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Modeling in Membranes and Membrane Based Processes
Industrial Scale Separations 1st Edition Anirban Roy (Editor)
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4.5.3
Chapter 5: Light Nonferrous Metals
6.1.3
6.4
6.3.3
6.3.4
List of Contributors
Yi-Ming Cao Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
Yue-Hui He School of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
Lan Ying Jiang School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
Xiao-Long Lu State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China
Chong-Jian Tang School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
Hui Wang Beijing Liquid Cube Technology Ltd., China
Liang Wu School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
Lian-Sheng Xiao School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
Wei-Hong Xing National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membranes, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
Tong-Wen Xu School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
Zhen-Liang Xu State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Membrane Science and Engineering R&D Lab, Chemical Engineering Research Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Foreword
Nowadays metallic materials hold very critical positions in social economy worldwide. Besides the conventional industries, metals and metal alloys are applied in a wide range of high-tech industries, such as high-speed transport, new energy, advanced manufacturing, and health care. The relationship between man and man, man and nature, and man and space beyond the earth are being modified continuously with the development of these fields.
Absolutely indispensable at present stage and in the foreseeable future to the production of metals and metal alloys is metallurgical industry. With great advancement in metallurgical science and engineering in the past decades, however, some problems persist. The most serious ones, particularly for developing countries, are the dissipation of natural resources and pollution to environment. They are among the elements that doom the global sustainability a Utopian and must be addressed seriously and pragmatically.
In response, national and international policies and regulations are established or amended to facilitate the economic and societal development in a manner without trading off the welfare of future generations. Meanwhile science, technology, and process engineering undoubtedly are the major supports for actualizing the targets at the level of concrete operation and practice.
Due to the effort of scientists and engineers worldwide, membrane-based separation has been playing an important role in constructing “green metallurgy.” For example, the ion-exchange membrane is utilized in uranium metallurgy, which greatly simplifies the process flow. Iron and steel industry is the masterpiece in making use of membrane for water treatment; a recommendable example is the desalination of integrated wastewater. Application of metal membranes has successfully helped to purify and recycle gaseous emissions. Briefly, the technology has already permeated into the domain of all the metal categories, and new applications are being continually identified, even for synthetic metals. The major modes for membrane to be involved in metallurgical industry are summarized as follows: replacing or supplementing original separation technologies to improve overall process efficiency; helping achieve comprehensive utilization of resources and reduce waste.
Conventional membrane separation, such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis draws support from the physiochemical properties of the solid membrane “pore” for discrimination among particles. “New concept membranes,” for example, membrane contactors, membrane reactors, coupling membrane media with biological, chemical, or other processes in specific manners, shows great promise for tasks otherwise unrealistic. To combine membrane-based separation efficiently with metallurgical process, two aspects are very critical. For most of the membrane categories, first, highseparation properties with sound stabilities under in-service conditions must be ensured. Additionally, a series of phenomena occurring during separation, for instance, fouling, wetting, polarization, which impact negatively the mass and heat transfer efficiency, should be controlled with great care.
EU countries, USA, and Japan were the leading forces in the early years of developing and utilizing membrane technologies. The fast development of China and many other countries in past one or two decades has delivered many important achievements, based on incremental or totally independent innovation. Ceramic membranes and ion-exchange membranes, and their applications in China are excellent models.
In pace with the social development, metallurgical industry per se is experiencing continuous progress and some new situations are appearing, like the upgraded scale in metal production and demand, the exploitation of unconventional resources, and the adoption of novel extractive technologies or processes. The potential problems associated with these situations regarding resource conservation and environmental protection will require further attention of scientists from both academia and industry.
Considering all these facts, a book is needed to comprehensively and systematically summarize the contribution of membrane technologies in changing the old “smoke stack” image of metallurgy in terms of scientific and technological principals. More critically, the pros and cons of the membrane technologies should be evaluated and compared, so as to provide clear guidance for our future effort.
Appreciations go to Dr. Lan Ying Jiang, Dr. Na Li, and contributors of each chapter for their great effort in writing this book. The information displayed will present good references to those who are potential users or innovators of membrane technology and metallurgy. And I believe its publication and distribution will greatly facilitate the development of applying membranes in metallurgical industry.
Ding-Fan Qiu
Preface
With the turnover of world economy after a bottoming out, metal sector is now experiencing a renewed boom since 1970s that registered the start of its long-term, slow, and tough growth. Nowadays metallic materials hold very critical positions in social economy worldwide. Besides the conventional industries, metals and metal alloys are applied in a wide range of high-tech industries, such as high-speed transport, new energy, advanced manufacturing, health care. The relationship between man and man, man and nature, and man and space beyond the earth are being modified continuously with the development of these fields.
Absolutely indispensable at present stage and in the foreseeable future to the production of metals and metal alloys is metallurgical industry. With great advancement in metallurgical science and engineering in the past decades, however, some problems persist. The most serious ones, particularly for developing countries, are the waste/dissipation of natural resources and environmental pollution. They are among the elements that doom the global sustainability a utopian and must be addressed seriously and pragmatically.
In response, national and international policies and regulations are established or revised to facilitate maximization of the economic and societal development in a manner without trading off the welfare of future generations. Meanwhile, science, technology, and process engineering undoubtedly will be the major supports for actualizing the targets at the level of concrete operation and practice.
Due to the consolidated effort of scientists and engineers worldwide, membrane-based separation has been given an important role in constructing “green metallurgy.” For example, the ion-exchange membrane is utilized in uranium production for nuclear reactor, which greatly simplifies the process flow. Iron and steel industry is the masterpiece in making use of membrane for water treatment, especially the desalination for integrated wastewater. Briefly, membrane-based separation is involved in metallurgical industry via two modes: replacing or supplementing original separation technologies to improve overall process efficiency; helping achieve comprehensive utilization of resources and reduce waste. The technology has already penetrated into all the metal categories, and new applications are being continually identified, even including synthetic metals purification.
Preface
Conventional membrane separation, such as MF, UF, NF, RO, GS, PV, DD, and ED draws support from the physiochemical properties of the solid membrane “pore” for discrimination among particles. Membrane contactor and absorber/adsorber, relying on special functional groups either suspended in liquid or fixed to solid support for particle screening, exhibit prospects for tasks otherwise unrealistic. Whatever type of the membrane used, high separation properties with sound stabilities under in-service conditions are a must.
