NYC 2

SASKATCHEWAN'SNEWSMAGAZINE vor.r No.z

De<.-ton.7z-7i

Conod i o n sW o r r i e d About Foreign Ownership

next year countrv

The Gallup Polls are regularly showing that the Canadian public is g..atly concerned alout foreig. ownership. The poll ..leased on Ausust 26. 1972 found 53% oI Canadians {elt lhat "dependenceon the United States" was Dot a good thing lor Canada. This is an in' oease lron 44i,. in 1963.

Vol. I

A more reveatinsPoli was released on September23, 1972. Usuall) these poils are published by the Saskatoon Star-Phoenix,1,ut thev chose not to print this one. TLe question was a!

Weyburn Distillery

"On the vholc- do vou approve or disapprove ol the war the iederal gorernnert is respond. iog ! o U. S . c o n tro lo l o u . i n d u ,. lry end natural resources?"

No. 2

De.emb€l | 972

IN THIS ISSUE Heolth

I

Form Notes

3 5 l0

SoskotchewonHistory

t2

r5 2l

Moose Jow Troining School

25

The results Nere as iollo{s: opp'ov€di5oppr.veun.l€.id€.1 Printed by €F CA NA DA 34% 4 i o /o 2 6 0 /0 Moririner 26 42 32 33 30 37 Q o€be.

Ont.rio 42 22 36 lihr quesion asked (as "lthat do T i. W elt 2t It 54 rou think ol the Kraft BorcotL canpaign?" llr. Trudeau ansrceredthat Ol those who disapproved, less he did not know lny$nrg about ihe than l0ti felt lhat nothins should be carnpaign he }ad not heard ol it. doDe to lessenL.S. control; the rest Ser.ral siudenLs \rere standing oI forcign $ere rer) crilical doDi. near Ron Collister. reporter lor CBC.TV. llr. Coliister said aloudl "That is a lic. Tle questioDhas bccn n Soskotchewo askedat politi.al rallies in Ontario

Populotion Cont in u e sD e c l i n e

T he l9il id rs u s ti g u ..s fe l c a s c d tbis sunnn'. ar,l fall reveal thar Saskakib{a\dn {as the orh prorince in Canada to show an absolute decline in population froh 1966 to l9r-1. furthe .ore, the census deparhne.t has .stiDatcd that the population iD Saskatcherran has dropped lron 926, 000in J u n e l 9 ;l to 9 1 6 .0 0 0 ;n J une 1972. Du ri n g tl ,. l i rs t l e a r o l the Blakener Gorerrment the labour force h lhe prorince dropped br 2.000 to 3,ri1.000.Iet the unemplo_r. m ent . at e s . nt L a c k u l fro m 3 .;7 Lo l.3ta. The nuntl,.r ol lans de. .tined from il5.5ll5 in 1966 to t-6.910 in 1971.and d u ri n s th e s a mep e ri o d total Nral |ol,ulation declined {ron . 1. 8?, 01; r o 13 0 ,5 6 3 .

P.E.T, On Tuesdar, October2l, rhe P.ihe NtlinisterconfroDtedseleral thousard studenlsin the grm at th. t.nirersitl oi Saskarche\an in Saskatoon. The

At the same ralh. I{r. Trudeau was ask.d $hat he thought oi Canad. sellirg anns ro tle United Stateslor use in Vietn.m. Hc rtplied that he didni think that cuttins rl,em otf rsould affect the Anerican rvar e{fort in anr ray. Therefore, rhe question fo r C anad: s:. rhP number of i oh. fo , CJnrdi arLrorker.. Tl e Lt.S .eov. e n menl . } e conti nued.N as goi ng to conlinue Io kill lhe VietcoDg as long as th.v wanted.aDd rhcrefore Canada rnichr jtrsr as tL.ll n.ke a buck olf

Ne w Cr im e Wo ve Un d e r Wo y ID a -apee.hdi,l;\'eredin Winnipeg o n October 23. P i .rre E l l i ott' I' rudoau Narned Canldian loters that ihe 1960'sin Canads $ere characterized hr crime aDd liolcn.e. tarsetv duc to ninority gorernments." Cana. d i a ns shoul d not ' i i sk erodi .g the new ortimjsn" lhat had b{:.n created by the nejor Liberal Governnent.

Union Lobour

Co r p o r o tio nP rofi ts Up Ag oi n HJ? t !r

t . k - h , , n P tn \

Eo n P u p

br 27.5' i i rr Ll ,, l ---r nin. m onr }. ?

I{ not. 1ou arc benrg l:it behind.

The Tororro Gl oD . & .l Idt l ( Nor em . ler i3 reported that a sanpir: ot ll9 co+ofrLionc found that net prolirs alter Lares had increased br 2?.5% duri ng rl n, i i rst.i re mor r t hsof 1! 72.

In the lood p.ocessingindustr! profits were trp 32.?tf. General manu. facturing rrds ut, ,10.8ii. banks up 28.1 and irust and ioan cohpanies -ti. up 36.87..

No We lfore From Borrett The So.ial Cf.dit Gorernrnent ol I. A . C . B ennett Lad pf om ised C OIII\C O a $2.5 ni l l i o. subsidvt o lssist tlenr in buildirg a copper snelt.r in Bririsl, Colunbia. C0.

IIN C O i s I subsi .l i ar vof canadian Paci{ic Ilailruad. rh; besr-knoNn re.ipidt o{ publi( $elfare in Caia. di an hi sror\. The .el vh elect ed\ DP I'.emier in 8.C., Dare Barrett. an, nounced sho ly alter rhe election that l ,i s gorcmnent aould Dor le giling CON]IINCOlhe grant. "I do hot ieel thrt the1 n.,al any hore pullir: wetlat- ' he stared.TLe Tru. deau Covernnert, on the other hand. js still plabnins ro proceed with a $1.5 hillion {ederal siAnt.

Juty, reconnending some, but not major, reducrions of the nedical college's r€quest. Under pre*ure lrom the medical college for a quick decision and in a spirit of "let's get it over wirh," Mr. Snishek and the governnent p.oceededon the basis of Mr. Clark. son's reconnendations. They chose to ignore the strong reservationserpressed hy a nunber of senior Health Departnent off icials.

H EAlTH NEW DEAL FOR DOCTORS One dav last October-leven davs before the Blakeney and Walter {ederal election-Prenier Public Health, fl€w up to SaskaMinister of Snish€k, toon. Deep in rh e b o s .h o l th F L n i \e b ;t) H ospi l al . s ailins f or t he i r p re s .,o n t rc n .P . $ a s a n e \pF.l ant audienie of senioinedical and university administrators inctuding President Spinks, Principal Begg, and Dr . G ut elius ,D e a n o f \l .d i " i n e . T h . p o l i ti .ians unveited plars for a nassive expansionto the Univ€rsity HosDiL;l compler. Accordine ro fiAure. releos"d al rh€ iime- the'erDansion rili nearl\- double the hos f.a ro rhe piral's siz€ by ;ddins J26.000 e x is r insc om ph x . a t a .d p i ta l c o"quore 6 r o f S 1 8 .3 mi l l i oru The exoansionwill also Drovide for renovationstotalIns $?:5 hillion, and lo; a new dental coltegeco3ting $2.3 nillion. Increasesin annual operating co6ts,after the expansion is completed in 1976, rere esiinat€d at $2.0 nillion.

The announced expansion is rhe success{ulculmination of years of lobbyirg by the College of Medicine {or an even larger expansio. than that annourced. The Collese began its lobbying with &e Liberals back in 1968. Iobc before the NDP came to office. The NDP gove;n€nt was rcluctant to approve the expansion,and last March called in Dr. Grahan Clarkson, a forrner Saskatchewan deputy minister of health, as a conEuhant.He reported lst NEXT YEAR COUNTRY

"In our opinion Dr. Clarkson was sold a bil of goods by the universiry doctors," said one Public Health official con{identially. Health Depatunent of{i. cials estimate th€ capital .ost of the expansion will be $16.7 rniifion. not $28.1 nillion as stated. They also etimate that the increase in annual operating costs due to the expansion will be above the figure /stated $2.6 nillion, not $2.0 nillion. The differences between rhe figures releasedat the press conference and th$e Health Departnent estinates are $18.6 million {or capital conshuction costs and $600,000 in annual operstins expeNes. H or do" . rhi . i ntesl mpnLmcaqureup ro Buidr lines for spaceneededper nedical 6tudentin teaching hospitals? Spokesmen for the Collese of Medicine argue, of course, that the full expaDsionis €ssential to maintain a high quality training and research progran. According to the new Ontario '2" fomula, how e,er. thp prFspnrprogram {i nvohi ns an annual m" di csl sl ud.nl enrol l m.nt ol o0' soul d j usL; F)an expansion of only 200,000 square feet-not 326,000.

It appears that the government may be out by an anazing $18.6 miilion ir its capiral estinares, nearl y a thi rd i n i rs psl ;mxtpsol opFrati ngcosr s,and nay }ere permi ned l he hedi .dl ;ol hge ro l o bby il i nto an unn.ces.dri l ) l svi sh i n ter m s ot " xpdnsi on Th" \D P . \ew D .sl ror P .opl " ' pam pller spoke oI i nsri tuti nsa " h" al th rarher rhan a sinkner s service". NDP spokesmenon healrh-and not leasr the preseht Minister hibseu-promised to reorient priorities in health: to enphasi,e prcDentite \eakh prosram (such as fanily plannins and fluoridarion) over increased expenditure on iedtment Ia(ilitieg such aE hospitals; to de-emphasizein-patient h$pita]l rreatment and develop "out-patient" services such as corlnuniry clinics, dental clinics, and home carc pro. grams. IL ci so promted. a" s re.ul t ot thi . re or ientatioD, "more value {or ihe heahh dollar".

Vhat benefits will result fron th€ g46.? million i nve6l npnl ?ThF enrol l mcntol dpnt;sLsB i l l i n cr ease to 20 per year, but medical school enrollnent will stay at 60 per class.At present two-rhirds o{ Saskar chewan.trained doctors leave the province aft€r sraduation. In absolute nunbers this males Sa6kat. chewan a net exporter of doctors. According to' ligur€s quoted by Vaiter Snishek, it costs Saskat. chewantaxpayers 9100,000 to train one doctor. Since two out of three graduates leave th€ province, that work. our ro $300.000 p"r grdduare pr6.rising ;n The finat test of a sovernment's int€ntions is where the hard cash goes. So far there have b*n a l ol of hopcrul promi se. about .h.aper heari n g aidb. rhearr phsrmac" uti cal drug.. erpani i on of nes "om munity clinics, provincial anbulance seNiceE,denhl care ior childr€n, and so on, but talk is cheap. In terms of new health programs actually {unded, by far lhe biseesr is this $:16.? miuion rnonum€n ro the Coll€se of Medicine in Saskatoon.

CLINIC CONFLICT

balde that will prgbably not end until one sidc ic forced out of the clinic orsanization. The docto$, Last summer the {ederal Department of Health led by Dr. Road and Dr.-B€aslehole, accuse the and Welfare released its report o; cohnunity healrh board of undue meddling in strictly medical sffsirs, cenhes. The report, prepared by a commirtee of and oI tryins to Iire th;. Th€ doitors have written public health adninistrators and doctors under the the D€partment oI Public Health demandiDg ro revert chairmamhip of Dr. John Hastinss, has b€one a to fee'for-service payment after Janusry lst, 1973, best seller in the world of hedical polirics. Ir has so that Iunds will no longer flow through the board. been s o p o p u l e r l h a t l h c p ri n te rbi n Ottasa have a The board tu not firins rhe doctors, it clains, but backloe ;f order6. and ha;. had to reshicL the de. rather trying to ren€goliale an ouldated agrpehent mand.-All this for r docunent inspired bv Saskat. batweenthe board and nedical souD so as lo allow chewan-by rhe connunity clinic n;vehent despised th€ boad to play sn active role in ih€ dev€topmenr al ir s bi' th b ) l h . m F d i .a l p ro l p s s i o na. nd i pnoredby of the clinic. The board accusesthe do€tors of dist he CCF g o v .rh m e n to t !} ; d d y a s a emD ar. pJaying professional arrogance in retusing to a,"ep' ' adi ;r rassm€nt to iis nedicare progran any IaJ participation in defision making. The .linic Dr. Hasiings concluded that comnunity health mFmberghip is being in"reasingty m;bilized inro centres have three advantaqes over the rraditional opposing. mmp.-the pro.board group on_ th. left, solo or group medi.al pra.t;,". ThFy ha\e denon. and rhe kecp our doclors group on the right. s Lr ar r da Ere a tp rs i l l i n 8 h e b sl o e rp e rimFntw i rh new If Resina is an exahple of problems within rhe t ay s ot s o l v i n g h e a i l h p ro b l e m 6 ,e spFi al l y ;n the conmuDity clinic movenent. Eston and Prince Alb€lt us€ o{ parmedical health workers and dl€ practice provide Fxamphs of exlernal problems, Alrhough rbe oI prevenlive medicine. They hale demonstrared a .l assi cal .nemy ot.ommuni ty cl i nhs. th e m edi. al potential to economiz€ without sacificiDg quality prcfesion, is no longer vocally denouncins theEL o! care{n tbe lwo most exren.iv€ cohDonents ol medical opposirion remairu suhtantial. In E;ron the healr h c a r" . n m rh p h v s i c i a n sa n d hos;i ral beds. hostility of the two establishednon{linic docrors has Com nui ry c l i n i .s ' a l .o h a re s h o ro an abi l i ry ro made lile niserable for any doctor workins for the iDv ohe l h . p a ri e n ta s d n a .ti v . p a rti c i panri n sol vi ng d;nh. and succe"ded in dii'ing many awiy. Esron h"ahh probl.m.. by atlohins a desr; of consurner C ommuni l ] C l ;ni c i s cunenrl v a docr or . ' i l houi contiol of the clinics throuqh non-medical boards of In Prince Albet the comnuniry clinic had hoped dire.rors. The Hasrinss Report'-. a. Dr. Hjertaas of t he Pri n ' " A l b e rl -[6 ,n ^ ,n ;1 t C l i ni c puts i t. lo erlablish a small erp"rimenral .linic st Chrisroph"r ,'!amounts to a belated recognition by Ottawa rhai Lake, 2s mihs north ol rh".ty. The idea was ro ;raff ,uree .o comnunity clinics represent son€thing worthwhil€." lhe clinic with a well qualifi€d comunity provid€ activb clinical nursing and ninor inergency At first giance then, comunity clinics se€m to care nor now available ir rhJcommunitv. Local-res; be qnother radical idea whose rin€ has con€. Ottawa dents w€.e €nthusiasticabour the idea. No*, h.*.v€r, has emrded them its stamp o{ respectabih}', and the Pdnce Albert distriet nedical socierv (which is th€ SaskatchewanNDP con;irled itielf in its lg?t eomposedol thF loral phl.i.ians, ha! mov.d to cuL election platform to "encourage comnunity heallh olf rh;s .ommunity .li;i. e\pansion by takx,E or.r c €nlr B . .. rh ro u a ha s s i s rs n cjen c a p i tale\D cndi ture rhe C hri stophtrLske.on.epr;s ;rs o$;. By r u oppoand t hro u 8 h a l r;n a l i t" m " rh o d s o I pal m.nr' . l n sition to the community ctinic the nedicai estabiish. t eepio8 $ i th l h i s c o h n i l me n t rh p p rol i nri al hpahh nent of Prince Albef has triehtened rhe local Chrisdepar lm .n rl a .t ri n te r i n i ri a tp da g l o b al budg.t pro. topher Lake r.sid"nts away frorn parti"iparion rn rne gram that permitted ihe cliDicEto be {unded by dircr clinir. lr remsins ro be seen.heth;r rhe Prince Alb€rt lum p s u m p a l me n tsto th p b o a rd so f d ; rccl orsi nstcad medi (sl so.i ety ri l l antuel l y devel op a ser vice aL oI fee.{or-lewice payments to the phFicians. The C hr;.ropherLakF. or w hetheri l ri ;i t or r h. id€a program is experinental and involv$ only the three once it has thw6rt€d th€ comnunitr ctinic. clinics in Resina, SaskatooD,ard Prince Albert. The gtobal budgel progrm was an explicit move ro en. _ To make the situation worse, rh€ provincial Heallh . our agF.o m m u n i t) c l i n i . e rp a n .i o na n d i n parti cul ar rrepartment s€emsto have run out of ideas. Even in l h" .Li beralgw ernmenti s tol a y reor senizing lo giv . s o m c a u rh o ri r)ro b o a rd" bl makj nC Quebcc rLs nFsrrh dFt'very systFm tn an sltcmpt to intFgrate inh th€in-not the doctors-the' h tdrecipients oI the fundi a.d the asent responsible for disbursins th€ tunds heallh and so"ial eBhes. ro linir rbe aisolure pu"rrr o{ the nedical pro{essior, ard to permit morJ acdve to pay salaries and otber erpenses. .onmuni ty control .B y .onrra6rrh; I\D P sot er nm enr Encoureged by the end of govemnenl hostility i n S a.Lat' heran appearsconcervsri \FanJ dir ecr ion. to the clinics a hostilitv tlar dat€d back to thei; l"$.-Tle prcvimial halrh delirer) svsr.m<spe.ialty birth under the CCF in 1962 an acrile group of rurai heal rh orsani zari onundcr the U ni on I iospir ; l conmunity clinic supporterspresentedthemsilves and A nt -j g a teaki ng ano,hroni sm.Ir i s rryins ouf t or won election !o the board of the Regina connunity slratesir rcform along .ommun;lv .linh p;nciples. clinic but the govenment has dcveloped no such srr.regy.

The Health D.partmenr has enc'ouragedsme isolai; B ut s o i n a h i n gl ]s s g o n e h ro n g . l n rl e prori nee exp€dnents in Detisle, Smeaton, and Maryfield. But lhar gav . l h p m b i r(h ..o m rn u n i r\ ,l i n i .s are i n danger these are communities with closed hospitals. and $€ both fron within and wirhott. dperiments are norivabd as nuch Ly a polirical Al Resins, for examph. rhF board ol dirpctors eonetn to reliere loeal prcssure Lo reop€n rhe hos. nd lh" me d h a l g ro u p i r ,u rr.n rl y .nA ased i n a pilals 13 by any de6ire lor Btrate8ic .hansr.

NEXT YEARCOUNTRY

Grain conpany proliteeriDg lras not limited to this use of insider information to bilk lamers. They ai 6o manageda \asr s$i ndl e on the subsid) " rport p' ogram. Th. t.S . B ovprmenl pa)s an erpor t sub. sidy wh€n the domesticpric€ o{ kheat is high€r than the so!l d pri cp, presumabl rLo h" l D mai nt ain t ar m i h,om" . Thi s ti m. Isrmerssa$ l i tl h ot rhe .ash. Th€ price diflerential k determined on the day an export ;ale is with the governn€nt, nor'rhe day the 'eg;rre.".l saleEconiract is sr€ne./.Thus the traders dealt qui€tly at low domestic priceB and waited lor ihe publjc announcementswhich would drive p ces up. During Jul r and 4ueu,t thp A heri can dome.ti " Dr r e r o. . l o $2.20 s bushd. al l o\i ng th. tradeF r; beldr edly r€gister their sales and pick ofl the big subsidiesiD addition to the gains they had alr€ady nade at the American farh€.s' expense. grain compani$ nade big Th€;ntemational

By Ausust 25th the Russianshad purchasedmost windfall profits on the sale ot Am€rican wh€at to of their requirements.The U.S. governmentannounced the Soviet Union last summer. But most people don't suspensionof ihe s.hsidy program. What it did bot know just hor big those windfalls were, how they annou..e $as that the big traders had been informed were made, and how the whoie deal affecredCanadian ot this mov€ the d,r before. Wirh a wink and a nod they registeredthe balanceo{ their sale*212 nillion Early last spring ClarencePalnby, then Assistarrt bushels and qualified for subs;dies of 4r-.5 cents U-S. Secretary of Agriculture for International per boshel. Thar's ov€. $100 nillion in one 24 hour Affairs, was a p.ominent hehber of a delegation period. It has not been deterhined how nuch rhey accohpanying L.S. Secerary of Agriculture Earl L. r.r" rai d for rhe 20i l mi l l i on hu.hel . r.si sr"r r d pr ior Butz to Xlosco$. The major topic on the agendawag to A uA ust2+ th. trade and oedit terns for the purchaseo{ U.S. wheat That Anerican farmers rec€ived rerr few of the by th. Soviet trnion. On June 12 Palmby resiged LFncl i l -of rhp-pssl " - i . obri ous.Thp i nnl i , a r ion. f or his S33,000 n rear gorcf.m.nt job to assune the C rnrdi en farm.rs drF al so,crJ di qtu' ti ha. Due ro maDtle of lice-president of Conrin€ntal Grain Co. at fie efforts ot t:re Sale Ouo, the Canadi;n Wheat a salary reportedlr in ercess of $10O,00O.U.S.D.A. Doard did not hale wheat in stock to bid se ously Director of Exports Clillord Puive.macher, who was fo. the Soriet pu.chase.Beyond that, it could not hope alo.g on the jaunt to Moscow, resigned and took a to cohpete with the prices the Anerican government job with another of the bjs traders at the same time. was prepared to see prerail. $rheat Boara Comnis.

Secretary Butz hrs stoutly delended both rnen, deny. sioner Charlie Cibbings has itated rhat the Board ing that their behavior is a violation of public trust. s?cn' .nnsi dpral ,t/ ri rnc !nd .fforr pl edd inp uilh (Butz hjmself uDderstandsthe need for cozr relatio.s A mpri .ar ol l i , i ak to pet rh.i r .\pori pri .eB up lo b€ueen business.nd solernment. Prior to beconins a nore real i sti . l e\el , ;i rh no 5uc;e$ S€retary of Agficulture he was a dire.tor ol such js The Njxon adninistration b€nt on reEolving co.porations as J. L Case, Ralston Purina, Standard A meri cl , bal am" of parm" nr- probl Fm.. l Ls r hear Li{e of Indiana, and lnternatio.al Minefals and suL:i ,r) t,roprdn i J m.j or !arl of Lhi . l hru6l, and Chenicals, ownere of the Esterhazr potash ni.e.) the Amerj(an inter.ational grain traders have hecome On July 8th, almost a month;fter the swivet instrunents ot American poiicy {or this !urpo6€. servants had made their hove, President Richard Th*e same c-ompenies-Co;rine;tal Cargill!. DreyNiton finally announcedpublicly that the wal was fus, Bu.sc, Cook and carnac have until now puropen for sales to the U.S.S.R. An €nquiry by the chased_a,ndhandled abour s0% of Canadian export House ot RepresentativesAsdculture ;ubconnittee gmnr. Vith one porerful snoke Nixon has seemi;gly has since revealedthat fn'e of the big traders, includ- bousht off hal{ ot the $'hear Boardt n!.ketiD! i.g Co.tinental, had quietly besun buyins rhear and capacitl a.d achiered nassive Denetration of a; DeSotirrins sales with the Russiansl,"/ore rhe publjc inportant Canadian narker. announcem€nt.ln his staremenrof July 8th, Niron trrhat $ill it uke to persuade the United State6 underpla!ed the significan{ieof the salesby indicating to .retun to InternaLionai Grains ASre€nent printhat thel might ahount to 100 nillion bushets-At ciples? \!hat price in rerms of auto pict. Mackinz;e that lerv time the Russians had alreadv secretlv valley pipeline, Janes Bay power and t}e rest? Our bous hr 20 ; mi J l i o n h u .h " l " . Bl rh . rh i rj x" pk i n e)$ tu to the Ouawa circus.

Atrstrst they had picked up 420 nillio" bushets, "earli eqhl to 25V of this lear's I;.S. productioD. It has noi been determin€d hov much farners r€ceivrd lor the wh€at involved in this deal. An article in the Ne$ York tines suggesrsthat a great m anl f s , m a - i n rh e J)eleaaresto rhe 19?2 Annual Meeting of th€ " o u rh r..i s o l d rhni r.rop directly lron the cohbines at pr;.e6 ransing {ro; Saskar<he{an Wheat Pool (onsidered aiout t40 $1. 2s lo $ 1 .1 0 p e r h u s h e l .l h e s ' a i n .o mpani F. s.r. resolutions. Two of these resolutions, borh of which Lur n; n: dro u n d a n d s e l l i n s rp rl y l o thF R u* i sns vere adopted, are worrhy of special note. One illus. 'c' at about S1.65. trates how the Pool deleilaresvierv the ourside world

FARTII

BIG MONEY IN WHEAT

THE WHEAT POOL'S PROFESSIONAL CO-OPERATORS

NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

while lh. other sa)s a lot about how they view them" Resolution 53 sa)s, "That the Go'erments con' cerned take the ne{:essarystePs1o keep grain moung in |he elent of a strike that vould inpede the move' m ent o{ c ra i n to e rp o rt r,o s j ti o n s ." t shP P,l " ubR. . o, ;i o r 2 a I o ; rh - Su p p l c mF n ra, nnted br the Board ol Directors sals, "That the per dien lees ior delesatesand dirttors be re'iâ&#x201A;Źwed at the t9?2 A.nuat MedinSr and furthe.- That consideration be given to increasing said fe$ to $35 Derdav {o r d e l p e J l " ..' n d l u $ ;0 p .r d .' r rr di tP .tob, iar o" . r ir. ro th p l .Ai ,,n i n B o f ri ,i - q n ru.l \' l .ai re."

This brings the deiegatecost for the whole 160 nan exer.ise ro $58,,100.The dirccrors- ol course. have other meetinss tbrouehout tbe rr:ar. It should be noted that theipdr diei {em nenLionedin this resolution are in addition to crpeNes.

