Take cloud-scraping architecture, lakefront beaches and world-class museums, stir in wild comedy, fretbending guitars and very hefty pizza, and you've got a town that won't let you down. The city center is a steely wonder, but it's Chicago's mural-splashed neighborhoods – with their inventive storefront restaurants, fringe theaters and sociable dive bars –that really blow you away.
After checking off Chicago's top sights, seek out the bohemian jazz clubs, brainy bookstores, doughnut bakeries and arty shops that make up the locals' Windy City. Count on neon-bathed dive bars and cool galleries also popping up.
You might as well dive right in with the big stuff in the Loop. Take a boat or walking tour with the Chicago Architecture Foundation and ogle the most sky-scraping collection of buildings the US has to offer. Saunter over to Millennium Park to see 'the Bean' reflect the skyline and to splash under Crown Fountain's human gargoyles.
Stay in the Loop for lunch. The Gage dishes out pub grub with an inventive twist. Explore the Art Institute of Chicago, the nation's second-largest art museum. It holds masterpieces aplenty. Next head over to Willis Tower, zip up to the 103rd floor and step out onto the glass-floored ledge. Yes, it is a long way down.
N
The West Loop parties in the evening. Walk along Randolph St and take your pick of hot-chef restaurants, such as Roister or Little Goat. Bars are chockablock too. Haymarket Pub & Brewery pours great beers. Or sit on the glittery patio sipping a glass of bubbly at RM Champagne Salon.
MBegin in the Near North with a stroll on Michigan Ave – aka the Magnificent Mile – where big-name department stores ka-ching in a glittering row. Mosey over to Navy Pier. Take a spin on the high-in-the-sky Ferris wheel and heft a mighty slice of pizza at Giordano's.
R
Spend the afternoon at the South Loop's Museum Campus (the water taxi from Navy Pier is a fine way to get there). Miles of aisles of dinosaurs and gemstones stuff the Field Museum. Sharks and other fish swim in the kiddie-mobbed Shedd Aquarium. Meteorites and supernovas are on view at the Adler Planetarium.
N Day Two
Hop the Blue Line to Damen for a meal at retro diner Dove's Luncheonette in Wicker Park. Wander along Milwaukee Ave and take your pick of booming bars, indie-rock clubs and hipster shops. Quimby's shows the local spirit: the bookstore stocks zines and graphic novels, and is a linchpin of Chicago's underground culture. The Hideout and Empty Bottle are sweet spots to catch a bad-ass band.
MGet some fresh air this morning. Dip your toes in Lake Michigan at North Avenue Beach. Amble northward through the sprawling greenery of Lincoln Park. Stop at Lincoln Park Zoo to see lions, zebras and bears (the polar kind). Pop into Lincoln Park Conservatory to smell exotic blooms.
RMake your way north to Wrigley Field for an afternoon baseball game. The atmospheric, century-old ballpark hosts the Cubs, a team that had been cursed for a century but whose fortune, recently changed. Afterward have a beer at Gman Tavern or one of the many rowdy bars that circle the stadium.
N Day Three
Head to Andersonville & Uptown in the evening. Hmm, mussels and frites at Hopleaf, or southern-style chicken and dumplings at Big Jones? Andersonville has several fine taverns to hang out at and sink a pint, like Simon's. Jazz hounds can venture to the Green Mill, a timeless venue to hear jazz, watch a poetry slam or swill a martini. Al Capone used to groove at it.
MYou can learn a lot in Hyde Park. The Museum of Science & Industry isn't kidding around with its acres of exhibits. There's a German U-boat, mock tornado and exquisite dollhouse for starters. Groovy university bookstores like Seminary Co-op and Powell's offer shelves of weighty tomes. Architecture buffs can tour Robie House, Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie-style masterpiece. Have lunch at Valois Cafe, Obama's old hangout.
RSee what's going on in the chichi Gold Coast. There's boutique shopping, of course. The Museum of Contemporary Art always has something odd and provocative showing. And you can't leave the 'hood without getting high. For that, ascend to the 94th-floor observatory at 360° Chicago or the 96th-floor Signature Lounge.
N Day Four
Spend the evening among locals in hip-happening Logan Square. Sip whiskey while waiting for a table at Longman & Eagle. Knock back slurpable beers at Revolution Brewing. See what arty band is playing for free at wee Whistler.
Need to Know
Currency
US dollar ($)
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English
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Generally not required for stays of up to 90 days for visitors from most EU countries, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Check www.state.gov/travel for details.
