We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to the following people. Without their generous offering of time, knowledge, and resources, this book would not have been possible.
Civic rooms for rent
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Jim Cook Sheraton Boston Hotel Marisa federico Massachusetts Convention Center Authority Michelle Ho Massachusetts Convention Center Authority erica rothschild Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel sarah rubin Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel Vered Tomlak W Hotel Boston alexandra Vendetti Longwood Events On behalf of Northeastern University,
thank you!
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Civic rooms for rent
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CIVIC ROOMS FOR RENT MEETING HALLS FOR THE 21 CENTURY st
multipurpose rooms for conferences and conventions and competitions and banquets and galas and lectures and debates and weddings and birthdays and funerals and spelling B’s and sporting events and concerts and Starcraft tournaments and religious celebrations and yoga classes and bar exams and cosplay and corporate events and pep rallies and boat shows and bake sales and finger painting demonstrations and scrabble games and swing dance lessons and blood drives and model train exhibitions and soirees and lunch-and-learns and book clubs and Twilight saga fan discussions and scout meetings and comic cons and galleries and parties and dances and trade shows and pinewood derbies and parent-teacher conferences and meet-and-greets and graduations and sweet sixteens and debutantes and riding schools and AA meetings and kick boxing classes and workshops and career fairs and emergency housing and etiquette training and brunches and fashion shows and dog shows and science fairs and auctions and college fairs and chess tournaments and start-up religions and personal finance seminars and bridal parties and promotional events and holiday parties and protests and more and more...
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CONTENT The work contained within this publication was created by the Fall 2011 Northeastern University School of Architecture Graduate Research Studio. Š2011 Northeastern University School of Architecture
FACULTY ADVISOR Tim Love STUDENTS Stephanie Abzug Bryan Allen Daniel Belknap Ximing Chen Thomas Davis Casey Hartman Ashley Hartshorn Kyle Jonasen Matthew McCarty Derrick Nickerson Saverio Parisi Chantel Tourigny Dipti Ved Tony Wen
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CIVIC ROOMS FOR RENT MEETING HALLS FOR THE 21 CENTURY ST
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101 102 104
11
106
12
108
16
110
20
112
24
114
28
116
32
118
36
120
40
122 124
47
126
48
128
64
130
74
132
80 86
95
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fig 8.1 Christian Science Center, Hall of Ideas.
rooms, ballrooms, multi-purpose spaces, etc.) have not been a focus of serious cultural research despite their ubiquity and the considerable resources that are expended to market these spaces to potential audiences. In contemporary society, the existence of civic rooms for rent is typically driven by other economic factors – for example to drive up the demand of hotel rooms, if embedded in a hotel. Often times, new or expanded convention centers are justified by the projection of an increased hotel demand for an entire downtown. In addition, broader economic development arguments justify the business. If, for example, an influential bio-tech conference comes to town, the start-up businesses that are fueled by the face-to-face contact might return to the host city. Rarely, however, is the importance of face-to-face meetings themselves, part of the argument – and thus central to the design brief. The work of the Fall 2011 Research Studio at Northeastern University is only a first attempt to uncover the complex industry that designs, manages, and markets these kinds of spaces. This was achieved in three ways:
Civic Rooms for Rent Somewhere between the mob in the street and the codified rituals and deliberations of churches and government bodies, culturally productive face-to-face engagement takes place – even with the dominate role of the internet as the primary avenue for informal and open-ended discourse. Today, a wide bandwidth of specialinterest organizations, trade groups, professional societies, and hobbyists regularly convene in meeting rooms and function halls – mostly embedded within hotels, conference centers, and convention centers.
1 Through guided tours of conference spaces in Boston – led by the people responsible for marketing and operating the spaces. 2 By looking at the complex history of multi-purpose meeting spaces - starting with Boston’s Faneuil Hall (first built in 1728). 3 By analyzing paradigmatic and canonical “great rooms” - to better understand the architectonic opportunities for meeting spaces beyond their functionality as determined by the codification of the industry.
And yet, despite the instrumental role these rooms play in the evolution of culture (and sub-cultures), their function and attributes have been codified by the real estate industry to such an extent that they are seen as a commodity and not as spaces with specific, memorable, and/or culturally meaningful qualities. In fact, contemporary “function halls” (banquet
The publication that follows, while not definitive, combines these three threads of research in order to arrive at more provocative – and even polemical – position on the nature of multi-purpose function room – both as a disciplinary question and within culture. We hope our effort will spurn additional research and speculative thinking. 9
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TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
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CIVIC ROOMS TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Basilicas As the Roman empire evolved from a monarchy in it’s early centuries to an aristocratic republic, cities developed the program of public assembly. Rome’s dense and spatially constricted urban fabric mandated that these spaces serve not just as venues for official political sessions, but that they be large, flexible, interior spaces used to facilitate business transactions, commercial and legal proceedings, and the general cultural discourse of Roman citizens. The basilica was the quintessential example of this civic building type. The word basilica comes from the Greek “kingly,” reflecting the Hellenization of many facets of Roman Architecture and culture circa 180 BCE. The Romans believed architecture was an art of creating space around rituals. In order to conduct everyday orderly formalities and house a variety of affairs, basilicas were designed to be a single, spacious geometric structure generally consisting of a primary central space, referred to as the Nave, with twin secondary circulation aisles flanking the long edges. The division between central and side aisles typically manifests as a colonnade or arcade. The tall central aisle provided well-lit, grandiose space for circulation of guests and events. In addition to the spatial sensations characteristic of high ceilings, the stratification could keep heavily occupied spaces cool even during the zenith of hot Roman summers. Often, this central space would extrude an additional story upward, offering a sidelight clerestory and room to structure the wide span of the space. The flanking side aisles provide out-of-sight circulation for servants, and lends the already vast, airy central space additional depth. Civic rooms for rent
Fig 12.1 Basilica Palladiana
Clerestory
Apse
Aisles fig12.2 St. Peter’s Basilica, Section Perspective 12
Nave
Aisles
The earliest example of the basilica was the Atrium Regium, initially designed as a reception hall for Kings of Rome to welcome and address subjects, ceremoniously greet foreign diplomats, as well as other more regimented functions. On days when the building was not in use for foreign embassies, important Roman citizens were permitted to utilize the space for conducting their various mercantile transactions, convenient because of the Atrium’s proximity to the forum. When the political structure of Rome changed to a more autocratic governance, the building was primarily reserved for providing an architecturally impressive setting for economic transactions. A Renaissance adaptation of the Roman basilica type, the Basilica Palladiana in Vicenza, shows how clusters of medieval buildings were joined and repurposed as the seat of government with stalls underneath. Purchased in 1222 as a home for the Mayor, the Bissari Palace complex included an iconic watchtower connected to a multi-story courtyard building, as well as two
fig 13.1 Roman Basilica 13
well-appointed but disorganized adjacent buildings. The structure nearer the tower boasted a ground floor arcade through which pedestrians could circulate and merchants could vend goods. The larger second structure had a complex ground floor layout and a large meeting hall upstairs, hosting meetings for Vicenza’s “Council of Four Hundred”. Two centuries after the purchase of the palace in 1450, Domenico da Venezia raised the top two floors of both buildings and re-organized their facades. The top two floors were replaced by the open large-span market and meeting hall found in the basilica today. A century later Andrea Palladio intervened, and added a highly organized and ornate loggia around the first and second level of the complex. The loggia, styled to Michelangelo’s ‘Giant Order’, not only organized the entrances and fenestration of the
structure, but also provided a secondary circulation sequence around the entirety of the meeting room and halls below. This model of a wrapped flexible program space has endured the test of time, and Palladio’s keen application of the type stands to further champion its usefulness. While as a building type the Roman basilica was first designed for a specific and somewhat fixed program; its legacy for interior civic space comes from the adaptability of the grandiose building for many different, non-ritualized functions. Over the arc of Rome’s history as a world power, basilicas proved to be an invaluable stage for the political, economic and cultural discourse that became so critical to Roman contributions to the Western world.
fig 14.1 School of Athens, 1505. Raphael. Civic rooms for rent
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fig. 15.1 Basilica of Maxentius.
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CIVIC ROOMS TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Guild Halls Guildhalls, a meetinghouse building type, were created during the Middle Ages and were historically used by guilds for meetings and other purposes within their association of craftsmen in a particular trade. The original origin and use of guildhalls can be traced back to Northwestern Europe, where they were prominent in the Netherlands and its surroundings countries, including England. Guilds were at the center of European handcraftsmanship during the Middle Ages. Due to intense apprenticeships, guild members not only learned trade skills, but were also admired by members of their community. Guildhalls were typically located in the center of a city next to other important structures and became a focal point not only during their long history of use, but even today.
Preserved examples of Dutch guildhalls still exist today and provide the majority of the research and physical examples of this unique meetinghouse typology. In addition to providing a place to meet for persons of the same trade, Dutch guildhalls also contained their offices, and hosted their large gatherings. Guilds were a powerful force and were ultimately formed to protect the interests and maintain standards of a particular trade or craft usually within a given area. Through price fixing and by defining their work boundaries to certain areas, they were able to secure their skilled jobs from the threats of foreign professionals. Guilds set out rules for just about every process that involved the skilled craftsmen, leading from their apprentice status, later to journeyman, and finally to their title Master. All of these responsibilities that guilds were accountable for impacted their need for meeting space, which is what allowed for the creation of this unique meeting hall. Occasionally a single hall would be shared amongst the city’s guilds. However, usually, each trade would have their own guildhall. Typically they were elaborate buildings that showcased the guild’s status and craftsmanship. In Northwestern Europe, an ornate coat of arms above the building’s main entrance detailed the trade’s defining characteristics to the passer-by. Sometimes a gable stone was used to distinguish the building’s owner or profession in lieu of a coat of arms. A common example would show a member of the guild surrounded by the tools of his trade. The guildhalls were mostly used for meetings of that specific trade and sometimes would also serve the surrounding community as well. For example, during the Middle Ages,
fig 16.1 Zunfthaus Guild Hall Exterior Civic rooms for rent
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the guildhall of the Merchants Guild also served as an actual commodity market before a separate building type was created for this purpose. More importantly, office space within the hall would house the Deacon, other high-ranking guild officers, as well as the Board of Directors. Guild members would sometimes be called to the meeting hall for larger meetings. The largest room within guildhalls had to serve a multitude of purposes from town gatherings; where chairs would be lined up facing a makeshift stage, to yearly banquet functions that the entire guild would participate in. A room large enough with the ability to serve these various functions was necessary to truly represent the meeting hall quality of that guild, and usually the town within. Some Dutch Guildhalls even contained their own pub and members would often gather each night after work to drink and socialize with other guild members. fig 17.1 London Guild Hall State Room
Located in Zurich Switzerland, the Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten was the Carpenter’s guildhall. Eight-hundred-and-fifty years ago, the carpenter’s guild moved into the original one-story wooden guild in the same place. In 1708, over five-hundred years later, the original house was demolished and the three story stone guildhall, that we see today, was constructed. The structure was a relatively simple stone cubic volume, and the building had an open loggia on its ground floor which allowed traffic to move under the hall, as the original guildhall permitted with the imperial roads below. On the second floor, ornate wood ceilings, flooring, and other detailing exhibited the carpenter’s fine craftsmanship throughout a series of small meetings rooms or offices. On the top floor, the largest meeting space filled the entire floor and was able to hold larger functions for the
fig 17.2 Zunfthaus Interior 17
guild. In 2007 the building was heavily remodeled after a fire devastated nearly everything but the original stonewalls, and today it houses a well-known restaurant and banqueting center further extending its role as a social gathering space. While Dutch guildhalls were typically used to house a single guild as their primary function, across the English Channel, British guildhalls were constructed with the additional idea of containing local government and town meeting space inside. Historic buildings such as the Bath Guildhall in Bath, England, combined both the private use of the hall for its particular trade with administrative duties from the Mayor and other town officials. Over time, judicial offices and courtrooms often adapted into these historic walls. More typically today, including both the precedents in Bath and Windsor, guildhalls are used more for private functions, civil ceremonies, and other banqueting needs due to their multitude of variously sized meetings spaces and elaborate design.
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fig. 19.1 London Guild Hall City Meeting
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CIVIC ROOMS TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Coffee Houses In the late 19th and early 20th century, The coffee house type as a forum for artists, writers, and intellectuals became nearly ubiquitous across Europe. However, nowhere was this type as infamously distinct in character as in Vienna, where cafĂŠs fostered a generational subculture of dissent, conversation, and artistic exchange. Stefan Zweig, a notable writer and committed patron, described the institution: It is a sort of democratic club to which admission costs the small price of a cup of coffee. Upon payment of this mite, every guest can sit for hours on end, discuss, write, play cards, receive his mail, and, above all, can go through an unlimited number of newspapers and magazines.
fig 20.1 CafĂŠ Griensteidl. Civic rooms for rent
fig 20.2-7 Newspaper Racks. 20
The rise of the coffee house and it’s relationship to literature of the time period can be attributed to the cultural, social, and economic milieu that characterized the late 19th century. Intellectuals at the forefront of modernist thought needed a less formal alternative to traditional meeting places to achieve the comfort they desired, and the prevalent inadequacies of housing in Vienna contributed to the popular instinct for struggling intellectuals to inhabit cafés. Not only were they places to congregate cheaply and comfortably, but they became invaluable hubs of activity within the community. Because of this, the class of patrons extended to wealthy, successful professionals
who would occupy the cafés as an extension of their office. Because the quintessential café was strongly associated with an urban lifestyle, they nearly all were constructed within the constraints of a renovating a retail storefront. Many, like the Café Central, were renovations of large open spaces that had fallen into disuse. The high vaulted ceilings and large windows of the adapted bank and stock-market building formed a cavernous and flexible environment that was critical to Café Central’s popularity. Others, like the Kleines Café, were tiny claustrophobic spaces that demanded careful organization of functions and could only support a select clientele.
fig 21.3 Café Museum.
fig 21.4 Café Museum, Chairs designed by Thonet. 21
The extreme variation in scale and interior conditions of cafe spaces across Vienna engendered an inherent flexibility of the type; The installation of built in furniture would have been detrimental to the myriad of different social arrangements that cafe patrons cultivated. Freestanding chairs, tables, billiards, and newspaper racks, could freely organize themselves within the spaces to form the hierarchies and adjacencies that were crucial to the exchange of ideas and information. The low lighting of dim alcoves was ideal for recluses and eccentrics who resorted to scrawling away in isolation, while the airy and well lit spaces were unequivocally
dominated by successful artists and writers with reserved tables; a place to be seen. Often within these spaces were staunchly exaggerated boundaries between the corners furnished with billiards tables, large groups of rowdy card players, chess players seeking serenity and small cliques of artists. The lightweight, bent beechwood chairs that became universal encouraged this organizational model. In an era before mass communication, the interaction of disparate social and professional groups at coffee shops proved essential to intellectual progress.
fig 22.1 CafĂŠ Central Interior Civic rooms for rent
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fig. 23.1 Cafe Griensteidl. Vienna, 1896. Reinhold Voelkel.
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CIVIC ROOMS TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
University Clubs In 18th century England, the instinct of upper class men to fraternize took the form of members-only private institutions that became known as gentlemen’s clubs. These clubs, both exclusive and aristocratic in flavor, provided a private environment for elite socialization and gambling, which was still illegal in non members-only establishments. By the 19th century, however, the gentlemen’s club model began to augment beyond the circles of upper class Englishmen. With increasingly progressive civil reform, such as expanded voting rights and egalitarian economic opportunity, middle class men began to enjoy more social freedoms and leisure time. Accompanying this movement was the perceived elevation to gentlemen status, ultimately inspiring men to seek clubs that, previously, only the disproportionate population of affluent men could join. Fig 24.1 Athenaeum Club. London, England.
Because the existing clubs had long waiting lists and were hesitant to welcome these new “gentlemen,” the newly enfranchised bourgeois began forming their own clubs. In the late 19th century, London had over 400 such establishments. Members’ common interests in politics, art, sports, travel, literature, armed forces, or a specific university characterized many clubs. Some examples in London include the Caledonian Club whose members must all be from Scottish descent and the Travellers’ Club which requires a specific travel requirement from all its members, one of them being that every member must have traveled at least 500 miles from London.
Civic rooms for rent
These clubs acted as ‘second homes’ to their members. They consisted of rooms where men could meet up with friends, play parlour games, get a meal, relax, stay overnight, or even just get away from the women in their life. It was important that the design of the clubs created a place where all their members, especially those with modest incomes, could spend time in grand surroundings, very often much more lavish than the surroundings they were accustomed too. Architects who were designing the most expensive country homes designed many of the clubs; this strongly reinforced the idea of a home away from home.
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Closely following the English precedent, New York City university clubs developed in response to cohorts of university alumni seeking a place to congregate. Three clubs by McKim, Mead, and White, the Metropolitan Club, the University Club, and the Harvard Club, depict the crux of this type. Built at the
turn of the 20th century, these clubs were entirely based on college affiliation. The continuing commitment to academics is shown through the large, comprehensive libraries and rare art collections.
fig. 25.1 University Club. New York, New York. McKim, Mead, and White.
Fig 25.2 Harvard Club. McKim, Mead, and White. 25
The programs are very similar to the English clubs, but where English clubs only contained one room for the entertainment and reception of guests, the university clubs of New York City usually included at least three large multi-purpose spaces. The typical floor plan consisted of large rooms on the perimeter connected by a main hall with a grand staircase that lies on axis with the entrance. The resulting infill spaces house the service spaces for the building. Many of the rooms have a strong relationship between plan and section, where high ceilings and floor to ceiling windows reestablish the feeling of grandeur but domestic scaled elements such as fireplaces and small furniture groupings still allow for intimate gatherings. The interior finishes and ornament are strongly influenced by the Italian Renaissance while the general arrangement of the furniture has more resemblance to a grand salon. Ample budgets are expressed in the interior designs where marble, mosaics, wood, leather, and lavish textiles create a luxurious backdrop for the social activities of the members of these elite clubs. Surfaces show the architects attention to detail; beyond the sumptuous materials are carvings, gilded surfaces, and murals that give each room an impressive feeling a grandeur. The decor is composed of dark and rich colors, which speaks to the masculine tone of the institution.
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fig. 27.1 Metropolitan Club Library. New York, New York. McKim, Mead, and White.
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CIVIC ROOMS TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Stock Exchanges The history of stock exchange buildings is largely the evolution of a safe secure and bounded precinct. An exchange is when commodities, goods and stocks are traded between merchants and consumers. The concept of an exchange building developed in response to the need to house trading in a safe and centralized manner. The exchanges can be categorized into three architectural types: Open-court yards type, community center type, and restricted urban type. The early, open-court-yard type centralized the exchange of goods. This type was later modified to enclose the central courtyard space. This modification led to the community center type. This type consists of at least one large room used for primary exchanges encompassed by smaller spaces for secondary exchanges. The scale of the community center type allowed it to be used as event space for larger city functions. The third type is a restricted urban type; this form is restricted by the surrounding density of the urban fabric. This type allows for a more privatized exchange privy to investors and stockbrokers. The design of these exchanges was based around a central trading floor or “pit” where traders sell and buy assets. In order to communicate in these settings a system of shouting and hand signals was developed, this was known as the “Open Outcry”. The rules tended to differ between trading floors, but the purpose of hand signals remained important. fig 28.1 Chicago Stock Exchange, 1893. Louis Sullivan. Civic rooms for rent
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plan for the building was based off a square grid of 3.8m. The commodities exchange was the largest of the 3 halls at 45.6m x 22.8m. The commodities exchange also seconded as a venue to host large city functions. The grain exchange and the stock exchange were both 38m x 19m. All 3 great halls were triple height spaces with glass ceilings. The arcades surrounding the great halls provided intimate spaces for minor exchanges. The second and third floors contained offices for the stockbrokers and these offices overlooked the triple height exchange floors.