EU countries, USA and Japan were the leading forces in the early stage of developing and utilizing membrane technologies. The fast development of China and many other countries in past one or two decades has delivered a huge amount of research achievements, based on incremental or totally independent innovation. Ceramic membranes and ion-exchange membranes, and their applications in China are excellent models.
In pace with the social development, metallurgical industry per se is experiencing continuous progress and some new situations are not to be neglected, like the upgrade in metal production and demand scales, the utilization of unconventional metal resources and novel technologies or processes. The potential problems associated with these situations regarding resource conversation and environmental protection imperatively require further attention of membranologists from both academic and industrial sectors.
Considering all these facts, a book is needed to comprehensively and systematically summarize the contribution of membrane technologies in changing the old “smoke stack” image of metallurgy in terms of scientific and technological principals. More critically, the pros and cons of the membrane technologies should be evaluated and compared, so as to provide clear guidance for our future effort.
Appreciation goes to Dr. Lan Ying Jiang, Dr. Na Li and the contributors of each chapter for their effort in editing such a book on the basis of their accumulations in both research and documents processing. The information displayed will present good references to those who are potential users or innovators of membrane technology and metallurgy. And I believe its publication and distribution will greatly facilitate the development of applying membranes in metallurgical industry.
PART 1
Introduction
1. Metallurgy: Importance, Processes, and Development Status 3
2. Membrane-Based Separation 19
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CHAPTER
Metallurgy: Importance, Processes, and Development Status
L�Y� Jiang
School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
1.1 Introduction
Broadly speaking, metallurgy covers the entire chain concerning metallic materials production, from mineral exploration, mining, concentration, smelting, refining, to material engineering. In a narrow sense, metallurgy is about extraction of metals from ores, concentrates, or other resources.
Among 98 naturally occurring elements on earth, 18 are nonmetals, 7 are metalloids, and the remaining are all metals. Over the past 10,000 years, metals and alloys have been playing the most important role in the technological progress of human kind [1]. In China, the earliest sites that have yielded metal objects date back to the late fourth and third millennia before the Christian Era (BCE) [2]. Quite early metal-using communities in China are identified in Gansu, Xinjiang, Shandong, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, and the Central Plain. Table 1.1 displays the estimated periods of earliest metal-relevant activities in different regions of the world [2]. Copper was generally regarded as the metal that has the longest history of being used by mankind. The use of copper in ancient China goes back to 3000 BCE. The influence of metals is so profound throughout history that some of them have become synonymous with different eras of human development (eg, the Copper Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Nuclear Age and the Titanium Age).
The division into ferrous and nonferrous metals is the foremost classification. Ferrous metals only encompass iron, chromium, manganese, and their alloys. The latter two have been intensively and extensively used for fabricating steel alloys (eg, manganese steel and chromium steel by using wolframite, pyrolusite, and chromite), hence categorized as ferrous metals. The resources for ferrous metals are abundant. The notable features of ferrous metals are the excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, stable quality, and low price.
A nonferrous metal is a metal, including alloys, that does not contain iron (eg, ferrite) in appreciable amounts. Generally being more expensive than ferrous metals, nonferrous metals are used mainly for some of their desirable properties, such as low density (eg, aluminum), high conductivity (eg, copper), nonmagnetic identity, and resistance to corrosion (eg, zinc).
Membrane-Based Separations in Metallurgy http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803410-1.00001-3
Table 1�1: The periods* of earliest metal-using activities at different regions worldwide
Archaeological Age The Chalcolithic Age The Forepart of Bronze
“The Forepart of Bronze” Bronzes of the Middle and Late Bronzes
Eastern Europe and Russia
West African
South America
North America 4000 *BC for all the periods except otherwise stated.
Table 1.2 summarizes the classification for all the nonferrous metals [3]. The table has been updated by incorporating the synthetic metals. Important basic nonferrous metals that are in great need in modern industries include aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc, and their alloys such as brass. Precious or noble metals include gold, silver, and metals of platinum group. The concept of “rare metal” is a generic term for metals that have very small total reserve, low level of abundance (generally lower than 100 ppm), and scattered occurrence. In light of this point, rare earth metal, noble metal, and radioactive metal are all essentially rare metal.
In the early 1970s, the post-World War II prosperity in world metal consumption came to a halt. However, a renewed boom is now emerging in the metals sector, with metallic materials holding very critical positions in social economy worldwide. The applications of metals have been permeating into almost all the aspects of human society [4–6]. As for ferrous metals [4,5], the most important areas include high-rise buildings, deep underground and marine facilities, large-span and heavy-load bridges, light-weight energy-saving vehicles, highspeed watercraft, oil extraction and long-distance transmission pipeline, large-scale storage containers, high-speed railway, energy facilities, construction machinery, precision instrument, aerospace industry, etc. The applications of nonferrous metals are also extensive [6]. Power generation, power grid, and construction require huge amount of copper and aluminum; the
Nonferrous metals with density lower than 4.5 g cm 3
Nonferrous metals with density higher than 4.5 g cm 3
They have very low densities (0.53–1.87 g cm 3) and very active chemically.
They commonly have high melting point, generally higher than 1650°C, strong corrosion resistance, and can form very hard and refractory compounds with some nonmetals.
Their distribution in the lithosphere is highly scattered, and they generally have no independent minerals.
Their nuclear structures and physicochemical properties are quite similar. They are concomitant inside the ores.
/
They are difficult to extract and have excellent chemical stability.
Table 1�3: The domestic and global demands on ferrous and nonferrous
metals
demand of aluminum in transportation equipment manufacturing is always high; machinery and electronics need copper, aluminum, nickel, tin, zinc, tungsten, tantalum, etc.; titanium, chromium, rare earth metals, and other strategic metals are the basic raw materials for aerospace industry and military hardware manufacturing. Put simply, a modern world without metal is inconceivable. Table 1.3 displays the demands on metal products in China and at abroad [7,8]. Obviously, the demands take on an increasing trend in the past decade for both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Taking copper as an example, its global demand grows from 15 million tons in 2003 to 19 million tons in 2011.
