Lecture 2 - Brain Localisation by Matt Wilson

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

ÂŠ Matt Wilson 2010

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Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

Aim: To introduce the main areas of the brain, and to demonstrate how different parts of the brain operate different neurological processes. Objectives: (TSSBAT…) • Identify the 4 lobes in the brain and explain at least one of their functions. • Compare the two different areas of the brain pertaining to speech, Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s area • Differentiate between the 3 main areas of the brain and distinguish what each area is responsible for. • Summarise and précis information on an area of the brain from various sources. © Matt Wilson 2010 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

1) Frontal Lobe 2) Parietal Lobe 3) Occipital Lobe 4) Temporal Lobe (FPOT = Four Parts Of The brain)

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Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology Adapted from: http://www.ftdrg.org/wpcontent/uploads/brain_colour_cropped.jpg

CEREBELLUM

Motor control including: • coordination, •precision, •accurate timing. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

Within the Temporal Lobe, there are 2 other important areas: • Amygdala – Processes memories and emotions. • Hippocampus – Involved in the formation of new memories and long-term memory. Also helps us to navigate and gives us spatial awareness. This is also one of the first parts of the brain to suffer damage from ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, explaining why early symptoms are memory loss and disorientation © Matt Wilson 2010 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

Source: http://huehueteotl.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/amygdala_hippocampus_lateral_large.jpg Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

ÂŠ Matt Wilson 2010 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

Paul Broca located the area of the brain responsible for speech in 1861, in an area of the frontal lobe, which became known as Broca’s Area. He based his findings on a post-mortem study of an institutionalized patient in Paris, France, who had suffered a stroke as the result of a syphilitic lesion on the left frontal lobe of his brain. Broca’s area: • Controls Facial Neurons • Controls Speech Production • Understanding Language

Source: http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/blbroca.htm

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

Wernicke's area is the region of the brain that is the most important in language development and is located on the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain. It is responsible for the comprehension of speech (whereas Broca's area is related to the production of speech). Language development or usage can be seriously impaired by damage to Wernicke's Area. Source: http://psychology.about.com/od/windex/g/def_wernickesar.htm

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Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

The language problems associated with damage to Broca's and Wernicke's area are quite different from one another: Damage to Broca's Area (Broca's aphasia) prevents a person from producing speech

Damage to Wernicke's Area (Wernicke's aphasia) causes a loss of the ability to understand language

• The person can understand language • Their words are not properly formed • Their speech is slow and slurred.

•The person can speak clearly but the words that are put together make no sense. •This is known as WORD SALAD.

Source: http://biology.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.furman.edu/~einstein/general/neurodemo/lang.htm

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/25500/emotions/media/divisions.gif

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Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

The forebrain is the most complex of the three parts. It gives us the ability to "feel," learn, and remember. It consists of two parts: â&#x20AC;˘ the telencephalon (contains the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum) â&#x20AC;˘ the diencephalon (contains the thalamus and hypothalamus). The cerebral cortex allows us to understand the mounds of information we receive from all around us. The left and right regions of the cerebral cortex are separated by a thick band of tissue called the corpus callosum. The thalamus acts as a telephone line of sorts, allowing information to get through to the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus is important for regulating hormones, hunger, thirst, and arousal. Source: http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa120704a.htm

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Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

Function: • Chewing • Directs Sense Impulses Throughout the Body • Equilibrium • Eye Movement, Vision • Facial Sensation • Hearing, Phonation • Intelligence • Memory, Personality • Respiration • Salivation, Swallowing • Smell, Taste Sources: http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/blprosenceph.htm and http://hopes.stanford.edu/basics/braintut/f_ab07formdhnd.gif

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

The brainstem consists of the MIDBRAIN (the part of the brainstem which connects the Forebrain and Hindbrain) and the Hindbrain, and resembles the stem of a branch. The midbrain is the upper part of the branch that is connected to the forebrain. This region of the brain sends and receives information. Data from our senses, such as the eyes and ears, are sent to this area and then directed to the Forebrain. Function: • Controlling Responses to Sight • Eye Movement • Pupil Dilation • Body Movement • Hearing Source: http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/mesencephalon.htm © Matt Wilson 2010 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

The hindbrain makes up the lower portion of the brainstem and consists of three units. The medulla oblongata controls involuntary functions such as digestion and breathing. The second unit of the hindbrain, the pons, also assists in controlling these functions. The third unit, the cerebellum, is responsible for the coordination of movement. Function: • Attention and Sleep • Autonomic Functions • Complex Muscle Movement • Conduction Pathway for Nerve Tracts • Reflex Movement • Simple Learning Source: http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/blrhombenceph.htm

Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology Corpus Callosum

Source: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/brain_3.gif

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Psychology and Counselling: Neuropsychology

The brain can be seen in 3D and with explanations about each area and how damage would affect it by accessing the following links: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3 d/index.html http://www.brainline.org/multime dia/interactive_brain/the_human _brain.html?gclid=CIGO4rimvaA CFSJ25Qod5QLtTw ÂŠ Matt Wilson 2010 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)