territorial formations (term 1) Nataly Nemkova
AA Landscape Urbanism 2015-2016 Studio Directors: Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico Studio master: Clara Oloriz Technical tutors: Gustavo Romanillos Giancarlo Tropiano Vicenzo Reale Seminar tutors Tom Smith Douglas Spenser Submitted by Nataly Nemkova January 2016 Acknowledgements Many thanks to tutors and fellow students within the landscape urbanism programme. Special thanks to Andy Barkwin from the British Geological Survey. All externally sourced images have been labelled as “figures“ with detailed list of references provided at the end/ If drawings are our own, notes indicate which team members(s) were responsible for the drawing.
Contents
Coastal management. Seven Sisters Cliff.
6 - 25
Horsea Island landfill Remediation.
26 - 37
China Overseas Industrial Park.
38 - 53
natural processes
geomorphology
landscript
human interventions
landscape engineering techniques
manufactured grounds
territory
cultural/political/ economical factors
Term one Landscape Urbanism workshop are devoted to exploring the process of territorial formation. This includes two main forces: geomorphology and social factors. Social factors, such as culture, politics and economy, themselves influence of main geomorphological processes. All these reconnections we were trying to understand and research during first three workshops, the result of which is shown in current booklet.
social formations
Forests Rivers Coasts
Coastal Management. Seven Sisters Cliff.
Deltas Dunes
Reservoirs/ water catchment Fluvial and tidal flooding/control Soil remediation Landfill remediation and reclamation
Horsea Island Landfill Remediation.
Tracing back the end product and recycling dynamics Material and social reciprocal landscapes Linkage between producers and consumers Appellation d’origine contrôlée AOC, Denominacion de Origen DO Cooperative production, guilds and trade unions
China Overseas Industrial Park.
Coastal management • Seven sisters Cliff
Haowen Lin, Panagiota Fyta, Nataly Nemkova
image P. Fyta
T
Abstract. he project is devoted to studies of coastal evolution and different ways of coastal management. After research on different types of coastal processes, we decided to concentrate on cliff erosion. Our site - Seven Sisters cliff is located in the south-east of England. Because of hard engineering techniques, widely used on surrounding territories, sediment supply is very low on the project site. This causes the dramatic growth of erosion of the cliff. Using the simulation software, such as coastal evolution model, we applied several interventions to increase erosion in one part of the site, in order to provide the sediment to form beach, that will protect main cliff from erosion. As we don’t want to stop sediment movement in the whole area, we used sand dunes, that will disappear in 10 years future. If there will be necessity, this interventions can be reapplied in those times.
6 • Territorial formations/Coastal management
Coast Structure
Coast structure. There are three main parts of the coastline: - Offshore - is a place for waves formation - Nearshore - most of the coastal processes happen - such as long-shore drift and sand erosion/deposition - Back shore - commonly cliff erosion place.
Coastal deposition swash aligned beach
cusps
figure 1 berm
figure 2
drift aligned beach tombolo bar
spit salt marsh
There are two main types of deposited beaches: swash aligned and drift aligned. Swash aligned beaches are formed by low angle waves and form cusps, dunes and berms. Drift aligned beaches are formed by high angle waves and form spits, tombolos and bars.
figure 3
all images N.Nemkova
figure 4
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Coastal Erosion - Rocky Coast / Lithology (Physical Property of rock)
Coastal erosion - Rocky coast / lithology (physical property of rock) HARD ROCK SOFT ROCK HARD ROCK
Coastal Erosion - Rocky Coast / Lithology (Physical Property of rock) Concordant Coast Coastal Erosion - Rocky Coast / Lithology (Physical Property of rock) —> Cove HARD ROCK HARD ROCK SOFT ROCK HARD ROCK HARDSOFT ROCKROCK SOFT ROCK HARD ROCK HARD ROCK SOFT ROCK HARD ROCK
Concordant Coast Concordant Coast —> Cove —> Cove Discordant Coast (Headland Erosion) —> Headland & Bay Discordant Coast Discordant Coast (Headland Erosion) (Headland Erosion) —> Headland & Bay —> Headland & Bay
figure 5
HARD ROCK HARD SOFT ROCKROCK SOFT HARD ROCK ROCK SOFT ROCK HARD ROCK SOFTHARD ROCKROCK HARD ROCK
figure 6
Coastal Erosion - Rocky Coastcoast / Cliff Profile Bedding Layers Coastal erosion - Rocky / cliff &profile and bedding layers -Rainfall -Gravity
Coastal Erosion - Rocky Coast / Cliff Profile & Bedding Layers Seaward Dipping- Rocky Coast / Cliff Profile & Bedding Layers Coastal Erosion -Rainfall -Gravity Bedding Planes- Rocky Coast / Cliff Profile & Bedding Layers Coastal Erosion -Rainfall -Gravity -Rainfall -Gravity
Seaward Dipping Bedding Dipping Planes Seaward Seaward Dipping Bedding Planes Landward Dipping Bedding Planes Bedding Planes
figure 7
Landward Dipping Bedding Dipping Planes Landward Landward Dipping Bedding Planes Bedding Planes Idealised Horizontally Bedded Cliff Idealised Horizontally Bedded Cliff Idealised Horizontally Idealised Horizontally Bedded Cliff Bedded Cliff
figure 8
all images H. Lin
figure 9
The formation of rocky coast is related to the physical property of the rock and the composition of the materials. Concordant Coasts will form coves while Discordant Coasts will form landforms like headland and bays. The cliff surfaces are also formed by several collapse events and this generally starts with the erosion at the bottom. This is according to the bedding layers in the cliff sections. The strength of the cliff would vary between the direction of the bedding planes, whereas seaward direction is more likely to bring land sliding than the landward direction cliff.
