massachusetts bay
lower bay cheasapeake bay
-0.1 pH over 40 years = 30% increase
galveston bay chandeleur sound
palm coast
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
Mississippi river
tampa bay
our arable lands are being depleted due to increasing acidity of our waterways and insufficient replenishment of minerals critical to sustainaing our riparian, prairie, amphibian, mollusk, and aquatic species
Miami beach
how does this affect our aquatic and terrestrial species?
lin e
ec
ec
nd
nd tio uc od pr le
sc tat e ds ite
19%
un
un
ite
ds
tat e
sa
mp
at t
po sb ird tat e ds
ite un
la tio pu po
pu
ie air pr sb ig tat e ds
ite un
hib ian
sp
la tio
ec
nd
ies
s cie pe ds oo af se of ss lo al ob gl
ec
de
cl
lin e
ine
lin
e
by 2050, we may no longer have any consumable shellfish, and our coral reefs will dissapear, along with 25% of all marine/aquatic species
50%
2050 50 gl
30%
20
37%
gl
80%
50
83%
20
90%
al
ob
al
ob
inc ro ion
ct
du
r
te wa
dp
le
oo
b ta
nf
po
ei
of
as
re
e ag
us
Fargo
louisiana bayou
The fm diversion is a method of protecting fargo from regional flooding, by diverting water from the mouth along embankments and river inlets.
levees and barriers have been put in place starting at the south end of the river, which alters the path of water during regional and coastal flooding events.
netherlands
boston
grand rapids
Chicago
coastal flooding and rising sea levels bring about impending danger to present and future development in boston. what if there was to leverage flodding to combat ocean acidification?
regional planning combats flooding, but is there a way to transfer water sources externally from the grand river to redistribute minerals to adjacent agricultural lands?
The delta programme helps protect against regional flooding and secure freshwater. dikes and sand dunes help maintain water flows throughout the nation.
the calumet river is a highly polluted stream of water which feeds into the mouth of the missouri river. what if we could decontaminate the river in redistributing minerals to the mississippi river?
precedents & prototypes
what are the currents methods of flood diversion, and what can we learn about these in relation to reversing ocean acidification?
bifurcate
divert
tier
tiered landscapes allow for the collection of water along embankments, splitting the nutrient collection and sedimentation which occurs along major break points along rivers
tiered landscapes allow for meadowlands to grow in areas of high carbon deposition, and offer more carbon sequestration than traditional riperian corridors.
water flow along channels are managed by diverting water along natural berm structures to less fertile lands, while maintaing nutrients to already fertile lands
bermed landscapes allow for the manipulation of water retention, thereby allowing for the propogation of seagrass and restoration of amphibian habitats.
attenuate
rippled landscapes with nutrient-penetrable soils and assorted filter fabrics along river systems to increase carbon containment and regulate the flow of water while minimizing the suspension of fine-grained minerals
culture
coastal shellfish communities and aquaculture is critical to marine biology, and by creating areas for these communities to prosper can aid in the disintegrating population of shellfish.
scenario planning
how can we implement the prototyping strategies to combat ocean acidification?
boston 2016
boston 2100
prime forest lands and coastal waters are exisitng characteristics of boston’s riverfront landscapes
s e l i M 8 1/
grand rapids 2016
prime agricultural lands and an high-energy river are a distinguishable characteristic of grand rapids’ riverfront landscape
pocket landscapes through river diversions and oyster reefs are an integral component to the controlled movement of water along the charles, the atlantic coastline and newly established tributaries
s e l i M 8 1/
grand rapids 2100
s e l i M 8 1/
chicago 2016
tiered landscapes and diversion channels are an integral component to the controlled movement and energy of the grand river and its newly established tributaries
s e l i M 8 1/
chicago 2100
prime agricultural lands and a polluted calumet river are characteristics of chicago’s riverfront landscape
s e l i M 1/8
bifurcated and attenuated landscapes help reduce the pollution levels of the calumet, while also channeling the water to adjacent productive landscapes
s e l i M 1/8
implementation
NT OR M A
EOL IAN MAT ERIA D UN L E SA ND SAN D SH EET LOE SS
ACE
MA SS
VOL CAN IC A SH WA S TI COL NG LUV MA IUM TER MU IAL DFL OW
BEAC H
SAND
FLAT
PLAYA
MUD
LAKE
S
T E RR
RRACE
RINE S EDIME
FAN
IAL TE
ALLUVI AL
ALLUV
LEVEE
DELTA
FLOOD PLAIN
GRAVEL
SILT
SAND
UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL
ALLUVIUM
water
ice
phyllonite
tectonite
granulite
ite amphibol
gneiss ortho eiss paragn ite at m ig m
eiss ic gn eiss ic gn it n gra eiss n g e biotit s gneis mafic f els
iss
gne
LAH
e
BR IS F
LO W
AR
ist sch
y ph
alt
La
sp
nd s
ili
lid
DE
te
ee gr
to ns
ne
lli
te
t his esc blu ist ash t ist mic his sch r sc itic l spa e p eld f t his rtz e sc qua icat -sil t c is l ch ca le s hibo amp els nof gra
how can we implement the scenario strategies into a regional plan?