Money
ATMs widely available Credit cards accepted at most hotels, restaurants and shops
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The only foreign phones that will work in the US are multiband GSM models. Buy prepaid SIM cards or a cheap pay-as-you-go phone locally.
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Central Standard Time (GMT/UTC minus six hours)
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Expected at most places. Restaurant servers: 15% to 20%. Bartenders: 15% per round (minimum per drink $1) Porters: $2 per bag Housekeeping staff: $2 to $5 per night. Taxi drivers 10% to 15%.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Text book of veterinary medicine, Volume 2 (of 5)
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Title: Text book of veterinary medicine, Volume 2 (of 5)
Author: James Law
Release date: October 13, 2023 [eBook #71874]
Language: English
Original publication: Ithaca: Published by the author, 1902
Credits: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXT BOOK OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, VOLUME 2 (OF 5) ***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.
TEXT BOOK OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
BY JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S.
Director of the New York State Veterinary College Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
VOL. II
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS—LIVER— PANCREAS—AND SPLEEN
ITHACA
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1900
Copyright
by
JAMES LAW
1900
OF ANDRUS & CHURCH ITHACA, N. Y.
VETERINARY MEDICINE.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
Second in importance to pulmonary complaints in solipeds; equal in ruminants. Extent of digestive organs and character of food, in carnivora, herbivora, and omnivora. Ruminant’s stomachs. Gastric fermentation. Foreign bodies. Torpor. Unwholesome fodder.
In the horse these maladies are only second in importance to those of the respiratory organs, while in ruminants they are equally frequent and important. The varying susceptibility of the digestive organs to disease in different families and the special proclivity of different parts of these organs may be, in great part, explained by the great variation in the food, by the relative extent of the gastrointestinal surface, and by the amount of work devolving on the respective viscera.
In carnivora the entire gastro-intestinal surface is little more than half the area of the skin, for their rich animal food does not require a prolonged retention and an elaborate series of intricate processes to insure digestion and absorption. This system of organs is accordingly less liable to disorder in carnivora than in herbivora and omnivora. Add to this that the carnivorous stomach is very capacious relatively to the intestine, that the digestion of the great bulk of the food (nitrogenous elements) is nearly completed in this viscus, and that the contents of this organ are easily and completely
discharged by vomiting whenever they prove irritating, and we have ample explanation of the comparative immunity of these animals from digestive disorders.
The herbivora stand at the opposite extreme, the gastrointestinal surface being over double the area of the skin in the horse, and nearly three times that extent in the ox. The hard, fibrous and comparatively innutritious vegetable food of these animals necessitates its prolonged retention in the alimentary canal in order to the completion of digestion and the absorption of the nutritive constituents. Hence the great liability of the herbivora to diseases of the digestive organs.
Omnivora occupy a place intermediate between these two classes, as regards both the nature of the food and the extent of surface of the alimentary canal, and they are in similar ratio little liable to digestive disorders. They have besides in common with carnivora a great facility in the rejection of irritant matters by vomiting, and in thus protecting themselves against gastric and intestinal disorders.
A fair idea of the area of the intestinal surface may be given by stating the length of the canal relatively to that of the body:—in the dog : : 6 : 1, in the rabbit : : 10 : 1, in the ass and mule : : 11 : 1, in the horse : : 12 : 1, in swine : : 14 : 1, in the ox :: 20 : 1, and in the sheep : : 27 : 1. The calibre of the intestine varies however and with it the capacity. Thus in the relatively shorter intestine of the horse, the capacity is much greater in ratio with the size of the animal than is the relatively much longer intestine of the pig. The ox’s intestine though twice the length of that of the horse has little more than half the capacity.