8 • Territorial formations/Coastal management
Sussex,UK - Seven Sisters
We decided to concentrate on cliff erosion that’s why we moved to south England in seven sisters Settlement areas are just on the edge of cliffs along the cliffline of this area. The selected area is seven sisters cliff and this is Sussex heritage coast which cause interest to many tourist about fossils and beauty of white chalk.
Figure 10. Image altered by P.Fyta
ss
Figure 11
Figure 12
AALU 2015-2016 • 9
Figure 13
Throughout the years erosion of cliff of the area is dramatic From the timeline we can see that shoreline and cliffline are shifting Foreshore below Brow towards Birling Gap increasingly. From 1875 to 1920 theShort cliffs eroded 55m and from 2007 till now we have erosion like 50 years and every year we have 0.5 average erosion. The example of this dramatic shifting from 1875 to 1999 in Seaford is shown on figure 20 Throughout years because of strong events of storm and rainfall there were collapses and shifting columns into the beach area like in Birling gap and Beachy head areas.
ds Birling Gap
Shoreline shifting drawing shows the timeline shifting in seven sisters from to 2007. In 2006 here before the event and one year after the differBirling1870 Gap the Seven Sisters cliffs ence is veryacross obvious.
Cliffline - Shoreline Shifting
1875_ Cliffline+Shoreline
1920_ Cliffline+Shoreline
Distance (m)
125 100 75 50 25 0 1870
1875_ map from 1st Edition Ordnance Survey
1999_ Aerial photograph
Settlements plan P.Fyta
10 • Territorial formations/Coastal management
1920 2007 time (years)
2015
Diagram cliff line shifting throughout Figure years17 Diagram cliff line shifting throughout years
Birling Gap
Figure 15
ss the Seven Sisters cliffsFigure 14
Foreshore below Short Brow towards Birling Gap
Cliffline - Shoreline Shifting Cliffline - Shoreline Shifting
Figure 16
Birling Gap across the Seven Sisters cliffs
2015 1920 1870
1875_ Cliffline+Shoreline 1875_ Cliffline+Shoreline
1920_ Cliffline+Shoreline 1920_ Cliffline+Shoreline March 2001 Collapses Partial Flowside 1988 Belle Tout Lighthouse 1999
Cow Gap
12 10 7 5 2
Distance (m)
Shoreline Shifting P.Fyta
Cliff collapses on fracture
ers 1870,2006,2007
Figure 18 Seven Sisters 1875 - map from 1st Edition Ordnance Survey
1875_ 1st Edition Ordnance 1875_ mapmap fromfrom 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Survey
Figure 19 Seven Sisters 1999 - Aerial photograph
1999_ Aerial photograph 1999_ Aerial photograph
2015 1920 1870
D ye
Ma
Pa
Figure 20 Seven Sisters 2006, 2007. Before and after the event.
From up to bottom: Seven Sisters 1870,2006,2007
AALU 2015-2016 • 11
-Rainfall -Gravity
Hydraulic Action
Crack
Low Erosion
Abrasion
Collapse
-Rainfall -Gravity
column
Attrition
+!
Ruble + Dust
-Rainfall -Gravity
Low Erosion
Solution -Acids in sea water (dissolve especially chalk + limestone)
High Erosion
stages of cliff erosion in sections P.Fyta
beach section and cliff erosion H.Lin
3 stages of cliff erosion N.Nemkova
12 • Territorial formations/Coastal management
Figure 21
From our research the eroding pattern starts with the hydraulic action (The trapped air is compressed when the wave breaks cliffs so we have erosion) and after that comes the abrasion which is the moving sand and rocks by waves and crashed into the cliff surface. Then rocks are crushing each other so we have smaller and smoother ( attrition) and acid dissolve materials like chalk or limestone (solution). Waves and rainfall and gravity provoke firstly cracks and holes and the part of cliff collapses like column in our case and shifting into the beach area like rubble and dust. This process is cycled doing again and again the same thing. The width of the beach also influence the cliff erosion, so when there is no beach or a beach is wide, the cliff erosion is low. When the beach is narrow, the cliff erosion will be significant. Figure 21 shows the process of erosion, going on the site. The outcome of these studies are the sections showing the real dimensions of erosion of hard and soft rock in Seven Sisters.
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do nothing
The coast takes care of itself and coastal facilities are abandoned to coastal erosion, with either gradual landward retreat or evacuation and resettlement elsewhere.
cheap and expedient
This is the usual response when land of little value will be lost
managed realignment
Managed retreat allows an area to become flooded. A decision is made to allow the land to erode and flood, creating new shoreline habitats. This process may continue over many years and natural stabilization will occur
Usual in low lying and floods land that has at some point in the past been reclaimed from the sea. Managed retreat is often a response to a change in sediment budget or to sea level rise.
