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ng-book

The Complete Guide to Angular

© 2017 Fullstack.io

All rights reserved. No portion of the book manuscript may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmited in any form or by any means beyond the number of purchased copies, except for a single backup or archival copy. Te code may be used freely in your projects, commercial or otherwise.

Te authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damagers in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs container herein.

Published in San Francisco, California by Fullstack.io.

We’d like to thank:

• Our technical editors: Frode Fikke, Travas Nolte, Daniel Rauf

• Nic Raboy, and Burke Holland for contributing the NativeScript chapter

NativeScript:MobileApplicationsfortheAngularDeveloper................612 WhatisNativeScript? .....................................612 WhereNativeScriptDiffersfromOtherPopularFrameworks ..............613 WhataretheSystemandDevelopmentRequirementsforNativeScript? ........614 CreatingyourFirstMobileApplicationwithNativeScriptandAngular ..........616 AddingBuildPlatformsforCrossPlatformDeployment.................616 BuildingandTestingforAndroidandiOS ........................616 InstallingJavaScript,Android,andiOSPluginsandPackages..............617 UnderstandingtheWebtoNativeScriptUIandUXDifferences ..............618 PlanningtheNativeScriptPageLayout ..........................618 AddingUIComponentstothePage............................620 StylingComponentswithCSS...............................621 DevelopingaGeolocationBasedPhotoApplication.....................622 CreatingaFreshNativeScriptProject...........................623 CreatingaMultiplePageMaster-DetailInterface.....................624 CreatingaFlickrServiceforObtainingPhotosandData.................628 CreatingaServiceforCalculatingDeviceLocationandDistance............633 IncludingMapboxFunctionalityintheNativeScriptApplication ............637 ImplementingtheFirstPageoftheGeolocationApplication...............638 ImplementingtheSecondPageoftheGeolocationApplication .............644 Tryitout!............................................645

CONTENTS

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BookRevision

Revision66-CoversuptoAngular5(5.0.0,2017-11-14)

BugReports

Ifyou’dliketoreportanybugs,typos,orsuggestionsjustemailusat:us@fullstack.io1 .

ChatWithTheCommunity!

We’reexperimentingwithacommunitychatroomforthisbookusingGitter.Ifyou’dliketohang outwithotherpeoplelearningAngular,comejoinusonGitter2!

VoteforNewContent(new!)

We’reconstantlyupdatingthebook,writingnewblogposts,andproducingnewmaterial.Youcan nowcastyourvotefornewcontenthere3

BenotifiedofupdatesviaTwitter

Ifyou’dliketobenotifiedofupdatestothebookonTwitter,follow@fullstackio4

We’dlovetohearfromyou!

Didyoulikethebook?Didyoufindithelpful?We’dlovetoaddyourfacetoourlistoftestimonials onthewebsite!Emailusat:us@fullstack.io5 .

1mailto:us@fullstack.io?Subject=ng-book%202%20feedback

2https://gitter.im/ng-book/ng-book

3https://fullstackio.canny.io/ng-book

4https://twitter.com/fullstackio

5mailto:us@fullstack.io?Subject=ng-book%202%20testimonial

HowtoReadThisBook

ThisbookaimstobethesinglemostusefulresourceonlearningAngular.Bythetimeyou’redone readingthisbook,you(andyourteam)willhaveeverythingyouneedtobuildreliable,powerful Angularapps.

Angularisarichandfeature-filledframework,butthatalsomeansitcanbetrickytounderstandall ofitsparts.Inthisbook,we’llwalkthrougheverythingfrominstallingthetools,writingcomponents, usingforms,routingbetweenpages,andcallingAPIs.

Butbeforewedigin,thereareafewguidelinesIwanttogiveyouinordertogetthemostoutof thisbook.Briefly,Iwanttotellyou:

•howtoapproachthecodeexamplesand

•howtogethelpifsomethinggoeswrong

RunningCodeExamples

Thisbookcomeswithalibraryofrunnablecodeexamples.Thecodeisavailabletodownloadfrom thesameplacewhereyoudownloadedthisbook.

Weusetheprogram npm6toruneveryexampleinthisbook.Thismeansyoucantypethefollowing commandstorunanyexample:

1 npminstall

2 npmstart

Ifyou’reunfamiliarwith npm,wecoverhowtogetitinstalledintheGettingStartedsection inthefirstchapter.