RISINGFOODPRICES Eood prnres, ahnost alnays risnrg, hare been making grcat strides iD recerl nonths. BetN..n June and Ausust thjs year the food price inde! rose a dramatic 6ti. Ar the beginnins ol October. rhe food p.ice jndex stood about 161;i higher than in Ire.enber 1r)?0.

Stat;st;{is Ca.ada reporl.d i| October t}at iood prices sere about(r.r-?; higher rhan a year ago. There has been 7.3',1 inoease in Lbc cost o{ restaurant " a l0.2ti irnirease in the prn:e of food neals. and bought at tle iaro.er-Ystore.

Durinq thi) .e.ent fede.dl eleclion .arnpaign, both the NDP ind the Progressjveionscnatives denanded that {he lede.al governmdrl lak. some aoion N{r' _er 'nu' Tru.l .ru r" t' l i ,.l tl ,rt l hp t::P ,r: t' i " " i ' " ol ' Droblâ&#x201A;Źm as Canadians spent lesr of their ilcom{r or i " ol rhan rnt " r| .r p.o| ' " \' ,r r' ,. q r Fr i'1n' Mr. Trudeau sai.l that th{, r.N Pr.lits lrorn higher nri ,-- r.rF A oi r, r, l " r f" m . \' -l I' Pnr lPI n'{ i har rhr- s n,r rru. Ir^r' i ,1,. l ' ' " ' - ' l- l lin " m id_ rel easedbv th. D eD atIx,J,roI l sri .ul l uh S cprembtr-N hi chri :rr:al edthat oi rhe t2. 8 l, illio. i noesr i n {arnrl ood sal {,ssi rtce i l )61. th ( lam r ef s had rrrti ved onl r l l 6l i . l he.th.r 6l ' . rq r r r o r he ard thF di. t , il'ulo's ni ddl emer tne foorl processors U eat prnrs h.!e b& Y , parti cuh.l \ out r aleon! .

Tbe averageC anadi rnhousehol dsptrrl r ar our d ir 0l of i rs l ood hud8.t on m..t. l l (1ttu. l ' l ar anr l Sep' l .i l ' n l ' P " l r" r' ' , L r l FJnLc-l h" p,,,, u ' l i ,l ' . l " r ' lu'i, .1" ,l i rr" .ll " - 1' r Iurrdr. "' '"1 same pern,d l he rel oi l P ri (' { or neat hrd , , st r t e' tyeen 30'l and llll,ll. Thr: grofurr rLains clain*:d $ci r nrarkupi {as .oL exc.i si vi . A l l thel $eie doit ig N as j ust hvi ' g l o rec.ut) thci r l oss.s i n l h. i l') ; 0; 1 sup.i .a.l et prrce $ar. \,,f d oine quit e In the nr:i ntnre. tl e nrr:al rn.Lers {eI1. tsun$ Food I).t(l i .te.l i 2l )' l i i !(fear c in cal, , s a.d a 1;1,; i odease i n l ,n)fi ts i n l r);2 C! ! x. la P ackds reD ol teda l 5fi i ncrea.ei n snl ts lnd r ij5r i in:rease in ean;rgs. J. \L sclureirler esrnnared a l 91i i nrrrase i n ni ,t r,.ol i i . The no,l hr t h. t e . onr ' pani es $as trxdi ng hi 3h on tl ,c Toronl o f \ r hanir e.

BOX SCORE ON ANNUAL REPORTS 'ROFITS 1972 Prolits

l97l P'ofits % chonse (95,080) $ 4,30E.000 2,412,OO0 44.O 8,367,000 27.9 r r,599,000 8,541,000 1.0 8,630,000 6 0,1t7.000 8.5 65,695,000 3 1 4 , 2 0 0( 1 . 4 ) 309,881 5 , 7 5 2 , 0 0 0( 1 3 . 7 ) 4,964,000 4,t 87,000 3.9 4,461,000 56,400,000 5 r, 0 5 r, 0 0 0 9 . 5

2,021,28+ 't,290,000 22.1 r,660,000 14,912,OOO 9,459,000 36.8 9,710,000 26.9 r 3,293,000 1 . 6 8 4 , 0 0 0( 8 . 1 ) r,548,000 480,781 (45.9) 259,929 4,159,176 1,720,182 58.6 $r 94,304,042 $164,990,O8t t+.2%'"

N E X ' YEARCO UNTRY

OTTO LANG'SJUSTICE For civil lib€tarians, the lmnigrarion Deparr ment under the Trudeau goverDment has been a source of concern, i{ not despair.

Under Canadian law, ar) perso. jn Canada has the right to appeal a deportatior order through the courts. Yet the RCIIP Nas spirilins dralt dodgers and deserters over .he border i.to thc arms of rhe FBI while denying thL riehr. -4.{tera wellpublicized case in British Columlia, the Truderu golernn,ent supposedly ordered this practi.e to stop.

But wha! of the rights ol orher deserters'?This past JuDe the ne{spape.s rel,. ed lhat Otto Lang, the Minister ol Juslicc, r.{ussl to grarr as}lum or Ianded inhigrant sterus ro 'luan \u, a .ilizen of Soulh Vietnan. :lua. Vu .ieserted lronr the South V iet nam es ea rm y n r S a n l .d n (j s .o a n d { l ,rl 1,, V ucouver where he took up residrur:. H,i c\lrlai!e.l .1,!L he did nol s i s h l o re tu r. l o l i e tra m l h e f e he $oul d be required to kill his leilow countrlmcn. Otto ordered him deported, knowins tlat he iar:ed a rninimunr ol 20 y ear s ha rd l a b o u r i n S(,u l h .Vi e tn a n r.

I n O c r o b e r,i n th e mi ,l l i r o I l h . l ,rl drl .t,1L,on campaign, another case nliie headlih rerr. A 1..S. citizen, a henber of the BLackPauher;. l is lliske,l out of the counLr) a{Ler a doitrnldlion o.def. lli3 lawy er was n o t i n fo rn k l o l L h e (l f,i ri o r unl i l al l d t he RCI I P h a d h a n d e dh i n o re r L o L h c l Bl . H e nas Dot permilted his legal right to appenl i,i" .rn. rn ihe Canadian Courts. The Trurleau UoreunreDt stntul approvai of ll,is a{,Lion.

T llen t h e re a re rl e .a !.s o l ft,r.i s r t,,ofes.ors denied the landed immjFrant status thu\ n.rl to as s um et ea c h i n gp o s i d o n s a t C a n a d i a nu ni vi rs,1,.s.

One such was the nuch+rltnizf,l ..se o{ GaLrn.l K olk o, app o i n te dto Yo rk l - rtrs i L r. a ,.rurrrrr: s c holi. bes t k n o { n fo r h i s h i s ro ri e so I t..S . for.i gn policy. He ha-. been a publir: ot)tn)netrto{ rh. An(:r ic an { ar iD Vi e tn a n . H e $ o n | i s c { s e agai nslOl to Lan€r,but onl) b.cause the Litr.ral cstrblislneDr ar York was ablc to put o.ush pressut on rl,c P.ime Ministef.

The host recent case- again .luriDs the iederal campa;9., inrohed Istran Xl{is,!,os- { XIrNisr philos ophe ro I $ o d rri d e rl mt.ti i D . H c j l ed H rn. gary durnrg the Soviet rcl)ression of l()56. and at t he t ine o{ h i s a p p o i n tme n tl o } o fk l .n i vi i rsi t) be was a tsritish citizen lenchins nt Susle\ t;n,ir$t!. .1,d-rpA s in d l l o rh r,..,-. rh " -f" ,i l: ' 1 ,. N{eszaros|arr: n,,r.r },.en nade against Professor known. He has been labeled a 'lecurir) risk", yet he has been denied rhe r;gLL Lo ..nfront his accusers and to re{ute the ch.r3$ agairNt hirn.

Perhaps the nosL s;gnificant case is that o{ Pership Cervais. The press ir Canada gare this incident lerr iittle cor{rage Frhal)s lor itood reason (as thq se things).

Pershing GeNais nas inrolred jr a .onsI)ira.t, to {rane Dstrict Attorne) Jim Ganison of \err OrleaDs. Garrison had conduct..l tl,i: jnresLigalion into the a*d$inr t ion o i PrA rd " r I T o lr.K .rr' " ,1 r. lri - i r,rui I did not lead to ary conyjdions, but it did releal $at Lee Harvey Osrald \as a right.$ins.r and thai his associateswere the anti'Casho F.e. Cuh! Connittee. vadous uhra{igLt organizations, and employes of t le C. I . A .

NEXT YEAR COUNTRY

According to Gervais, rhe U.S. D€partment o{ Ju6tice set up the {rane, and he siened a {alse af{i. dalit claimins that he nad6 pay-ofls frorn gamblers to the lJistrict Atiornel. HoNeyer, he ther had second thourihts about comnitting pefjury, even for the Justice Depaitne.t, and asked to back out of th€ The U.S. Departnent of Justice, wishing to get Gervais {ar away {rom the t.ial and the press, ar' ranged lor him to come to Canada. The Minist€r of Justice, Otto Lang, gave Gervais (alias Paul Masonl a spe.ial "Xri.ist.r's permit" to g€t around Canadian immigration regulatiors. The U.S. Justice Depart. rnent tsupposedll inles.igating nonopol! co.tfol of lhe autohobile industryl goi General Nlotors lo set "Paul I'Iason' up in a phonv job as "field naifn: rhaDager" in Canada at $18,000 a rear. I)etroit then ordered thei. Car.dian suGniiaf) ro crcate the job.

"Paul l\Iason" ard his fanily lived at Tsa\"as5en, south oi Vancouver. undl tra.ked dorvn bI r Ner 0rlears reporrer. \l|en quesriored about this case iD the House of Comntons. Otto Lang revcdl{d that he had "{ull In.$ledse oI thr facts" lhen he;ssue{l Lhe\'lin;st€is pennit lo "Paul lldson." furthennoie. he denied that there \as anl pressure lroh the lr.S. sole.Dment. obdoustv, ronr: Nas needed."Panl }rlson.s,, conracr nan in Canada $as an R(lllP olficer. When i-"ked about this- R(lXtlPComnissjonr:r \\'. L. Ilisgiu srared "This is the kid ol thnrg we doni rulk ahour." To

THE GHOSTOF ARTHURCOOKSON In Jarurrr of l9?2" Arthur Cookson rvas forced ro .esisn as ,ihic{ ol the Regina Cit} Police Detarr. ment. A n i N esti ghl ;on of l he depari nent re ! ca, eo, among other oddities.the eristrur ol a "goon squad" of deiecrivcs Nhore function it Nas to r{:fro.iz. and brutalize "u.desirdl,les" into learins the Queen Cit\.

Tl " B " J" d or P ot..F { omn' -.i ' .rrr- nn L.i . hing ; o destror .oniiilcnce in the Nhole poln,c {orce. did its 1,..r 1,,r,' rl .,l l tl F Ll arnn,,nthp.l i Fl rl o-,.,.\a in. r . lion oI the €lidence shoried, howerer, thar the .hi.f ras naDipulat.d hy his rnore .leQr sennlr officere.

Apparently he was more jncompetert than e l. He dnlii kror *hat Nas happening in his own torce o. was too kenk to stop il.

B.cause oi the official Cookson.deviitheorl, the appointmcnt of the nc$ chief, A. Huget" atlorved Regim Ci4 Council, the nedia and rh; AaornelC ,,p,i l - dFtd rrFnt ro p.F' Fr,l rhar rhe uc t r r , e. The.lique o{ senior o{ficers is still !ell entrerched. \\'ord {ron the rank and {ile of rhe {orie is thar morale is at its ]o$esr poinr eve.. O!"r a dozer polnrehen are rllkins the slrtets of Recina on their da)s off looki.s lof orher jobs. The reason? ..A thousan.l litlle thinss." Split d.!s o{f. a nilita$ nrera.chr o{ olfi.ers Nho trlock comnunication wilb the chi ef and ro ri n. to hui l d.o.ra.rs w i th d, e conmu.il!. \\'hat about thc ne\.chief? In a recenr radio interlieir h. clained moralc \as "verr high" ainong rle bren. Vhi.h nen. chie{?

Wi'ffi#'W

l\:.iilr::,p" $fiili,$t:-ru l-Hfl x-bl*if,t j-r=ii*t'-.,iffi:'^s.ti".+ ^ff*li.li.:}lil*-d-lf*;llft lil,i'r,

$ff*Wffiffif ** ff'l,il "':: :l',:: ti*"}vli$l'";t':l ;'?::':{\'}s

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$-Hffiffi filfriH$*H}}$$ffi r*$*m[+**. g[+$t;q*t*'**;,*

NDERFEDER4.I---5-ES*r1{T1?,} **

iv"frsl"eV"i''iirliirqlf tfIIl-TP ^)*;gu""Y BE.l rff nl6isrlP.,9'.\I1."'1 ili B'\"\i, +*? .$/iiiidtd-FoR iii'""i'*. .t',"1';';:f

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arranqeur La i i - i n te re s ti n g a b o u t l h e fi nan' i al

ln'lt*l-Tl* ;lt'li,T'ff"; r,.**,iitl'ii'""*', :i J;:;''r"'-d:r:l*"1::r"'h;

!';:,l"if ii{-l;lil"*"*"i,n i"liT,:.'::'l,li.'"1.' t11 ?';;il[l:

sill: ;l'i:'Ll"T:J:.T;ii';;l;r'r'i';v :iY *:*: :;#ii'rlii;{irliF;:llil'Hil1,il:":r;

NEXT YEAR COUNTRY

in Canadafor blendingand bottling in the lveyburn plant so thal a product could be introducedto market at once. It appcars that the gov€rnmentot the day advancedan addiiional cash loar of 5.150,000 to tbe distill€ry at lveyburn to be used to purchasethis jnventory this accordingto rhe lcngthy brief (Vol. 2, page 53) subnitted by the Associationof Canadian Distillcrs (ACII) to the Lcgislative Commlttee on tbe R€view of LiqLrorRegulations.,{CD is the trade organizalionin the booz€businessrcpres€ntingeleven distilleries and their aifiliates in Canada.The only distillery {hich l\as not a nremberof the Association at the time of the s{bmissionwas rhe fledelingdistillery at weyburn 'Io quotc fron their subnission directly. . . .lI'p dh lold, thp bftlriaut loutrlmtnt thourht i! adlis0blc!o ad;an,p soip s450,a00 to th. Ivelburn Co pa/'r to pu'chase ased, mature wh;ske! lron othel diitillers 1o/ blendiltg at the ,yelb /n plant so that a brund .ould be introduced at ance, uithout uaiting lol thc uhhkies l/on thc new distitlery to bicome mature. I'IIE INFORMA'LION IVE HAVE RECEIVED IN TI]]S REGARD SIIOULD ALSO BE CIREFULLI CIIECKED BY THE COM. MITTEE. (TIIEIR DiIPIL.tsJS.) . . .It shouLd be nottd that th. dlkg.d rittroldhary afta gemcnt.\uith rcgard ta inL)cnto/\,,HL,RETOFORE TOT|ILLY LtNKNOI/ N ANYMERE IN* CANAD,I,1u,. nad. b} a ,/crious goternmeltt. ( ].II E]IPHISIS,) It is clcar that the Associarionis well aware oi the iact that the inv€ntory was purchasedin the amounl mentioned,sinceoDe of thcir Drembers,Seagram'soi New lvestnrinstcr, sold the maiure whisk+ to the lVeyburn concern.Under the circurnstances they are in a good position to know that rhe Sasliatchewan governmenthad indeed advanc€d rhe cash loan in addition to its SEDCO commitnrentfor the pu.chase of the initiai inventory. However,tbis wrirer, having spent somehour-i wa(linjl through the miasmaof the financial alfuirs ol the \\'eybLrnienterprise,has iound no official account of this 9450,000.Tbe only clue is that in The Leader,Post of llay 28. 1971,Thatcher

NEXT YEAR COUNTRY

statedr''. . . fhe prov;nceis also ro assisrrhe financing of the inventory whil€ it ages."The presem government has not chosento dcny this commitment.

HAS BEEN TIID ROLE OF THE PRESENT NDI' GOVERNXIDNT IN THIS AIFAIR? ]\ftef all, the Weyburn distillery was really a tlpical Thatcher (ntertri-e. \\irh thp tuLlic pu ins up thc liunj.hrre;r the (aDitrl in orler ro c"tablsh x privrre IJU:in."iwhich in tunr l\oul,l employa iew 5a5kar,lrFu In:an".Tn fr, I rlrr ri.rn n,,q erftoys 25 peopleir \\elburn. AIhn LjJi,l.erc] rnd Kim Ihorson rpparentlyhrvc :r. much (nnlj,tencFin Ben Hofl ntist€r and Company as did Ross Thatcher. In accordancewiih a loan agreementsjgnedon June t, 1972,under the NDP administratio;, SEDCO gave Central Canadian a furrher loan oi 9750,000ro be piid ba,k o\er 20 ]err.. \\'e sr;ll haveno represenralion on Ihe Boardni Dire,torj {lhc olJ gang iq still rhpre'and we 5rilJhrve rhe s3mel2.r per-cFnr Fqurry in Ihc nlacceren thouehrhe Saskat,he$3,, 60\"rnmenl has always had thc option to take a further 12.5 per cent.

IJ'}IAT II' ff f f

,{n int€resting aspecl of the loan agreementbe,\.,n rhF,li.rillrr) an,JsLtr (J i. rhia in addirior ro rLe prinLipdldn,l inr.re.. $hich C€nrrrlCanadian will pay for its loan, i! will remjt . . . un d,'ount cqual to the uhole al the ahount ol the gta t laym?nlr ir rcc.i.',eso, is clediteat uith . in lespect ol its apllication lor a deutop,lent gla t andcr the Regional De*tophent I centil)es A.t aftd this same shatl 6e oppti,trin rh. in tdlln. t ot ttintiprt t.ntliuing pu)rbt, Dt th r,1,t. a\1.I o! thcb natutiti.t, such.Pa.\ntentsto be madc to the Mo/tgage.

Jotthuith apan /c&ipt aJ suchgrunt noflies being a:lit,,l to th. trlot!tdr.t b) -.i'tu ol thc lto. u^ion nI th. Rtri."nt Dru"topmht ttucn!i!, ,1.1 Or in Dnglish,we rhe peopleof Saskatchewan will get our moncv back through our agenr SEDCO more quickl)' jf thc peopleof Cana(larhrough their agent in OIra$r DRt:F. ,le(idFro srrnl -o nc mor" m"ney 'o the priv Fly ounc,l \\eyLrrrndi-.ille-).

-\eediess to sa). no ne$ joLs hr\p L+n,re e,l in \\elburn in rhe $akFof rheJJ c tv72 1,.,n Tl'e full rin)e'$ort forccat rhe plant i\ \rill 2i ('irire',i of \\c)L.rrn $ho s(lco' rd rhe neiv in. du-rry \ irh enrhusi:l.m ;n l17l . e bcg:nniq ro have .c'^n,Jlhor<l)r. n,,$ l^r,nc rhing.ir i-.lea- rhar large municipal tax and land concessions were granred to tlc firnr ro lurthe. eDticcit to \ertle in tlie city.

The firm doesprovidc a good narket for tocal grain farnrers.Tt has been estiirate.l rhat ihe ptanr ;hen operatjngrt capacily will utilize one million bushels of rye ancl $heat annuall)..which is certainly good tor local jarmers. A by product of the distitling'processrlill be an estimared9,000.000 galtonsof saitlage rnnuill) 'lhi-.rill.rAc i. A,,o.lc"rrtc feFd.Ar fir;r lhe C" npin,v rrd. d lrpinjr m^.' of rhis in .lourhqon rhe oul-ki s nt \\'c].Lrrn. The srencli -rillrqe wa" €videntfor milesaround.Ir addition.oneof the minor Iocal stockboklersin the Company,Danny Garinger, opene-(l rp :r feedtol It too criateii a pollirtion pioblen. foulineup thc SourisRiveron rhi onehanriand 1

in the fly popuincrease conlribulinglo a noticeable other' \ddins rhe on Umits rhe citv il;-;,ii"

?il; yi"';l'*iikf:x,:l i';;il' ;::';i'ril'".'i:' ii, its in breaks numerous $irh plague'l ;ii';";;'. 6";; 'l j*^: lf '.fJ'.ff T'l:'?l';" : i::f li;9J l;."'.":ji planrLap;bleor handlins2 2 ;"J'fii.; ;,;;"' iiirr#"'^'l.i'. li;i';

and.purveyor'of anceUnion lhan oi lhe produ'ers-

rhcirerhmission ir'i'oi'ii" a.l"r, eachiolu'neor lhe pasc a" orhe." ;se l ' l ank t" " l ' i ' onr ainins " i ,r' quotrri on rrorn Lhe grear em anr r pat or i ori o* l ng Abraham Lincoln: n' ' h th' u\c ol thi nl\ uhi'h ' ' 1! i \ tl ot " a hul' na kind t'ut tath'l the

diilv. morerband"ub)ethe

l:J';il"lT iI:'*;llu' li,I$'"-iJ'",'1"""T "il'.'

I3, IATI THREE PROT.ESir wer e not f o r l h e d e ma n d s o f th e d rs l rl l er)

BER

' DECEM s"oni-F[otr THE REGI\\ cA-\lPrs l oF s \ s K A T 6 i1 n e uN tv ensrY rne to.

CHEWAN made a represcnlalron (ommrlree LegiJrlive spcc:al hewan Saskdl(

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"i

lariins \\hilerhebulk iiq'i"i'Reeu

rTl;u:"f l:Jill-'i'li:lll :l-iHti::;u ":.1 and,the *"rL in b*erar'-roomi ils; i;',;8J;io

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norrant aue' r i on' r" qardi ng S :rskdl chcqd ngu! er nr r enl

Givenrhe rt'J u"vuu,n di.rrrre'vi;";i;;;;;;'; probrblv thev bu'ine's booze i" ,t'" .",i' i"i,ii"".1ip'

haverhe ansuirs lhey are parri'ularly'on'ernPo o$ncr'hipol rhe ir'" oi".ii"" or governmenr "i"", pre-enrintinrory lhcv ask rhe lollowrns:

i;;;; n.t*.e*"t.",'"11-1-"':J ,i'ilk'8. "a;.iiii".v' rollowine lon and nade Ihe ',1i),i]: ijiir

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1)

)iii" iii,i

obu\e ol thingt 1lhiLho'e Sood conce'nedaL'our Ihc SJslalrhev are .learly '= involvemenin thP liquor pro .r'".^"' ."i.,"rn*, rhel :pend.r sood seven lndeed a'.;"" i?,ar.," thev bclieverhF go!ernmenr whv vervicl ",.es'e*plai"l'ie rai'ese\eral rfie1 ii5"ia'"ii L" ;n.otria

T ha t th P G o u e l n m ' n t o J Sa ' . hatthP aa| -oii.'t'ip

ol th" wavbuln di tittelv ^'i^" gi'l 2 t That qualit] 'rP Tuhish'vlodka otul liquot t"-ott",ra i, soli thtough SotP'ntn.?rt 2a'raPt ';1t tau"l tha'l 'inilal i;",i'"';;i,i;' /Thu5' "i,oi,r:r ' oai"id" th" N xintP ai "ut"a ot tPtoit woutd i' )l-'iiici i"ttr" ol trP 1l'hi"h"v apftoximatel! $4.00).

Theil tutionale Nas as Jollolts: 5ur7r2 51"puoutd nPanthdt thc Go.lernmPnt tulIPl uoild ,,c"n) n0 Ft ftnt oJ ptolit\

a d sa!"i 4tht than Tiii' riii-'p,ia,, 'li,n ."n! ot v i"e ,/i.p. By o's.;o,4 iii",*'"ii

,ia,,i,"' i,i;,' t'hP ca;)aInnPat\ P'"'tu'tion i""; dquiP a rcnnaadinc. pasitio in ;;;i; CrPat't lPaPtluPs the Stt\ko!rhPian n0tkPt 'iiai"i)-',iii to !ost4 othP' d"cent ttiz'd

Hou'tPt thP, .mishtbP iiii',,;" iZiiTai, ""iii. ii" i"i"t rL'nue aautd Pnoin in thr -iii;,,:" ,an,, lhan b"inl oll .to va ,'. "i\hovd tri',"i. t*,**a Ploduiiiosrhot unutd tP'utt ouna"hip and Pdu'cd pti'P iili ci,i,i'iii, natha n * in,PAPddotnPstir qrc thdt a Pstina!" "iii,,',t -."ia tue iii,riiia;hPot llitt bP uv'| ann auv '-ittiii ii, ni' oJ {ai "1! gain woiti lu'th't 'nP w" han iiii"t,",i","

!he ialP ol stillaeeJat liu"to'k l"ed 0t1dIlon !he sdleoi industtialdl1hol lvirh hind"ighLone can marrel c' lhe in(redible n:ivetd of rhesi a,ademicq:How rould lhey e\perl canait'i. xbp so".'nrn."t roqprorin'ializeCcnrrJl ac Prcpanng.lo a;an *t'"""finr Thorson SEDCO ' ;;;, ;;;';a;; $?i0000 loan ro rhe iirm: Nonerhe' fii*.',r'"iir."*'".""rj"rion' do have som' merit ln

( 1) Is lhe lorenttuent nau)the outright owner ,ui!hair tottn', ol o"r o't'outltot 1 t'n tor,,,orodi,ed i,1 thi: distillettl ( 2) Wioi aia tn" so'le'nnent Pa, Jol uhate\)el itl\cntolv it fldy al4ne noa ownl ( 3) Iyhat did this in')entot| cost to ptodu'e in the Werbaln Pta,tt?

