; ePz;lfhykhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhs;. mtSf;F ePjp kWf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy;> mts;; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ,J ,iwtdpd; ,ilaPlhFk;. mt;thW Fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l ngz; kPz;Lk; jdJ ghuk;ghpa r%fj;jpw;Fr; nry;y mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhs;. flTs; jPh;f;fkhf ahUlDk; gf;fr;rhh;Gld; ele;Jnfhs;tjpy;iy vd;gij ,J vLj;Jiuj;jJ. ePjp ,q;F Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wJ. ,e;jg; ngz; ePjpf;F mUfijAilats; vd;gij fpwp];j;J czh;e;jhh;. vdNt> mts; Fzg;gLj;jg;gl;lhs;. td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSila gpur;rpidfis Myaq;fs; nrtpkLj;J fhj;jpukhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mth;fis Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nritfis ey;fNtz;Lk;. r%fj;jpy; td;Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xUtiu ehk; nrtpkLf;fpd;w nghOJ kw;wth;fSk; Kd;te;J jkf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l td;Kiw kw;Wk; mePjpfs; njhlh;gpy; vLj;Jiug;ghh;fs;. ,NaR ehjiug; Nghy; Myaq;fSk; rthy;fis vjph;nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiyapYs;sd. Xuq;fl;lg;gl;l kf;fs; njhlh;gpy; fhpridiar; nrYj;jp mth;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Jzpr;ry; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Kd;tuNtz;Lk;. ,J ePjpia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w nrayhFk;. ,iwtdpd; ePjpapy; xU rpwe;j rhd;whf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

4.5 epidTfisf; Fzg;gLj;Jfpd;w ey;ypzf;fk; ey;ypzf;fk; epidTfisf; Fzg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Fzg;gLj;jhj epidTfs; Giff;fpd;w jPiag; Nghd;wJ> ey;ypzf;fk; njhlu;ghd Kd;ndLg;Gf;fis ,J mopf;ff; $bajhfTk; mr;RWj;jf; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,dthjpfspdhy;> kf;fs; fz;lj;jfhy epidTfspy; rpiwg;gpbj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,it ,dthjpfspd; ,dthj Ngr;Rf;fs; cz;ikahftpUf;fyhk;> kpifg;gLj;jg;gl;litahftpUf;fyhk; my;yJ fw;gidahftpUf;fyhk;. vdNt> ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;ghd fpwp];jt kjr; nra;jpapy; ntWg;ghdJ kdpjDf;F vjpuhdjhTk; kf;fs; ey;ypzf;fkiltJf;F rthyhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; jkJ epidTfis kPl;Lg;ghh;j;jyhdJ xU typia Vw;gLj;jf;$ba epfo;thFk;. ey;ypzf;fk; Fzg;gLj;jiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

fpwp];jt kugpy; ,iwtdpd; ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; Fzg;gLj;jyhdJ njhlh;r;rpahf xU FwpaPlhfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kdpj r%fj;ijf; Fzg;gLj;JtJ> Jz;L Jz;lhf cile;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w r%fj;ijf; Fzg;gLj;JtJ Mfpad fpwp];j;Jtpd; njhiyNehf;fhFk;. fpwp];j;J cly; hPjpahd kw;Wk; cs hPjpahd Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;jpdhh;. Fzg;gLj;jy; nraw;ghlhdJ Nerpahdpa gzpNehf;F vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. fpwp];j;J mth;fs; Mz;ltdpd; ,uhr;rpak; gw;wpa ew;nra;jpia Nghjpg;gjw;fhf jdJ rPlu;fis mDg;gpitj;j nghOJ> mth;fSf;F Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ijAk; toq;fpapUe;jhh;. ,jd; %yk;> mg;NghJ epytpa r%f> kj Kiwikfis fpwp];j;J jpir jpUg;gpdhh;. mNjNghy; mg;Nghija rl;lj;ijAk; mth; khw;wpaikj;jhh;. rghj;jpid Fzg;gLj;Jtjhy; %yk; mOf;fhdth;fisj; jdJ fuq;fspdhy; njhl;lhh;. kj hPjpahf fhag;gl;lth;fspd; ghtq;fis kd;dpj;jUspdhh;. mjd; fhuzkhf jdJ Fzg;gLj;jy; gazj;ij tphpthf;fpdhh;. thp Nrfhpg;ghsh;fSld; mkh;e;J czT cl;nfhz;ljd; fhuzkhf r%fg; nghUshjhu vy;iyfSf;F mg;ghy; mth; nraw;gl;lhh;. Nehahsh;fisAk; r%fj;jpdhy; jPz;lj; jfhjth;fs; vdf; fUjg;gl;lth;fisAk; mth; njhl;lhh;. NtWtpjkhff; $wpdhy;> fpwp];j;J mth;fs; jdJ KOg; gazj;jpd; nghOJk; Neh;ikahd khDl r%fnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F Kad;whh;. typ Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w my;yJ Jd;gk; jUfpd;w epidTfs; njhlh;gpy; nraw;gLk; nghOJ ,uz;L tifahd KbTfs; vkf;F cjthJ : (m) td;Kiwia ,ioj;jth;fs; kj;jpapypUe;J jhk; ml;^spaq;fisAk; td;KiwfisAk; ,ioj;Js;Nshk; vd;gJ njhlh;gpyhd kpjkpQ;rpa czh;T. my;yJ Nkyhjpf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w mj;jifa kdg;ghq;FfSld; $ba Cfq;fs;. (M) ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fsJ kdq;fspypUe;J cjakhfpd;w fhaq;fs; njhlh;ghd Cfq;fs;. mjhtJ> Kuz;ghl;bw;F gpd;dhy;; ghjpf;fg;gl;L njhlh;e;Jk; Jd;gfukhd epiyapy; tho;fpd;w kf;fs;. ,j;jifa czh;Tfs; gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; cz;ikahd ajhh;j;jj;Jld; xj;Jg; NghfhkypUf;fyhk;. mtw;iw khw;wp mjw;F kPs; nghUs; Nfhly;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xl;Lnkhj;j epidTfisAk; Fzg;gLj;jf;$bath;fshf ehk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4.6 ey;ypzf;fk;: jz;lid kw;Wk; kWrPuikg;G ePjp njd;dhgphpf;fhtpd; cz;ik kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fr; nraw;ghl;bd; nghOJ ahh; ahiu kd;dpg;gJ> ve;j epiyikap;d; fPo; kd;dpg;gJ Nghd;w Nfs;tpfs; vOe;jd. rpy Fw;wq;fis vg;nghOJk; kd;dpf;f KbahJ vd;w Nfhhpf;ifapd; gpufhuk; ey;ypzf;fj;jpy; kd;dpj;jy; nraw;ghlhdJ tpkh;rdj;jpw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf Fw;wkpioj;jth;fs; jdJ Fw;wq;fSf;fhf jhd; jz;bf;fg;gLtij tpUk;ghj nghOJ ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F ,og;gPLfs; toq;f kWf;fpd;w nghOJ ,j;jifa gpur;rpidfs; vOe;jd. ,d;Dk; rpyh; fpwp];jt kjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kd;dpg;gspj;jy; Kiwfis jk;khy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahnjdTk; njhptpj;jdh;. ,j;jifa #oiktpy; jhd; gprg; nl];kd; JL mth;fs; jz;lid rhh; rl;lk; kw;Wk; kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghl;bidg; gphpj;J tpsf;fkspj;jhh;. jz;lidr; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd ,iwapayhdJ Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ> rhpahdth;fSf;F flTs; ntFkjp; toq;Ffpd;whh;. jPath;fis mth; jz;bf;fpd;whh;. nghUs; hPjpahd RgPl;rk; kw;Wk; rpwe;j Rfhjhuk; Mfpad Mz;ltdhy; MrPh;tjpf;fg;gl;l rhpahd tplaq;fSf;fhd Fwpfhl;bahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. tWik> Neha; Mfpad ghtq;fspd; rpd;dkhfTk; ,iwtdpd; jz;lidahfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. “n[hg;]pd; gpufhuk; rhpahdth;fSf;F RgPl;rKk; rpwe;j cly; eyKk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf mth; Jd;gg;gl;lhh;. mtUila ke;ijfis ,oe;jhh;. Ntiyahl;fs;> gps;is> kfd;fs;> kfs;fs; ahtw;iwAk; ,oe;jhh;. mtUila clk;G Gz;fs; epuk;gpajhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. mtUila fhypypUe;J jiy tiu Gz;fs; epuk;gpajhff; fhzg;gl;lJ” (Nah 2:7b). n[hg;]pd; Jd;gg;gly; kw;Wk; RgPl;rk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nehf;Fifapy; jz;lidr; rl;lk; njhlh;ghd ,iwapay; gpioahdJ vd;gij czh;e;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. mjhtJ> ePjp gw;wpa kdpj Ghpjy;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,J vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehk; rhpahd nray;fis Nkw;nfhz;Nlhk; vd;gjw;fhf vy;yhr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; flTs; vkf;F ntFkjp;fis toq;Ftjpy;iy. mNjNghy; ehk; Nkw;nfhz;l gpioahd eltbf;iffSf;fhd vy;yhr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; mth; vkf;Fj; jz;lid toq;FtJkpy;iy. jz;lidahdJ Kbtpy;yhj td;Kiwf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yyhk;. r%fj;ij xOq;fhd epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtJ vkf;F mtrpakhFk;. gu];guk; kw;Wk kd;dpf;Fk; nrayhdJ cs;> ntspepiyf; fhaq;fisf; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ. kw;Wk; Gjpa cwTfSf;fhd Muk;gkhfTk; ,J jpfo;fpwJ. ey;ypzf;fkhdJ nra;j Fw;wj;jpw;F tUj;jg;gly;> kd;dpj;jUsy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpanjhU nrad;KiwahFk;. ,J kWrPuikf;fg;glf; $bajhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kWrPuikj;jyhdJ rpy gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,q;F ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; ikag; nghUshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. mth;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gl;l fhaq;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> jdpg;gl;l gopthq;fy; Nehf;fq;fspypUe;J mth;fisj; jLj;J epWj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;. Fw;wkpioj;jth;fSf;F vjpuhf fLk; eltbf;if vLg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf> rl;l 45

eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F ntspg;gilj; jd;ik mtrpak;. mth;fsJ Fuy;fs; nrtpkLf;fg;gly; mtrpakhFk;;. Fw;wq;fspdhy; Vw;gl;l fhaq;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;F cjtp mtrpak;. nghUj;jkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy el;l<L toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> ,J r%f ikar; nrayhFk;> mur ikar; nray; my;y. ghjpf;fg;gl;l rfy jug;gpdh;> Fw;wkpioj;jth;> FLk;gq;fs;> r%fk;> nghyp];> ePjpj;Jiwg; gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fs; Mfpa rfytw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpa gy;NtW tpjkhd r%fg; ghpkhzq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj cs;slf;fpajhf kWrPuikg;G ePjp fhzg;gLfpwJ. %d;whtjhf Fw;wkpioj;jth; jhd; ,ioj;j Fw;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $wf;$batuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kuG rhh;e;j ePjpj;Jiwr; nraw;ghLfspd; nghOJ Fw;wkpioj;jth; ePjpgjp> eLth;fs;> rhl;rpfs;> jz;lid Nghd;w gy tplaq;fis vjph;nfhs;sf; $batuhftpUf;fpd;whh;. Mdhy; r%f ika ePjpj;Jiw mikg;gpy; Fw;wkpioj;jth; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUila typiaAk; mtUila FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs; vjph;nfhz;l typiaAk; Neubahf czh;fpd;whhh;. ,jd; %ykhf Fw;wkpioj;jth; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;gpid czh;e;Jnfhs;tJld;> mtw;iwr; rPh;nra;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffspy; fhj;jpukhf <LgLtjw;fhd tha;g;GfSk; cs;sd. ehd;fhtjhf> rPh;nra;jy; ePjpahdJ iggps; rhh;e;jjhFk;. jpUkiw rhh;e;j ePjp kuGfs; ePjp epiyehl;lg;gLtijAk; cwTfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtijAk; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ntWk; jz;lidf;Fg; gjpyhf ,J \hNyhk; ePjpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jz;lid rhh; ePjp eltbf;if KiwfshdJ kWrPuikg;G ePjpr; nraw;ghLfSld; ,ize;J nry;yy; Ntz;Lk;. ey;ypzf;fk; ,y;yhj ntWk; jz;lid ePjpahdJ nfhLq;Nfhd;ikf;F epfuhdjhFk;. cz;ikahd ePjp> gpur;rpidfis jPh;g;gJ njhlh;gpy; Muha;fpd;wJ. vdNt> fpwp];jth;fshdth;fs; ,it njhlh;gpy; nraw;gLfpd;w nghOJ jz;lid rhh; ePjpf;Fg; gjpyhf kWrPuikg;G rhh;e;j ePjpia vLj;Jiuf;ff; $bath;fshftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> kdpjhgpkhdk;> kdpj Nkd;ikfs; Mfpatw;iwg; Ngzf;$bajhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> ghjpf;fg;gl;lth; kw;Wk; Fw;wkpioj;jth; Mfpa ,U jug;gpdUlDk; kdpjNkd;ikfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L rkhjhdkhd r%fnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf njhopw;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ntWk; jz;lidapdhy; khj;jpuk; kpf mhpjhfNt ,jid mila KbAk;. rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; jz;lid gq;fspg;Gfis ey;fpdhYk;$l> jz;lid %yk; KOikahf vjph;ghh;j;jij mila KbahJ. flTs; vg;nghOJk; vkJ ghtq;fis kd;dpf;fpd;whh;. vkJ ghtq;fis md;gpdhYk; ghtkd;dpg;gpdhYk; kd;dpf;fpd;whh;. vdNt> kf;fs; kd;dpg;gjw;F Kd;tuy; Ntz;Lk;. Jd;gg;gl;l kf;fsJ kdq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w fhaq;fisf; Fzg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mth;fis MNuhf;fpak; kpf;fth;fshf khw;Wfpd;w mNjNtis> vjph;fhyk; gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifAld; nraw;glf;$bath;fshf khw;Wfpd;w nghWg;Gk; ,d;iwa fl;lj;jpy; Myaq;fSf;F cz;L. ,th;fs; ntWk; Jd;gq;fis gjpe;J itj;jpUg;gth;fshf ,Uf;fhky; Jd;gq;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jfpd;w kdpjh;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. me;jg; nghWg;G ,th;fSf;F cz;L.

