REPORTED SPEECH I. Ways to change direct speech into reported speech A. The tense of the reporting verb is simple present /present continuous/ present perfect / simple future/future perfect * Change the persons of personal pronouns, possessive adjectives,possessive pronouns and reflexive pronouns : + The first person ( I, WE) Subject of the reporting verb +The second person (YOU) Object of the reporting verb +The third person (HE,SHE,IT THEY) no change Ex: He says, “ I have not found my keys”.He says that he has not found his keys. She says to me , “ You are late today”.She tells me that I am late today. She says , “ He is lazy”. She says that he is lazy ( Note: say to tell) PERSONAL POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN PRONOUN SUBJECT OBJECT ADJECTIVE PRONOUN I me my mine myself You you your yours yourself He him his his himself She her her hers herself It it its its itself We us our ours ourselves You you your yours yourselves They them their theirs themselves B. The tense of the reporting verb is simple past * Change persons like part A. * Change the tense of the verb in quotation marks : Direct speech Reported speech - Present simple : Vo / Vs/es Past simple : Ved/V2 - Present continous: am/is/are + Ving Past continuous: was/were + Ving - Present perfect : has/have + Ved/V3 Past perfect : had + Ved/V3 - Past simple : Ved/V2 Past perfect : had + Ved/V3 - Past continuous: was/were + Ving Past perfect continuous: had been + Ving - Future simple : shall/will + V Present conditional : Should/would + V - Future perfect : Shall/will have + Ved/V3 Perfect conditional : should/would have + Ved/V3 - Present conditional : Should/would + V Perfect conditional : should/would have + Ved/V3 Ex: She said, “ I have met him”. She said that she had met him. ( Note:said to told) * Change the adverbs of place and time and others Direct speech Reported speech Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The day before/the Last previous day night/week…. The night/week …before Tomorrow The following day Tomorrow night The following night
Next week/month…. Now Ago Here This These
The following week/month… Then Before There That Those
II. Types of sentences A.Statements ( Affirmative and Negative) - Change persons - Change tenses - Change adverbs of place and time Ex: Tam said to me, “ I am going to Can tho tomorrow”. Tam told me that he was going to Cantho the following day. Her sister said, “ I don’t like this flower”. Her sister said that she didn’t like that flower. B.Questions /Interrogative - Change persons -Change tenses - Change adverbs of place and time Besides, we use the following structures: 1.WH-questions Subject + asked + Object + Wh-word + Subject + Verb 2. Yes-no questions Subject + asked + Object + Whether/if + Subject + Verb ( Note: some reporting verbs can be seen : inquired, wanted to know, wondered) Ex: She asked me, “ Where are you going now?” She asked me where I was going then. She asked me , “ Do you like him?” She asked me if I liked him. ( Note: the auxiliary verbs Do,Does,Did in Yes-no question disappear when changing into reported speech because they only help us to know the tense of the main verb: simple present or simple past ) C.Imperative - Change persons - Change adverbs of place and time - Use the following structure: ordered commanded Subject + told + Object + to /not to + Verb…… requested asked begged Ex: She said to her friend , “ Play the piano,please”. She asked her friend to play the piano. Nam said to his friend , “ Don’t shut the door”. Nam told his friend not to shut the door.
III. The following structures are useful when taking multiple choice:
Direct speech 1. Imperative - request - invitation + (Verb), please. / Please (verb). + Please, please (verb). + (Verb). / Don’t (verb). + - ditto+ - ditto+ - ditto+ Don’t + V + Go ahead / Come on (Verb) + You should + V / You had better + V / if I were you… + You may + V / You can + V + You musn’t + V + I’d like you to V / Would you like to V? + I’d like you to V + Don’t forget to V 2. Exclamation + What + phrase! + How + adj / adv + S + V! + Hurrah! + Alas!