Among herbivora the monogastric (horse, ass, mule), and polygastric (ruminants) animals manifest varying pathological susceptibility according to the relative development of the different digestive viscera and the habitual character of their food. The horse and other large solipeds have small stomachs (16 qts.) and capacious intestines (196 qts.). Digestion is restricted in the stomach and largely carried on in the spacious bowels. The small stomach requires to be frequently replenished in moderate amount, but, if this is secured, its liability to disease is slight while that of the intestines is very considerable. In the ox the stomachs have a total capacity of 252
qts., while that of the intestines averages 103 qts. In this animal the capacious and hard working stomach is a frequent seat of disorder, while the comparatively small intestines are to a large extent exempt. The small stomach of the horse is easily overloaded and disordered or paralyzed by an unusually full feed of grain when hungry, or one of some specially appetizing fodder, and the case is serious, as relief can rarely be obtained by vomiting. For the same reason fermentation of the gastric contents with evolution of gas and tympany usually proves fatal to the horse since relief by eructation is too often impossible. Cattle are fitted to live in damp localities where the cloven foot prevents sinking and getting bogged, and where they may draw in with the tongue a full mouthful of coarse herbage which they swallow with little mastication or admixture with saliva. This lodges in the first two stomachs, and if, from any cause, rumination is impaired, or suspended, it finds itself in conditions especially favorable to fermentation. The food too, as in the case of frosted roots, wet clover or partially ripened grain, etc., is often charged with ferments (bacteria) in a state of great vital activity, and hence the frequent tympanies of the ox. The ruminant is no less liable than the soliped to overload the stomach, and though the return of food from the first two stomachs to the mouth is a normal process, this is promptly arrested by the supervention of paresis in the overloaded and overdistended organs. This overdistension further tensely stretches and closes the lips of the œsophagean opening. The rapid swallowing of the food, with only one or two strokes of the teeth for each morsel, renders the large ruminant more liable to take in poisons, pins, nails and other injurious bodies, especially when hunger and the blunting of the sense of smell have been brought on by traveling on dusty roads. Again the large ruminants, and especially cows are wont to while away the tedious hours by chewing and unwittingly swallowing pieces of leather, cloth, bones, iron, etc. Once more the third stomach in which the food is compressed and triturated between the multiple folds, is normally comparatively dry, and is liable under dry, fibrous, heating or stimulating aliment, or in case of fever, to dry up in part or in whole, and to derange the whole process of digestion.
All herbivora are liable to disease from unwholesome fodder and the resulting affection may prove epizootic in connection with unfavorable seasons, or more local, from faulty cultivation.
The symptoms vary so much in connection with the seat and nature of the disease that it would be impolitic to attempt to generalize them.
DISEASES OF THE MOUTH.
Relative susceptibility to disease of the mouth: Food; irritants; bits; ropes; speculum; sharp metallic bodies; micro-organisms; functional; nervous.
These are met with in all domestic animals, but are above all common in horses, oxen and pigs, partly because of special susceptibilities and of the nature of the food, but largely by reason of the exposure of this part to mechanical injuries, especially in horses and cattle. Hard bits and the harder hands of cruel and ruthless drivers, nooses of rope tied over the lower jaw and tongue, iron stirrup, clevis, or balling iron used without cover to force the jaws apart, a large drenching horn employed as a lever for the same purpose, an extemporized Yankee bridle rudely applied or used in breaking a colt, the method of curing a balking or jibbing horse by tying a rope to his lower jaw and to a bar extending forward from the pole, pins, needles, thorns and other sharp bodies, and irritants in food or medicine are among the causes of such disorders. Then there are the many irritating microörganismal ferments in food, water, mucus, etc., and irritant and hot medicines and food to account for local inflammations.
FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS.
Among these are the convulsive closure of the jaws in tetanus, the flaccid state of the lips, cheek, and tongue in paralysis, and the pendent state of the lower jaw in paralytic canine madness. See these different subjects.
STRUCTURAL DISEASES.
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIPS, CHEILITIS.
Causes of Cheilitis: Local injuries; poisoned; envenomed; secondary disease. Symptoms: swelling; salivation; difficult prehension; cracks; blisters; ulcers; indurations. Treatment: obviate causes; astringents; antiseptics; derivatives; gravitation; for venoms antacid; antiseptic, Iodine.
Causes. Blows, pricks, wounds and bruises with bits or twitch, and other mechanical and chemical irritants, irritant vegetables, bites of leeches or snakes, stings of insects, etc. It may be a skin disease dependent on disorder of some remote organ, or a local engorgement due to a constitutional state. (See, Urticaria Surfeit, Purpura hæmorrhagica, Variola, Strangles).
Symptoms. Swelling, stiffness, heat and tenderness of the lips, with or without local abrasion, or incised or punctured wound. Food may be entirely refused from inability to take it in with the rigid tender lips, and saliva drivels from the mouth because of their imperfect apposition. Cracks, blisters and raw sores or ulcers may or may not supervene. In old standing cases the lips become indurated and comparatively immobile.
Treatment. Remove the cause whether irritants in food, or drugs, sharp pointed bodies lodged in the tissues, injuries by bit, twitch or otherwise. Local applications have comparatively little effect, being promptly removed by the tongue, yet a lotion of vinegar and honey;— of borax 10 grains and honey or glycerine 1 oz.;—or of alum in a similar medium will often prove useful. A dose of laxative medicine will favor resolution, and if there is great tumefaction, feeding thick gruels from high manger, and tying to a high rack so as to prevent drooping of the head, will favor recovery. In snake bites and stings the local application of aqua ammonia and its administration
internally (horse and cow 1 oz., sheep 2 dr. in 20 times its volume of water) should be practiced; or permanganate of potash may be used. When the heat and tenderness subside, leaving much thickening and induration it may be repeatedly painted with a lotion of one part of tincture of iodine in three parts of glycerine.
