Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury by Helene Connor by NOL Twenty-ten

NINETEENTH CENTURY MANCUNIAN NOVELIST AND LITERARY CRITIC, GERALDINE ENDSOR JEWSBURY (1812-1880) AND HER CONNECTIONS WITH AOTEAROA/NEW ZEALAND HELENE CONNOR, AUCKLAND 2011

Geraldine Jewsbury (1850s). Photographer unknown, Mantell Album, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington

FOREWORD – ‘ENCOUNTERING’ GERALDINE JEWSBURY Browsing in the ‘Woman’s Bookshop’ in Dominion Road, Auckland, in the early 1990s I was attracted to a book, entitled, Zoe, with a reproduction of a painting on its cover entitled La Pia de' Tolomei. The model for this painting was Jane Morris and its artist was the Pre-Raphaelite, Dante Gabriel Rossetti.1 While I am not generally given to judging books by their covers, in this instance, it was the cover that attracted my attention and drew me in as at that time I had not heard of the book’s author, Geraldine Jewsbury. However, I did enjoy Victorian literature and I was familiar with the works of Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell2, the more well known Mancunian author, who was a contemporary of Geraldine Jewsbury. I had also read The Manchester Man, (1876) written by the Mancunian writer, Mrs G. Linnaeus Banks3 and had an interest in the history of Manchester and its social and political development, particularly with regard to Emmeline Pankhurst and the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) and the Suffragette Movement. Subsequently, on realizing that Geraldine was also another Mancunian author my interest was further aroused. I was also intrigued with the blurb on the back cover of Zoe, which stated: Geraldine Jewsbury (1812 -1880) spent much of her life in Manchester and delighted in being outrageous, like her literary idol George Sand. Her close friend Jane Carlyle criticised Zoe for its “indecency” and “want of reserve” – qualities which no doubt contributed to its scandalous success on publication in 1845. The 1989 edition I happened upon in the ‘Women’s Bookshop’ was edited by Shirley Foster. I read her introduction with interest and soon found myself totally immersed in the novel, and exceedingly grateful to ‘Virago Press’ for rescuing it from its former obscurity. Zoe is a novel that was radical for its time. Its subject matter, an unconsummated love affair between a married woman and a Roman Catholic priest was so scandalous that the Manchester Public Library withdrew it from circulation (Foster, 1989). I enjoyed Zoe immensely and was fascinated with its author’s audacity and daring. To pen such a novel at this time showed an enormous sense of courage and

1 Dante Gabriel Rossetti (12 May 1828 – 9 April 1882) painted La Pia de Tolomei in 1874, at the beginning of his affair with Jane Morris, the wife of his friend and fellow Preraphaelite, William Morris. In this painting, Jane models as La Pia, from Dante Alighieri’s poem the Divine Comedy, (http://preraphaelitesisterhood.com/?p=642). 2 Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson (29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865), married the Rev. William Gaskell in 1832 and moved to Manchester with him. Elizabeth Gaskell’s novels include: Mary Barton (1848); Cranford (1853); North and South (1855) and Wives and Daughters (1866). She also wrote The Life of Charlotte Brontë. (1857), (http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/gaskell/chron.html). 3 Isabella Varley Banks (25 March 1821 – 4 May 1897), also known as Mrs G. Linnaeus Banks was a 19th-century writer of English poetry and novels. Born in Manchester, she is most widely remembered for her book The Manchester Man (1876), (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Banks).

boldness. Geraldine also grapples with the perennial ‘Woman Question’ and philosophical debates around the meaning of life in the novel. Consequently, the central character, Zoe, is depicted as an intelligent young woman with a strong sense of self and purpose. She wants fulfilment; emotionally, spiritually and intellectually. Everhard, the central male character is also on a quest for self actualization as he begins to question his vocation and faith and the conventions of the time. After reading Zoe, the ‘Woman’s Bookshop’ procured Geraldine’s second novel for me. The Half Sisters, (1848) which was re-released in 1994 and edited with an introduction and notes by Joanne Wilkes of the University of Auckland. I also very much enjoyed reading The Half Sisters and, was again struck by the boldness of Geraldine Jewsbury’s subject matter in this novel which broaches the somewhat taboo theme of illegitimacy and once more depicts its main character, Bianca, as being a relatively independent and self-reliant woman who has the temerity to perform on stage. Reading these two novels inspired an enduring interest in the life and works of Geraldine Jewsbury. This essay has emerged out of this interest and provides an overview of her life in Manchester, her friendship with Jane Welsh Carlyle and her connections with Aotearoa/New Zealand, via her two friends, John George Cooke (Ku) and Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell (Matara).

A MANCUNIAN HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury was born on August 22nd 1812 in Measham, Leicestershire. Her parents were Thomas and Maria Jewsbury (formerly, Maria Smith, of Coleshill, Warwickshire). In 1818, when Geraldine was six years old, the family left Measham and moved to Manchester where her father became the Manchester agent for the West of England Insurance Company (Howe, p. 29). Their first home in the industrial city was at 6 George Street and then later the family moved to 42 Grosvenor Street, (Howe, p. 6). Manchester at this time was a boom town. The automation of the cotton industry had resulted in a number of steampowered cotton mills springing up and with this development there was also a growth in subsidiary functions such as bleaching and dyeing, glass making, banking and accounting services, the building of housing to accommodate the factory workers, food markets, public houses and shops for a variety of wares (Messinger, 1985). This period also attracted substantial migration from a diverse demographic range: English farm labourers; the poor of Ireland and Scotland; and from the Continent, Greeks, Germans and Italians; some fleeing religious persecution and civil strife; others seeking to make their fortune. The Jewsbury family were part of this migrant influx. In the same year the Jewsburys moved to Manchester, Maria Jewsbury gave birth to her youngest son, Francis. A month later she was dead. The care of the infant, Francis (born 1818) or Frank as he was known and the other Jewsbury children,