Two examples of the open-court yard type are the Royal Exchange in London (1667) and the Amsterdam Exchange (1608). Towards the beginning of the 17th century both London and Amsterdam started becoming centers for mercantilism and they needed sufficient spaces to accommodate this shift. Both of these exchanges were based around the idea of a large open court yard surrounded by a loggia that allowed for a centralized exchange. Merchants set up stands both in the court yard and in the loggia. The loggia had a second level which provided a more private atmosphere for the wealthier merchants. The exchanges only had one entrance to control the flow of people into the exchange. Eventually there was a shift away from the open-court yard exchange because merchants needed more protection from the elements, which led to the establishment of the community center type. An example of the community center type is the Amsterdam Exchange. The building was designed by H.P. Berlage in 1901. Berlage’s concept for the exchange was to design a “building testifying to the urban community.” The building contains 3 trading halls (Commodities exchange, grain exchange and stock exchange), shipping exchange, chamber of commerce, offices for brokers, telegraph room and a café. The
fig 29.1 The Amsterdam Exchange 29
An example of the restricted urban type is the Chicago Stock Exchange Building. The building was designed in 1893 by the firm of Adler & Sullivan. Designed as a thirteen-story office building, the Stock Exchange building stood as an eloquent example of the contributions of Dankmar Adler and Louis H. Sullivan to the formation of the tall, metal-framed commercial building. For the architects, designing the Stock Exchange presented a unique opportunity with a functional requirement of a large, unobstructed room to be devoted for trading; located on the second and third floors is a twostory Trading Room. The Trading Room was designed for
a special purpose: trading; this required freedom of movement and the requirements of a large volume of space, combined with enough intimacy to make the human voice readily heard without amplification. For the design, the architects fully integrated structure and function with creative architectural forms and unparalleled ornamental detailing. The architect elected to design, a large terra-cotta semi-circular arch portal, three bays wide and two stories high to call attention to the main entrance, while the remainder of the ground floor are occupied by shops. The faรงade of the second floor was combined with that of the third floor into a two-story arcade to represent the double height Trading Room and an adjacent banking space from within to distinguish the importance of the space within the building.
fig 30.1 Chicago Stock Exchange Trading Room Civic rooms for rent
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fig. 31.1 Chicago Stock Exchange, 1893. Louis Sullivan.
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CIVIC ROOMS TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Convention Centers and Exhibition Halls Before the onset of mass communication, with which instant transmission of information is possible, the trend of globalization was cultivated within the framework of conventions and expositions. As nations industrialized and the accessibility of international travel increased dramitically, the instinct developed to gather as a global community and share in new discovery. These gatherings were focused on recent developments in trade and famous for their exhibitions of new technological inventions. Imagine walking through the massive halls of the Crystal Palace (fig 32.1) to lay eyes on the latest kitchen appliances or learn about ground breaking advancements in agriculture. These world expositions were the forum in which scattered progress was brought together.
fig 32.1 Crystal Palace. London, England. Joseph Paxton.
fig 32.2 Convention Hall Project Collage. Meis Van Der Rohe. Civic rooms for rent
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Convention centers and “messehalles,” German for “exhibition halls,” have a long history dating back to the conservatories of the early 19th century. While convention centers and exhibition halls evolved from conservatories, some of the technology implemented in them can be traced back to other building typologies such as train stations, factories, and market halls. The most important technological advance in the evolution of convention centers was the introduction of cast-iron. Cast-iron beams and columns were introduced in factories in the late 18th century. By the early 19th century, this technology was implemented in the first glass conservatories of 1815 and 1817.
Before the use of cast-iron, conservatories were made of stone and glass. Iron allowed for much larger bays than stone, and iron façades allowed for thinner members than stone. This resulted in a large hall uninterrupted by columns and more natural light than ever before. The earliest exhibition halls were similar in form to market halls with a large, rectangular hall in the center and two aisles flanking the halls long edges. In markets, these aisles would be occupied by market stalls, but in exhibition halls and conservatories, these aisles were left open.
fig 33.1 Chicago Convention Center. Mies Van Der Rohe. 33
The development of exhibition halls owes much to the tour of world exhibitions beginning in 1885 in Paris. From Paris, the international exhibitions traveled throughout Europe stopping in London, Paris for a second time, and Vienna before traveling across the Atlantic to the United States. The first international exhibition held outside of Europe was the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876. The international exhibitions were the home to exhibition halls of increasing size and grandeur. While modern convention centers and exhibition halls vary widely in terms of form depending on their size and site, a tall, central hall flanked by smaller meeting rooms and service spaces remains one of the most common hall types. This basic form allows for ample daylighting along the perimeter, clerestory windows between the shorter side aisles and tall central hall, and easy access for service trucks.
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fig 35.1 Boston Convention Center. Rafael Vi単oly Architects.
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CIVIC ROOMS TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Meeting Halls In spirit, English town halls were the 18th century contemporary equivalent of the Roman Basilica. They had the common purpose of housing business and legal activities, but most notably served as a multipurpose space for for various civic and cultural functions. In addition to famousy productive town gatherings, meeting halls housed art shows, performances, exhibits and festivals. The architectural design of these town halls often varied from one another since they served as symbols and icons for specific cities and their local governments. Typically, town halls were two story buildings with large, open interiors to accomodate large crowds. Boston’s Old South Meeting House, built in 1729, is a quintessential example of this building type and has been an important gathering place for nearly three centuries. Originally a Puritan meeting hall, The Old South Meeting House is now a museum by day and available to rent at night, continuing the tradition of a multipurpose, social venue.
fig. 36.1 Faneuil Hall. Boston, Massachusetts. Charles Bulfinch.
fig. 36.2 Old South Meeting House. Boston, Massachusetts. Robert Twelves. Civic rooms for rent
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Boston’s need for meeting space only increased towards the middle of the 18th century, and in 1742, Faneuil Hall was created as a downtown market and meeting hall, providing a central gathering space for the residents of Boston to carry out a range of activities. The building has hosted activities as diverse as concerts, spelling bees, debates, lectures, and award ceremonies. Meetings at Faneuil Hall are credited with inspiring
the doctrine of “no taxation without representation,� as well as other pivotal moments in the American Revolutionary. Rectangular in plan, this multi-story building was designed with an open ground floor with its second and third stories housing a double height great hall. A gallery surrounds the great hall, metered into bays by pilasters and Palladian windows. Above the
fig. 37.1 Old South Meeting House Interior 37
gallery, on either long side of the hall stand the mezzanine balconies, used originally for women and servants and today offer a clear view of the hall and its focal point. In the 19th century, more space was needed to better accommodate Boston’s growing ranks of merchants, shoppers and visitors, so in 1826, Faneuil Hall was expanded to include the large Quincy Market structure, built in the popular Greek revival style. The contemporary status of Faneuil hall as one of Boston’s most recognizable attractions attests to the cultural reverance felt by Bostonions and vistors alike.
fig. 38.1 Old South Meeting House Interior Civic rooms for rent
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fig. 39.1 Meeting at Faneuil Hall
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Looking for a space to host your next event? Boston offers quite a selection. According to the Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau, the City has 1,089 civic rooms for rent.
by
B
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674 roo m
by Harvard ned ow
U
Civic rooms for rent
415 roo m so
tels o h e id
40
ls ote eh sid ut
si ns
TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS CIVIC ROOMS OF BOSTON
Civic Rooms of Boston
City of Boston
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60’- 0” 45’- 9”
TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS CIVIC ROOMS OF BOSTON
Civic Rooms of Boston As an active urban center, the City of Boston offers a wide range of multi-purpose rooms located within a variety of building types. Our architectural research team investigated some of the cities most famous civic rooms to better understand the inner-workings of these spaces. The commercially available rooms of these buildings, including meeting spaces, banquet halls and ballrooms, are highlighted to compare areas and proportions.
2,745
Old South Meeting House 2,069 72’- 0” x 39’- 0”
1,198
55’-0”
104’- 0”
57’- 0” x 28’- 0”
5,720
4,327
134’- 0” x 28’- 0”
3,723
60 State Street
33’-0” x 131’- 0”
62’- 0”
2,462
84’- 0” x 60’- 0”
2,976
Faneuil Hall
Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel Civic rooms for rent
48’- 0”
4,050
50’- 9”
48’- 6”
42
70’- 0”
100’- 2” 50’- 8”
1,900 38’- 0”
7,012
33’- 0” x 131’- 0”
Apple Store
The W Hotel
120’-0”
13,320
82’- 6”
2,874
111’-0”
34’- 10”
Christian Science Center Hall of Ideas 0 8 16
Museum of Fine Arts 43
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Scale: /64" = 1'-0" 1
64ft
Civic Room Matrix
This is a handful of Boston’s rentable civic rooms, 95 to be exact, ranging from the famous Old South meeting house at 2,745 SF to the Boston Convention & Exhibition Center at 513,729 SF. Old South
BCEC 109
BCEC 259
2,745 SF
3,364 SF
3,364 SF
Faneuil
BCEC 151
Hynes 210 BCEC 162
3,723 SF
Hilton Back Bay
BCEC 204
Best Western Longwood 3,060 SF
3,465 SF Omni Rooftop
BCEC 206
Hynes 311 3,244 SF Westin Water Front 3,320 SF
Mandarian Oriental
4,200 SF
3,570 SF
BCEC 252
3,987 SF
Intercontinental
Westin Water Front Seaport Hotel Lighthouse 4,680 SF
Courtyard Marriott Tremont
Radisson 4,682 SF
4,320 SF
