PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES Scalable and Adaptable Urban Injections for Food Production within Communities Thesis Preparation 2020 Nur Fadhilah Binte Nordin Mentor: Carlos Banon
ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the possibility of introducing urban agriculture into the existing fabrics of neighbourhood as a solution to combat the issue of food security of Singapore. The main interest is the scaling up of community farms to adopt new technology and to work as a part of a systemic network of farms injected at multi-levels. The thesis explores the context, existing farming technology and grwoth requirements, and the combination of farming and architecture. From the research, a design framework, which is a set of guiding questions, is developed to guide the geometric exploration and design decisions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 INTRODUCTION & CONTEXT
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05 SITE
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1.1
Food security in cities
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5.1 Chosen Site
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1.2
Urban farming in Singapore
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5.2 Site Analysis
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1.3
People and farming
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5.3 Coverage vs Yield Analysis
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1.4
Community farming in Singapore
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06 DESIGN CONCEPT 02 THESIS QUESTION AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 2.2
Thesis Question Research Methodology
03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
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6.1 Connecting the nodes together
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6.2 Addition of new nodes
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6.3 Creation of rectangular profiles
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6.4 Daylighting simulation
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3.1
Opportunities in the city
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3.2
Understanding the scale
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3.3
Understanding human interactions
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04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
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4.1 Farming in Different Scales
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4.2 Case Studies of Farming Technology
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4.3 Crop Type and Growth Requirements
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4.4 Planting and Harvest Cycles
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07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
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7.1 Facade Additions
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7.2 Undulating Landscapes
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7.3 Market Square
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7.4 Growth and Harvest Processes
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7.5 Crop Types
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08 REFERENCES
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LIST OF FIGURES AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 3 .7 Diagram of scales of intervention (exploded) Figure 3 .8 Diagram of human interactions with various scale of interventions
Figure 1 .1 Share of Population living in urban and rural areas retrieved from https://www. visualcapitalist.com/mapping-the-worlds-urban-population-in-2050/
Figure 1 .2 Developed countries have a higher degree of exposure to supply-side risks
Figure 4 .1 Diagram of interventions at different scales Figure 4 .2 Exploded axonometric drawing of Tower Garden Figure 4 .3 Exploded axonometric drawing of LG Harvester
retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ccsa/documents/covid19-report-ccsa.pdf
Figure 4 .4 Exploded axonometric drawing of one module of Glasir
Figure 1 .3 Edible Garden City is one of the organisations in Singapore that introduces urban agriculture to the city context retrieved from https://img.theculturetrip.com/wp-con-
Figure 4 .5 Exploded axonometric drawing of one facade panel
tent/uploads/2017/03/raffles-city-rooftop-garden.jpg
Figure 1 .4 Locations of skyrise greenery in Singapore retrieved from https://data.gov. sg/dataset/skyrise-greenery
Figure 4 .6 Exploded axonometric drawing of one module of Citiponics system Figure 4 .7 Diagram of vegetable crops grown on specific sites Figure 4 .8 Table of local vegetable crops and their Daily Light Integral
Figure 1 .5 Parkroyal on Pickering is one of the famous successful skyrise greenery in Singapore retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.traveloka.
Figure 4 .9 Graph of Daily Light Integral according to building height and facade orientation
com%2Fen-id%2Fhotel%2Fsingapore%2Fparkroyal-collection-pickering-singapore--407120&psig=AOv-
Figure 4 .10 Diagram of supporting crop growth requirement in context
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Figure 1 .6 Comcrop, a commercial urban farm that makes use of vacant rooftop spaces in Singapore retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/sites/default/files/styles/new_app_ article_detail/public/17941510.JPG?itok=O3YcHN_f
Figure 1 .7 Elderly taking care of a local community farm under the HDB apartments retrieved from https://www.dbs.com/iwov-resources/images/innovation/uploads/article045-featured.
Figure 4 .11 Traditional and Sustainable planting and harvest cycles Figure 5 .1 Chosen Site Figure 5 .2 Chosen block Figure 5 .3 Nodes and amenities in the neighborhood Figure 5 .4 Basic daylighting analysis
jpg
Figure 5 .5 Coverage vs yield analysis
Figure 1 .8 Balan Gopal growing herbs and vegetables along HDB corridor retrieved from
Figure 6 .1 Design concept
https://media.homeanddecor.com.sg/public/2015/05/20150211herbgardenst.jpg
Figure 1 .9 Children learning about farming at Ground-Up Initiative retrieved from https:// groundupinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/eGUI-Farm-Beds.png
Figure 1 .10 HDB Corridors populated with greenery from individual farming retrieved from https://i1.wp.com/asiatimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Singapore-Public-Housing-October-21-2016.jpg?fit=1200%2C691&ssl=1
Figure 3 .1 Community farm located in between the blocks of HDB flats retrieved from https://www.sqfeed.com/2016/01/21/urban-farming-has-taken-root-in-singapore-with-the-numberof-amateur-gardeners-and-gardening-enthusiasts-growing-over-the-years-however-such-gardens-arestill-largely-confined-to-individuals-own/
Figure 6 .2 Connecting the nodes Figure 6 .3 Addition of new nodes Figure 6 .4 Creation of volumes Figure 6 .5 Creation of structural profiles Figure 6 .6 Daylighting simulation Figure 7 .1 Main axonometric diagram Figure 7 .2 Facade additions main axonometric Figure 7 .3 Facade additions process axonometric
Figure 3 .2 Three identified sites within Singapore to study
Figure 7 .4 Facade additions detail axonometric
Figure 3 .3 Pasir Ris retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasir_Ris
Figure 7 .5 Undulating landscape main axonometric
Figure 3 .4 Sennett Estate retrieved from https://heartlandertourist.wordpress.com/2016/07/01/
Figure 7 .6 Undulating landscape process axonometric
sennett-estate-of-lakes-gardens-and-plants/
Figure 3 .5 Maxwell Tanjong Pagar retrieved from https://johorkaki.blogspot.com/2019/11/singapore-maxwell-food-centre-tanjong.html
Figure 3 .6 Diagram of scales of intervention within a neighbourhood
Figure 7 .7 Undulating landscape detail axonometric Figure 7 .8 Market square main axonometric Figure 7 .9 Market square process axonometric Figure 7 .10 Plantation process diagram Figure 7 .11 Crop type diagram
PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
01 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION & CONTEXT
01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Food security in cities 1.2 Urban farming in Singapore 1.3 People and farming 1.4 Community Farming
Figure 1.1 Share of Population living in urban and rural areas
The United Nations projected that 68% of the world population will be living in urban areas by 2050. As of 2017, 1.424 billion hectares of land is being use for crop harvests worldwide (Food And Agriculture Organization, 2017), and this number rises as more cities continue to emerge and grow over time. Agri-cultural production is highly integrated into the global supply chains. Cities that rely heavily on food imports have higher risks of food security (United Nations, 2020). As of 2018, Singapore imports over 90% of the food consumed in the country.