Thomas (born 1802); Henry (born 1803); Geraldine (born 1812) and Arthur (born 1815) fell to the eldest sibling, Maria Jane (born 1800). Maria Jane was 19 years old when her mother died and she became responsible for the management of the household, the care of her five siblings and her father. Despite her heavy domestic load, Maria Jane also managed to find time for writing and struck up a friendship with William Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy Wordsworth. Maria Jane contributed to several periodicals and published four books: Phantasmagoria (1825); The Unknown and Letters to the Young in 1828 (originally composed of actual letters to Geraldine while she was away at the Misses Darby’s boarding school, at Alder Mills near Tamworth, Derbyshire) and The Three Histories (1830). She also published Lays of Leisure Hours, a book of poetry in 1829 (Howe, p. 11). Thus, Geraldine had in her sister, Maria Jane, not only a mother-figure but also a role model for a woman of letters. In August 1832, shortly before Geraldine’s 20th birthday, Maria Jane married the Reverend William Kew Fletcher, a chaplain of the British East India Company and the couple embarked for India. Geraldine never saw her beloved sister again. On the way to her husband’s posting at Sholapore, in the Maharashtra state of India, Maria Jane contracted cholera and died on October 4th 1833 (Howe, p. 18). Following Maria Jane’s marriage, Geraldine took over the management of the Jewsbury household and the care of her father and her youngest brother Frank. She was noted in Manchester as being an excellent housekeeper and hostess (Howe, p. 19). In between her domestic duties she read voraciously and laid the foundations of her writing career. Shortly, after the family’s move to Manchester, Geraldine’s brother, Henry, was apprenticed to a druggist, a Mr J W Gaulter. In 1826, aged 23 years old, Henry formed the partnership of Jewsbury and Whitlow and the two young men supplied the city with soda water, ginger beer, drugs, perfumery and the like.

Jewsbury & Brown dental tooth paste

Henry married his partner’s sister, Miss Whitlow in 1832 (Howe, p. 30). Jewsbury and Whitlow was eventually dissolved and in 1845, the company became known as Jewsbury and Brown which went on to become a Manchester landmark and Jewsbury’s toothpaste was to become a ‘national institution’. Geraldine’s father died at the age of 79, a few days after Geraldine’s 28th birthday in August 1840. Her youngest brother Frank was still single so Geraldine managed his home for him at 2 Lloyd Street in the suburb of Greenheys. At this time Greenheys was a rural area where mansions with spacious private gardens were occupied by prosperous merchants (Howe, p. 38). The siblings were of a similar temperament and had many friends in common despite the seven year age gap.

Frank Jewsbury took an active role in Manchester affairs, serving on the Council and also as Governor of the Athenæum4. Frank also helped the oldest brother, Tom Jewsbury, carry on their father’s insurance business, under the name of ‘T and F Jewsbury’, on Princess Street opposite the Manchester Town Hall (Howe, p. 38). In 1843 Geraldine and Frank transferred their household to 30 Carlton Terrace still in Greenheys where they lived close by to the Gaskells who resided at 42 Plymouth Grove. Their little sitting room was to become a social and intellectual hub of Manchester where Geraldine provided supper, coffee, cigars and cigarettes and ‘where she swam happily in seas of talk’ (Howe, p. 66). Guests to this sociable home included individuals such as Thomas Ballantyne (Editor of the Manchester Guardian); Alexander Ireland (editor of The Manchester Examiner and Times); Francis Espinasse (writer); Hepworth Dixon (editor of the Athenæum); John Stores Smith (writer) and many other interesting and erudite Mancunians and visitors from both near and far. It was not uncommon for guests to the Jewsbury household to mingle with company from France, Italy, Germany and Greece. One prominent Greek family, the Dilberoglues, were particularly close to the Jewsburys. Frank Jewsbury had helped Stauros Dilberoglue to get his start as a merchant in Manchester and he later named his son, Stauros Vandeburgh Jewsbury after him (Howe, pp. 68- 70). Theatrical folk would also frequent the Jewsbury drawing-room including the well known American actress, Charlotte Cushman5, to whom, Geraldine swore ‘eternal friendship’ and George Henry Lewes6 whom Geraldine felt very attached to, declaring, ‘I took to him like a relation’ (Howe, p. 70). Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane Welsh Carlyle also visited Geraldine in Manchester. Jane records a visit with Geraldine in 1846 as being restorative and restful: The pains taken to keep me and amuse me is something that exceeds my comprehension… the practical good she had done me since I came under her roof is something to be grateful for as long as I live… this noiseless, well ordered little house of hers – the very pink of Martha-Tidyism is so calming… and herself so good and quiet and sensible (cited in Howe, p. 60). 4

The Athenæum was a widely read literary and scientific periodical, published between 1828 and 1923. It grew to become one of the most influential periodicals of the Victorian period (eventually metamorphosing into The New Statesman), and is regarded by historians as a mirror of that time. It contained reviews, articles, reports of learned societies, and news from the scientific and political worlds. http://athenaeum.soi.city.ac.uk/aboutath.html 5 Charlotte Saunders Cushman (1816 –1876) was an American stage actress. She lived in England for several years and Geraldine Jewsbury, is thought to have based the character, Bianca in her 1848 novel The Half Sisters on Cushman. Charlotte Cushman lived openly as a Lesbian, which was quite radical for the Victorian era (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman) 6 George Henry Lewes (1817-1878) was a philosopher and literary critic. He also considered acting as a career and between 1841 and 1850 appeared several times on the stage. In 1854 he left his wife to live with Mary Anne Evans (George Elliot). (http://www.nndb.com/people/016/000094731/).

During Jane’s visit, Geraldine introduced her to Samuel Bamford7 and organized visits to foundries, printing mills and warehouses so Jane could take in the sights of the bustling city in all its industrial reality (Howe, p. 60). Thomas Carlyle visited the Jewsburys in 1847 and also met Samuel Bamford and other Jewsbury friends at several small parties held for him. He later wrote to her: Excellent tobacco, perfect quiet, and cordial human welcome: What house is there, however high, that can give me more, in the same completeness so much (cited in Howe, p. 60). Geraldine first read some essays by Thomas Carlyle in 1839 at a time in her life when she was searching for meaning and purpose. The excerpt of a letter she wrote to her friend, Mrs Everett Green, provides a glimpse into this quest: My God! I would give the rest of the years of my life to be able to know why life is given to us, and I would say it and leave it behind me (cited in Howe, p. 40).