(4) Whal t)a\ it wotth os the nutk'L 1ah( the gow n\t boughtit? ( s) Arc l)alrcts incLudedin the lrice? lyhut is the go&nment lating b! wd! aJ !!atage.ha4es? ( 7) Al uh|t Ptite doct il plar lo selt the inl)cntoDr? ( 8) lvhen. a A tu t)hom, doesthe Sorelnfienr tlar io sett thi' in1)entotYl ( e) Hu: the Ao'itennt,ltdn! FiRM a{etnent to sell this i DentotY/ ( 1A) It thercin erjt?rLea4'dyce ent where' t0 putcnds? bt the lo'rernne t i\ abliSalzd ? di) adAitional imentol!

IIL,EDLE:S

lf lI

fO :\\'

\L,ITHIR,THE CO[f'

urrree NoR tHE IRE5L\T Go\-iiirrl-rr H \s ro DArE l Ro\'llrED

II .TTT. \\S\\ ERS TO I.HESL QUES. s€emto suggesl troNs NItut lhe questions -rnoeeo government,may is thal the Saskatchelran or pu"t'u'ea'na

;'" Iii:'",i;'.;i:;;;.ii

t'"'i;quo'

ul-'i.lt"vturn di'lilhrv d;'er rheracl iden'e. 'rppears to "i r-om :ll ["i-;" s;*'.*; ^ ot ri ili"l

hare finanledup$ard. of b5 prr cent r00 per ."'.'i"iiii'* itJ planr. as tell a' pprhnps rnvenrorv' inrrral IhP purcha'in; of cent of the",osl rh31 lhe *"'\\"tt underland th. \t D. Iear In\enlory oI lhat :ome "". o.!,' far ."V in I'rinLot "o".rn."", ih; a;i";nmen'"ourdbe on rhe ii;;il it ir dared heres) c'onomi' ;;;;i,i;; ';rrl" kinJ or

rhP iJ"l,, .i,l- ii'p""t {ur"\n'1bv rheir.'irence or ie'oonsil,l"nrini'i'r' Thorson and.rh"

'harrman sub'ni"ionto rhc commirree ii"".".mt,"., e"ris, apparentlvare not willins b* ii"ii (AcD' cbo'e "i,r,i ""rtrrn.1 Disrillcrs of Canadian ii'i e.:i.i'r-'i." to admit to economich€resy' .;." derail rhe ratherpunv submission l;';;;;-i; of the Professors more The over-allloneof the ACD s 'uLmiqsionis Temper_ Chri"lian Women; lhe oi fif."-u sufrmi..ion

(-3nada The ACD ilsrei rhal no go!crnmcnlir oi o\rnFFhip .r'""rJl"-l"v wa1 1," involvedin rhe "

iiiulii"'i"'. ui"**i* or sineriesor

Iheowner'

NEXT YEAR COUNTRY

ship of itventories for which it hasno €ertain,definite use" (like ior selling on the market).

IVe utkethis statenent,q ite dpart FROM OUR owN OBvIOUSSELF-INTEREST, lor the Jallollihg leasons:

(1)

(2)

IVE SUSPECT TEAT THE RELIGIOUS AND OTEER SENSIBII,IT]ES OF SOME PEOPLE ]N SASKATCHEWAN COULD WELL BE OFFENDED SHOULD THEY COME TO LEARN THAT THROUGH THE ACT]ONS OF TEEIR GOVBRNMENT TEEY ARE CO-OWNERS OF A PLANT PRODUCING BEVERAGE A LC O H O L I,OANS TO PRODUCTS, GRlIr'"S /II' PROVIDE INCENTIVES TO NEW IN. DUSTRIES ARE ONE THING, GOVERN. MENT PARTICIP4TION IN OWNER. SHIP IS QUITE ANOTHER MATTER, (Mt emlhasis.) lVith the gorelnment'stotal morto|oly on the /erail sole ol beLJeregeal.ohol ,roducts, coupled uith its oToershi| Position ifl the shares ol a distilling compdqt, the gorerndttio nay nptlt ,ould t,ad to tak?'ehatp|)p/ the be necessa4tat the retail lel,el to dd1)ance sale ol ,toduc^ Producedin its oun Plant.

Il this o.cu/s, comqetitiott lrill be lessened, the public uill haTrelal lesschoicethan ca/' lently and, ?ethd,s, sone lrcducts uhich Me popalal todti', becaltseol Miq e Jlaxour afld.qa il, chalactelistics,may no loftge/ be d\aildble due to gorelntnentacti|itt in larour ol BOTH the productionand the retail sales ol othel Prodacts.

In other words, we the p€ople of Saskatchewan Iant our governmentto s€ll boozein the governm€nt liquor stores. . . but our theologicalcommitmentwill causeus to punish any provincial governmentthat dTes to tlodace that booze.

casesol rye; Manitoba consumed36,376 cases of vodka and B.C. consumed126,206casesof vodka in 1g?O.Is it too much to assumethat our sistersocialist governmentswould want to participatein an a[angement wherebythey €ncouragedby their pricing poli liquor? Certainly cies the salesof our Saskatchewan it is not difficult to envisagethe possibility that the total production of the Weyburn distillery could be sold in the three NDP provinces.

But, of course,those provincesmight not remain NDP forever. Could a government-omed liquor .orDorationsuccessfullv market irs Droductoutside lhe'provinceand oulsidelhe .ounrri? Accordingto the ACD the answeris no- To build markets outside of Saskatchewanfor the estimated 1.5 million case surplus is a task which would ". . . take many years and rnillions of promotional dollars to accomplish."

It is interestine to note in this connectionthe efforts that Central Canadian Distillers Corporation is naking to market its product in Ontario. This assaulton the Ontario whiskeynarket is one function of the latest $?50,000NDP loan. John Affleck, 8eneral manag€rof the Weyburn plant, said in the Globe seems and Mail Ihar '. . . most di.til)eryadverlising to sussestthat it is water that makes the difference in wh-i;kies.Not so," says Mr. Affleck. "The prime ingredientin whiskey is the grain." This is the kind of brilliance which is managing over $3 million of our money. (In view of what is happening to the water system in Weyburn becauseof the distillery, Afil€ck may be taking a prud€nt approach.)In any event,as the ACD points out, Canadianwhiskeymnks fourrh amonpCanada'sexDorts,havina a value in l970oi.omeir85.0o0-ooo d;llars.SaskaGhewan could gain somereasonabl€part of thosesales.Hoffmeister himself estimatesthat 80 per cent of the distillery's Droductionwill be exDortedto the U.S.

HERE IS ONE FINAL REASONTO SUSPECT THAT THE 1VEYBURN DIS. TILLERY COULDBECOMEA SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC ENTERPRISE.That is the with whichthe almosthystericalvehemence

In its secondpoint, what the ACD fears is the governmentof Saskatchewanas both the own€I of ACD opposes the Saskatchewancompany. The one distjll€rt in the province and th€ sol€ salesman ACD'S final recommendationsare: of all liquor jn the province.It would be able to use pricing nechanismsto market mote and more of a 1) That becauseol goaelnment lafiiciPatiott produ,r r'rodu.Fdin Sastat,hpwan by qasl<alchewan in itunership, and gorernnent inrestmerrt ivorker rirh Sashatchewan raw materials.\ot a bad thu" Jat. thc .onmitt?c fttain IhP tertir?s idea. ol qualilied.economiststo studt 1ttd retolt on the econonic riabilitt' ol the Wetbunt OULTJ THE SASKATCHE\I!'AN GOVERNDistilling Comlarr!.

IIENT SUCCESSFLILLY ENTER INTO THE LIQUOR BUSINESS? Certain facts 2) That becauseol its honopolt intoloemerrt are evident. The capacity of the Weyburn itsell uith let0il ,dle",thp gotplnhentdi1)est present--2million casesper.year, oJ dll it' ,h"'.' a"d option\ lot shotpsin the _plant is at whil€ the current, i.e., 1970.consumptionof liquor Weybwn Distilliflg !b,n and, simultaheousl!, in the provjnce is 531.169cases.A close look al the lecover its cash loans Jrcn lhe lrnrchasers. compositionof liquor consum€din the province indicales that the big seller is Canadian rye whisk€y Since r€coveryoi the cash loans from the Weyburn (35a,3a8cases),lvhile the combinedconsumptionof distill€ry woutd probably bankrupt the firm, it seems rye. rum, gin and vodha (all productsb€ing produced that the other Canadian distilleries do not welcome now at the \\reyburn distillery) is 464,624 cases. any prairie competition, be it public or private.

Clearly, as the ACD and the professorssuggest,the Only one question remains: Will the NDP, the trVevburndistillerv throush a definite reduction in enemyof corporatewellare bums,allow an enterprise redil price could-soon giin a comrnandingposition which is 85 per cent publicjinanced ($3,125,000)to in the Saskatche{anbooze narket. But what about remain in private hands for the gr€ater glory of free outside the provincel trIanitoba in 1970 consumed enterprise?

419,616casesol rye while B.C. consumed915,50?

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9

FATHERS. THEFOUNDING NO HONOURAMONG THIEVES For those who live in Regi'a' Scarth, Angus, Osler, Sdith and Dewdney are onl) she€t narn€s rn the r€st of the Provinle thel mean ev en les q, y e t rh 6 e m e n tP rc r_ s oons iblef or a A re !L d Prr " t th r' pr ov inc es . aA" h i s l o rl T h e \ ra k * t in a s iz eabhc h u n k o { rh Pre a l e c ta L e Dr of it s eene ra te di n l h e N n rl h $ td 1iJ81 anJ l'01 t'*'""" t"..it",i". shen the Doninion Lands Act was

spot Devdnev seleded as the site De$dner also owned lan.l i. coniunotion $ith Charles and lrederick ' Brr,l es. t" .

H u,l son' B a\ l .nd w hi r,. tl , Ii ed -,n mi s.i on-,.

Poli.e land agdrt l\tounred \oth$est ID P hdnc\ txnted th. N U trl P I' al m ,k s to b. on s\ndn.l P l dn' l r' Uliot Galt, Ilewdde)'s lndiad Com-

n,issi{'u, {i!e Polticians {rom -the .rea and a futu.e llaniloba Judge_ J. !. B anr. A nother s\ ldicat e ! n' d'lded Aie\dider Campbell,Sir John At rormr lar !a ner dril Leader ol Lhe S.nate. l]renr dealr h:'e aLl da.le jr sed.t throush a trustee an(l Ross. a nere Landl etl bi ' \. \ . $'jnniDeg Doliti(iian rrd ifdltor' The r.uldng grcq, obliousl) had tight

charged. ln t he pion e e ri n ge r! to s n s .l i !' ' l or died, ar as th r;\e d o r { e n r b a n k ' r uDt . and f ortu n c s o; the ba5iso{ d}rere the CPR 'hose t o lar it s t r ac k , o r rh e re ' o n e i rrftu ' ent iai r ealt or s ta l e d h i ' c l c i n r' Pi ' " neerins was not a matte. of chance it {as-a matter of there the most Drofih {ere to be nade based on favouritisn and inside iolitical ln{ornation. In Saskat.hewan t}€ m ajn par t ne rsi n a l e n g th r ro u n d o l j n fL u " n ' e ' er eed. c or ru P ti o n 6 n d ieddlinq . eL i th e C P R i ts e L fa n l tl L e Lieut enint . G o r.n o r o f rh e te rri ' tory, one Edgar DewdneY In 1882 Sir John A I'lacdonal<l' p me mintuter o{ Canada and d ieraoral {riend of DewdneY\, en' iowered hin ro choose the site of ihe new capital of the No.thwest Tedirories. As Piefe Beton plrt it' " No r nor e p ro i i ta h l e p a n e L o f re rl €s t at ec ould b e i m a g i n e ,l D e rd n ' r was not slow to rtrosnize his advantag€.

In Dreparation for his choice D. wdnir iorm .d a n u mb e r o f l a n J svndicaiesin the Regin! area W;th &Eeal deal o{ se.rec\ he and =ereraL lriends. rnost of theh LeadingI'olilicians and public oljicial' formed at leagt t $ ; s tn d i c a te s u s i n g 2 l t sections of Hudson's BaY land ther had nurchased earlr- in 18a2 One syndicate, perhaPs only bY. coinci' denc€, olrned 480 acres on the ver-Y lo

HON. EDGARDEWDNEY of N.W.T. l88l to | 888 Lieuten.nl-Gov€rno!

NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

co.trol of Regina rcal 6tat€ and it appearedthsl nolhins could stand in it i r ay . Ho w e re r. l h e C P R h a d

1

i( I l( ir I

The CPR favoured Moose Jaw over Regina because it had nore natural attractions, because ihere were no rival land syndicates to conpete with, and because they wanted the capital to be a "railroad town." In short, a battle betw€en the a.ea's two larget real estate giaDts was brelving.

Seeningh wjthout lear of the CPR Dewdney made his inevitable choice. He announced that Regi,a would be the new. capital a.d thrt the center of the city would be on the srction no.th of Dewdney Ave. and west of Pasqua St. (syndicate land later referred to as the "D€wdThi6 did not bother the CPR much since tLey hsd already altered their rout€ to go ihrough the n€w capiral.

Moreover it did not really matter rhere tbe capital $a6, since they owned a great deal o{ land at each site. However, they consideredth€nselves at war with Dewdney. In Sept€nber, 1842, G. Stephen, CPR president, wrote a letter to Macdonald in which h€ stated the CPR lavoured Moose Jaw for various reasons and concluded, "I hope Dewdney is dght about R€gina, but I 'hae ny doots."

Meanrhile, land speulation was boonins in the Regina are&,and, a6 in other hajor townsites. it was gettiDg 6ut of hand. The site was coveredwith mscrupulous squatteF, all young professionalmen, and nost o{ them on salary to Winnipeg reat. tors. As Dewdneylater put it, "When . seltler comes along looking for a homeetesdhe is met by thee ru{fians who claim it." Genuine settlers were hard to {ind, but those that did app€ar were cheated, swindled on evirythine they purchased,and robbed. Most paid $500 for honestea& they were supposedto get for noth. ins. The .onditions of .ah were Irequint t y i. r e g u l a r. A s D e w d n e yh i m. sell put it, 'a rerolt€r ;s often pro-

€k.). Thi! conpany (cNwl-c) wa€ in pattnership {ith lhe CPR sharing eqriglly jn those s€ctions ot land in which it actedas the CPR land as€nt.

It also bought son€ 5,000,000 acres of CPR hnd {ron th€ railroad which it nanaged itself while realiling substantial profit at the exp€nseol the workins Dion€ers lts dir€ctors "8.

Scarth, a Toronto included V. realtor, R. B. Angus and D A. Smith, both CPR syndicatenenbdrs.

The ruthless gpeculation ard profiteering was inherent in federal government policy. As soon as Macdonald gave 31 rnillion acrc ol land to the CPR and 106 individuals. most of whom were Senators and M.P.B he opened the door for completely uncontrolLed speculation. lt ras all part o{ lhe DL.n to develop the west qu;ckly. Uniorrunately. rn;s 'developrnent' cme at the expense o{ g€nuine setders.

At any rate, sp€culationwaq ram_ pant iD the Regina area and the CPR was not happy with the situation, or with Dewdney's con{idence. They allitl themelv€s with the CNWLC and set out to ruin the syndieate.

Lieutenant-Go'ernor Dewdneyhad assumedthat the capital would also be the railroad divisional poirt betweer Brandon and Calgary. He wanted the CPR to guarantee that Regina would serve this function.

However, the railroad th$arted him by makins Moos€ Jaw the divisional point. It confounded D€wdney {ur. ther b) locating its Regina station rso mi 16 easlof hi Bs)ndi cate\ l and.

Since downtown areas al*ays developedaround the station, Dewdney ard his lriends aaw the value of their real estate drop $1,000,000 alnost overnight. Dewdney was enraged,

but not even a letl€r of Prot6t ro Sir John produced any results.

The CPR wert further in its ven" detta with th€ Lieulenant Gov€rnor.

It conmissioned W. B. Scarth and the other CNWLC alsociate to comp€te with the Dewdn€y syndicate Tfieiompany advertisedin Winnipeg newspapetsihat setdersshould not be foolea by the Dewdney syndicate since it owned no choice real $tate in Resin6. hvetors were told that if thev really ssnted to pro{it th€} the CNWI-C lthe ; b"y i-. "hoi CPR) to b€ sure their investment would pay o{{. This canpai8tr Produced iome $500.000 worth oI sales that winter while DewdneY and friends sold almGt nothing.

The CPR continued its offensive into 1883. When the roundhouse in Reeina burned down, the railroad nJved it and the naint€nance 3lafi to Moose Jaw. Despit€ D€wdney's pleas the CPR r€Iused to alter its shedule, and trains aEiv€d in Re' sina at the un€arthly hov ol 2122 i.n. Thus, Moose Jau, the "railroad town", becane the had€ centr€ for the NWT a.d Regina's conp€titorall oI whicl was soins on while a sisnificant rumber of settlers werc beine forelosed by the CNWLC, and thei; lands were b€ins r6old.

The result was two bleak, strugelins towNite that for more than ;.*1y y** produced thousandsof dollars Dro{it {or outlide speculators.

Neither-town could reatir-e Iull po. tential as a Egional center, though th€y tri€d hard. In tacr, the Reei@ Ledder sts1e$eA rhat Moos€ Jaw's name be changed to "Loose Jaw", and its ediior, N. F. Davin, accused eastern l&nd sharks oI ruining both sit€s in theh hunger for profit.

In a word, Regina was {ill€d with villaiE, just like nosr o{ the pmirie est, and rcal settleB were being ripped ofl both in and out of major Around Regina the Canadian Northwest Land Conpany was oPers t ins in lul l s s ;n B c h a rg i n g u n s u s DectinaBettlersin Europe doub)e for ev er y t hingt h e l b o u g h rs s a p a c k a F e (passage. land- liv€srock. luDber, NEXT YEAR COUNTRY

avE.,R!6'|{a,looxrN6bE^sru DEWDNEY jlgir"#$::3i;:ir* ll

:

I I I

The debate ovef horv Canadian economvshould l hr- inrensific'lover rhe pa'r l:vF year: Le develoDe $ith the lrowrh "l d narior.li.m lhrl (oncern'il.elf orimaril!"sirh $ho o$n5 rhe.oun|v fhi' economi' iebate is hardly ne,,!.The major thrust behind conf€derationwas io uiilize it as an instrrimentof public finance to make the resourcesof British colonies avajlable for rhose privat€ "cilizcns" whose responrl,le wirh sibiljry ir wds ro invest.Tla govFrnmenl hasbeen.rdheiedro evers n' e both minoierception., at the fed;ral and provincial levels

HE CLOSI\G OI' A\GLO.ROUYN AND THE LOSSOF 250 JOBS (the number em' employ€dat peah Produclion)_._was_

bar'assinr.to tie sovirnment Whv did it spec" sP'( Dr odu sPec' such a broad ido;s ol qu.n lisnore l nore thP t-heDetido;s D etrl r^nsof 'gnore t o be seem s There r u n of r\. r" rrhern Lomnuni ry?

'Ihere was nothing to be gained, onlv one exDlanation. cithcr economicallvor politicalty, from government intervention. Other$ise, why would a govemment ,{e.perrrell grr.pin: tor -omething so.ialislic to ,lo, ienori,r -grolln,l:"elloi s.rpporrior such aclion?

Further inv€sligation makes the government's behavior aDDearmoie obscure.The only clear state' REVERSE THIS TRADITION, especiallv mentsmadi-bv the DIIR were the initial onesrejecton a provinciallevel,i( frcing an uphili ine rlr propo.r. of go\'rnrnenl pa' icipalion The proved unable lo lvilhctand batde.If it planson doingso in the northgoiernmcnr "renrually ern parl of the country it gets even more i.rlly from wirhin the ile n rrr"rin; . r.ri,ij n, espF, Ii ha. ro deal ulth :n indig'nouse'ocomolicared.

NDP. nomic a,ri'ity rnd .ulturc poorly suited to the The one aspectof the controversythat everyone requisitesof indu'lrirl de!elupmFntand it has lo on . whether could rpreeon $4. whrr lo disagreF faie rhe diffi.ulry r,f empluyinga r'arrered work ,opperni,lile rand silver and rirrhere from workers force without relying on transient ".o"uni, sold to .1lesserextent) ore in the LaRongearea The outsidethe provi.1,e.Further.any governmenllhrl irLDportfof the claim thal there was focusedon the lakeson rhe ra:L t dedlingwirh rhF mo,t colonizcd prbiosal ol Studer llines Ltd., calling for the govgovernment pattern of The sector of the country i'rnrren' ru a narrncr-hiptL lh Srudcr fhe gisr give-a$aysis mote entrenchedin the North than any"n "r *.rs rhar the governmentshould ol rhe oroDo-1l where else. .SrrbJi-h. ',rr.ror m'lling operaiionby purchasing in When the Anglo-Rouyn mine near LaRonge and relpsi:nirs lhc .\nglo-Rouynmilling fai iliries northern Saskatchewanannolnced it would shut CLr.ro'rmijl'-i :rlol\es the u.p ot one renrralized po'Fnl;alfor conr_ovFrsy mill to serve ieveral ore bodies, none of which by down lulv a0.rhe cno_mouc and .oni.r.;on$a- qui.tl) fullilled. fhose $ho had itsell $oukl warrant its own mi)l Studer claimed 'hrr ir. o'11 proFfly rlhe N.mcibcnnroperry)and claimedfur vear. rhlr lhe \orlh $a':omethineaparl from rhe re. ol rhF cuunlrt provedthi' poinr' Tn Ihp \.r i"rrl N;.tle lroperty, on which it had an the len d,,\'' rhJI fo losPdrhe June Iu anloun(Prr'nt option, w€re economicore bodies that would show a everyorgonizrlionre nolel) 'on'crneJ3nd po irician" of every clr:pp in lhe area sere drrrandrng:ovFrnmentcition G teep rh" mineopen,di'.ounringrlaimc n rhar rhcore in rhemrne$ as deplFled bv Anelo.RoJr f'he mivor- of borh LaRonse.rnd lrince Albcrr and their Chambersof Commerce,the Prince Albert Daily Herald. all -\DP constituenciesin the area. Bill Berezow"L\.)iDP ,andidaLeior P.A and lormPr MLA. Dlu" DavevSlFuart,.alled on lhe govcrnmenl to LaLea clo"e iook al rh. situarion.local \Vaffle suDDort€rsryere in on it too. and the issue even br;uehr a .rluo fror Ihc deLlin:ngar.enalof John Diefinbaker,who calledIhp altiludFof the provin.ial government"scandalous".

Tbe attitude referredto by Diefenbaler and others was the D€Dartmentof X{ineral Resources'(DMR) s claim ao.Jar€nrlv Da".iveri.eDlanceof \nglo_Rouyn norhini letr ro mine J D tvother riit ,t'"'l "r. mini-tci of D\lR sratedon June 2r spoon.dcpury drat the qouirnmenrsa' nor inlereqlp4in laking oue. a .iir" that is depleted."This continued to be the sovernment'sposition despitecountet'claimsthat Angl-Rou1n' rsie+nenr of rhc .irual'on was in fot cot Idend3?

Ken Suitor.

NY GOVERNIIENT THAT SEEKS TO

NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

profit if d€v€ioped through custom milliDg. Both thesebodi€swere within fifreen miies oi the AnsloRouyn mine and mill operarion.Ir alsoclaimedahar therc was ore leit in th€ Anglo-Rouyn mine itself.

The term "economic to some ext€nt, what the author wantsit to mean.Different €ompanies have difiereht prolit objectivesand corporategoals and ther€fore define "economic" differently. Bill Berezowsky,th€ fatber figure of the old CCF in the area, charged that Anglo-Rouyn'sclaim ". does not jibe with the annuat statement ol AngloRouyn to its shareholders.The parent company, Rio-Algom,simp)y wants to withdraw from the small operationin Saskatchewan becauseil has huge operations in tsritish Collrmbia." Anglo-Rouyn lvas b€ing used as a tax write'off, depreciatingits equipm€nt and buildings al a rapid fate in the year preceding

EREZOWSKY WAS AT ONE TIIIE

A

PROSPECTORIN THE AREA AND HIS VERY VOCAL PROTESTS (carried as parr of a relenllesc campaignby the Prince Alberr Daily Herald\ had a certain credibility. The fact that he own€dstock in Studer llines, B€rerow,k]lold rhe governm€nt. did not afiec( the objeclive :iluation. ln tact. B€rerowskyhad approachedKim Thorsonas early as February reith the suggestionthat the governmentinvestigatea custom milling operation and study the surrounding ore deDosits.Berry Richdrds.$ho also sLooortedthe Slirderpro.al,'hadmadesirri)ar sucgesr'i;ns to Ted Bowerman,th€ Minister of Xlineral Resoutces,just weeksalter the NDP victory in June 1971.Richards is a geolog:sr silh expertknouand miningengineer ledgeof the area.He i. alsoa \Vafflesupporterand ex-ManitobafILA, $ith over thirtv vearsin the CCFNDP. Bowerman promised Richaids a six month contract to examin€the possibilitiesof the area. As it was b€ing drawn up Kim ThorsonbecameMinister and the contract was cancell€d.In a letter dated March 22nd l\orson told Richards that the deparrmenl was nor ". emplo)inqor ulilizing ourside geologi(al con.ultanrsto irny griar exrentin"rhenexr few months. . . . I have no convincins evidence that mining thesebodi€s will be possiblein the immediate luture." Richards att€mptedto erplain that the purposeof his proposedcontract vas to decid€ that once and for all. To no avail.