Afterrunning npmstart,youwillseesomeoutputonyourscreenthatwilltellyouwhatURLto opentoviewyourapp.

Ifyou’reeverunclearonhowtorunaparticularsampleapp,checkoutthe README.md inthat project’sdirectory.Everysampleprojectcontainsa README.md thatwillgiveyoutheinstructions youneedtoruneachapp.

6https://www.npmjs.com/

AngularCLI

Withacoupleofminorexceptions,everyprojectinthisbookwasbuiltonAngularCLI7.Unless specifiedotherwise,youcanusethe ng commandsineachproject.

Forinstance,torunanexampleyoucanrun ngserve (thisis,generally,whatisrunwhenyoutype npmstart).FormostprojectsyoucancompilethemtoJavaScriptwith ngbuild (we’lltalkabout thismoreinthefirstchapter).Andyoucanrunend-to-endtestswith nge2e,etc.

Withoutgettingtoofarintothedetails,AngularCLIisbasedonWebpack,atoolwhichhelpsprocess andbundleourvariousTypeScript,JavaScript,CSS,HTML,andimagefiles.AngularCLIisnota requirementforusingAngular.It’ssimplyawrapperaroundWebpack(andsomeothertooling) thatmakesiteasytogetstarted.

CodeBlocksandContext

Nearlyeverycodeblockinthisbookispulledfromarunnablecodeexample,whichyoucanfind inthesamplecode.Forexample,hereisacodeblockpulledfromthefirstchapter: code/first-app/angular-hello-world/src/app/app.component.ts

8 export class AppComponent{

9 title = 'appworks!'; 10 }

Noticethattheheaderofthiscodeblockstatesthepathtothefilewhichcontainsthiscode: code/first-app/angular-hello-world/src/app/app.component.ts.

Ifyoueverfeellikeyou’remissingthecontextforacodeexample,openupthefullcodefileusing yourfavoritetexteditor.Thisbookiswrittenwiththeexpectationthatyou’llalsobelooking attheexamplecodealongsidethemanuscript.

Forexample,weoftenneedto import librariestogetourcodetorun.Intheearlychaptersofthe bookweshowthese import statements,becauseit’snotclearwherethelibrariesarecomingfrom otherwise.However,thelaterchaptersofthebookaremoreadvancedandtheyfocusonkeyconcepts insteadofrepeatingboilerplatecodethatwascoveredearlierinthebook.Ifatanypointyou’re notclearonthecontext,openupthecodeexampleondisk.

CodeBlockNumbering

Inthisbook,wesometimesbuildupalargerexampleinsteps.Ifyouseeafilebeingloadedthathas anumericsuffix,thatgenerallymeanswe’rebuildinguptosomethingbigger.

7https://github.com/angular/angular-cli

Forinstance,intheDependencyInjectionchapteryoumayseeacodeblockwiththefilename: price.service.1.ts.Whenyouseethe .N.ts syntaxthatmeanswe’rebuildinguptotheultimate file,whichwillnothaveanumber.So,inthiscase,thefinalversionwouldbe: price.service.ts. Wedoitthiswaysothata)wecanunittesttheintermediatecodeandb)youcanseethewholefile incontextataparticularstage.

AWordonVersioning

Asyoumayknow,theAngularcoveredinthisbookisadescendantofanearlierframeworkcalled “AngularJS”.Thiscansometimesbeconfusing,particularlywhenreadingsupplementaryblogsor documentation.

Theofficialbrandingguidelinesstatethat“AngularJS”isatermreservedforAngularJS1.x,thatis, theearlyversionsof“Angular”.

BecausethenewversionofAngularusedTypeScript(insteadofJavaScript)astheprimarylanguage, the‘JS’wasdropped,leavinguswithjustAngular.Foralongtimetheonlyconsistentwayto distinguishthetwowasfolksreferredtothenewAngularasAngular2

However,theAngularteamin2017switchedtosemanticversioningwithanewmajor-release upgradeslatedforevery6months.InsteadofcallingthenextversionsAngular4,Angular5,andso on,thenumberisalsodroppedandit’sjustAngular.

Inthisbook,whenwe’rereferringtoAngularwe’lljustsayAngularorsometimesAngular4,just toavoidconfusion.Whenwe’retalkingabout“theold-styleJavaScriptAngular”we’llusetheterm AngularJSorAngularJS1.x.

