Ugunja Constituency Strategic Plan 2013 - 2018 by Nelson Opany

UGUNJA CONSTITUENCY STRATEGIC PLAN 2013‐18 1 | P a g e

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………………........v FOREWORD………………………………………………………………………………………..….vi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………..…. .vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………...…...ix UGUNJA CONSTITUENCY MAP…………………………………………………………………...…..x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….07 1.1 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………………….…07 CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTION REVIEW……………………………………………………………....11 2.1 Vision ………………………………………………………………………………………………..11 2.2 Mission …………………………………………………………………………………………..…11 2.3 Main Strategy ……………………………………………………………………………………...11 2.4 Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………….…11 2.5 Core Values ………………………………………………………………………………………...12 2.6 Goal of Ugunja Strategic Planning ………………………………………………………………..12 CHAPTER THREE: DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES BY THE GOVERNMENT…………………………………………….….13 3.1 Vision 2030 ………………………………………………………………………………………...13 3.2 Millennium Development Goal 2000 – 2015………………………………………………….…..14 3.3 Economic Stimulus Programme ………………………………………………………………….15 3.4 Public Private Partnership (PPP) ……………………………………………………………...….16 CHAPTER FOUR: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………..…....17 4.1 Youth Agenda………………………………………………………………………………….…...17 4.2 Agriculture…………………………………………………………………………………….……19 4.3 Women Empowerment……………………………………………………………………………24 4.4 Infrastructure………………………………………………………………………………………25 4.5 Education.………………………………………………………………………………………….28 4.6 Persons with Disability …………………………………………………………………………….33 4.7 Healthcare…………………….. …………………………………………………………………...33 4.8 Environment…………………….. ………………………………………………………………...36 CHAPTER FIVE: SWOT AND PESTEL ANALYSIS …………………………………………………...….38 CHAPTER SIX: SECTOR ISSUES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES……………………………….….…44 Key priority sectors ……………………………………………………………………………………44 6.1 Youth Agenda ………………………………………………………………………………………44 6.2 Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………...…..46 6.3 Women Empowerment ……………………………………………………………………………48 6.4 Infrastructure …………………………………………………………………………………...….49 6.5 Education ………………………………………………………………………….……………..….51 6.6 Persons with Disability ………………………………………………………………………….….53 6.7 Healthcare …………………………………………………………………………………………..54 6.8 Environment ………………………………………………………………………………….…….54 2 | P a g e

CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX ……………………………………………...……….56 7.1 Youth Agenda ………………………………………………………………………………………56 7.2 Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………...…..56 7.3 Women Empowerment ……………………………………………………………………………56 7.4 Infrastructure …………………………………………………………………………………...….56 7.5 Education ………………………………………………………………………….……………..…56 7.6 Persons with Disability ………………………………………………………………………….….56 7.7 Healthcare …………………………………………………………………………………………..56 7.8 Environment ………………………………………………………………………………….…….56 CHAPTER EIGHT: CO‐ORDINATION OF IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION ……………………………………………...58 8.1 Coordination of Implementation ………………………………………………………………….58 8.2 Monitoring and Evaluation ………………………………………………………………………..58 8.3 Communication …………………………………………………………………………………….59 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………60

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ARV ASL CACC CBO CBR CCC CDC CDF CDFC CEAC CED CYEF CRC DEB DDC DFSR EACP ESP ERSWEC GAR GoK HIV/AIDS ICT IEC IGA KCPE KCSE KCYDF KDHS KEFINCO KIBH KICOMI KNHA KKK KURA LM LR MDGs MoALF MoCSA

Anti‐Retro Viral Constituency Aids Control Committee Community Based Organizations Community Bases Rehabilitation Constituency Communication Centre Constituency Development Committee Constituency Development Fund Constituency Development Fund Committee Constituency Environment Awareness Campaign Constituency Education Day Constituency Youth Endowment Fund Community Resource Centre District Education Board District Development Committee District Food Security and Relief East African Common Market Protocol Economic Recovery Programme Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation Gross Attendance Ratio Government of Kenya Human Immuno Deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Information & Communication Technology Information, Education and Communication Income Generating Activities Kenya Certificate of Primary Education Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Kenya Demographic Household Survey

Kisumu Cotton Mills Kenya National Highway Authority Kazi Kwa Vijana Kenya Rural Roads Authority

Millennium Development Goals Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries Ministry of Culture, Sport and the Art

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MoDP MoE MoEACT MoEP MoEWM MoICT MoIED MoLHUD MoH MoM MoLI MoIS MoTI MRI MTEF MTP NACC NALEP NDF NGO NHIF PPP PSDA PWD TNT PESTEL PRSP SAGA SDDP SR STD SWOT UNDP UN UL UPWDC URTI VCT V2030 WVSLA

Ministry of Devolution and Planning Ministry of Education Ministry of East African Affairs, Commerce & Tourism Ministry of Energy & Petroleum Ministry of Environment, Water & Mineral Ministry of Information, Communication & Technology Ministry of Industrialization & Enterprise Development Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development Ministry of Health Ministry of Mining Ministry of Labour, Social Security & Services Ministry of Internal Security Ministry of Transport & Infrastructure Medium Term Expenditure Framework Medium Term Plan National Aids Control Council National Agricultural and Livestock Expansion Programme National Development Fund Non‐Governmental Organization National Hospital Insurance Fund Public Private Partnership Private Sector Development in Agriculture People With Disability The National Treasury Politics, Economic, Social, Technological, Ecological and Legal Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Semi‐Autonomous Government Agency

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats United Nations Development Programme United Nations Ugunja Persons With Disability Council Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Vision 2030 Women Village Savings and Loan Associations

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Ugunja Constitu uency

Source: IEB BC Boundaries R Report Vol. III (20 012)

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview Location Ugunja Constituency is in Siaya County, Nyanza Province. Ugunja is located on the Kisumu‐Busia highway, which links Kenya and Uganda and leis between latitude 00 23’ North and longitude 34012’ East and 34021’ East. The town is 72 km north of the nearest city, Kisumu, which sits on the shores of Lake Victoria. The equator is 40 km south of Ugunja town. The Constituency, whose area is approximately 213 square kilometers, has a population of 93,372 and is bordered by Gem Constituency to the South East, Ugenya to the North and West, and Alego to the South. There are three county assembly wards in Ugunja Constituency namely: Sidindi, Sigomere and Ugunja. Sidindi comprises of Simenya, Rangala, Yiro East, Yiro West, Ruwe and Uhuyi sub‐locations of Siaya County and has a population of 24,527. Sigomere with a population of 29,632 encompasses of Got Osimbo, Mung’ao, Madungu, Sigomere, Asango East, Asango West, Tingare East and Tingare West sub‐locations, while Ugunja, which has a population of 39,213 comprises of Ligega, Umala, Ambira, Ngunya, Ugunja, Rambula South, Rambula North and Magoya sub–Location of Siaya County.(GoK, 2012) Terrain The Constituency has two major geomorphologic areas, that is dissected Uplands and moderate Lowlands. These have different relief, soils and land use patterns. River Nzoia traverses the constituency and enters Lake Victoria through the Yala Swamp. The river is able to facilitate large scale irrigation and power generation. The physical features have a bearing on the overall development potential of the area. High altitude areas have higher rainfall hence suitable for agriculture and livestock keeping. Soils: The geology of the area is composed of the old Nyanzian system forming exposed rocks. These rocks include basalts, desites and rylites. They are the bearers of course and fine aggregates used in the construction industry. The main soil type is ferrasols and its fertility ranges from moderate to low with most soils being unable to produce without the use of either organic, inorganic or in most cases both type of fertilizers. Most of the areas have underlying murram with poor moisture retention. Ecologically, the area spreads across agro ecological zones LM1. (GoK, 2012) 7 | P a g e

Rainfall: Ugunja constituency experiences a bimodal rainfall. The relief and the altitude influence its distribution and amount. It is relatively wet and is wetter towards the higher altitudes in the eastern part, which borders western province. The long rains occur between March and June while the short rains occur between August and November. Culture The inhabitants of Ugunja Constituency are largely Luo and have a deep sense and pride for their rich Luo culture. The community has a profound sense of communal life and support for each other. The people have a subterranean appreciation of life and express it through their lifestyle. There are also peoples of other cultures, especially in the town centres and market places. This has contributed to a rich blending of different the cultures. The settlement patterns in Ugunja Constituency follow agro‐ecological and business zones with the high potential areas having the highest population density. High potential areas include Ugunja, Sigomere, and Sidindi. Organizational resources Resources within the community include agricultural land, rivers, timber, indigenous forests and fisheries. Residents of Ugunja Constituency mainly depend on agriculture as their main source of food and income. The area experiences two rainy seasons in a year: March to June and September to November. The farming is mostly subsistence and major crops grown are sorghum, potatoes, cassava, beans and maize. When farmers have surplus crops they sell in local markets for income. In the past, some farmers have grown cotton and coffee as cash crops, but due to market unreliability most farmers now prefer to grow food crops for their own families and local markets. The Constituency is about 80% arable with small land sizes of less than one hectare per household. Most of the population is concentrated in the major trading centers such as Ugunja, Sigomere and Sidindi due to availability of business opportunities and social infrastructures such as schools, roads health centers among others. Ugunja town is a major business centre and serves as a trading center for the community around it and the nearby urban centers. In the town most people work in small businesses and offices. There are a number of retail shops, bars, hotels, cafes, and residential houses. There are also banks, a post office, transport service companies, supermarkets, chemists, a health center and some private clinics. Poverty The rural poverty in the constituency is estimated at 60%, while urban poverty is at 89%. In the rural areas, households headed by illiterate people are 61% poor, those headed by primary school leavers are about 63% poor and those headed by secondary school leavers are 48% poor. In urban areas, households headed by illiterate people are 94% poor, those headed by primary school leavers are 92% poor and those headed by secondary school leavers are 84% poor. Generally, male headed households are 61% poor while female headed households are 58% poor. (GoK, 2012) 8 | P a g e

The causes of increased poverty in the constituency are diverse, but mainly attributed to various factors such as; poor soils, which has led to perpetually low agricultural yields; over‐reliance on traditional methods of agriculture due to lack of extension services; unpredictable rainfall patterns; high rate of deaths due to HIV/AIDS; limited economic empowerment initiatives; inability to access finance; attitude by the current generation of farmers who have not developed beyond subsistence farming; employment opportunities are extremely scarce and therefore little wealth being created; infrastructure (roads, electricity, communication) is in a poor state, only about 2% of population have access to electricity; few institutions offering microfinance and extension facilities; culture of saving is lacking, especially among youth; poor farming techniques; and insecurity among others. (SDDP, 2008) Health

The current estimated HIV prevalence in Ugunja is 15%. To note is that Kenya’s HIV prevalence, among adults 15‐64 years old, is estimated to be 6.3%. Studies have shown that women are more likely to be infected (8.0%) than men (4.3%), and young women aged 15‐24 are four times more likely to be infected (6.4%) than young men of the same age group (1.5%). Additionally, there are significant regional variations in HIV prevalence. Over half of all HIV‐infected adults live in Nyanza and Rift Valley provinces. Immunization is at 52 %. 42.7 per 1000 are crude births and the fertility rate is at 5.7 children per woman. The Mean age of 1st birth is 19 years while the mean age of first marriage is 26 years for the boys and 21 years for the girls. Infant mortality rate is at 135.6 per 1000 while under five mortality rate is at 234 per 1000. Life expectancy at birth for men is 37 years and that of women is 43 years. HIV/AIDS has had a significant impact on the community with the highest rates of infection being recorded in this region. (KDHS, 2008‐09). Education Gross Primary school enrolment in Ugunja is more than 100% for the boys and girls. In 2005 the Gross Attendance Ratio1 for primary school was 131.7 % for boys and 119.0 for girls (KIBHS2). The dropout rates of 10 ‐ 14 years old’s is at 9%. There is high primary school enrollment, but rather high illiteracy rate amongst adults. (KIBHS, 2005/6). Stakeholders There are many stakeholders within the constituency who are working closely with the constituency office including; the District Administration headed by the District Commissioner; Ugunja town council headed by the town clerk; and other government departments such as Ministry of Education, Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Culture, Sport and the Art among many others, all of whom are headed by the district heads. The larger Ugunja community, the business community and 1

Gross Attendance Ratio (GAR) is the total number of school pupils/students expressed as a percentage of the official school age population, (6-13) years for primary and (14-17 years) for secondary. 2 Basic Report of the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005/2006 p.55

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the professionals are other key stakeholders. At the heart of development initiatives in the constituency is the District Development Committee (DDC) composed of all departmental heads, Member of Parliament, NGOs, District Officers, Religious leaders, Chairmen of local authorities, parastatals and business community representatives. 10 | P a g e

CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTION REVIEW

The grounding of this strategic plan involved strategic workshops with Ugunja professionals and gathering of information from relevant literature and key stakeholders. This chapter highlights the vision, mission, core values, goals and objectives that will facilitate the implementation of the development agenda in the constituency.