1.2 Extractive Metallurgy
As aforementioned, metallurgy sensu lato actually covers a quite extensive field. This part is solely contributed to extractive metallurgy. The raw materials or the ores contain not only the target metals, but also other metals and gangues. Extractive metallurgical process consists of the removal and elimination of the gangue, decomposition of the mineral and collecting and sometimes refining of the metal. Due to the varieties in nature and composition of the ores, energy availability, and sometimes consideration in environmental protection, the methods used in extractive metallurgy are diverse. In terms of the key conversion—essentially of a chemical nature—involved for metal extraction from minerals, pyro-, hydro-, electro-, and bio-metallurgy are generally classified. In effect, none of the technologies may in itself suffice for the treatment of a particular material, and in most cases a combination of two or more approaches is adopted.
1.2.1 Pyrometallurgy
Pyrometallurgy is a technology conducted at high temperature [9,10]. The minerals in the ore or concentrate will be partially or completely converted into another form of chemical compound or elementary substances by a series of high-temperature physico-chemical changes, and enriched in gas, liquid, or solid products. After being formed into big particles by sintering, the raw material or the concentrate is subject to oxidizing roasting. The subsequent procedure is smelting, generating slag consisting of gangue, flux and fuel ash, and matte (nonferrous sulfide and iron sulfide eutectic) or a liquid metal containing a small quantity of impurities. For smelting three technologies have been developed; namely smelting
reduction, oxidation blowing, and matte smelting. With these operations, the separation of target metals and impurities is achieved.
The thermal energy for the pyrometallurgical process is in most cases supplied by fuel burning, and sometimes by exothermic reaction inherent of the chemical reactions. For the latter, an example is oxidizing roasting and smelting of sulfide ore. In addition, thermal reduction of metal is a self-heating process. Refining is used to remove the small amount of impurities. For requirements on highly purified metals, zone melting is used.
Pyrometallurgy has been intensively used for production of copper, zinc, nickel, etc. The technologies for these metals are relatively mature. The flow diagram for copper pyrometallurgy is shown in Fig. 1.1. The principal procedures include copper matte generation by smelting, copper blister formation by blowing, fire refining, and electrolytic refining. Blister copper oxidation is refined in reverberatory furnace, followed by cast of copper anode for electrolytic refining.
Figure 1�1: The flow chart of copper pyrometallurgy�
Special metallurgy is a branch of pyrometallurgy mainly pointing at the needs from hightech, defense areas, etc., such as high-quality special steel, refractory alloys (eg, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum), active metals (eg, titanium, zirconium), highly purified metals (eg, zero-inclusion steel). The technologies belonging to this branch comprise chiefly plasma metallurgy, vacuum induction degassing and pouring, cold crucible levitation melting, electronbeam smelting, electro-slag remelting [10,11].
Plasma metallurgy: Plasma metallurgy utilizes heat generated by plasma flow as the thermal resource [12]. Several gases (eg, argon (Ar), hydrogen (H2)) and their mixtures can be used as media in plasma gun for achieving different metallurgical targets. For example, inert gas plasma is used for smelting of metals with high melting point and active metal, as well as purification of some metals and metal alloys. Application of H2 or H2 containing gas is feasible for recovering several metals (eg, iron, aluminum, cobalt, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, tungsten) from their oxides. In addition, plasma flow is capable of decomposing nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4), generating ultrafine Ni powders.
The potential advantages of using plasma arc as a heat source in metallurgical process are summarized as follows [11]: high temperature (5000–30,000K); rapid temperature rise due to concentrated energy and fast plasma flow; favorable conditions for gas–liquid–solid reaction kinetics; stable electric arc and small noise.
Since its advent in 1962, plasma metallurgy has been regarded as a very promising technology. Applications of plasma jet flow in secondary remelting of steel and producing Cr steel have been industrialized. The hindrance for its penetration into other fields at industrial level is mainly due to problems associated with the life span of high-power watercooling plasma gun and plasma thermal efficiency.
1.2.2
Hydrometallurgy
Traditional hydrometallurgy relies on liquid phase chemistry to obtain metals or their compounds from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials [13]. The chemical reactions refer to mainly oxidation, reduction, neutralization, hydrolysis, and complexation. The temperatures employed in the process range from lower than 100oC to around 300oC. They are much lower than those used in pyrometallurgy. The primary procedures for hydrometallurgical process are leaching, separation, enrichment, and extraction [14]. The technologies used across the entire extractive process include dissolution using acid, base, cyanide and organic solvent, chemical precipitation, membrane separation, crystallization, ion-exchange, solvent extraction, stripping, etc. Hydrometallurgy is dominantly used in the production of zinc, alumina (Al2O3), and some rare metals.
Fig. 1.2 illustrates the flow diagram of a traditional zinc hydrometallurgy process. The key steps are the neutral leaching and acid leaching that transfer zinc from solid concentrate and slag, respectively, into aqueous solution. Thereafter, electrowinning (EW) is used to obtain
elementary zinc which is then cast into ingot. Meanwhile, the Al2O3 recovered from bottom mine by acid leaching is recycled back to neutral leaching.
Hydrometallurgy is most suitable for treating low-grade ores, but with relatively high cost [15]. With the development of science and technology, more and more innovations are developed and applied for improving the efficiency of hydrometallurgy [16–18]. Leaching and extraction are two principal steps. As for leaching, in addition to conventional acid/base approaches, researches have revealed high pressure leaching, fluidized leaching, and in situ leaching. The methods for extraction are more abundant; microwave extraction, ultrasonic extraction, predispersed extraction, magnetic field-assisted solvent extraction, liquid membrane extraction, nonequilibrium solvent extraction, etc. have been proposed based on the conventional solvent extraction. Some of the technologies are introduced as follows.
High pressure leaching: In leaching process involving gas (eg, oxygen (O2)) as a chemically active reagent, raising the gaseous pressure is conducive to the shift of reaction equilibrium
Figure 1�2: The flow chart of traditional zinc hydrometallurgy�
toward product side; hence the leaching efficiency or yield is improved. In addition, it brings about abatement in operation cost and phasedown of environmental pollution [17]. High pressure leaching has been penetrating in ammonia (NH3) leaching, alkali leaching, and acid leaching. The first pressurized heavy metal refinery plant was installed in China in 1993.