She had read Carlyle seeking an answer and what he wrote deeply resonated with her. Consequently she wrote a letter of appreciation to Carlyle to which he responded and a short correspondence ensued eventually resulting in an invitation to 5 Cheyne Row, (now No. 24) Chelsea, London in 1841. With the publication and success of her first novel, Zoe, in 1845, and her second novel, The Half Sisters in 1848 Geraldine’s network of friends expanded further and she met a potential husband known only as ‘Q’. Apparently he proposed to her but her answer to ‘Q’ in the end, was ‘no’ (Howe, p. 82). Another potential husband who visited the drawing room at 30 Carlton Terrace was the ‘Lambert Bay’, Charles Lambert, a St Simonian Frenchman, to whom Geraldine dedicated her third novel, Marian Withers in 1851 (Howe, p. 83). She apparently proposed to him in a letter in 1847 but was declined. However, she continued to correspond with him for several years. In November 1850 Geraldine and Frank moved to a larger house at 2 Birchfield Terrace at Ardwick. During this period her third novel, Marian Withers (1851) was serialised in the Manchester Examiner and Times and then later was published in three volumes. Marian Withers was set in Manchester and explores themes of industrialism, entrepreneurship and unrequited love. It was frequently viewed as a counter novel to Mrs Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848) ‘where the manufacturer is restored to his pedestal’ (Howe, p. 111). Marian Wither’s father, John Withers is portrayed as a model employer, improving his machines and paying his workers well. He was a self-made man who had risen from poverty and privation including a stint in a workhouse. He becomes an inventor when he realises he has an aptitude for repairing Machines: ‘The machine had become to him a living creature; he had obtained an insight into the power which moved it’ (Jewsbury, 1851, Vol 1, p. 27). 7

Samuel Bamford (1788-1872) was a Lancashire author of several popular poems (principally in the Lancashire dialect). He was a weaver and was well respected in northern radical circles as a reformer.

Marian Withers was critiqued as being sketchy and straggling, albeit that it portrayed many aspects of Lancashire and Manchester life realistically and credibly (Howe, p. 114). Geraldine Jewsbury (seated) and Jane Walsh Carlyle by Robert Scott Tait, 1855. (The Carlyle Letters online (CLO). 2007)

At the age of 42, in 1854, some eighteen months after her brother Frank’s marriage, Geraldine left her Manchester home and moved to London, initially lodging at 3 Oakley Street, Chelsea, so she could be close to Jane Carlyle. She stayed there until 1860 then moved to 43 Markham Square, London (Howe, 1935). Geraldine’s move to London had been eagerly anticipated by Jane who wrote to her friend Mary Russell on 13 July 1854: Miss Jewsbury the Authoress of The Half Sisters &c, the most intimate friend I have in the world—and who has lived generally at Manchester since we first knew each other, has decided to come and live near me for good. Her Brother married eighteen months ago—and has realized a Baby, and a Wife's Mother in the house besides—So Geraldine felt it getting too hot for her there. It will be a real gain to have a woman I like so near as the street in which I have decided on an apartment for her. All my acquaintance lie so far off, that it is mechanically impossible to be intimate with them (The Carlyle Letters online (CLO). 2007). Geraldine was to become a frequent visitor to the famed abode at Cheyne Row where the Carlyles welcomed many literary figures, philosophers and social critics of the time. As Blunt (1895, p.27) observed: The list of people, more or less notable, who were admitted to the lightning play of words and "wits" and Homeric laughter in that cosy parlour ‘A Chelsea Interior’, (1857) by Robert Scott Tait would include most of the names known to English literature and art in the earlier century. Names such as: Leigh Hunt, Erasmus Darwin, (the grandfather of Charles Darwin); John Stuart Mill, Charles Dickens, Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Ruskin, Sir John Millais, Alfred Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning

and many more besides whom Geraldine would also meet. Writing to Miss Mitford on October 22, 1851, Elizabeth Barrett Browning records her initial meeting with Geraldine Jewsbury: And, do you know, I was much taken, in London, with a young authoress, Geraldine Jewsbury. You have read her books. There's a French sort of daring, half-audacious power in them, but she herself is quiet and simple, and drew my heart out of me a good deal. I felt inclined to love her in our half-hour's intercourse (Kenyon, 1898). Jane Carlyle died in 1866 leaving a gaping hole in Geraldine’s social and emotional life. She continued on with her life in London, maintaining her old friendships with friends such as the Huxleys and keeping busy as a publisher’s reader and an editor. She assisted her old friend James Anthony Froude, the historian and biographer, with MSS research but the work was not sustainable due to her poor eyesight (Howe, p. 175). In 1872 she moved to Walnut Tree House, on the London Road in the small country town of Sevenoaks in Kent where she retained her work as a manuscript reader for Bentley and Son, until shortly before her death in 1880.

A TWIST OF FATE – FAMILY TIES WITH GERALDINE JEWSBURY: MANU, MATARA AND KU: CONNECTIONS WITH AOTEAROA/ NEW ZEALAND Having developed an appreciation and interest in Geraldine Jewsbury since reading her novel, Zoe, in the early 1990s, I was tremendously excited, to discover, that by a twist of fate, my great, great, great grandfather, John George Cooke (1819–1880) had been a close friend of both Geraldine Jewsbury and Jane Carlyle and a frequent visitor to Cheyne Row. John George Cooke was born in 1819, the second son and fifth child of Christopher Cooke and Elizabeth (Austen, Skyring) Cooke. Writing on his family background, John George states: The Cookes seem to have settled at Kenbury for some time, possibly from the time of the Spanish Amanda, being landowners and esquires at Kenbury, merchants and ship-owners at Topsham (Cooke, Vol 1,1876, p. 1). His Reminiscences refer to John Cooke of Kenbury and Topsham and his wife, an heiress, one, Phillipa Thoms of Thomys. There is a marble monument to John Cooke of Kenbury (died 1695) at St Martins Church, Exminster, and on the north wall of the Nave of this church, there is also a monument to his wife, Phillipa Cooke (died 1690), (Oliver, 1840). Several of the Cookes also made notable entries in the margins of English history. John George’s grandfather, Francis Cooke (c.17301780) was Treasurer at Greenwich Hospital. His father, also named Francis Cooke was Chaplain and secretary of Bishop Sir Jonathan Trelawny of Trelawns and later under Bishop Trelawny’s patronage was made a Canon and presented a living of Bishop Waltham. His uncle, John Cooke became a naval captain and died heroically on the Bellerophon at Trafalgar (Stevens, 1969).