2.1 Vision

A model constituency in Kenya

2.2 Mission

To build effective structures that promote sustainable development within the constituency

2.3 Main Strategy

To empower residents of Ugunja constituency through; value addition of their agricultural produce; check environmental degradation; improve access to education and health care; promote entrepreneurial activities that will increase job opportunities particularly to the youth; empower women and provide access to basic services.

2.4 Objectives

¾ To promote value addition of farm produce and livestock ¾ To increase productivity and employment opportunities through entrepreneurial activities ¾ To avail basic social amenities to all constituents through development of infrastructure ¾ To mobilize and strengthen effective participation and involvement of the community through capacity building To promote transparency and accountability through project impact analysis and proper monitoring and evaluation of projects 11 | P a g e

2.5 Core Values

¾ Value of life by making every effort to ensure everyone is able to access basic needs ¾ Visionary leadership ‐ possession of a vision and ability to lead and articulate issues ¾ Teamwork ‐ working together towards a common goal (work as one) ¾ Hard work by employing every effort in pursuit of results ¾ Participation through networking with all stakeholder groups to get their opinion ¾ Transparency, accountability and public mindedness where leaders are accountable and transparent in the use of resources for development projects ¾ Commitment to serve with dedication for the benefit of everyone

2.6 Goal of Ugunja Strategic Planning

This strategic plan will be a guiding tool in Ugunja constituency for the next five years so as to facilitate implementation of development projects that are relevant to the needs of the people. It will be useful in enabling prioritization of development projects; and enable the implementers to have a reference point in creation of sub‐objectives and action plans. It will be used in monitoring and evaluation of projects on progress to ensure that deviations are corrected in good time. Some of the limitations foreseen during implementation include; lack of enough funds; delayed procurement processes, and challenges in coordination.

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CHAPTER THREE: DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES BY THE GOVERNMENT

As we seek to make Ugunja Constituency a model, the implementers of this strategy will continue to be guided by other development initiatives by the government, especially the vision 2030 and the millennium development goals, which are highlighted below. Others include the Economic Stimulus Programme (ESP) and the Public Private Partnership (PPP).

3.1 Vision 2030

The Kenya Vision 2030 is the development blue print for the period 2008‐2030, which aims at making Kenya an industrializing middle income country providing quality life for all citizens. The vision is based on three pillars (Economic, Social and political) each of which has key sectors containing flagship projects to be implemented in successive five year medium term plans. Economic pillar In pursuit of the vision, the constituency is aiming at boosting agribusiness, improve the roads, and empower its people through creation of employment. The constituency is also looking forward towards identifying some tourist attractions, adding value to the existing agricultural and livestock produce as well as boosting the cottage industries. Social pillar Boosting the education standards is a major priority in the constituency. Plans are underway to construct model schools, reward student and teacher performer as well as offer bursaries and sponsorships to bright students. Other areas that are being improved include access to water supply. Health centres will be equipped with better facilities and construction or up grading an existing health facility to a District Hospital Level 5 has been proposed. Other proposals include improvement of infrastructure and dispensaries in the area to boost health standards. People with special needs have been given priority in the constituency, and plans are underway to identify their needs so as to facilitate a decent living environment. Political pillar Communication and governance is envisioned as a major step towards achievement of transparency and accountability. To this extent the Member of Parliament (Hon. James Opiyo Wandayi) through the communication and governance committee has planned to produce the first issue of the Ugunja constituency newsletter and there will also be a website for the constituency. Already the members of the constituency are interacting 13 | P a g e

through Ugunja Constituency Face book. The constituency is generally peaceful, witnessed by its purely common culture. Peace building and conflict management among the constituents is facilitated by the District Administration. Security is a great concern, and measures to curb criminal activities will be implemented.

3.2 Millennium Development Goals 2000–2015 Ugunja constituency is at the forefront in the implementation of government initiatives for achieving the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 as declared in 2000 during the UN Millennium Summit in order to address the world’s main development challenges.

Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger The District Food Security and Relief (DFSR) committee is working to ensure that the constituents are able to put food on the table. The department of agriculture has several projects that can be implemented to see this through. In particular National Agricultural and Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP) and Private Sector Development in Agriculture (PSDA) will be training farmers on soil conservation, farming methods, biogas production and agribusiness. Universal primary education Generally, the constituency has a moderate level of literacy now because of free primary education, but a majority of the older generation are still illiterate because they did not have access to basic education. The government initiative of free primary education, which is currently under implementation, has harnessed the achievement of this goal. Gender equality and empowerment of women Nearly all committees including the Constituency Development Fund (CDF), the development committee, among others in the constituency have at least a third of women in tandem with the requirement of the current constitution. Reduction of child mortality The constituency has at least one public health office and more than 80% immunization coverage. There are plans to have school health programmes, where nursery schools and primary schools are visited by health officials. Maternal health improvement A lot of awareness on maternal health among the communities will be carried out by health officials during the strategic period. There is access to maternal health throughout the constituency, with at least four public health centres and numerous private and faith based health facilities.

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Fighting HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Ugunja constituency will propose to have a functional HIV/AIDS branch office of National Aids Control Council (NACC) namely the Constituency Aids Control Committee (CACC), headed by a coordinator. This will facilitate community mobilization and advocacy through Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Orphan management, VCT centres, ARV access and PMTCT sites through‐out the constituency. Environmental sustainability Ugunja constituency, through District Environment committee and the county council has been working together to ensure a clean environment for its constituents. The forest and wildlife department is working on forest protection management and extension to ensure that wildlife is safe. Re‐forestation, forestation and agro‐forestry are highly encouraged. It is recommended that at least 10% of the agricultural land should have trees. Global Partnership for Development Several international partners such Care Kenya from Canada, Help Age International, Heifer International, HACI – Plan International, FAULU Kenya, Christian Children’s Fund, Inter Diocesan Christian Community Services, Association For Education Development, and Kenya Women Finance Trust, are implementing development projects in the constituency. Others include KEFINCO who have in the past successfully funded water projects like bore holes. (UNDP, 2000)

3.3 Economic Stimulus Programme

The Economic Stimulus Programme (ESP) was a turnaround strategy by the government for the period 2009/2010 to combating the global economic downturn that brought social economic challenges in Kenya. It was a high intensive programme that was expected to stimulate economic activity at the local level by creating employment opportunities, spurring entrepreneurial activities and supporting building blocks that anchor a healthy, educated populace. Key activities included; building fresh produce markets country wide; delivery of education; delivery of holistic healthcare; rehabilitation and expansion of irrigable land; establishing fish farming enterprises in 140 constituencies; and purchase of mobile computers and setting up of constituency industrialization centre. Ugunja constituency has already identified land for the construction of a retail market, will look at having model schools and a district hospital. Implementation of fish farming will also come to fruition. There is also a proposal for the construction of water pans for rain water harvesting for irrigation purposes.

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3.4 Public Private Partnership (PPP) The constituency enjoys a healthy Public‐private partnership (PPP) with the private business operators as well as from its professionals and the communities. Implementation of development projects can only be successful if there is collaboration of the communities. The professionals from the constituency will be encouraged to be very generous with their time and expert advice in sectoral committees. Further the private sector from the constituency is encouraged to directly invest in public projects in partnership with the government.

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CHAPTER FOUR: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

This chapter highlights the situation in eight key priority sectors namely, Youth Agenda, Agriculture, Women Empowerment, Infrastructure, Education, Persons with Disability, Healthcare and Environment. Other sectors of concern have also been highlighted.

4.1 Youth Agenda Ugunja constituency prides itself in having more than 60% of its population below 50 years. It has a very vibrant youth that engage itself in various sporting activities such as football, and athletics. To date there are a few football clubs in the constituency that compete against each other. Plans are underway to support existing clubs so that they can be able to produce national players. Almost all the youths have undertaken the basic primary education and indeed quite a few are indeed ‘O’ level graduates. Others have undertaken tertiary education in various fields of trainings. Majority of the youths, however, are unemployed and this has in turn led to their engagement in drug abuse and criminal activities such as petty theft and mugging. Of concern also is the increase in HIV, Aids and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) infections among the youth. There is need for practical and deliberate programmes that can change youth attitude towards self‐ employment and HIV and Aids. The proposed revival of the village polytechnics will engage the youth in development and increase job opportunities. Moreover the creation of the Ugunja District has ensured that the employment centre for all government agencies now is within Ugunja constituency. If and when resources will be made available, there are plans for construction of a youth empowerment centre. The centre will provide a library and training facilities that will empower the youth and offer sports and recreation facilities. Limited youth participation in political process and leadership has largely been fueled by lack of democratic space for able and talented youth, high level of political patronage by the wealthy class, handout syndrome among the youth as a result of unemployment and adverse poverty and lack of affirmative action to promote the vulnerable group in participating in the development processes have also been challenges. These have resulted into limited or no engagement of youth in civic or electoral process, economic drawback due to lack of investor confidence, high voter apathy, nepotism, massive corruption and insecurity. The new system of devolved government decentralizes power and resource to counties for equitable distribution of resources; however, this change process may experience various hitches related to limited experience and capacity to the youth and other local leaders to manage their own affairs. At present, the capacity of local development committees is relatively weak while majority of youth are neither aware nor involved in the prudent management of devolved resources. There is limited participation and awareness of 17 | P a g e

the youth and local communities in these reform processes hence the need for intensive civic education and engagement. This plan aims to create a robust forum that inspires, informs and empowers youth socio‐economically for improved livelihood and civic engagement. The economic situation of Ugunja Constituency has suffered from high un‐employment amongst the youth, partly due to lack of economic goodwill which saw the collapse or closure of various factories in the Western region including Kisumu Cotton Mills (KICOMI), Kenya Breweries, Cotton ginneries, tobacco industries, Miwani Sugar Factory etc. There is also gross underutilization of existing natural resources such as Lake Victoria, and the agricultural potential for crops such sugarcane, cotton, rice, sorghum, and millet. There is also in general a high cost of doing business in Ugunja due to poor infrastructure. Other related challenges among the youth include increasing crime rate, drug and substance abuse, prostitution, HIV/Aids, lack of saving culture and limited innovative capacity. This strategic plan aims to sensitize community members on comprehensive civic education, encourage youth to be involved in leadership through civic engagement, play their democratic right of electing visionary leaders by registering as voters and play key role in business opportunities brought about by the East African Common Market Protocol (EACP). Ugunja is a patriarchal society and key assets and resources such as land, trees, and domestic animals are owned and controlled by older men rather than the youth. The new constitution has recognized the need for gender equality in all aspects of social life and leadership. The national employment policy advocates for opportunity for all. However, lucrative and well‐paying opportunities are dominated by the wealthy and senior elites that accounts for below 20% of national population due to unequal opportunity for learning in the past. This plan underscores the challenges and hopes to tighten Ugunja’s economic empowerment policy for job and wealth creation among the youth. The transport network is thin, disjointed, and in some areas non‐existent. However construction of feeder roads is currently being undertaken by Constituency Development Fund (CDF) and Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KURA). The ICT infrastructure is equally rudimentary; there is for instance inadequate or no access to computers in most rural based learning institutions. Majority of youth and local leaders are still computer illiterate and resort to manual ways of conducting their operations. Improvement of infrastructure has the potential to stabilize the region, improve security, and strengthen its integration within the region and with the rest of the country. Internet and mobile phones are however becoming relatively common in townships within the region together with the related services such as telephone banking (M‐PESA, ZAP). However, other than M‐PESA and ZAP, exploitation of ICT facilities for doing business is more or less absent. Rural electrification project has extended power up to the villages, but residents do not currently use the resource optimally for socio‐economic benefits. It is however expected that the formation of county governments will most likely improve the region and ultimately lower costs of doing business and other development work. 18 | P a g e

The natural resource potential in the area range from fish, rice, sugarcane, solar, wind and bricks, but these are largely untapped. Tourist attraction sites (in and around River Nzoia, Kit Lwiyo etc) and pasture are all critical resources upon which the people of the region can depend. Access to and control over these resources is differentiated by gender and age, with youth playing key roles in natural resource management, but with control over most resources primarily in the hands of older men. There is also an industry for young people in marrum and sand harvesting along River Nzoia for construction/grading with no attempts to reclaim areas where the mining/harvesting has taken place. Ugunja Constituency forest cover still fall below nationally acceptable limits due to rampant deforestation by charcoal burning for domestic fuel and for sale. Further, forest resources are also destroyed by frequent charcoal burning and firewood vendors who are mostly youth. This has significantly disrupted the rain patterns and resulted in the negative effects of climate change, hence persistent drought and floods leading to food insecurity. There is minimal exploration and/or exploitation of alternative energy sources such as biogas amongst others due to un‐affordability and limited technological know‐how.