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01 INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.2 Developed Countries have a higher degree of exposure to supply-side risks
1.1 FOOD SECURITY IN CITIES COVID-19 has made it apparent the volatile nature of the food security that is affected by the global supply chain and labour shortages. Developed countries, especially, have a higher degree of exposure to supply-side risks (United Nations, 2020). As a part of achieving sustainable urbanization, reintroducing food production to the cities poses many benefits to the city that it supports (Specht, et al., 2013). This can be done through introducing urban farms within the city fabric or expanding a building function to integrate agriculture within it. Moving food production closer to the consumers has many advantages: environmentally, socially and economically (Specht, et al., 2013).
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Environmentally, urban farms may introduce nutrient recycling within cities, reduce costs and emissions from long-distance transport (Thomaier, 2014). They can create opportunities for educational interaction for the locals (Tablada, et al., 2017), and at the same time, improve food security and diversify the diet intake for specific groups by varying urban food sources (Bryld, 2003). Economically, the urban production of food may provide a supplementary source of agricultural capital (Lovell, 2010). They can be combined with urban programs and integrate into the local food system in the city (Caplow, 2009). Figure 1.3 Edible Garden City is one of the organisations in Singapore that introduces urban agriculture to the city context
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
01 INTRODUCTION
“Singapore aims to produce 30% of its nutritional needs by 2030.” Figure 1.5 Parkroyal on Pickering is one of the famous successful skyrise greenery in Singapore
1.2 SINGAPORE AS A GREEN CITY
The potential of building integrated agriculture in the local scene has not been fully explored, as precedented from the many nationwide case studies with mostly visual landscaping, such as Parkroyal on Pickering, and CapitaGreen. Building upon this, the natural trajectory is to increase food production in Singapore by organically introducing agriculturally productive landscaping into buildings, right from the design stage.
Singapore’s policies have supported the integration of greenery into buildings as a part of making them more sustainable. Most policies like NParks’ Landscape Excellence Assessment Framework (LEAF), BCA Greenmark, Urban Redevelopment Authority’s (URA) Landscaping for Urban Spaces and High-Rises (LUSH) and Landscape Replacement Area (LRA) give incentives to integrate greenery into buildings as a part of the movement towards constructing more sustainable architecture. However, only few policies are specific to supporting urban agriculture. In the URA’s latest LUSH Programme(Urban Redevelopment Authority, 2017) as they play a part in supporting Singapore’s food supply.
Figure 1.4 Locations of skyrise greenery in Singapore
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Singapore aims to produce 30% of its nutritional needs by 2030 (Mahmud, 2019). This means that towards the journey to food security, Singapore has to step up efforts to produce food locally and introduce vegetables, fruit and protein sources within the city. In the recent years, there has been an emergence of many urban farming and agricultural technology startups to support this transition.
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
01 INTRODUCTION
1.3 PEOPLE AND FARMING The issue of food security, like so many global issues faced by the world, cannot be tackled solely on a single scale alone. It requires the government to create policies that encourage and incentivize organisations and communities to start farms within the country. It takes the effort of organisations and commercial institutions to boost productivity and efficiency in its farms, with cutting edge technology, automation and research. However, at the lowest level, there must be cooperation from individuals and communities, to understand the significance of their relationship with food, and take charge of cultivating healthy habits for themselves and their community.
Figure 1.5 Comcrop: a commercial urabn farm that makes use of vacant rooftop spaces in Singapore
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Historic evidence indicates that significant community development takes place only when the locals are committed to investing in themselves and their resources in the effort (McKnight & Kretzmann, 1996). In the road towards sustainable development and food security, the community has to be heavily in control of their food sources and not solely depend on commercial institutions to produce and manage the farms. Having an autonomy of their food production can be a significant social motivator as well as subsistence need (White, 2011).
Figure 1.7 Elderly taking care of a local community farm under the HDB apartments
Urban agriculture cannot be developed in silo and must be considered within the context of surrounding activities (Hallett & Hoagland, 2016). Introducing pockets of spaces within the cities that are close to where people live and work can facilitate them to be more directly involved in obtaining their sources of food. Having supporting programs for the community to join in the act of cultivating farms can spark an awareness on food production and ease the community to work among themselves to care for these spaces. Although these community farms may not have the latest technology, the most efficient or productive systems, it can provide platforms for the community to gain knowledge and experience. Additionally, it may plant a seed in their hearts and minds to pursue a more sustainable lifestyle.
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
1.4 COMMUNITY SINGAPORE
FARMING
IN
Singapore is not a stranger to community farms. There are numerous community farms sprouting within neighbourhoods and beyond: some started and managed by the residents, others managed by organisations and volunteers. The corridors in HDB flats have always been a hotspot for gardening enthusiasts with green thumbs. The vacant corridors are just wide enough to fit a row of planting pots along the exterior side where there is ample sunlight for plants to grow. Some residents take it to greater heights by using the space for experimentation for their plants. One such man is Balan Gopal, who transformed the lift corridor into a farm of 150 growing pods out of plastic cups. His garden grows more than 20 types of edible vegetables and herbs, which he harvests twice or thrice a month (Farm in the city: Herb garden in HDB corridor, 2015). Often, small-scale endeavours like these are singular undertakings, in which neighbours often do not partake in the act.
Figure 1.8 Balan Gopal growing herbs and vegetables along HDB corridor
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01 INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.9 Children learning about farming at Ground-Up Initiative
Larger scale organisations, such as the non-profit Ground-Up Initiative, are providing the platforms for the community to band together in the act of farming. In doing so, they hope to educate volunteers with the knowledge and the experience of farming. This helps them build a better relationship with their food and rekindle the bond within the community. To supplement this, they have many different programs for the various types of group that volunteers, including farming, woodcraft and baking activities (Our GUI Story, n.d.). Programmes and farms like these may not be the most productive, or the most efficient, but that is not the purpose of its existence. Instead, the purpose of such farms is to provide the space for the community to learn and experience. This can make them understand that in solving the issue of food security, one cannot depend solely on the national effort, nor the effort put in by commercialized farming institution. In achieving sustainability, it should start from the belief of the individual and the society that they, too, play a part in cultivating their own sources of food.