us
m
T
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LD
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fic
ma
l
til
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m
ate
nt
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rai
mo
re
hy
ato p
ker
ock
ic r
an
me tav olc
edi
erm
int
k
oc
ic r
an
as
eta b
tal
im sed
g ied
f ati
str
te
yol i
tar h
me
k
anic
roc
eta vol c
m
qua rtz ite met aco ngl ome rat e e
rbl
ma
calc -s ic il ate r ock serp entii nite m e t a sed im enta met ry r a-ar ock gill ite e
slat
peat l
cora
iuum
resid
mud
or clay
k
y roc entar
sedim
skarn
ic rock
n
clast
greise
one
mudst
te
eclogi
e
clayston
ls
hornfe
hic rock
bentonite
metamorp
intrusive
shale
carbonatite
hornblendite
black shale
pyroxenite
oil shale
kimberlite
argillite
dunite
siltstone fine-grained mixed clastic rock
peridotite
sandstone
ultramfic intrusive rock
arenite
nepheline syenite
orthoquartzite
alkalic intrusiv
e rock
calcarenite
anorthosite
arkose
troctolite
wacke
norite
graywac
gabbro
ke
medium
quartz
-grain
ed mix
congl
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dia
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t zd ior
obs
dio rit e
it e
boston
e hyr
r op
vit
ice ock pum ic r ast ocl pyr
alkali
felsic
e rhyodacit
rhyolite
par trachyte alkali-felds
dacite
quartz latite
trachyte
latite
k
intermediate volcanic rock
trachyandesite
andesite
mafic volcanic roc
ock
trachybasalt
basalt
tholeiite
hawaiit e
alkali ne basa lt
c volc anic r
alkali
phon olite teph rite ultr amaf itite
atit e
ic ca rbon
roc k
volc an
onic
f tuf f tur ded wel rf w tu -flo ash e brit ignim cia brec anic volc flow lava ite al su bimod ck nic ro volca yolite par rh -felds
ite
plut
apl
creating freshwater basins using channel diversion strategies and pocket wetlands can assist in the distribution of water from the charles. oyster reef coastal implementation also allows for the success of coastal ecologies
NT EDIME S
L ERIA
ING WA ST IUM OW LO
alt
La
sp
nd
ili
sl
DE
ide
BR
IS F
LAH
gr
te
W
AR
MU
yl
ee
ns
ph
to
DFL
COL
LUV
MA
SS
ANIC
MA
ASH
TER
IAL
EET D SH
SAN
SS LOE
pel
mic
VOL C
E SA DUN
EOL
IAN
ND
MAT
ACE
TERR
BEAC
H SA
ND
FLAT
PLAYA
MUD
LAKE
OR MA
RINE S
RRACE
AL FAN
IAL TE
ALLUVI
ALLUV
LEVEE
DELTA
FLOOD PLAIN
GRAVEL
SILT
SAND
ALLUVIUM
UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL
water
ice
phyllonite
tectonite
ite
ite
amphibol
migmat
eiss paragn
s
gneiss ortho
iss
gneis
e gne
mafic
biotit
s gneis
itic gran
s gneis
ic fels
els
iss
nof
gne
gra
le s hibo
amp
t
t chis
qua
ccal
silic
s ate
chis
ist sch
par lds
-fe rtz
ist sch
itic
t is ash blu
esc
h
ist t is sch
e lit
ne
granulite
76,000 acreas of land reserved for new freshwater basins
us
m
T
RIF
LD
CIA
GLA
fic
ma
eta vo lc
m
ock
ic r
an
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as
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tal
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ied
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te
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me
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nt