4.2 Agriculture

Agro eco‐zones, topography and altitude The Ugunja Constituency lies in the highland equatorial zone with lower midland as the main Agro‐Eco –Zones LM1 and LM2. The Constituency has an undulating topography with slopes ranging 1% to 20%. The altitude range is 1,200m ASL and 1,500m ASL. Rainfall and temperatures Rainfall ranges between 1,200mm to 1,500mm annually. This is bimodal in nature, reliable and well distributed. Long rains are in March‐June and short rains in September‐ November. The dry spell is experienced in the months of January, February, August and December. The mean temperature ranges between 30oC maximum and 16oC mean minimum. The variations are minimal and favour 99% of agricultural activities undertaken in the district. Soils The district comprises of Ul D 1 type of soils, which are well drained, moderately deep to very deep, dark red to strong brown, friable clay; in many places shallow over petroplinthite: chromic and orthicacrisols and rhodicferralsols, partly petroferric phases, and dystric phases, with dystricnitisols.

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Agricultu ural activitie es Subsistence mixed f farming predominate th he district e xcept sugarrcane that f orms majorr cash crop. Ma aize and bea ans for both h cash and fo ood crop. M Millet and so orghum‐both food crop ps are also major crops in the Constittuency. Loccal and exottic vegetables such as kales, tomaatoes are prod duced in sm mall scale forr local markkets. Pineap pple and bananas form m the bulk o of the fruits. Main M roots and tuber crops are cassava an nd sweet p potatoes. G Groundnutss and bananas are becomiing major en nterprises w with a high p potential forr growth. A few farmerrs are producin ng passion f ruits targetiing local maarket and otther marketss outside th he district. In the livvestock sub‐‐sector, the majority of the farmerss as well as groups are involved in dairy cow, go oat producction and poultry prroduction eespecially llocal poulttry. Local zebu predominates in the e district. Th he interest for sugarcaane is steadiily increasin ng because a agro‐ ecologically the larg ge zones LM M 1 and 2 are suited. G Generally, th he climatic potential is high mainly) and t the soils are e good for su ugarcane. (Zones LLM 1 and 2 m Arable la and and Agrro Ecologicaal zones suittable for can g in Ugunja D District ne growing District

Ugunja

Division

Ugunja

Arable land d(KM2) LM1

LM2 L

Total

Annual Rainfall mm) range (m

121.3

41.6 4

162.9 9

1200‐1500 0

Populaation

No. o of farm m families

Averaage Farm size (Ha)

88,450 0

16,2554

0.8

Remarkss: The Distrrict is predo ominantly LM M1 with a few parts LM 2. LM1 comp prises of South Ugenyaa, 20 | P a g e

North Uholo, East Uholo and parts of West Uholo Locations while LM2 comprises of Central Ugenya and parts of West Uholo Locations. 1. Crop Statistics 2013 Crop

Targets Hectares

Achievements

Total Production (MT/Bags)

Area in Ha

Total Tons/bags production

TOTAL

Total

Maize

4,500 4,000

8,500

90,000 80,000 170,000

4550

91,000 bags

Sorghum

1,000

10,000

1010

10,100 bags

Finger millet

40 bags

Beans

3,600 3,400

7,000

18,000

17,000

35,000

3,500

17,500 bags

Green grams

142

50 bags

Cow peas

154

60 bags

Groundnuts

150

140

290

750

630

1380

155

775 bags

Sweet potatoes

120

145

1,000t

1,250t

2250

105

875 Tons

Cassava

310

350

3100t

3500t

3500

300

3,000 Tons

Tomatoes

300t

350t

650

50 Tons

Kales

20 Tons

Local vegetables

1 Ton

Pineapple

350

280 Tons

Bananas

250

260

750

240

720 Tons

Avocado

12 Tons

Sugar Cane

1,078

10,100

64,680 66,000 130,680

1,078

64,680 tons

Soybean

20 Bags

Oil Palm

3 Tons

Amaranth

1 Ton

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2. Gross Margin Analysis and Enterprise Ranking a) Gross Margin Analysis Enterprise

Variable Costs

Gross Output

Gross Margin

Return to a Shilling

Rank

Food crops (Per Acre) Sweet potatoes

46,000

19,000

21,000

2.4

Beans

28,800

18,750

10,050

1.5

Finger millet

32,000

20,340

11,660

1.57

Sorghum

19,600

16,100

3,500

1.2

Maize

28,000

23,565

4,435

1.2

Bananas (Acre)

330,000

47,966

282,034

4.0

Pineapples (Ha)

1,020,000

29,870

990,130

3.87

Passion fruits (Acre)

256,000

28,720

227,280

1.7

Kales (Acre)

60,000

29,650

30,350

2.0

Groundnuts (Acre)

50,000

25,400

24,600

1.96

418,585

224,808

193,777

1.7

1,504,250

379,050

1,125,200

3.0

148,193

65,800

47,037

0.7

Horticultural crops

Industrial crops Sugarcane (Acre) Livestock enterprise Local Chicken (100birds) Dairy Cow (1head) b) Enterprise ranking: Based on returns to a shilling Returns to a shilling

Rank

Bananas

4.0

Pineapples

3.87

Local Chicken

3.0

Sweet potatoes

2.4

Crop enterprise

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Kales

2.0

Ground nuts

1.96

Passion Fruits

1.7

Sugarcane

1.7

Finger Millet

1.57

Beans

1.5

Sorghum

1.2

Maize

1.2

Dairy cow

0.7

Evidently, the people of Ugunja constituency are largely dependent on agriculture for food and income, majority of them have very small pieces of land. Most people are poor and depend on subsistence agriculture as their mainstay. Food security and nutrition projects focusing on agriculture should form the key driver to poverty eradication, economic empowerment and growth. These should therefore be the spotlight of the community development. Food insecurity is common for most households, caused by poor agricultural production systems. The main food crops grown are maize, sorghum, beans, cassava, sweet potatoes and vegetables; while the main cash crops grown are sugar cane, cotton, Robusta and Arabica coffee. The causes of increased poor agricultural productivity in the Constituency are diverse, they include: ¾ Poor soils as a result of soil exhaustion, which has often led to low agricultural yields; ¾ Due to limited extension services, most of the farmers are over‐relying on traditional methods of agriculture, which has tended to lower food production, thus creating food insecurity; ¾ Unpredictable rainfall patterns that is attributed to environmental degradation and climate change have tended to make planning by the local farmers impossible; ¾ High rate of death due to HIV/AIDS takes away the strong workforce, consequently leaving only the very young and the very old to fend for themselves. The scourge erodes all the resources that the affected families have, as a result of paying for medical bills. ¾ Poor road network, the roads are in a sorry state and usually impassable during the rainy seasons, making it hard for farmers to access markets with their produce. The Constituency has a fully‐fledged department of Agriculture and department of Livestock and fisheries, even though this should be supporting the farmers, especially by training farmers on crop management, soil conservation, animal husbandry and agribusiness, very little is done. 23 | P a g e

The constituents are not involved in processing of their produce. There is a plan to in future, bring about mini factories for processing fruits and other agricultural produce. Fish farming will also become a reality with the implementation of the government initiative of improving food security by rearing fish. Farmers will be encouraged to plant some cash crops as well, so as to increase their incomes. Working together with the department of agriculture, livestock and fisheries are development partners such as Care Kenya, by training farmers on soil conservation, farming methods and agri‐business. Private Sector Development in Agriculture (PSDA) will also empower farmers by training them on how to make biogas and jikos in a bid to complete the value chain.

4.3 Women Empowerment In virtually all developing countries in Africa, women bear the burden of catering for their family needs at every level, despite their disposition. As rightly articulated in the Beijing plan of Action, women in the third world still grapple with all forms of humiliation as they seek to provide for their families and improve their social and economic status. Despite the prevalence of various forms of afflictions and diseases, including HIV/Aids, which has devastated the continent, the women, who, because of their vulnerability have been hard hit, are still expected to be the major bread winners especially in the rural areas. In Ugunja Constituency, women have had to withstand the worst in developing their own families, as men tend to leave the running of household to them, in favour of more manly duties that rarely put food on the table. Population explosion, unemployment, over tiled farms, insufficient skills, diverse and numerous roles that leave women with limited time have dealt a blow to their attempts at raising their social and economic status within their communities. Negative gender stereotyping and poor health, occasioned by the ravages of HIV/AIDS, among other diseases, has seriously affected the women within the area. Women in the constituency are generally not empowered in any way, therefore, making them vulnerable to the machinations of others. The most affected women in this area are those either living with HIV, have AIDS or are affected in one way or the other within their families. Because of their status and stigmatization within the communities, these women have the disadvantage of having to look for upkeep for their families and themselves, without enough resources and support from any quarter. Ugunja Constituency has been on the forefront in promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women by ensuring women representation in virtually all committees including the CDF, the development committee, among others. Despite this, women in the constituency still face numerous challenges among them; unemployment, physical abuse, gender discrimination, HIV and Aids infection, drug and alcohol abuse and poverty. Other challenges facing women in the constituency include early pregnancies. This has pushed many young women to engage in prostitution to be able to feed themselves and their babies. 24 | P a g e

Empowerment of these women in terms of increasing their spiritual, political or economic strength as individuals and communities is crucial. Women empowerment often involves developing confidence in their own capacities to enable them have these capabilities: Have decision making power of their own; access to information and resources for taking proper decision; have a range of options from which you can make choices; ability to exercise assertiveness in collective decision making; have positive thinking on the ability to make change; ability to learn skills for improving one’s personal or group power; ability to change others perception through democratic means, growth process and change that is never ending and self‐initiated and increase ones positive self‐image and overcoming stigma. Women have been marginalization for years in the constituency. This is manifested in the overt or covert trends within the society whereby sometimes women are perceived as lacking desirable traits or deviating from the group norms and therefore tend to be excluded by men and ostracized. This being one of the main problems that women face in defiant societies, various solutions are being designed to try and curb marginalization including: encouraging women to create their own women groups and using the rationale that only the marginalized know what their fellow women need the most. Women empowerment within Ugunja Constituency will also be looked by exhaustively by examining problems such as violence against women, sexual assault on women and trying to encourage and promote healthy relationships. Others critical areas include economic security and financial literacy, self‐esteem, female leadership and women’s health. Whilst the girl child has been highly supported, thanks to the national wide campaigns, the boy child in Ugunja constituency is facing neglect. The boy child who is cared for by the mother does not receive proper education, thus majority of them are involved in alcohol and drug abuse as well as criminal activities. Urgent measures are required to address the plight of the boy child. Not many children in the constituency have access to basic needs, including food, shelter clothing and health facilities. The constituency is also faced with the plight of orphaned children who are now under the care of grandparents who lack income or the energy to do work and earn a living due to old age. Data will be collected on orphaned children so as to make decisions that are informed in enabling these children access basic needs.

4.4 Infrastructure

It is common knowledge that a good working infrastructure is a key pillar to social economic growth of an area. This includes good navigable roads and water ways. Proper roads promote trade as producers can easily access market areas. Proper roads are needed in Ugunja Constituency for the transportation of cane to factories with little spillage. This sector of infrastructure also includes energy, where rural electrification is emphasized, ICT, water and sanitation. Indeed all socio‐economic variables are dependent on proper physical infrastructure.