Figure 1.10 HDB Corridors populated with greenery from individual farming
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
02 THESIS QUESTION & METHODOLOGY
How can we achieve food sustainability while making the community more involved in the food production? How can architecture introduce flexible food production units to underutilized spaces in the community to aid this? Thesis questions
02 THESIS QUESTION & METHODOLOGY 2.1 Thesis question 2.2 Research methodology
2.1 THESIS QUESTION This thesis explores not only the reintroduction of food production into the urban fabric, but also into the lifestyle of city dwellers by merging it into the architecture that they occupy. This can be achieved in the form of community farms injected into the urban fabric – be it an existing gap in the city or on the top of an underutilized carpark roof. While the site is arbitrary, the focus is on the spaces that are close to where people live and work to create an intimate relationship between the farms and the people who use them.
of land change from time to time. In order to inject farms into the dynamic urban fabric, the pockets of community farms have to be adaptable and scalable according to the differing site conditions within the city. Urban scaffolds that supports a system of habitable lightweight structures is a possible architectural solution that will be explored. These systems of adaptable and scalable farming structures can possibly become a model to inject community farms into unexpected gaps within the city.
Cities are dynamic, vacant plots
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02 THESIS QUESTION & METHODOLOGY
2.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Understanding Context
Understanding Farming
Two-pronged research methodology
Understanding context consists observing the existing neighbourhoods in Singapore, pin-pointing the underutilized spaces and summarizing the information into a comprehensive understanding of the scales of intervention. By doing this, a better comprehension of the size, possible yield and the relationship of the site with the occupants is developed.
From this, two different branches of research emerge and will be explored in this thesis: (1) Understanding Context (2) Understanding farming typology and technology.
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Farming typology and technology (in the tropical context): is to develop an extensive knowledge on how farming is done, what are the requirements for growth of produce and types of technology is being used, where it is being done, and who manages and
maintains the farms. Extracting these existing technology and systems will to ensure the feasibility of combining farms with the adaptable and scalable structures as an architectural solution. From the research, a design framework can be developed based on the important factors that are highlighted during the research. A process of geometric exploration and analysis of its effectiveness can conclude into a design proposal for scalable and adaptable urban scaffolds for food production in cities as an architectural solution to the issue at hand.
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT 3.1 Opportunities in the ity 3.2 Understanding the Scale 3.3 Understanding Human Interactions
Figure 3.1 Community farm located in between the blocks of HDB flats
3.1 OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CITY The city of Singapore is full of potential sites of urban agriculture injections. In order to involve the community in the act of farming, these sites need to be close to the places where people live and work. The places where people and farming meet in neighbourhood and cities are identified and this takes the form of underutilised spaces within the neighbourhood. Identifying the underutilised spaces will give a better understanding of the context and the sites that can be worked with to support urban
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agriculture. This is done by categorising the underutilized spaces, understanding the human interactions that happen within these spaces, and finally examining the scales of these spaces and what possible impacts they may have to urban agriculture within the community. Only with the deeper comprehension of the context, a better multi-scale solution can be developed to address the solutions on different levels.
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
SITE EXPLORATION This section explores the different sites in Singapore to pin-point the areas that are typically underutilized. They are divided into three different categories: high-rise residential, low-rise residential, and commercial. Three different sites are selected: Pasir Ris, Sennet Estate in Potong Pasir, and Maxwell. These locations are aimed to be representative of typical neighbourhoods in Singapore. Figure 3.2 Three identified sites within Singapore to study
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
Figure 3.3 Pasir Ris
HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL: PASIR RIS TOWN Pasir Ris is a predominantly residential town in the north east of Singapore. Within it are Housing Development Board (HDB) residential blocks, private condominiums and landed properties. Pasir Ris Town began development in 1983 and continued to be developed between the late 1980s to 1990s. Most HDB flats in the town are between 20-30 years old. There have been new HDB developments in the mid 2010s, and a new phase of development will begin in the early 2020s.
Nonem untiur? Ihilia simintotate porepelitat.
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Pasir Ris is considered a mature estate, with schools, industry, commercial services and recreational areas supporting the population living in the town. Due to its proximity to the coast, Pasir Ris Park and beaches are well visited by the residents. It also has a cycling network for residents to commute and use for leisure.
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03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
Figure 3.4 Sennett Estate
LOW RISE RESIDETIAL: SENNETT ESTATE Sennett Estate is a residential neighbourhood consisting of lowrise landed properties surrounded by public housing estates (Potong Pasir and MacPherson). It was built in the 1950s and since then, new developments sprouted on and around the site. A walk down the neighbourhood reveals a diverse mix of old houses among new ones. The back alleys are prominent in this neighbourhood, and most houses are able to access them through the back doors of their houses. In the day, the back alleys provide an alternative circulation route, but are often under-used. Other than the back alleys, other spaces include kerb and street greenery and walkways between houses.
Nonem untiur? Ihilia simintotate porepelitat.
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03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
Figure 3.5 Maxwell Tanjong Pagar
HIGH & LOW RISE COMMERCIAL: MAXWELL In the olden days, Tanjong Pagar was a strip of land in between the harbour, docks and wharfs. Today, the area has been completely transformed and includes residential, entertainment and a core of business hubs in Singapore. It contains many lowrise shophouses, housing offices and commercial businesses placed right next to high-rise office buildings. In this area, there are many linear parks and pocket parks nestled in between plots and buildings. During lunch hour, many workers can be seen sitting in the parks to have their lunch or to take some respite from work. There are also roads that are closed to vehicles and open to pedestrians: they are lined with pots of plants and greenery.
Nonem untiur? Ihilia simintotate porepelitat.
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
BUILDING SCALE Blank Facades BUILDING SCALE Roofs and Carpark Roofs
DOMESTIC SCALE Kitchens and Yards
3.2 UNDERSTANDING SCALE
STREET SCALE Kerb Greenery
Figure 3.6 Diagram of scales of intervention within a neighbourhood
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STREET SCALE Parks and Public Spaces
The different sites explored in the previous section can be summarised in an abstract diagram that shows the different scales of interventions. Within the domestic scales are kitchens and yards in the home. At a building scale, the underutilised spaces take the form of building and carpark roofs, as well as blank facades of a building. At the street level, injections can be done on kerb greenery as well as in parks and public spaces.