GettingHelp

Whilewe’vemadeeveryefforttobeclear,precise,andaccurateyoumayfindthatwhenyou’re writingyourcodeyourunintoaproblem.

Generally,therearethreetypesofproblems:

•A“bug”inthebook(e.g.howwedescribesomethingiswrong)

•A“bug”inourcode

•A“bug”inyourcode

Ifyoufindaninaccuracyinhowwedescribesomething,oryoufeelaconceptisn’tclear,emailus! Wewanttomakesurethatthebookisbothaccurateandclear.

Similarly,ifyou’vefoundabuginourcodewedefinitelywanttohearaboutit.

Ifyou’rehavingtroublegettingyourownappworking(anditisn’tourexamplecode),thiscaseis abitharderforustohandle.

Yourfirstlineofdefense,whengettinghelpwithyourcustomapp,shouldbeourunofficial communitychatroom8.We(theauthors)aretherefromtime-to-time,buttherearehundredsof otherreaderstherewhomaybeabletohelpyoufasterthanwecan.

Ifyou’restillstuck,we’dstilllovetohearfromyou,andherearesometipsforgettingaclear,timely response.

EmailingUs

Ifyou’reemailingusaskingfortechnicalhelp,here’swhatwe’dliketoknow:

•Whatrevisionofthebookareyoureferringto?

•Whatoperatingsystemareyouon?(e.g.MacOSX10.8,Windows95)

•Whichchapterandwhichexampleprojectareyouon?

•Whatwereyoutryingtoaccomplish?

•Whathaveyoutried9already?

•Whatoutputdidyouexpect?

•Whatactuallyhappened?(Includingrelevantlogoutput.)

Theabsolutebestwaytogettechnicalsupportistosendusashort,self-containedexampleofthe problem.OurpreferredwaytoreceivethiswouldbeforyoutosendusaPlunkrlinkbyusingthis URL10

ThatURLcontainsarunnable,boilerplateAngularapp.Ifyoucancopyandpasteyourcodeinto thatproject,reproduceyourerror,andsendittousyou’llgreatlyincreasethelikelihoodofa prompt,helpfulresponse.

Whenyou’vewrittendownthesethings,emailusatus@fullstack.io11.Welookforwardtohearing fromyou.

TechnicalSupportResponseTime

Weperformourfree,technicalsupportonceperweek. Ifyouneedafasterresponsetime,andhelpgettinganyofyourteam’squestionsanswered,then youmayconsiderourpremiumsupportoption12

8https://gitter.im/ng-book/ng-book

9http://mattgemmell.com/what-have-you-tried/

10https://angular.io/resources/live-examples/quickstart/ts/eplnkr.html

11mailto:us@fullstack.io

12mailto:us@fullstack.io?Subject=Angular%20Premium%20Support&Body=Hello%21%20I%27m%20interested%20in%20premium%20Angular% 20support%20for%20our%20team

ChapterOverview

Beforewedivein,Iwanttogiveyouafeelfortherestofthebookandwhatyoucanexpectinside.

ThefirstfewchaptersprovidethefoundationyouneedtogetupandrunningwithAngular.You’ll createyourfirstapps,usethebuilt-incomponents,andstartcreatingyourcomponents

Nextwe’llmoveintointermediateconceptssuchasusingforms,usingAPIs,routingtodifferent pages,andusingDependencyInjectiontoorganizeourcode.

Afterthat,we’llmoveintomoreadvancedconcepts.Wespendagoodpartofthebooktalking aboutdataarchitectures.Managingstateinclient/serverapplicationsishardandwedivedeepinto twopopularapproaches:usingRxJSObservablesandusingRedux.Inthesechapters,we’llshow howtobuildthesameapp,twodifferentways,soyoucancompareandcontrastandevaluatewhat’s bestforyouandyourteam.

Afterthat,we’lldiscusshowtowritecomplex,advancedcomponentsusingAngular’smost powerfulfeatures.Thenwetalkabouthowtowritetestsforourappandhowwecanupgrade ourAngular1appstoAngular4+.Finally,weclosewithachapteronwritingnativemobileapps withAngularusingNativeScript.

Byusingthisbook,you’regoingtolearnhowtobuildrealAngularappsfasterthanspending hoursparsingout-datedblogposts.

Soholdontight-you’reabouttobecomeanAngularexpert,andhavealotoffunalongtheway. Let’sdigin!