John George Cooke’s father, Christopher Cooke (1759-1834) married twice. His first wife, Charlotte Dickson was a sister of Admiral Sir Manley Dixon (1760 - 1837). Charlotte died in 1806 and Christopher remarried in 1810. His second wife, Elizabeth Motley Austen Skyring, a widow with two children, was the daughter of Francis Motley Austen, first cousin to Jane Austen’s father, the Reverend George Austen of Steventon. John George Cooke also had a further connection to Jane Austen through Jane’s mother, whose cousin, Cassandra Leigh, married the Reverend Samuel Cooke, godfather to Jane. His father’s second marriage produced six children and John George recalled enjoying a happy home life and childhood: My father bought a very comfortable house outside the town of Alresford, called East End House, with most delightful gardens and shrubberies, large walled fruit and kitchen gardens, two acres or three of meadows for cows etc. The view from the front of the house with an outlook over Alresford Pond (a large lake between our house and the houses of Lord Rodney and Colonel Onslow at old Alresford) was very pretty and agreeable. There my brother was born, and here we lived and led the happiest of lives for fourteen or fifteen years (Cooke, Vol 1, 1876, p. 7). Throughout his boyhood, there were frequent visits with his Austen relations, though apparently preferred the Hampshire Austens to his own branch: The Austens of Sevenoaks and Kent generally are an eminently disagreeable and consequential race, he wrote, making an exception only of ‘our kindest and favourite relatives, Uncle and Mrs George Austen of Sevenoaks’ (Stevens, 1969). John George Cooke, entered the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth in 1832. He records visiting his Austen relations here: ‘Admiral Sir Francis Austen and Captain Charles Austen - own brothers to my beloved Jane Austen, whose works I know by heart’ (Stevens, 1969). In 1841 John George Cooke, describing himself as ‘colonial bitten’ sailed for New Zealand aboard the barque, the Amelia Thompson. He records going ashore at Port Nicholson and being introduced to: Molesworth, Petre, Duppa, Mantell, Colonel Wakefield… and to my esteemed friend and later on brother-in-law, Wiremu Tako Ngatata… who is now a Member of the Upper House and a great man (Cooke, Vol 2, 1876, p. 110). Wiremu or Wi Tako Ngatata8 (circa 1807–1887) as he was generally known had a sister, Ngapei Ngatata (circa 1811–1906) (my great, great, great grandmother) who 8

Wi Tako Ngatata converted to Catholicism in the 1860s. On 11 October 1872 he became a member of the Legislative Council. He was the first Maori to hold a seat in the New Zealand Upper House. At this time he also became a member of the Board of Native Trustees and continued in both posts until his death. He died on 8 November 1887. The Legislative Council adjourned as a mark of respect. The Catholic archbishop, Francis Redwood, conducted the requiem mass. The procession from the church to the cemetery at Korokoro was led by the Garrison Band, playing the Dead March from Saul. There were some 50 members of Parliament in the procession. Later a memorial, in the form of a canoe, was

was to become a common-law wife to John George Cooke and would bear him two children: Te Piki Ngatata also known as Mary Ann Cooke (1843 -1932) (my great, great grandmother) and George Gray Cooke (1848 – 1865). The father of Wi Tako and Ngapei was Ngatata i te rangi (also known as Makoare Ngatata) (my great, great, great, great grandfather). Born around 1790, Ngatata-i-te-Rangi was the son of Te Rangiwhetiki and Pakanga. Through his mother, Pakanga, he was an influential rangatira (chief) in the Ngati Te Whiti hapu (subtribe) of Te Atiawa iwi (tribe). He was a signatory of the Treaty of Waitangi and signed the Henry Williams version on 29 April 1840, aboard the schooner, Ariel, at Port Nicholson, Wellington (Orange, 1990, p. 148). The meeting with Ngapei is recorded in a somewhat incidental manner as he describes travelling from Wellington up to Taranaki: When I left Wellington, to further my way up the coast, came Dicky Barrett, the old, old whaler of Taranaki, then a prosperous man. He had sold his hotel and he and his wife Rawinia, a find handsome Maori, two half-cast children and several natives accompanied us. At Waikanae two women, Ngapeki (Ngapei) and Ptoma had followed us and the former took possession of me (Cooke, Vol 2, 1876, p. 132). The description of Ngapei taking ‘possession’ of John George is an interesting reversal of gender roles underpinned with nineteenth century racist overtones which constructed Maori women as being highly eroticized and sexualized. He clearly thought of her as his ‘partner’ and her brother as his brother-in-law, yet, as an English ‘gentleman’ he could not ‘own’ any feelings of attachment. He does however, mention regretting losing a sketch of her painted by Domett (presumably Alfred Domett (1811-1887) who was a writer and politician and premier of NZ, Graham, nd): Domett once paid me a visit and he painted a sketch of Ngapeke (Ngapei). It was very good, I regret that I have lost it (Cooke, Vol 2, 1876, p. 158). He also describes waking up with her in their ‘dwelling house’ after an earthquake, so clearly the two cohabitated: The dwelling house which had been run up of scantling and filled in with sand stone noggin, occasionally had to be repaired. An earthquake or two drove down the walls, and on one occasion the side of the house where Ngapeke (Ngapei) and I slept tumbled bodily outwards leaving us like the Irishman who ran in the Sedan chair without a bottom, only the honour and glory of a roof (Cooke, Vol 2, 1876, p. 159). In 1850 when John George decided to return to England, Ngapei is again mentioned in passing:

erected there. Refer to: http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1n10/1 http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/ngatata-wiremu-tako/1

and

Poor old Ngapeke (Ngapei) and her family were in great distress at my going. I saw the last of my beloved old Mountain on the morning after we had away, and I trust I shall never forget the happy days I have spent under its friendly shadow (Cooke, Vol 2, 1876, p. 163). In a somewhat patronizing tone (from the lens of the 21st century) John George recorded his views on Maori women who took up with European men, (a view that presumably included Ngapei), as being capable and loyal partners: Yet, when these women took up and became the wife par amour to a European without ceremony, they were true and faithful and some of them good housewives (Cooke, Vol 2, 1876, p. 163).