Sheraton Independence
3,364 SF
3,600 SF BCEC 257
4,021 SF
Fairmont Seaport Complex Copley Plaza
3,364 SF
3,680 SF
3,364 SF
Park Plaza 4,699 SF
Park Plaza Georgian
4,050 SF
5,415 SF
5,841 SF
Marriott Copley F
5,488 SF
60 State
8,147 SF
10,488 SF
Marriott Long Wharf
Renaissance Water Front 10,744 SF
8,200 SF
Marriott Copley
Park Plaza Imperial
6,048 SF 16,983 SF
8,529 SF Radisson Carver
5,104 SF
Seaport Water Front
BCEC 153
5,546 SF
6,426 SF Sheraton Constitution
5,104 SF
BCEC 156
5,616 SF
5,104 SF
Harbor Hotel Atlantic
BCEC 210
8,614 SF
12,994 SF
Sheraton Back Bay 9,680 SF
BCEC O52
6,922 SF
5,633 SF
BCEC 157
BCEC 205
6,726 SF
Marriott Copley E
3,574 SF BCEC 254
Seaport WTC Harborview
BCEC 107
Hynes 312 Ritz Carlton
Seaport WTC Cityview
Harbor Hotel Wharf
5,104 SF
4,482 SF
4,242 SF
3,936 SF
5,046 SF
4,425 SF
Westin Copley Courtyard Tremont
3,364 SF
3,364 SF
3,825 SF
3,513 SF
Holiday Inn Beacon Hill 3,096 SF
Colonnade
3,800 SF Taj Ballroom
3,364 SF
BCEC 102
60 State
Hyatt Regency
BCEC 104
4,104 SF
Taj French
3,018 SF
4,368 SF
3,419 SF
3,364 SF Langham
Holiday Inn
Renaissance Water Front Atlantis
3,416 SF
3,364 SF The Liberty
4,074 SF
3,710 SF
Millenium Hotel
2,976 SF
3,000 SF
Four Seasons Sheraton Republic
Marriott Copley
Westin Copley
Sheraton Grand Ball MFA
10,101 SF
13,320 SF
5,104 SF Fairmont Copley Plaza
BCEC 160 5,104 SF
Seaport WTC Concourse
Hynes 302, 304, 306 Park Plaza Exhibition
7,316 SF
5,720 SF
10,115 SF
4,327 SF Four Seasons Event 4,332 SF
Park Plaza Terrace
Marriott Long Wharf Garden
Seaport Plaza
5,758 SF
5,330 SF
2,745 - 5,000 SF
5,000 - 8,000 SF
Intercontinental 14,520 SF
7,524 SF
10,346 SF
8,000 - 15,000 SF
Meeting Rooms Exhibition Rooms
Ballrooms Grand Ballrooms
Banquet Rooms Civic rooms for rent
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Westin Copley American Westin Copley American Hynes Exhibit B Hynes Exhibit B
15,328 SF
Seaport WTC Commonwealth Hall Seaport WTC Commonwealth Hall
BCEC Grand Ballroom Hynes Exhibit C Hynes Exhibit C BCEC Grand Ballroom
15,328 SF 36,900 SF
36,900 SF
37,590 SF
37,590 SF
37,750 SF
37,750 SF
Royale Concert Royale Concert 118,000 SF
Hynes Exhibit A Hynes Exhibit A 16,004 SF
16,004 SF WTC Complex Seaport WTC Complex Seaport
38,770 SF 44,600 SF
Westin Water Front Westin Water Front
16,725 SF
118,000 SF
16,725 SF
38,770 SF
44,600 SF
BCEC ExhibitionBCEC Exhibition
Marriott Copley Marriott Copley
23,868 SF
23,868 SF
513,729 SF
513,729 SF
Hynes Grand Ballroom Hynes Grand Ballroom
24,544 SF
24,544 SF
Scale: 1" = 160' Scale: 1" = 160'
15,000 - 513,000 15,000 SF - 513,000 SF
Information provided by the Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau, Inc. 45
Civic rooms for rent
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TACTICS AND STRATEGIES
47
CHANGING SPACES
Civic rooms for rent
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Large, rentable, civic rooms must be flexible. Some spaces have changed hands and uses many times over the course their life. Some change uses every night. During field trips, our studio visited some meeting places whose adaptability left a little to be desired. The minimum standard for a dividable room is the use of Air Walls which slide on tracks and fold into closed pockets when not in use. But several Great Rooms go the extra mile with beautifully executed Architectural solutions to this need. First we will look at two notable spaces that can change on a dime. After those, we see two more spaces that have changed over time... 49
SIXTY STATE STREET FUNCTION SPACES TACTICS AND STRATEGIES CHANGING SPACES
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Boston, Massachusetts, 1977.
In addition to stunning panoramic views of Boston Harbor, the various configurations of the function rooms at Sixty State Street are key to the venue’s commercial success. The operational strategy is a careful consideration of scale and proportion; the long, contiguous, narrow space, organized along the perimeter of the building, can be subdivided into up to five separate event spaces with conventional doors instead of costly air walls.
Function Circulation
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fig. 51.1
fig. 51.2
fig. 51.3
fig. 51.4 51
dining and dancing 280 People
Ceremony/Theatre 225 People
fig. 52.1
fig. 52.2
Civic rooms for rent
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fig. 52.3
reception 500 People
Conference Table 200 People
fig. 53.3
fig. 53.4
53
CHURCH AT VUOKSENNISKA TACTICS AND STRATEGIES CHANGING SPACES
Alvar Aalto. Vouksenniska, Finland, 1959.
Although programmed as a place of worship, the Church at Vuoksenniska shares it’s congregational space with the surrounding community as a venue for social functions. The body of the church can be divided with the operation of sound proofed, undulated concrete partitions. This enables the church to host additional meetings and activities without visual or acoustic disturbance.
Civic rooms for rent
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fig 55.1
2 Open - Closed capacity for 520
3 Closed - Open capacity for 260
0
4 Closed - Close capacity 260 8’ 16’ for32’
64’
N
1 Open - Open capacity for 800
fig 55.2 Church interior. Through the use dynamic partitions, the interior space can be sectioned off into three parts to respond to the changing programmatic needs.
55
1/32” = 1’-0”
Section OLD SOUTH MEETING HOUSE TACTICS AND STRATEGIES CHANGING SPACES
Robert Twelves. Boston, Massachusetts, 1729.
Old South Meeting House is one of Boston’s oldest landmarks. After nearly three centuries, the legendary meeting space is now a revered symbol–and contemporary forum–of dissent and free speech, most famously hosting the meeting that inspired the Boston Tea Party. Over the course of it’s tumultuous history, the Old South Meeting House has evolved in a politically barometric fashion from a Puritan meeting house (1729-1760s), to a riding school for British soldiers (1775-1776), a Civil War recruiting station for Union troops (1861-1865), a US Post office (1874), a museum (1877-1900), and is now both a heavily visited historic site and a popular venue for meetings and lectures (1900-present).
Civic rooms for rent
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88’-0”
16’-3”
25 Seats
25 Seats 10’-6”
61’-9”
8’-6”
10’-6” 14’-0”
100 Seats
12’-0”
14’-0”
100 Seats 16’-0”
Museum Exhibits
Museum Exhibits
0
57
4’
8’
16’
32’
1/16”= 1’-0”
Old sOuTH MeeTInG HOuse Changing Spaces 1775-1776 Riding School for British Soldiers
1874 United States Post Office
1900 -Present National Historic Museum Forum for Free Speech and Meetings
fig. 58.1
fig. 58.2
fig. 58.3
During British occupation of Boston, furniture and pews are completely cleared to accommodate the spatially demanding program of a riding school.
Built-in furniture for sorting mail is installed and the mezzanine is repurposed for administrative tasks.
Open 361 days a year as a museum and historic site on Boston’s Freedom trail, the Old South Meeting House is restored to it’s original layout.
Civic rooms for rent
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Riding School for British Soldiers
United States Post Office
Cocktail / Dinner Option
Main Entrance
Museum Exhibits
Service Entrance
Museum Exhibits
Coat Check Round Table Buffet Station 59
CHICaGO sTOCk eXCHanGe TradInG rOOM TACTICS AND STRATEGIES CHANGING SPACES
Adler & Sullivan. Chicago, Illinois, 1893.
On the 2nd floor of the Chicago Stock Exchange building, the freedom of movement implied with the trading of stock was accomodated with the design of a large, flexible, day lit room. This room, engineered expressly for the purposes of trading, negotiated the lofty spatial requirement of hosting swarms of traders with the stipulation for acoustic intimacy. Since it’s construction, the use of this room has successfully responded to the evolution and technological advancement of the stock exchange.
2nd (Main) Floor Plan of Chicago Stock Exchange Building Trading Room Service Space Banking Room
2nd (Main) Floor Plan of Chicago Stock Exchange Building Trading Room
Civic rooms for rent
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Banking Room
Service Space
63’-3”
64’-0” x 77’-9” 97’-0”
Trading Room Floor Plan
Trading Room Reflected Ceiling Plan 61
CHICaGO sTOCk eXCHanGe Changing Spaces
fig. 62.1
fig. 62.2
fig. 62.3
fig. 62.4
Focal point of space is towards the officers’ rostrum. Investors shout and gesture to purchase or sell stocks.
Trading room with designated stations for investors to purchase and sell stocks in a particular sector.
Merchants are seated with the focal point of space towards the officers’ rostrum. Stocks are not being traded.
The trading room is reconstructed and preserved at the Chicago Art Institute for use for banquets and fundraising events.
Civic rooms for rent
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Investors Stations Focal Point of Trading room
63
CIRCULATION AND POCHÉ
Civic Rooms for Rent
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Keeping large, rentable public spaces functioning smoothly requires significant planning. Some of the institutions we visited were extremely protective of their “Back of House.� But Architecture students are experts at espionage. We examine in this section some of the most effective circulation and poche spaces at an informative variety of scales.
65
TACTICS AND STRATEGIES CIRCULATION AND POCHÉ SPACE
CIrCulaTIOn
BeYeler fOundaTIOn
Movement through a structure to its interior function space plays a key role in the success and flexibility of an establishment. Routes serve a variety of user groups, sometimes even a number of unrelated groups simultaneously.
The lucid promenade into the building contrasts with the mysteriously serpentine routes within. This is a tactic to keep an occupant focused and intellectually present; foregoing anticipation of the circulatory experience. Initial visitor entry occurs in a long, straight corridor, whereas gallery circulation relies on the careful consideration of threshold between rooms, avoiding hallways between.
fig. 66.1 Thermal Baths. Peter Zumthor.
function space
Pre-function space
Circulation space
Large Room Program Meeting Halls Active Space
Lobbies Foyers Circulation Eddies
Hallways Circulation Cores Stairways
“The Destination”
“Gathering Space”
“Getting There”
Civic rooms for rent
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CaTHedral Of Our ladY Of THe anGels
faIrMOunT COPleY PlaZa HOTel
Upon entry along the front of the church, worshipers are guided in a lengthy procession to the space’s rear before entering the nave. As worshipers move down the hall, they have the option of filtering into pews by way of small, visually curious openings.
The Copley Plaza Hotel has four different function rooms all of which are linked to a pre-function space. Since there are multiple pre-function spaces the hotel is able to host more than one event at a time.
67
TACTICS AND STRATEGIES CIRCULATION AND POCHÉ SPACE
faneuIl Hall
Hall Of Ideas
Faneuil Halls space is unique because it forces the visitor up a flight of stairs and into the space. This grandiose entrance heightens the experience of the space.
The Hall of ideas can be accessed by two different entrances. One entrance leads directly into the hall while the other takes the visitor through a lobby space which could function as a pre-function space. The entrance that leads into the hall puts the visitor in the center of the room and could be perceived as a more celebratory entrance. The second entrance is into the side of the room and could potentially limit the experiential aspect that one would gain from entering into the center of the room.