Is used when the land adjacent to the sea is low in value. Compensation for relocation of residents may be needed.
hold the line/ hard engineering methods
Structural or hard engineering techniques, i.e. using permanent concrete and rock constructions to “fix” the coastline and protect the assets located behind. Groins, sea walls, revetments, rock armours, gabions, offshore breakwater, cliff stabilization, entrance training walls, floodgates.
Solid coastal structures are built and persist because they protect expensive properties or infrastructures. Fast and cost-effective method.
Temporally protection. Relocate the problem downdrift or to another part of the coast
hold the line/ soft engineering methods
Building with natural processes and relying on natural elements such as sands, dunes and vegetation to prevent erosive forces from reaching the backshore. Beach Replenishment, Sand dune Management, Beach drainage.
Can integrate with the natural processes occurring there, without causing any adverse effects and go some way to restore the natural dynamism of the shoreline
The scheme requires constant maintenance, Costly, time-consuming.
move seaward
Try to predict future scenarios where there is a large human influence is apparent
Can create land of high value which can bring the investment required to cope with climate change
Time-consuming method. If the sea rises, many coasts that are developed with infrastructure along or close to the shoreline will be unable to accommodate erosion.
limited intervention
Limited intervention is an action taken whereby the management only solves the problem to some extent, usually in areas of low economic significance.
Can integrate with the natural processes occurring there, without causing any adverse effects and go some way to restore the natural dynamism of the shoreline
Time-consuming method. Applied in areas of low economic value.
Coastal management N.Nemkova information from “Coastal Management - Wikipedia»
14 • Territorial formations/Coastal management
Beachy Head to Selsey Bill Shoreline Management Plan - Large Scale
Managed Realignment
Shoreline management plan in the area N.Nemkova
Sediment movement N.Nemkova
hold the line/hard engineering techniques
hold the line/beach do nothing replenishment
Cuckmere Haven to Birling Gap/ Beachy Head shoreline management by UK government is accepted as no active interventions. The unprotected cliffs would continue to erode and the wave-cut platforms would continue to lower at a rate similar to that which has taken place in the past. Clifftop retreat of 10m (20m at Birling Gap) could take place by 2025. Cliff top erosion is driven by sub-aerial weathering processes.(Beachy Head to Selsey Bill Shoreline Management Plan Appendix G)
In our site we have two wave directions the first and more strong the long fetch with almost 114 degrees angle and 800km distance, coming from Atlantic ocean which form the long-shore drift movement. Moreover there is another fetch, coming from English channel with almost 24 degrees angle and 200 km distance which cause the erosion in our site. Ideally, because of this opposite fetches directions long-shore drift should bring sediment to the project place and leave it there. Unfortunately various hard engineering techniques, performed in the surrounding territories, prevent sediment from moving to Seven Sisters cliff. Beach in the area is getting narrower and narrower and cliff erosion rise dramatically. Birling gap village was literally swashed into the sea.
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Seaward dipping bed-
rosion - Rocky Coast / Cliff Profile & Bedding Layers ding planes -Rainfall -Gravity
P. Fyta
We’ve done the research of the different materials in our site to understand where is the most dangerous parts. Therefore we can see how this site is getting the formation throughout the years as well as to find which is the most appropriate strategy in our site because of this different material.
Dipping Planes H.Lin
d Dipping Planes
figure 23
Horizontally d Cliff
figure 24
Going to a further analysis and in the zoom selected area from our research we found that the typology of the layer of its material (upper medium or lower chalk) give us the different density of every material but also the thickness of them. On this table the labels of materials give us if it is strong or weak type.
osion - Rocky Coast / Lithology Property of rock) (Physical Property of rock)In the end so we tried to make a pattern Coastal Erosion -(Physical Rocky Coast / Lithology
Coast rosion) d & Bay
figure 22
HARD ROCK SOFT ROCK HARD ROCK SOFT ROCK HARD ROCK
Discordant Coast (Headland Erosion) —> Headland & Bay
figure 25
of hard and soft areas to use it in our strategy.
HARD ROCK SOFT ROCK HARD ROCK SOFT ROCK HARD ROCK
To go further we tried to understand where is this danger parts in combination with the settlement areas. H.Lin
figure 26
16 • Territorial formations/Coastal management
S
H strong
S danger
Upper Chalk [200 thickness]
H
H S H S H H normal danger nor wea normal weak normal strong mal k Upper Lower Middle Upper Upper Chalk Chalk Chalk Chalk Chalk white chalk [250 white chalkgrey chalk +sandston[below thickness] [150 th.] [over 50 th.] e[300 200 thickness] thickness ] S
Geological map hard and soft rock position P.Fyta
S weak
H strong
S danger
Upper Chalk [200 thickness]
H
H S H S H H normal danger nor wea normal weak normal strong mal k Upper Lower Middle Upper Upper Chalk Chalk Chalk Chalk Chalk white chalk [250 white chalkgrey chalk +sandston[below thickness] [150 th.] [over 50 th.] e[300 200 thickness] thickness ] S
Hard and soft rock position + settlements P.Fyta
AALU 2015-2016 • 17
Ideal evolution model is a model like scape which can take into account every factor that really exists in any site. There are several layers that it is taking into account, such as wind/rainfall and gravity, hard and soft rock formations, sand, groundwater and sea waves. In such a model rock cells collapse and become sand into the beach area. If the distance is wide enough there is no cliff erosion.