Fluidized leaching: Due to the effect of flowing liquid, the mineral or concentrates particles are suspended in the leaching progress. This method exhibits several superiorities over the conventional leaching: complete replacement of mechanical stirring by hydraulic operation; low liquid–solid ratio; highly concentrated leachate even with low-grade ores; continuous operation; formation of concentration gradient inside single unit; compact equipment and small footprint.
In situ leaching: It is also known as chemical mining, or no-well mining. The conventional excavation is abandoned; the leachant is applied in situ to dissolve the valuable metal by selective chemical reaction.
Mechanical activation leaching: Under the action of mechanical force, the mineral crystals generate various internal or lattice defects, shifting the structure to a state characterized of higher energy level. Consequently, the chemical reactivity is enhanced.
Supercritical fluid solvent extraction: A supercritical fluid (SCF) is any fluid at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. SCF synergizes the characteristics of low gas phase, such as viscosity and high diffusivity, and liquid phase such as high density and good dissolving ability. The solubility of various components in the SCF can be adjusted by varying temperature and pressure. Employment of SCF in metallurgy has brought about following benefits: it consumes less energy relative to traditional solvent extraction; more efficient management of element distribution factor can be achieved by optimizing temperature and pressure, leading to higher separation factor between different metals. SCFs now commonly used are CO2, NH3, ethylene (C2H4), propylene, water, etc.
Reverse micelles solvent extraction (RMSE): In nature, RMSE is liquid–liquid solvent extraction. The surfactant added into the liquid system develops by self-assembly into reversed micelles dispersed inside the organic phase. They have internal hydrophilic microenvironment. During extraction, bio-molecules that have low solubility in organic phase can exist inside hydrophilic interior of reversed micelles. This characteristic helps prevent de-naturation of bio-molecules that happens in conventional extraction. Research is initiated to transfer the approach to metal extraction.
Electrophoresis extraction: It is a separation technology coupling electrophoresis and solvent extraction. On one hand, it enhances mass transfer and extraction yield by utilizing electrical potential; on the other hand, the liquid–liquid (ie, solvent-water) interface presents resistance to prevent convective diffusion. Electrophoresis extraction shows good performance in treating substances that are difficult to tackle with by conventional solvent extraction.
1.2.3
Electrometallurgy
In electric metallurgy, one of the key transformations is electrodeposition or electroplating of metal at the cathode via metal ion reduction under the action of electric current [10,19]. This mechanism is used in electrolytic metallurgy and electrolytic refining. Depending on the state of electrolyte, electrolytic metallurgy can be divided into solution electrolysis and molten salt electrolysis. For electro-refining, the metal anode with a certain level of impurity dissolves into solution to form metal ions. The ions subsequently deposit on the cathode. In the process, the inclusion from the anode is left in the solution. In molten salt electrolysis, electricity not only participates in the redox reaction, but also provides thermal energy for melting the metal salt. Electrometallurgy was first introduced in the extraction of Cu from low-grade Cu ores. The extraction rate is up to 80–90% with a relatively low production cost. At present, it has been used in the extraction of cadmium, antimony, cobalt, chromium, iron, gallium, manganese, silver, and so on. The technological process of kryocide–Al2O3 molten salt electrolytic metallurgy for producing aluminum is displayed in Fig. 1.3. Al2O3 after pretreatment is heated inside the electrolytic cell to form molten salt. Subject to the strong electric current, it releases elementary Al in its molten state that is subsequently cast into ingot.
Slurry electrolysis: It is a technology that integrates mineral leaching, partial purification of leachate, and EW in one single system [20]. The novelty of the design is that the anode reaction in EW, which is previously ignored, is now harnessed for mineral oxidization leaching. The metal ions generated then transport through the ion-exchange membrane to enter the cathode chamber. Thereafter, the ions precipitate on the cathode via reduction reaction. At the same time, the mineral slurry in anode is delivered to solid/liquid separation, with the liquid product being refluxed to electrolytic tank and the slag for other treatment. This design enables the simplification of flow diagram and extremely high recovery rate. It has been industrialized for bismuth metallurgy.
1.2.4 Biometallurgy
Biometallurgy, also known as biological metallurgy or bioleaching [16,21], is a technique that combines the biological function of bacteria with conventional hydrometallurgy. The microorganisms or bacteria used are generally chemoautotrophic. They feed on minerals, obtaining energy for their metabolism by bio-oxidation. Simultaneously, the target component in the mineral becomes soluble in water. Subsequently the metal can be extracted directly from the aqueous solution. It is a relatively new technology, facing the challenges of slow reaction rate, poor adaptability of the bacteria to the application environment, and so on. Genetic engineering has been suggested by many scientists as the principal solution.
Currently, investigation of biometallurgy application has been conducted on extraction of gallium, selenium, germanium, scandium, fine manganese, etc. Compared with conventional
Figure 1�3: The flow chart of aluminum electrometallurgy�
oxidation, bio-oxidation is superior in low cost and no pollution. It has been identified as a promising alternative for exploiting low-grade and recalcitrant sulfide ores. The potential applications that may be industrialized in the foreseeable future include the following:
1. tank leaching for some metal sulfide concentrates from mineral flotation;
2. oxidation pretreatment for heap leaching of refractory gold ore;
3. bioleaching of oxide ore;
4. metal extraction from aqueous solutions.
1.3 Current Status of Metallurgical Industry
1.3.1
Progress in China
Due to infrastructure construction in developing western region and grand development of real estate, the demand on steel and in response the output has taken on a rapid increasing trend in past 10 years in China. In 2006, the steel output in China exceeded 0.42 billion tons; in 2010, the crude steel production reached 0.62 billion tons, contributing to 44% of world’s total. In 2013, the steel output in China was 0.78 billion tons, accounting for more than 50% of the world’s total. So to speak, China has already established its position in world iron and steel industry. Nevertheless, there exist several challenges for China to improve its
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HENRY W. GRADY.
From the “New Orleans Times-Democrat.”