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Generally, infrastructure is poor in Ugunja Constituency. Less than 25% of roads are accessible throughout the year. Only 2.4% of the population has access to electricity and fewer than 20% of the constituents have access to clean drinkable water. More than 92.2% household use firewood for cooking. Basic services are not adequately provided nor adapted to the population, which means that the inhabitants have poorer health and lower levels of education than majority of the people in other parts of the country. Roads are important for ease in communication and transport. Bad roads hinder development; increase the level of insecurity for motorists as well as poverty level. Ugunja constituency has a large network of roads most of which are dry weather roads. Some of the roads in class C and above include: Kisumu‐Busia, Ugunja‐Ukwala, and Ugunja‐Butere roads. Some of these roads fall within the Ministry of Infrastructure, while others are now under the County government.

The main Kisumu‐Busia highway transverses the constituency and falls under the Kenya National Highway Authority (KNHA). Majority of the roads that connect to homes and farms are murram and earth roads, thus hindering access of produce to markets during rainy seasons. Some residents have encroached public access roads for settlement and agricultural activities, making infrastructure development very difficult. To mitigate this, an initiative that is supported by majority of residents will be launched to create space for development of infrastructure and other related developments. The road sector is a key priority of the Government of Kenya and it developed roads 2000 maintenance strategy through the ministry of infrastructure. The strategy involves usage of labour and equipment in repairing constituency access roads. The programme emphasizes on usage of labour, utilization of local resources, and engagement of the private sector. The key objectives of the Roads 2000 strategy are cost effective maintenance of the classified road network of the country to an economic level of serviceability using local resources and labour‐based methods wherever these are cost effective. This strategy supports the Kazi Kwa Vijana (KKV) programme by the government of creating 300,000 jobs for the youth. Upgrading murram roads to soil stabilized roads using the method of chip and seal may be explored in the near future. Chip and seal is a thin surface treatment consisting of an application of liquid asphalt or emulsion binder covered with an aggregate. It is a method that spreads a layer of low‐grade asphalt emulsion/bitumen and compact stone chips on top of it. Its advantages are that it is less expensive, excellent skid resistance and fast setting, that is least amount of traffic disruption.

The CDF committee will continuously hold regular consultations with the relevant authorities especially on the road sector, in particular the Kenya National Highway Authority based, in Nairobi to obtain reports on the progress of the state of the tender processes for tarmacking roads. Some of these roads include Butere, Sidindi road, whose construction should be on going, and the tender progress of the Ukwala, Ugunja‐Sigomre, Mumias 26 | P a g e

highway whose construction as a major tarmack Trunk Road had been budgeted for during the previous financial years. This is because infrastructure will open up our constituency and indeed county for faster socio economic development for the people of Ugunja as promised in our development agenda The energy sector in the constituency is in deplorable condition. The major sources of energy in the constituency are firewood, kerosene, electricity and to some extent solar energy. Rural Electrification Program is underway targeting public institutions like schools, health facilities and market centres. While it is true that a vibrant ICT set‐ up is key to development in contemporary society that has to keep adherent to the dynamism in socioeconomic development, there is very limited access to ICT in Ugunja Constituency. Various constraints in terms of ICT uptake have been cited in Ugunja Constituency. Some of the factors have led to low penetration of ICT in Ugunja include: Low computer literacy levels among the population; lack of equipment; lack of telecommunication services in some area and low awareness on the advantages of computer technology among others. Use of ICT will see fast accurate information to plan and right service delivery results. More services can be made practicable by the mobile providers to complement the current success story where farmers are paid through the popular M‐Pesa and Zap services. ICT creates employment opportunities for local residents through sale of ICT products like Mobile Phones, Computer accessories and services like maintenance and repair. ICT also ensures an improved cost effective way of doing things starting with communication, and e‐ learning among such programs encourage dissemination of various information on environment, HIV/AIDS, Gender and tourism, commerce, trade and industry. The constituency will support all initiative aimed at promoting ICT and this will include facilitating private investors to acquire necessary local licenses to put up ICT infrastructure like cyber cafes, phone accessory shops, information resource centres, as well as digital libraries. The constituency will also encourage public institutions of learning to embrace ICT so as to improve information flow, storage and processing. This would be done through Rural Electrification Program to various Public institutions that don’t have electricity. By doing so, it would be improving the capacity of ICT in the area in order to expand the ability to respond to demands for information by users in the community. This can only be achieved through the development and implementation of sound ICT infrastructure in the constituency. The current business world is technology based and therefore a strong ICT base will give the area comparative advantage over other regions in doing business by improving on the quality of the work, reducing the time taken to process information and pass the same to consumers, suppliers and retailers.

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4.5 Education The education department has divided Ugunja District, also Ugunja Constituency into three administrative zones. These include Sikalame zone; Ambira zone and Sigomere zone. Each zone has approximately 22 schools. Sikalame zone has schools from Yiro, Sidindi up to Simero area. Ambira zone has schools from Rang’ala, Ugunja, Umina and Ligega areas. Sigomere zone has schools from the larger Uholo. Past studies have that education is a crucial predictor of professional success and future income levels. But children who have completed primary education can only have a shot at higher education if they get to join secondary schools, stay and complete their studies. Quality education is paramount in steering development, and thus education is a top priority in Ugunja constituency. Education is critical in creating alternatives for the Ugunja population, for it is the only tool that can enable most of the young people to at least have the opportunity to progress further, and take jobs in other sectors. The total number of schools in the constituency is 79 pre‐primary schools, 71 primary schools and 20 secondary schools with a total enrolment of 3,793 at preprimary, 24,309 at primary and 5,190 at secondary schools. On the backdrop of this, the teaching staff at all levels is lower than the recommended number. At the preprimary level, it has 72 teachers more than half of them are untrained. At the primary level teachers are 579 while at the secondary level they are 173. However, other emerging issues in this sector that pose a challenge is the issue of orphans whose numbers are on the increase. HIV/AIDS has affected teaching population and the pupil/student population raising the number of orphans. Most teaching staff succumbing to HIV/AIDS are hardly replaced thereby straining teaching pupil ratio in schools. The gross primary school enrollment in Ugunja Constituency is quite high though, estimated at almost 100% for both boys and girls. Close to 10% of children drop out of school during the 6th, 7th and 8th years of primary schooling. The dropout rate for girls is of course higher, estimated at approximately 25%. In this respect there will be regular stakeholder forums to discuss ways of improving education standards in the constituency. Ugunja constituency has 19 public secondary schools none of which is a national school, two are provincial, and at least four are District schools. In addition there is only one private secondary school in the constituency. There are 67 public primary schools and at least three private primary schools. There are no middle level colleges and less than ten known pre – primary schools in the constituency By end of 2012 the enrolment to primary school was impressive at almost 100% in public schools, out of which there were more slightly boys than girls. In the private primary schools, fewer pupils had been enrolled. On the other hand the enrolment of students to public secondary schools by end of 2012 was not great because many parents lacked school fees. The table below shows the number of schools and students in the district: 28 | P a g e

Number of schools in Ugunja Primary Secondary Total Public day Public boarding

Private day Private boarding Total

0 0 71 20

81 5 4 0 90

The primary schools constitute 78% of the schools while the secondary schools are 22% of all the schools in the district. While private schools constitute 4.5% of the schools, the public schools make 95.5% of all the schools. The ideal conclusion would be that the number of students who do not join secondary schools is high within the district. The enrolment in Ugunja district stands at about 100% in primary school going children and 55% at secondary school level. The transition from primary school to secondary school is ratio is 2:1. For every two children that graduate from primary school, only 1 proceeds to high school. boys girls TOTAL

Students roll in Ugunja 13,154 3,718 13,102 3,318 26,256 7,036 33,292

The ratio of boys to girls enrolled in schools within the district is approximately 1:1 in both primary and secondary schools. Given that there are approximately 26,000 pupils of primary school going age, there are about 450 children who are not in primary school. This constitutes about 1.7%. It estimated that of the secondary school going students in the entire constituency 50% young men and women who do not join secondary schools each year. The secondary schools dropout rate per school per year is more than 30 students, which translates to about 600 students dropping out of school annually, due to various reasons that include general poverty and lack of school fees, and girls dropping out due to pregnancies. The average school fees per student for day schools is estimated at Ksh. 20,000 per year, while that of Provincial is estimated at ksh.40,000 per student per year, this excludes a minimum upkeep amount of up to ksh.10,000 for boarding schools and 5000 for day schools. Number of places available in form one vis‐à‐vis the number students from primary schools proceeding to form one that the secondary schools can admit has always been a challenge as only a few students get places available in form one per year, while the number of pupils 29 | P a g e

who sit for KCPE per year continues to grow. The teacher: student ratio is very low in many of the schools, as low as 4 teachers for 8 classes and the number of secondary schools with a science laboratory, water, electricity, computer and internet services is very low. The performance rating is based on the results of the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) and Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) of 2012. Primary schools As mentioned earlier, there are three educational zones in Ugunja district. Below is how they ranked in performance in 2012 KCPE results 1. Ambira 2. Sigomere 3. Sikalame There are 67 primary schools in the district that presented candidates in the 2012 KCPE. These schools scored a mean of 268.19 out of a possible 500, an aggregate of 53.6% (grade C‐ minus). Out of the 67 schools, 37 of them scored below the district mean score. Thus, 55% of the primary schools performed below a C‐ (minus) grade. The tables below show the top three and the bottom three schools in the 2012 KCPE performance. Top 3 primary schools in the Constituency School Pattand Academy Uref Primary Kid Star Academy

Roll 14 33 12

Category Private Public Private

Mean score 328.21 321.15 307.75

Aggregate 65.6 (B‐) 64.2 (C+) 61.5 (C+)

Mean score 216.9 234.5 237.5

Aggregate 43 (D) 46 (D+) 47 (D+)

Bottom three primary schools in the Constituency School Musiko Tihinga Luru

Roll 20 15 36

Category Public Public Public

Best performed subject in the district was English, while the worst was Kiswahili. The figures tell much. The class enrolment is small in all the schools, (below the national recommended of 40 pupils in a class), yet the performance is wanting, with the best schools scoring an aggregate of B – (minus). The average cut off mark for form one entry to national schools is 400 marks. These results therefore indicate that Ugunja district did not send anybody to a national school in 2012. Still, very few attained the provincial school admission marks of 380 marks. It is worth mentioning that students from other districts form a good population in the good provincial schools within the district. 30 | P a g e

Secondary schools The secondary schools in the district had a means score of 5.43 (C‐) out of a possible 12. Top 3 secondary schools in the Constituency School Rangala Girls Ambira Rangala Boys

Category Public Public Public

Aggregate 8.367 (B‐) 7.432 (C+) 7.248 (C+)

Bottom three secondary schools in the Constituency School Sidindi Got Osimbo Girls St. Augustine Ogeda

Category Public Public Public

Aggregate 4.814 (D+) 4.659 (D+) 2.5 (D‐)

With an average mean of 5.43 (C‐), most of the secondary school leavers do not even qualify for admission into middle colleges, leave alone the universities. And a good number of them do not even qualify for recruitment into the police force or any other meaningful jobs. This definitely leads into high rate of unemployment cases. There has been a decline in academic performance in both primary and secondary schools over the years. Some of the factors attributed to this include; lack of community ownership; inadequate number of teachers; lack of role models; Low transition rates; drug abuse and the consumption of cheap illicit brews; inadequate infrastructure and lack of motivation among teachers. Positively ¾ Easy access: ‐ schools that are along the major roads and near towns perform better. Such schools are well staffed, with some being overstaffed. For example, the Rangala schools, Ambira and Uref schools, which performed well are near towns and are easily accessible. Best performing teachers also end up being posted to such schools. These schools are also inspected frequently by the education officers. ¾ Cooperative parents and communities have positive impact in learning as they support the educators with incentives. ¾ Good and dedicated teachers inspire their students to better performances. ¾ Committed education inspectors ensure the syllabus coverage is adequately done. Negatively ¾ Interior or far flung schools are used as punishment posts to place lazy and difficult teachers, for instance Musiko and St. Augustine Ogeda. Such schools are mostly understaffed as many teachers also avoid or protest when posted to them. 31 | P a g e