•Nate(@eigenjoy13)

13https://twitter.com/eigenjoy

WritingYourFirstAngularWeb Application

SimpleRedditClone

Inthischapterwe’regoingtobuildanapplicationthatallowstheusertopostanarticle(witha titleandaURL)andthenvoteontheposts.

YoucanthinkofthisappasthebeginningsofasitelikeReddit14orProductHunt15 . Inthissimpleappwe’regoingtocovermostoftheessentialsofAngularincluding:

•Buildingcustomcomponents

•Acceptinguserinputfromforms

•Renderinglistsofobjectsintoviews

•Interceptinguserclicksandactingonthem

•Deployingourapptoaserver

Bythetimeyou’refinishedwiththischapteryou’llknowhowtotakeanemptyfolder,buildabasic Angularapplication,anddeployittoproduction.Afterworkingthroughthischapteryou’llhavea goodgrasponhowAngularapplicationsarebuiltandasolidfoundationtobuildyourownAngular app.

Here’sascreenshotofwhatourappwilllooklikewhenit’sdone:

14http://reddit.com

15http://producthunt.com

Completedapplication

First,auserwillsubmitanewlinkandaftersubmittingtheuserswillbeabletoupvoteordownvote eacharticle.Eachlinkwillhaveascoreandwecanvoteonwhichlinkswefinduseful.

Appwithnewarticle

Inthisproject,andthroughoutthebook,we’regoingtouseTypeScript.TypeScriptisasupersetof JavaScriptES6thataddstypes.We’renotgoingtotalkaboutTypeScriptindepthinthischapter,but we’llgooverTypeScriptmoreindepthinthenextchapter.

Don’tworryifyou’rehavingtroublewithsomeofthenewsyntax.Ifyou’refamiliarwithES5 (“normal”JavaScript)/ES6(ES2015)youshouldbeabletofollowalongandwe’lltalkmoreabout TypeScriptinabit.

Gettingstarted

Node.jsand npm

TogetstartedwithAngular,you’llneedtohaveNode.jsinstalled.Thereareacoupleofdifferent waysyoucaninstallNode.js,sopleaserefertotheNode.jswebsite16fordetailedinformation. MakesureyouinstallNode 6.9.0 orhigher

Ifyou’reonaMac,yourbestbetistoinstallNode.jsdirectlyfromtheNode.jswebsite insteadofthroughanotherpackagemanager(likeHomebrew).InstallingNode.jsvia Homebrewisknowntocausesomeissues.

TheNodePackageManager(npm forshort)isinstalledasapartofNode.js.Tocheckif npm isavailable asapartofourdevelopmentenvironment,wecanopenaterminalwindowandtype:

$npm-v Ifaversionnumberisnotprintedoutandyoureceiveanerror,makesuretodownloadaNode.js installerthatincludesnpm.

Your npm versionshouldbe 3.0.0 orhigher.

TypeScript

OnceyouhaveNode.jssetup,thenextstepistoinstallTypeScript.Makesureyouinstallatleast version2.1orgreater.Toinstallit,runthefollowing npm command:

1 $npminstall-gtypescript

DoIhavetouseTypeScript?No,youdon’thavetouseTypeScripttouseAngular,butyou probablyshould.AngulardoeshaveanES5API,butAngulariswritteninTypeScriptand generallythat’swhateveryoneisusing.We’regoingtouseTypeScriptinthisbookbecause it’sgreatanditmakesworkingwithAngulareasier.Thatsaid,itisn’tstrictlyrequired.

16https://nodejs.org/download/

Browser

WehighlyrecommendusingtheGoogleChromeWebBrowser17todevelopAngularapps.We’ll usetheChromedevelopertoolkitthroughoutthisbook.Tofollowalongwithourdevelopmentand debuggingwerecommenddownloadingitnow.

SpecialinstructionforWindowsusers

Throughoutthisbook,wewillbeusingUnix/Maccommandsintheterminal.Mostofthese commands,like ls and cd,arecross-platform.However,sometimesthesecommandsareUnix/MacspecificorcontainUnix/Mac-specificflags(like ls-1p).

Asaresult,bealertthatyoumayhavetooccasionallydeterminetheequivalentofaUnix/Mac commandforyourshell.Fortunately,theamountofworkwedointheterminalisminimalandyou willnotencounterthisissueoften.

WindowsusersshouldbeawarethatourterminalexamplesuseUnix/Maccommands.