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
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%
S DE CA SQM A F 0 id 50 tiy M ay i rd s n pe De ng 25kg i t n d Pla Yiel
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%
S OF RO SQM 0 gh 80 y Hi ay i it r d e ns De kg p g 0 n i 8 t n ld Pla Yie
8% Y ER EN QM E S R 0 w Lo T G 00 EE >1 sitiy day R r ST en pe g D 0kg n i nt d 1 Pla Yiel
8%
3.2 UNDERSTANDING SCALE ComCrop is an urban farming company that produces vegetables such as xiao bai cai and cai xin on top of an industrial building in Woodlands. It harvests 50 kilograms of vegetables every day from the 6000 square feet rooftop (Liu, 2020). Using this yield as a benchmark of how much produce can be harvested per square metres of area, this data is then extrapolated as an estimate of how much harvest each scale of intervention can produce. The highest percentage of leafy green vegetables are produced by building-scale interventions on rooftops and façade. Due to the low accessibility and low traffic received by these areas, a higher percentage of the surface area can be dedicated more to farming and less to public spaces. On the street scale, however, more area has to be allocated to public use. This results in a lower density of farming and thus, produces a lower percentage of the total yield. The domestic scale, taking an even smaller surface area, reaps less than one percent. 28
ES AC M SP SQ w 0 IC o BL 100 tiy L ay i d PU s n er De kg p g n 0 nti d 1 Pla Yiel
0.3
2%
E AL SC sqm w ST 1-2 y Lo y i a ME t i d O s r D en pe D kg ng nti d 0.4 a l l P ie Y IC
Figure 3.7 Diagram of scales of intervention (exploded)
Despite this, the interventions from many different scales are important in order to develop a multi-scale network of solutions to support the movement of urban farming on individual, family and community levels. The different scales offer different forms of spaces for varying needs of the individual and communities. It also produces a diverse range of opportunities for the community to be involved in, whether they prefer a social space or a private one. 29
PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
3.3 UNDERSTANDING INTERACTIONS
03 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
ROOFS
HUMAN
Understanding the human interaction within the different scales of intervention can be useful in determining how to shape the different kinds of farming spaces within it. The privacy, foot traffic and accessibility of the spaces give rise to different types of site conditions which can affect the programs that support these spaces.
FACADES
Public FOOT TRAFFIC Low ACCESSIBILITY Mid
Public FOOT TRAFFIC Low ACCESSIBILITY Low
DOMESTIC
Private FOOT TRAFFIC Low ACCESSIBILITY Low
For the domestic scale, the farming spaces are located inside the houses. Therefore, it is very private, has low foot traffic and can only be accessed by the occupants of the house. For building-scales like facades and rooftops, although they are more public, the effort that people need to access these areas make the foot traffic lower. However, street scale spaces like parks and street greenery are often located at nodes or along the circulation paths that people take to travel or commute. Therefore, the nature of these spaces is more public, with greater accessibility and high foot traffic. This understanding can guide the design decisions on shaping the types of programs that activate and support the farming areas that are injected into them.
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STREET GREENERY
Public FOOT TRAFFIC High ACCESSIBILITY High
PUBLIC SPACES
Public FOOT TRAFFIC High ACCESSIBILITY High
Figure 3.8 Diagram of human interactions with various scale of interventions
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
BUILDING SCALE Blank Facades
BUILDING SCALE Roofs and Carpark Roofs
DOMESTIC SCALE Kitchens and Yards
STREET SCALE Kerb Greenery
04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING 4.1 Farming in Different Scales 4.2 Case Studies of Farming Technology 4.3 Crop Type and Growth Requirements 4.4 Planting and Harvest Cycles
STREET SCALE Parks and Public Spaces
4.1 FARMING SCALES
IN
DIFFERENT
In the previous chapter, it has been established that the approach to introduce farming within the cities can be done as a network of solutions across different scales. This chapter aims to dive into the study of the existing technologies of farming that has been done or being researched in the respective scales. Understanding the existing farming technology and the conditions of farming will equip the design process with a strong backing of farming knowledge to ensure the feasibility of proposed solutions.
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Figure 4.1 Diagram of interventions at different scales
The following chapter is a study of technologies that can be implemented in the domestic scale, building scale and street scale. They are not a template for design solutions, but provide an understanding of the requirements for farms, how much yield can be produced from each solution, how much maintenance is needed for each case study. All of these can aid in the understanding of the impact of each solution.
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04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
LED Grow Lights
Water Run-off Lid
TOWER GARDEN Aeroponics MAINTENANCE 1 person YIELD 32 plants per harvest
Growth Medium
CONDITION Indoors/Outdoors
Water Pipe (Upwards Flow)
WATER Standalone DAYLIGHT LED Light/Natural
Figure 4.2 Exploded axonometric drawing of Tower Garden
Nutrient Reservoir
DOMESTIC SCALE Tower Garden Tower Garden is an aeroponics system that utilizes water with nutrients to grow a variety of vegetables, fruits and herbs. It can be grown both indoors and outdoors, with the use of grow lights when not enough daylight is received. Tower garden grows plants up to three times faster than normal, with most vegetables harvest-ready in three weeks or longer. Due to the small size, only one person is needed to maintain the tower garden. This includes monitoring the nutrient reservoir, temperature, humidity, seeding and harvesting. The tower garden also supports the growth of a variety of plants per cycle, as long as the nutrient requirements are similar (Juice Plus, n.d.). 34
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04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
Temperature Monitor
LG HARVESTER Soil (Wick-based irrigation) LED Grow Lights
MAINTENANCE 1 person YIELD 24 plants per harvest CONDITION Indoors WATER Connected to plumbing
Grow Medium
DAYLIGHT LED Light
Door Cover
DOMESTIC SCALE LG Harvester
Concealed noncirculation water supply
Figure 4.3 Exploded axonometric drawing of LG Harvester
The LG Harvester is a column type fridge that helps users grow edible greens in their homes without needing the expertise of a green thumb. It has a temperature, light and water control to provide the necessary conditions for the growth of the plants. It comes with an all-in-one seed packages and a growth monitoring app. The appliance utilizes flexible modules and with a wick-based water management system that has a non-circulating water supply technology, it evenly distributes the exact amount of water that the plant needs. This appliance can grow up to 24 plants per harvest and requires only one person to maintain the crop growth (Price, 2019).