Civic rooms for rent
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THerMal BaTHs
W HOTel
The convoluted circulation of the bath house engages the sensation of dislocation, key to the bathers experience of relaxation. Circulation twists and breaks down, denying bath goers clear direction to a return path. This perceptive technique prioritizes immediate stimuli, and dematerializes the conventional process of passage.
The W Hotel’s function space is removed from the public eye because it is on the second floor. The main lobby space acts as a pre-function space for four separate function spaces.
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TACTICS AND STRATEGIES CIRCULATION AND POCHÉ SPACE
POCHÉ sPaCe
BeYeler fOundaTIOn
Large interior programs require significant support. Service space accounts for a large percentage of building footprints, and the physical relationship between these zones and the rooms they furnish is crucial.
The Beyeler Foundation’s back wall poché space is held away from the gallery areas along a single loaded corridor. This simple strategy offers the gallery space geometric clarity and regularity. In a museum, where support staff does not need to interact with program space frequently, it makes sense to prioritize the openness of the galleries and keep the program completely separate from the back of house.
fig. 70.1 Ronchamp light scoop. Le Corbusier.
Secondary Program Service Program and Public Circulation Spaces
Service NonProgram Spaces
Elevator Cores Stair Cores Private Chapels Changing Rooms
Kitchens Offices Staff Corridors Staff Elevators
Closets Storage Shafts Mechanical
“Poché space, available to the public”
“Active, functional poché space”
“Inactive poché space”
1
Served Spaces 1. West Gallery Space 2. East Gallery Space Civic rooms for rent
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2
CaTHedral Of Our ladY Of THe anGels
faIrMOnT COPleY PlaZa HOTel
Semi-private chapels line the entry halls, carved out of a thick wall. Incoming church-goers catch a glimpse of the hall within, by way of the narrow slits in the pochĂŠ that divide the chapel spaces.
The Copley Hotel also requires significant program space, but instead of clumping service space together the hotel distributes space as needed throughout the floor adjacent to the large program spaces they serve.
The far wall of the chancel offers space for an administrative suite and some storage for the clergy.
There is also a complex network of passages in the basement level allowing service staff and goods to travel out of sight.
1
Dimensions:
5 2
1
3
Served Spaces 1. Ballroom Suite 2. Wedding Suite
Served Spaces 1. Congregation Space 71
3. Central Room 4. Oval Room 5. Oak Bar
4
TACTICS AND STRATEGIES CIRCULATION AND POCHÉ SPACE
kunsTHaus BreGenZ
rOnCHaMP CaTHedral
Here poché is also rendered as a thick wall, but the spiraling organization of the plan defies that simple reading. The nearly square plan becomes rich with complexity as the three ‘walls’ build out the corners of the space and suggest direction.
Also rendered as spaces carved out of a thickened wall, Ronchamp’s chapels engage their immediate context and break down the edges of the central space. This reading is enforced by the thick window wall to the south.
1
2
1 Served Spaces 1. Interior Congregation Space 2. Exterior Congregation Space
Served Spaces 1. Exhibition Space (4 Floors) Civic rooms for rent
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THerMal BaTHs
W HOTel
Bathers wander out from the prefunction spaces at the top of the plan and enter any number of pools and rooms further into the bath. The transition between pre-function and function is broken down, easing the occupant into the controlled environment.
A significant need for poché space in a hotel often requires a large service space footprint. The W Hotel’s meeting room suites require kitchens, offices and space for diverse accommodations ranging from party hats to tables to lighting to dance floor pieces.
Zumpthor breaks the poché into units, and deconstructs the ‘back wall’ of the space. This affords the spa program a sense of boundlessness.
1
2
3
4
9
5
6
7
1
2
8
Served Spaces 1. Major Prefunction 2. Meeting A 3. Meeting B 4. Meeting C
Served Spaces 1. Extroverted Bathing Zone 2. Introverted Bathing Zone 73
5. Minor Prefunction 6. Meeting D 7. Meeting E 8. Ballroom 9. Hotel Spa
NATURAL LIGHTING
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We found that many of the conference spaces available in Boston do not live up to the high standards of daylighting we studied from successful projects around the world. Meeting rooms are often buried deep in the heart of a larger leasable building, and tend to rely on artificial lighting for tasks and ambience. A critical component of a quality space is access to natural light. Each following example of interior space shows a great way to do it right.
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CaTHedral Of Our ladY Of THe anGels
TACTICS AND STRATEGIES NATURAL LIGHTING
Casa del fasCIO The main space of the Casa del Fascio features a glass skylight which allows natural light to flood into the building. The interesting shape of the skylight allows the natural light to constantly penetrate the space regardless of what time of day it is. Natural light permeates into the building from the whole faรงade as well. The faรงade is punctured with large openings that are placed in a rigid and rational way to allow this light to penetrate into each room within the building.
Civic rooms for rent
In the case of the Cathedral, the great room is the nave. The nave offers no views of activities happening on the street level outside. Instead, the cathedral offers views of the blue, Los Angeles sky through openings located along the tops of walls and ceilings. Light is diffused through alabaster windows and light scoops on either side of the nave. Two chapels flank the nave, one on each side. The Chapels receive diffused light through thin, alabaster panels that separate the chapels from the nave. The skylights and translucent window panes provide the name and chapels with an abundant amount of natural light.
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CHICaGO sTOCk eXCHanGe
CHurCH aT VuOksennIska
An ingenious system of skylight allow natural diffused light to penetrate the interior space of the trading room. With beautiful leaded glass panels that are mounted on the perimeter of the ceiling of the second floor trading room, the artistic glass acted as a skylight surrounding the four walls of the room letting natural light to grace the interior space during daylight hours.
Since the church can function as a whole and as three separate parts there are three different lighting strategies for each part of the space: The main service space has windows on the upper part of the east and west walls. The middle space has windows on the east and west walls. The back space has windows on the east and west walls as well as a window on the north wall.
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TACTICS AND STRATEGIES NATURAL LIGHTING
faneuIl Hall
kunsTHaus BreGenZ
The Faneuil Hall meeting room is a double-height space, with windows on two stories letting in light on the North and South walls. The East and West walls are windowless; however, opening the large doors to the stair hall on the East side allows high-quality morning light to penetrate the entire space. At night and during Winter periods when natural light is less available, interior luminance is supplemented by sconces and overhead lighting. Overall, Faneuil Hall is not the best example of a successful lighting strategy contained in this chapter.
Conceived as a daylight museum, the glass facade or skin, diffuses natural light into a three foot wide light pit. From here the light passes through a second layer of glass set atop the perimeter walls into a space above the interior ceiling. Finally diffused daylight reaches the room through glass ceiling tiles. A unique artificial lighting system is available when natural light is not or if additional light is desired. Specially designed pendulum lamps hang above the glass ceiling and are controlled by an exterior light sensor. The artificial light is still diffused through the glass ceiling tiles which can be dimmed individually or together.
Civic rooms for rent
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MuseuM Of fIne arTs The Museum of Fine Arts, with its enclosure of all glass and its use of light reflective surfaces, is a bright and open space. The use of translucent glass and adjustable louvers on the ceiling are not very successful for the abundance of light that enters though the walls greatly reduces their effects. The “green houses” that border two sides of the atrium bring a natural element to the space but still allow light to bounce from the existing building into the atrium.
58’-0” 52’-0”
79
THRESHOLDS
Civic rooms for rent
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Architecture could be conceived as the act of dividing the ‘inside’ from ‘outside’. Many projects have found a way to celebrate this interesting relationship. The most successful thresholds employ dynamic sensory transitions between spaces, rather than a simple door, entrance, or step. In the city, one constantly experiences these changes. Sometimes we meet inside, sometimes we meet out, or sometimes just in the halls. A really great space links these all together, dematerializing exterior walls.
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TACTICS AND STRATEGIES EXTERIOR RELATIONSHIP
Beyeler Foundation The Beyeler Foundation uses an exterior pool to identify the entrance and to visually expand the interior space to the exterior. The extension of the structural walls into the pool, the extension of the ceiling plane into a roof overhang, and the mirror image of the interior expressed on the surface of the water all contribute to creating a feeling of one space. The glass, free of horizontal mullions, virtually disappears. fig 82.1
Extension of Dividing Wall
Extension of Floor Plane
fig 82.2 Civic rooms for rent
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Casa del Fascio Mussolinian concept of fascism as a house of glass into which everyone can peer gives rise to this wholly faithful interpretation: no encumbrance, no barrier, no obstacle between the political hierarchies and the people. In addition, the distribution of rooms around the hall is the consequence of the greater or lesser hierarchical dependency of the departments on the Federal Secretary’s office and the frequency of their relations with the public. fig 83.1
fig 83.2 83
TACTICS AND STRATEGIES EXTERIOR RELATIONSHIP
Ronchamp A single staircase allows the Clergy to ascend to a single exterior balcony. The small, solid door does not let in any light, and serves only as a passageway to the extrior. The balcony’s small scale is exaggerated as it sits under the heavy and oversized roof.
fig 84.2
fig 84.2 Civic rooms for rent
84
Sixty State Street The glazing surround all function spaces of Sixty State Street provide panoramic views of the city and the harbor. As one moves through the separate function spaces, the experience changes as different views of the city are seen.