H W. G , editor of the Atlanta Constitution, died yesterday, after a short illness, from typhoid pneumonia, at the early age of thirty-six. Perhaps no man in the South has been more often mentioned in the last few years or attracted more attention than he. His famous speech before the New England Society had the effect of bringing him before the country as the representative of that New South which is building up into prosperity and greatness.
Mr. Grady was a native of Georgia. His father was Colonel of a Confederate regiment during the late war, and to that father he paid the highest tribute a son could pay in several of his speeches. He had a hard struggle at first, like nearly every Southern boy, but he fought his way up to the top by pluck, energy and determination.
Mr. Grady’s first journalistic venture was, we believe, in his native town. He ran a small paper there, moved thence to Atlanta, carrying on another newspaper venture in the Georgia capital. In the course of events this paper was swallowed up by the Constitution, then pushing itself to the front of the Georgia press, and Mr. Grady was selected as co-editor of the latter.
Under him that paper became one of the leading exponents of Southern opinion, a representative of the progressive South, not lingering over dead memories, but living in the light of the present and laboring to build up this section.
Mr. Grady and his paper were always the defenders of the South, yet not afraid to expose and condemn its errors and mistakes. He had the courage to speak out whenever this was necessary, and when, some few months ago, regulators attempted to introduce into Georgia, in the immediate vicinity of Atlanta, the same practices as in Lafayette parish in this State, Mr. Grady, through the Constitution, denounced it vigorously. There were threats, but it did not affect the
Constitution, which insisted that the New South must be a South of peace, law and order.
We cannot at this time review Mr. Grady’s entire journalistic career It is sufficient to say that with his colleagues he built up his paper to be a power in Georgia and the South. His ability was recognized throughout this section, but it was not until his famous speech at the New England dinner that his reputation became national.
When at that dinner, speaking for the New South he so well represented, he pledged his brethren of the North the patriotic devotion of the Southern people, he created a sensation. Some of the most famous orators of the country were present, but without a dissenting voice it was declared that Mr. Grady’s speech was the event of the day. It sent a thrill throughout the Union. The Southern people rose to declare that Mr. Grady had fully explained their views and ideas, and before his eloquent words the prejudice which had lingered since the war in many portions of the North disappeared. Perhaps no single event tended more to bring the sections closer together than that speech, which so eloquently voiced the true sentiments of the Southern people. A wave of fraternal feeling swept through the country, and although the Republican politicians managed to counteract some of the good accomplished, much of it remained. Mr. Grady deserves remembrance, for in a few words, burning with eloquence, he swept away the prejudices of years.
The country discovered that it contained an orator of whom it had known but little, a statesman who helped to remove the sectional hatred which had so long retarded its progress. Mr. Grady became at once one of the best-known men in the Union. He was spoken of for United States Senator, he was mentioned as Vice-President, and it looked as though he could be elevated to any position to which he aspired; but he wisely clung to his journalistic career, satisfied that he could thereby best benefit his State and section.
Mr. Grady was not a one-speech man. He has made many addresses since then, and while it is true that his other speeches did not create the same sensation as his first, they were all eloquent, able and patriotic.
His career so auspiciously begun, which promised so much to himself and the country, has been brought suddenly and prematurely to a close. Mr. Grady was a young man, and we had every reason to believe that he would play a leading part in the South and in the country. Although his career is thus cut short, he had accomplished much, and the New South for which he spoke will carry on the good work he began of uniting the entire country on one broad and patriotic platform.
SECOND TO NONE.
From the “Louisville Courier-Journal.”
H W. G died at his home in Atlanta yesterday. There is that in the very announcement which is heart-breaking. He was the rose and expectancy of the young South, the one publicist of the New South, who, inheriting the spirit of the old, yet had realized the present, and looked into the future, with the eyes of a statesman and the heart of a patriot. His own future was fully assured. He had made his place; had won his spurs; and he possessed the gifts, not merely to hold them, but greatly to magnify their importance. That he should be cut down upon the threshold of a career, for whose brilliant development and broad usefulness all was prepared, is almost as much a public calamity as it is a private grief. We tender to his family, and to Georgia, whom he loved with the adoration of a true son for a mother, the homage of our respectful and profound sympathy
Mr. Grady became a writer for the Courier-Journal when but little more than a boy and during the darkest days of the Reconstruction period. There was in those days but a single political issue for the South. Our hand was in the lion’s mouth, and we could do nothing, hope for nothing, until we got it out. The young Georgian was ardent, impetuous, the son of a father slain in battle, the offspring of a section, the child of a province; yet he rose to the situation with uncommon faculties of courage and perception; caught the spirit of the struggle against reaction with perfect reach; and threw himself into the liberal and progressive movements of the time with the genius of a man born for both oratory and affairs. He was not long with us. He wished a wider field of duty, and went East, carrying letters in which he was commended in terms which might have seemed extravagant then, but which he more than vindicated. His final settlement in the capital of his native State and in a position where he could speak directly and responsibly, gave him the opportunity he had sought to make a fame for himself, and an audience of his own. Here he carried the policy with which, in the
columns of the Courier-Journal, he had early identified himself, to its finest conclusions; coming at once to the front as a champion of a free South and a united country, second to none in efficiency, equaled by none in eloquence.
He was eager and aspiring, and, in the heedlessness of youth, with its aggressive ambitions, may not have been at all times discriminating and considerate in the objects of his attacks; but he was generous to a fault, and, as he advanced upon the highway, he broadened with it and to it, and, if he had lived, would have realized the fullest measure of his own promise and the hopes of his friends. The scales of error, when error he felt he had committed, were fast falling from his eyes, and he was frank to own his changed, or changing view. The vista of the way ahead was opening before him with its far perspective clear to his mental sight. He had just delivered an utterance of exceeding weight and value, at once rhetorically fine and rarely solid, and was coming home to be welcomed by his people with open arms, when the Messenger of Death summoned him to his last account. The tidings of the fatal termination of his disorder are startling in their suddenness and unexpectedness, and will be received North and South with sorrow deep and sincere, and far beyond the bounds compassed by his personality.