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04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
Integrated solar panel CLT Frame Aeroponic tray
GLASIR Aeroponics Water feeder line
MAINTENANCE 1 person YIELD 40 plants per module CONDITION Outdoors WATER Connected to plumbing
Aluminun Mullion
DAYLIGHT High Daylighting
STREET SCALE GLASIR by framlab Glasir is a project that draws inspiration from the growth of a tree. It consists of ten different modules: five growth modules, three production modules and two occupation modules. Sized at 500x500x900 millimetres, the units can be stacked and the plants can be grown vertically and diagonally according to the sized needed by the community. The tree can be planted on public spaces, on the sidewalk, in the backyard and on parks. The system gives flexibility and allows the structure to adapt to the local context and constraints. All the required energy is harvested from the integrated translucent PV cells. As the units connect to each other, they are connected through electrical connector and a plumbing trunk structure that allows the circulation of electricity and water respectively (Framlab, n.d.).
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Polycarbonate Panel
Figure 4.4 Exploded axonometric drawing of one production module of Glasir
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3
Diagonal Production Module
Occupation Module
2 1
Diagonal Grow Module
Vertical Grow Module
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04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
Scaffolding
HOMEFARM Nutrient-film technique MAINTENANCE 5 persons YIELD 810 plants per module CONDITION Outdoors WATER Connected to plumbing DAYLIGHT High Daylighting
Plants
PVC pipes with nutrient medium
Ladder
Main plumbing pipe Figure 4.5 Exploded axonometric drawing of one facade panel
FACADES HOMEFARM by spark architects Homefarm is a conceptual proposal for a new generation of retirement housing. Not only does it provide residential space, it also allows for farming to take place on the facades and the urban plazas. This solution simultaneously addresses the challenges of an ageing population and food security. The façade panels on the housing complex are supported by fish farms and water catchment tanks on the roofs to give the plants the nutrients that it needs. The farming system is a closed loop in terms of water and energy that makes use of used fish food and agricultural waste as biomass (SPARK Architects, 2014).
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04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
Supply Pipe
Plants in fire-clay medium
CITIPONICS Nutrient-film technique MAINTENANCE 2 persons YIELD 168 plants per module CONDITION Outdoors WATER Connected to plumbing DAYLIGHT High Daylighting
PVC pipes with nutrient medium
Lightweight Structure
ROOFS Rooftop Farming by Citiponics
Return pipe
Figure 4.6 Exploded axonometric drawing of one module of Citiponics system
Citiponics uses an Aqua-Organic systems to create vertical growing towers on rooftops. It is a modular and scalable vertical system that can be adapted to the specific needs of the site and its uses. This makes the system essentially zero-waste. Nutrients are calibrated for specific vegetables, minimizing any possible nutrient waste. Without the use of any pesticides, the system can reuse water and the fire-clay medium to grow the vegetables. The Aqua-organic system is space saving, and yields 3.5 times more vegetables with 30% less human effort as compared to traditional farming. It is also energy saving due to its structural design, and this effectively minimizes the amount of electrical costs.
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04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
BAYAM GROWN ON exposed high roofs
KANG KONG GROWN ON shaded high rooftops
KAI LAN GROWN ON exposed ground level
CAI XIN GROWN ON northfacing facades MONTHS jan-mar, oct-dec
Figure 4.7 Diagram of vegetable crops grown on specific sites
CHINESE CABBAGE GROWN ON north-facing balconies MONTHS jan-mar, oct-dec
4.3 CROP TYPE AND GROWTH REQUIREMENTS Different types of plants require different conditions in order to grow and thrive. These factors are light, temperature, water, humidity, soil conditions and nutrient medium. Among these factors, daylighting conditions takes precedence as it is the factor that drives photosynthesis and affects the plant development and yield (Tablada, et al., 2017). DAYLIGHTING Figure 4.8 is a table that lists a few vegetable crops that are grown locally in the region. The different types of vegetables require different amount of light, and it is commonly measured in the daily light integral (DLI). Daylight light integral (DLI) is defined as the total number of photo-synthetically active photons that plants receive in 1sqm of growing space in one day (Faust, Holcombe, Rajapakse, & Layne, 2005).
44
Nonem untiur? Ihilia simintotate porepelitat.
LETTUCE GROWN ON east-facing facade MONTHS All-year
PAK CHOY GROWN ON exposed low rooftops
45
Figure 4.9 Graph of Daily Light Integral according to building height and facade orientation
46
Storage Space
Nutrient Reservoir
WATER Most vertical farms use new technologies such as hydroponics, aeroponics and aquaponics. These technologies make use of water as a medium to administer nutrients to the plant. Even though less water is being used as compared to traditional soilbased farming, the quality and the availability of nutrients within the medium becomes important. Some farms make use of fish farm and aquaculture to obtain the nutrients. Others manually add the nutrients that the plants need into the nutrient reservoir that is then circulated through a central plumbing. As different plants have varying nutrient profiles, it has to be noted that only plants with similar nutrient profiles can share a central plumbing system.
Facade Planting
Many planting spaces depend on natural conditions, and the daylighting received are usually inconsistent. The amount of daylighting received on streets and low-level buildings are affected by the shadows casted by surrounding buildings. The amount of daylighting received by façade is affected by the height and façade orientation. Northoriented façade will receive more sunlight between the months of January to March, October – December, while south oriented facades will receive higher amount of daylight between April to September (Song, Tan, & Tan, 2018).
Rooftop Planting
Figure 4.8 Table of local vegetable crops and their Daily Light Integral
TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY For climate-controlled conditions, temperature and humidity of the space can be managed. However, on rooftops and streets, it is not efficient to control the temperatures as the surface area is big. Additionally, the temperature and humidity in Singapore is relatively consistent and favourable for normal crop growth.
Balcony Planting
Very high light
Street Planting
39.96 ± 13.15
Street Planting
Pak choy
Roof Planting
Moderate light
Street Planting
Moderate light
14.51 ± 4.16
Street Planting
19.90 ± 4.37
Lettuce
Roof Planting
Kang Kong
Roof Planting
Very high light
Nutrient Reservoir
47.22 ± 3.48
For every planting space, a storage space is needed to support the planting space. This space is used for storage of tools and materials, packing of harvests and also for germination of seeds where no light is needed.
Water Storage
Kailan
tanks supply water regularly the nutrient reservoirs that support the planting spaces.