AngularCLI

Angularprovidesautilitytoallowuserstocreateandmanageprojectsfromthecommandline.It automatestaskslikecreatingprojects,addingnewcontrollers,etc.It’sgenerallyagoodideatouse AngularCLIasitwillhelpcreateandmaintaincommonpatternsacrossourapplication.

ToinstallAngularCLI,justrunthefollowingcommand:

1 $npminstall-g@angular/cli

Onceit’sinstalledyou’llbeabletorunitfromthecommandlineusingthe ng command.Whenyou do,you’llseealotofoutput,butifyouscrollback,youshouldbeabletoseethefollowing:

1 $ng--version

Ifeverythinginstalledcorrectly,youshouldseethecurrentversionoutputtoyourterminal. Congratulations!

17https://www.google.com/chrome/

Ifyou’rerunningOSXorLinux,youmightreceivethislineintheoutput:

1 Couldnotstartwatchman;fallingbacktoNodeWatcherforfilesystemevents.

Thismeansthatwedon’thaveatoolcalledwatchmaninstalled.ThistoolhelpsAngular CLIwhenitneedstomonitorfilesinyourfilesystemforchanges.Ifyou’rerunningOSX, it’srecommendedtoinstallitusingHomebrewwiththefollowingcommand:

1 $brewinstallwatchman

Ifyou’reonOSXandgotanerrorwhenrunningbrew,itmeansthatyouprobablydon’t haveHomebrewinstalled.Pleaserefertothepagehttp://brew.sh/tolearnhowtoinstallit andtryagain.

Ifyou’reonLinux,youmayrefertothepagehttps://ember-cli.com/user-guide/#watchman formoreinformationabouthowtoinstallwatchman.

Ifyou’reonWindowsinstead,youdon’tneedtoinstallanythingandAngularCLIwilluse thenativeNode.jswatcher.

Ifyou’recuriousaboutallofthethingsthatAngularCLIcando,tryoutthiscommand:

1 $ng--help

Don’tworryaboutunderstandingalloftheoptions-we’llbecoveringtheimportantonesinthis chapter.

NowthatwehaveAngularCLIanditsdependenciesinstalled,let’susethistooltocreateourfirst application.

ExampleProject

Openuptheterminalandrunthe ngnew commandtocreateanewprojectfromscratch:

1 $ngnewangular-hello-world

Onceyourunit,you’llsee(roughly)followingoutput:

Another random document with no related content on Scribd:

Camphorated Oil, nine drachms:

Mix for a Liniment. For an adult, four drachms of the former, and eight of the latter, may be used. If the child be young, or if the skin be very tender, the camphorated oil may be used without the turpentine.

259. Wilson, on Healthy Skin.

260. Rain water ought always to be used in the washing of a child; pumpwater is likely to chap the skin, and to make it both rough and irritable.

261. Sometimes, if the child’s skin be very irritable, the glycerin requires diluting with water say, two ounces of glycerin to be mixed in a bottle with four ounces of spring water the bottle to be well shaken just before using it.

262. One frequent, if not the most frequent, cause of tape-worm is the eating of pork, more especially if it be underdone. Underdone pork is the most unwholesome food that can be eaten, and is the most frequent cause of tape-worm known. Underdone beef also gives tape-worm; let the meat, therefore, be well and properly cooked. These facts ought to be borne in mind, as prevention is always better than cure.

263. The Grocer.

264. Shakspeare.

265. Tennyson.

266. Every house where there are children ought to have one of these indiarubber hot water bottles. It may be procured at any respectable vulcanized indiarubber warehouse.

267. South’s Household Surgery.

268. “It has been computed that upwards of 1000 children are annually burned to death by accident in England.”

269. The cotton wool here recommended is that purposely made for surgeons, and is of a superior quality to that in general use.

270. If there be no other lard in the house but lard with salt, the salt may be readily removed by washing the lard in cold water. Prepared lard that is to say, lard without salt can, at any moment, be procured from the nearest druggist in the neighborhood.