The Courier-Journal was always proud of him, hailed him as a young disciple who had surpassed his elders in learning and power, recognized in him a master voice and soul, followed his career with admiring interest, and recorded his triumphs with ever-increasing sympathy and appreciation. It is with poignant regret that we record his death. Such spirits are not of a generation, but of an epoch; and it will be long before the South will find one to take the place made conspicuously vacant by his absence.
A LOSS TO THE SOUTH.
From the “Louisville Post.”
T death of Henry W. Grady, of Atlanta, after so brief an illness and in the very prime of a vigorous young manhood, will startle the whole country and will be an especial affliction to the South. Mr. Grady was a brilliant journalist, a man of brain and heart, and by his sensible and enthusiastic policy has identified himself with the interests of the New South. In fact, few men have been more largely instrumental in bringing about that salutary sentiment, now prevailing, that it is best for the South to look with hope and courage to the future, rather than to live in sad inactivity amid the ruins of the past. Mr. Grady was a warm and confident advocate of industrial advancement in the land of his birth. He wanted to see the South interlaced with railroads, her rich mineral deposits opened to development, her cities teeming with factories, her people busy, contented and prosperous. This was his mission as a man and as a journalist, and his influence has been widespread. Just at this time his loss will be doubly severe.
One morning Henry Grady, who had possessed little more than a sectional reputation, woke up to find himself famous throughout the nation. By his speech at a New York banquet he sounded the keynote of fraternal Union between North and South, and his appeal for mutual trust and confidence, with commerce and industry to cement more strongly than ever the two great sections of the country, met with a response from both sides of Mason and Dixon’s line more hearty than ever before. Many another man from the South felt the same sentiments and would have expressed them gladly. Many a man in the North felt that in the South those sentiments were sincerely held. But Grady had a peculiar opportunity, and right well did he improve it. He expressed eloquently and forcibly the feelings, the purposes, the very spirit of the New South, and in that very moment he made a reputation that is national. It was his good fortune to express to the business men as well as to the politicians of
the nation the idea of an indivisible union of interests, of sentiments and of purposes, as well as of territory.
In Mr Grady’s own State his death will be most felt. What he has done for Georgia can only be appreciated by those who compare its present activity and prosperity with the apathy and discontent which existed there a few years ago. The dead man will be sincerely mourned, but the idea which he made the fundamental one of his brief career will continue to work out the welfare of the New South.
THE DEATH OF HENRY W. GRADY.
T most brilliant journalist of the South is no more. When the news was sent over the country yesterday morning that Henry W. Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, was dead, there were sighs of regret which, if they could have been gathered together into one mass, would have been heard across the Atlantic. He was peculiarly gifted. With an imagery and wealth of language that enabled him to clothe the most uninteresting subject in a pleasing garb, he had at the same time the genius of common sense more fully developed than most men now prominently before the public. He was born in 1851 in the town of Athens, Georgia, and was therefore less than forty years of age. At college he was remarkable among his fellows for those gifts of speech and pen which made him famous. To his eternal honor, it can be said that in neither the sanctum or the forum were his powers used in a way to add to any one’s sorrow or distress. His writings were clean and pure and in every line gave token of the kind heart that beat in his bosom. Mr. Grady was a lovable man. Those who knew him well entertained for him the deepest affection. His face was itself a fair type of his nature, which was essentially of the sunshine character.
He was restlessly energetic and always agitating matters that he believed would be promotive of the public good. The Cotton States’ Exposition and the Piedmont Exposition, both held in Atlanta, were literally the creations of his energy and enthusiasm and pluck. It will no doubt be readily admitted by his associates of the Constitution that he was its moving spirit, and by his powers largely made it the grand and magnificent success that it undeniably is.
The Young Men’s Christian Association building, costing $100,000, arose as by magic under the persuasive powers of his tongue and pen. The list of his works of a practical kind that now add to Atlanta’s character and position could be indefinitely extended. When he appealed to Atlanta he never spoke in vain, for in addition to brains and energy he had those rare qualities of personal magnetism,
which made his originality and zeal wonderfully effective. He entered into everything his big head conceived with his whole heart and soul.
He was loyal to his city and State, and never missed an opportunity for aiding in their advancement. He was sought out by the young and the old, and enjoyed the full confidence of all who knew him.
His name and fame, however, were not confined to Georgia. In the Lone Star State, thousands flocked to the city of Dallas to hear his great speech at the Texas State Fair. His New York speech, a year or two ago, fairly thrilled the country and caused the enactment of scenes never before witnessed on similar occasions. No orator had ever received such an ovation in that great city, and none such has been since extended to any speaker. His recent speech at Boston was calculated to do more good for the entire country than anything that has fallen from the lips of any man in the last decade. It will be a monument to his memory more enduring than brass. It made a profound impression on those who heard it. The sentiments and truths he so boldly uttered are echoing and re-echoing among the hills of New England and over the prairies of the great West, and they will bear rich fruit in the near future. They were things known to us all here, but those who did not know and did not care have been set to thinking by his eloquent presentation of the Southern situation. That speech, perhaps, cost him his life; but if it produces the effect on the Northern mind and heart which it deserves, the great sacrifice will not have been in vain. His death will cause a more earnest attention to the great truths he uttered, and result in an emphasis of them that could not have been attained otherwise, sad as that emphasis may be. The death of such a man is a national calamity He had entered upon a career that would have grown more brilliant each year of his life. His like will not soon be seen and heard again.
UNIVERSAL SORROW.
From the “Nashville American.”
T news of Mr. Grady’s death is received with universal sorrow. No man of his age in the South or in the Union has achieved such prominence or given promise of greater usefulness or higher honors. His reputation as a journalist was deservedly high; but he won greater distinction, perhaps, by his public speeches. He was intensely, almost devoutly Southern, but he had always the respectful attention of the North when he spoke for the land of his nativity. There was the ring of sincerity in his fervid utterances, and his audiences, whether in the North or in the South, felt that every word came hot from the heart. He has done as much as any man to put the South right before the world; and few have done more to promote its progress and prosperity. He was a man of tremendous energy, bodily and mental, and always worked at high tension. Whatever subject interested him took his mind and body captive, and into whatever cause he enlisted he threw all the powers of his intellect and all the force of a nature ardent, passionate, and enthusiastic in the extreme. It is probable that the disease which laid hold of him found him an easier prey because of the restless energy which had pushed his physical powers beyond their capacity. His nervous and impetuous temperament showed no mercy to the physical man and made it impossible for him to exercise a prudent self-restraint even when the danger of a serious illness was present with him.