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ial
ne
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rin
t cus iola
ent
im sed
nt ime sed ine mar l l cia gla eria mat enic biog peat
ma
c gla
ate
mer
glo
met aco n
ite
rtz
qua
slat e
cal c -s il icate rock serp entii nite meta s e d im enta met ry r a-ar ock gill ite
l
cora
iuum
resid
d
r mu
o clay
k
c ry ro
enta sedim
skarn
ock stic r
n
cla
greise
one
mudst
te
eclogi
e
clayston
ls
hornfe
hic rock
bentonite
metamorp
intrusive
shale
carbonatite
hornblendite
black shale
pyroxenite
oil shale
kimberlite
argillite
dunite
siltstone fine-grained mixed clastic rock
peridotite
sandstone
ultramfic intrusive rock
arenite
nepheline syenite
orthoquartzite
alkalic intrusiv
e rock
calcarenite
anorthosite
arkose
troctolite
wacke
norite
graywac
gabbro
ke
medium
quartz
-grain
ed mix
congl
ained
monzo
ome
mixe
d cla
stic r
ock
quartz r gabb
gabbro
gabbr
o
monz
ogabb
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nge
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syen
bon
lime
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sto
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ne
one mix ed c arb ona ed v te/ cla olc stic pho anic sph roc /cl o k a r stic che ite mic roc a k l eva sed por ime ate nta ch ry ert roc no k va cu lit iro e nf or ma tio n mix
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alk
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per gr
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ite
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gr
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ice
cla stic
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k
roc
t ded
wel
f
low
turf
ia
par trachyte
due to the immense energy of the grand river, diversion channels and tiered landscapes along new tributaries allow for the distribution of regional and local stormwater to be contained in a larger framework both within and outside the city limits
recc
nic b
e brit
a volc
e
rhyodacit
rhyolite
alkali-felds
dacite
quartz latite
trachyte
latite
intermediate volcanic rock
trachyandesite
andesite
mafic volcanic roc k
trachybasalt
basalt
tholeiite
hawaiit e
flow lava ite al su bimod ck nic ro volca felsic yolite par rh -felds alkali
ignim
gra
nit
gra
e
nit
ra
e
nit
an
e
ite
alkali ne ba sa lt alkali c volc anic r ock phon olite t e p h rite ultr amaf itit e vol c a n ic ca rbon atit e roc k
onic
-f ash
ite
plut
apl
tuf
o pyr
pum
h rop vit
idia obs
ssy
gla
lca vo
dio rit e
por ph y ry lam pro phy peg re mat ite gra nit oid alk ali -f e qua l ds r p ar t zm gra mo on nit nz zod od e ior ior ite ite
rt z
e mix
qu a
ite
al co
dio r
e
grand rapids
NT EDIME
RIAL MAT E
AL TER I MA
ASH
ING IUM OW LAH
e
BR
alt
La n
sp
ds
ili
lid
DE
gr
te
IS F LO W
AR
MU
DFL
COL
LUV
MA
SS WA ST
VOL C
ANIC
SS
LOE
SAN D SH
EET
ND E SA DUN
EOL
IAN
ACE
TERR
BEAC
H SA
ND
FLAT S
PLAYA
MUD
LAKE
OR MA
RINE S
ACE
AL FAN
IAL TE RR
ALLUVI
ALLUV
LEVEE
DELTA
FLOOD PLAIN
GRAVEL
SILT
SAND
ALLUVIUM
UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL
water
ice
phyllonite
tectonite
granulite
ite
amphibol
migmat