¾ Parents Apathy: Most parents in the constituency do not take education seriously. They treat education with indifference, with many parents not bothering to find out how their children are performing in school. Many parents do not attend school meetings. Instead of using poverty as motivation to educate their children, they use it as an excuse not to care about education. ¾ Teachers’ Apathy: Many teachers are not serious in expediting their duties. Lessons attendance is at average of 40% according to the UN survey of 2011. Most teachers believe that they should be paid extra money by the community to perform. No refresher courses are available to empower the teachers to be abreast with the prevailing trends in teaching. ¾ Completion of syllabus stands at an average of 60% in primary schools while 70% in secondary schools. ¾ Politics play a big role in Ugunja district education sector. This is seen in staffing of teachers to particular schools. Politically or otherwise connected teachers who do not perform cannot be reprimanded by the education officers. Bursaries, scholarships, motivation of teachers and students, construction of schools and addition of teachers would go a long way in alleviating these problems. Also frequent testing of students help expose their weaknesses, thus enabling the teachers and pupils to remedy such as early as possible. A community will develop as much as it is educated. It is apparent that the education sector in Ugunja is wanting. The leadership in the district will steer the populace in the right direction as far as education is concerned. The primary factor to consider is the quality of education. Pertinent to this is the quality of the teachers. Refresher courses and seminars should be held for teachers to equip them with better skills to impart knowledge. The provincial administration will also be used to sensitize the people about the importance of education. Ugunja constituency will as well request for funds under the Economic Stimulus Programme for construction of a model primary and secondary schools. The primary school will require at least three acres, while the secondary required at least five acres. Proposals will be made to the people of Ugunja and other institutions to donate land for construction of these facilities. The constituency will have an active and vibrant District Education Board (DEB), which will also be required to prepare a strategic plan to guide its actions. Its mission will be “To lead, develop and implement dynamic education policies and practices, by bringing together all stakeholders (community, parents, teachers, students, government, investors, and sponsors) to inspire the achievement of academic excellence in Ugunja constituency.” It will achieve its mission through: provision of leadership and direction in education; setting of education standards; harmonization of the private and public education sectors; addressing challenges facing education in the constituency; monitoring resources provided by the 32 | P a g e

government and the public; providing motivation to the stakeholders; and encouragement of good performance in education.

4.6 Persons with Disability Stigmatization and discrimination has cultivated the negative perception by society towards persons with disabilities. This may be due the nature and extent of their disability, thus making them vulnerable to negligence, ignorance, lack of recognition and all other forms of abuse and misuse by able bodied persons within the society. In essence, the physically able people have benefited a lot and even taken more than their fair share of resources at the expense of the persons with disabilities. This has further been fueled by the persons with disabilities’ lack of a common voice of reason and a common avenue through which this ill treatment could be addressed and countered, and other necessary measures towards achieving meaningful socio‐economic interventions taken. The Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) Act stipulates the rights and privileges for people with disabilities as follows: 1) Right to education: The PWDs have a right to special education and special attention while in public schools. They are also entitled to receive bursaries from the relevant authorities to help in facilitating education costs. 2) Economic planning: The PWDs being an integral part of the society must be involved in policy making in matters pertaining to economic planning. 3) Housing: Public buildings and social amenities must be constructed in a manner friendly to the access of the PWDs. For example the construction of toilets that more often than not favour the normal at the expense of the PWDs. 4) Transport: Public transport vehicles have to be designed in a way accommodative to the use of the PWDs 5) Labour: about 30% of all civil servants must be persons with disabilities 6) Freedom of speech: All the persons living disabilities have a right to talk and to converse, as do the other members of the society 7) Freedom of worship: All the persons with disabilities have a right to choose their religions and the faith they profess. 8) Right to health and medication: The persons with disabilities have the right to seek health interventions like other members of the community. 33 | P a g e

The most serious challenges facing persons with disabilities revolve around: Economic, Health, Exploitation, Non‐inclusion, Education, Human rights abuse, Social stigma and HIV/AIDS. There is thus a need for the formation of a strong body to arbitrate and advocate for the rightful position of the persons with disabilities in Ugunja Constituency. There was one such body, the first one ever formed for this special group of people in Kenya in the original larger Ugenya constituency. However, there is need for one in Ugunja constituency, and its subsequent buttressing to enable it take more responsibilities. Ugunja Persons with Disabilities Council will be a body that incorporates the interests of all persons with disability in the constituency. The formation of the council will involve first the formation of location councils in all the locations in the constituency with office representation from all the sub‐locations. For ease of governance and administration in this expansive area under its jurisdiction, an executive committee will be formed from the representatives of location Persons with Disabilities Councils to spearhead the running of the council. Ugunja Persons with Disabilities Council (UPWDC) will be exceptional in its structure and composition in that the executive committee and secretariat of the council will be made up of persons with disabilities with a fair and equitable representation from all the locations in the constituency.

4.7 Healthcare Health status indicators for Ugunja are poor for there are only 13 health facilities serving a total population of 93,372 people, of which 10 are government facilities with only one at Sub District Status and 3 are private health facilities. These health facilities are poorly staffed and ill equipped to effectively cater for the needs of the people of Ugunja. These facilities both government and private do include Ambira Sub District Hospital; Sigomere Health Centre; Rang’ala Health Centre; Simenya Dispensary; Sikalame Dispensary; Tingare Dispensary: Rambula Dispensary; Matibabu Foundation Kenya Nzoia Clinic; Uluthe Dispensary and Uzima Clinic. The constituency has an established public health department in Ugunja district, which aims at provision of efficient, high quality health care system that is – accessible, equitable, and affordable to every house hold. Meanwhile the existing health facilities will be equipped and upgraded. The public health department will be requested to establish community units, each with a capacity to serve at least 5,000 individuals. In each of these units community health workers will be assigned to train 20 households on treatment on minor ailments, homecare for patients, referral cases, and use of first aid kits. Among the top ten causes of illnesses are the upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), eye infections, typhoid, and malaria, wounds and cholera. HIV/ AIDS is equally prevalent, although this is not classified as an ailment, but as a situation that provides for other opportunistic ailments. The constituency has a high prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS estimated to be about 15%, in tandem with the Nyanza province rates and life expectancy at birth is 37 years for men and 34 | P a g e

43 years for women. The negative impacts of it are also high such as orphans; opportunistic infections, and deaths are very high. It is on record that the high mortality rate in Ugunja Constituency is as a result of the increasing deaths from HIV/ AIDS, which has led to low population growth rate, and the composition of the population shows that young people, that is those below 19 years make up to 60 per cent of the population (KIBH, 2010/11). Immunization levels are estimated at 52%. The constituency has 42.7 per 1000 crude births and the fertility rate is about 5.7 children per woman. Infant mortality rate is estimated at 135.6 per 1000, while under five mortality rate stands at 234 per 1000. Also, basic services are not adequately provided, nor adapted to the population of this constituency, which means that the inhabitants have poorer health and lower levels of education than majority of the people in other parts of the country. The implications of the high mortality rate surpassing the population growth rate could be disastrous to the constituency’s future development goals (KIBH, 2005/6). Health Institutions: Ugunja Constituency has the following number of hospitals per type/ category: a) Mission Hospitals‐ (1) ¾ Rang’ala Mission Hospital b) Health Centers: Public‐ (4) ¾ Sigomere ¾ Sikalame ¾ Simenya ¾ St. Paul’s Methodist‐ Ugunja Private‐ (1) c) Dispensaries‐ (5) ¾ Nzoia ¾ Got Osimbo ¾ Rambula ¾ Uluthe ¾ Tingare d) Private Clinics‐ (2) ¾ Uzima ¾ Child Family Welfare Clinic ¾ Inuka* (Yet get full registration) Health Workers in the constituency: a) Doctors‐ (3) b) Clinical Officers‐ (15) 35 | P a g e

c) Nurses‐ (36) The above numbers of health workers are now looked at in comparison with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended number of people to be served by each health worker as well as the Kenya’s existing ratio for appreciation and taking corrective measures aimed at improving health services to the people of Ugunja Constituency. The information will be used in formulating the preventive measures as opposed to treatment. Details Population Capacity available Ratio for Ugunja Constituency Current ratio for Kenya WHO recommended ratio

No. of Health Institutions 93,372 13 1:7,182 1:4,962 ‐

No. of Doctors 93,372 3 1:31,124 1:5,334 1:435

No. of Clinical Officers 93,372 15 1:6,225 ‐ ‐

No. of Nurses 93,372 36 1:2,594 ‐ ‐

4.8 Environment Ugunja Constituency is endowed with vital natural resources and related ecosystems, which are major environmental resources of great importance. The constituency falls under north Victoria catchments basin, with the main river being River Nzoia, which traverses the constituency as it drains into Lake Victoria. There are other numerous streams namely; Rana, Wuoroya, and Gaula, which have great potential of enhancing access of clean piped water to the locals. The water can also be used to increase agricultural productivity of the area through irrigation to produce vegetables, fruits and other horticultural crops. Wuoroya and Gaula steams can be harnessed to produce paddy rice like Raombo in North East Ugenya. Two Dams namely Lifunga Dam and Mauna Dam, were constructed way back with the aim of producing clean water sources for use by the local populace. The other intension was to also help in the production of horticulture and vegetables and even fish farming. To date these dams have not been exploited fully for they supply just a few cubic litres of piped water to the local residents and they experience intermittent breakdowns. The other water resources are water pumps, which are spread across the constituency, most of which have since broken down, there are also a number of natural springs and unprotected wells that need to be protected and harnessed in a more hygienic manner. River Nzoia has partially been harnessed for a few uses like sand harvesting, washing and bathing as well as small scale fishing, but not much is has been done to harness the water for farming. Demands on the natural resources and related ecosystem have increased, especially with proportional increase in population and demand for survival for livelihood. Coupled with low environmental awareness and inadequate enforcement of environmental regulations, the increased demands have resulted in the proliferation of unplanned developments, increased pollution of the water sources, increased brick making and restricted access to the 36 | P a g e

resources, especially for those who depend on these natural resources for livelihoods support. This has in turn created land use conflicts that threaten the continued integrity of the ecosystem. Subsistence farming could be a viable economic activity in the short term, but there is need to find ways of alleviating the growing population on land and other available resources, as well as increasing the range of cash sources available to families, many of whom rely on remittances sent from family members working elsewhere. This sad state of affairs has led to the population encroaching into the protected regions which act as the rain catchment for the area. This has resulted in serious climatic change, thus reduction in rainfall due to deforestation. The other result has been the drying of water points down stream and reduced food production in the region. Equally the massive moulding of bricks has intensely degraded the environment because lots of trees have been cut to generate firewood for curing the bricks and at the same time the process has also degraded the soils as brick makers have continually dug the fertile top soils to mould the bricks. This has led to enormous soil degradation due to erosion of the top soils leading to low agricultural productivity in most parts of Ugunja Constituency. Planting of indigenous trees and managing soil erosion is, therefore, a key concern for soil conservation. Planting of eucalyptus trees near water catchment areas is highly discouraged. The District Environment committee and the town council have been working together to ensure a clean environment. Environment conservation has been of concern in the constituency in terms of how to keep Ugunja town and shopping centre free of waste materials. Plans are underway to further sensitize the constituents on how to manage and keep the environment attractive and clean. Ugunja constituency is privileged to have the Sidindi‐Malanga Water project, which used to work closely with the community to manage water supply challenges. The sources of the current water supply in the constituency include bore holes, streams and springs. Generally, the constituency lacks sufficient water storage facilities, wetlands have been encroached by farmers, poor distribution systems and non‐functional pumps in the boreholes. Conservation of water catchments areas is paramount as well as building of dams and directing water into those dams.

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CHAPTER FIVE: SWOT AND PESTEL ANALYSIS

This chapter gives a summary of the internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the external opportunities and threats. Ugunja constituency as shown below has a lot of strengths and opportunities, although it is facing many weaknesses and threats. The critical thing in achieving the vision of the constituency is to reduce the weaknesses, mitigate the threats, harness the strengths and exploit the opportunities at hand.