Mr. Grady’s personal traits were such as won the love of all who knew him. All knew the brilliant intellect; but few knew the warm, unselfish heart. The place which he held in public esteem was but one side of his character; the place which he held in the hearts of his friends was the other.
The South has other men of genius and of promise; but none who combine the rare and peculiar qualities which made Henry W. Grady,
at the age of thirty-eight, one of the most conspicuous men of his generation.
THE HIGHEST PLACE.
From the “Charleston News and Courier.”
T death of Henry W. Grady has removed from earth the most prominent figure among the younger generation of public men in America. He held unquestionably the highest place in the admiration and regard of the people of the South that was accorded to any man of his years, and had won, indeed, by his own efforts and attainments a place among the older and the most honored representatives of the people of the whole country. It was said of him by a Northern writer, a few days before his death, that no other Southern man could command so large a share of the attention of the Northern people, and his death was the result of a visit to New England, whither he went in response to an earnest invitation to speak to the people of that section upon a question of the gravest national concern.
The people of Georgia both honored and loved Henry Grady, and would have elected him to any office within their gift. It is probable that, had he lived but a little while longer, he would have been made Governor of the State, or commissioned to represent it in the Senate of the United States. He would have filled either of these positions acceptably and with credit to himself; and perhaps even higher honors awaited him. When his name was mentioned a few months ago in connection with the nomination for the second highest office in the gift of the people of the whole country, the feeling was general and sincere that he was fully worthy, at least, of the great dignity which it was proposed to confer upon him. Certainly no other evidence is required to prove that the brave and brilliant young Georgian was a marked man, and that he had already made a deep impression on the events and the men of his time when he was so suddenly stricken down in the flower of useful and glorious manhood.
It is inexpressibly saddening to contemplate the untimely ending of so promising a career. Only a few days ago the brightest prospect that could open before the eyes of any young man in all this broad
land lay before the eyes of Henry Grady To-day his eyes are closed to all earthly scenes. To-morrow the shadows of the grave will close around him forever. But it will be long before his influence will cease to be felt. The memory of his kindly, gracious presence, of his eloquent words and earnest work, of his generous deeds and noble example in the discharge of all the duties of citizenship, will ever remain with those who knew him best and loved him most.
To his wife and children he has left a rich inheritance in his honored name, though he had left them nothing else. The people of his State and of the South owe him a large debt of gratitude. He served them faithfully and devotedly. What he said so well, only a few months ago, of one who served with him, and who like him was stricken down in the prime of his life, can be said of Henry Grady himself. It is true of him also that “his leadership has never been abused, its opportunities never wasted, its power never prostituted, its suggestions never misdirected.” Georgia surely is a better and more prosperous State “because he lived in it and gave his life freely and daily to her service.”
And surely, again, “no better than this could be said of any man,” as he said, and for as much to be written, in truth and sincerity, over his grave, the best and proudest man might be willing to toil through life and to meet death at last, as he met it, “unfearing and tranquil.” His own life, and the record and the close of his life, are best described in these his own words, written ten months ago, and, perhaps, no more fitting epitaph could be inscribed on his tomb than the words which he spoke, almost at the last, in the hour of his death: “Send word to mother to pray for me. Tell her if I die, that I died while trying to serve the South—the land I love so well.”
A BRILLIANT CAREER.
From the “Baltimore Sun.”
T death yesterday at Atlanta of Henry W. Grady, editor of the Constitution of that city, is a distressing shock to the thousands North and South who had learned to admire his vigorous and impressive utterances on public subjects. Young, enterprising, industrious and devoted to the material advancement of his State and section, he was a type of the progressive Southern man of our day. In the face of the greatest possible difficulties and discouragements he achieved success, intellectual and financial, of a most substantial character. Mr Grady’s career was brief and meteoric, but it was also a useful career. His strong grasp of present facts enabled him to guide and stimulate the energies of those about him into profitable channels. Full of ideas, which his intense, nervous nature fused into sentiment, he exerted an influence which greatly promoted the progress and prosperity of his section. Outside his own State Mr. Grady will be best known, however, as a brilliant and eloquent speaker. For some years past his speeches at social gatherings of a semi-public character in Northern cities have attracted a great deal of attention North and South. His earlier utterances were a trifle effusive, conceding overmuch, perhaps, under the inspiration of the moment, to the prejudices of his audience. In discussing fiscal measures he was sometimes at fault, political economy not being his strongest point, but as regards the relations of the sections, and especially as regards the so-called Southern problem, he was a beacon of light to his Northern auditors. His last speech at Boston the other day—the delivery of which may be said to have brought about his death—is a fitting monument of his genius and impassioned eloquence. It thrilled the country with its assertion of the right of the white race of the South to intelligent government and its determination never again to submit to the misrule of the African. Mr. Grady’s speech on this occasion was remarkable not only for its fervor and frankness— which conciliated his most unrelenting political opponents—but also for its wealth of recent fact, concisely stated and conclusive upon the point he had in view. Is the full vote, as shown by the census, not
always cast in Southern elections? Neither is it cast in Northern States, Mr. Grady showed, appealing to the facts of the elections of November last. “When,” President Harrison asked in his last message, referring to the colored voter of the South—“when is he to have those full civic rights which have so long been his in law?” He will have them, Mr. Grady answered, when the poor, ignorant, and dependent employé everywhere gets his. The colored voter of the South cannot be reasonably expected, he pointed out, to exercise his civil rights to a greater extent than such rights are exercised by persons in his position in the North and West. The point of view here taken was new to Mr. Grady’s audience and new to the Northern press. The effect of his speech, as a whole, upon Northern opinion has been, it is believed, most beneficial. In the South it was welcomed as an effort to put the Northern partisan in a position to see in their true light the hardship and danger with which the South is perpetually confronted. In some remarks made later at the Bay State Club, in Boston, Mr. Grady adverted to a larger problem—one that confronts the whole country. “It seems to me,” he said, “that the great struggle in this country is a fight against the consolidation of power, the concentration of capital, the domination of local sovereignty and the dwarfing of the individual citizen. It is the democratic doctrine that the citizen is master, and that he is best fitted to carry out the diversified interests of the country. It is the pride, I believe, of the South that her simple and sturdy faith, the homogeneous nature of her people, elevate her citizens above party. We teach the man that his best guide is the consciousness of his sovereignty; that he may not ask the national government for anything the State can do for him, and not ask anything of the State that he can do for himself.” These views mark the breadth of the speaker’s statesmanship, and show that it embraced interests wider than those of his own section—as wide, in fact, as the continent itself. Mr. Grady died of pneumonia, complicated with nervous prostration. His early death, at the outset of a most promising career, is a warning to others of our public men who are under a constant nervous tension. Attempting too much, they work under excessive pressure, and when, owing to some accident, they need a margin of strength, there is none.