Rooftop Planting
Moderate light
Storage Space
17.35 ± 2.57
Rooftop Planting
Chinese Cabbage
Nutrient Reservoir
High light
Facade Planting
Very high light
24.51 ± 3.33
Fish Farming
33.95 ± 8.43
SUPPORTING REQUIREMENTS Since water is one of the key factors in the growth of the vegetable crops, a steady supply of water is needed. Several solutions for this include having rainwater catchment on rooftops of the buildings and having a water storage tank underground close to where the planting spaces are. These storage and catchment
Storage Space
Bayam Cai xin
Therefore, the knowledge of the amount of daylighting received in each area will give rise to a framework on the specific places to plant the vegetable crops according to the daylighting conditions required, as illustrated in Figure 4.7.
Nutrient Reservoir
DLI category
Facade Planting
Target DLI
Rainwater Harvesting
Vegetable Crop
04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
Roof Planting
PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
Figure 4.10 Diagram of supporting crop growth requirement in context
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
TRADITIONAL
04 UNDERSTANDING FARMING
SUSTAINABLE Figure 4.11 Traditional and Sustainable Planting and Harcvest Cycles
SEEDING &
PRE-ORDER
GERMINATION Food Mile
TRANSPLANT
SEEDING &
AND GROWTH
GERMINATION
IRRIGATION
TRANSPLANT & GROWTH
HARVEST &
IRRIGATION
PACKING
DISTRIBUTION
HARVEST & PACKING Food Mile
PURCHASE
48
COLLECTION
4.4 Planting and Harvest cycles Traditionally seeding and germination may be done in a different place from the transplant and growth, requiring the seeding to be transported from the nursery to the main growing areas. After harvest and packing, the vegetables still need to be distributed to the different supermarkets where the consumers will buy them. This is an additional transport mileage taken by the vegetable to reach the consumers. Putting farming spaces close to where the consumers are can eradicate this mileage, so that all the processes can happen within the same block. Furthermore, with the advancement of technology, customers can pre-order the vegetables of their preference so that there can be a guage of how much crops to be planted. This can greatly reduce food wastage by catering to the demands of the consumer.
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05 SITE
P u n ggol
05 SITE 5.1 Chosen Site 5.2 Site Analysis 5.3 Coverage vs Yield Analysis FIGURE 5.1 Chosen Site
5.1 CHOSEN SITE PUNGGOL, SINGAPORE The chosen site is a residential block in Punggol, a north-eastern region of Singapore. The block is located in Waterway View, a Build-to-Order neighborhood that was recently completed in 2017. Newer blocks tend to follow a fixed floorplan template. This means that the floorplan can be easily replicated and scaled to all other newly developed estates in Singapore.
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05 SITE
TR IB UT AR
Y
DR A
IN
PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
PU N
GG OL
W
AT ER W AY N
WATERWAY VIEW For the scope of the thesis, a single block is used for the modification of its layout. This is a manageable scale for the development of a flexible system that can be applied to other blocks. Block 684B is selected upon careful consideration. This block directly faces the waterway and responds to the site by varying the height of its unit stacks. This enables the creation of dynamic spaces that can be explored through the proposed modification. Block 684B contains 115 units in total, which are made up of mostly 4-room and 5-room HDB flats. Most of its unit stacks consist of 17 levels but the lower stacks that face the river have 8 levels. FIGURE 5.2 Chosen block
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05 SITE
TR
IB UT AR
Y
DR
AI N
PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
S h op
PU N
GG OL
W
AT ER W AY
Playg ro u nd
N
Ope n S pa ce
P l a y grou n d Pav i l l i on
AMENITIES, ACCESS LIFT LOBBIES
&
L RT A c c e ss
Pavillio n
Walking Access
Lift Lobby
Walking A c c es s
L if t L o b b y
L RT A c c es s
Car A c c es s
L i f t Lobby
Wa l k i n g Acce ss
Bu s Acce ss Li f t Lobby
L if t L obby
L if t L o b b y
FIGURE 5.3 Nodes and amenities in the neighborhood
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05 SITE
TR IB UT AR
Y
DR A
IN
PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
PU N
GG OL
W
AT ER W AY N
5.2 SITE ANALYSIS Firstly, a site analysis was done by mapping out the amenities, access and lift lobbies within the neighbourhood. This provided a better understanding of the nodes with high traffic areas within the blocks and served as a guide for the pathways taken by people.
SUNLIGHT HOURS > 2680. 00 2412. 00 2144. 00 1876. 00
tThe block is mostly north-south facing, oriented slightly towards the north-east and south west.
1608. 00 1340. 00 1072. 00 804. 00 536. 00 268. 00 <0. 00 *Ladyb ug simulat ion was done 8 hour s p er day for t he fir st day of each mont h t hroug hout t he year
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FIGURE 5.4 Basic daylighting analysis
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
05 SITE
FIGURE 5.3 Coverage vs yield analysis
SUN
SUN
> 268 h ou rs
SUN
> 787 ho ur s
COV E R AGE
> 101 2 h o u r s
C OV E R A G E
2144 .0 0
80%
70%
1141 0 m 2
1010 8 m 2
8913 m 2
YIELD 5 140 k g
YI E L D
Ta rg e t p e r b l o c k
4553 k g
HOU SEH OLD S FED 964 h o u ses
1876 .0 0
YIELD
Ta r ge t pe r block
4015 kg
HOU S E HOL D S FE D 853 h o u s e s
> 268 0.00 2412 .0 0
C OV E R A GE
90%
Ta r g e t p e r b l o c k
S U NL I GHT HOU RS
1608 .0 0 1340 .0 0
H OU S E H OL D S F E D
1072 .0 0
753 house s
804.00 536.00 268.00 <0.00 *L adyb u g s imu lat ion w as don e 8 h ou r s p e r day f or t h e f ir s t day of e ach mon t h t h rou g h ou t t h e ye ar
5.3 COVERAGE VS YIELD ANALYSIS
SUN
SUN
> 110 0 h ou rs
> 114 0 ho ur s
COV E R AGE
> 126 6 h o u r s
C OV E R A G E
C OV E R A GE
64%
50%
40%
8065 m 2
6376 m 2
5099 m 2
YIELD
Ta r g e t p e r b l o c k
3632 k g
HOU SEH OLD S FED 681 h o u ses
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SUN
YI E L D
Ta rg e t p e r b l o c k
2872 k g
HOU S E HOL D S FE D 538 h o u s e s
YIELD
Ta r ge t pe r block
2297 kg
An analysis of coverage against yield was carried out to determine the percentage coverage needed to grow an adequate number of crops to feed the households in a block. In each iteration, the coverage favours areas of high sunlight hours than low sunlight hours. It is concluded that a 64% coverage is sufficient to achieve the target yield.