SWOT STRENGTHS ‐Availability of small scale industries within the constituency ‐Large network of major banks within Ugunja town & availability of credit from these financial institutions ‐Cosmopolitan town (Ugunja)– attracts people from different backgrounds who come with new ideas and investments. ‐Existence of cooperative societies. ‐Availability of many professionals and diverse expertise in different fields of interest including teachers. ‐Presence of properly trained police service men and women committed to ensure peace & security ‐Wide road network including the Kisumu/Busia highway ‐Social groupings & activities still prominent in some villages ‐Presence of missionary churches, schools & hospitals ‐Constituency within easy reach of Kisumu (airport) ‐Capacitated school supervisory structures ‐Learning zest for those who take a keen interest. ‐Availability of rich soil profiles & good soil textures ‐Presence of water catchment areas & existence of high number of natural springs. ‐Existence of rivers & streams that can be used generally & for fishing. ‐Availability of varied land topography with hills, valleys & balanced seasons that would nourish both flora and fauna. ‐Presence of murram & quarry for access to raw materials. ‐Availability of 12 hour sunrise for solar power, thus potential growth of local industries that can use solar energy ‐Willingness of people to participate in trade activities ‐Available of ready labour in the constituency because of high youth population. ‐Availability of electricity. ‐Devolved funds targeting the youth. ‐Existence of cultural sites & rich cultural history

WEAKNESSES ‐Poor performances in the schools for the last several years ‐Poor attitudes of parents, children & the community in general, thus hampering progress in education. ‐High dropout rates from schools & poor management of schools ‐Inadequate school development funds, thus poor school infrastructure ‐Passive school management committees ‐Apathy amongst parents & learners ‐Lack of tertiary and University‐level Institutions. ‐High rate of unemployment resulting to increase in criminal activities & insecurity ‐Environmental degradation due to lack of waste management culture & conservation of natural resources ‐Individualism leading to lack of collective responsibility/action ‐Lack of adequate resources for implementation of interventions ‐ Extensive land sub‐division, thus lowering the benefits of economies of scale ‐Land depletion ‐Inadequate uptake of Appropriate Agricultural Technologies‐AATs. ‐Inadequate land for cultivation. ‐Inadequate water for farming & domestic uses in some areas as agriculture is rain‐fed ‐Unreliable rainfall ‐Extreme poverty in some areas ‐Drug, substances & alcohol abuse among the community ‐ No access to local market for green produce & value added products ‐Limited presence of health facilities, professional medical & public health personnel ‐Inadequacy of essential drugs & relevant equipment ‐Poor management of health facilities ‐Insufficient ambulance services ‐Limited presence of CBOs & other groups committed

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‐Agri‐tourism in various areas

to environmental projects ‐Limited implementation of the community policing program & lack of adequate personnel to implement policing to every corner in the constituency ‐inadequate equipment like vehicles to reach & every end of the constituency ‐Corruption & public apathy towards security ‐Continued deterioration of road networks ‐Poor transport modalities ‐Non availability of water reservoir ‐Lack of adequate knowledge in environmental management & non‐appreciation of environmental degradation ‐Slow execution of court cases ‐Poor road networks that inhibits movements of goods and services ‐Poor road works by crooked contractors ‐Poor road maintenance culture & road encroachment by farmers ‐High cost of energy ‐Lack of infrastructure to tap into solar power ‐Lack of incentives to businesses to set up energy solutions ‐Vandalism of power equipment ‐Lack of a saving culture & retrogressive cultural practices affecting trade ‐Poor market infrastructure with high fees for licenses ‐Lack of local investments ‐Inadequate land for investment in some areas ‐Low heavy capital investments ‐Inactive cooperative Societies, which lack of commitment and discipline ‐Poor knowledge on ICT & limited ICT facilities ‐High unemployment rates for youth ‐Lack of equipment & balls, with few resource centres for the youth ‐Limited recreation facilities for the youth, hence idle & indulge in vices ‐Youth lack collateral to take up loans from financial institutions ‐Laziness/idleness ‐Misuse of youths by leaders ‐Some youth have very limited knowledge on farming ‐Lack of sustainable development programs & training policy – which affects service delivery to the constituents. ‐Lack of effective communication channels within the constituency, thus a lot of developments agenda do not reach locals. ‐Complacency because of ready market has killed initiative & creativity ‐Mechanized farming lacking ‐Destruction of water catchment areas

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OPPORTUNITIES ‐A favourable climatic, topographical & soil conditions for agricultural purposes as well as other land uses ‐Ready market for farms produce due to proximity to Kisumu airport ‐Working Economic Stimulus Programs (ESP) in other constituencies that can be taken advantage of ‐Cooperation & commitment from agricultural extension offices. ‐Average access to farm inputs ‐Availability of devolved funds. ‐Availability of collaborative partners, licensed medical practitioners & health facilities. ‐Structures committed to environment conservation. ‐Presence of unlimited sunshine for solar energy ‐River Yala &its tributaries like Wuoroya can be tapped for Hydro‐electric power. ‐Presence of microfinance institutions ‐Existence of banks & various micro finance institutions ready to give loans ‐ Economic stability: borrowing from strategic partners at lowered interest rates/risks is a possibility ‐ Political stability ‐Training course available from credit financing organizations ‐MDGs & vision 2030’s to guide the implementation of the strategy ‐Presence of bilateral, multilateral & development partners plus other stakeholders ‐Ready investment opportunity for ICT ‐Kazi Kwa Vijana programs ‐Line ministries mainstreaming youth issues ‐ Improved infrastructure in general, for example fiber optics penetrating various areas in the country ‐ Enlightened society as catchments area: professional advice/services easily accessible ‐ Strategic position in the county: easily accessible from Kisumu, Busia, Kakamega, Mumias, Sio Port, Bondo, etc

‐Pollution of water points ‐Poor waste disposal methods THREATS ‐High prevalence of HIV and AIDS & other life threatening conditions/diseases, with devastating impacts such as increased orphans ‐Negative influences such as criminal gangs, prostitution & drug abuse in Ugunja town ‐Cultural decay emanating from the spillover of urban culture ‐Rural urban Migration that has motivated people to sell their native land to outsiders ‐Unrests in schools ‐Substance & drug abuse mainly by the youth ‐Teachers commitment to demonstrations for pay hikes. ‐Negative peer pressure ‐Natural disasters ‐Impacts of negative climate change & changing weather patterns ‐Security insensitive to development processes ‐Fluctuations in pricing agricultural products ‐Terminal & communicable diseases ‐Explosion & prevalence of endemic & pandemic diseases ‐Inadequate funds for health facility expansion ‐Limited number of professional health personnel ‐Abuse of the Clean Development Mechanism by Investors practicing industrial commerce ‐The impacts of global warming ‐Deforestation ‐Unemployment among youths ‐New techniques employed by criminals ‐Infiltration of illegal small arms & light weapons ‐Unqualified road contractors ‐Increased cost of road construction ‐Rampant corruption ‐Climatic conditions like unreliable rainfall ‐Prohibitive cost of putting up energy projects ‐Limited local consumption of clean energy with emphasis on oil & charcoal ‐Insecurity ‐High cost of fuel and transport cost ‐High inflation rates eroding the saving power ‐Low returns on farm produce ‐Poor management of activities ‐Destruction of water catchment areas ‐Poor farming methods ‐High cost of electricity ‐Vandalism of electricity cables/theft of transformers

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‐High equipment cost ‐Drug & alcohol abuse ‐Lack of active sports clubs ‐High crime ‐Poor repayment of borrowed funds ‐Youth apathy ‐High illiteracy rates ‐Poor external infrastructure/utility: (water, power and roads) ‐Rent seeking tendencies of some leaders in strategic positions ‐ High cost of living ‐ Ever expanding tax regime

WEAKNESSES STRENGTHS PESTEL Politics/legal ¾ Constituency being within Kisumu Metropolis is a major strength as it is likely to benefit from regional development programmes ¾ Hiring of the unemployed persons is an opportunity ¾ Resources and services brought closer to the people is an opportunity ¾ Political interference by local leaders could be a major a threat Economic ¾ Agribusiness in horticultural crops, livestock practiced within the constituency is a key strength ¾ Increased entrepreneurial activities in Ugunja town and other shopping centres is a strength ¾ Presence of natural resources like water/good soil is another major strength ¾ Value addition of the produce within the constituency is an opportunity that would increase employment ¾ Rehabilitation of some natural resources to tourism attraction sites is another good opportunity ¾ High financial requirements for any kind of investment is a threat to potential investors ¾ Poor bargaining skills has to be dealt with ¾ Improved retail market would be an opportunity ¾ Increased rental income from those who have invested in real estate is a great opportunity Social ¾ Ugunja town being a cosmopolitan community within town centre is a key strength 41 | P a g e

¾ Human resource management demands is snowballing posing a real threat ¾ Society integration is an opportunity that will leave the society well‐knit as the people will be firmly bound together by close relationships and ties ¾ Loss of indigenous property to newcomers if local people do not take investment opportunities seriously would be real, and this can be a major threat to local people ¾ Loss of cultural practices because of infiltration by and aping western cultural activities is a real threat Technological ¾ Creation of an ICT hub within Ugunja constituency would present a major opportunity to the youth ¾ Access to online buying and selling locally and worldwide would also be a big opportunity ¾ Low computer literacy in the area, however, poses a genuine threat ¾ High costs of installation of equipment is one issue that has got to be dealt with because of its ramification given the level of poverty in the area ¾ Negative attitude by the older generation to take up ICT is a threat as they will not hid to generational change Ecological ¾ Majorly red soil, good terrain and two rainy seasons in the area are obvious strengths ¾ Increased food security as a result of bumper agricultural produce every season is an indisputable opportunity ¾ High value of land for agriculture or construction is an obvious opportunity to those willing to invest in agriculture or real estate ¾ Impassable weather roads is one of the most disturbing things within the constituency

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Stakeholders Analysis

Functional Relationships

Role of Stakeholder

Expectations of Stakeholders

Relevant Department

Stakeholder Constituents

Owners of the constituency

Leaders

Elected by the constituents to lead

Relevant public & private institutions

1. Existence within 1. Provide security & the legal enabling environment framework for economic growth. 2. Payment of rates taxes

National Government

1. External customers & neighbours

1. Harmonious and fruitful co‐existence

1. Identifying areas of need 2. Finance operations 3. Give policy direction 4. Quality & timely implementation

2. Equitable distribution of the national resources.

1. Good service & support. Economic stability

1. Efficient implementation of policies 2. Quality leadership & service all the time

1. Ethical practice 2. Prompt payment of taxes & rates 3. Promote sports. 4. Operate within the laws of the land. 2. Proper use of the allocated resources. Improved livelihood of the people.

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CHAPTER SIX: SECTOR ISSUES, OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES This chapter gives a summary of the issues at hand in the constituency sector by sector. It further highlights the objectives and the strategies to implement in mitigating the challenges within the next five years. Some of the challenges cut across different sectors while others have a spiral effect on others.