A PUBLIC CALAMITY.
From the “Selma Times and Mail.”
A forty minutes past three o’clock on Monday morning Henry W. Grady, the distinguished editor of the Atlanta Constitution, died at his home of pneumonia. No announcement of the death of any leading man of the South has ever created a more profound impression, or caused more genuine and universal sorrow than will the sad news of the demise of this brilliant young Georgian, coming as it does when he was at the very zenith of his fame and usefulness. The death of Mr. Grady is a public calamity that will be mourned by the entire country. It is no exaggeration to say that no orator in the United States since the days of S. S. Prentiss has had such wonderful power over his audiences as Henry W. Grady. This fact has been most forcibly illustrated by his two memorable speeches at the North, the first in New York something over a year ago, the second recently delivered in Boston and with the praises of which the country is still ringing. Sad, sad indeed to human perception that such a brilliant light should have been extinguished when it was shining the brightest and doing the most to dispel the mists of prejudice. But an All-wise Providence knows best. His servant had run his course, he had fulfilled his destiny. The heart of the South has been made sad to overflowing in a short space of time. Davis—Grady, types of the past and the present, two noble representatives of the highest order of Southern manhood and intelligence, representing two notable eras, have passed away and left a brilliant mark on the pages of history.
Henry W. Grady was a native Georgian. He was born in Athens in 1851, and consequently was too young to participate in the late war, but his father lost his life in defense of the Confederate cause, and the son was an ardent lover of the South. At an early age he developed remarkable talent for journalism and entered the profession as the editor of the Rome, Ga., Commercial. After conducting this paper for several years he moved to Atlanta, and
established the Daily Herald When Mr Grady came to the Constitution in 1880 he soon became famous as a correspondent, and his letters were read far and wide, and when he assumed editorial control of the Constitution, the paper at once felt the impulse of his genius, and from that day has pushed steadily forward in popular favor and in influence until both it and its brilliant editor gained national reputation. No agencies have been more potent for the advancement of Atlanta than Grady and the Constitution, the three indissolubly linked together, and either of the three names suggests the other
As a type of the vigorous young Southerner of the so-called New South Mr. Grady has won the admiration of the country and gone far to the front, but he has been the soul of loyalty to his section, and has ever struck downright and powerful blows for the Democratic cause and for the rule of intelligence in the South. From the Potomac to the Rio Grande all over our beautiful Southland to-day, there will be mourning and sympathy with Georgia for the loss of her gifted son.
GRIEF TEMPERS TO-DAY’S JOY
From the “Austin, Tex., Statesman.”
W an old man, full of years, and smitten with the decrepitude they bring, goes down to the grave, the world, though saddened, bows its acquiescence. It is recognized that lonely journey is a thing foredoomed from the foundation of the world—it is the way of all things mortal. But when a young man, full of the vigor of a sturdy life growing into its prime, is suddenly stricken from the number of the quick, a nation is startled and, resentful of the stroke, would rebel, but that such decrees come from a Power that earth cannot reach, and which, though working beyond the ken of fallible understanding, yet doeth all things well.
For the second time within the past two weeks the South has been called upon to mourn the demise of a chosen and well-beloved son. The two men may be classified according to an analysis first of all instituted by him whose funeral to-day takes place in Atlanta. Jefferson Davis was typical of the Old South—Henry W. Grady of the New. And by this we mean not that the South has put away those things that, as a chosen and proud people, they have cherished since first there was a State government in the South. They have the same noble type of manhood, the same chivalrous ambitions, the same love of home and state and country, they are as determined in purpose, as unswerving in the application of principle. But what is meant is that the material conditions of the South have changed, the economics of an empire of territory have been radically altered. Not only has a new class of field labor taken the place of the longaccustomed slave help, but industries unknown in the South before the war have invaded our fair lands, and the rush and whir of manufactories are all around us. It is in this that the South has changed. Jefferson Davis, in his declining years ushered into the reign of peace, was never truly identified with the actualities of the living present, in the sense of a man who, from the present, was for himself carving out a future. His life was past, and for him the past
contained the most of earthly life—his was an existence of history, not of activity—he was the personification of the Old South.
Mr Grady was too young to have participated in the Civil War He was then but a boy, and has grown into manhood and power since the time when the issues that gave birth to that war were settled. His has been a life of the realistic present. He brought to a study of the changes that were going on around him a keenly perceptive and a well-trained mind—he studied the problems that surrounded him thoroughly and conscientiously, and his conclusions were almost invariably the soundest. He realized the importance and responsibility of his position as the editor of a widely circulating newspaper, and he was unfaltering in his zeal to discharge his every duty with credit to himself and profit to his people. He was the champion of the Southern people through the columns of his paper and upon the rostrum—and when he fell beneath the unexpected stroke of the grim reaper, the South lost a true and valiant friend, the ablest defender with pen and word retort this generation has known.
As two weeks ago the South bowed in sorrow over the last leaf that had fluttered down from the tree of the past, so to-day, as the mortal remains of Henry W. Grady are lowered into the tomb, she should cease from the merriment of the gladsome holiday season, and drop a tear upon the grave of him who, though so young in years, had in such brilliant paragraphs bidden defiance to ancient prejudice, scoffed at partisan bigotry, and proudly invited the closest scrutiny and criticism of the South. That South in him has lost a warm-hearted friend whom manhood bids us mourn.