H OU S E H OL D S F E D 430 house s
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06 DESIGN CONCEPT
06 DESIGN CONCEPT 6.1 Connecting the nodes together 6.2 Addition of new nodes 6.3 Creation of rectangular profiles 6.4 Daylighting simulation
FIGURE 6.1 Design concept
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06 DESIGN CONCEPT
Playg ro u nd
FIGURE 6.2 Connecting the nodes
Open Space
Walking A c c es s
LRT Access
6.1 CONNECTING TOGETHER
THE
NODES
The nodes that are closest to the chosen block were identified: an open space in the north part of the block, a playground in the east, an LRT access in the south and a walking access in the west. These nodes are connected through lines, creating an open pathway for human movement. The planar lines were then projected onto the block so as to create both vertical and horizontal connections across the block.
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
06 DESIGN CONCEPT
Rooftop Landscapes
Play Cano p y
Marketplace Rooftop Landscapes
Roof Terrace
Nook Garden
Landscape G arden Water front Garden
NEW NODES CREATE VOLUMES OF SPACES
6.2 ADDITION OF NEW NODES
The new nodes create bubbles, producing undulations that affect the flow of the lines. This allows new spaces and volumes to be created where the nodes are.
New nodes are proposed to be added in between the existing nodes to create pathways of continuous activities where the lines flow across the building. FIGURE 6.3 Addition of new nodes
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FIGURE 6.4 Creation of Volumes
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
06 DESIGN CONCEPT
FIGURE 6.5 Creation of structural profiles
6.3 CREATION OF RECTANGULAR PROFILES (FINS) The lines act as guides to the creation of rectangular profiles. The profiles are connected to the building and have structural properties to support the planter boxes that will be put on them.
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
06 DESIGN CONCEPT
FIGURE 6.6 Daylighting Simulation
6.4 DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION S U NL I GHT HOU RS > 268 0.00 2412 .0 0 2144 .0 0 1876 .0 0 1608 .0 0 1340 .0 0 1072 .0 0 804.00 536.00 268.00 <0.00 *L adyb u g s imu lat ion w as don e 8 h ou r s p e r day f or t h e f ir s t day of e ach mon t h t h rou g h ou t t h e ye ar
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Subsequently, a daylighting simulation was carried out to gauge the amount of sunlight received by each surface of the block. A ladybug simulation was performed for 8 hours on the first day of each month throughout the year. This simulation is done more specific to the surfaces that was created by the profiles. This will act as a guide to determine the placement of the different types of crops according to their sunlight requirements.
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07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
U nd ul a t i ng Ro o f L a nd sc a pes
Ma r ket Sq ua r e C a no py
Fa c a d e Add i t i o ns
07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES 7.1 Facade Additions 7.2 Undulating Landscapes 7.3 Market Square 7.4 Growth and Harvest Processes 7.5 Crop Types
U nd ul a t i ng G ro und L a nd sc a pes
FIGURE 7.1 Main axonometric diagram
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07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
7.1 FACADE ADDITIONS The addition of the fins and the planter boxes creates a small gap in between the original facade and the new facade. This gives space for a small balcony platform to be added.
Original HDB block with no additions.
Add
structural
beams
attached
to
structural walls of original HDB.
Addition of balcony platforms supported
Addition of fins encasing the balcony
by structural beams.
platforms.
Addition of planter boxes onto fins, varying
As crops grow in the planter boxes, it
density according to daylighting factor in a
densifies the facade with greenery.
square area.
FIGURE 7.2 Facade additions main axonometric
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FIGURE 7.3 Facade additions process axonometric
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07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
FACADE ADDITIONS: SOIL BASED FARMING The planter boxes make use of a soil medium for the growth of crops, and is equipped with embedded irrigation pipes for automatic irrigation.
RECTANGULAR FINS
SOIL-BASED PLANTER BOX
EMBEDDED IRRIGATION PIPES
FIGURE 7.4 Facade additions detail axonometric
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07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
7.2 UNDULATING LANDSCAPES On the rooftops and ground level, the fins create undulating landscapes that people can walk on, with planters for farming scattered across them.
Carving out of the original terrain.
Additions of rectangular profiles across the terrain that has been carved out.
Addition of platforms and soil layers in
Addition
between the rectangular profiles.
scattered throughout the landscape.
of
farming
planters
that
is
Addition of turfing.
As crops grow in the planter boxes, it densifies the landscape with greenery.
FIGURE 7.5 Undulating landscape main axonometric
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FIGURE 7.6 Undulating landscape process axonometric
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07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
SOIL BASED FARMING The planter boxes make use of a soil medium for the growth of crops, and is equipped with embedded irrigation pipes for automatic irrigation.
SOIL-BASED PLANTERS
RECTANGULAR PROFILE SUPPORTING PLANTERS
EMBEDDED IRRIGATION PIPES
FIGURE 7.7 Undulating landscape detail axonometric
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Nonem untiur? Ihilia simintotate porepelitat.
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PRODUCTIVE GREEN CITIES
07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
7.3 MARKET SQUARE The rectangular profiles create a volume underneath, that is covered by a canopy. This gives rise to spaces that can contain an automated market for the crop harvest.
FIGURE 7.8 Market square main axonometric
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07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
VENDING MACHINES The crops are distributed by the means of a vending machine that is controlled by a crane arm. The customer orders from console, and the arm with collect and dispatch it to the customer.
Customer uses a console to select the item
The vending machine selects a slot that
he wants to purchse.
the customer chooses, this is done with consideration of expiry dates.
The crane arm starts to move on the tracks
The crane arm retrieves the vegetable from
to the location of the selected slot.
the slot.
Crane arm moves to the corner of the slots, where the customer can retrieve his purchase.
FIGURE 7.9 Market square process axonometric
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07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
FIGURE 7.10 Plantation process diagram
PRE-ORDERS
SEEDING & GERMINATION
TRANSPLANT AND GROWTH
Individual households pre-order their vegetable requirements for the month.
Two units per block are taken up as locations for seeding & germination.
After seeding, the plants are transplanted to the main growing areas.
7.4 GROWTH & HARVEST PROCESS
84
IRRIGATION
HARVEST & PACKING
COLLECTION
Irrigation pipes are embedded into the structure, which allows for automatic watering of plants.
Harvesting and packing will be done in cold rooms in the void deck near the market squares.
Collection can be done through an automatic vending machine system in the market square.
All of the processes of farming is done on site, including: orders, seeding & germination, transplant & growth, irrigation, harvesting & packing, and distribution. This successfully eradicates any transport miles, making the process more sustainable. The seeding and plantation is done through a collection of pre-orders to ensure minimal food waste.