eiss paragn
gneiss ortho
iss
s gneis
e gne
mafic
biotit
gneis
itic gran
s gneis
ic fels
iss gne
itic
pel
mic
blu
ee
ns
to
ne
ite yll ph ist sch
esc
h
ist
is ash
t
sch
ist
t his r sc spa eld f t his rtz e sc qua icat -sil t c is l ch ca le s hibo amp els nof gra
s
ite
100,000 acreas of land reserved for new freshwater basins
us
m
T
RIF
LD
CIA
GLA
fic
ma
eta vo lc
m
ock
ic r
an
eta vo lc
m
dia te
me
int er
k
oc
ic r
an
as
eta b
tal
l
til
re
hy
ato p
ker
m
ied
f ati
str
cia gla
sh wa
ut lo
cia gla
nt
ime
sed
ent
dim
l se
lcia
-ga pra
/su
te
yol i
tar h
me
k
anic
roc
tav olc
me
e
rbl
sub
nt
me
edi
ls
e
in ora
ent
e
im sed
rin
t cus iola
nt ime sed ine mar l l cia gla eria mat enic biog peat
ma
c gla
ate
mer
glo
met aco n
ite
rtz
qua
slat e
calc -s il icate rock serp entii nite meta se d im enta met ry r a-ar ock gill ite
l
cora
iuum
resid
d
r mu
o clay
k
c ry ro
enta sedim
skarn
ock stic r
n
cla
greise
one
mudst
te
eclogi
e
clayston
ls
hornfe
hic rock
bentonite
metamorp
intrusive
shale
carbonatite
hornblendite
black shale
pyroxenite
oil shale
kimberlite
argillite
dunite
siltstone fine-grained mixed clastic rock
peridotite
sandstone
ultramfic intrusive rock
arenite
nepheline syenite
orthoquartzite
alkalic intrusiv
e rock
calcarenite
anorthosite
arkose
troctolite
wacke
norite
graywac
gabbro
ke
medium
quartz
-grain
congl
monzo
quartz r gabb
qua
ome
mixe
d cla
stic r
ock
ate r
sto
ne
ock
one mix ed c arb ona ed v te/ cla olc stic pho anic sph roc /cl o k a r stic che ite mic roc a k ls eva edi por me ate nta ch ry ert roc no k va cu lit iro e nf or ma tio n mix
ali-
me
alk
gr
lit
ha
e
ed k
oc
cr
ock
sti
cla
ic r
an
n
ock
ic r
an
dia
c vol
i obs ice
yre
h rop
vit o pyr
pum
stic
cla k
f tur
roc
ded
rf
e
brit
w tu
-flo
ash
ia
recc
yolite
par rh
trachyte
bifurcated landscapes allow for the channelization of water from the calumet river to be intercepted by a large freshwater basin south of the city, mitigating polluted waters and allowing for the flow of water to be redirected before entering the mississippi river
e
l suit
flow
b anic volc
ignim
lava
a bimod
chicago
ic rock
-felds
n volca
alkali
felsic
e
rhyodacit
rhyolite
par alkali-felds
dacite
quartz latite
trachyte
k
intermediate volcanic rock
latite
trachyandesite
andesite
mafic volcanic roc
trachybasalt
basalt
tholeiite
hawaiit e
alkali ne ba sa lt alkali c volc anic r ock phon olite t e p h rite ultr amaf itit e vol c a n ic ca rbon plut atit onic e roc k
wel
f
tuf
ite
a p l ite por ph y ry lam pro phy re
ite
rg ran
mat
oid
peg
nit
gra
al
alk
spa
i-fe ld
rit e
dio
nzo
mo
ssy
gla
al/ co
lc vo
q uar tz
ite
ior
nz od
mo
ite
ior
tz d
ar
mix
qu
e
rit
al co
dio
se
ba
ex
dia
an
ite
ino
us
ne
min
min
lum
ous
ou
gr
sg
an
ite
ior
ali
alu
u tal
per
e
nod
per sub
ra
jem
alit
ite
gra
nit
gra
nit
nit
e
e
e
nite
yen ar s dsp nite sye
fel
ndh
ton gra
onzo
rtz
alk
ost
tro
e
tz m
ite
ite
ite
o
monz
zonit
quar
syen
gabbro
gabbr
oid
mon
bon
lime
dol
ained
nge
car
tic rock
ccia
se-gr
ostr
mela
ed clas
e
entar y bre
coar
olist
ed mix
omerat
sedim
48,000 acreas of land reserved for new freshwater basins
ogabb
ro