What evidencethe Nlinister did hav€ was not reveal€duntil June lsth in a letter to Ken Suitor, the presidentoi Studer X{ines.The letter rejectedthe Studerproposalstating,"I tMr. Thorsonl havecaused an examiDationto be made Lof the ore bodies in questionl . Neith€r the Studer property [Nemeibenl or the National Nickel property are economic mining prospectsat this time." These studies were carriedour b] deparrmenr geologisrsNo derailsof th€ lrame rcference of the studi€swere revealed. ^f

RRY RICHARDSFAILED TO CONVINCE KIIT THORSONTH{T A DETAILED. TNDEPE\DE\T STUDY SHOULD BE MADE. But the collectiveire of the North was a liltle more difficult to ignore.A dele, gationof NDPers from severalnorthernconstituencies

travelled to Reginato impr€ssupoDthe Minister that if the attitude of tbe governnent didn't change,support lor rh€ NDP in lbe area might. Thorson submitted. On July 7th. he and PremierElakeneyallowed that they would reconsiderthe Studer proposal if Studer officials "had more detailed information suDporljng their proposal. Studerhad alreadycontractad an independentrompany (o do a general feasibiliry study.Publiclythe DM R LalleduponSruderLoprove its case but privately it contractedan outside firm itself just to make sure.

Studer'soursiderepo . done by Dolmage,Campbell and Associares ol Vancouver.backedpopular and profe::ional opinion in rhe area. lt srated in part lhat Tbe StuderNationalNiLkel propertyhas sufficient reservesro generarean operatingprofit esrimared at $J.5 million over six years at rhe present milljng capacityol 1,000tons a day. The Neme;ben property could possibly susLaina profitable operalion. However,a derailedsrudy ol all aspectsof rhe operationis requir€dto determine[this]." The study also stated there was "geologicallyexcellentpotential ol Jinding more ore on the National prop€rty." Again a detailedstudy would be nec€ssary.

The sameapplied to the quesiion of how much mineableore was left in the A-R shaft. This according to the report was the least likely of the three to 6e profitabie.

The debate,still focusedon whether or not teconomic oft) was there, was not to have the benefit of such a detailedstudy which rvould cost in the neighborhoodof 9100,000.

The governm€nt,through DMR, commissioned a Regina firm, D.L. Surjik and Associares lo do a similargeneralstudy.The iesulring MacPhersonReport becaineanolher major question mark in the wh;le affair. It was never rnade public nor were supposedlylrustworrhv Darry members informed of iir contentsor frame if iefeience.In an interview with NYC Kim Thoison sratedthat he did not wish to involve private companiesin public controversies.'iThegovernmenrshould rake all the responsibilily Ior irs decisions. This was rhe reason the report was not made public. The fact that a report $as bcing prepared was not known until it had been compl€ted.

HE MaCPHERSON REPORTAGREESSUBSTANTIALLY WITH THE ONE DONE FOR Sttrderllines by Dolmageand tusociates.Theframeof reference of lhe studywas to examine the viabiliryol custommilling,

using Anglo-Rouyns mill and eiptoiting Studer'sori propefli€s.

On rhe profitabiliryof the Narionalpropeny ir agreed\irh rhe DolmageReporr.estimaiing a net revenueof $2.5 to $3.5nillion over 4 - 6 years.

Tt also reiteratedthe possibil;r\ of undiscovereaore. ''The prospectfor discoveryof'addirional high grade ore reserveson the prope y lNarionall are very good and continuousproduLrionscan be expected."

As tor a custommill serving rhe presenrlyestablished ore on National property, "a custom mill would not only facilitate private financing ol the mine but would itself be a paying proposition."

The MacPhersonreporr goesbeyond irs frame of referencelo state ". .. therear€ other Dossiblesources of custom ores and the governmentneednot confine its considerationto particular ones.. . . The Brabant

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t3 tltB\

i\r

'-!!EH

Lake ore body of CanadianJavelin has a recoverable value.. . jusi as valuableas rhe 'a'Fs underreview intcrestedpar- - . The eovernmentcouid invite olher iieq io e\-aminelheir own erooomicpositionsin relation to a government sponsoredmill " The report clearlysupiortsthe contipr of a goternmentmilling with ope.ailon'uidid rhe Dolmagereporr'Curio,rslv.

Dolunlike IlacPherson, oi the ore, similar analysis inage,recommendsagainstthe governmentdoing any mining.

It wa' on the basisoi rhe llJ.Pherson repo( lhal rejectedrhFproposaloiSruder[Iines the governmenl wh; did ir do -oi rl" 1.1 to lhe proposal,formally at ieast, was that the governmentbuy the milling that Bothreponssupported farilitiesof Anslo-Rouyn. purchased ior 5300000' be could rham;ll oroDosal ;f ifri frlnfr.'t value altributedro the mill under rhe most itvorable assumptionswas $500,000.The govbul according ernmenrnegorialed$irh Anglo_Rouy-n to Mr. Tho"rsoncould nol get a selling price offer below one million dollars a price that cannot be exDlainedusins normal economicfactors.A new mill, suited to the niw ore bodies,would cost less.Accord' it \r'ouldharero spend$750m0 ins to the aovernmenl to converithe exisl;nsmill to handlethe new ore and it would have to Jnove it from its present site The rnanager of Anglo-Rouyn, Peter Bedford, t ice the valu€ of the mill, was at while demandins "supDorting Ihe Studer propo'al T the same time also wanr to suppirit the Sluder proposal The wdy thev havesubmiriedil at thiq momentlil las r€al meiit. The _wav thev subrnirredit includedlhe not only of lhc mill, bul of rheAn-glo_Rouyn ourchase. ;ine itself which .till had ore in il. As Mr. Thorson Dointedout, Peler Bedfords supporlfor SIuderwas iot wirhoutfinancialbenefirsfor PererBedfordand Anglo-Rouyn.Indeed.if lh€ propo.alhad so mu'h didn I (hink meiit it is'surprisinglhar Anglo-Rouvn of it themselves.

The rest of the Studer ptoposal-that the govern_ ment co-investin the actual mining-would give the governmenta 25% slllarcol the profits, insufficient iccordine to the Minister to covei its capital outlay as reouiied bv Sluder. The proposalwas reje'led on the bisis thai. as the \ssoci;reDepulvMini'rer l\tr' Tamaki Dut it. . . . thereis no bargainfor the Crosn ro be miled up sith }tr. Suitorand his group There mav be anoth'errea"on When asked why the Df'IR wa; so liqht-liDp€dabour its deci'ionqregarding Studer. flr: Th6ison stared lhat he wanred Io protect all thosecon.ernedln olhcr words he didnI wanr lo say publicly $ hat he thoughrprivalely. Those rhouehtsiniludedan alleecd'bad repulalionamong busi;esscirctes oi SIud;rs pre'ident,Ken Suilor' ORE IMPORTANT, CLAII'IED THORSON. WAS THE QUESTION OF WHV STUDER DIDNT FIND A PARTNER from among lbe private mining conpanies' afler all was nor in the The Governmenr, mininq business.In fact, Suitor did approachanother comoinr. Gianr Mascolllines, who turncd him dosn Suitlr insw.red rhe question i('elf in an open letter to Premier Blakeneyind his cabinel We haveheard constantly that the NDP platfortn is to participate 11

in businessenterprisesin the province.. : wly. lhe as iartners before looking ir"rinoi promotrrs.orforeign "oo.o".tiou.."lves r. brokeri. s'oirrces.uch ro other caDital. The facl that it was a snrall Saslatchewan oJned companyhad an addedappeal.The letter was a verv bil(er one complainingoi Poor lreatmenrat rhe hind' oi DllR. lt ilaimed that lfr' Thorsonwas beins mjJed by his ou('of-dateLrvil servan(s, in Darlicular Deputy - ' "ist€r lvotherspoon Whether or not this is true, NIr. Thorson is stitl the centre of a very confusingsituation. On the at one hand he claiFs that the gov€rnmentrs not rnl€r_ este.l becausethere is no economicore (a claim not by his own reports)imply;ngthat if there supported *di rhe eoiernment*oild be inrire'ted. { In a letter to Berez&vskyJLrne22nd. Thorson stated lhar the government wa.-unwillinglo risk money-fora shaft it National until more ixploratory work is done)' In spjte ot a)l rhese reserva(ionsthe government .dll wa;rs ro con.lructa milling facilily in lhe La Ronse area, Il the ore is uneconomichow can the mill_b€ a feasibleooeration?There is a clue in the the e.tablishment reDorl.lt recommends trtacPherson primarily facilitate priv-ate to inill cuslom of a finan.i.c of minine in rhe area without further rovernminr -ubsidy. In reply to the questionsfrom -a res;dentol Chri;looher Lake, Mr' Thorson stated ia allFmptinglo obiaina $500.000 thar the governmenl DREE;ranl ro do furrhei exbloralionin lhe La Ronse aiea. hoDina rhis will lead lo the discovery of a;ditional mine;t d.posits and lo the development of more minina in the La Ronge area."

If the qrant is not forthcomingNIr. Thorson will ask the C;binet tor the monev Besideslooking for other ore the studies ill do an extensivesurvey of the Studer Droperties.This was pteciselywhat Berezorvskl anri dkhard- proposednearly a year ago Be.idis. rhe Studer propo.al has bPen,accordingto rhe Xlinisrer, irrevo.;blt rejected.Why do an rxpe-nsive srudy of ore bodies'rhedevelopmenlof which lhe nove-rninr ttr. alreadv rejected on the basis of -economics'?

}. IT IS NOT POSSIBLETO ANSWERTHE ECO\OUIC ORE QUESTIONIT IS POS' lhe policyoi lhe govern' SIBLE (o decipher but do not directlysubsidize m€nt encourase Wirh presently private minerai development..

known'orebodiesthe governm;ntis in a bind becaus€ the ore is ownedby p;ivate companiesKim Thorson on the basis can reiect su.h deiliin eood con5cience that itrey are nor good-enough for the lxople of or, if he .lre(chesi( a ll(le. on lhe Saskalchesan, tiiis rtrur t'e doesnl like the peoplehe has to deal with. BuL whal happensif and when lhe pnvate comDanies hired bv it-\l R lo do exptorationwork find rich'orc on unclaimed governmentland? This may alreadr have happened.Governmentgeologistslast Iulv discoveredie;d zinc jndicationsin tbe Segmenl Lake area and immediately withdrew the.area from steplhat stakinsbv orivdlefirms,an unprecedenled excirei norrhernproponentsof public mineraldevelopmcnr. A preliminirt report on lhe find was optimistic enoush io recommenddrilling and Iurther resling. thus-takinethe govern'ncntand Kim Thorsonone sr€o closerlo the necessitvof making a real decision

NEXT YEAR @TJNTRY

Makins The World Safe for [,J.S.Potash Thirty-two hundred feet below th€ wheat fields huge mechanizeddrilling machines-up to 37 feet long and 25 feel wide are chewinginto 400 miliionyear-old salt depositsat rates of 12 tons per min te Conver-orbelts speed ihe ore from the ore iace to the shaft, and irom th€re powerful hoists raise it to the surface. In the mill potash (KC1) is separatecl from the common table salt (NaCl) and other unwant€d componentsol the ore.

ROII A TECHNOLOGICAL POINT OF VIE\T IT IS ALL VERY IITPRESSIVE AND EFFICIENT. But from virtually any other p€rspectivethe potash industry is a mess.The lat€ Ross Thatcher, comnenting on the state of the industry in 1969,said "Seldom in th€ economicannals of Canada have ue seensuch responsiblecompaniesget in such an economicmess."

Some things have changed in the intervening three vears. but the industrv is still an "economic mess."-Unfortunately potash is not ivheat. Every' body talks about farming and its probiems,but not so with potash.Il is only at iimes of crisis that the lvrite about it, the politicians talk about nervspap€rs it, and peoplethink about it.

Betweencrises the indusrry remains a mess,but a1l is silence.There is obviously a reason for this Given rhe pathetic state oi the industry, the minins conlpaniesare not anxiousto have widespread is alsoimplicriri.al pLrbl'.enquir).The go!Prnmenr caredin rhe m..s, and ir loo hds failedto encourage public discussion.

One crisis sufficient to stir some ptess comment occurredthis year Nith the courl battle betweenthe provircial government and C€ntral Canada Potash Ltd., one oi n;ne companiesrnining potash in Sask'

if it failsto company. .uria,e rinera)Jedse

plv "

CCORDTNG TO THE STORY I.ROM TORO]JTO, RESPO\SIBILITY }OR THE L,{YOFFS LIES SOUARELY IVITH THE PRovINCIAL GO\jDRNTIENT which was -iorcing the compan) to cut back production. ll€an\thile, back in Regina, Kim Thorson, Minister of llineral Resourceshad a different ver' sion. -\ccording to hjn it was all lhe company's fault I "It (Central Canada)has been over-producing potashfor severalmonthsin djrect violation of the governmenl'sprorationing regulations . . . the layoffs are the lull resPodsrbiliry of CentralCanada.3y ilouting the laiv. thev choselo Dlav with the welfare of 120 of iheir emplovee!. . . the provincial governm€nl $ill strongly oppose attempts to break the prorationing scheme."

Whht comebackhas C€ntral Canada in the face of l{r. Thorson's attacks? I asked trIr. Gordon, managerof the CentralCanadamine at Colonsay: "\1'e iind it ironic tbal the provincial government shouldbe penalizingus, the only Canadian conttolled company in production Central Canadais 517 o*ned by Noranda trIines, a Canadian-orvnedcompany. and 49f,1by CF Tndistries,r co opcrativeowned by mid-{est U.S. larmers.Noranda provided

The court battle is an attempl by Central Canada to get the courts to isslrean otder (a "$rit of mandamui") preventing the governmentfrom enlorcing a one{bird reduction in ihe rompany's quota for the 1972'3fertilizer year. The latest chapler in this story was an announcementmade in Toronto on October 4th btr Donald Schnitt, pr€sidentof Central Canada, and a vice-presidentof Noranda llines Ltd-: "E{iective 1oday,CentralCanadaPotash$ill curtail prodrclion by 507 and rvill be forced iniriall\ ro lr) ^lf .onreI20 employee-. . .

This produ(tior.rrr'lihnenthasLeenordered by the golernn€nt of Saskatche$an,which has indicated that il will cancel tbe comNEXTYEARCOUNTRY

li rhi, vh6t er.6s

copocity looks like?

-the mjnins experlise,and CF Industrics wilh 23q. ot rie dorne.ticUS ferrilizermarket providedadequatemarkels for the mineq iull capacity production" Mr. Gordonarguedlhal lhe prorationingsys ( tem was uniair in failinqlo lale ac'ountol enlral market : Canada'scaptive 'We are being forced b) rhe prorationing schemeto alloivlhe olhei tompanieslo sell their Dotzs]ithtouqh o / marketing system' CF lndustries woiild buy 750,000tons of DotashtK2O equivdlcnllIhis ferlili#r year inder our.ontricL wirh rhpm,but rhe prorationingquota allocatedto us by the governrnent re"sttictsus to a m&'dmumproduction of 443,000tons."

In rebuttal the provincial government claims that if Central Canada had its wav and exported iio.ooo ron. Ihrough CF lndE'rries that would bi\\a.hingr.n lo prorecrdomcsric iiisser reratiarion producen lo.atid mainlv in carl'bad ii.Sl o"tr.tr New Mexico. As evidence.governmenlspote'me-n ,eier ro SenatorMonlola ol \ew trlexico who is iuii""iiu ."tU"e for lesilarion ro impose annual qiantirv ol CanadianporashimPorr€d ou"r"io" 't'" Slates ll rhe CdnadiangoverDmenl United i;lo $e ' ro controlrheirpotasbproduction J.".."i."nti"". no has SIates Uniled saw SenatorMonloya,'rhe aliernalivebur to act forlhrighlly to protect our

aot*ilii p..a".".t. ln orderio rvoid suchAmerican retaliition, governmenloffi'ials argue the pre' sent sch€me must continue

INAILY GEORGE TAYLOR, THE UNNDP CANDIATE IN SASKSUCCESSFUL ATOON-HUMBOLDT,THE CONSTITU. iNcv tN wHlctt ctNTR {r CANADAS MINE IS LOCATED,has statedthat it is fictitious .t"3 political storm-in a aU -a. public-statemenls "u9: E e't'

clainrsihal Central Canadas aes;ared the number of a'Jual layoffs Taylor aiiuses tbe companyo[ playing politics Lryannouncing layoffs during the f€deral electionin an altempl -o'maiimize to the NDP' rl" i'olirical embarrassmeDt 'Central Canada admilted rbat lbe r"ji. Cotdon of mhe ian short-staffedduring lhis past summer'and thereforethere were someunfilled positions.Even so, he savs, culling ou( 120 positions meant lhat over roo D;oDb had to be laid off.

w1lo is rieht? Mr. Schmitt or Kim Thorson?

CeorseTaylor"or Mr. Cordon? Provided)ou know writs of mandamus' aboui tbe brorationingscheme. to do you threatening is Moiroya *bat Sinator and can begin to answerthesequestions, But most of the men tlrown out oI work at Central Canadaknew little more about thesethings than the generalpublic They felt they were so mady oalsnsini fertili;errhessgaine unsurewhetberthey ii;d beensacrili.edintentibnallvbv CentralCanada, or "(alen' bv rbe qovernmentEilher way they were ; nd a;gry abourlosingwork jost before disillusioned rinter.

Fred Kahlert,a local union officer at Central Canadasummedit uP: "The governmentblamesthe company,and

the con Dant bldmesrhe governm€ntFor ex_ amoleour loc:l llLA, he. NDP \irole us a let;r bhprins evcrltling on rhe rompanv That gol "ome of the gu)s angry Un.lhe orher[and rh. companysaysiL onl) lrid orf euv- with "ix lronrhs'enioril) or less brrr i irnow ot on" gry laid ofl $ho had been rherefive redrs.H., w-. in a posilon ourside rhe union.cope thou:h and lbereiorewe couldn't do much abont it We're not -sure who to b€lieve,but it looks to us-that both arc at fault lhe governrenland lhP com_ pany."

HE FIRST INDICATIONS OF SIZEABLE POT.{SH DEPO5tTSIN THE PR\IRIES CAIIE lN lold. bur nor unlil- rhe lale 1940s did ir becomFapparentlhat under sn.Lar(he{an lay lhe largestand richesl bv those those ,-.ci,- in ihe onlv by s.rld matched matchedonly the woild Dotashd€Dosits iiitt" so.liet ttnion. rle CCF governmentconsidered, and rejected,the idea oi developingpotashas a crowno*n.u ln,tu-rry. In.read Ihe) cncouragrdprivate caoildl de\clopmenl-iir'l among ( anadrannrrnrnq coipanie. \I hen ,har frilPd rhe) 'ought.ourforeign conianie.. The firsl to core $as Pora'h Company of America in 1954.

By the lall of 1970when the finat mine, Sylvite, came on stream,nine companieshad built rell mm€s at a capital cost of nearly 9700 nillion. Of these nrn€ companiesonly two are canadian-controlled : corninco.a CIR .ubsidirry. and Cenlral Canadd. trve arc qmFri.an.ontrollpd.one is owned by a fren( h .)ndicare.ar,l une by . SourhAlrican c'ompany.

The in\e.rm€nt in Sa-ka,,hesanpolr.h mine. saS L'd\edon lhree e\pe,t,iriors:steadygrowrh of potachu-F dmolg U.S.hrrer., rapd eihausrionof dome.rnI 5. po'r.h resFrve-,,rnd a drdralic increase in fertilizer use in third world countries.Of rhe three expectations_. only the first has turned out to be fu y ju.riiied Tle l-5. Bureru ol nlineq Dredi(rs lhir U.S.bedd-ed-and br;nedcpo.ir,are sufficienrro provide all U.S. polash need: ar le.r-r unril rhe year 2000.and sir} rhe prescnllevct or imoorrs irom Canada.muLh longer. Thp rhird worlri counrrres did nol brr) ferrilirerto rhFexrenterpc.ted-because they couid not afford it and becausathe industrial countries of the world were more interestedin exporting n'eaponsthan fertilizer under their foreign aid budgets.

Justified or not. these expectationsinduced nine companiesto build 8.3 million tons (KzO equivalenr)

of anNal potash production capacity, and thereby carapulred Canadaro lirst placeamongworld potash produ.ers.The LS.SR. iJ serond 5.2 mitlion tonscapacity,and the U.S.is tied with"irh \fesr cermany in third place. _. "Norhing but growlh lies ahedd. lrumpered rnomas\\are a. relenlty aq 196(,at a potashconierencein Sa.karoon.Thonas \\ are, lhen aharrmanof the board of Interndrionalllinerat( and Chemicals (IMC), was on a crusadeto feed the world's starvins millions-and ro malp moner by seltinsLhemferi riiizc-. Porashprire- rhar yerr rere ar gqOper ron 3nd ir was Jill po.qiLlelo bclieverhar pota.hwould do for Saskatche$anwhat oil had done for Alberta.

Speaking at th€ same conferenc€and referring to U.S. potash investments, Ross Tharcher blu;tly affirmed ]is continentalpolitics- ,,. . . the only thin! wrong with American investment {rom Saskatche$.an'sviewpoint is that in the past, we haven't been getting enoughof tt."

1965was the last good y€ar. By 1968Tom Ware,s nrultinariondl lenilircr companywas lacingrbe possibiliry oi banL-upr(yard he had beenieposid as chairmanin_aninternal revolt led by seniorcompany e\erurivec.By ta09. potrsh uas selling at piice! oerow$lu per ron a\ compariesattemptedto market

rlc proJucrionfrom rlpir ne$ rincq. ln August l9b9 rhe U.S-Lustomi Bureru ruled lhal Canddian p^lash$:l" bcins lrrrped in rh. t.S. LPingsold in ih. u.s. ur .1ri,e beios the pi.e in crnada. In a close decisionthe U.S. Tariff Commissionruled the fullowinq),Jo\er,bcrhJ Ihis alleseddu'l]pingwas harmins the domestic U.S. industry. Supported by New trIexico politicians, the llnited St€el \Vorkers, and bv doneslic U.S. Dotash producels ivithoul Canadianmines, Senatorilontoya and others introduced proiectionist bills into the U.S. Congressto limit imports oi Canadianpotash.

ROTECTION O} THE U.S. POTASHINDUSTRY\\:ASOPPOSEDBY U.S.FAR}I, ERSIVHO1VEREE]JJOYINGCHE,{PER FERTILIZER PRICES.It was ligorously opposedby Cl' Industries, which had entered into partnetship with Noranda precisely in order to challenge the control over potash prices U.s. pora.h corrp3nies. e\ercisedby rhe Fsrat,lishe'l The lcgishrionNJ. !l-o "ppo.cde\en by companie' srr.h.,s Duval anJ l\IC with mine. in both Canada and the L'.S. Although they nould gain from protec tion for th€ir L'-S. mines, they would lose on their Saskatchewanoperations.

Duval and Il{C had a better idea. Why not work out an anangementanong th€ Lr.S. companiesand hav€ it enforcedby th€ Saskatche$angovernmenta snall friendly gov€rnmentthat could be controlled by the companiesin a $ay that the huge U.S. bureaucracycould not? ln the fall of 1969,the Potash ConservationBoard and prorationing schem€ wer€ born.

Tbe prorationingsystemsanctioneda price iixing agreementamong the companiesand Saskatchewan

governmentregulationsestablisheda floor price of $33.75per ton, approximately 70% above the price prevailing at the time. To make this $ork the Con' servationBoard establishedquotas lor Saslatchewan potash production-in aggregateand for each individual mine.

The Po.ash ConservationBoard might better be termed the ca.tel consefvationboard. The arrangement was an intricate compromiseto satisfy a numb€r of porverlulinier€sts.The price of potashwas restored to a level that allowed the potash companiesto pay the debts on their huge investmentsin Saskatchewan minesand still have a prolit left over. In raising the priceJol course:the companieswere transferring to the fertilizer'buying farmer the cost of their poor investment.Sincethe pric€ increase$as nominally an governmentand not of the act of the Saskatchewan companies,the U.S. Justice Departm€nt'santitrust division did not pursue them for price fixing. The arang€ment also satislied U.S. protectionistinterests by insrituting a seltimposed quota system to halt Carada's tal<eoverof the U.S. potash market. As a sop !o such compani€sas Noranda, CF Industrtes, and Swift, rnhich had entered the industry with assured rnarkets, the Board made some allowance for them in allocatingquotas.It was the removal of this allowancefor assuredor captive markets that triggered the current crisis with Central Canada.

ENATOR X{O\TOYA'S PROPOSEDLEGISLATION VANISHED. The U.S. rnines enjoyedhigh pricesand assurancethat there would be no undue invasionol Ll.S.markets

by Canadian potash. In faci, onc€ assured that there would be no anti-trust action initiated by the U.S. JusticeDepartm€nt,the conpaniesmanaged to raise the market price above the iloor pricc-to approximately $36 per ton. From 1969 to 1970, rhe salesrcvenueof S""krr'he\an pota-hcompanies roseby 67% whil€ produclion aclually decreasedby 5%. Governmentrevenueslrom the industry-based primarily on volumeof sales-declinedby l3%. Since then, governmentrevenueshave increasedsomewhat due to a Dewpotashtax introducedby the NDP this year.

U.S. and Canadian farmers had to accept the price fixing arrangemenlof the potashrartel and pay the higher fertilizer prices but overseaspurchasers did not. Offsbore potash sales declined from 29% of the total in 1968to 20% in 1970as ov€rseascustomers found new suppliers.

The NDP $as most unhappy with the prorationing scheme.\\oodrow Lloyd summarizedthe NDP'S rhinling rhenin one -en'pn.c. lr is not rhp responsibility of the Saskaichewangovernmentto make the world sal€ for U.S. potash."