Ngapei Ngatata9 in 1888, some forty years after her ‘marriage’ to John George Cooke. She was probably around the age of 77 at this time. Her hair has been cropped, possible as a marker of mourning for her brother, Wi Tako Ngatata, who had died in the preceding year. He makes no mention of Maori attitudes towards children, while, the two he had with Ngapei (Mary Anne and George Grey) are seemingly absent from his ‘Reminiscences’, possibly because children in the Victorian era tended to be obscured and ‘were seen and not heard’, or perhaps he felt it was not ‘quite proper’ to admit to two half-caste, ‘illegitimate’ children. Ostensibly though, he had no qualms about abandoning them and their mother when he returned to England in 1850. On his arrival back to England he paid a round of visits to the relatives of New Zealand friends and delivered a letter in person, to Thackeray from Edward Jerningham Wakefield. He also met with Gibbon Wakefield and the Canterbury Association and made a vain attempt to explain the realities of colonial life (Stevens, 1969). John George Cooke’s name is first mentioned by Jane Welsh Carlyle in 1856 in a diary entry of 18 May:

The portrait of Ngapei Ngatata was painted in 1888 in Wellington. The artist is unknown. The original oil painting is now owned by the Taranaki Museum, New Plymouth, catalogue number A66.149.

Mrs de Winton came to lunch here by invitation. Mr C being to spend the day at Addiscombe I had taken the liberty of inviting her! Perhaps I shall go this summer to visit her at her Castle in Wales. She has asked Geraldine and me, for a long visit. Geraldine came with her and staid all day, and we had Mr Munro, Mr Tait, Edward Stirling and George Cook here all at once (The Carlyle Letters online (CLO). 2007). She described him in a letter to Mary Russell, as: a man betwixt thirty and forty,—tall, strong, silent, sincere,—has been a sailor, a soldier, a New Zealand settler, ‘a Man about Town,’ and a Stock Broker!!! (The Carlyle Letters online (CLO). 2007).

John George Cooke, from the Carlyle album: National Portrait Gallery, London. Photograph attributed to Sir Anthony Coningham Sterling, early 1850s. Writing to Kate Sterling Ross on 27 December 1856, Jane states: My Dear! George Cook comes to call for me almost every Sunday!— I should mention,—“not to put too fine a point on it,”—that he comes on his road from Geraldines! Geraldine and he seem to have “sworn everlasting Friendship”— with proviso, on his part, that there should positively be nothing more tender! Geraldine is now off to Manchester for a month or more— We shall see if he come after me at all! I like him and we talk about you— (The Carlyle Letters online (CLO). 2007). The close friendship between Jane Carlyle and John George Cooke is evident in the following letter offering him condolences on his mother’s (my great, great, great, great grandmother, Elizabeth Austen Cooke) death: 5 Cheyne Row Chelsea Tuesday [21 December 1858] Oh my dear, kind Friend—what a shock for you! And what a loss!—the loss of one's Mother!— You can hardly realize it yet; so suddenly and softly it has befallen; but I doubt if there be any other loss in Life equal to it; so irreplaceable, so all pervading!— And the consolation given one, that it is a loss “in the course of Nature,” and “common to all who live long,”2only makes it the sadder; to my thought. Yes; the longer one lives in this hard world Motherless, the more a Mother's loss makes itself felt—the better understood—the more tenderly and self-reproachfully one thinks back over the time when one had her, and thought so little of it! It is sixteen years since my Mother died—as unexpectedly—and not a day,

not an hour has passed since, that I have not missed her—have not felt the world colder and blanker for want of her— But that is no comfort to offer you! Come tomorrow—I shall certainly be at home and shall take care to be alone— I feel very grateful to you—very—for liking to come to me at such a time of trouble. Yours affectionately— Jane W Carlyle (The Carlyle Letters online (CLO). 2007). There was an eighteen year age difference between the two friends but they appear to have had a very deep and genuine friendship. He was very considerate towards her and presented her with Scottish First-Foot gifts at New Year: 5 Cheyne Row: January 1, 1862. Ach Gott! My dear Friend, - What an adorable little proceeding on your part! I declare I can't remember when I have been as pleased. Not only a 'good first foot,' but salvation from any possibility of a 'bad first foot,' with which my highly imaginative Scotch mind (imaginative on the reverse side of things in my present state of physical weakness) had been worrying itself as New Year's Day drew near. I could hardly believe my ears when little Margaret glided to my bedside and said, 'Mr. Cooke, ma'am, with this letter and beautiful egg-cup (!) for you; but he wouldn't come up, as you were in bed!' That, too, was most considerate of Mr. Cooke! The 'egg-cup' ravished my senses with its beauty and perfect adaptation to my main passion. I think you must have had it made on purpose for me, it feels already so much a part of myself. And how early you must have risen to be here at that hour! Dressed, perhaps, by candle-light! Good God! all that for me! Well, I am grateful, and won't forget this. A talismanic remembrance to stand between my faith in your kindness for me and any 'babbles' (my grandfather's word) that may ever attempt, consciously or unconsciously, to shake it. And so God bless you! and believe me Yours affectionately, JANE WELSH CARLYLE, (The Carlyle Letters online (CLO). 2007). John George Cooke introduced his friend Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell10 to the Carlyles and Geraldine Jewsbury in 1856. John George had struck up a friendship 10

Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell (1820-1895) held a variety of posts in the New Zealand colonial government. In August 1848 Mantell was appointed to the office of commissioner for extinguishing native titles, Middle Island (South Island), with the initial responsibility of setting aside reserves for Ngai Tahu within the Canterbury block, recently purchased by Henry Tacy Kemp. Mantell was instructed to induce Ngai Tahu to combine their numerous settlements into as few localities as possible, while making 'liberal provision…for their present and future wants'. The promises he and others made to Ngai Tahu were not fulfilled, a concern that was to haunt his conscience and affect his career for the rest of his life (M. P. K. Sorrenson, http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1m11/1)