1 fig. 85.1
1
2 fig. 85.2
2 3
3 fig. 85.3 85
DÉCOR
Civic rooms for rent
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Careful material coordination can help to make a Great Room truly great. In one sense, the physical surfaces of a space are the closest interface to its occupants. There are many strategies for choosing a material pallette. The sleekest spaces we visited in Boston such as the Apple Store actually require the most upkeep, as the clean and minimalist material choice highlights the accumulation of dirt. From a hospitality standpoint, the high-maintenance of rooms like these may outweigh the value of their aesthetic appearance. A new level of interest and beauty’s achieved, with attention to detail and color. Here we’ll explore some materials of note, without which these spaces’d be duller. 87
TACTIC AND STRATEGIES GREAT ROOM MATERIALS
CIVIC rOOM MaTerIals Interior design choices are an important factor in great rooms. The Apple Store (2008), Museum of Fine Arts – Shapiro Family Courtyard (2010), Hall of Ideas (2002), Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel - Oak Room (1912), and Faneuil Hall (1805) are all located in Boston, illustrating extremely different interior designed spaces that function as great rooms. Material choices relate to the desired character as well as the time period the space was designed.
fig. 88.3
Hall of Ideas
fig. 88.1
Faneuil Hall
fig. 88.4
Oak Room - Copley Plaza Hotel
fig. 88.2
Apple Store
fig. 88.5
Museum of Fine Arts
Civic rooms for rent
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Oak Bar Fairmount Copley Plaza Hotel The elegant use of interior finishes of the Oak bar evoke the resemblance to a British officer’s club. The extensive use of dark wood in the gilded coffered ceiling, wall panels, openings, furniture and railings creates a sophisticated atmosphere that takes one back into the year of 1912.Â
fig. 89.1 89
TACTIC AND STRATEGIES GREAT ROOM MATERIALS
aPPle sTOre BOSTON The Apple Store in Boston represents the signature minimalist style of the brand with high attention to detail. The store has a sleek ambience, which resembles the products sold within the store. The translucence store has the signature glass grand stair in the center of the space. The building consists of a variety of glass, stainless steel, fine-grained siltstone flooring, white fixtures, light wood countertops, and fluorescent lamps. The material glass appears on the front faรงade, staircase, skylight, guardrails and the front door. Stainless steel is visible on the front faรงade structure, the ceiling, door handles, handrails, and the hardware attachment knobs. Apple maintains a elegant clean look through material quality.
fig. 90.1 Civic rooms for rent
90
Hall of Ideas ChristiAn Science Center The Hall of Ideas is a neoclassical hall built in 1934. Located on the first floor, it is used for talks, concerts, and presentations. The lighting in the room, consisting of arch uplighting, ceiling downlights, sculptural globe hanging lights, and the fountain sculpture centerpiece, creates a dynamic and dramatic interior space. The first and second story colonnades create the feeling of a larger and more open interior.
fig. 91.1 91
TACTIC AND STRATEGIES GREAT ROOM MATERIALS
sHaPIrO faMIlY COurTYard MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS As part of the new Art of the Americas Wing at the Museum of Fine Arts, Foster + Partners created a modern space within a Beaux-Arts structure. The slate floor covers the entire courtyard floor, a neutral pallet that complements the original stone and the modern materials. Metal grilles act as a mediator between the slate floor and the glazing, and also hide functions within certain columns. The glazing allows a visual connection between the courtyard and the original building, ensuring an open feel for the courtyard. One original brick facade is revealed, keeping a physical connection between the spaces. The ceiling consists of opaque panels, letting in plenty of ambient light for this expansive space.
fig. 92.1 Civic rooms for rent
92
Faneuil Hall Designed in the Federal Style, the materials, decor and colors that make up the interior of Faneuil Hall are relatively simple, allowing a useable back drop for a variety of functions. The majority of the space, including the walls and ceiling are painted white and a light blue-grey. A medley of hardwoods enrich the room’s material and color palette. Detailed moldings, reliefs and columns, also painted white, add depth to the room, while colonial artwork and light fixtures add the finishing touches to the interior.
fig. 93.1 93
Civic rooms for rent
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CIVIC ROOM GUIDELINES
95
Civic rooms for rent
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Civic Room Guidelines
Rules of Thumb 6. Remember that every space requires a public entrance and back of house access. Subdivided spaces created by movable partition walls must also have ample occupant and service access.
Throughout our research and first-hand experience visiting leasable interior program spaces, we have been keeping track of recurring issues, complaints, and successful techniques. From these points we have developed twelve rules of thumb for designers approaching this sort of project.
7. Where possible, provide two public access points per space to help manage timing of events and crowd control. 1. Provide more than one pre-function space, with public access routes from each. Where possible, provide multiple public stairs when the space occupies a different level than the entry floor.
8. Consider including additional room infrastructure such as power points in floor, structural hooks in ceiling, raceways, etc. These increase the use-value of a space significantly.
2. Utilize natural daylight whenever possible for task and ambient lighting. Provide room blackening shades as many programs require complete darkness.
9. Service corridors should connect to furniture storage, food service, and AV equipment to reduce the need to cut through program space.
3. Disguise access to back of house spaces by providing double doors, indirect circulation paths, or courtesy walls.
10. Floor materials and fabrics should be calibrated to hide stains, especially red wine and coffee. Light and solid colors should be avoided as they show wear and stains.
4. Consider movable walls to sub-divide large spaces into a series of smaller spaces. Ideally, movable wall systems would include internal doors to allow those spaces to interconnect.
11. Highly textured, darker materials in low light conditions do not require cleaning as frequently as do bright, minimalist details in over-lit spaces.
5. Consider paired or doubled partition walls to cut down on sound transmission. This can also create a useful service corridor between program spaces.
12. Light level should be considered as part of agenda that establishes the overall character of the space.
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Reception 8ft2/Person
CIVIC ROOM GUIDELINES
Spatial Requirements Banquet with Dance Floor
Banquet 12ft2/Person
16ft2/Person
Theatre
Classroom
10ft2/Person
Civic rooms for rent
17ft2/Person
98
Boston Convention & Exhibition Center Room
ft2
Reception Banquet Banquet w/ Dance Floor Classroom Theatre Conference
Ballroom
40020
5370
3120
2718
205ABC
8614
1230
700
675
5020 960
107ABC
5104
729
400
420
601
102AB
3364
480
250
253
380
Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel Room
ft2
Reception Banquet Banquet w/ Dance Floor Classroom Theatre Conference
Grand Ballroom
5720
1100
640
375
800
50
Oval Room
4050
500
330
240
450
40
Ballroom Foyer
2115
450
250
125
250
40
Venetian Room
2025
250
240
125
250
110
Sheraton Hotel Room
ft2
Reception Banquet Banquet w/ Dance Floor Classroom Theatre Conference
Grand Ballroom
9549
980
576
1050
Constitution
6306
550
384
671
60
Republican
6026
500
366
594
60
Independence
3638
350
210
360
60
Liberty
2440
160
108
184
48
Sixty State Street Room Great Room
ft2 6100
Reception Banquet Banquet w/ Dance Floor Classroom Theatre Conference 700
530
499
340
440
160
City Side Room 1&2
4327
360
250
200
200
250
100
Harbor Side Room 3&4
3200
420
280
250
220
240
125
The W Hotel Room The Great Room
ft2 1900
Reception Banquet Banquet w/ Dance Floor Classroom Theatre Conference 211
150
86 99
173
Civic rooms for rent
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CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES Our research studio carefully chose each of the following buildings to study and document based on the lessons they have taught us about Great Rooms. We constructed “Worms-eye Axonometric� drawings to best understand the space as a whole, its enclosure, and its concept of volume. We hope they will be as useful and inspirational to you as they have been for us.
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Apple Store The Boylston Street Apple Store functions as much as a retail outlet for the brand as a meeting center for its devotees. It holds free public classes and offers shoppers the Apple experience as much as it does Apple products.
18’ - 10”
Each floor boasts wide, open floor space with a glass stair in the center and access to light from the atrium in the center. On the top floor, the high ceilings and unobstructed view of the entire floor reinforce the brand’s commitment to transparency and stand as a testament to the vibrant technological culture that they encourage. The open nature of the three floors develops a visual dialogue between them. This spatial continuity is achieved in combination by the glassy central atrium and airy window wall at the front, floating nearly 10 feet away from the capped ends of the floor slabs.
Civic rooms for rent
70’- 0”
CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES APPLE STORE BOSTON
Bohlin Cywinski Jackson
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100’ - 2”
103
Beyeler Foundation CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES BEYELER FOUNDATION
Renzo Piano Building Workshop
The Beyeler Foundation is a museum located in Riehen, Switzerland and was completed in 1997. The architect Renzo Piano focused on daylighting strategies by concentrating on the roof design to amplify the quality of natural light. The motif of the plan is expressed through the four structural parallel stone walls. The gallery spaces are energy efficient, flexible with movable walls, and proportional. Thermal buffer zones exist within the roof to the west and east facades to maintain thermal comfort. The high quality materials and design techniques create a bright, vigorous ambience.
Civic rooms for rent
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105
Casa Del Fascio Completed in 1936 under the Fascist regime of Mussolini, the Casa del Fascio was used as the local headquarters for the Fascist party and functioned as a “set piece” for Fascist rallies. Giuseppe Terragni conceptualized the building as a palazzo centered around a glass covered courtyard, a glass house through which the people could observe their government working. The central courtyard is illuminated from above by a glass skylight and provides a panoramic view of the surrounding offices.
112’5”
CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES CASA DEL FASCIO
Giuseppe Terragni
113’9” Civic rooms for rent
106
107
Chicago Stock Exchange CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES CHICAGO STOCK EXCHANGE
Adler & Sullivan
The Chicago Stock Exchange represents an example of a restricted urban type in the architectural and cultural history of exchange building. The building was designed in 1893 by the firm of Adler & Sullivan. Designed as a thirteen-story office building, the Stock Exchange building stood as an eloquent example of the contributions of Dankmar Adler and Louis H. Sullivan to the formation of the tall, metal-framed commercial building. For the architects, designing the Stock Exchange presented a unique opportunity with a functional requirement of a large, unobstructed room to be devoted for trading; located on the second and third floors is a twostory trading room. The trading room required freedom of movement within a large volume of space and, at the same time, enough intimacy to make the human voice readily heard without amplification. The architects fully integrated structure and function with creative architectural forms and ornamental detailing.
art glass
art glass gallery
Trading Room
Civic rooms for rent
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Church at Vuoksenniska CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES CHURCH AT VUOKSENNISKA
Alvar Aalto
The Church at Vuoksenniska, located in Finland, was designed by Alvar Aalto in 1956 and built from 1957 to 1959. The organic shape of the building was derived by the acoustic and visual demands of its services. Vuoksenniska functions primarily as a church but also houses the town’s various social activities. The body of the church consists of three parts from which various combinations can be made by the aid of movable, sound insulated partitions that ensure the usability of a multifunctional space. Function and flexibility illuminate the relationship of the church to its context and its community’s social needs.
2,040 ft2 1,508 ft2 2,262 ft2
Civic rooms for rent
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Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES FAIRMONT COPLEY PLAZA HOTEL
Henry Janeway Hardenbergh
The Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel, designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh in 1912, is centrally located in Boston’s historic Back Bay. The entry level and the basement level house banquet rooms that can host a variety of events. The Oak Bar and the Oak Room emulate elegant living rooms reminiscent of a British Officer’s Club. The strategic placement of servant and served spaces for each function space is crucial for the smooth running of all rooms simultaneously.