- ask + sb + to V (yêu cầu ai làm gì) - beg + sb + to V/ plead with sb to V (năn nỉ, van xin ai…) - command + sb + to V (ra lệnh cho ai làm / đừng làm gì) - instruct + sb + to V (hướng dẫn ai làm gì) - order + sb + to V (ra lệnh cho ai làm gì) - urge + sb + to V (khuyên, thuyết phục ai làm gì) - warn + sb + not to V (cảnh báo ai đừng làm) - encourage + sb + to V (động viên ai làm gì). - advise + sb + to V (khuyên ai làm gì) - permit / allow + sb + to V (cho phép ai làm gì) - forbid + sb + to V (cấm ai làm gì) - invite + sb + to V (mời ai làm gì) - want + sb + to V (muốn ai làm gì) - remind + sb + to V (nhắc ai nhớ làm) - exclaim that + S + V (thốt lên rằng) - exclaim that + S + V / remarked that + S + V (nhận xét) - shout with joy / with delight that + S + V (hét lên vui vẻ) - exclaim with sorrow that + S + V (thốt lên buồn bã)
3.Other structures + You + V2/ED / You have + V3/ED + I’m sorry … + Yes, I + V2/ED + No, I didn’t V0 / No, I’ve never V3/ED + You must + V / I insist + Let’s + V. / Shall we…? + How about …? What about…? + You never …/ You’re always Ving + I will + V…/ I won’t + V… + Would you like + (food / drink…)? + Let me + V…/ Shall I + V…? + S + asked + himself / herself “…..?”. + Thank you … + Congratulations!...
Reporting verbs
- accuse + sb + of Ving (kết tội ai đã làm gì) - apoligise (to sb) for Ving (xin lỗi đã làm gì) - admit to Ving / confess to Ving (thú nhận đã làm…) - deny + Ving (phủ nhận đã làm…)/ deny that S + V - insist on + tính từ sở hữu / đại từ tân ngữ + Ving - suggest + Ving / suggest that + S + should + V (đề nghị) - suggest + Ving (phrase) / suggest + tính từ sở hữu + Ving - complain about + tính từ sở hữu + Ving / complain that… - promise + to V / promise + not to V (hứa làm gì) - offer + sb + sth (ngỏ ý mời ai ăn / uống / hút) - offer to V (ngỏ ý làm một việc) [để giúp] - wonder + whether / wh + S + V (tự hỏi) - wonder + whether / wh + to V - thank someone for Ving ( caûm ôn ai ñaõ laøm..) - congratulate someone on Ving ….( chuùc möøng ai ñaõ laøm..)
Note: In reality, the following reporting verbs can be seen: explain (giải thích), inform (thông báo), boast about (khoác lác), threaten (đe doạ), reproach = reprimand (quở trách), claim (cho rằng, tuyên bố)…
Exercise
1. Tom explained , “ I saw the accident at the corner of High Street.” ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Bob said, “ We had a wonderful time at Peter’s party.” __________________________________________________________________ 3. Peter said, “ We played a lot of tennis last year.” __________________________________________________________________ 4. Mrs Miller said to me , “ Would you like to come to my house?” _________________________________________________________________ 5. Phil asked me “ Are you well today ?” _________________________________________________________________ 6. Ann asked Tom , “ Did you really write this story ?” __________________________________________________________________ 7. Tim asked me, “ Who has taken my ruler?” __________________________________________________________________ 8. The mother said to her son, “ Don’t move , please” __________________________________________________________________ 9. Mike said to Henry, “ Give me my book back, please” __________________________________________________________________ 10. James said “ My brother will get married next month,” __________________________________________________________________ 11. He said to me , “ Keep a seat for me in the lecture hall.” __________________________________________________________________ 12. Tom asked me , “ Have you ever been there ?” __________________________________________________________________ 13. He said to her. “ I will take you to my house”. __________________________________________________________________ 14. They said “ This is the book we have been looking for”. __________________________________________________________________ 15. He said to Lan, “You helped me with the homework very much .Thank you .” ____________________________________________________________________