with Mantell when the two men met in New Zealand and mentions him in his Reminiscences: Mantell and I became great friends at Wellington and he promised to come to me when he gave up his Post Mastership, which was becoming more odious and difficult every day (Cooke, Vol 2, 1876, p. 131). Mantell and I were together at the Hua and very happy in spite of our annoyances. My dear mother wrote to me continually and supplied me with books by every ship and our excellent parson Bolland had also a good supply of books (Cooke, Vol 2, 1876, p. 153). Mantell made expeditions down the coast after Moa stones etc and to the Mountain and a year afterwards he got an appointment at Wellington and left me, to my great regret (Cooke, Vol 2, 1876, p. 155). Mantell was the son of the physician and geologist, Dr Gideon Algernon Mantell (1790-1852) and went out to New Zealand at the age of 20 (Howe, p. 147). In 1856 he returned to England for a period of three years. He was then aged 36 and had been away from the ‘mother-country’ for more than sixteen years. He had a vigorous honesty about him which appealed strongly to Carlyle, Huxley and Herbert Spencer11 when they made his acquaintance. Geraldine was much taken with him and felt ‘drawn with instinct to wish to come near’ him (Howe, p. 147). Geraldine was eight years older than Walter Mantell but he found her companionable and easy to talk to. For two years Geraldine and Mantell saw each other regularly and Geraldine fell hopelessly in love with him; hopelessly, as her love was not reciprocated. Ironically, Geraldine introduced Mantell to her Greek friends the Dilberoglues and he fell in love with the daughter, Calliope, but she did not return his affection (Howe, p. 156) Geraldine identified with Mantell’s anguish during this time and was a great comfort to him and wrote: To have loved out with all your heart and all your strength is such a great strengthener and increase of Life, and no mood of emotion is permanent. That as a woman I can understand better than you as man (cited in Howe, p. 156). She had asked Mantell for a Maori name and he had suggested Manu, meaning bird. She wrote to him incessantly, sometimes on a daily basis, signing herself as Manu and addressing him as Matara, a transliteration of Mantell. John George Cooke had the Maori name of Ku and the three friends would write to each other using these Maori nick names. Some of Mantell’s replies to Geraldine during the period of 1856-1859 when he was in England, are actually headed, from ‘Ku’s office’ (Stevens, 1969).

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was a major figure in the intellectual life of the Victorian era. He was one of the principal proponents of evolutionary theory in the mid nineteenth century, and his reputation at the time rivaled that of Charles Darwin (http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer/)

Jane Carlyle was not impressed with Geraldine’s fixation with Mantell and in a letter to John George Cooke in September 1859, an unkind remark made by Thomas Carlyle is mentioned in which Geraldine is described in a most derogatory manner: I liked Mr Mantle much when I saw him away out of the valley of the shadow of Geraldine— So did Mr C like him—“far too clever and SUBSTANTIAL a man to be thrown away on a flimsy tatter of a creature like Geraldine Jewsbury”! (The Carlyle Letters online (CLO). 2007). In 1859, as Mantell’s departure back to New Zealand became imminent, Geraldine wrote several impassioned letters imploring him to marry her and take her back to New Zealand with him: Matara, why are you flinging me away? Do you imagine that anything I could have had to endure from you as your wife with the right to endure it could have given me half the pain I have had to suffer since your return from Scotland? The utter blank despair – the days passing over like drops of lead – feeling the very life being slowly stamped out of me?... Matara, either take me with you or let me come to you…. I have the female qualities which you need…. Where will you find a woman who loves you as I do? Take me away with you or send to fetch me or else – set your foot on my neck and kill me. It is neither right nor just to leave me in this misery (cited in Howe, p. 158). Geraldine was distraught at his leaving and thought of asking John George Cooke to marry her and to take her out to New Zealand so she could watch over Mantell’s life and interests (Howe, p. 152). Eventually, Mantell and Geraldine came to a friendly understanding and she was able to say goodbye to him in a calm and collected manner, imploring him to think of her as a friend without limitations (Howe, p. 158). After Jane Carlyle’s death in 1866, John George Cooke maintained his friendship with Geraldine. He married Margaret (Maggie) Townsend, the widow, of Crosbie Ward12, on 2 July 1868 (http://thepeerage.com). Geraldine Jewsbury corresponded with Walter Mantell for over twenty years and kept him informed: of the progress of the Cooke marriage, its new arrivals, the loss of a baby son, Mrs Cooke’s health etc. He did not find it easy at first to be ‘tied to his hearth and home’, having been ‘so much of a Mormon is some respect’ (Stevens, 1969).

12Crosbie

Ward (1832–1867) was a 19th century Member of Parliament in Canterbury, New Zealand. He was born in County Down, Ireland. He represented the Town of Lyttelton electorate from 1858 to 1866. He was a cabinet minister, Postmaster-General and Secretary for Crown Lands. He then represented the Avon electorate from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned. He was a prominent Christchurch journalist, editing the Lyttelton Times (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosbie_Ward)

In 1876, Geraldine wrote to Mantell that Cooke had made ‘a terrible shipwreck of character, life, fortune and family’. He lost his own money, and that of relatives and friends and appallingly had ‘sold securities and deeds that belonged to others’ (Stevens, 1969). He fled to Sweden leaving his wife and family with debts amounting to £45,000. It was during this period of exile that he wrote his Reminiscences, which refer to his ‘unlucky self’ and to ‘drifting into rocks and quick sands’ (Stevens, 1969).

Geraldine Jewsbury (1850s) Photographer unknown, Mantell Album, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington

Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell, circa 1870, Photographer thought to be William Henshaw Clarke. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington

EPILOGUE Geraldine Jewsbury died on 23 September 1880, aged 68. She remained unmarried, though was reputed to have had lovers. During her life time she had enjoyed a diverse and productive career as a professional writer, a significant achievement for a Victorian woman. She wrote six novels: Zoe (1845); The Half Sisters (1848); Marian Withers (1851); The Sorrows of Gentility (1854); Constance Herbert (1855) and Right or Wrong (1859); two children’s stories: The History of an Adopted Child (1852) and Angelo or the Pine Forest in the Alps (1855); edited Lady Morgan Memoirs, Autobiography, Diaries and Correspondence (1862); contributed to a variety of periodicals including: Douglas Jerrod’s Shilling Magazine, The Westminster Review, Frances Espinasse’s Inspector, Dicken’s Household Words, Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper and she also wrote over 2,300 reviews to the Athenæum and reported on more than 800 novels as a manuscript reader for Messrs Hurst and Blackett and the publishers Bentley and Son (Fahnestock, 1973, Howe, 1935, Roberts, 2005). Yet, despite this considerable output typified by sheer hard work and determination, Geraldine did not enjoy financial success (Carney, 1996). What she did achieve however, was the establishment of a niche and career for herself where she could live an independent and intellectually stimulating life while earning

a respectable income as understandably proud of.