The cem model is the one that we are using to simulate the cliff erosion, and there are some layers from Ideal model which are not taken into account: gravity and rainfall and groundwater. CEM works only in 2d projections, that’s why after generating the coast line in CEM, we apply to it the sections we studied before. Cell movement is only two dimensions which is different from the ideal one. The material of the cell is changing from rock
to sand, and from sand to sea. On the opposite page there is the catalogue factors of cliff erosion. For those factors that can been changed we studied the techniques and simulate different patterns of cliff erosion.
Scape coastal model(diagram analysis) P.Fyta
Coastal evolution model(diagram analysis) P.Fyta
18 • Territorial formations/Coastal management
Geological Structure
Gravity
Lithology(bedding layers)
Beach thickness and material
- beach replenishment -coastal deposition -hard engineering (groins, sea walls)
Human interventions
- hard or soft engineering - remove existing structures
Rainfall/ground water
- cliff drainage -cliff stabilization (hard engineering) -vegetation
Waves strength and direction - put an obstacle -change the shoreline climate
Factors of cliff erosion. Catalogue of interventions. H.Lin N.Nemkova
AALU 2015-2016 • 19
All images H.Lin
We run a simulation on natural process of erosion pattern and decide the strategy for our site. We put the sand dune to emphasise erosion in one part of the site(on the left), to provide the sediment to the right. To stop sediment move further and form the protecting beach we put three groins. The wide beach will stop fast erosion and protect the cliff. The sand dune will disappear soon, and we will not support the groins so that they will also disappear in 22 years time.
20 • Territorial formations/Coastal management
Simulation - 20 years
AALU 2015-2016 • 21
natural erosion without interventions
Sand Dune Erosion
Groynes Deposition
strategy/interventions
All images above H.Lin
If we compare natural erosion without our interventions with erosion after our project inplementation, we can clearly see, that we can prevent cliff from dissapering so quickly and normalise natural coastal processes.
22 • Territorial formations/Coastal management
0 years
5 years
10 years
20 years
Proposal of coastal management. 3d N.Nemkova
Proposal of coastal management. Plan H.Lin
AALU 2015-2016 • 23
Horsea Island Landfill Remediation
Shiqi Deng, Shreya Save, Nataly Nemkova
image S.Save
T
Abstract. he most convenient and unfortunately mostly used type of waste utilisation nowadays is landfill. When the landfill is finished, territory is always used for some function - commercial building, recreational area or some others. But if the landfill is not organised properly, it can contaminate the soil and groundwater. In the project we studied different types of landfill remediation, trying to find a solution for landfill reclamation. The site is an old(historic) landfill on Horsea island. Territory of the island is of high ecological value, but the landfill is total mystery, no one knows what type of waste was used to firm it. After this research the decision to dig up the soil and clean it was made. The surrounding territory is of high value i.e. housing area, new recreational park, therefore we decided to put all the process on our site. Dig up the soil, put it to the mobile cleaning and sorting plants and put back to the sanitary landfill. These led to the invention of minimal prototype and catalogue of this prototype relations.
24 • Territorial formations/Landfill Remediation
AALU 2015-2016 • 25
image altered by S.Deng
The Geological composition of the Horsea Island is unique Naturally the islands were formed by the post-glacial drift which was composed of chalk or brick earth.. To reclaim the islands and merge them to form one mass chalk used imported from Ports Down was used. This amalgamation of earth gave rise to a varied species of butterfly and moth that is indigenous to Horsea Island. But, over the years the old landfill site is under neglect. The chalk, rich in clay and sand, sits beneath the dump. But yet this area is under protection for the Brent Geese.Hence the cleaning and treatment of the site is essential to regain its ecological value and create a healthy landfill.
image altered by S.Deng and S. Save
26 • Territorial formations/Landfill Remediation
Horsea Island is located in the south of UK. It falls under the City of Porthmouth council. The island was originally two separate islands, Little Horsea Island and the Greater Horsea Island. Thy were later reclaimed to form torpedo testing centre and now acquired by the Portsmouth City Council HORSEA ISLAND, CITY OF PORTSMOUTH Connected to the mainland by reclamation 1889 Was owned by the Ministry Of Defence North acquired by the Portsmouth City Council to establish housing, Port Solent 2013 The landfill site now to be a recreational park Slide3-4: TIME LINE As observed from the change in topography of the island changing over a period of years, its not difficult to imagine that the site has been reclaimed and hence had a potential to become a landfill site. 1804-49 Royal Powder Works on Lilttle Horsea Island was carried out under Gunpowder Magazine 1889 Great Horsea and Little Horsea combined to form a torpedo testing lake using chalk excavated from Portsdown Hill 1909 High Power Shore wireless station was established for the navy 1960s HMS Phoenix, the naval school of firefighting and damage control This lead to air and water pollution cause health hazards to the worker Early1970’s Mudflats between the island and the mainland at Pulsgrove to the north were reclaimed forming landfill site and Port Solent
historical maps of Horsea island S.Deng
2006 The landfill site was closed and Port Solent was developed 2011-13 The landfill site to be converted to recreational park
AALU 2015-2016 • 27
Types of disposal
municipal solid waste landfills
construction and demolishion waste landfills
landfill
industrial waste landfills
sanitary landfills
Digging up contaminated land treating it with natural bacteria putting clean soil back in the ground
figure 27
sanitary landfills
incernation
figure 28
anaerobic disgestion
figure 29
others: pyrolyses gasification composting
figure 30
28 • Territorial formations/Landfill Remediation
figure 31
figure 32
figure 33
figure
figure 34
figure 35
figure 36
figure 37 types of remediation S.Deng
figure 38
There are various types of remediation techniques. Majorly, In-situ and Ex-situ. Since the information of what went in the landfills about 40 years back is a mystery we decided that the techniques best suited for the Horsea Island historic landfill would be the ex-situ type. Time used for the processing of waste in the machines was of particular interest for us as we were interested in cycling the process of soil remediation on our site.