4.7 ey;ypzf;fk; xU jPh;f;fjhprdk; kpf;f fye;Jiuahly; rkhjhdk;> ePjp> ey;ypzf;fk; Mfpatw;iw miltjw;fhf Vida kjq;fSlDk; kjr; rhh;gw;w rpj;jhe;jq;fSlDk; $l;bize;J fpwp];jt kf;fs; ,aq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> jkJ kj hPjpahfTk; Vida kjq;fSf;fpilapYk; fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ njhlh;gpy; Myaq;fs; jkJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. kjq;fSf;fpilapy;> fpwp];jt kjj;jpDs;> ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kj;jpapy; xw;Wikiaj; jilnra;fpd;wJ. rkhhpad; ngz;Zld; fpwp];j;J Nkw;nfhz;l fye;JiuahlyhdJ rthy; kpf;f rpy tplaq;fisg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J kjq;fSf;fpilapyhd fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; kjj;jpDs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fye;Jiuahly; Mfpatw;iw tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Kiwapy; rhe;jg;gLj;JfpwJ. fpwp];j;J mth;fs; ,q;F Nkw;nfhz;l Kd;ndLg;G vkf;F Xh; mfj;J}z;lyhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;jg; ngz;kzpAld; fye;Jiuahba fpwp];j;J mth;fs; jz;zi P u mUe;Jk;gb mtsplk; Nfl;lhh;fs;. ,q;F cwTfSk; xw;WikfSk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rkhhpad; ngz;kzpAld; fpwp];Jtpd; fye;JiuahlyhdJ A+jh;fs; kuG hPjpahf rkhhpad;fis ghugl;rj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpaij tpQ;rpr; nry;fpwJ. ,th;fs; xUtUld; xUth; gq;fhsh;fshf ,ize;J fye;Jiuahlypy; <Lgl;lJld; xw;Wikia Nehf;fpa gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLgtUila kjpg;G> fUj;J> ek;gpf;if> mDgtk; Mfpatw;iw fpwp];j;J kjpj;jhh;. mNjNtis> A+j kjk; kw;Wk; rkhhpah;fSila kjk; Mfpatw;iw tpkh;rpf;ff;$ba Jzpr;ry; fpwp];j;Jtplk; fhzg;gllJ. fye;Jiuahly; vdg;gLtJ nghJ eyd;> nghJ ,yf;F kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhdk; Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fpAk; xd;whf ,aq;FtjhFk;. egh;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l ,t;tpjkhd mZFKiwfs; jhk; Nkk;gl;lth;fs; vd;w rpe;jid kdg;ghq;F Nkyhjpf;fg; Nghf;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwf; fye;Jiuahlypd; nghOJ ,y;yhnjhopf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j mZFKiw kw;wth;fsJ jdpg;gl;l MSikfis kjpf;fpd;wJ. Ntw;WikfSf;F kj;jpapYk; mth;fis rkj;Jtk; kpf;fth;fshff; fUJfpd;wJ. rkhjhdk; 46

kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fk; Mfpad xU jdp eghpd; mbg;gil chpikfspd; mbg;gilahfj; jpfo;jy; Ntz;Lk;. FNuhjk; rhh;e;j mZFKiwfs; kdpj r%fj;jpd; gz;ikj;Jt mk;rq;fis mopj;JtpLk;. fyhrhu> rka hPjpahd FNuhjq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;F mg;ghy; Rje;jpukhfg; gazpf;f Ntz;ba Njit vkf;F cz;L. ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; kjq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd fye;JiuahlyhdJ tul;Lj;jdk; kw;Wk; ,iwapay; rhh;e;j Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Muk;gpf;ff;$lhJ vd mDgtk; fw;Wj;jUfpwJ. kjq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd fye;Jiuahly;fspd; nghOJ> kjq;fs; tpkh;rpf;fg;gly; $lhJ. fpwp];j;J mth;fs; A+j kjk; kw;Wk; rkhhpad; kjk; Mfpatw;wpd; eilKiw rhh;e;j rpy tplaq;fs;> gphptpid mk;rq;fs;> r%f eilKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw khj;jpuNk tpkh;rpj;jhh;. fpwp];j;J mth;fspd; tpkh;rdk; tpLjiyia Nehf;fpa Gjpa tho;f;iff;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,q;F cz;ik kw;Wk; xw;Wik Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; je;ij tzq;fg;gl;lhh;. ,J midj;Jg; gps;isfisAk; ,iwtDila gps;isfshf xw;Wikg;gLj;jpaJ. xt;nthU rkaj;jpYk; mjw;NfAhpa tpLjiy hPjpahd Mw;wy;fSk; mNjNtis xLf;FKiw mk;rq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rkaq;fis tpkh;rdk; nra;fpd;w nghOJ xt;nthU rkaKk; tpLjiy hPjpahd mk;rq;fisAk; khDl Nkk;ghLfs; Nehf;fpa mk;rq;fisAk; fhj;jpukhf fz;Lzh;tjw;F tha;g;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. mj;NjhL> mjDila xLf;FKiw mk;rq;fs; njhlh;gpy; Mf;fG+h;tkhfTk; nraw;gl KbAk;. vdNt> r%f fye;JiuahlYf;Fk; ,e;j fye;JiuahlyhdJ Gjpa tho;f;if Kiwf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yf; $bajhfTk; Myaq;fs; miog;G tpLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; fye;Jiuahly; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpapy; xOf;fk; rhh;e;j tplaq;fspy; ,J jtph;f;fg;gl Kbahj mk;rkhFk;.