Following fron that posjtion, the party adopted a tough statementon polash in its electionpamphlet, "New Deal for People-"The NDP committed itself to "end the plesent governmentcollaboratiod in a potashcartel that restricts Saskat€hewan output and jobs." Furthermore, the party would "consider the feasibility ot bringing the poiash industry under public ownership-"It semedlo be unanimouslyagreed amongall segmentsof the party and amongthe trade unionists concerned,that the potash prorationing

I8

NEXT YEAR COUNTRY

schem€wasnbr working to Saskatchewan s advantage. rne tloor pnce had resultedin Iossol overseasmarl_ ets,-and Saskatcbesanwas being forced to bear the lotal burden of irrational corporareoverinvestment, r\e!v lvtextcomines-were.-and still are. running at tull capacity while Saskarchewan minesare operaling at 50% of capaciry. While governmentrevenue rs stable,jobs for Canadianmine workersare jacrificed lor jobs in New Mexico. . O1rcein power._however. rhe NDp quickly adjusred to the -realiries of oftice. Afrer iix m;ntls or re-eoucarron0y bis senior officials and by tle potashrompaniesJTed Bowerrnan,tben Minisier of lrrneral Kesources)was saying rhiDgs like -the sasKalch€wangovernmentbelievesin the spirit, in_ teEr. and purposeof lhe potashconservatioi regulanons. ro quote a-departmenlalpressrelease, "(Mr. sow.elnan), dis.pelledany possibitiry r_hatrhe plan would be abandoned.. . . Ted Bowermans replacemenl in ffineral Resourcesis Kim Thorson. He too has learned.rolive wirh prorationing. lndeed,in the cu$ent rrisis wilh Cenrral Canada Kim has become so iocked in as a delpnderoi proralion;ns thar he is portraying it as rhe only barrier berweenprosperity "The provincial governmenr will strongly opposealtempl: ro break rbe prorationing scneme. even one .ompanv vioiates th€ 'quolas. the result could tell'be closureof some-mines and massive laloffs as chaos and low Dricesreturn. - . -r'

HE GOVERN\{ENT HAS IMPOSED A NEW POTASH TAX OF 60 CENTS.PER TO_N.that will generareapproximately 92,5million in addiiionalreveririe per year, oflngtng the tax rale up to rhatof Lheslate

I I

of New Meiico. Bur since rhe proralioning scheme nasrarsedlhe potashcompaniesannualsalerrevenues by.g75 million, rhis new rax cannot be termed a major red'sthbutionoi benefilslrom rhe industry.

Even rhe taxe-sare not a net gain becauseof gov-ernmentqubsrdipsro rhe industry via lhe sask_ atchrwan wa(er suppty Board. The flotatron orocess used to- separarethe ore into potash and cammon tabte satt requiresa greal deal o[ water. At a cost of approximarelygt3 million rhe Saskarchewan Water NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

Supply Board, a crown corporation,built during the rvous an etaDoratesystem of canals,pipelines and reservoirs.The primary purposeof tii; construction \pasto suply warer to a projectedt\relve potashmines. reven oi the mlnes were never built and tbe slstem currently serves only five. The Saskarchewaritax_ payers are paying $500,000each year out of general revenuelor the operatingdelicit ot the Water Supply ,noaro._t he aoard has run up a cumulalive loss of ii.5 mrtlronto the end of I97t_ Beyond rhis the NDp }as passedBi No. 106. an.Act to Amend rhe llineral ResourcesAct. Ii authonzes the governmenl to establish a Dotash marketingboard.Ever since\Ioodrow Lloyd broached rDe rdea bact-_i_n 1969.rhe NDp has toyed with a plan lo esLablisha porash markerinq board similar to lhe (-anadian,Whear Board.The-provincialgovernment would rhen be tle so)e purchaserand iar_ cnandjserof porash.The porashcompaniesobviouslv are opposed.To eard off the possibility of sucb; provrncral marketing board lhey have formed Can_ potex. a potash export corporarion owned by ttre nme compan'es mining porash in Saskatcbiwan. uanpotex ls sup-posed ro go our and aggressively (anadian potash overseas.bur its efie-ctivenes!sell has . e.nort.. ll-Op iniriative is lhe new prorahoning rormura based on mine capaciry only. The earliei proralioning formula assuredeach mine a minimum quota of 40 prr cenr of irs capaciLy plus supplementary quotas based on the size of- markeij it clalmed to have. ln an elfort to secure addirioDal markets. and hence supplementaryquotas, the com_ panres(ompe(eclamongeachorher and offeredhidden rlrscountstAal violated rhe spirit. if not ttre lerter, of the price firing arrangemenr.Each company is full orrsrofles about how its competilorsengagedin unsuch as absorbing porash rransporr :lnlc-a' d:al: cosis_so rhat lhe ctstomer paid in effect less than rJJ./r per lon Lo.D, the mine. There is a cenain rrony in these _murualrecriminarions.Rarely have I h€arcl.more virulent denunciationsof comperition . rnan trom these corporale mine maDagers,Tn the rnverredtogrc or Ule potash (artel, competitiveprice .firi_sale.., 'and reclurtions _Lrecome -cur-lhroat . "vicious . Ttroy had worked out a price fixiig ar_ rangementrhar assuredeterybody a profit_aciordIng ro reporls commissionedby the industry_and yer some no-good com-panies were actually bidding pncesdown to a competitivelevel.

A I I UM I N P A RT I CU[ , A R W A S I N .

CENSED AT THE EXISTDNCE OF REAI PRICE COMPETTTION,aDd arguedstrenuously for a Dewprorationing rormutaoased, on minecapacityonly. Governmenr bureaucralshad their 6wn reasdnsfor supporrrng.

KatrumSsuggested reform_tley disliked aomlnFteflngthe complicatedsystem of suDDlementaryquotas.The gov€mmentbought the'neyr pran, This changein ruleswas nor as innocuousas it -. appearrd. lrrst Fron July t97l to June 1972under tne old prorationingformula,productionas a per_ cenlageoi minecapaciryrangedfrom a hiqhof it% for,Cenrral Can-ada ro a iow oi lt% strarea 6y fatium ana sylvrle.Underthe neq formula.for l9?2-3, , t9

Kafium and Syfvites quotas ate 5 5/a and^817a above their actual loTl-2 production levels Lentrat c""aa.. is now Jl'' below ils actual l97l-2 PJothat Therr was no-agreement i'i.,]or .i-ool poo .* workers displaced hire the would "',fr*-iorno".i.. the Central Canadacried foul. and thus-began ( entral layolls in 120 resulled has thal courrbatrle -r'*i"s lhat rhe government should t'e Lriiar-]. r-oi.J to .u[" aliowancefor caPlive markets Tbe sovernmenr,acling in defenseoi the cariel ls argulng

cenrral it'iiii 1"" a. asi tit'es.I' weso ro^press Bench ihe ar ca'€ lost its Quecns t'i'i'e Fr""ai. uJ iou.t of-,qppeut levels has appealed lo the S""*t" C."rt oi Canada tf it ullimarelylosesCF partner' is threatenins to buv i'i5"iii:i"., l"i^a". potash from Europe ro completeits-market requlre_ in lhe Departi""nt.. e ."nior oificial I inierviewed rhe whole ment of Mineral Resourcesconqiders 'ourt 6rttt" i. f" a -show put on bv Noranda for lhe leneiit of tt. Iarm co-opsthar make up CF Indusiries. According lo hi;n Noranda knows thal ir cannot dive the markel a*ay from New l\t€xico pioJu.ers. sut Ce fna.,striescnreredinlo parlnership iii[ rvoii"a". c""raian companvoLrlsidethe potash " thal. On rhe surfa(e at least carlel.to do prechelv Noranda musi aopeai to bo fighling lhe proralioning schemeto satisft its Partner' Central Canadawas formed to break the market tt'" eslablished potash companiPs The "i ".*t !.t"ttl.ma u.S. companieslormed tbe polash pro-

rationing schemein part to tbwart Central Canada and aDo"earto be succeedingwith lhe assistanreof the Biikeney government.That's business Th€ NDP is nol supposedto be in bed with big husinessIt commitredilself in ils eleclionplatform to _end Ihe presenr governmenrcollaboration in a outpur and norrshca(ei ihat restiiclsSaskalchewan Canpotex any lo abandoned iobs. Insread ir has irrremor ro expandolerseassale' Th€re is a lremendous botenriaiin tle long run for fertilizersalesto the dinselvpopulatedintinsive farmingcountrieso[ China Thesenew markets ir'. F"iirii 'i.--*.p..i"llv ior ;he bencfit of the people-of itoutJ ue ae'.top"t laskatchewaniirsreadof Canpotexand lhe US porasbcompanies,lf the governmentwere to nationitize rtr" indusrry. it would badlv n-eed S market on Ihe U-allernarivc markets ro leqsen'ourdependencc The sovernmentshould stop playing front man prorationingstrucstructhe prorationing scrap the should scrap iirtel. It should for the for the iirtel.

compete,and await the out_ tur€, let the companies

cul-throatcotn_ come.Tf lhe companies -in "ngage rhat i.'-..erraiitf iit'.* i"iiii""; ligl-1lil.dl^Tq !o-a no frrnf.tupt, rh. provincial gorernment could bY operaring the bankrupt emotdvmenrbv suaran"ree€mPloYment Suarantee itines as..o*n c6.po.ations By paving compensation at a low pnoughlivel the governm.nt could operate at reducedprnes On lhe.olherhand at a protit eve"n rhe exisringrnines were'thesovernmentro nati,onalize $ould be laking ir cosl bistoriial bv buvini t}em at oir ttri c"ostsof lhe overinveslmentby Lhe private comoaniesand Davinq for lheir mislakes No one has ever properly ixplained why we should do that' The DrinciDaldelen€efor the provincially sPonsoredprivate clrtel is that anything elsewould triggei a Droictionist U.S. response{orse than the present sit;ation. How vatid is iuch an arsument?Clearlv the Americanswield ttemendous€conomicand political Dower over us. bur it i. only by .pecific challenqes io that power ihat we $ill begin to re-establishCana_ dian sovereignty.

E TOO HAVE OUR TRU}IP CARDS IN A TRADE WAR WITH T}IE U.S' OVER POTASH.The most obviousis that theminesarehereandtheAmericans compencannotremovethem.Fina-ncial

qhoul4be condirional sationfor any nationaliralion on conrinuedaccessro lbe US. market The bogeyof U.S r.laliation scrvesas a conveni irnu."ni lo iuslifv lhe sralu' quo To dale noth' "nt ine hai Ueenaoni ro airemprro fielir Ihe U.S carlels od er. and rhe eouernm"niappearsto haveno plans was done.McD as conio do so Il is rime somelhing servariveas Walrer Gordonand Eric Kierans are condemnine canadian. for being grlless when it comes lo Sarqaininafor a tair deal from iheir re' qnurces-Potas-hin Sastarchewani' obviouslya prime exampleto support their Point.

The oresent Dolaih proralioning scheme-as lhe rnenlaicioff at CenrralCanadawill arrest has nor

."en piotiaea stabilityof emplovmentlf thesemen ques_ queil,i,l .dnvinceus us to tt answer answeithe unanswered convince laid off ^if;"ei";;;"1;p potash ror prosram a soriali't ii""., vain. in vain. rh.v wilt not n6r have have lost their their jobs iobs in th€y will

Filling the Kolium bins ot Belle ?loine 20

-by John Richotds NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

QUIBT DBSPERATIOI\

llaybe it was only nervousnessunderstandable on anyones first lour oi a modernasv]um_lhat lorcedthe sord5 from his rhroal. ..Theyneverhave *t.'.t. rnywa]. So whar do rhey need shoes ii,F:

"ii,ii: {t1'Jt t +'-^ U?'i'l3l

oI rhe workersar rhe rraining :-ili9" school.

One;frer anorh*,t"y fii"ii ".i" reetqu€stioning, ie€t questroningr "" ccriliLizinA, ticizing, tor(ins ng Smishek Smish€L

to rerrealfrom.hisinilial minnteria"t anoganc".Even Ine ra.k. o[_rhelocal union e\e(ulivF s-orinro rhe acr-recognizingtinally rhar rht,oncer:n for issues

"i,!iiiift J'fif.iif:"*fl""J,":

H.eallh-nfinisrer \4alrer Smishelon a iour sErary neqoriarions hadrhesupporr of ol the sas&atchesan TrainingS.hool,Mouse :fitil: j:il,: Jasr f{a}.

None in.ludi;g SmishFk was .Jau. SinceXtay- houcver.rhe ride has ebbed.In the therev_olunlarill. {nd'qhite a tour of ihe srarein.ri_ ,rong monrhsbetoreSmishekIinally announcedhis rulronlor the province-s,'menra y rerarded is seldom Ioxen (25 again,trhe originaldemand preaqnt. lhrs one promiqedspecialdis.omfor(for _slaltrnrreases lor 155-160 sraffon the waids, lhe qo,k"erswilhdreri Dur€aurralswho usuaily eyeRised their conrrol of Irom therr mitirancyin reqpon.ero his requert tne rnstitutionfrom Repina for trm€to work thingsout.

They wer€ making the tour becauseSmishek,s snow.job.pure anJ simpty. ,a)s one ... apF,eafance at the Training Schoolhad beendemand€d -'jI.' lrt : we tell lor ir. Now a lot worker..'and of'peopliseem Dy a massmeetingoi rhe insrirutionsslaff. Thev to- nave,givcnup.They feet rlar anytliing furrher wanted a privale meeringro discu.scondilionsat thl we,could.do would be pulring our jo6s on rhe line ano rney re not ready yet to go thar far.,, :cn9ot .wrth a. commilreerepre"enredequa y by rnnirutronstaft. managemenr and rhF Deparrmenr of fieatth. Eartier in the week. Smi(hek.aassi"lanrs *-"|"j]ilq ,.h1'"""i chdnsed.bur orsanizins is nos more.o t(ur(..1\tany uorkersfeFIlhailhey ve reached nao Deenon tbe phonein repeatedat(emDtslo make rDe/rmjtsof rie govFrnmenl s n illingnesjro respond. oearswrth the p€optethey conqideredro 6e rhe .rins_ urbers,have.se€n rhe bandqriring-onrhe reaoers.,But a 5econdrnass mceting reiterated th'e w; ir repnsarragainstthoscqho havebien ourspoLen. oemands:lhat 5mi:hek tour lhe institutionwith a person_sele, (edby a sraffvote; thal he makelhe rour Degrnnrng at 7r00a.m.: and lhar followingthe tour he slay to ans\er lh-eprimary star deman'd_a 50% lncreaseIn ltre sraff workingdirecrlywirh inmale<. rne-area,oirnenrdtheatrh._ Iimited and t;ng_ Either he .ame. rhe r{o-rkerssaid. or tbey u,ould overdur trb€ratizalionqin the trearment ol th"e --, j.sricof undersrarrins andrunsequenl -mentallyill eatneatle go""rnrn"ni-u i"pu,",,on 3l: 1!l enrire mrsrreatment as lhe mosr progressi\e as-the-mosr of rhp inmatc. to thi press.smishek progressi\e in in r'r," the ii"iJ field unyir,"* anvshfic on oh ,r," ,h" snowedup ar 7.00 a.m. rith his enrourage. continent. To siy they have .""i"a G it"i. tuu."t" srncers per-hapstoo charitable. ..Larer. spe-rkingro rhe slaf[ meerinE,Smishek olered_no indicarionrhat rhe lour had aftectedhim Tn,195s. rh-el,loose Jaw Trainins Schoot was ar alt. Insrea4he erhibiledonly irritationar what he openedasoneo[ rhe major-showpieces in-rheprovince,s rnlrmated.was somcsor( o[ conspiracy io embarrasc y,11^",/-19j1".rr, saq hairedby rhe f,roose nrm.,l rnesema|ers are so pressing.why wereni t rn.t-Hetatda.',the moslmod.rnin Canada Jaw . . .-rhe comprarnr:madeto rhc previousLiberaladministra_ mosrnp-to-date insliru(ionot its kind in Canadaand rron/ fie qurobte.iover lhe accutacyof thc numbers one or rhe besr in Noflh Ameri.a. lt is sale ro sav qlatf required:complained or.addrlronal rnar ar leasl the rcihnology of inearcerarionhad lhal he was beei onry.a representati\e oI an even more_conservative mproved. tn,t945. a) an olfsloot ro changes in popuraceIDo you think we can jusr go to lhe people nanoringol tie ,'menrall)ill., the gorerr;ent rhe had or .lhe prov'nceand ask them for all rhe rxr ra raxes remroved aI |lle ,,menlaldeiicienrs from the asylum rrus.wrlt mean?ti and. Iinally. agreedlo pnt tle when. ren.yFars Ia(er.rhe -srupids.,had marler.under (on.iderarionand aiked for iime ro :1.*g9rl" nor.ont-vbeen,removedfrom their srigma;izing co make thF Imat decis;on{This will haveto be studied naDrratron wilh fie ,,crdzi€s . bur weii moved out by the Budgel Bureau.rhe depaflmenr,rhp cabinet. or tne con\erted.Weyburn airpo ta.ilities,lherewas rhe.caucus. rhat-swhy I\e broughlthesemen no one who failed to join the aDDlause wrtn mel Saskar(hFwan.is in rhe fore-irontin irs .are ol indi(arednorhingof rhei, rhoushrs. _, rne_m-enlatly _"lllhlse.mel rerafded and rhe perc.nrageaceepredloi rrey remarned poisedwirh rheir briefcases in a-row . care|s.lhf nrghesr oi any provin.Fin Canada. or merdrcharrsal lhe front of rhe auditorium-like Tjmes_ irerald.GoldenJulJiieeedirion.ntay rJ, 1o55.

Care. rhe lesal s,arf backinsup a rr, rarredto poinr our. mcanr institurionalizing :-lTi{.T..,1.b^,,"{ mara.chtella'nca ed beforea government mis_ _lor commts_ nrs thejf orn good. The eulogiesand praise sron_Any advrceliey had ro offer would be in privare. nave nol changedover lhe ]ears th; Times_lierald _Le-t-them .go,barFloor. obviouslyhad been a slip in ooes rls pe-riodicduly of describinglhe school DUreaucratlcdrsctptine, -like a smarrvrttage. . . a qelf_sufficienr Ii Ie ro$n ioined NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

.#",L;ii;#.:":Tro-i.-,"

by a network of tunnels enabling one to tour the enl;repla(e wirhouronce havingro go outside... home ro lhe young and rhe old wh; are menrally retarded . . . a snali community designedjust for them Tn rhi. same sror) of Januar) loo5, STSDire.lor A. J. Ecddieqaid. No longerdo parenls wirh a rerardedchild feel a"hamedor eurr) longer are the public afraid of a retard;d personthe retarded child or adult is b€inq acceDtedas he fiould iI he had canceror a heart aondition.,, This propaganda is consciously d€ceptive and regularly espoused.

The 800acre site is tastefully isolated a mile out of town and its manicur€d lawns and drivewayswanderingamongneat one-storeybrick "cottages"effectively mask most of the institution's asylum characteristicsfrom the public. Also hidden is rhe official..yni.al ideolosyinsirle.As staredby one ol rhe insrirurionsdo.rorsin lhe staff canreen: 'Our job is ro main'ainrhF(onfidcnce of Darenrs and the publi. in rhe TraininsSchoot. $e''e;or hired ro lell peoplewhdts wronghere. Thai iine wasparroled in 1964by fimes-Herrld "ocial ed;ro' Joan Monk, a former employee.,,No parent of a reiarded chilci is capableof givinq the rrainins,careand artenrion teceived by reiidenrs of r[F s.hoo] each 'hp is taught as much as he individual child or she can possibly absorb." The STS administrationis fond of tbis view rvheneverthere are vacanciesat the instiIn times of lull beds or a need for more funds another Iine comes to the fore. Suddenlv ,,Thos€ peopieare r€ally better off in their homes.,'This same poqilion is also usFd whFn rhe Aovernmenrdecides rhar ir i. rine ro talk Dubli.lv of rhe development of communitv-basedtreatment Droerams.Thjs has beenone of lIr. Smishek,sfavourite.rhetoricalthemes Iately, as he d€monstratedat the r€cent Comrnunrtv HealthScr\;cesAssn.Confer.n.cin Reeina.Speaking of the gov€rnment'sgreat strides in health care srnc€ the last election,Smishektold his audi€nce:,,Ir is importanr lhar you know rhar rhic governmenr haq a clearidca of whar ir wishesro a..omplishdurinq ils ter.n of office . . . Approvat has been sranted by rhe governmen,ro in.rcacerhp .raff ar Moo"e Taw TraininsS(hoolb\ t4 pcrs^n( This in.reasein <iaff may allow th€ school to place greater emphasison develooinga rommuniry-orienred proqram lor rhe mentallvretarded"

HAT WAS AN II,TPRESSIVEE\OUGH GESTURE SO LONG AS HE NEGLECTEDTO POINT OUT THAT 25 of thoseJ4 po.irionsrepres€nt a tokenresponse lo lasrsprings {aff demandq for an in.rea.r

of over 150 personsin instjtutional positions.

T}e remaininA nineposirionr$ill rakesomeof rhe burden oJf the pie.enr dozensocial qorkers. sa.ldted wrln acrrvecaselordsaveragingl70 pcrsons.Even liese immFnseca:eloadstoral lessrhan 54 per cent of the estimated ,,visible mental retardation popuiation in the province.Nor do they indical; ihe increased workloadrhir rheseqocialsorkers would encounter.over the next threeyearsif all tbosepersons consid€redpotential candidatesfor dischatge6y l9Z5 were actually released.

Communityworkersalreadyhamstrungby clumsy 22

accommodationcodes and the virtual absence of adequatenumbersof jobs and living places for the retarded,can bardly be optimistic about the chances for successof any "community-orientedprogram", Especiallywhen all the governmentfe€ls it needsto do it is add nine new positionsfor community mental retardation workers.

The government's atlitude underlines its consistent refusal to take into considerationthe results ol researchconductedwithin its own Department of Public Health. In th€ last ten years!the f;cus of that researchhas changed.Pr€viously,the retarded were treated as objects in a m€dical and disease-oriented model of "mental deficiency".

It should be noted here, thoughj that not all tesearch has escapedt}lis orientation. Psychologists, armed with the Gchniquesand ideologyof behaviorai manipulation,are still at ]vork all over the continent attempting to reducethe humanstatusof institutional innates even more than did the medical model. The Dewresearchremainsparricular to rhe various people who have worked in Moose Jaw under lhe Training School'sLorne Elkin.

As it becameobvious to researchersin the field. and evenro Benrleyin 1955,r}ar institutionswerenoi successfullypreparingth€ir inmatesfor return to the community, and that no characteristicscould be identified in the inmates to explain this failure, a few researchersbegan to ask whether the reason might not lie in rhe .ommunilyitseif.A four-yearlong sludy conducredby workersar the trainina scboolexamined the conditions of those people wlio had been dischargedfrom the provincetsvarious institutionsin the past twenty years.This study uncovereda picture ol the lives of these people characreri/pdby exp)oitationj poverty and lonelinessthal seemedto rhe researchersto be almost unbearabl€.Y€t accordincto projecr'head Lorn€ Elkin, -The one (hins comno; ro the more than 4OOpeople we interviewad at lengtl was rhar every lasr one of them said rhey did ;or wish io return to thp in:tirutionunder ani circum-

LKIN THEN TURNED TO THE OUESTION OF I\THY THEIR TREATMENT IN THE COUMUNITY WAS SO UNI. VERSALLYABYSMAL."I wantedto discover-actually,I wantedto demonstrate-

the und€rlying prejudice that our systemsfor treating the retard€d have developedin the community."

Elkin's doctoral thesis demonstratedthat Dreiudice on the basic of inteiliqenceis more pervasivi and openly acc€pted than -prejudice based on race or social class. (Anoth€r study, being completed this winterj appearsto verify these earlier results using a large sampl€drawn from all over the province.)

"Although nearly all the researchwas done while T was an emplo)eeof rhe Deparrment(of Public Heahh). rhr governmenthas essentiallywashedits handsof the results.The economicsrudy (of condi. tions for lormer inmates)was presentedto the department before I r€leased the results. After several months I receiveda memo which said it was OK lor me to releaserhe publishedreport as long as I was c_arefulnot ro )ink rhe governmenrin any way with the_results or conclusions."The government&pparently fe€ls threatenedby researchihat says releiiing NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

rnm:rresrnto a community llarbouring lonS.standiDg prejudrcesaga'nsr ',slupids resulls in living condi_ . trols lor liese pedple."rhat would not... accoiding to Eltrn. "be lolerared for an) orher qrouD ur sesmenr ol society. Jusr wben rhe governrienr'isbeginning ro demonslrate. someminimalcommitmentlo getting peopleout of the insrirurions,hereare theseresearch_ ers sayinga.gherrois nor much ol an inrprovemenr l, .u. rtir contradir tion- belweenihe obvious need..tog.t peopleout of rhe institurionsand rhe equarryobviousinadequacies o[ rhe ..oulside..thal pragued of lhe staff meetings and stratetv .many sessronsrn lhe paqr year. The finai slaffing deman-ds whicl| so upset Smishek iasr llay were ihemselves qhich recosnizFdrhe limired speed 1.,-T1q'.ofi:: wrtD wnrcn the governmenrwouid be able lo eife.l an evolul'on_{owardsreturning the inmates to rhe commun y the demandsfor increascd staff oh the wardssere nor aimedat turningtbe insritutioninto a trarnrngs,chool-.