single

woman,

accomplishment

she

was

Geraldine became seriously ill with cancer in 1879 and returned to London where she spent her final months at a nursing home for invalid ladies at 3 Burwood Place. Her friends would visit bringing flowers and other gifts and she continued to read manuscripts for George Bentley until she was too weak and too ill to ‘read any more’. Before she died, she kept her promise to Jane Carlyle and destroyed all but one of her letters (Carney, 1996; Howe, 1935; Woolf, 1932). Her close friend, Mrs Everett Green stayed with her in the final days of her life: She did not suffer much from local pain, but greatly from the sickness induced by the pressure of the tumour. She died about midnight between September 22nd and September 23rd, 1880, and was buried in Lady Morgan’s vault at the south-east end of Brompton Cemetery near the Fulham Gate on September 27th (Howe, 1935, p. 199). Samuel Carter Hall13, the Victorian poet and editor of The Art-Union attended Geraldine’s funeral: In September, 1880, I was present at the burial of Geraldine Jewsbury in the cemetery at Brompton. Her grave is adjacent to that of her friend Lady Morgan. Geraldine had attained the age of sixty-eight. Her many published works bear witness to her industry as well as ability. We knew her when she was little more than a child, and had much affection for her during the whole of her long life. Her health was never good; it would have surprised none of her friends to have heard of her death much earlier than it occurred. She lived in her latter years at a pretty cottage at Sevenoaks, but died at an excellent institution for invalid ladies in Burwood Place, where we frequently visited her. Her mind was not weakened by illness, and it was in a happy state of preparation for the change that was inevitable (Hall, 1883).

Geraldine Jewsbury’s grave, (adjacent to the vault of Lady Sydney Morgan) Brompton Cemetery, London, England. Photographed by S. Canning. (2007).

Samuel Carter Hall was born on May 9, 1800, at the Geneva Barracks near Waterford, Ireland. As a young man, Hall worked as a journalist and editor at numerous newspapers and literary magazines eventually, settling into a position in 1838 at The Art-Union. Mrs. Samuel Carter Hall (1800-1881), born Anna Maria Fielding, was an important writer in her own right, although many of her works were published under her husband’s name. Hall died on March 16, 1889, (http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?eadid=C0998&kw).

John George Cooke died on 20 October 1880, shortly after his old friend Geraldine’s death. His death certificate records that he died at 186 Finborough Road, London, of cancer. His occupation was recorded as ‘Gentleman’ and his age was recorded as 61. He was survived by his wife Margaret Townsend Ward Cooke (1837-1912) and their three surviving children: Harriet Marcia Cooke (1869-1945); Janet Mary Maurice Cooke (1872-1949) and Christopher Crosbie Cooke (1878-1945). Ngapei Ngatata lived to the grand old age of 95. She died in 1906. Of the two children she had with John George Cooke; George Gray Cooke died at age 16 while Mary Anne (Te Piki) Cooke married George Augustus Skelton, and had seven children. She died in New Plymouth, at the age of 89 years in 1932. Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell lived on for another fifteen Jewsbury and John George Cooke departed this mortal coil. on 7 September 1895, aged 75 years. He was survived by Hardwick and his son, Walter Godfrey Mantell, born in 1864 Sarah Prince (Sorrenson, 2010).

years after Geraldine He died at Wellington his second wife Jane to his first wife, Mary

CONCLUDING COMMENTS Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury was a Mancunian literary figure of considerable esteem and repute yet both she and her sister, Maria Jane Jewsbury have all but been erased from the Manchester landscape. Visiting Manchester in December 2009 I went to the ‘Manchester Visitor Information Centre’ eagerly seeking information about her, hoping I could see her former homes or find a permanent exhibition devoted to her in one of the local museums. I came away very much disappointed. Not only was there no exhibition or monument to Geraldine Jewsbury, but not one of the very helpful staff had even heard of her. However, her contemporary, Elizabeth Gaskell is very much celebrated and her former home at 84 Plymouth Grove, Manchester14 has now been restored and is open to the public. Similarly, at the Manchester Central Library, inquiries about Geraldine Jewsbury received blank looks, though on further investigation I was able to find a few of her old letters and at the John Rylands Library, Deansgate, some of Maria Jane Jewsbury’s letters and writings have been archived. Likewise, research into histories of Manchester invariably mention Mrs Elizabeth Gaskell but Geraldine Jewsbury rarely seems to merit so much as a footnote. Given Geraldine Jewsbury’s prodigious output as a novelist, literary critic and publisher’s reader, her erasure from her home city is surprising and indeed, somewhat poignant. It is hoped this short essay will in some perceptible way address this omission and Geraldine Jewsbury will come to be remembered and celebrated by Mancunians with much the same pride as her contemporary, Elizabeth Gaskell. 14Information

about Gaskell House can be found at: http://www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org/ http://www.facebook.com/pages/Elizabeth-Gaskell-and-her-ManchesterHome/105239599511435?ref=search

While her association with Aotearoa/New Zealand through her friendship with Walter Mantell has been well documented, (Evison, 2010; Howe, 1935; Wilkes, 1988) her friendship with John George Cooke has received little attention. Hence, a further intention of this essay has been to provide some background to the man who introduced Geraldine to her last grand passion and whose name appears frequently in her letters and also in the letters and journals of Jane Carlyle. Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury’s voice and personality resonated most strongly in her letters, and in closing, a passage has been lifted from a letter (cited in Howe, p. 215) she wrote to her cherished friend, Jane Welsh Carlyle, on 11 December 1856: Well now my dear I have nothing more to say – under which circumstances a wise man “refunds himself into silence” so the sublime Patten observed - so good bye and God bless you. Your affectionate GEJ.