4.8 ey;ypzf;fk; xU kj;jpa];jkhf epiyj;J epw;ff; $banjhU ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;ghd Kaw;rpfs; ahTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSila Njitia vLj;Jiuf;ff; $bajhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ntw;wp ngw;wth;fspdhy; jpzpf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSila Njitia epth;j;jp nra;a KbahJ. ,J cWjpaw;w rkhjhdj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. kj;jpa];j;jk;> ePjpia cUthf;Fjy; Mfpad njhlh;gpy; Kf;fpakhd tfpghfk; Myaq;fSf;F cz;L. fpwp];jt kjj;jpd; ikakhf Myaq;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd. jdp egUila nkhj;j eyd;fs; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; Njrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd eyd;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf \hNyhk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. kdpjh;fsJk; rfy caphpdq;fspdJk; eyd;fis cs;slf;fpajhf \hNyhk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J ePjpiaAk; rhpahd elj;ijiaAk; gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd topKiwahFk;. fpbNahdpd; gPlk; Fwpg;gpLtjhtJ> ‘ahg;Nt \hNyhk;’ mjhtJ> flTNs rkhjhdk; (epah 6:24). mtNu rkhjhdj;jpd; %ykhfj; jpfo;fpd;whh;. NkYk;> flTSf;F ed;ik nra;tJ fpwp];jth;fSf;fhd rthyhFk;. ePjpiaAk; rhpahd elj;ijiaAk; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk; ,th;fs; rkhjhdj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpg;gth;fshfTk; kj;jpa];j;jth;fshfTk; ,Uf;f KbAk;. fpwp];j;jth;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> td;Kiwapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fsJ cz;ikahd mDgtq;fisf; nfhz;L ePjp fhzg;gLtJld;> td;KiwfisAk; Fw;wq;fisAk; mikjpahf ruzilar; nra;J ,y;yhnjhopf;fg; gJ mtrpakhFk;;. xUtuJ mjpUg;jp> typ kw;Wk; Nfhgk; Mfpatw;iw thh;j;ijfspy; ntspf;nfhzuy; Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa];jk; nra;gth;fs; ,j;jifa Jd;gfukhd epiyikfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> Mk;]; Jd;gk; vd;gjpy; fw;gid hPjpahd ,lnkhd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F xUtuJ td;Kiw rhh;e;j mDgtq;fis ,dq;fhz KbAk;. vJ njhpahJ kw;Wk; nrtpkLj;jy; njhlh;ghd mDgtkw;w jd;ikfs; Mfpad gw;wp ,q;F vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghJ tho;f;if kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if Mfpatw;wpypUe;J tpyfp> jpwe;j kdJld; tplaq;fisg; Gyg;gLj;Jk; gbAk;> mr;RWj;Jfpd;w> Fzg;gLj;Jfpd;w tplaq;fis vLj;Jiuf;Fk; gbAk; jdJ thrfh;fis ,J NfhUfpd;wJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; jk;ikj;jhNk nrtpkL;f;Fk; gbAk; jkJ Fuy;fis xypf;fr; nra;Ak;gbAk; Mk;]; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;fpd;wJ. mikjpf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lkhf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. ftiyg;gLtjpypUe;J tpyfp mikjpia cilj;J Kd;tUfpd;w nghOJ ePjpf;fhd ghijfs; jpwf;fpd;wd. Gyk;giy iftpLtjhdJ mr;rj;Jld; flTis ,dq;fhz;gjhFk;. ntWk; Gyk;gy; flTs; njhlh;ghd rthy;fis vjph;nfhs;sr; nra;fpd;wJ. flTs; kPJ ek;gpf;if itf;fpd;w nghOJ td;Kiw njhlh;ghd tplaq;fis vLj;Jiuf;f KbAk;. Fw;wkpioj;jth;fisg; nghWg;Gf; $wr;nra;a KbAk;. td;Kiw epiwTngw;W ek;gpf;if Njhd;Wnkd ek;g KbAk;. xt;nthU kdpjDk; td;Kiwiaf; iftpl Ntz;Lnkd ehk; NfhUtjw;fhd gbKiwahf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Gyk;gy; nrtpkLg;NghUf;F rthy;fis tpLf;fpd;wJ. Myaq;fs; nghJthf Fw;wq;fisg; ngahpLtjw;Nfh my;yJ J\;gpuNahfk; gw;wp vLj;Jiug;gjw;Nfh my;yJ mit fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij kWg;gjw;Nfh nghJthf jaq;Ffpd;wd. vdNt> ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; mikjpahftpUf;fpd;whh;fs;. jdpg;gl;lth;fisAk; FOf;fisAk; kjpf;ff; $banjhU fyhrhuk; vkf;F mtrpak;. fUj;njhUikAld; tho;fpd;w khWgl;l r%fq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Xh; rkhjhd fyhrhuk; mtrpak;. r%f czh;TfSk; jdpg;gl;l czh;TfSk; NkNyhq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kdpj r%jha Nkk;ghl;L eltbf;iffspy; gq;Fgw;WNthh;fshfTk; mtw;wpd; gpujpepjpahfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rl;luPjpahd gy;tifik kWf;fg;gLtNj kf;fSf;Fk;> r%fq;fSf;Fk; ,iof;fg;gl;l mePjpfSf;F mbg;gilahFk;. kjk; kw;Wk; fyhrhu nfhs;ifapd; nraw;ghbdJk;> xUikg;ghl;bdJk; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf xw;Wik gy jUzq;fspy; ,Ug;gij ehk; mwpe;jNj. ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; ghy; mh;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gLfpd;w Myaq;fs; mj;jifa fUj;jpay;fSf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLtJld;> gy;tifik kpFe;j ey;ypzf;fj;ij mjw;Fg; gjpyhf jOTjy; Ntz;Lk;. ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gy;tifikapd; gpujpgypg;ghdJ rfy kf;fSk; gykhd gy;tifikf;F kj;jpapy; flTspd; ghijia Muj;jOTfpwhh;;fs; vd;gij czu KbAk;. ,e;j ehl;by; fhzg;gLfpd;w $l;L td;Kiw njhlh;ghd gjpyspg;Gfspy; ,j;jifa tplaq;fs; epr;rakhf ,y;yhj epiyikia fhz Kbfpd;wJ. mh;j;jKs;s vj;jifa ey;ypzf;ff; fye;Jiuahly;fSf;Fk; kj;jpa];j;jk; mtrpak;. rl;l hPjpahd ePjpkd;wr; nraw;ghLfSf;F mg;ghy;> epthuzq;fis toq;ff; $ba ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba kWrPuikg;G ePjp Kiwfs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. gy kl;lq;fisj; jOtf;$ba G+uzj;Jtk; kpf;fjhf ,J jpfo;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa];j;jk; Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghlhftpUf;fpd;w mNjNtis> Myaq;fs; Neh;ikahd gz;ikj;Jtj;ijAk; gpujpgypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

4.9 njhFg;G jdpegh;fs; kj;jpapy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJk; kdpj ,dj;ij flTspd; ghy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJk; Myaq;fspd; Kf;fpa gzpahFk;. ,j;jifa ey;ypzf;fj;jpypUe;J xw;Wikia Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;w fyhrhuj;ij cl;rhfg;gLj;JtJ Myaq;fspd; Kf;fpa tfpghfq;fshFk;. kw;wth;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; Myaq;fs; Neh;ik kpf;fitahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ey;ypzf;fk; kw;Wk; ePjp Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd gpufldg;gLj;jYf;F rkkhf ew;nra;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ey;ypzf;f hPjpahd njhlh;G Kiwfs; Kwpfpd;w nghOJ> fpwp];j;Jtpd; ghijapy; mtw;iw kj;jpa];jk; nra;tjw;fhd tfpghfj;ij Myaq;fs; Vw;f KbAk;. ,e;j re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ,iof;fg;gl;l td;Kiwfs; njhlh;gpy; efuhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. kd;dpg;igf; NfhUfpd;wth;fs; Neh;ikahf ele;J nfhs;tJ> ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; ghy; nraw;gLtJ Mfpad mDkjpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJ jhd; gop thq;fYf;Fg; gjpyhf ghpfhu ePjpfis eilKiwg;gLj;jp cz;ik gw;wpa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. chpik kPwy;fspy; <Lgl;lth;fs; jhkhf tpUk;gp Kd;tUtJ ,jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. mNjNghy; chpik kPwg;gl;lth;fSk; ,jid Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa re;jh;g;gj;jpy; jhd; cz;ikahd kd;dpg;gspj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;ghd ePjp Mfpad ntspr;rj;jpw;F tUk;. flTs; gw;wpa ajhh;j;jk;> vk;ikg;gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;> ehk; xUtUld; xUth; vt;thW ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghd vkJ vz;zf;fUf;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ghhpa khw;wj;ij fpwp];j;J nfhz;Lte;jhh;. “ePq;fs; cq;fspy; xUth; kPJ kw;nwhUth; md;G nrYj;Jq;fs;> ehd; cq;fs; kPJ md;G nrYj;JNtd;” ,JNt ,tuJ vspa newpg;gLj;jYk; fl;lisAk; MFk;. mth;fs; kPJ md;G nrYj;Jq;fs;. ,d;W gy tplaq;fs; cq;fisg; gphpj;J itj;jpUf;fpwJ. kdpj rKjhaj;ij