That would necessirate an e\. pehdrlure oi frrsonnel and money unwarranted b\ tne-tow potentiat of asylums.as places of Iearnin! or resroence.I hey aimed merelyat meetinAmrnlmum standardsof custodialcare for Ihe inmates:The mosl cnantable drscription ol .the institution. even given rne sran. tnCreases demandedby rhe workers,re;ains 'a medlum-secrlrity custodial inslitution for the menra y retarded. wit}l a few units for inlensive

VE-N THE TMINTNG SCHOOLS PHYSIL'AL APPEAR{NCE IS A HAIF.LIE. wDat appears.ro be 20 _separare buildil8. crustered on.the nearlylandscaped hilltop site is adually one giant buildingrhar ap_

pearsinrermirtenrly abovegroind.Most ofihe traliic between the 2J ,,co ages is jn lhe sublerranean passagewaysrhat link rhe visible structures and carry tie institurjonshearing,plumbins,eleclrical and lelephon€.networls. Travelling rbele runnels, one more _quicklyperceivesrhe pofitical and socjal srrucrureot the rnstilution.At the hub of the rhree main tunnels,js the schools only two_slorey srructure, nousrng the bureaucrars,oflice workers and profes_ sronalstaff. as ueii as rhe }ospiral. sraff dinrng room andranteen..{t the end of one of the tunneliis rhe ''maintenancearea . while anotherleadsto rhe River_ vlew rottag€s for rhe most severely retarded, This mcludes'solation ceilsu"€das..negative reinforcers... rhe third lunnel divides into rht male and female rar*vrew__tunnels. underlining the instirutional '.necessrry. of.separatingthe sexes.especialiyamong lne more lnte isent inmates lo this sexuaidivision . Ther€-aretwo exceplions rn the hrgn-grade tunnel . Both rhe men.s and womens co ages on lhe -rehabiliralion unir. are locatedat lhe end of rhe femaleParkviewtunnel rbe other exceptionis thal on Riel, the childrens cottage,both sexesliv€ toseth€r.

Riel. p€rhaps embodiesmore oI the institution,s contradicrionslhan any other unit. The cotrage is virtually identical .in design ro all the cottageson 'nrgn graoa. I wo-d-ormitories are separatedby a Iow partrtlon, Each chitd has room for his own bed and rgcke,rrl 9 .adormitory with the beds lined up head. to-nead with smatt spacesai the side and the foot NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

of each- TlFre is a large washroomwirh rhe usual rnsrrlutionat rL.ws ot .inLs.showers and toilercuLicles.

I nere are two ,,dayrooms. The small one, furnished wrrn soras.and armchair..iq u.ed for parentatvisits

srarf meerings during' rheinrensivi, i10.,.i11111r,i", srarr dfsrgnedprogram .dayroom.

on Riel The iarge IS the roLah of. most ot rhe children.sqat<ingtrburs_, lo abournine p m. tt is a hugeconcrete oox.v.rth.bare wa . brokenonty by a TV .cr rnro a walr behtnd unbrealable glass. The room has no roys except a targe ptatform srine.

6lsn1" oi _"The .toys is only o* "on..qu"n.. ot snorl-slaJrrng on rhe cot,agcc.Riel has o;e ot rhe rargesltutt-lime sratf romplcmFnrs, bur seven(een peoprc.spr€adover tour 40 hour shifts a week means rnar whrlerh-eaveragenurnberof peopleon duty is about_ four. rherFare oflen as few bs iwo trr.ons ro (are ror up to sixry children.

ll. lJ

'i:! i xtB?,sT, ill'.T1,^it?"3") ABoUT THREE OR FOUR TO TWELVE I E.\RSOLD A. a gr6up.theyarear teasr

as acl rve and enFrteri c as any group ol f ive r oozeD youngsters on rhe ourside. The problems in_

herentin ant auFmprro teep ttrar wtth_ rn lhe.wJllsot.rhis bri.k .co,(age"neisylouna $iii an1 number oI srart are oblious. Sraff membersaro oJten too Dusy dressing.chanqing. washjng. and feeding resicknrs (or maintainingrhe rlean qalls and iloors., rnar recenfly,impre:seda Times_Heraldreporrer) 10 nerp rre {rrtdren learl these basic skills for them_ se/ves...th'sgjves rise ro a vicious cycle that is impossibleto break_

in rhissorrof siruarion. ph,si_ basic -^,91l**ltt", careberomes rle prioriry.andvery t"lo"", l3j,l11 irure trarn'ng-or educarion psychi-

is accomptish;d. atnc_nurses. hirhty Lompetenr proiei.ionats, tr;in;l ar,much expenseto the province.end up doing very irUre.rrajning teaching -orrheir limr of rhe residents.Aidei spendalmosJall at cleaningand maintenance work Any {oys ivhirh appearareioon desrroyed

::":i:,.'tXX".:*rr

superviiid near-bedlam of ihe

There.hasbeensomelimiredsucress srrh a sraff programrns(rtxtedon Riej in lhe lasr lniriared ]ear. ano plannedby lhe uorlers involved.rhe plan is essenhally.a.,,para.huiing_in of staff hom eldewhere rn rne,rrarnjngr.hooi. pulling in peoplefrom lhe psycnotogy.researrh and behavior moditicarion de_ panmenls, Ior a Iew hours a day. the staff have lra'nins.proqram fo.used on rea.hins :i.-":l':,":" ", .ne cDrrdren basicskills likc rhosemenrionedabove] Petrie, oDe.of thr nurses working on the .-^.Phil progmm. usrnrng, is enrhusedabour rhe results. krds are nor onty learning ro do things we ;llnese, qrdn,t-have.€nough tirne ro_teach rhem before_, .ney re hetplng us and teaching one anorher bur now... lJUr rhe program is a demonsirarionnroject. ..By ste-ad'ng staff,fromorher areas. .ry. E]k,n, *eue oeenabtc to shor4ir'5 possibletor rhise kids.ro learn hore.Jo beromecapableof living in the communrry. t'ur hasni respbndedto rhis as; .the pflorrry,-government $e Just..haven r sol the staif (o do rhis on the collages. ,,Besides..perrie add", .ir soon ,arr DecameoDvrousto the kids rhar rheyie not qe ing our. And thF longer they slay here._themori rhe!

deteriorate.You can watch it happen. It's terrible to have to seeit."

N HIS STORY ,A.BOUTTHD CLEAN WALLS AND FLOORS Oi' S.T.S.LAST APRIL, the Times-Heraldrepotter alsonoted the "ward for the small, twisted bodies of the extremely retarded." Howeverhis administration-planned tour of the institution did not, apparently,include a talk to the staff on the two I'Infirmaries" about the reasonbehindmuch of the terrible physicalmalformation--again shorastaffing.llany of the twisted, dis, torted infirmities arisebecausetheseresidentsare constantly bedriddenin cottageslacking sufficient staff or equipmentto give th€rn the enerciseand ph},.siotherapy that might prevent, or at least slow down, the atrophy and deformity of th€ir bodies.Nor did he report that working conditionsin the infirmaries are so difficult and so lrustratins that th€ adult s'ard has seena 166p€r cent turnove; ol staff in the last year, The use ol inmate labour to maintain th€ institution is a further indication of staff shortases.More than 400 oi rhF resid€nlsrru.r rork forri hours a week or more in the taundry, cleaning, at kitchen work, gardening,ard so on.

The same Times'Herald story said: ". . . people have time to seekthemselvesout and to searchtheir surroundingsfor every dark cofner of experience."

It also noted all the happy, smiling facesthat $eeted the report€r. Thar'" one way ot de<cribing residents wanderjnqabouror ju.t "iting in one of the runnels becausethere'snothing else for them to do, I gress," a studenrnursecommenled on rhe story.

It's also possible to describe the inmates as r'happy". There are, in fact, fewer "behavior problems" than in the past.Th€ gen€raluseol tranquilizers and oth€r po$'eriul, psychotropic drugs has made control-iI not rrainins rnd educarionan easier task. Drug salesmendescribe the training school pharmacyas a pr;maryobjeflivpin introducingnew \tarcs to the MooseJaw market. The offices oi staffphysicianshold immensesuppliesof drug samples.

In circumstances of lo$ staff morale and authoritarian decision-mahingit is surprising that so many peopleretain a commitmentto continueworking for change. lvorkers at the training school have not entrenchedthemselvesin their traditional roles.Thev havecreared,;nlle faceof bureaurraric haras.meni, their own committeesto contin e the examinationof the chronic under-staffing.They are continuing the demonstrationtraining program on Riel. They are trying to convert the inmate labour program into a genuineon-the-jobtraining project.

The alt€mplsIr) lhe schoolsemployees lo change lhe inslirurionarp racirly supporredby d pamphler from rh€ Public Healrhie.eaiil deparimenrpur out lasr spnng, "Institutional life is often derrim€nralro its residents.However,in the toreseeable future we are hamstrung wiih an ouldated institutional structure.Until adequare communityproqramsare develop€d ... we oee ir ro lhe peoplewho are lockcdinro the rraininq qchool mini-commLrnity ro dn *hareveris ne.es"ari to helo and educatethem rvhile we attemDt to build thoseprogramswhich at presentare little-more than theory."

24

HOSE PROGRAMSARE BEGINNING TO EMERGE FROM THE REALM OF THEORY. Onereasonis the sheerpressure of numbeis. Institutions like the trainine schoolare expcnsiveoperalions,too expensiv; as holding units for peoplewho can and should be living in the community.trVhenthe schoolopened in lqt<, HealrhMinisrerBenrlcvauoredcostsof less rhan four dollars a day per residini. Thosecostshave s€n to elevendollars a day.

Present estimates of the number of potential discharge. from tbe training schoolsin Moose Jaw and Prince Alb€rt total 520 out of a total inmate populationot 1334persons.Over 55 per cent of these 520 peopleare in the age rangeof 19 to 45 years old.

The p€naly for slo$ness in developingcommuniry pro$arns is closeto $6,000per day.

But simply to dischargethem in the presentcircumstanceswould b€ little more than dumping them on an ill-preparedcommuniry. condemningthem ro the lile of welfarepovertythat i" the lot of most of the peopledischargedin the pasr twenry years.

There is someroom for oprimism. Placeslike the Harrow Decroot schoolin Reainaand lohn Chisholm qchoolin trloose Jaw have derionstratedthe potenrial for improvement in the area of education. Receht legislation requiring education facilities for all retarded childrcn hasarmedorcanizationslike the Saskatchewan Association for the Mentallv Retarded (SAMR) in their efforts ro extend the -possibilities lor more youngsters.

N VARIOUSREGIONSOF THE PROVINCE. THE SANTRHAS ALSO FOSTEREDTHE DEVELOPMENT OF shelteredworkshoDs and similarfaciliricc.

Experim€nts are undar

. way, here and elsewh€re,to explore the pot€nrial- of grouphome.and co-operative f;rming projects.

Reqearch fronrall overrher;nLinenris demonsLrauns the effectivenpss of the"e.mentalmisfits"in hundred! oi wod( sirualion:. l\'har's necessarynow, says Elkin. is thar we begin ro gel away fr6m rhe gbettl mpnrality Lehindmurh of oul current effort. Sh;ttered workshopsand the like tend to maintain the separarion berweenthe slupids and rhe .normals.Mosr imporlanrly.we havc to begin to involve rhe retarded rh€mselves in rhis decision-makinq.

Thats lhe first step in .any real attempt to bri;g them into our The sourcr. ot rhe prejudiceabout intelligenceuncoveredin .chool childrenas €arlv as qradeihreemust be idenrified and eradicared.ltavb"e lhar is rhe hardesttask.It mustincludean artack'onthe rechnoIogical hardwar€of the psychologicalmerchants:the increasinqlymandatorylQ reststhat facr prospective em.plo)€cs:-rhe arrayof psycholropic drugsthat disgu':e the sh.o comings in our institurional response As this article goes lo press.ir appearsrhat the government-sgrear leap forward $'ill be lit|)e more than a small stFp sideways.Official responsibilityfor rhe retardedis ro be shifled kom rhe DeDartmentof PublicHeahh ro the Departmenr of SocialServices.

Th€ srali fcars this move will mean merely an improvement in bookkeeping.while any pressuresfor (nangeare met wrlh a demandfor lime whilethe new parent-bureaucrats get to know their new baby. __iy Ron Tho pton NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

lI I

The True North

i

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DNS theCofony - Reoccupying T'R]\G fHE HF.\f UI. THE \TH.\B.\SC{ I BY FLECTIO:,JTHiS FALL, pre.nier\,,an Blakeney stated that trd issue facing thc volFr: $a: rhe npl\ Depdrtmenlof Nor,her,, (DNSr. One mishr ha\e (on 5askar,he\\'an

cludedfronrsu(hd pronoun.em€ni ir,,i rr," g""".".he

rnentwouldabolisl dcpa rlenl if;r $ae.teieJte.i. ru, n Ba: nol lhe La:e.Tn far.. ir waj prcfiselyberause tne government.feared defeat that Blakeney nade thF,.qtdlFmenr-,ir was dAigncd 16.pu. on rli. parry raitnr s I he ete.rion$as lhe serondtrial in aq manv month: the nomina(ionirsetfcould onlv have haf_ penedas il di.l.iD rhe noflh. Il ,as po.ipone.l onie and was.markcd L,ymud-tinging.charaLteiassa..ina rlon and inter'erence L) rhe cabiner.Onil after the orre.l Inlervenlronof the flinister of Edu.irion uoroon lla.Nlur.hy. did rhe governrnpnr leel ir had a .lrong candidare.Bolr Da r) tr $as lo no avril.

The NDI losr to Liberat-\ a; Cuv DNS ua, . Deqpiregovcrnmenrpronounr_einenr", n€r4ly r bord npu (on.epr. h has been arourd erthpra5 potFnr idl polky or de frclo adminislration Ior,oe.adec.

I he conept is ba.rd on a simplcprpri,e -rhe nofth is under-developed in ever) sense rom_ munr.rljons..lran.pofl arion..ducarionand e,ononric a.rvjtI. to br,nq lhF ro h in'o lhe r$enrie.h.en_ Iury- 0r€ hasr into l;nF with rhe south_il musr be wnrppe,g Into shapeby eovernmenr programsal every. ,< (o ordinarionor servieq and pran-_ lCYel \ey -lhe nrng ro\dr{l .onrecomprphcnsivc. long rangegoal. plan. havebeenlried rnanyiimes-in'under_ sx.h . oeveioppd coln,ries.The major tailingin mosrol the plansrs.lhcunwillingness or inabiliryoi governmenr. ro esraDrFh,J .lrongeronomi.base .\nd co-ordina,ine lnF nyna,r governmentactiviries.simp)1 rxporreo irorn rhe $-urrr.r^qard. eoalsinrotvinga compteret! ollle'cnl trl|1rc and so(io-p.onotni( itru,,ure r. a rasRInJt nt^.1e^\ern.nenrs are not up to, HE\ THE CCF CAtrIE TO OFF'I'F T\-

pro' l u.rr .o-opera' i !e5 IhF md:n re.Don. € aercnoral rnj r 5j tual i on $a.. rhc i n,ro,l u; t iut r of th€ n0re...rpr^era n thrl si l l l ei rr ;r. ,,arl . on lhe north ror .l€cac,esto come

qo!prnnre phir.,.oph) In rhe . Il: "i"*"1."' ili u6l) it-pecr.. rhF noinon. i, ir,epo*ei ll".l.l.nl:. rr pxr- rn,thp han,t-or rhe burearrc-J,y16 i5psq1 oI nrF In rh" noflt i.free from rtreinftuinreof rirese scrvr.esJnd .ie brrraurrar"sho parcellhem out. ,Fnor. \oflhprn Saskarchewan ^n prepared.lry .the.Ccnrrefor aor. unily Srudiesand retca.ediI t\Ianh lo,,l. de..rit,ed.Ie monolirhi, coronrsrnrture ot LoflhFrnadminrsrrariu,r and '. . .,rhe bulftof thc rFr\hc. , jn lhe noflhJ rrc,nane Frt lhrouth LhFNorrhernAffa,.s Dran(h rol rhe Pr^\in,;at llepa menl ol .\arurat KesourcFr) . lhe Lranchadmini.t€r. nol Inpreltthe nrrurrt re.ounesof rhe rcgron,Dur at-^.irs.onmrniry jmintrrarionJ rix,collcrlron. lo, rl qovernn.Fnr projecrs,the sr.{_ chpkanHo.pir"t SFrvi(Fspta;, Socidl rler.are-.inrJI .lc\rlopmFnr Ir.. ^.nmunir\ lldve much wiiler rerrcrr i, r.cri therctorF (ponrrbrlrlyrt'an r\eir oft:.iJl rirle (unser IaUon o xer: $o ld lrld one.ro:magine.

I neJ 1rc. In iacl. , olrpJraLJe r^ llc Distrir, urlrcer t)islri.l Cumrrn-ionerol lhe ^or rlfl,Fh {-oronidlSer\:.F.ln mo.l , ommunie<in,lhe nor,h rheyaJ?in facrrhe golern_

il'3q'i^\iTIlTf"? ; :*l,iTR:

srrLtauonol northern p€ople.Initiallv the programswere successful_if for n; orhpr reason.rh:r irhrr exi"ted befoie was aOre.r pover,y. rlirlpr:r.t : Iieh dearh rare :nd a sirm. aereno-dtrnR e.onomi"basp.Thp progfdms.basicall) cdu.a'r^n ind r^ad Luildinq.involvpdcon*rvarron and markelrnqloard. de.ignpdro rid norrherners in Ine!Da.c eL4nonyof rlF. reai^n_fishing rrapping and rork In ihe forestindustrv By ta55 llcse prop.anrs,ere \aearingrh:n. The governn)enl .ervtcesphilosophywa. un-aLle Lo inIorve Ine m3Jontyof norr}crn ppoplFin planninC lor the Iururc. The on\ nes r}rusl rhar \as .ouragrngwrs rhe devel^pmenrof .onsumer en_ rnd NEXT YEAR COUNTRY

Churchmon--Governo. ot Norrh"i >oskotchewon

I1 the conservatiorlli€ld olticers \'!ereth€ District the Govenior of the colony was the Commissioners.

Depub llinisrer ol tlre D\R, \\'ilf Churchnan Tbe mosl tnNted lielrtenants$IereTed tso\{erman(smol<e_ iumDer cum field oflicer curn fisheries supervisor) ;nd-Art Towill, social scientist, iield supetvisorand ev€nlually director of northern prograns lvhile this triumvirate gorerned the land the styl€ was that of one nuD. l\JiU Churchnan. . Ar ex-mjlitary nan. Chufchman $'as lr highlv capable orsanizei. He ran the liorthern ,{flairs Br;nch wiih precision aDd discipline lljs fort]'odd fjeld officers act€d as the representativesof the benevolent dictator ai the top. Every Indian and trIetis $as in some $ay at the mefcy of these men If thev wanted a licenc€to lrap or fisb it was they uho giv' or Jerr:r'lpFrnri+iu,tI he! rul'l rhFr $he'e rnd when and ho\r murh The Daternaiisn of the D\R peNaded all its rctions. iniinridriion through threats to livelihood wheDeverit w:rs r€ was used \tith certain sLrccess quired. Up until 1959 these oflicers even had ihe iower to issu€ wellare cheqres, giving them near:rbsolutecontml over the economicwell-beingol the whole p^puhrio|L Thcy drcs-Fdrhe parr a' lvell With RCIIf rrpe h.rr- greenth.,ki uniio-n. and netal DNR barlges,lhe1, presentedan iDtimidating imaeeto tle natilc popul3rion Tlp sribilirt ot 'hls opc-r'i"n ,l.l]ende'l^n rhF situation in the north reuraining staiic. Lack of communication faciliiies. wid€spreadillit€racy. the absenceol olher jrdependent govenrment agencies and the tack of orqanizationof the native population guaranteedgfeat p;$er lor Chrrchman his captains and their henchmen. ]IARK!][) THE ITRST HE YE.\RS I962.6.J SIGN OF SDRIOL'S EROSION OI- THE CHURCHIIAN DfIPIRE. Lrntil then the DNR was rhe only agency, other than ..h^^ls an,l hosp'r.,1- hrr had a.'lirc, intluenceon the nativepopulation.B] 1962the DeDartments of $relfare and Co operatires were ex iendine rheir ope-dri^n-.\\'i'h rheir oun pe"onnel inro tie norrh. The rer\ F\i-,Pn,co' rgenr' olhethan thoseof l)),trR threalenedthe Drilitary efficiencv of Churchmans operatior.

It l{as durins ahisDeridl o{ dllle that Churchnar.

Bolvermanand To\aill pushed for ihe establishment of a deDartmenl resDoDsibieior all government activitv i; the north. \rhat had been a de facto departinenrrvithln th€ DNR had no formal foundatio;. and Nitbout it sharing ol pos'er was in€vitable.

To th€ disappointmentof the trilnvjrate. cabinet rivatry belpedput a stop to rny move lo\\tard a new department. _ llore inport.rnt. ho$e!er. was thc faci that Cburchmanwas stowly losing sround $ith the gov ernnent. His strongarmnethods and grc$ing reputation as an €npire builder $ere finally turning back on binl. The lninv enenrieshe had madesere building a case to turf \filf ChurchDi'rnout of the north altoqether.Churchmau realized that his power *'as wanins but was unabte to rev€rse the trend His emoire eooarenLlr doorned.h. ren.Jinedwirh rhe 'tooi rrhen he lefr t^r Ordq,r an'l dedartrlleniurrril thi federalDeDxrrDrent ol Indirn Affdirs \\'ith Chur;hnian leaving thete $as little io Leep Ted Bowernan inlerested. His position as super_

visor ol commerciallisheriesconvincedhim that he could make his fortlrne in the induslry. He left the deDartmentabout the same time as Churchmanand esiablisheda businessat ReindeerLake- He found howeverthat fishing wasn't as easy as it had seemed during hi. supervi'insd.ry'. Ted.onn moved bdck rnd becare I polihome-rofrrming nea;Sheilbrook tician. He ahnosl won the rnayoraltyof Prince Albert and becrmemore and nroreaclive in the NDP. trVith the resignationof Art Towill the colonial lriumvirate $as no more. The situation they left be_ hind $as, for the most part, ibe sameas that described in 196l bv the Centr; for Communitv Studi€s. In long rangegoalsrof the Iookins at-the 'comprehensiv€ DNR ihe Report on Econonic and Social Develop' men! noted nunerous limitations. The naior one was ''lack of clarity and deiinition of goals." "Lacking an overairDldn.rhp norlhernproqran :el ofi in severdl ,l;rp,li^;.. I, provide,l.cfl;in;f rhF ser!i,eq of modern industrial societv.blrt rlot the necbssarveconomrc base. It speed€clup th€ end of the old way of life while Iailins o tir peoplefor life in the netr'' The olhcr liri dri^nq. contlnuedrelianLeon old policies, lack ol co-ordinationand control and lack of invest'H,C.T$iAS THE LEGACY LEFT BEHIND B\ \\'lLf CHURCH\IAN So who lus been brouehtin to -emFd\ the .ilualion? Wilf Chunhrnrn.1\h€n Ted Bosermdnwon his s€ai in ihe '7t sweep he was given the I)epartnent of Natural Resourceswith the und€r' sta;ding that he would eventuallybecomeresponsible for the Departmentthat had etudedhim in the early sixties. In the monlhs that followed Ted Bowerman tried valiantly to run the north. To the extent that he is now jokingly referred to as Preni€r Bowerman he was successful.In any practi.al lerms his performancehas b€enweak.Early in his term Bowerman boldlv Dromisedworried \DPers that he would fight eue.y :n,l ot r}e nJt, ha\ing llr. churchmanin rhc govprnmeirin 1ni cJpa.iry. ln lhe ncanrinre he hired his former colleagueArt Towill to play the vansuard role in D\S. But two underlings don't make a seneral. In desperationBo$ernan pleaded wirh $Iili Churchnan to comeback to Saskatchervan and help hin out. \\Ihen thos€peopleBo$erman had promisedotherwisefound out about Churchman'simmine.t return it wa,"an accomplished'tact.Ted did mahe another promise 10 replace the broken one, howerer.He $ould keep Chutchnan for no more than two years. the time it \\'ould take to organize the new deDarlnent.This was qood for Ted Bo{erman.