Civic rooms for rent
112
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Faneuil Hall CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES FANEUIL HALL
Charles Bulfinch
Faneuil Hall Meeting House has been a popular and widely utilized marketplace and meeting hall in Boston since its erection in 1742. Often dubbed “The Cradle of Liberty,” Faneuil Hall witnessed speeches by James Otis and Samuel Adams, and spurred American Revolutionary ideals. Enlarged in 1805 by Charles Bulfinch, the hall was home to town meetings until Boston was made into a city. Today, the lower story of Faneuil Hall still functions as a marketplace, its middle level houses the historic meeting space, and its upper floor is home to the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. The interior meeting hall is a double-height volume with balconies overlooking the space on three sides. It is said that (before the introduction of code related occupancy limits) the room would have once brought together upwards of 800 people. Faneuil Hall’s most attractive feature as a meeting house is the open floor plan where chairs may be configured in different arrangements, allowing for ultimate gathering flexibility in the space.
Civic rooms for rent
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68’- 6”
74’- 4”
96’- 4”
27’-10”
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Hall of Ideas CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES HALL OF IDEAS
Ann Beha
The Hall of Ideas, located within the Christian Science Center in Boston, MA, was built in 1934 and renovated in 2004 by Ann Beha. This neoclassical, 5,500 SF space boasts a double-height interior surrounded by a colonnade, and sits between the lobby and the Quotes Cafe. Along with being occasionally used as a multifunction space, the Hall of Ideas serves as a pre-function space for daily tours of the Mapparium. 10’-2”
9’-5”
34’-10”
81’-6” 116’-0”
Civic rooms for rent
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45’-0”
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Kunsthaus Bregenz CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES KUNSTHAUS BREGENZ
Peter Zumthor
Completed in 1997, Peter Zumthor’s Kunsthaus Bregenz is an international contemporary art museum located in Bregenz, Austria. Its famous interior daylighting strategy brings diffuse light down through the translucent ceiling of each windowless gallery. The three levels of gallery space are architectonically identical with a very limited material palette. Polished gray terrazzo floors offer a more fine-grain contrast to the grid of the etched glass ceiling panels above, while unpolished concrete walls act as the backdrop to any installation.
77’- 6”
77’- 6”
Civic rooms for rent
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Shapiro Family Courtydard, Museum of Fine Arts CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS
Foster + Partners
Completed in late 2010, the 13,000 SF climate-controlled courtyard within Foster + Partner’s new contemporary wing joins together the original 1909 neoclassical structure with the new galleries for the Arts of Americas Wing. Flanked by glass façades on two sides, as well as translucent and opaque ceiling panels, the four-story space offers abundant natural light and allows a visual connection between the courtyard and the original building. The courtyard functions as the primary circulation route between the new wing and the existing museum; an informal café occupies approximately half the space. The space was also designed for evening events, including exhibition openings and fundraising galas.
120’-0”
111’-0”
58’-0” 52’-0”
Civic rooms for rent
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Old South Meeting House Old South Meeting House
Section
CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES OLD SOUTH MEETING HOUSE
Robert Twelves
Located in Boston, the Old South Meeting House was designed by Robert Twelves in 1729. The meeting house is one of Boston’s oldest and most notable landmarks. Over the course of nearly three centuries the Old South Meeting House has been modified to fit changing uses and tastes. Old South was established as a meeting house with a lateral main axis and a tower at the narrow end. Old South is unique in having an auditorium plan and supporting two tiers of galleries on three sides, which enabled seating for nearly 6,000, a number far exceeding what Faneuil Hall could accommodate after 1742.
88’-0”
16’-3”
10’-6”
61’-9”
8’-6”
10’-6” 14’-0”
12’-0”
14’-0” 16’-0”
Civic rooms for rent
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Our Lady of the Angels Cathedral In the case of the Cathedral, the “great room” is the nave. Moneo creates anticipation and tension by only allowing entrance to the nave after passing through a long corridor that runs parallel to it. Slits in the corridor walls allow parishioners to get small glimpses of the nave before entering. Once inside, the nave offers no views of activities happening on the street level outside. Instead, the cathedral offers views of the blue, Los Angeles sky through openings located along the tops of walls and ceilings. Two chapels flank the nave, one on each side. The Chapels receive diffused light through thin, alabaster panels that separate the chapels from the nave. The great room of Our Lady of the Angels Cathedral is complemented by a large plaza adjacent to the church.
83’-3
CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES OUR LADY OF THE ANGELS CATHEDRAL
Rafeal Moneo
”
138’-3”
Civic rooms for rent
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Ronchamp CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES RONCHAMP
Le Corbusier
Corbusier’s Notre Dame du Haut, often referred to simply by the name of the town it serves - Ronchamp, is famous for its deliberate style and deft spatial complexity. Approaching the four different corners of the building reveals four distinct diagrams. Each one works to reinforce the interior reading, in all cases acknowledging thick walls holding up what seems to be a very heavy, upturned roof.
97’- 8”
63’ - 0”
Inside, the thick walls house secondary program and storage. The majority of the openings result from careful modulations of the structural walls instead of punched openings or doors. This affords the central spaces a reading of mystical boundlessness. The implied thickness of the walls is a result of the carefully curved masonry walls of the chapels and the deep concrete window wall, at times ten feet deep. Light filters through the stained glass of these walls and floods the chapels by way of the light scoops extruded above.
91’- 11”
The central space has a small amount of fixed seating, which enhances the largeness of the nave by comparison. A priest can occupy one of the many elevated pulpits and can even pass through the front wall to an exterior pulpit to address a congregation outside, below the overhang of the large roof.
Civic rooms for rent
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State Room at Sixty State Street CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES SIXTY STATE STREET
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Sixty State Street, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, was completed in 1977. The 38-story modern commercial building contains a suite of interconnected and uniquely sized urban event rooms on its 33rd floor. Formally a restaurant, the centerpiece of the meeting spaces is The Great Room, a 6,100 square foot lofted two-story meeting space that offers breathtaking views of the Boston Harbor as well as the downtown city. In conjunction with its stellar views, The Great Room’s distinctive ability to connect to its surrounding meeting and pre-function spaces allow it to successfully create a continuous meeting space up to 13,500 square feet.Â
1,198 sq.ft. 2:1 Harborside 4
2,069 sq.ft. 1.6:1 Harborside 3
3,723 sq.ft. 4:1 1,646 sq.ft. 1.4:1 Cityside 2
Civic rooms for rent
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2,675 sq.ft. 2:1 Cityside 1
Great Room
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Thermal Baths at Vals CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES THERMAL BATHS AT VALS
Peter Zumthor
To emulate the environment of a natural cavern, Peter Zumthor implemented local, Valser quartzite slabs and minimal instances of natural light in the Thermal Baths. Located in the small town of Vals, Switzerland, the Thermal Baths came as an addition to five existing hotels that utilized the naturally occurring thermal springs throughout the country. The baths revitalized Vals as a destination and provides its users with intimate, multi-level spaces offering a mix of hot and cold baths, steam rooms, and massage therapy for ultimate relaxation and rejuvenation.
171’10
90’-7”
74’-11”
153’-1”
Civic rooms for rent
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W Hotel Boston CIVIC ROOM CASE STUDIES W HOTEL BOSTON
William Rawn Associates
Located on the edge of Downtown Boston, the W Hotel houses 6,600 square feet of public, multi-purpose meeting space. The W’s convenient location compensates for the challenges posed by the its small, urban site. The W hotel deploys a set of moveable air walls to partition the larger great rooms into smaller meeting rooms when necessary. Five studios located along the hotel’s perimeter provide intimate meeting spaces with abundant natural light and views of Boston’s Theatre District.
96’- 4”
98’- 8”
Civic rooms for rent
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London, UK, C. Fowler, 1835
Hungerford Market
Boston, MA, C. Bulfinch, 1805
Faneuil Hall Enlargement
Boston, MA, J. Smibert, 1742
Faneuil Hall Meeting House
Boston, MA, R. Twelves, 1729
Old South Meeting House
Boston, MA, 1712
Old State House
Zurich, CH, 1708
Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten
1800
1700
Cast-iron developed for Architectural purposes, 1830 British Reform Acts extend the right to vote, 1832
American Revolutionary War begins, 1775 America declares independence from Great Britain, 1776
Since the first Roman Basilica, the design of Interior Civic Space has been evolving both in terms of program and of user. The examples illustrated herein and plotted over the course of history demonstrate that over time, civic rooms for rent have increased in versatility but decreased in overall specificity. For example, the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center is able to facilitate a function of practically any size or type, while Faneuil Hall plays host to a relatively limited range of meetings, and was specifically designed to do so. Political and social happenings have also allowed the nature of civic space to change, creating new demand for spaces of a certain capacity and rendering others obsolete. One factor is a constant: there will always be a need for dedicated spaces of public discourse.