271. See the Lancet for October 10th, 17th, and 24th, 1840.

272. A stick of pointed nitrate of silver, in a case, ready for use, may be procured of any respectable chemist.

273. Which may be instantly procured of a druggist, as he always keeps it ready prepared.

274. A Bee-master. The Times, July 28, 1864.

275. Shaw’s Medical Remembrancer, by Hutchinson.

276. A tepid bath from 62 to 96 degrees of Fahrenheit.

277. A warm bath from 97 to 100 degrees of Fahrenheit.

278. Health. By John Brown, M.D. Edinburgh: Alexander Strahan & Co.

279. Several years ago, while prosecuting my anatomical studies in London University College Dissecting-rooms, on opening a young woman, I discovered an immense indentation of the liver large enough to admit a rolling-pin, entirely produced by tight lacing!

280. Dryden.

281. Sir W. Temple.

282. Goldsmith’s Essays.

283. Geoffry Hamlyn. By H. Kingsley.

284. Proverbs, xx. 29.

285. “I would have given him, Captain Fleming, had he been my son, ” quoth old Pearson the elder, “such a good sound drubbing as he never would have forgotten never!”

“Pooh! pooh! my good sir. Don’t tell me. Never saw flogging in the navy do good. Kept down brutes; never made a man yet.” Dr. Norman Macleod in Good Words, May, 1861.

286. The Birmingham Journal.

287. A Woman’s Thoughts about Women.

288. If a girl has an abundance of good nourishment, the school-mistress must, of course, be remunerated for the necessary and costly expense; and how this can be done on the paltry sum charged at cheap boarding-schools? It is utterly impossible! The school-mistress will live, even if the girls be half-starved. And what are we to expect from poor and insufficient nourishment to a fast-growing girl, and at the time of life, remember, when she requires an extra quantity of good sustaining, supporting food? A poor girl, from such treatment, becomes either consumptive or broken down in constitution, and from which she never recovers, but drags out a miserable existence. A cheap boarding-school is dear at any price.

289. A horse-hair mattress should always be preferred to a feather bed. It is not only better for the health, but it improves the figure.

290. Spare Hours. By John Brown, M.D., F.R.S.E.

291. Household Verses on Health and Happiness. London: Jarrold and Sons.

292. Hurdis’s Village Curate.

293. Shakspeare.

294. Todd’s Student’s Guide.

295. Sir Astley Cooper’s Lectures on Scrofula.

296. I. Chronicles, xxi. 13.

297. A. K. H. B., Fraser’s Magazine, October, 1861.

298. Shakspeare.

299. The Times, May 16, 1867.

300. Winter in the South of Europe. By J. Henry Bennett. Third Edition. London: Churchill and Sons, 1865.

301. A wineglassful of barm, a wineglassful of vinegar, and the remaining sage tea, to make a half-pint bottle of gargle.

302. December 10, 1864.

303. Shakspeare knew the great importance of not crowding around a patient who has fainted. He says:

“So play the foolish throngs with one that swoons; Come all to help him, and so stop the air By which he should revive.”

Measure for Measure, Act ii. sc. 4.

304. For the best way of stewing prunes, see page 1258.

305. Professor Trousseau in Medical Circular, Feb. 5, 1862.

306. Exodus, v. 12.

307. Wilson on Healthy Skin.

308. Four poppy-heads and four ounces of chamomile blows to be boiled in four pints of water for half an hour, and then to be strained to make the fomentation.

309. Cut a piece of bread, about the size of the little finger without breaking it into crumb pour boiling hot milk upon it, cover it over, and let it stand for five minutes, then apply the soaked bread over the gum-boil, letting it rest between the cheek and the gum.

310. As long as fashion, instead of common sense, is followed in the making of both boots and shoes, men and women will as a matter of course suffer from corns.

It has often struck me as singular, when all the professions and trades are so overstocked, that there should be, as there is in every large town, such a want of chiropodists (corn-cutters) of respectable chiropodists of men who would charge a fixed sum for every visit the patient may make; for instance, to every working-man a shilling, and to every gentleman half a crown or five shillings for each sitting, and not for each corn (which latter system is a most unsatisfactory

way of doing business). I am quite sure that if such a plan were adopted, every town of any size in the kingdom would employ regularly one chiropodist at least. However we might dislike some few of the American customs, we may copy them with advantage in this particular namely, in having a regular staff of chiropodists both in civil and in military life.

311. Youth Ablution, page 1321.

312. A very small quantity of pure nitric acid just a drain at the bottom of a stoppered bottle is all that is needed, and which may be procured of a chemist.

313. Dublin University Magazine.

314. The Round Table.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling.

2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.

3. Reindexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter.

4. Renumbered pages “Advice to a Mother” by adding 1000.

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