As he ionfessedto an old northern acquaintance,he just Nasnt c t out for a ninister's job. "I should go bacli to the iarn1.' $rilf Chufchman and Ted Bowerman were discoverin,athat they couldn't run th€ show quite like they usad to. Colonialisn neededa softer image and ditfefent rh€toric.So they are moving the bureaucracy to La Ronselrom R€ginaand insteadol talking about 'helpine Deoplehplp rhem.elvp., lhey ralk aboul givingp.onl;'control lheir own lives. "ver HE REALITY FALLS CONSIDERABLY SHORT OF THE IIIAGE. As Jim Sinclalr. prpsident of lhe trlerisSo,iell pursit. natives still have only tso rights, "the right to drink and the right to go on welfare." The departis so r€strictive in its approach that people NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

T

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,ltI ts

{|

k[

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*, andcut a trcewithoutthe permission

One o[ the plans ro help gi\e locat control ro

ilniH.t il1,!._:".*iTiff:i:if#J'iiii:"

is it anerected Cliurchman_des(ribes rhp apparenr .onfu5ion lXlflll 'F'iff:i; rhFr'rtbrishmenr in ,n,,.^",,,oi'Xtlt".'i,y; -"rne_drreclron.of rhe Depanmeni i. cimpty an indicall.'.f"l".0. a ,.ommi"sion

9:"T.;.,* iT'.":i",'tl'li' 3J1::*f !1l'jllTi;':" i:::'"iIJ;*lt,'".Jijitilrprevrous :ii'1 I 1rmpad !;"';i;[ie oi qovernrnenr on rh. people... ln rhe past,norrberners ha\e .felr ex,ludedfrom decjsion fwas .i,'#J'li"il; l\',"iiiT' ".'n,";ijil :"li:,' il.,' go\ernmenr lo Le rcplaied Ir) an elecrcd body rirree as an imposirion :Tli,q:.,.,lgl yL,,h" monrhs jl i,l iii'i;r"i."il,v# 3i";T"i;l,ilsTj;,iJ l^"li',ii'j,I :t"lT:il?;,"l ",.f"..$i'Jlli il.,,,,ifi: B_li,', : {:lft ;;'i,li"o""::"1"'J,,';lx,l ii: 8,{.oii;,i "::i:'; :"*Tfli: :?TT'Jff TiJril."iif,i mrnrnq-exaclly illi!!!!r1!il, whar rhe norrhernpopularionwanrs. navep-assed,s_lh.no_news of wh.enrhar *i1t t"plo".parrcrn,rs .". ,:.ti'; TL-rff. _lhesame lhroughourrhe.bNS. li i"ij;T|;;:'fi#ti 3;ii,,k5.","

:l ;r,i;',"J'?,"i,[":,':t,",JtLil r:r"+*l*lFr ,;#jlii +.ii'i, ll$l#*r*"$;l[i,r"f ri:""j onrror lvcr r-esourc;s o,her iffl l#"$"ii"*t'f""'or

r".)., ,; u *;" ir,iii,ii ',.*il,;-li:"T,l #!/,ili"*Tf l'l;"X.';Hi,;",fi ii,tllJi,p,,"lrom,rfl:tfalor.s fy_"''tTt"',r tdnquage and ra rs alour ..esrabti.hing

i"ii.1tli,.i:"lii"l"ii"l;:i"i?'-i*T'.TRH:a;:.I.H to the ffli:i ?':ff:''.il'l'lT'rerapparcnrhconne(rion .'ff;"A"lffi,'::;",i'+i ",i.i,"lfi ilil,,xliil,.'li" iffi:::;;:'illi";1"", f,:T:ii,,il"l1iTiJ Tl;iai i"jl* :?:,.*lfi,::,1,1", JRi,iff"*t':t"* over rhechances roirear nu, *i,""i l:,i,$fi :ffi ilitdi,ii:i,!{,::ll d"t.1,,,"i: "?."}Y;:g,Ut:cism, are qerringusedro the norion :["];J;"11':l;'i,i'i.,."1'#,'1,ill:ffi ,,-:',9l]nerl :1,,x,,,:xH .rn,pegprq rhFNDp rher diprwili be wordsand ffi"::* a cor.l aJministrative unil_so as ro givc

pcopre hdve lonq re.oenized from ex-- llortnl,.n

me controt.i

DFpartmenr sru,liesand.onsuttsin its .. _Wlile.rhe,

nrs prc,erencF:in onp area.Touri"m, accordine io

by Richcd Addon ond John Rid!&tl

FISHilARKETING FIASCO "l'ifff",iv{';":^iff l-"lril$,".'."# ^:iii,ii:"lffi';:.!'il.^ii,*i{:fl "[i.fJF,Hi "i$: ri #i';lffi +S : i"TJ -,1','lr lijilii.{!T}iil l"lii::irt:r,:r'T:,,ffi ,,€f",P#f, {#if dent.D:rlid Corney. and cers. P€ler I[os-. a Board " "urrli"i "irr-i.","",o..rfi_ menlrr and principal

wa-"a lall order jn an indusrr] which has every rmatrnrbrFdrawba(kassociared wirh prinrary com_ monr) producrjonanrl markering.es ir rurnid oui, rne menwho set our ro do it werenor up to tle task,

po(rponpdday.of rnc\onng rhat people in rhe fisi

iif una",,r" "f!*!^,, ^af jlill,;r,i:,.":,llx" j":.,,,1.i:!.!!IrJ'lg^,y:o:,:a :i"'il;':" ff f"': ;" oron" "up.|"ui.ion morernan I.hTe r.ae,ui-cur,';i.i'.eque.r }ear- ago.Ir. hisroryhas!6pn 6on-

u inconperenie andrinancidr lii.li,,"llo,il,,l*"*"'

in 9fE.:, l oo(...1 ^l,..jill,oon t Iuas.llctvor ;t'"r,;."arrn"na"J'rt.,*.,o"

ol a fish markering_monopoty ro ouei.oi" re cooai_ rons hc.l'scoveredin the rourseof his investigaiion

was,and..rill is characrerized n.i;.T!""11"'* l,?l,f by ff l,t::; many. *--Thesna _jndustry ".";:i,:tT3:;";il . s.auFred.undcrcapitalized, usua y un. organrzedproctucers-th€ fishermen. i:ff:lyTi,il:l*:;"J,;:o#ll::" _1,":,-'.'"".. "Tbe Commission finds that overalt rhe u,-d-'orna.

XIani,oba.Onrari6and rhe :.r.kar.hewdn.

ii.[:sl,1# :iilHi:iilr.:l#;YHi"iffi rne jncreaseo[ interprovincialand export rraile. fiis NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

wca*nessol the lishermanin the westem ranq. snery and jn Norrhern orlrario rn_ panrcurartyappalling.Many fishermenis in

.-

Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Northern Ontario and the Northwest Territories, mostly Indian or U€tis, lach the training for and have no alternalive enploym€nt.

During the fishing seasonthey must fish or remain idle. Many are locatedon small lakes in r€mote areas and have usually only one buyer for their fish. tsecausethe lisherman lacks the capital and in order to assurea supply of fish, the buyer equjpsrnary fishermen $rith a boat. motor, nets, fuelJ food, etc. At tbe end of the fishing s€ason,the buy€r indicates whether the value of th€ catch was suffici€nt to pay for the rental of the eqiupmentand the cost ol the suppli€s.

Oft€n it is notr and the lishermanr€mainsin debl until the coming season. lire Jind thai und€r thesecircumstances, the lisherman is essentiallyan indentufed labourer.for the fish companies.It is s€lfevid-"nt that fish€rmenin this situation do nol n.Qo,idre a pr:.e.Therei: no barsainrng. . prin c.on, ern i. erisring.. . .

T}c fi-hern-an We find that frequently the fisherman doesnor c\en Inow rhe prire he will re.ei\e when h€ d€iivershis fish. Nothing indi.ates the bargaining weaknessof the fisherman more than relinquishing his fish without knowing what he will receive."

The westernfishery is an export industry direct€d at suplyingthe United Stateswith whitefish,pickerel, lale trout. nonhernpi\e 3n.1a..ofled orhFrspc.ics.

Ar prcqenl.produrrionin r}c area adminislerFd b] rhe Illla i. on rh. ordFroi poundsof fish million 'r eachypar,sirh .rn e\po-r !aluc of 5tl million.l\to.l of it is sold south ol the border.

In 1964there were 285 deal€rpacLersengagedin assemblingand for$arding fish. Mclvor judged that this $as far too many to achieveany kind of €fficiency, and that as a group ihey fell down rather badiy in maintaining any kind of quality control in the industry. He was also disrurbedby the strangle, hold they held ov€r fishermenthrough th€ €xtension of cr€dit.

Of th€ 32 €xportersin the prairie provinces,only twenty were of any significance,and one Winnipeg company handled about half the entire catch. That companywas run by Peter Lezerenko,better known in the trad€ as "Pete the Rat". There was little incentive for the exportersto invest in the tind ol modern ireFzinq3nd nro,e-,i,s fa.ilirieqwhi.h might provide rhe ba.is for cxprn.i^n and pr'ce .labilir) in rhe fish€ry.The erport€rswere smpty commoditybrokers interested in shortrun gains.

The importersiD Detroit and Chicagowho brought jn westernCanadianfish to servea Jewishand Negro ethnic marliet, $€re and are powerful. Ben Kozloff Inc. and Pick Fish€riesLtd. have Chicagoprctty well ti€d up. In Detroit the situation is even more clearcutj SlaznekFisherieshas a corner on the market.

This concentrationof power at the buying end is conGist€ntly used to dictate terms and prices back to the C:rnadiane*porter who in turn shilts the risks, whereverpossible,to his dealer-packers, who in turn shift it back to the usual final resting place, the primary producer.

28

CI V O RO B S E RV E D RE P E A T D D L Y THAT THE STATE OF AFFAIRS WAS BETTER IN SASIiA.TCHEWAN, despite the distancefrom marketsand the heavy relianceon expensiveair trans-

portation, and despite the low€r quality of fish due to parasiteinfestat;on.The r€ason$as that fishernen had giv€n themselvesa small measureof bargaining

"I\ie find that the lorination of co,operativcs has b€eninstrumentalin inproving the bargainingpositionof many fishermen.Ilany fisherren memLprsnos ob'ain their cquip. ment from th€ir co,operativesjand are no longer dependenton the fish company.The co-op€rativeices and packs the fish, thus feplacing th€ dealer-packer.Co-operatives sell directly to the exporter.}Iany sell their entire catch by tender even before it is caught- Obviously, these co operativeslBve . an influence in pricing. We find thai the form3tion of co'operativesshouldbe encouraged, not only io achieve an improvement in the fish€rmen'smarket position, but also to d€velopmore knowledgeableparticipation rn mark€ ng....'

Despite interest iD the work of co-op€ratives, Mclvor's main concernwas for efficiency.He recomm€nded a marketing monopoly, a rationalizationof the dealer-packers€ctor, and investmentin modern processinqfacjlities. He implied strongly that there w€re far to many fishermen, but refrained from recommending lheir elimination trom the fishery becauseit was obvious they they would have no alternate sourceof income except welfare. ]Iclvor's elficiency r€commendations becamethe game plan lor PresidentDave Corney and his managementteam when th€ lreshwater i'ish Marketing Corporation becamea reality in 1969.Both Corney and Mclvor should have paid more attention to two prophetic warnings in his report.

Tle fi*r .on.prrc,l rhe difficully of managing the whitefish market. To extract maximum returns from th€ fresh mark€t, the sell€rmust be in a position to di!.ert temporarysurplusesinto storage.In tbe fish busiDessthat'neans freezing. The oily properties of whiiefish make its froz€nlilleis not v€ry desirable, and they do nol sell at good prices. This is a rather given tbat whitefish makes up half critical v;eakness, the annual catch in the west€rn iishery. Nlclvor's final wisdomon the topic: "It is desirablethat iilleting be restrict€d to the amount required y'hich will stabilize the prenium market of the whole, round or dressedproducts; or to th€ amount which will mllimize the return to the Canadian industry for all th€ fish it handles.Although the volume of filleting will undoubtedlyin, crease,we feel that nothing should be done ahich will unduly hdstenthis ,ro.ess." (o|r emphasis) The other nagging theme which cr€pt into X{clvor's report goeslike this: "Il sbouldalso nol bc overlookedthar a( long sq rhe Unitpd Sraresi.p;ti";;i round or dr€ssedfish retainscontrol over the premium market Ior freshrvat€r fish. the NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

benelit ol any rationalizationin the Cana_ dian industrt' will rend ro accruc ro rh€m r"rrnr,.rl,an.roL" ,nrd:Jnpxpoflcror rhc ' L!nacltn ||sh(rmtn.

This is exactll

:amr rirr.,rhr.r'u-to rrior. $i" Iigh :L.iran_ ree'r rrrrrr I n6 .o ti-h,rn,n ^tfrrirp for rnc firr In e rn rnFrr F\pfl ?n, r 1l-i. rhote , e1, "p h",J .r r flain mdlhemrri.rl plc_;n," rn j ,.r rrJ in.lnc,rhave

hat happened.

RO]I ITS VERY Is]JGINNTNGS THE IIARKETING -[.RDSH\\'ATER !'ISH CORPORATION IROCDEDED as if burFr,., -dc\ 2n,r.,,hnntoer would provnle -nj Q ri rot,rion: ru r\F nrobten- ot rhe

f t her v I r r r r fi rr )p rr o J u rra ri o r tooo 7OJr\c 3, I nr n. r r ' l . r ,o -r. o t n r!F r' o rn e ].- Fmprrc ro.e l. $r r 0000 in d i n to ;0 i t r,re r q i r. S , ,aa,OC O eq onp , . r 4c - pI r :r I' J !F t-i m .cl r w i rh a r.n 4 p d r or o, hr gh f r j..d l rl p r.!o" u "dro ^ n I k n o q muth abour t he f is h LUs in e s s' In October 1970 rhe llfIC launched construction of ne$ f . , ili. i , . i r \\ rn n j p c q a .o -r i n p\.pss of J ) r nr r ||un I nr p l a n l J q o n ti n . ro i r: p rn u d dj rcr t^rj , i: on. o , t , c n o i r ' ,o d c .n i n N o -rh A m eri .d. tr r n. or p^r ar . - f th re .p .!i n r .^ .;n e . .h i p p i ng. frcFz r nE ir F t inp. .l o rr!e u l d ,o ^ l i re ra N .i ty , rnd i c oF ignF ' r , o D fu ip :c 2 0 In i :o n p ^ u n d : o t ti l h :1 a ) F . r . l/ r c l07 , a n n u l rp p n o f l h F Corpora.:on clr in, F d r lar r li q l } L e . , p r ri l i z p d p trn r \ras i nl ended r o . ene r l, ll: l ri ro b r ti .h F rv rn d $ o u l d nor requrr. m u. n j- n t r m o th rr r-F d r T h i - d ^ p . n o r -q arp \i rh l he la" r f , , l l a r,rro 0 1 tro ,i r, F ,t i t Ti i ^n ^ n tr poun, l. . I n f-l " .r ) ,h c .-o u n,Jer ]tr. _1.

7 i n o ra t;^ 1 I or net . d c ' ,ro n u r: F T l ,Ite I r. L n a k n er .peed k on a centralizarion program.

I

. , o: h" r - m ijo l ' .rp i rrl i rrp -.n ,n r. .tIri rq tor0-71 B ^ ^ rt ti .h F r:c c ntanr ar ' n, , t u' + . i. ( t ( n. 0 0 0 i o | h F r P r r r r { . \ t dnr to t-. I tf p tl n s .r. a p p s -F n t\ a mocl wo. ||r h- c . t n rh p tn n !rta g c u . rl c a n n ul t rppofl , '' . . . , r r F r . : r : { In d L j l i ' F . I^ ,.r,i o n In d .^ n di ri on ir wa. nor r d. qur l . rl ,F a -.rto rd .i ^ .r s i nnri nu -e fv p r e( lur r err c n i q ' n n .c ,!p d to r. -urc .on 'nq tinujty of operatior. On€ round io llr. Booth. There were other investments, including S22a,m0 for a new packer vessfl on Grcat Slave Lahe. Cornev ancl comp an] \ er c . n- nd i rj 1 r -u .h rrl re rh a r i n to70 rhe ,c 4F 11I qov c r n re n , h " l ra i + th r c o rp nrrl i on. .rF dr ' , p, lint r r a S t0 mi l l i o' nl r^ L i v F rl e m morc room In \ 1neeland de a l

THE F}[IC BEG.\N BUYING IN II\CE trAy J96e. PRICES TO FTSHERX{ENI Lr HAVE GO\E UI by as much as 30 per cent. This $as nrosr'noticeable durins ihe 17

u r' to .o -1 0 . $ h .n j .rmL ,^ a nd l areF \rhr r er i. h \ r ' F i n ,.p .,-.,' ,Fennrpr p e rsp e o\.r the no ou un nd d ovcr l l _e -- , *, , " , 't-. sunrmer prrre rangc ot j9 j3 cents. There $ere even t: r . s er ir ir c r + - I,.. p r.l e re l l 2 .,n r. p F r nound on q. i, " - ' " ' ll, r,n ,r.. rl ., d ]ff,,u1.\ qi rl . , 0 -' o ,F .rr rh r - gr pir i r h d a r^ rcrl ' J i- t l, ) o f h ._ F -e \a q .h ro unoar r nq r n ' h p n rrk F r. T h c a o rp o rrri n n re,rFared ro . om F $hr l t . $ F r n ri .,. rl F fo l l n \i n A c mrpr l -he .\c r ' , r p. dr 4 - p1 p trr.n rr!, rl r. a o rn F j In d l -i . n rna. hr F ., t? r) p r,,rrrt u n ,h r.l j , nd:1g of ri r p l. lir ' . c l- , hcJ $ c rc j rD n o .e d .,. t,. rrn j r i ng h r,' ,rp r.F t s h rr i , ,a c ,t J lc ..rnpc t ll. r -i n!l e .er. .rTr ns h -l d L i t z e d I" i .e s l o .h F rri ,l e throusl In r m r iiz - . 1 or i' , 1 n . fo r rh e ,t:ff,rF ,.r .D e,:c, an,1 g rade, ol , , r . h i, ,.v r_ ri o u sfo r-rs ro u n d ,l rc i +d hei d rp < ( and dr p. qe d . ' ro z F ,r l i l l e rp ,l a n .l .o o r \r rhe NE \ T Y E A RCO U N T R Y

of rulas flies in the

Sometimes dependjng The r e6n pp,;1 f:.lr.r nennee,J q1n.cr:sh. ,,... wn ptr\r rnaybc rhe founrt;:on oi lhF fi.herr, Dur.l),ckcrcl ;rnd Fout brine pmmrrn prki. rvnr.h.an mal,For breel r,eison. wort ..Rieid toleranre.rto nnr ..rke .,,n,rnr or , cnflnernt ron4irions.rn,Jofter f^r,p qr-rcful pra.l.i,FS-.

R2rhe-,han ro.e .hpir ti, en,e. , um :Fnd -,'rp',r..q rn c .i,h "

to the botton of the tak*. ;;,i. '.-'l ndert\rn! n rhi - . a fl i rl v .,,.nI , qdt s. .. t' on,:.w ho w i I.Fl rfi , rr,,n nol ti " rn .;s our , e"r oul l w Fl r Jnd i he D N R .Fem ro h1!c Jp(idAI ' in ot -^u' l " FrnFrqar ,h. ei Den. e of l i ,l our ' _hrt.

D ro\vr nnrl hcrrer. Tl crF i s no sugg" -r , , u, or orrP .r cornrpl ron. \- onF Fj nbi crF,l o u: r r ver _ snmn.P di r ,rp. l r. nrotr' dr;sr | ,tun rn lr r r ng ers.. I h.y d,,n I h?te r^ ' i ,) C eorrr Fie can w rl h n ti l e rl i l .,J r ,i eak , [ nner 3n4tf,.uo| re oi .q:np. l n any (a.e i l .orq " I ' L"r

l;."11:":,lT;l'"-

richrL'e' ar'^ )rcteep':er

29

looked v€ry attractive to sqme of the computer specialistsworking for Mr. Corn€y. Unfortunately for themJit was a systemfar too rigid for marketing a perishablecomn,oditywjth an unpredictableharvest.

One veleran of the trade descfibedthe folly of the Corporaiion'sbehavior rhis 1r'at: ' It w.NDt a r.llr,s dcsk. It Nas just an ,/ddl desk. They $,ere charging buyers the same for five boxes as for five carloads.

That's no way to move fish. And they would sell to anyone.Why would a man order two carloadsol fish if his competitionacrossthe street can order 50 boxesand be sure to s€ll -it all? You've got to push it out, but give the buyer an exclusiveso he's got a chance to sell it. Then you'll s€esomereal bidding.Th€ way;l \{ork. now, Iho:p buyFrshaveno incentiveto go for volume.They jllst take what they want and leav€ the rest with the CorAnd they've been leaving a lot. By mid-1971the rcsultsof the passiv€s€llingpolicy of the i'FMC wer€ showing only too clearly. Its cold slorage faciliti€s werejammiDgup with fish that had to be frozen.The value of inventory jumped lrom $850,000in mid'1970 to $1,500,000 a year later. This only led Corney and company to furious planning and gearing up Ior a highly overestimated"conv€ni€ncefood and institutional" market. This market had to exist, becauseit was iheir, only hope of unloading huge quantities of In the meantime, the frozen fish weren't really co-operating.Even glazedand kept at 5 degreesbelow zero, they don't maintain desjrable characteristics much longer than 9 to 12 months. Some fish in the FF}IC'S inventory ares as much as three years old.

This builduD in inventorv took Dlacein tbe face of decliningpr;ductjon. In iis first lear of opdration the FFIIC handl€d37 million pounds,and in 1971 this lvas down to 33 million pounds.The Corporation explained this by pointing to the production and marheting problems created by mercury pollution, although this had a direct elfect on less than 10 per cent oi normal produclion.lt also attributed someof its revenueproblemsto the unfavourablechangesin the foreign exchangevalue of the Canadian dollar.

Both theseproblemswere real, but they becameexcusesto cover up deficienciesin the methodsof the Corporation-

HE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE CORPORATIONFINALLY WOKE L'P TO ITS RDSPONSIBILITTESEARLY THIS FALL. PresidentCorn€y was sent

away on indefinit€ holiday in September, and bis dismissalwas announcedin ),trovember.

Tbe annualreportfor 19?1-72 is now due but has not yet been released.Tt should make int€resting reading.

There is no reason wby David Corney alone should b€ tagged with the full responsibility ior a liasco which has been three and a half years in the making. There were ten other peopleon the Board of Directors and not one fishermanamong them. SasLatch€wan'soriginal appointe€swere Dr. Russel Partridge and George Couldw€ll. Dr. Partridge is a Prince Albert dentist whose main qualilication was being a Liberal and a friend oi Davey Steuart, then 30

Provincial Treasurer,now leaderof the Liberal party.

Partridge'sterm of office expired in June, 1972.

GeorgeCouldwell is a more interesting case.He is Director of the Fish€riesand lvildlife Branch of the Departm€ntof Natural Resources in Regina.Until August he was consistentin his defenseol the policies and p€riornance of the ijsh llarketing Corporation in spite of mounting criticism fron Saskatchewan fishermen and the staff of their organization,CooperativeFisheriesLtd.

HE GROSSIIISIIANAGEMENT OF THE FRESHWATER FISH MARKETING CORPORATION OVER THE PAST THREE AND ONE HALF YEARS hAs had a very detrimental efiect on the Saskatchewan fishery. The honeyrnoonwith high prices is probably over. At the.sametime both Co-operative FLheriesLId. and thF priva(cdgenlsare in serious financial trouble, and the traditional vrork pattems in the fishery have b€en disrupted. Perhaps even sorse. llp long run rrpnd ot fishermenorganizing themselLres lor greater control over the lish economy has beeDdeflectedand jeopardized.All this can be traced back to the policies of the FFMC. The high prices paid by the Corporation,and the way they w€re paid out, were a mixed blessing in Northern Saskatchewan.

It had be€ntraditional. both

DYNAMIC DAVE CORNEY Dave Corney has a long experiencein the lish business.He has ahvayshad the reputation of being energeri.dnd above all. ambirious.

Early in his car€er he was a grain buyer for Pioneer at Xleadow Lake. Later he became General Xlanag€r of the SaskatchewanFish Marketing Service, and was always full of adventlrrousplans tor the constructionof new faciliti€s. When the CCF decided to transform SFIIS in,o a pro.iucer,.o-oprrarivein 1959j Corney quickly decidedto hjt the road. He had always talk€d a fairly good game of producer participation, but found that reporting to a producer-runBoard of Directors was not to his liking. He landedat K€ystoneFisheriesin Winnip€g but, accordingto him, soonquarreledwith the oxners over their businessethics.

Corn€y's next stop was the Martimes. He ivent to work for a tsritish company, Acadia Fisheries.There he finally began to realize his expansionistdreams.Under bis guidanceAcadia bujlt a huge modernprocessingplant at Canso, Nova Scotia for 96 niilion and acquireda fleef of expensiveboats. The plant is now closed,a financial failDre Late in 1968 David Corney rnade a comeback as presidentof th€ FreshwaterFish Mark€ting Corporation. The rest is history. His incredible survival capacity may have had nothing to do r4rith the fact that his wife is employedin Ed Schreyer'soffice, and that his brotler-inlaw is Gordon Snyder, Saskatchewan llinister oi Labour.

during the time of rh€ Saskatch€wan Fish t{arketjng Scrvice{ t!4o-(o} :rn.trhp periodq.henCo-operariv; rrsneflc_\ Lrd. \as rp.pon-iLlpfor n":rrteringrloq0 60).,ro l{eepr}p ir; i/l nJ)ninr on tth fairty t^u rn rnc aL,sen.e ol Jnl olfpr ' redir-\ .rem.this :erveJ lo cpm"d r ri:he"man - in.one ,or. crenly over rhe s'nore.yF3-. znd li) gjrc ,h" I o operalitessomedssuran(e.lhalrhe monp] .hFylerr for outfi ing qould be repald.

Thc If\l( _dL,andoned rhi- poticy.tr made ex. rremer)nrgh In.l at piyn F rr tlc ,ummcrcarch, ^n rh. \{inlFr .arch. snrch r- nl{a}: nt!h lar,jerlhrr rhe .on-equFr(cwa- rhJ. sin'cr fishing Ie olf dra:ri(.ll\. fron 2o nirJ:o. noJnd. in u.inLerroi0 lo onl) ?00.000pound.in {i:.Fr Ioil on rhe .arrh handlFdb) rheCoon R) $in,F-thcfi.hermrnhadno mone) t^r outfirrine.rr.l :o, al d..i-.rn,e,rppcared morearrrn,ri\e rhrn lh. mFaprF "pr irn. ,ror ;brking on lhc_rceivherer.- ol r}e mpn uorld be Iu,l) r; k€ep 9500 from l0 weehs,cffort. The combinedpoli_ creqor. r$o rFnole Lr.rcrU,f1,:c-were piiecrirpll undFrn;ningrhF :, Jf rerirn.eof rhc fiqhernren. \\'ETL A5 \ITERI\G

THE PATTERN

o f \ \-o R K t\( t\T tvE s T H E nIIC Pl T lRENlt\DOr

S PRES5UREon rhe

ii. her m n n - o re d ri /. t,o n . l h e C o o D Frari !.