CANCROID OF THE LIPS. EPITHELIOMA.
Epithelioma: Animals susceptible; accessory causes; symptoms; lesions. Treatment: Warts and polypi. Actinomycosis: Wounds; abrasions; infection atria. Symptoms; treatment. Trombidiosis: infected regions; not compulsory parasite; European and American trombidia; distinct from chigoe. Symptoms. Treatment.
This has been observed in the cat and the horse, commencing at the angle of the mouth and doubtless partially determined in the latter animal by the irritation of the bit.
It is characterized by thickening of the tissues of the lips, in the form of small irregularly rounded masses, and tending to the formation of a spreading ulcer. The thickened tissues are invaded, pushed aside and infiltrated by epithelial or epithelioid cells, which, no longer confined to the surface as in the natural state, grow in the interior of the tissues and destroy them.
Treatment. The disease has little tendency to cause secondary deposits in other organs and may often be arrested by local measures. In its earliest stages it may be arrested by the thorough removal of the diseased structures with the knife, the resulting deformity being obviated by bringing the raw edges together by suture, so as to secure their adhesion, or the actual cautery may be used. The tendency to irritation from putrefaction products escaping from the mouth may be counteracted by occasional sponging with a weak lotion of carbolic acid (1 part to 50 of water) or an ointment of one part of very finely powdered boracic acid to two parts of simple ointment.
Leblanc has repeatedly succeeded in these cases by the use of chlorate of potash, locally and generally. The local application may be a solution of two drachms in four ounces of water, while the dose of the powder for the horse is 2 to 4 drachms daily.
Warts and Polypi. These are common on the outer and even the inner side of the lips, especially in dogs. They are easily removed by the scissors, after which their roots should be thoroughly cauterized with a pointed stick of lunar caustic or chloride of zinc.
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE LIPS.
In the rich river bottom lands of northern Germany and Russia where actinomyces abound actinomycosis is common in the form of papillæ of greater or lesser size on the lips and nose of horse and ox. The abrasion of these parts by thorns, thistles, stubble, dry fibrous fodders and other irritants, appears to produce a raw surface for the colonization of the germ, which is not slow to avail of the opportunity. The resulting lesions take the appearance of warty looking elevations, more or less indurated, which on section show the sulphur yellow actinomyces tufts of club-shaped cells converging to a central mycelial mass.
Treatment is simple as the disease is at first essentially local, and is easily checked by the local application of iodine. The wartlike elevations may be shaved off with a razor or cut off with sharp scissors and the surface painted once or twice daily with tincture of iodine. If there is suspicion of distant or deepseated actinomycosis the internal treatment with potassium iodide will be in order.
TROMBIDIOSIS OF THE NOSE AND LIPS. HARVEST ITCH.
In different parts of Europe and America, and especially in the warmer regions, or in sheltered gardens, shrubberies, and pastures, different species of the trombidium abound, and the young hexapod larvæ attack man and beast, burrowing under the cuticle and giving rise to extreme itching and persistent and irritating rubbing of the affected part. These parasites belong to the family of acari or mites, so that the condition they produce is one of acariasis or mange, only the offender is not a compulsory parasite, but appears to survive in certain soils and in the vegetation independently of animal hosts. Their parasitism is therefore accidental and non-essential to their survival.
The trombidian parasite usually found in Europe is the Trombidium Holosericeum or silky trombidium, so small (in its larval state) that it is just visible to the naked eye as a bright scarlet point when moving on a dark background. It was formerly called Leptus Autumnalis and is familiarly known as the red beast, bete rouge, harvest bug, etc. The common American species is of a dull brick red, so that it is less easily detected even on a dark background. It is familiarly known as the jigger, though quite distinct from the chigoe or burrowing flea of the West Indies.
The domestic herbivora get these parasites on the nose and lips while browsing on the pastures and contract an intolerable itching which may lead to violent rubbing, abrasions and scabby exudations. The skin becomes thickened, scabby and rigid, and as new accessions are constantly received the malady continues until cold weather sets in. The affection is not in any sense dangerous, and the attacks may be warded off by a daily application of one of the common parasiticides—decoction of tobacco, tar water, solution of creolin, naphthalin, etc. The mere seclusion of the infested animal indoors, without green food, will cure, as the larvæ pass through their parasitic stage in a few days and drop off.