Priority sectors 6.1 Youth Agenda Considering the caseload of the youth problems to be handled, the interventions of other stakeholders as well as the appreciation that CDF cannot do everything is of the essence. The following section elaborates the specific program and other focus areas chosen and the basis of the same.The choices include: 1. Youth in leadership and Governance: This program area shall focus on peace, youth civic education and engagement, as well as nurturing good/focused leadership. The program although focusing on the entire community shall center on the youth, women and (local) leaders including elders, religious and political leaders. 2. Quality healthcare and Environmental Protection: This program shall address issues related to quality healthcare; environmental conservation and protection; HIV/IDs scourge; child motility; lack of health information among the youth; drug and substance abuse among the youth. This will be implemented through county youth bunges. 3. Livelihood Enhancement: This program focus area shall address issues related to youth unemployment and poverty; lack of business and technical skills; poor health care services and other social amenities, HIV/IDs scourge; insecurity; poor infrastructure; lack of safe water and sanitation and over‐population due to rural urban migration and lack of information among the youth; The program will focus on vulnerable youth through county youth bunges. The Forum plans to support the women and youth socio‐ economically to reduce poverty index in the region. 4. Partnership and Organizational Development: KCYDF appreciates the need to continue with its own internal capacity development processes in order to effectively realize its mandates. This focus area will address internal capacity development. 44 | P a g e

Overall Strategies 1. Policy lobbying and advocacy 2. Social media engagement for mobilization and activism for social change 3. Work with key stakeholders in resolving conflicts and enforce relevant laws and regulation 4. Cooperation/collaboration with the local administration and other stakeholders. 5. Use local structures e.g. elders, religious leaders etc in conflict resolution and management 6. Use sports as an avenue for enabling community cohesion/trust building 7. Facilitate/promote interaction between youths and key community leaders 8. Facilitate identification and resolution of grievances which trigger inter‐communal conflict, such as political representation, access to resources etc 9. Embracing modern technology to reduce poverty and vulnerability amongst youth in Ugunja Constituency while promoting peace 10. Promoting networks and collaborations with relevant development partners in areas like environmental clean ups, community policing, peace building and HIV awareness creation. Key Challenges ¾ High level of unemployment and youth idleness, especially in the shopping centres ¾ Lack of recreation facilities within the constituency ¾ Drug and substance abuse among the youth Objective 1: To empower the youth socially, politically and economically Interventions/Strategies ¾ Work closely with Orange Youth Democrats, Ugunja Chapter, to drive the youth agenda in the constituency. ¾ Provide the youth with a strong voice in decisions that affects them, the opportunity to pursue their dreams and a chance to join a new generation of leadership to shape the future of Ugunja. ¾ Initiate a Constituency Youth Endowment Fund (CYEF) to disburse soft loans and grants to the youth for Income Generating Activities (IGAs) and facilitate the formation of youth Investment Clubs as vehicles of resource mobilization and easy access to the funds from the CYEF. ¾ Promote the establishments of relevant agro‐based light industries to realize value‐ addition on farm produce and create employment opportunities for the youth ¾ Establish a constituency talent and Cultural Centre for the identification and nurturing of youth talent in areas such as ball games, athletics, martial arts, drama and music, as well as to create cultural awareness and promote social cohesion. ¾ Organize periodic investment workshops for the youth in order to instill financial discipline and inculcate entrepreneurship spirit. 45 | P a g e

¾ Advocate for the allocation of at least 20% of all government contracts in the constituency to the youth and youth groups. ¾ Advocate for the establishment of a well‐equipped middle‐level Technical Training Institute in the constituency to absorb school leavers and enable them acquire essential skills for sustainable livelihood. These can be youth empowerment or vocational centres with adequate staff centres complete with libraries, ICT and gym. ¾ Plan to establish and equip an industrial park so that trained youth can be financially empowered by various funds Objective 2: To minimize the social factors that affect the youth such as drug and alcohol abuse Interventions/Strategies ¾ Plan to set up a rehabilitation and counseling centre that is affordable ¾ Development of guidelines on alcohol consumption and their implementation ¾ Plan to build a sporting stadium and have a yearly calendar of various sporting activities to engage the youth ¾ Initiate and support youth peer clubs to tackle socio‐economic issues related to reproductive health, HIV/Aids, education, life sustaining skills and Income Generating Activities ¾ Encourage the youths within the constituency to start various common and atypical income generating activities like poultry – eggs and chicken; Cow – beef and milk; pig products – pork; bee keeping – honey; Vegetables, and Jua Kali – cottage industries

6.2 Agriculture Key Challenges ¾ Lack of high level skills for production among the farmers ¾ Limited access to markets ¾ Little benefits of synergy among farmers Objective 1: To empower the farmers with high level skills for production of products Interventions/Strategies ¾ Train farmers on various methods of farming ¾ Plan to introduce and train farmers on greenhouse farming ¾ Introduce farms to rearing less demanding high value animals such as rabbits, ducks, turkey, fish etc ¾ Promote diversification in farming by encouraging and supporting viable options such as horticulture, dairy farming, bee‐keeping and mushroom farming to enhance food security and boost household income. 46 | P a g e

¾ Minimize the dependency of rain‐fed agriculture in the constituency by advocating for the sustainable use of the existing water sources such as Rivers Nzoia and Wuoroya for irrigation in greater Magoya, Madungu, Mungao, Rangala, Ngunya, Lower Ambira, Asere, Ginga, Ligega areas among others. Objective 2: To create marketing agents such as Saccos to facilitate creation of demand for farm produce Interventions/Strategies ¾ Link the farmer to the market ¾ Plan to building of cold rooms and grain silos for storage in every location ¾ Create industries for processing local produce Objective 3: To find strengths in each target area of Ugunja constituency and build on them Interventions/Strategies ¾ Establishment of farmers Sacco’s where they don’t exist and expand existing ones to facilitate marketing and encourage savings ¾ Fast‐track the issuance of land title deeds to the people in order to guarantee security of ownership and facilitate access to credit facilities. ¾ Proactively addresses, in collaboration with relevant partners the twin issue that affect agricultural productivity in Ugunja, namely farm inputs accessibility and affordability. ¾ Encourage private sector players to invest in agricultural extension services to augment government efforts so as to accelerate new technology adoption. ¾ Mobilize the people to keep pace with changing times and embrace new technology in farming in order to ensure profitability and promote advancement in agricultural‐ based development. ¾ Identify the strength in each area and seek ways of building it further Summary of Challenges and Suggested Copping Strategies Constraints 1.

Inadequate sourcing for certified hybrids seeds

Limited use of base and top dressing fertilizers

Poor agronomic practices

Interventions - Encourage stockists to stock certified seeds - Demonstration on the use of certified seed. - Enhance extension, research and seed companies’ linkage. - Demonstration and training of farmers on use of fertilizer on high value crops. - Promote group purchasing of fertilizer from distributors in order to reduce costs. - Demonstration - Trainings - Field days and shows - Exchange visits

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High cost of inputs especially pesticides and fungicides

Inadequate pre and post‐harvest handling skills of produce

6. Lack of organized marketing groups at the farm level

Inadequate market information dissemination

8. Impassable feeder roads

9. Seasonal over supply of produce

10. Lack of incentives that promote production for export

11. Irregular rainfall patterns 12. Selling produce immediately after harvesting

- Bulk buying - Encourage group purchasing of inputs - Encourage micro‐finance institutions to introduce loaning facility for purchase of farm inputs - Link farmers with micro‐finance institutions - Trainings - Demonstration on post harvesting and storage - Encourage building of storage facilities at farm level - Training on group formation - Formation of marketing associations/groups. - Encourage linkages with ministry of Cooperative, Social Service and buyers - Contracted farming - Link farmers with market information sources - Training farmers on market information sourcing - Strengthen agricultural information desks at Locations - Establishment of community information resource centers - Maintenance of local feeder roads by the community and relevant stakeholders. - Discourage road encroachment - Encourage proper road run off harvest - Encourage agro‐processing to improve on storage - Encourage off‐season production through irrigation - Introduction of cereal banking - Introduce contracted farming of exportable commodities. - Facilitate farmers access to credit for high value enterprises such as fruits, Greenhouse farming and value addition - Training on good agricultural practices - Promoting micro irrigations - Construction of water pans - Promoting value addition technologies

6.3 Women Empowerment Key Challenges/Issues ¾ Lack of adequate resources to sustain livelihoods ¾ A large number of orphaned children under the care of elderly grandmothers ¾ Neglect of the girl child and senior women in the community Objective: To propel the women to the next level of development socially and economically and to empower them so as not to remain vulnerable groups in the community Interventions/Strategies ¾ Work closely with Orange Women Democrats, Ugunja Chapter in identifying and prioritizing issues affecting women in the constituency. 48 | P a g e

¾ Support the establishment of Women Village Savings and Loan Associations (WVSLAs) at the sub location level to promote income generating activities and apportion some of the constituency revenue allocation for grants to the WVSLAs. ¾ Mobilize women to form producer/income generating activities groups in the constituency and facilitate their training on basic business and financial management skills. ¾ Initiate a robust program in the constituency to advocate for, and create awareness on the rights of the girl‐child and promote access to formal education at all levels. ¾ Advocate for the establishment of a girl’s secondary school in each location in the constituency. ¾ Introduce special incentives to minimize school drop‐out rates among girls (currently estimated at 30%) and facilitate the re‐admission of girls who may have dropped out due to early pregnancies among other reasons. ¾ Prioritize widows and old women in initiatives that seek to expand electricity and water supply. ¾ Identify and develop tourist attraction sites where women would sell their wares once tourists start trickling into these attractions. ¾ Women especially young ones can enhance leadership’s though a number of tips including: joining professional association or community organization to find a role model; enlisting of mentors; and soliciting feedback on leadership techniques. Women will also be encouraged to take charge of their own image by showcasing any activities with leadership role in thoughtful ways such as leading presentations at meetings. ¾ Campaign to sensitize women on: Immunization awareness; women’s equality; women’s health; health insurance; and affordable care. ¾ Creating forums and platforms to address women issues, through opening support and counseling, encouraging talking to healthcare providers especially if a woman or girl child has been hurt. ¾ Increasing awareness among policy makers, opinion leaders and the public on how policy affects women's economic security. ¾ Creating, strengthening and protecting policies and practices that support the ability of women and their children to achieve economic security. ¾ Demonstrating the value of women’s funds in effort to reduce poverty.

6.4 Infrastructure

Key Challenges ¾ High number of impassable roads ¾ Unmaintained all weather roads ¾ Encroached roads by the public Objective1: To upgrade and rehabilitate all existing dilapidated roads 49 | P a g e

Interventions/Strategies ¾ Upgrade and repair damaged roads including; Kisumu‐Busia road, as well as murram roads like Ukwala‐Butere, Sidindi‐Sigomere and other roads. ¾ Advocate for the tarmacking of the Ungas‐Ukwala and Mudhiero‐Sidindi roads to facilitate transportation and expand business opportunities for the people. ¾ Procure an earth‐mover to be on stand‐by for regular grading of all feeder roads within the Constituency. ¾ Implement Kazi Kwa Vijana (KKV) government initiative by hiring the youths in maintenance of roads ¾ Push for the upgrade and repair of all the roads that fall under the Kenya National Highway Authority. ¾ Push for the upgrading of Ugunja town to a metropolis, and then involve the local community to lobby through the Permanent Secretary of Ministry of roads for funding. ¾ Facilitate the construction and/or rehabilitation of modern bridges like the one linking Rangala and Got Osimbo among others and culvert placements across all streams within the constituency to address transport challenges during rainy seasons. ¾ Shift from murram to soil stabilized chip seal road ‐ pilot projects can be done on Sidindi‐Sigomere, Got Osimbo‐Rangala roads. ¾ Widen encroached roads within the constituency Objective 2: To facilitate implementation of rural electrification and other infrastructure

Interventions/Strategies ¾ Fast‐track Rural Electrification Programme to cover at least 70% of the villages by operationalizing “Stima e Dala” concept (Mobilizing local professionals to light their mothers’ and grandmothers’ homes). ¾ Advocate for the expansion of police installations and promote community policing as well as optimal deployment of security personnel in the Constituency. In particular, establish a fully‐fledged Police Posts at Sidindi and Rangala Wards to add onto the existing Sigomere and Ugunja Police Stations. Additionally, establish Police Posts in the major trading centres. ¾ Expand clean water infrastructure to ensure at least 60% access in the villages through rehabilitation and increase in capacity of the established water supply channels in Sigomere, Sidindi and Ambira as well as modernization of the local water springs and wells by introducing treatment and pumping elements. Extend the water supply channels to cover Ligega and surrounding areas. ¾ Sink boreholes in designated areas starting with Ambira, then Rangala, Sidindi and other areas where water supply is a problem.

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Objective 3: To enhance the use of ICT in the constituency Interventions/Strategies ¾ Partner with corporate institutions to establish Constituency ICT Centers in order to facilitate free information exchange for purposes of marketing agricultural produce, education, job placements and other advertisements. ¾ Expansion of telecommunication services to all areas of the constituency ¾ Enhance computer literacy among the population, especially youth ¾ Encourage use of ICT in public and private offices ¾ Establish a satellite Telecenter in each of the 3wards of Ugunja Constituency ¾ Disseminate Civic Education on the importance of Computer Literacy in the entire Constituency.