AALU 2015-2016 • 29
sliding puzzle system S.Save, S.Deng, N,Nemkova
The process of remediation would be very straightforward. We excavate, carry the soil waste to the treatment plant, separate the recyclables from the waste, treat the soil and take the soil and sorted waste back to rebuild our landfills The challenge was to figure out a system to optimize the process in term of time and efficiently. For this we referred to the slide puzzle system. The most important factor was to maintain the volume of the dig to the volume of rebuilding and balance the building material volume. 1. Excavation of landfill 2. Transportation of soil waste to the plant 3. Separation of recyclable waste and treatment of the soil waste 4. Returning the clean soil to landfill sites 5. Rebuilding the landfills to make the most use to the topography and restoring the original ecology To efficiently work on site, we have to adopt the slide puzzle system. That would work on our site this way: when you excavate the first compartment the soil is taken to the plant to treat, meanwhile the second compartment is under excavation, after treating the soil is put back on the site in the first compartment and the second is empty and ready for the second step. Thus, step by step we can clean all the soil and put it back in sanitary landfills.
30 • Territorial formations/Landfill Remediation
dumper truck movement
excavator outreach compartments
excavator movement
the process The excavation process is dependent on the movement of trucks involved and the volume of soil to be dug. The volume of the soil to be excavated is dependent on the time required for cleaning a particular volume of soil. The most optimal method of excavation is when the excavator would dig a circle around it and moves backwards. This ensure less movement of the excavator resulting in optimization of time. While doing so a dumper truck would make rounds to collect the excavated soil waste and drive it up to the treatment plant. The excavation outreach of the excavator can be adjusted to the depth of the digging point; this is required, as we have to maintain the volume of every compartment. The compartment shape is dependent on the time required to excavate a particular volume and the shortest distance from the treatment plant.
AALU 2015-2016 • 31
defining minimal prototype S.Save
minimal prototype variations N.Nemkova
We started by considering the basic parameter that is slope. The appropriate slope for walking would be 1.0%, for driving would be 10% and for climbing steps would be 50% Combining this knowledge with use of geo-cells to build the bunds for the regenerated landfills we derived a section that helped use calculate the minimum size of a single landfill module, our prototype. After defining the parameters for the smallest module we can create modules on a days scale. As we have studies the construction of the landfill and know for a fact that not more than 2.4M of soil should be filled in a day. This is done so that the compaction of soil is augmented. Hence we have several modules to work with.
32 • Territorial formations/Landfill Remediation
Figure 39
- drainage material: coarse material, without limestone, grain size ≥ 16 - 32 mm - drainage layer: height 30 cm - drain pipes: diameter 250 mm, made of PEHD - manholes: diameter 1,0 m - cross slope: ≥ 3 % - longitudinal slope: ≥ 1 % - drain pipes spacing: ≤ 30 m
Figure 40
lechate collection variations S.Deng
AALU 2015-2016 • 33
alignment of modules
behaveour at boundaries
After we have the modules, we need to place them on site. For that we study various behaviours of the modules. How to align the modules , how they would behave at the site boundaries, and how the creek would flow through between two modules. Different patterns formed by combination of modules create different truck movements and different layouts of the leachate pipes
34 • Territorial formations/Landfill Remediation
behaveour at the main road/creek
minimal prototype variations N.Nemkova
AALU 2015-2016 • 35
Defining position of the plant and the main road. N.Nemkova
The aim of this exercise was to create landfills that would retain the natural geology of the site. For this reason we decided to excavate and bring to surface the chalk soil that was used to reclaim Horsea Island. The most crucial part of the project is to treat the landfill waste. To decide on the location of the plant we followed the following criteria: 1. Minimizing the truck rounds
36 • Territorial formations/Landfill Remediation
defining digging compartments, with the respect of future filling pattern.N.Nemkova
Filling pattern N.Nemkova
2. Minimum time required for the establishing the plant 3. Least volume to be dug to place the plant. So we decided the location of our plant. Along with that the introduction of a creek within the site was essential retain the character of the mudflats. This would in turn form a favorable environment for the Brent geese. We decided to follow natural relifheights in our project aswwell. To do so we had to work backwards, the creek would first be a truck path during construction. We divided the site in 2.4meters contours. The centroid of these contours then became the nodes for the shortest truck movement from the treatment plant. Thus the creek was defined within our site. Thereafter, we could pack our minimal prototypes on the site according to the height of the natural relief. Finally, we decided to break the part of the road, which is discinnecting our site from the sea, so that during hich tides the creek will be full of water. Thus we can form natural ecosystem for the rare species, habitating in the area, and also create an interesting recreational area for the sitizens.