Civic Rooms for Rent in History
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Crystal Palace
Boston, MA, Northeastern Univ., 2012
Convention/Exhibition Center Boston, MA, R. Vinoly, 2004 Convention/Exhibition Center Banquet Room the W Hotel Boston,at MA, R. Vinoly, 2004 Boston, MA, W. Rawn, 2009 Banquet Room at the W Hotel Boston,de MA, W. Rawn, 2009 Parc Expositions Toulouse, FR, OMA, 2011 Parc de Expositions Toulouse, FR, OMA, 2011 Meeting Hall Graduate Theses Boston,Hall MA, Northeastern 2012 Meeting GraduateUniv., Theses
Rotterdam, NL, OMA, 1992
Kunsthal Convention Center NL, OMA, 1992 Kunsthal Rotterdam, Convention Center
Boston, MA, SOM, 1977
State Room at 60 State Street Boston, MA, SOM, 1977 State Room at 60 State Street
Chicago, IL, M. Van der Rohe, 1952
Convention Hall Chicago, IL, Convention M. Van der Rohe,Hall 1952
Como, IT, G. Terragni, 1936
Como, IT, G. del Terragni, 1936 Casa Fascio
Casa del Fascio
Boston, MA, H. Hardenbergh, 1912
Oak Bar, Copley Plaza Hotel Boston, H. Hardenbergh, 1912 Oak Bar, MA, Copley Plaza Hotel
Chicago, IL, L. Sullivan, 1894
Stock Cambridge, MA, C.Exchange McKim, 1893 Chicago, IL, L. Exchange Sullivan, 1894 Stock
Cambridge, MA, C. McKim, 1893 Harvard Club
Harvard Club
Vienna, AU, H. von Ferstel 1885
World Exposition Paris, FR, 1878 World Exposition Cafe Central Paris, FR, 1878 Vienna, AU, H.Cafe von Ferstel 1885 Central
London, UK, Joseph Paxton, 1851
London, UK, Joseph Paxton, 1851 Crystal Palace
2000 2000
1900 1900
Occupy Wall Street, 2011 Occupy Wall Street, 2011 2011 World Population 7 Billion, World Population 7 Billion, 2011 “Interiof Civic Space” taught “Interiof Civic Space” taught for the first time at NEU, 2011 for the first time at NEU, 2011
Commercialization of the Internet, 1995 of the Internet, 1995
First Annual MacWorld First MacWorld Expo,Annual Boston, MA, 1985 Expo, Boston, MA, 1985 First Annual BuildBoston First Annual BuildBoston Convention, 1986 Convention, 1986 Commercialization
World War Two begins, 1939
World War One begins, 1914 World One begins, 1914 RoaringWar Twenties Roaring Twenties The Great Depression The Great Depression begins, 1929 begins, 1929 World War Two begins, 1939
Image Credits All non-cited images were created by the authors. Fig 12.1 Image courtesy of Giovanni Giaconi. http://www.epalladio.com/ prints/source/basilica.htm Fig 12.2 Image Courtesy of Cosmeo. http://www.cosmeo.com/images/pictures/player/ef6d199d-992c-e8a0-5c7564f35c3e69c6.jpg Fig 13.1 Image Courtesy of Oneonta. http://employees.oneonta.edu/ farberas/arth/Images/109images/Early_Christian/Missorium/ Trier_Baslica_int.jpg Fig 14.1 Raffaello Sanzio School of Athens, 1505. Fresco. http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg Fig 16.1 “Engraving of Bath Guildhall” Wright, G.N. (1864) The Historic Guide to Bath R.E. Peach, Bath. Fig 17.1 Image Courtesy of Old-Print. http://www.old-print.net/MAR1059/ MAR1059106T.jpg Fig 17.2 Image Courtesy of Old-Print. http://old-print. net/7311902/7311902906T.jpg Fig 19.1 Image Courtesy of eventlokale.ch. http://www.eventlokale.ch/ Zunfthaus-zur-Zimmerleuten_Zuerich-Zuerich_Local-Pictures. aspx?picture=5495 Fig 20.1 Photograph courtesy of Wikimedia. http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:CafeGriensteidl_Billardzimmer.jpg Fig 20.2 Photograph courtesy of davidfharris, Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/ photos/8521557@N02/2238447935/in/photostream/ Fig 20.3 Photograph courtesy of Merisi’s Vienna for Beginners. http://www. viennaforbeginners.com/2011/03/kleines-cafe-viennas-smallestcoffee.html
Civic rooms for rent
Fig 20.4 Photograph Courtesy of Bargain Travel Europe. http://www.bargaintraveleurope.com/10/Austria_Traditional_Cafes_Vienna.htm Fig 20.5 Photograph Courtesy of MoseleyWorld. http://www.moseleyworld. com/blog/category/travel Fig 20.6 Photograph Courtesy of Merisi’s Vienna for Beginners. http://www. viennaforbeginners.com/2007/06/blog-post_11.html Fig 20.7 Photograph Courtesy of uncornered market. http://www.uncorneredmarket.com/photos/picture/5285526924/
Fig 28.1 Vinci, John. The Trading Room: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago Stock Exchange. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago Museum Shop, 1989 Fig 29.1 Image Courtesy of Old Antislavery. http://old.antislavery.org/ breakingthesilence/images/slave_routes/pictures/netherlandsbeurs2.jpg Fig 30.1 Vinci, John. The Trading Room: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago Stock Exchange. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago Museum Shop, 1989
Fig 21.1 Photograph Courtesy of MIT Libraries. http://dome.mit.edu/ handle/1721.3/47916
Fig 31.1 Vinci, John. The Trading Room: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago Stock Exchange. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago Museum Shop, 1989
Fig 21.2 Photograph Courtesy of Pacle, Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/ photos/pacle/2747835164/
Fig 32.1 Pevsner, Nikolaus. A History of Buildings. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979. Print.
Fig 22.1 Photograph Courtesy of ARTstor Slide Gallery. http://0-library. artstor.org.ilsprod.lib.neu.edu/library/secure/ViewImages?id=8CJ GczI9NzldLS1WEDhzTnkrX3oseF99fiQ%3D&userId=gjZMfz8o&z oomparams=
Fig 32.2 Lambert, Phyllis and Werner Oechslin. Mies in America. New York: H.N. Abrams, 2001. Print.
Fig 23.1 Reinhold Voelkel, Cafe Griensteidl in Vienna, 1896. Oil on Canvas. http://www.bochic.com/content/the-vienna-sezession/ Fig 24.1 Photo Courtesy of Wikimedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Athenaeum_in_1830.jpg Fig 25.1 White, Samuel G., Elizabeth White, and Jonathan Wallen. McKim, Mead & White: the Masterworks. New York: Rizzoli, 2003. Print. Fig 25.2 Image Courtesy of Thenumber4. http://www.thenumber4.com/ blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/harvardclubacl9-1024x1024.jpg Fig 27.1 Image Courtesy of Wordpress. http://artblart.files.wordpress. com/2010/12/dow_jim_library__metropolitan_club-sm.jpg
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Fig 33.1 Lambert, Phyllis and Werner Oechslin. Mies in America. New York: H.N. Abrams, 2001. Print. Fig 35.1 Image courtesy of Advantage Boston. http://advantageboston. com/news-and-knowledge/media-gallery.aspx?set=72157623455 186484&cId=2 Fig 36.1 Image courtesy of World News Inc. http://wn.com/Faneuil_Hall Fig 36.2 Betlock, Lynn. An Architectural History of the Old South Meeting House, Boston: Old South Association, 1995. Print. Fig 38.1 Betlock, Lynn. An Architectural History of the Old South Meeting House, Boston: Old South Association, 1995. Print.
Fig 39.1 Image courtesy of Ben L. Edwards. http://teachhistory.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/12/FaneuilHallEngraving.jpg
Fig. 58.1 Betlock, Lynn. An Architectural History of the Old South Meeting House, Boston: Old South Association, 1995. Print.
Fig.83.2 Photo courtesy of Northwestern University. http://faculty-web. at.northwestern.edu/art-history/werckmeister/May_18_1999/1321.jpg
Fig.51.1 Photo courtesy of Dan Doke. http://www.longwoodevents.com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=16&page=3
Fig. 58.2 Betlock, Lynn. An Architectural History of the Old South Meeting House, Boston: Old South Association, 1995. Print.
Fig. 84.1 Le Corbusier. Oeurvecomplete. Pringer Verlag.1990. Print.
Fig.51.2 Photo courtesy of Dan Doke. http://www.longwoodevents.com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=9&page=2
Fig. 58.3 Betlock, Lynn. An Architectural History of the Old South Meeting House, Boston: Old South Association, 1995. Print.
Fig.51.3 Photo courtesy of Longwood Events. http://www.longwoodevents. com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=15
Fig. 62.1 Photograph courtesy by History of Stock Exchange. http://stockmarketandyou.blogspot.com/
Fig.51.4 Photo courtesy of Cook Productions. http://www.longwoodevents. com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=34&page=5
Fig. 62.2 Vinci, John. The Trading Room: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago Stock Exchange. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago Museum Shop, 1989
Fig.52.1 Photo courtesy of Dan Doke. http://www.longwoodevents.com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=0&page=1
Fig. 62.3 Vinci, John. The Trading Room: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago Stock Exchange. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago Museum Shop, 1989
Fig.52.2 Photo courtesy of Longwood Events.http://www.longwoodevents. com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=33&page=5
Fig. 62.4 Photograph courtesy by The Art Institute of Chicago. http://www.artic.edu/aic/visitor_info/corpevents.html
Fig.52.3 Photo Courtesy of Person + Killian. http://www.longwoodevents. com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=12
Fig. 66.1 Photograph courtesy of Elena O’Grady for Archdaily. http://www. archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals
Fig.53.1 Photo courtesy of Longwood Events.http://www.longwoodevents. com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=36
Fig. 70.1 Photograph courtesy of roryrory. http://www.flickr.com/photos/roryrory/2501817432
Fig.53.2 Photo courtesy of Longwood Events.http://www.longwoodevents. com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=55
Fig.82.1 Piano, Renzo, and Peter Buchanan. “Beyeler Foundation Museum.” Renzo Piano Building Workshop: Complete Works. Vol. Four. London: Phaidon, 2000. 81. Print.
Fig. 55.1 Photograph courtesy by Hirayama-Susumu. http://hokuouzemi. exblog.jp/i36/5/ Fig. 55.2 Photograph courtesy by Hirayama-Susumu. http://hokuouzemi. exblog.jp/i36/6/
Fig.82.2 Piano, Renzo, and Peter Buchanan. “Beyeler Foundation Museum.” Renzo Piano Building Workshop: Complete Works. Vol. Four. London: Phaidon, 2000. 85. Print. Fig.83.1 Terragni, Attilio Alberto, Daniel Libeskind, and Paolo Rosselli. The Terragni Atlas: Built Architectures. Milan: Skira, 2004. 179. Print.
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Fig. 84.2 Photograph courtesy of galinski. http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/ ronchamp/ Fig. 85.1 Photograph courtesy of Longwood Events. http://www.longwoodevents.com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=19&page=3 Fig. 85.2 Photograph courtesy of Longwood Events. http://www.longwoodevents.com/FullImage.aspx?ImageIndex=8&page=2 Fig. 88.1 Photograph courtesy of Apple. http://www.apple.com/retail/boylstonstreet/ Fig. 89.1 Photograph courtesy of Oyster. http://www.oyster.com/ Fig. 90.1 Photograph courtesy of Apple. http://www.apple.com/retail/boylstonstreet/
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CIVIC ROOMS FOR RENT MEETING HALLS FOR THE 21 CENTURY st
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