6.5 Education Key Challenges ¾ Poor academic performance ¾ Negative attitudes (by some teachers, parents & children) ¾ Low enrolment in public schools and low transition from primary to secondary schools ¾ Poor syllabus coverage – syllabus not completed within the year, therefore students ill prepared for national examinations ¾ Lack of adequate lesson preparation by teachers – resulting in poorly prepared students Social Issues Affecting Education ¾ Poverty tops since most parents are peasants and this may cause irregular class attendance ¾ Rampant alcohol and drug abuse, especially among the boy child, thus plummeting his transition to the next level of learning ¾ HIV /AIDS and other health related issues affecting teachers and students attendance ¾ Lack of role models for the children since those who do well rarely interact with the students back in the villages ¾ Proximity to the Ugunja town leading to moral degradation Objective 1: Increase transition rates from primary to secondary schools by 15% in 3years (5% per year) in both private & public schools Interventions/Strategies ¾ Each school to have an early childhood development (ECD) center ¾ Expand existing secondary school streams from one to at least two 51 | P a g e

¾ Each location to have at least one boys & girls boarding school ¾ Establish two mixed Primary boarding schools, which will be centres of excellence. Objective 2: Increase the mean grade to C+ and above in secondary schools by 20% every year in the next three years and improve Primary Schools’ mean score by 15% annually: Interventions/Strategies ¾ Every end of term to have a prize giving day on closing days in boarding schools and parents to attend at least twice in a year ¾ Have a book harvesting day for capacity building ¾ Capacity build head teachers in leadership to motivate them ¾ Develop a standardized award system for all stakeholders Objective 3: Increase the ability to read by: 100% at Standard 5 in year 1; 100% at standard 4 – year2; 100% at standard 3 – by year 3 Interventions/Strategies ¾ Establish a fully‐fledged community library in the constituency ¾ Provide guidelines for a well‐stocked library ¾ Engage the stakeholders in a process of stocking libraries ¾ Mobilize the community to donate reading materials to schools ¾ Set up spelling‐bees/reading competitions – encourage a reading culture ¾ Establish reading clubs in every school ¾ Encourage use of English & Kiswahili as the official language Objective 4: Complete Syllabus for every class by the end of the second term every year Interventions/Strategies ¾ Capacity building of the District Education office so as to effectively monitor and supervise operations well ¾ Field monitoring by officers to all public school Objective 5: Set and administer standardized exams (one every term) from standard5 and above Interventions/Strategies ¾ Develop guidelines and mobilize resources for setting and implementing standardized exams ¾ Administration of standardized exams to standard five and above ¾ District Education Office to set a programme for Monitoring & Evaluation. 52 | P a g e

General Interventions/Strategies ¾ Lobby for a minimum of 10% of the constituency revenue allocation to be dedicated for the expansion of education infrastructure at all basic levels in the Constituency to boost school enrolment rates and foster conducive learning environment ¾ Support the establishment of ICT Infrastructure in a least 2 schools per sub location per year ¾ Initiate an education fund to provide scholarships and bursaries to bright but needy students. ¾ Initiative and support an annual Constituency Education Day (CED) as a platform for self‐appraisal and celebration of successes in order to promote academic excellence ¾ Advocate for the rights of all teachers and actively support locally and nationally all initiatives aimed at improving their welfare and preserving their dignity in the discharge of their noble responsibilities. ¾ Advocate for the establishment of a Community Resource Centre (CRC) in every location, complete with ICT infrastructure in order to enhance literacy levels and facilitate information exchange. ¾ Promote Functional adult literacy by establishing Community Learning Resource Centres (CLRC).

6.6 Persons with Disability Key Challenges/Issues ¾ Many handicapped persons are neglected by the community ¾ Lack of adequate resources to sustain their livelihoods Objective: To empower the vulnerable groups in the community including, the handicapped and elderly persons to enable them to also participate in propelling the constituency to the next level of development, that is socially and economically. Interventions/Strategies ¾ Carry out a survey of people with disability, the orphaned children and the elderly ¾ Advocate for the establishment of a well‐equipped special school for persons with disabilities in the constituency. ¾ Establish a special fund to cater for subsidized training and empowerment of persons with disabilities in various arts and crafts. ¾ Provide special consideration to people with various disabilities who have excelled in academics in accessing scholarships and/or bursaries. ¾ Advocate for the establishment of Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) Programme for people with various disabilities, orphans, the elderly, widows and people living with HIV/AIDS. 53 | P a g e

¾ Facilitate the enrolment of all the elderly into the government Social Fund Programme for the Elderly.

6.7 Healthcare

Key Challenges/Issues ¾ Very few health facilities, thus limiting accessibility ¾ Lack of affordable inpatient healthcare ¾ Lack of adequate facilities of the existing health centres Objective 1: To ensure that everyone is 20 minutes away or less from a health facility to enable people to access health care Interventions/Strategies ¾ Carry out a situation analysis on population density and health facility available so as to rationalize the health facility with catchment area ¾ Propose the construction of a fully‐fledged district hospital in Ugunja ¾ Increase the coverage of National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) through awareness and outreach registration role out program Objective 2: To upgrade and improve existing health facilities Interventions/Strategies ¾ Advocate for the elevation of Ambira Sub‐district Hospital to a fully‐fledged District Hospital (Level 5) and equip it with modern X‐Ray, ultra‐sound, CT Scan and MRI facilities ¾ Advocate for the upgrading of Sigomere, Rambula and Simenya Health Centres to Sub‐district Hospital category (Level 4) with commensurate capacity and equipment. ¾ Facilitate the deployment of qualified medical personnel to the existing health facilities in the constituency to minimize child mortality rates as well as offer broad‐ based preventive and curative healthcare services to the wider community. ¾ Advocate for the allocation of an ambulance to each primary healthcare facility in the constituency to facilitate referral of complicated medical cases and save lives. ¾ Establish partnerships with churches and other not for profit organizations to supplement the provision of affordable healthcare at the village level.

6.8 Environment Key Challenges/Issues ¾ Cutting down of trees without replacing them 54 | P a g e

¾ Cultivation on water catchment areas ¾ Careless disposal of solid waste Objectives: To preserve and improve the natural environment Interventions/Strategies ¾ Raise awareness and understanding in the constituency of the link between environment and development, and promote individual and community participation in environmental conservation. ¾ Encourage tree planting and conservation of native tree species, particularly along water bodies and rainfall catchment areas ¾ Conserve and enhance natural and man‐made heritage of Ugunja Constituency, including the biological diversity of unique ecosystems. ¾ Improve conditions and productivity of degraded areas, including the quality and supply of fresh water, and promote local and international cooperation in the management of the ecosystem. ¾ Promote efforts to meet the minimum 10% land use under forest vegetation cover around Ugunja. ¾ Guide the mitigation of negative impacts of human activities on the environment and promote its rehabilitation. ¾ Facilitate the reduction of environmental pollutants, re‐use and re‐cycling of products to minimize amounts that end up in the surroundings. ¾ Organize annual Constituency Environmental Awareness Campaign (CEAC) events. ¾ Develop a comprehensive environment policy against dumping and littering ¾ Sensitize community on environment conservation ¾ To start tree planting activity for the youths for the rehabilitation of the catchment areas that has been destroyed. ¾ To start a water harvesting programme to reduce siltation, pollution and reduce nutrients levels deposited in the rivers and water points. ¾ Initiate land rehabilitation programmes where there are brick making and sand harvesting. ¾ Strengthen soil and water conversation initiative. ¾ To mobilize partnership and resources for the establishment of a waste management programme, proper planning and drainage systems for the urban centres in the constituency. ¾ Initiate energy saving technologies especially for cooking – such as biogas from dairy animals. ¾ Establish solid waste recycling plant ¾ To have litter bins in strategic places in the various shopping centres within the constituency. 55 | P a g e

CHAPTER SEVEN: IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX

Appropriate Implementation of strategies will be crucial if the vision has to be achieved. It will involve proper coordination and utilization of resources in terms of labour, time and finances. The objectives, the action plans and the expected output of the strategy to be implemented will be made clear to all those involved in the implementation.

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8

Youth Agenda Agriculture Women Empowerment Infrastructure Education Persons with Disability Healthcare Environment Sector Based Implementation Matrix (see elsewhere) Sectors

Objectives & Activities

Expected Results/output

Time Frame

Budget (Ksh) Responsible Persons/Bodies

Youth Agenda

Agriculture

Women Empowerment

Infrastructure

Education

Persons with Disability

Healthcare

Environment

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Risk Management Matrix Sector/ Strategic Objectives

Risk

Level of Risk

Mitigation Factors

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CHAPTER EIGHT: CO‐ORDINATION OF IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION 8.1 Coordination of Implementation

The implementation of the strategies outlined in this strategic plan will be executed by various stakeholder groups within the constituency, some of which include; Constituency Development Fund Committee (CDFC), constituency office in Ugunja and Nairobi; District Administration; Government departments; Town council; Development committees; Community; Churches; Schools; Investors; and Ugunja Professionals. A lot of communication within the stakeholder groups will be required to avoid duplication of efforts and resources. Coordination of implementation will be carried out by three committees namely the District Development Committee (DDC), the Constituency Development Fund Committee (CDFC) and the sector committee. The committees will be composed of representatives from the various stakeholder groups to ensure smooth flow of communication. The committees will be responsible for breaking down the objectives and strategies into sub‐objectives and activities that are actionable. Each of the committee will also have a monitoring and evaluation subcommittee. The Constituency Development Fund Committee and the District Development Committee will be the overall coordinators of development projects in the constituency under the leadership of the Ugunja Member of Parliament (Hon. James Opiyo Wandayi). They will work hand in hand in sourcing for funds from funding agencies such as the Government of Kenya (GoK), Constituency Development Fund (CDF) among others. They will also oversee the application of the funds in the respective projects in the Constituency.

8.2 Monitoring and Evaluation

The DDC and the CDC shall each have a monitoring and evaluation subcommittee reporting to them after which they shall both meet and synchronize the reported information and agree on the course of action. Each sector committee shall have a monitoring and evaluation sub‐committee that shall report to the subcommittee in the DDC. Monitoring and evaluation will be done on a quarterly basis by the monitoring and evaluation committees and representatives. Dates for the submission of the progress report and the completion of projects deadline shall be fixed. Regular meetings and field assessment at development sites will be carried out to ensure successful implementation. The Proposed Ugunja Constituency Monitoring and Evaluation Team The relevant Ministry situated at the District level will consolidate all Monitoring and Evaluation activities stating roles and respective actors’ activities to check duplication. 58 | P a g e

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

The Patron‐Member of Parliament The Chairperson‐District Commissioner The Principal Secretary‐District Development Officer The Deputy Principal Secretary‐CDF Manager CDF Chairperson Ward Representatives Town Clerk Women Leader NGO/CBOs/CSO Representatives Persons with Disability Representative

The progress reports by the various monitoring teams where applicable shall contain the following: ¾ Project name/title and Geographical location ¾ Objectives and expected benefits ¾ The person/persons/company/s in charge at the site ¾ The resources applied to date – money, human resource, materials ¾ Verifiable indicators to date/output % of work done and work remaining ¾ Expected date of completion ¾ Challenges encountered/ how mitigated ¾ Remarks

8.3 Communication

Communication will be paramount prior, during and after the implementation period. The Constituency Communication Centre (CCC) at the constituency office and the Constituency office in Nairobi will be in charge of relaying information to the constituents. The affected communities will be informed of the intention to commence a certain project and how it will benefit them. They will also be informed of what is expected of them during the implementation period. During implementation, wherever possible needed resources will be sourced from the community first. After completion of the project the community will be informed of its completion and how they will use the products/services to improve their lives. Key channels of communication will mainly be the constituency website, Face book and a newsletter that will be distributed across the villages. Other people will be reached through other means like brochures, leaflets, posters and banners. Billboards will also be raised in strategic places within the constituency. The existing notice boards in all government establishments within the constituency shall also be utilized to relay the information. The constituents will be expected to channel their complaints and compliments to CDF committee or their chiefs and sub‐chiefs who shall then forward them to the constituency office. Others will send through the constituency email or through visits to the constituency office. 59 | P a g e

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Government of Kenya (GoK), Siaya County Facts and Details, 2012. Government of Kenya (GoK), Vision 2030 and MTP (2008‐2012), 2012. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey: KDHS, 2008‐09. Kenya District Primary Education Profile, 2007. Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS), 2005/06. Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS), 2010/11. Siaya District Development Plan, 2008. Ugunja Constituency Blue Print, 2012…………. (Unpublished) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): The 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000. IEBC Boundaries Report Volume 3, 2012.

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