flTspd; kf;fshy; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;. kdpj chpikfs; kPJ ehk; njhptpf;fpd;w ntWk; mOj;jq;fNsh ePjpkd;wq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ghJfhg;Ngh my;yJ Majq;fspdhy; njhlh;r;rpahf toq;fg;gLfpd;w ghJfhg;GfNsh tpidj;jpwdw;wjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cyfpy; ,d;W gy;NtW tpjkhd kf;fs; tpahghu hPjpahd Mh;tq;fisAilath;fs; cs;slq;fyhf> fpwp];jt ew;nra;jpia khw;wl P hf Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mth;fs; xd;W$ly;> tiyaikg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> mayth; cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> rKjhakhfr; nraw;gly;> fye;Jiuahly;> xUthpy; kw;nwhUth; jq;fpapUj;jy;> Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; r%f ey;YwTfisAk; r%f gpizg;GfisAk; fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa ghhpa khw;wkhdJ vkJ rpwpa kdpj chpikfis ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;gpyhd fpwp];jt ew;nra;jp vd;w ghhpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpDs; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.

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tpNrl rigAld; $ba ePjp rhh; nghwpKiwfs; kw;Wk; ,og;gPLfs; toq;Ftjw;fhd mYtyfk;. rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;> kdpj chpikfs;> ePjp> rkhjhd Mizf;FOf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; eilKiwfs; njhlh;gpy; ghpe;Jiufis Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL> mit njhlh;ghd tpopg;Gzh;Tfis jkJ r%fj;jpy; fl;bnaOg;Gtjd; %yk; rkaj; jiyth;fs; epiykhw;Wf;fhy ePjpia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y kw;Wk; ,th;fs; ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w mNjNtis> ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F cjtpfisAk; toq;f KbAk;. cz;ik kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fr; nrad;Kiwfspy; rkak; rhh;e;j cl;fl;likg;Gfis ehk; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;. kjk; rhh;e;j r%fq;fs; njhlh;gpyhd rka> r%f epWtdq;fs; tphpthd Kiwapy; jkJ cjtpfis ey;fp r%f ikar; nraw;ghLfis Nkk;gLj;jyhk;. Kuz;ghl;bd; ghpzhkk; njhlh;ghd rfy kl;lq;fspYk; fye;Jiuahly;> rkhjhdk;> ey;ypzf;fk; Mfpatw;iw ,yFgLj;Jk; nghUl;L Njrpa kl;lq;fspy; rkaq;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;f KbAk;. nghJthf rkhjhdr; nraw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mit njhlh;ghd gpd;D}l;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; rhh;gpy; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f gq;fspg;Gfs;> mh;g;gzpg;Gfs; Mfpad kpff; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzpfis epth;j;jp nra;ahj tiu kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; njhlh;e;Jnfhz;NlapUf;Fk;. epiyNgwhd rkhjhdk;> ePjp> Neh;ikahd ey;ypzf;fk;> rptpy; r%fj;ij kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy;;> muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; kj;jpapy; ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Mfpad njhlh;gpy; cjtpfis ey;Ftjw;Fk;> kjq;fis ehk; xU rhyr;rpwe;j fUtpahf gad;gLj;jKbAk;. ,tw;Ws; kpf Kf;fpakhd tplak; vd;dntdpy;> cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptJk; fle;j fhyq;fspy; eilngw;w mePjpfs; njhlh;gpy; Neh;ikahd Kiwapy; nraw;gLtJkhFk;. mt;thW ehk; nra;a ; hjgl;rj;jpy; vjph;fhy re;jjpfs; ,t;tpjkhd Kuz;ghLfSf;F Kfk;nfhLg;gjl;fhd rhj;jpaf;$W mjpfk; vdf; fUjyhk;. ,yq;ifapy; eilngw;w kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; njlu;ghf khw;wj;jpid mZFk; nghJ> rkjejp gpur;rhuk; nra;tJk;> rk;je;ij newpahf fl;bnaOg;GtJk; fzj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fshFk;. Kuz;ghLfspy; <Lgl;Ls;s r%fq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; gutyhf kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kjk; kw;Wk; ,dj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ghhpasT kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,Jjifa eltbf;iffs; vjpu;fhy jiyKiwapd; r%f fl;likg;igNa ghjpf;Fk;. kdpj chpik kPwy;fspy; <Lgl;lth;fs; jz;lidapypUe;J tpjp tpyf;Fg; ngWtjhdJ tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Kwd;ghl;L epiykhw;wk;> ey;ypzf;fk;> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Mfpatw;Wf;F mbg;gilj; jilahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jz;lidapypUe;J tpjptpyf;Fg; ngWjy;> kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; njhlh;ghd Fw;wthspfs;> mePjpfis ,ioj;Njhh; MfpNahh; jkJ nray;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $wf;$bath;fshf ,Ug;gJ njhlh;gpy; rkak; fhj;jpukhd gq;fspg;gpid ey;f Ntz;Lk;. kdpj ,dj;jpw;F vjpuhf Fw;wkpioj;jth;fshf rhl;bAiuf;fg;gl;lth;fSf;F vjpuhf rl;l elbtf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghl;bid ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhd epue;ju Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wnkhd;iwj; jhgpg;gjw;F rkaq;fs; cjt Kd;tuNtz;Lk;. NkYk; ,t;tpyf;fpw;F Mjuthf nghUj;jkhd ghpe;JiufisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> rkhjhdk;> epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; xw;Wik Mfpatw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Kfkhf gy kjq;fSf;fpilapyhd fye;Jiuahly;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F rkaj; jiyth;fs; Kd;tuNtz;Lk.; Kuz;ghl;bid khw;Wjy;> epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fpg; gazpj;jy;>rkhjhdk; kpf;f rftho;tpid Vw;gLj;jy;> kj hPjpahd gy;tifikia kjpj;jy;> kj;jpa];jj;ij ,yFgLj;jp Nkk;gLj;jy;> kjk; rhh;e;j r%fq;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; mw;Wf;F ntspapYk; Kuz;ghL jPh;Tfis Nkk;gLj;jy;> Ngr;Rthh;j;ij> gfpug;gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; kjq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd cwTKiwfis Nkk;gLj;jy;> rptpy; r%fq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; xw;Wikfis Vw;gLj;jy; Mfpa Kaw;rpfis cs;slf;fpajhf ,jd; Nehf;fk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Ml;rpapd; my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; epWtd hPjpahd Mw;wy;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fsJ Mw;wy;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> kjk; rhh;e;j r%fq;fs;> mjd; Mw;wy;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> rl;l Kiw> Ml;rpf; fl;likg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw tYg;gLj;jy;> ePz;lfhy fy;tpg; ghpe;Jiufs;> epiyNgwhd rkhjhdj;ij Nkk;gLj;jf;$ba nray;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; nraw;ghL ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ePjpiaAk; kdpj chpik kPwy;fs; njhlh;gpy; nghWg;Gf; $Wfpd;w nraw;ghLfisAk; Nkk;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghd Kaw;rpfspy; rkak; rhh;e;j r%fq;fs; Kf;fpa tfpghfj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. jkJ r%fq;fis gq;Fgw;Wjy; hPjpahd Ml;rpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F ,l;Lr; nry;tNjhL>rkhjhdf; fy;tpapayhsh;fshfTk; nraw;gl KbAk;. ,q;F kpf Kf;fpakhd tplak; vd;dntdpy;> kjj; jiyth;fs; ey;ypzf;fj;ij toq;Ftjw;F Kd;tuNtz;Lk;. ey;ypzf;fk; Fzg;gLj;jiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Mgphpf;fhtpNy epw ghFghL KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ljd; gpd;dh;> xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptj;wfhd Mizf;FO kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fk; njhlh;ghd Mizf;FO Mfpad jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;jifa re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rkaj; jiyth;fs; Cf;fpahfTk; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpujpepjpahfTk; nraw;glKbAk;. Nghypahd tje;jpfs; guTtijj; jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; 52

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