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07 ENVISIONING NEW SPACES
5.3 CROP TYPES
86
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
TYPE
SUN
Caixin
Brassica rapa cv. group Caisin
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Ceylon Spinach
Baella alba
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Chinese Mustard
Brassica juncea
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Chinese Spinach
Amaranthus tricolor
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Kailan
Brassica oleracea cv.
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Kale
Brassica oleracea var. sebllica
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Kangkong
Ipomoea aquatica
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Sweet Potato
Ipomoea batatas
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Xiao Bai Cai
Brassica rapa var. chinensis
Leafy Vegetable
Full Sun
Bitter Gourd
Momordica charantia
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Brinjal
Solanum melongena
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Chili
Capsicum annuum
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Corn
Zea mays
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Cucumber
Cucumis sativus
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Lady's Finger
Abelmoschus esculentus
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Long Bean
Vigna unguiculata
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Pumpkin
Cucurbita moschata
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Tomato
Solanum lycopersicum
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Winter Melon
Benincasa hipsida
Fruiting Vegetable
Full Sun
Chives
Allium tuberosum
Herbs and Spices
Moderate Sun
Curry Leaf Plant
Murraya koenigii
Herbs and Spices
Full Sun
English Mint
Mentha spicata
Herbs and Spices
Moderate Sun
Indian Borage
Plectranthus amboinicus
Herbs and Spices
Semi-shaded
Lemongrass
Cymbopogon citratus
Herbs and Spices
Full Sun
Pandan
Pandanus amaryllifolius
Herbs and Spices
Semi-shaded
Sawtooth Corriander
Eryngium foetidum
Herbs and Spices
Moderate Sun
Thai Basil
Ociumum basilicum
Herbs and Spices
Moderate Sun
Turmeric
Curcuma longa
Herbs and Spices
Moderate Sun
Arrowroot
Maranta arundinacea
Root Vegetables
Moderate Sun
Bangkuang
Pachyrhizus erosus
Root Vegetables
Full Sun
Elephant Yam
Amorphophallus folius
Root Vegetables
Semi-shaded
Fingerroot
Boesenbergia rotunda
Root Vegetables
Semi-shaded
Peanut
Arachis hypogaea
Root Vegetables
Full Sun
Radish
Raphanus sativus
Root Vegetables
Full Sun
Sweet Potato
Ipomoea batatas
Root Vegetables
Full Sun
Tapioca
Manihot esculenta
Root Vegetables
Full Sun
Taro
Colocasia esculenta
Root Vegetables
Full Sun
Water chestnut
Eleocharis dulcis
Root Vegetables
Full Sun
paeonii-
FULL SUN M ODERATE SUN SEM I-SH ADED
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SPARK Architects. (2014). Homefarm. Retrieved from SPARK Architects: http://www. sparkarchitects.com/portfolio_page/homefarm/
Caplow, T. (2009). Building integrated agriculture: Philosophy and practice. Urban futures 2030: Urban development and urban lifestyles of the future.
Specht, K., Rosemarie, S., Hartmann, I., Freisinger, U. B., Sawicka, M., Werner, A., . . . Dierich, A. (2013). Urban agriculture of the ftuure: an overview of sustainability aspects of food production in and on buildings. Agric Hum Values.
Dorais, M. (2003). The use of supplemental lighting for vegetable crop production: light intensity, crop response, nutrition, crop management, cultural practices. Canadian Greenhouse Conference. Farm in the city: Herb garden in HDB corridor. (8 February, 2015). The Straits Times. Faust, J., Holcombe, V., Rajapakse, N., & Layne, D. (2005). The Effect of Daily Light Integral on Bedding Plant Growth and Flowering. HortScience. Food And Agriculture Organization. (2017). FAO Statistical Yearbook 2017. Framlab. (n.d.). Glasir. Retrieved from Framlab: https://www.framlab.com/glasir Hallett, S., & Hoagland, L. (2016). Urban Agriculture: Environmental, Economic, and Social Perspectives. Horticultural reviews. Hui, S. (2011). Green roof urban farming for buildings in high-density urban cities. Hainan China World Green Roof Conference 2011. Juice Plus. (n.d.). Browse the Tower Garden FAQs. Retrieved from Tower Garden: https:// www.towergarden.com/aeroponics/faq Liu, V. (09 April, 2020). $30m for local farms to grow more, grow faster. The Straits Times. Lovell, S. (2010). Multifunctional urban agriculture for sustainable land use planning in the United States. Sustainability. Mahmud, A. (7 March, 2019). Singapore aims to produce 30% of its nutritional needs by 2030, up from less than 10%. Channel News Asia. McKnight, J. L., & Kretzmann, J. P. (1996). Mapping Community Capacity. McMahon, M. (2002). Resisting Globalization: Wmen Organic Farmers and Local Food Systems. Canadian Woman Studies, 203-206. Our GUI Story. (n.d.). Retrieved from Ground-Up Initiative: https://groundupinitiative. org/our-story/ Precht, C. (19 January , 2017). A Thousand Yards. Retrieved from Behance: https:// www.behance.net/gallery/47359603/A-Thousand-Yards?tracking_source=project_owner_other_projects Price, M. (26 December, 2019). LG’s herb fridge is a full-sise indoor farm. CNET. Song, X., Tan, H., & Tan, P. (2018). Assessment of light adequacy for vertical farming in a tropical city. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.
Suparwoko, & Taufani, B. (2017). Urban farming construction model on the vertical building envelope to support the green buildings development in Sleman, Indonesia. Sustainable Civil Engineering and Construction Materials 2016. Tablada, A., Chaplin, I., Huang, H., Kosoric, V., Lau, S.-K., Yuan, C., & Lau, S.-Y. (2017). Assessment of Solar and Farming Systems Integration into Tropical Building Facades. ISES Solar World Congress 2017. Thomaier, S. (2014). Farming in and on urban buildings: Present practice and specific novelties of Zero-Acreage Farming (ZFarming). Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. United Nations. (2020). How COVID-19 is changing the world: a Statistical Perspective. CCSA. Urban Redevelopment Authority. (9 November, 2017). Enhanced LUSH to take urban greenery to new heights. Retrieved from Urban Redevelopment Authority: https://www. ura.gov.sg/-/media/User%20Defined/URA%20Online/media-room/2017/Nov/pr17-77a. pdf White, M. M. (2011). Sisters of the Soil: Urban Gardening as Resistance in Detroit. Race/ Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts, 13-28.