F i. he. i c . L r,t tr ,l i d rh i s b ^ l tr th " ;ugh i ., pe, ulilr p_uli. Jo t,h o o -j .l o r-e r s o 1 rh e l akF.. and o y r F r elu- al. t o n l v .rd F q u J F rl re s fo r r e.rj v,rg, pr oc €s J nRr nd fo r\l a fd i n s fi s h

gerFral . nafl e] H ca1,ifor prorF,ri on. bdr Eer e ignor Fd. .\^np o ,trF, r\ t.{ rvdnr- \ho n " k" rare r r s oi help_ rqq. rur,hcrn-f. Ii fte.l r ti ns" . ro prprcnr r t - i. bt , . r ir ' nrrr rr r. nFrhap. ror' hl of n,,rn 1..r. lhc t a$yFr a.i i nj i nr l ti , rl D i ,t snl ri l -t. y t r : , - e r t o- e ferd..ronqhrn $.l h GForge.^ut.t\. r d e . r or ot r hc r ri -\l l an,J| ) p,roro[Fi h..i e.torrhpD N R cFor ge, of course, lvorks lor the interesrs oi the fisherminl

ORE ORITIL-AI THAN THIS PANDER]NG TO THE PRIVATE DDALERS \1,{S THE l}'lIC'S POLICY ON processrnE margrnsto the agent).frurina irs fir.t l$o yeirs the untl nrajor chinge

\\aq r dos_nri !h. rcvi -i on ui r.. ,.n' . p" ; pounJ ; n l he rnrr. l ur frp-h pl r!l .rnt. \' rhe .i ne t r r r . c Lne ,i l Jpt l A pir nr - , r u opFral ri _,o.l i ni tr,p :1A pntpi .ri ng pi anr- nere fl 5j rg rof .c!Fr" t rer- on. lt age. \rere up rn response to provjncial lesisiarion and ah€ l :.d .' ! .l .tr :,l c r.l or -n, r, 1* i -..r I p .r o$. , n,F. Inp I I \t, \aq ,' -.Ii r ti rg ,,r r.j F- i n p, or u. . r r or recnrr,t,rp$hr,,t , rFrr.LJp\ r. p\n n-F l ile n. ! in! rrpFl i rj rorr ,l i \ a\ai r.onr bru.k i du" i qur . : t r ^r en ' d (l Ql . l i ,l " l .\l ' } oucl , th, l t \tC cri Ir p, , . or r rr- rFn..- tor l o;_. (' o-otp.. r:\. fr" l F i .. f : 1c'. r Jo: ror. hi _]| ^r .rt00.000. Thi . r-,d n,LtJ {ipp ou. rn' .qrr' l rhF rl .i L.r- i n s, ).,r- fh p pr . v", F ^i Jgcn' ., , tF, al l ) X l .r,u:r, -j, : , l ,k a "t h pressed.

| .a,n.J rn,l ri,orcp ( t\ptl ,. lFllr' Pre.i,tnr Drnnr.i' thr- :i||-,t .," o, rri.m:.r,e,rinr ^.rJ Lr r.r" . .,, rrr r. r" .r rre., .h3r r-"_6p :q:11 . ' ";*, ,\\,n. rr.hFr.p--h^.rt,t,u'Lr.r.. on rr, ,r,,tii r s.. errenLl Inq.o trqr,rme,. Liecr-p.hp., irp ro,.h.. r:..,q ol

$-lpn \t' .rr-p ir. il neeoeaa;enr. ro , \^irh the_.Il dFal rhe Ii.lFrrrFn -qqu,F co.,cin ric-fi.Iery. rl was^rlcrrthxr rhcrF1^ 5hor'J orl\ oe onF ior ca.h arF2.slrargel) enuu:1..hc,lrirp fur .pnrralizurion .reo ! l o! j -hF-rrFn h:- ui - | Inti ,ro| nr t o , lo. in! oo$n -no-r t rt- ofFr.rri .n- .,r,t .r \ rs rhc f i. her ' in0. .ll'.lcr.y Ji,t nor Jnfty ru rhis Droblcm.In m.n \Fl l j rp Thp ri .l i rr rn,r ,r, Li nr , , or ^r sa.(.r'.h"s;rn.NlerA.r qe.,he ii:herrFn co_op ,or' ^ " " ,.i rhF^h$ i o,r.i . Fn, .;.,r,--or e. , p, , ,Ii_ only dealff on a lal.. ir s. rpLo.nzFd ,s rhc t-FnlC :l l .n,j : " ,rr, , " . . (0 0p . ^ f i ,. ; agenr.rhrs xa: -, Inlinl) .o- rhp ea5lcide lhe ! , . ' , r' . l. u " q I h ^f r, n . F t \ , r, , o L , , . r. n r; r r i i \ n , I l: r:0ll:nprrF.lor,h.rn d P-r,'* :, .|i".",1".'. ncafpr.\l^ltc-,or. raRorqe.Bie rn 5and).'ljeli(dn \arfo! -, CIn,l,.r111,r I n- or \\,..c-n CrnrdHouse..rrmerv_ (-andleMonrr.ar an,l Dp- hr nbaull Sulhe io_opi . $h) h-,_,fpJt\t..,kFn -u.t, r h:.-rltinc rirn hardl.d oni) /0 fpr,.nr o rhe ii-h landcdin Sd.i(.

Fflr. rr-rogh i'. ,Nn .ni.r.,nd;; .he 1.^:.rl':i Ii" on {e.r .:JF r,iprFarF privarcdFalcr<, mFnr .r. In hrq 1r!uhl e. 1l ,F .S r n i ,l :on non . lFr . t he Str.cle(an. $eiic L.FhF-r.sand Cl.rrkc FthFriF. rnd arorher nFs pl dnl i l \\.nr,ppj si rl 20 i l l ;ornou nd. ra prrvalF.deahr lf.CLinc-- otprarF,lon LakF Alha_ p" .r\ \\r-.,rl i nL nu- ,u ba fe,r I roi rl, r aopea| Dasfi \ here\'prlIp) uFre in.onpelirion \irh l hal ro _nrl ., ri . \1;1r,l ]Fq opFrl ri un i uok - cn: ihle .o-op.thc FFlla gra. or-lv grdnlpd;qcncysrarus a ana rrrr,?,1n-j ra 5r\F rl F:r n$n .ki n.. cor ncl to l pro ind pnr Inr.rik ,hc tichernen , .\r l.le-a.la.aro--c a\ r) fron \\'eirc .o fo-m co_opsjL,ur rhe 31d.,bjo\,:-.' orr nor en.^,rrdec,hj:dirc.rion.Tr sranred ;rt:rI llerte an.zQFn{-v rJl rhe , ne \r D^.c lake rhe coop. ncjlp dnd ( /drkFall bpcrTe agents.

(

At Buflalo Narro'ls the tishernlentrad bern rrvrng iorn i,o^p 19l.-ap.'1. 1\eirc. .hrr.hec'bul 'o thF ueparlmFnr4f r-^ ur,l"r ljbrrrl Darfel Hcatd.4cntc4 tn.n tl.F^nFrrrion r--i.l-r,F rhc\ ree,lcdlo epl . rr,r.l. \\'hFn-heI F\lr rrri!c,t ir fornd ,$o deatpr, on lrlei. \\p:'. "n,'J^hnnI \lj,trerl, a snaller 'he The Thrr.hopFr:rr^.

Jo!c,.mpnrcd'.e.trhe .hoicc oY ouvrn.iout !r rtgpir q a..Ftj Trri. sa" nor enough \I"dte r ,lr',rcd rh|'h" ,i.lprrcn ored him $j,.000, re,o+ w"r. ,amot..ct) inadcquarcro 1lll"'-n l,obl.r, ion Ihe I F.rtC auil.orire(l rrerre o daturl ronF\ rrom rhe ii.hermcnto clear , h,sDhonetdebr.The fi.hcrmendppealed to Arrorney_ NEXTYEARCOUNTRY

rn4 hJ: A roup hr,l l o n the l i nrn.i rl .q eFz. on lh; oP .cnl ri l r/Fi nro. p--i n_. ^pFrrri on. i n rh F f i- hins .o-ni un,l rIn4 i rv l o Jri r, ,l er rnJpr Ar l r hi: i .:r,rc1.:rQ rn rhe nan' F,un)f.her m €n ^ ^

HERE IS NO T\'\\ TO GO R.\'K TO THE PRI -IO1OII \RKFTJ\G :\ sTE\I E. cn rner (.o opcrarivFI i-l.r re.,,Snircdrlp Dnrcn.r!l. d\anlrrfq oi i ", e,,. rl rnrrkerinS agency_and supported the creation of th;

Frc.h$xrF: Fi .h..yrrr' ;i j rs' 8. . i, 1". , " -r" ;ri ;; -i -h c:\pu-r.r.

Tocr o/ I.r\ p r er ir ecl .h. ot,t \\ i nni opQ or tupn_d.r\pr,o, hu-i nf-. I.v rhc Fl IIc. ln r }e rurufF. l or Lp' 1tr o.^tIor.c. i . ,..o' l re vnr.i o n of r he rr-\r n^thrrQ S i n.p t rpr p have .o m uch r L ^r .un" ^r. si l ' rF. rhp i ,tFr r hr r r he r.nermcn rr,t thei r ,u-operi ri .p.

-hor 14 hr ve a a^1r rrrnl vo,p i n ' h. nr Jri orr T,,p ,i rnr i- s inJ so\e.nn p-r b. pau,-dr. t rfp l - r,t ,hei r l i .k aI he

3t

DEMOCRATICPROCESS

probably l:asL oitrcriro is the brandiDg of NDPeN as "conmies" and "reds". It is the one-t$o punch ot Taped o. the ball seat and the dashbosrd of the rhreats and briber) tlat th. Ljberals feall,v cdunt on.

Dy election da,v the plan was rrell organized. late m;del {!r Nere hancl-pdntcd oler-sized ballols ore lith the marorelL-vcar.lidaks and the olher wrth Sererxl cars. equipped with the }o$.to{,ote reroxed tle candidateslor al{lerlneD.Thick "X"'s were care- ballots, rsided the t$o NIcris sr.riols oi to$n. The fuily drarr opposite the naftes oI HauI Houghton drireh sinply knocked oD doors and irvited those (ior llarorr aDd Dr. GarLh Bruce and Jean Poivier sho coukl lote lo come ovcr to the .urling club {or (for altiermenl. As election clal progressedthe car collec ard doruts. On the nal io the briDes, me brousht nurnerous loads ol Meds lrom the to{n to natiles $'ere heated to intinidaiion. The threats. likc r h, La Ho ra F ' u rl :n :.,u 1 , d i ' J . l d rP r o n, f' om rherP their authors, are crude and to rhc point. "I{ you don't roto tor our people 1ou will have your weliare, r o r h. t o,l i n ; -:ri o r a r rl r A n g .i a n ehur.h H al l o1d age pensions,trarpins licence, .te. tlken a$ay".

It $as rnuDicil,al election dat ih La Ronge.

The man driring tl,c car (Nhich was just one oI Tie tl.eats are idle ones, bLL for the narive rvho hal{ a dozenl rvns Stan Ko$'alski, a Libclal and has too olten seen simila. promises carried out the lorner mayor ol the town. His najor acconplishment rlsk oI ignoring theh is roo g..at.

Perhaps the nost destruciive result of racism in as mayor had been the ircezing ol the town couflcil minutes durins Lis redn ol office. I-egally, ary citizen the north is the dcic..rcc $irh which the white nan ard c.rtan y alderrnenhave the ljght to look at the is uea.ed bJ the narive. The rule is sloriy breaking ninutes o{ council meeljngs. Slan didnl see it .hat down but most \letis slill {eel ol,lieiedro pal headlr wal and he nanaged sonehor to convincethe Depafi' i. rctu.n fo. anl .our.es) olfered br a white.

Capitali,iDg on tlis asl)ecl of northern culture is nent o{ Xluniciplt AflaiF inlestigator, XIr. Sa$chu}, thâ&#x201A;Ź Lilr.rals' {avouriL. lote .atcher. Treating the to come around ro his point of rie$'.

Nletis se.ror ol the La Ronse eiectofateto colfee and This was n;t a typical nunicipal election. As in m o- l . r . lrl , h -s a n , o r{ n u n i l i F .. ,:ti c el a l i on- i n donuts (and, of couree, booze) at the Curling Club and then drning thern to lLc tolls is just one â&#x201A;Źranple.

La Rongr hart been the exclusire political territorj The Curling Club b cit) propertr. The co.operao{ Liberal businessnenand laryers by deiault. This rion oi its manasement in this collectire l,dbe was line, hoseler, (rn.thing $as amiss. j.nocent. The organizers claimed ihat Th3t somet}i.s was Allar Quandt, ihe foundins quite lileti becauseir was so cold it nould be a pitl if people residenLot Lhe ro$n, e\.bapper and prospector-the political .onscielce and bug Lrearof tbe NDP in the iad to r1'aitoatside the poll to vote. So, Nhy not keep north. Quandt b nos a l,usinFsnan (dishibutor oi then nice and uarm in the <rrrling r:lub and let then propanc gasl bur his long time residencein the area rote at theif leisure. Silat they failed to point out a'as that dre voting $'as being doDe at the Anglican and his relationships with natile people make hin Church Ilall+u{{icientlr lnrse to hold almost the people actually one o{ the hand{ul o{ white who are tfusted b! the Indians and \Ietis.

The last niDute .ampaieD was succe${ul. Houeh.

It was essentially more accurately a one fahilr, canpaign. Eren tsoh Dalby, a long tim6 ton rolled 193, Quandt 152. A third candidate, Mel t.ie.d ard perenDial NDP candidate declined to do Fountain, nas lelt out nirh '1. Dr. Bruce and Jan Poilier Non ihe tlro alderma.ic seatsbeating ucurr anyding excepti lresthably, rote. bent public housing advocate. Ilrs. Cren Bcck and had been ruDDiDg a quiet, lo$ key cam.

Qua.dt paign $hich was gainiDs him not onlt NDP support Quandt\ unofficid ruDning mate! Metis welfare and the olficial backing o{ rhe Xlelis Soci{:tr, but $orkiir Janet lrietz. numerous T.iberal supporters as Nell. On D.cenber ficre were sone other interestjng aspectsto the dlh, CBC'Slocal stetion covered a toNn hall meeti.g. election. Poilicr $as not a residert and therefore Larer on in the campaign a secondprogran allowed a ras not eligil,le to ru.. The returning officer stated debate behreen the maloraltt candidate. Harrr thar Ponnir clain.d on his nonihar;on papers to be Houg|ton. personnel manager {or the Anglo-Rou)n a resideDtand that she didn't ".atch the error" until nine snd incumbent I-il,eral *as rapidly rcduced to a ;t vas t.o late. The retur.ing officer is IIre. Lila state ol gibbcrirg ;neptirudc. His platforn of "sewer Gibson. rhe r:ity clerk and political confidant ol and water" soor palcd undef th. political attack.Hous. lllayor Ilarrv Houghton. ing was the ;s.ue and Harrr had a poor record. Under The band-painted,orer.sized ballots ihat rLereused th. CMHA rh. federal gorerrnent pals up to 95 to "educaLe" tbe l\'l{,tis lotcrs were xcroxed. So ras percent of io$ cost ho!si.s. The initia.ive has to a threate.ing letter sent anonrmousll to Janet fietz. cohe f.on rhe nmicital lele.l, ho$e!er, and Hough- (Xeroxins supposedli. eliminates the possibiljtv o{ to. didn't hale rnuch. His perforrnance1ed his sup- tracing the trpewrit.r on wlich the original *as porters to realize that if he Nas sojns to win it t1ped.) Thcre are sereral xeror nachines in La would or\ bc !s a resuk of a ell-oiled eifort.

Ronge. All of them are in .ithe. bu,"ine$ or golernThe housins issue was the clue to Houghton's nenL deparfurentof{ices. One is in Harrl Houghton's support. As ions as there was no low cost housing AnghRourn office.

Allen Quandt coDlronted Harn Houshton at the and as long as Hafry was nayor, the slum landlords like Aler Robetson ard other assortedLiberal va}oos pollins statior an.l thrust one o{ the phonl ballots . ould , orri rr' -i r .\tl o i r- i n rl rl i \" .al m. ql l dn i n H d.,\' - l ." F. l - thi . rhF.l .i n .i rpai Fn ) ou r pr p ' ,F rrl ki n Jhodr.H rrr' l tri th r.h..pi .h pi g ; 1" Hr r r l Qrandt lould ne.n their demise. r.pl i eJ. ' \el t rnL Inor \l l an. i tl al l prr t of t h" Elections i. the north. as Liberals run then, hale an unclanging and disti..tive patten. Fjrst. abd

THE OLD SIX FOR FIVE GAME

j

Il isn't as drough Mr. Parsons is at the me.cy of tandlord Robertson's i€nt charaes. Under the Southerners$ho make their first visit to northen Weuare Acr section titled llens ol Bastc Maitenan e, Saskatchewanlre often struck by the leeliig ihat the weifare o{ficer can pay either "the actual rent they are in a foreign la.d. It is a country ol super- being paid or othd r€nt schedulesprovided by the latives in all its aspects.Narufe seehs nore awiul, governmerC'. Mr. Parson evidently {eels that Robe . tine docs not exist br the hour liut by the season" son's rent .ha.ges are reasonable. th. polertr is mor. g.inding. the bureaucracresmore Mr. Parso.s do$n't mind sharing governnent autocratic- lif€ more tenuotrs and tle fraud and noney Nith his friends-after alt, when it comes .orruption more blatant. down to dollars and cents he gets to laugh the To qoote one DaLivenorthemer "\ever have so loudest. Hugh Pdrsons ;s nuch nor€ subtle than his friend Robertson vhen it comes to ch€ating the lew ripped off {, nany for so nuch". people o{ the north.

Take Hush Parsons and Alex Robetsor for Alpaha Tourist Canps is the nane gilen to a eranplc. You'tl often hear laughLeranidst the clinking of glasscsand bottles in Parson's ofiice. Parsons strins oi thred camps, each with x{o or three cabins, is tle nanaeer of thc relfrrc o{fice in La Ronge and at Saint Lake, Paul Lake a.d English Bay in the his offi.., be{ore it becamethe headquarterslor the La Ronse !rea. The nane Alpaha is actually a conSaskatchewan\{eLis Societt. {as right across the bination ol $rce names: Don Allan, Hugh Parsons street from Roberhon's store, La Ronge Grocery. and Tohhr Hnnilton. Hahilton $'as born in the nurrl 1,,1 l .srnpd l rJppi ng i rom hi s Indian par "nr r .

At a glance rou'd probablv ni,"s L! Ronge l ' rr-on. propo-F,lrhp , anp i dca si rh Don Allan lo Grocew. It's verr small and ran-.hacklc, but anlone act as manager aDd Hanilton to Ne his knowledge hdl. h: n p i r l o , s n h o u r ro u l d -o on r.al i ze rhar r}p i rFi to I,i ,k l hp " pot" fo,,ahp.. A st r siChl Robcrtson does a verr large l,usiness. He is the ^t l hrF.4,r) p.rl nprshi p. Or " o i r sa. d eqibpd r o trustee lof ! large number of the weliare recipients Tonny Hanjlton. \!hen rhe contract was signed who are {orced Lo e.c.ft trusteeshipover their $eliare Pamons and his la(1ers refused ro allow Hanil;on's cheques. A weuare recipi.nr mus! Leve a trustee if wite to t.ke part. She could read and he could not. t h" s plrF , n ffi " p r t" F l . h F o r -h F i . not r.-pon,i bl F. It was not long before Hanilton lound himself T h. o ffi ,.r h i - h i - o \r , ri l p ri r tor j ud!rns " " li rre responsil,ilitr and his decision is final- $/ith a !c.y much o. the outside of rhe deal. Not orlv was guaraDtee.l lusin.ss each nonth Robertson doesn't l e.n, r e prrrner. bur h:. r11l pi np .abj n al Enet i. h bat sa" need a lot o{ shelf spac*he alwa}s knows how huch -orphos. nsrl .f {l pJha , am ps. Thp ^\. I,u;l ,rhi n l ^" "l a,l t .oon \ad . \o Trespdss, "s€r En busn,cssle's soiDs to do. i n { ,onr of i t dnJ H ami rton eot hot ; np . ent in oDc ol Lh{: thinss that Hugh and Alex laugh return. But Parsons didnl set ;id of hin too soon. about is the ol{t -"ix for {ive game. For eranple, if a weuare recipient neds a cord of sood he hires First he had Lnn build all rhi other cabins at English soneonc to chop and deliver it. That person then P i y..Thq, h. rur ut, rhp ci pn and di sp o. . . , seJr he goes to the recipienl\ tfustee to collmt his {ee. I{ th. fee was" for exampie, {ive dollars and lh€ kusLee Lionel Sandersonand Hs wire $ere also rhe vicwas Ale! Rohertson, the creditor would present l i m- ol P d,.-on! d.al i nA .. l he\ spFnt rh , Fc suxxr cl Robertson with a denand lor fire dollars. He would rnnth- Lui l ,l i ' ,; r j rrsF rouri " t ;abi n for Par sons get tn,c dollars. Th€ trick is, to get the live dolhrs at Four Portages rear La Ronge. Neither Sanderson Robertson Les hin sign a receipt ior six dollars. nor his $ife ever sot paid {or the work they did.

Robertson gets 20 pcrrtnt off the top. Tte same I.sread the benevolenrli{.. P*-* paid the S;ndeF applies to alnost everything els.. The LG.A. Store sonJ tood bill out ol $elfare iunds and then paid (lgain out of $.lfare) his plane fare to his trap line. gets Ilrc lJulk of the remaiDins chequesand plays a tlsing the po$er of his position ro build his \l'hen the!'re not geti.g rhEif hugls over steating roudst emp;re sas jNt a start lor Persons.Building from r}c natives, Ilugh and Aler talk about Ale{'s dnd k.ppi np trd.l r " l r;np of .amps r equr r esa ^i releDue houses-He rents them to welfare recipients l ,l ,' r. P l anp l ri p- arp c\r,Fn.i \e .o H u eh Par "ons j u-r , h3ra.s hi - Iu.i n* . rri r,- ro rhc D e ; ar t m enrof for $?5 - $r00 a month. It is ruhoured that ne o{G sererdl Dore than the nlo NYC .iould definiteh Social SeN'ices. It $as not entirely fta;duleDt for ! . ounr l o r. rT l ,F m i \o , - o ffi ,? rfu* " to di vul ge I' i h l n dai m rl ,ar hon D el ,srl me ntbu6inFsc. " rsu.L in{orhation eren to the to$n counciliors.) One l hprF L,F,Fni ,i \F- on B df3r" dt Ii s cam ps.They of the housesi-. a threeroom 1og cabin, sixteen {e.t nprr I,ui l di n, l ,i - ,rLi n- .rd J.i nr ol h. r iobs I o; squafc. sith uninsulated floors that fealu.e gaping Altahr. rec.ivins *elfare as wage. Like Hanitton nnd tl,{, Sandersons.rhey rvere{rishtened of the enor. cracks bemr:en tle board-..N.iLLcr has runnins wller or gas heat; one }as electriciiv. A woman $ith three mors and arbitrery power $ar Pa;sonscould wietd if childrcn lires in one of the houses. She asked and $nen rt Nas neeessarY. Rolertson {or a nen nood cookstole as the orc x, There is mu(h in the .odh that is brutal. To date the .al,in n'as not workins. A{ter nronths o{ requcsts yiolenc. has been ndiniy confilred vithin rhe native Ro|er t so n } o u g l L a $ 1 6 th .a n ' h e a ter. The other colnhunit). Indian and l\Ietis leaders have wamed. '{urnis}Iings' in the hlo houses consist of thin mat. howev.r- that il is only a nauer o{ rine, a short tim€ trcs-"es,a fe$ bcd fran.s- one table and a couple of perhaps. beio.e that v;olence is turDed toward ihe rooden chairs each. The house rith electdcitr has a $l te han. Hugh Pamns urd AIex Robertson" by refrigr:rator ard several light bulbs. any account, must b. near the top of the list.

l t t : l rtt l faLr Io)l '\ I .'t /.1.. (r \ .c7:NI: I .tr I\

Ll,

O)I

if'

*'!{o)if1:

I I

" T h o n k sf o r p r o vid in go n o lte r n o tiveto th e co m m e r c i ol your Presentotionof the Soskotchewonhispress t o r y , p o l i t i c s ,life wh ich we g e n e r o llym iss is b o th wel c o m e o n d h e lp fu l."

-Sheilo

McFodyeon, Ottowo

"Very glod to heor we ore to hove on olternotiveto the So s k ot oonS t o r - P h o e n i xO. n l y wish yo u co u ld m o ke it o weekly "

proro,sosk -Mrs. c. H. Redh€od, "A

timely mogozine " -Norberr stubs,wirie, sosk.

"Gr eot !W ow i t ' s o b o u tt i m e s o m e b o d fyin o lly p u b lish e d stor ieslik e C l e m R o l e s ,Q u o k e r Oo ts, So sko il.. .."

-Ken

Kolynchuk,Colgory

" H o p e y o u r m o g o zin eis o wh o p p in gsu cce ss."

Tino Borr, Codette,Sosk._-a

ye o l co u n fl y next p,o. Box 3446,REGTNA aDDRESS

ctFT suBscRtprtoN, ADDRE S S

oF N.Y.c .

FoR- sr xr ssuEs | i|]c!.o!!- .$i. (lNsrlrurloNAl RATE s5)

I IN C LOS E $ - DONATIONFOR N.Y,C. ft I ENCIOSE$ N.Y.C. [Copi8 @ 50.] No.

NAME

NA M E

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L.9llTo.. u,..,o.

A S A S U S TA I NI NG FOR VOL, I OF ordered

coPrEs oFvol r oF

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t w OU tD B E W ILLIN GTo A ssl sT l N D ISTRI _ B U TION .

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