Filling pattern N.Nemkova
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China Overseas Industrial Park.
Yan Sun, Nataly Nemkova
Ur
ba
za ni
tio
s ce ro P n
s
image Y.Sun
H
Abstract. ow can it happen that the country sells it’s own territory to some other country? What are the consequences and changes that follow on the territory? On the example of a China overseas industrial park in Belarus, we tried to understand what forces this process, what are the benefits and setbacks for both sides and what can happen in the future with this territory. During our research we went all over the world to study China’s industrial parks, located on the New silk Road route. We also studied carefully the example of Suzou industrial park in China, initiated by Singapore and came to the conclusion that the main goal of this kind of developments is urbanisation. Therefore we researched main parts of urbanisation process and it’s consequences on the territorial level to apply them on our site.
38 • Territorial formations/Social Reciprocal Landscapes
figure 42
figure 41
figure 43
Understanding territory as a political technology is not to define territory once and for all; rather it is to indicate the issues at stake in grasping how it was understood in different historical and geographical contexts. Territory is a historical question: produced, mutable and fluid. It is geographical, not simply because it is one of the ways of ordering the world, but also because it is profoundly uneven in its development. It is a word, a concept and a practice, where the relation between these can only be grasped genealogically. It is a political question, but in a broad sense: economic, strategic, legal and technical. Territory must be approached politically in its historical, geographical and conceptual specificity. (Land, terrain, territory Stuart Elden, 2010)
figure 44
figure 45
figure 46
AALU 2015-2016 • 39
0 corporate tax for 10 years, 50% corporate tax for next 10 years 0 customs duties and VAT 9% rate of personal income tax No compulsory insurance 0 tax on dividend for founders 5% tax rate on income VAT deduction on goods used for the building of park
Industrial Park «Great Stone» to Klaipeda/Riga ports
Yuxinou railline
Minsk City Airport
Benefits for Belarus: $4,000,000,000 credit from China 30% of Business Working places Taxes(after 10 years) Experience of Chinese industrial sector
European route E30
40 • Territorial formations/Social Reciprocal Landscapes
Benefits for China: Strategic location EU, CIS market Cheap and Professional Labour with high university degree No custom duties, 0 taxes for 10 years
Society and Territory Changing Other examples Foreign Settlement: (Lease Territory) Isolated jurisdiction and management----- “a state within a state�
figure 47
figure 48
Military Base: Infrastructure for the military facilities Isolated Territory
figure 49
image altered by Y.Sun
Industry-City in Russia in 19th century Intensive urbanisation process around industry Isolated Territory becomes opened
Ekaterinburg, Russia figure 50
Ekaterinburg, Russia figure 51
Ekaterinburg, Russia , 2015, figure 52
AALU 2015-2016 • 41
Largest Industrial Parks Invested by China
1
Medterranean ter Sea
6
3 4 2
5
China overseas industrial parks on the New silk road. Y.Sun
42 • Territorial formations/Social Reciprocal Landscapes
7
Largest Industrial Parks Of World
1.Nevada,US,430km² Tahoe reno industrial Park 2.Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 418km² Khalifa Industrial Zone 3.Edmonton Capital Region, Canada, 318km² Alberta’s Industrial Heartland 4.King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia,55km² KAEC Industrial Valley 5.Leduc County, AB, Canada, 20km² Nisku Industrial Park 6.Houston,US, 60km² Cedar Crossing Industrial Park 7.Reno,US,60km² Tahoe-Reno Industrial Centre 8.Tusla,US,36km² MidAmerica Industrial Park
1.Belarus 2.Nigeria 3.Egypt 4.Ethiopia 5.Zambia
6.Pakistan 7.Thailand 8.Cambodia 9.Vietnam 10.Indonesia
To study this particular industrial park in Belarus firstly we moved to global scale. There is an initiative of China called «one belt one road». They are building new Silc economic road from east to west. For the moment there are 77 industrial parks, built on this route. The map shows countries according to GDP. As we can see, most of the Chinese industrial parks are in developing countries. Above there are biggest industrial parks in the world, as we can see mostly located in the richest countries. The biggest overseas industrial parks are in Belarus, Egypt and Zambia. After studying their structure we can define typical organisation of China overseas industrial park: location near port or airport, location near big city(usually), the main railways or roads are usually passing through the territory of the park. Functional zoning includes residential area, which is said to be uncommon for industrial park. We can also notice that usually China industrial parks are located in good natural environment(the ones which are devoted to high technologies especially), for example in Egypt there is a sea resort nearby, Belarusian includes two natural reserves with forests on 1 category.
Belarus
4
GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 30000+(U.S. dollar) 10000-30000 5000-10000 3000-5000 <3000
Existing main land routes Planned and Proposed land routes Main Ocean routes Silk Road Economic Belt Maritime Silk Road Economic
Egypt
Zambia
AALU 2015-2016 • 43
This map show the connection between the industrial park and particular Chinese province which finances it. The diagram shows the market, the industrial park covers and the routes, existing and planned.