Daguerreotype of Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury with her signature, no date. (The Carlyle Letters online (CLO). 2007)

REFERENCES Blunt, Reginald (1895). The Carlyles' Chelsea home, being some account of no. 5 Cheyne Row. Retrieved March 21, 2011 from http://ia600204.us.archive.org/21/items/carlyleschelseah00blunuoft/carlyleschel seah00blunuoft.pdf Carney, Karen (1996). The Publisher’s Reader as Feminist: The career of Geraldine Jewsbury. Research Society for Victoria periodicals. Toronto. Clarke, Norma, (1990). Ambitious Heights: Writing, friendship, love – the Jewsbury sisters, Felicia Hemans and Jane Carlyle. London: Routledge. Cooke, John George (1876).Reminiscences of John George Cooke. Vol 1, 1819-1838. MS-Papers-0605-08, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. Cooke, John George (1876).Reminiscences of John George Cooke. Vol 2, 1839-1850. MS-Papers-0605-08, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. Cooke, John George (1876).Reminiscences of John George Cooke. Vol 3, 1851. MSPapers-0605-08, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. Evison, Harry (2010). New Zealand Racism in the Making: The life and times of Walter Mantell. Lower Hutt: Panuitia Press. Fahnestock, Jeanne (1973). Geraldine Jewsbury: the power of the publisher’s reader. In Bradford Booth. (Ed.), Nineteenth-century fiction (pp5-18). Berkeley: University of California Press. Graham, Jeanine (nd). Domett, Alfred. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1d15/1 Hall, S.C. from Retrospect of a Long Life: From 1815-1883. NY: D. Appleton and Company, 1883. 389-90. Retrieved March 18, 2011 from http://www.rc.umd.edu/editions/oceanides/contexts/sc_hall.html Hanson, Lawrence and Elisabeth (1952). Necessary Evil: The Life of Jane Welsh Carlyle. London: Constable. Howe, Susanne (1935). Geraldine Jewsbury: Unwin.

Her life and errors. London:

Allen

Jane Carlyle (2004). Retrieved April 10, 2010 from http://www.modernhumanities.info/people/Carlyle_Jane.htm Jewsbury, Geraldine (1845/1989). Zoe: The History of Two Lives. Ed. Shirley Foster. London: Virago. Jewsbury, Geraldine (1848/1994). The Half Sisters. Ed. Joanne Wilkes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jewsbury, Geraldine (1851/2009). Marian Withers. Ebook. http://www.kobobooks.com/ebook/Marian-Withers/bookcxYGTJDpbU698tXfqGNJKg/page1.html Jewsbury, Geraldine. (1857 - 1880). Letters to Walter Mantell. MSS, Mantell Collection, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington. Kenyon, Frederic (1898). The letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Edited with biographical additions, The Project Gutenberg EBook, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16646/16646-h/16646-h.htm McKenzie, Kirsty (1999). Neither strong-minded women nor dolls: Female selfdevelopment in the novels of Geraldine Jewsbury. . Unpublished Master of Arts thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Markus, Julia (2000). Across an untried sea: Discovering lives hidden in the shadow of convention and time. New York : Knopf : Distributed by Random House. Messinger, Gary (1985). Manchester in the Victorian Age. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Oliver, George (1840). Ecclesiastical antiquities in Devon: being observations on several churches, Vol 1, London: WC Featherstone. Orange, C. (1990). An illustrated history of the Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: Allen and Unwin. Roberts, Lewis (2005). “The Production of a Female Hand”: professional writing and the career of Geraldine Jewsbury. Women’s writing: the Elizabethan to Victorian period. Wallingford: Triangle Journals Ltd. Selections from the Letters of Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury to Jane Welsh Carlyle. Letters by Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury (1812-1880); Edited by Mrs. Alexander Ireland [aka Annie Elizabeth Nicholson Ireland] Prefaced by a monograph on Miss Jewsbury, by the editor. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892. Retrieved March 15, 2011 from: http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/jewsbury/letters/gej.html#intro Spender, Dale and Todd, Janet (1990). Anthology of British Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present Day. London: Pandora. Stevens, Joan (1969). ‘John George Cooke and his literary connections’. Turnbull Library Record, 1969, Vol 2, issues 2, pp 40 – 52. The Carlyle letters online. (2007). Retrieved April 10, 2010, from: www.carlyleletters.org. The Peerage (updated 2011). Retrieved April 20, 2010, from: http://thepeerage.com/index.htm Sorrenson, MPK, (2010). 'Mantell, Walter Baldock Durrant - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Retrieved March 20, 2011 from: http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1m11/1

Wilkes, Joanne (1988). ‘Walter Mantell, Geraldine Jewsbury and Race Relations in New Zealand’. New Zealand Journal of History 22, No 2 (1988): 105-117 Woolf, Virginia Woolf. (1932/2010). ‘Geraldine and Jane’. The Common Reader Second Series. http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91c2/chapter15.html. eBooks@Adelaide

IMAGES Daguerreotype of Geraldine Endsor Jewsbury. (no date). Retrieved March 15, 2011 from: http://carlyleletters.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/long/33/1/lt-18580118JWC-TC-01 Geraldine Jewsbury (standing) (1850s). Photographer unknown, Mantell Album, Ref F-110805-1/2, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington Geraldine Jewsbury (profile) (1850s). Photographer unknown, Mantell Album, Ref F110805-1/2, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington Geraldine Jewsbury and Jane Walsh Carlyle photographed by Robert Scott Tait, 1855. Retrieved March 15, 2011 from: http://carlyleletters.dukejournals.org/content/vol29/issue1/ Geraldine Jewsbury’s grave. Photographed by S. Canning. (2007). Retrieved March 15, 2011 from: http://www.findagrave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSob=c&GSmid=46790899&GRid=18542338& Jewsbury and Brown toothpaste pot. Retrieved March 15, 2011 from: http://www.sportingcollectibles.com/antique_stoneware.html John George Cooke, from the Carlyle album: photograph attributed to Sir Anthony Coningham Sterling, late 1840s-55. Retrieved March 15, 2011 from: http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw08518/John-GeorgeCooke?LinkID=mp06140&role=sit&rNo=0 Tait, Robert Scott (1857) A Chelsea Interior. Retrieved March 15, 2011 from: http://www.artchive.com/web_gallery/R/Robert-Scott-Tait/A-Chelsea-Interior,1857.html Walter Baldock Durrant Mantell, circa 1870, possibly photographed by William Henshaw Clarke. Retrieved March 15, 2011 from: http://mp.natlib.govt.nz/detail/?id=22746&recordNum=64&f=tapuhigroupref%24P AColl-0838&s=a&l=mi