Nigeria 4250/25 4250 425 4 50/25 50 50
1.Tailand: Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone Motor component manufacturing / Household appliances manufactures 2.Cambodia:Sihanoukville Special Economy Zone Garment processing / Mechanical-electronic 3.Vietnam：Longjiang Industrial Park Construction material processing / Textile Processing / Mechanical-electronic 4.Indonesia：Chinese-Indonesia Economy Zone Agriculture Product Processing / Construction material processing 5.Pakistan: Haier&Ruba Economic Zone Household appliances manufactures / Motor component manufacturing 6.Zambia：Zambia & China economy trade cooperation Zone Metal Smelter / Logistics / Wood processing 7.Egypt: Suez Economy Cooperate Zone Petrochemical / Textile Processing 8.Nigeria：Lekki Free Trade Zone Manufacturing / Logistics / Real Estate 9.Ethiopia：Eastern Industry Zone Metal Smelter / Manufacturing / Textile Processing 10.Rassia: Ussuriysk Economy Trade Cooperate Zone Manufacturing / Household appliances manufactures / Wood processing
44 • Territorial formations/Social Reciprocal Landscapes
Russia 120/680 Belarus 1 150000/2000 150000 0 2000 0/20000 00 (planned) (plan (p planned) plann n Heilongjiang
Liaoning Beijing Tianjin Pakistan 720 0/4080 0/4080 80
Jiangsu Guangxi
Egypt 2000/n/a 2000/n/a
Zambia 1372/8 2/8000 2/8 8000
Cambodia 420 420/2380 Thailand 1875/10625 Vietnam 1020/5780 0/ 0
Zhejiang Guangdong
Indonesia 4125/23370 70
WORLD MAP Chinese provinces coordinating overseas industrial park N.Nemkova
AALU 2015-2016 â&#x20AC;˘ 45
Ownership of Park(% vs %) Territory Changing
Economy Support
Infrastructure Constructing
(Landscape)
Transportation
Natural Resouce
(Nearby city)
Covered Market:
Local Material
Imported Material
Location:
(Europe Union,CIS Union,etc)
ent m n ro envi e h t y mprove/destro
(Highroad, Railway, Airport,Port)
Domestic Market Linkages:
Overseas Industrial Park
Culture Exchange
I
Local Society
Cheaper Labour or est v n i
People Resouce
“0”Tax
any
Invest Company
an
d
High educated Labour
n ee w
be
t
Th m en un e uc ate wi th ea cho the r&
Require more h igh-d e g ree d
ur
m co
l ab o
lo
l ca
Local Government
prod uctio n
High-technology Industrial & Research Center
ef f i ciency
go
ti a ti o
n
Ideal model of China overseas industrial park organisation Y.Sun
The Chinese zones may contribute to Africa’s urbanisation in the long run. A Chinese manager in the Egypt-TEDA zone said, ‘The ultimate goal of the cooperation zone is urbanisation. We aim to build a new modern metropolis like Shenzhen.’As noted earlier, the developers can get substantial profit only when the land value increases. Therefore, the Chinese developers do not merely develop industrial facilities but also build commercial and living areas nearby to enable synergic growth. Every zone in Africa has a blueprint for building a new industrial city. African authorities generally like this idea. The Lagos state government officially recognised the Lekki zone as the first step in its master plan of building a new Lekki city. Although the realisation of this goal may seem remote, Chinese developers appear to take it seriously, for they have seen the incredible transformation of villages into metropolises not long ago in their own country. («HOW DO CHINESE ‘SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES’ SUPPORT ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN AFRICA? BRIEF»)
46 • Territorial formations/Social Reciprocal Landscapes
domestic markets linkages environmental standarts local jobs creation infrustructure
The changing of the territory from isolated industry to the urban system in transportation, functional zoning and natural environment is tightly connected with the ownership of the industrial park. The more the part of local authorities , the quicker is urbanisation process. But the connection is vice versa - as we will see in later examples - growing urbanisation can influence on the agreements between two governments and change the ownership of the land. The urbanisation process of the territory of industrial park consists mainly from three parts: transportation, functional zoning and natural envorinment. The table below shows how this threeparametrs are changing with the changing of the ownership.
Industrial Park
New City Urbanization Process 100%
Local government have 100% ownership
10%
Fuctional Zoning
Fuctional Zoning Natural Environment
30%
Natural Environment
70%
Transportation
INVEST FOREIGN COUNTRY'S OWNERSHIP
Transportation
Invest company have 100% ownership
Urbanisation process - ownership N.Nemkova, Y.Sun
AALU 2015-2016 â&#x20AC;˘ 47
Opposite page: Suzhou - The model for Belarus Industrial Park With the modern infrastructure construction in Yangtze River Delta, Suzhou is well connected with cities like Shanghai, Hangzhou, Wuxi, Nanjing within the Two-Hour-Drive Economy Circle. As for the city transportation of Suzhou, the Light Rail Line One is already in operation. It has a total route of 25 kilometers and 23 stops, out of which 10 stops are right in SIP. The Light Rail Line Two was put into operation at the end of 2013. Chinese Ownership 30% ----- 40% ----65% ----- 80%
Zambia, Chambishi industrial park urbanisation N.Nemkova
Egypt, Suez industrial park urbanisation N.Nemkova
We started with two African industrial parks - in Zambia and in Egypt. We wanted to show the main three processes of urbanisation happening in big scale: local market linkages, labour migration and supporting infrastructure but. In both examples ownership of China is significant 95 and 75%respectively. However in Zambia, because of the location linkages with local companies are good, and urban processes are developing fatly. The ownership has changed from 100% Chinese to 95%. Egypt is different, although it is near Suez port and only 100 km from Cairo, the zone is situated outside of main routes. The development of the zone was slow, so that China decided to change the ownership from 100% China to 75%.
48 â&#x20AC;˘ Territorial formations/Social Reciprocal Landscapes
LAND USE OF SUZHOU INDUSTRIAL PARK
Main City
Stage1: 1994-1998 Foundation
Industrial: Initial stage of development, investing farmland and multflat and attracting the glabol enterprises. Building the soft Environment: regulation, principles, warefare system. Infrastructure: World class infrastructure, Road system, Power station, Logistics, Sewerage.
Main City
Industry P o w e r Station
Main City
Stage2: 1998-2002 Trasition
Industrial: Developing the High-technology industry & Research Center. Infrastructue: Roadsystem, Public Park as open space. Residence: Land value and Estate remanding getting higher.
Stage3:
2002-2006 Upgrading
Industrial: Completing the industrial chain and upgrading the types. Business District: Introducting maincity's foundation and provide pro-business services. Residence: Investing more high value residential area. Openspace: More public space for serving park and improve the life environment.
Industry Residence Business Openspace
Main City
Industry Residence Openspace
Stage4 : 2006-now Integrate & Urbanization
Industrial: High-technology industry chain, Multiple incubators and Platform. Univercity Town: Abundant human resouces to support the high-tech industry. Recreational & Commercial Area: Integrating main city's recreational foundation.
Industry Residence Business Openspace
Singapore industrial park in Suzou, China. Urbanisation process. Y.Sun
AALU 2015-2016 â&#x20AC;˘ 49
Industrial Park Development Company
BELARUS INDUSTRIAL PARK
China: CINOMACH 40,00 CAMCE 13,71 China Merchants Group20,00 Harbin investment 2,29 Belarus: MinskSize: 9.125 hectars Regional Executive 30,86 Committee Minsk City Executive Commetee 0,57 Time of realisa7on: 30 years Horizont 0,57
Market: EU and CIS countries
Industrial Park Forcus
Industrial Park Development Company 0,57
0,57
Medical equipment and supplies Mechanical engineering Nanotechnology, fine chemistry Electronics, Optics Biotechnology
China: CINOMACH
30,86
40,00
CAMCE China Merchants Group Harbin investment
2,29 20,00
Belarus: 13,71
Minsk Regional Executive Committee
Industrial Park Companies SINOMACH – machinery engineering ZTE - electronics
CAMCE – machinery engineering HUAWEI - electronics
ZOOMLION – machinery engineering
YTO Corporation – machinery engineering China Great Wall Industry - telesystems
Belarus People Resource
Average salary per month
Mechianical Engineering, New Material
$636
Eletronics, Optics
$477
Biotechnology
$480
Medical Equipment and Materials
$431
84,000 Students of Thechical Major 9 Institutes (Education)
25,000 Students
8,000 Specialists
81,000 Students (20% of PHD)
This drawing shows the borders of the future Minsk masterplan for 2030 (filled with grey). Obviously, Minsk is developing in the direction of the Industrial park territory. Here we also studied different transport and infrustructure connections between city and industrial park, some existing and some future, which we can build to stimulate the urbanisation.
Road linkages between Minsk and industrial park. N.Nemkova
50 • Territorial formations/Social Reciprocal Landscapes
Settlement Summer Cottages Forests(Including Reserves) Agiculture Roads(With Roadside) Water Space
3,3 2,5 49,2 32,2 7,4 2,9
Residential Landuse Public Landuse Industrial Landuse Landuse of Urban Transport Sysytem Landuse of engineering Structures and facilities Landscape and Recreational Landuse
11,9 12,0 17,6 9,0 4,4 23,9
To apply previous studies to Belarus industrial park we start defining new infrastructure routes. The ownership of the park is 30% Belarus and 70% China. This is because China is using the previous experience in other industrial parks, and is interested to give a part of ownership to the local government at the beginning. Currently, most of the territory is occupied by forests and farmland. During the project most of the forests and farmland will be demolished. The recreational zone near the river will be captured by the park and used as a recreation. Most of the existing villages will stay, new residential building will be built around them.
AALU 2015-2016 â&#x20AC;˘ 51
52 â&#x20AC;˘ Territorial formations/Social Reciprocal Landscapes
The question is - will this be a future of Minsk and industrial park? If this project will follow the Suzou example, the future border of Minsk can expand and include the territory of industrial park. The settlements inside the park will become a part of Minsk residential areas. The lake can become a huge rectreational area for the city.It can also be connected with the two natural reserves - Mayak and Volymyansky, forming the huge park inside the city. The part of the territory will be occupied by industries of hich technologies. This can also include research cluster, university town and commercial and business district. If the process of urbanisation will be succesfull this scenario can happen, and the territory can return back to local ownership in 30-50 years future.
AALU 2015-2016 â&#x20AC;˘ 53
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