Blockchail Glossary by Outreach Nichedigitally

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

PREFACE Blockchain has emerged as one of the most important technologies in the last few years. It is being embraced by all fields including medical, fintech, and education. As the technology is becoming more popular, new terms and lexicons enter continuously, expanding its universe. This Ebook on Blockchain Glossary covers all the important terms related to blockchain and Bitcoin. The terms have been explained in a simple and lucid manner. The Glossary, arranged in alphabetical order, covers all the terms, concepts, protocols, tools, and lots more. After completing this Ebook, you will have all the information to become a blockchain pro. The core concepts of blockchain have been simplified so that it becomes your one-stop source to understand the technology. Thank You,

Team Blockchain Magnets Copyright All the information in this book has been given by experts who have domain expertise in this field. If you find any information given in this e-book inaccurate, please contact our team at support@blockchainmagnets.com. Our editors will endeavor to make corrections in future issues. The information given in the book has been presented after much deliberation in the editorial teams. All rights reserved. No part of this eBook including the cover page and images may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of BlockchainMagnets.com, the copyright owner.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

A Absolute Advantage The ability of a producer to produce goods and services in higher quantity using the same cost or producing the same good quantity at lower costs than other producers is known as absolute advantage. It can lead to large trade gains between the producers of different goods with an absolute varied advantage. A firm with an absolute advantage can produce goods and services at a low absolute cost per unit using small inputs compared to another firm producing similar goods and services. The ability to produce certain goods and services at a lower cost than another party is referred to as specifically. A party, in this case, is a company, a country, a person, or anything that can create goods and services.

Active Management It is where human capital is used to manage the portfolio of funds. Normally, managers in charge of active management rely fully on personal judgment, forecasts, and analytical research to decide the type of securities to purchase, hold or sell. Those investors that don't use the efficient market hypothesis always believe in active management. Investors believe that there are inefficiencies in markets that make the market prices not be correct. Thus, it is easier to make a profit in the stock market by identifying those securities that are mispriced and coming up with a strategy to take advantage of them. Active management aims to generate good returns than that of a benchmark(market index). Investors use the stock index to measure the stock market and compare the current prices with previous prices, which helps to calculate the market performance. Unfortunately, many active managers are not able to outperform passively managed funds. Moreover, the actively managed funds usually charge high fees than the passively managed funds.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Ad Hoc This Latin word means "to this," commonly understood as "for this." Besides, it can be used to mean "as needed."This term is commonly used in government and business settings. Business firms and governments form ad hoc committees frequently to study a certain issue or problem and develop recommendations to address it.

Airdrops In the cryptocurrency business, an airdrop means a marketing stunt that involves sending tokens or coins to the wallet addresses to enhance awareness of the new virtual currency. Cryptocurrency airdrops are free coins that are dropped directly into your wallet. It is free money given to you. Airdrops are marketing processes that save firms a lot of money. Companies distribute their coins or tokens into the wallets of the users free through the process of airdrops.

Algorithm Cryptocurrency is a type of currency where encryption is normally used to regulate and generate currency units. It uses cryptography to ensure there is security and blockchain technology for recording transactions. The mechanism of adding chains of records to the validation of transactions is known as the blockchain algorithm. Blockchain developers are doing all they can to ensure that every person controls their algorithms and personal information related to identity on their own.

Allocation This is an allotment of equity or tokens that may be purchased, earned, or set aside for a certain investor, an organization, a group, etc. For instance, a team may sell out the allocation of the maximum amount to the early investors.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

All Or None Order (AON) It is used in the general entities context. It means a limited order price that is to be carried out in its entirety or not at all, which leads to testing the strength of the counterparty. You can't cancel the AON order if it is not executed during its representation in the trading crowd. It remains alive until when it will be canceled or executed. AON order differs greatly from the FOK order.

Altcoin Altcoin is a cryptocurrency, just like Bitcoin. Bitcoin and Altcoin share some characteristics, but they are different in some ways. Altcoin differs from Bitcoin in terms of coin-distribution techniques, mining mechanisms, and the ability to design decentralized applications. Even though Bitcoin is highly influential and innovative, it has few issues being fixed by the developers. Altcoin makes faster transactions, is less volatile, and is more private.

Angel Investor An Angel investor is also called a private investor, angel funder, or seed investor. It is a high-net-worth person who offers financial backing to small entrepreneurs or start-ups in exchange for equity ownership in the business. Often, an angel investor can be an entrepreneur's family or friend. Unlike institutional venture capitalists that invest other individuals' money, angel investor invests in an entrepreneurial firm. Recently, angel investing has greatly soared as individuals seek good returns on their money. Typically, angles come in two varieties, i.e., those you know and don't know.

Anti-Money Laundering It refers to the policies and legislation forcing financial institutions to monitor their clients to prevent corruption and money laundering. Financial institutions are needed to report any financial crimes they get, and everything is done to stop the crimes.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Application Programming Interface (API) This is software that enables two applications to talk with each other. Every time an app like Facebook is sends a message, the API makes that possible.

ASIC-Resistance Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC ) are computers designed to serve a specific task. These devices are to be used in the process of mining Bitcoin. Bitcoin is the largest cryptocurrency with a truly decentralized consensus, and as such, it can't be considered ASIC resistant.

Arbitrage It refers to the buying and selling of assets simultaneously from varied platforms, locations, or cash exchanges in price difference. In the arbitrage trade, the underlying asset's quantity bought and sold must be the same. The price difference is captured as the net payoff from trade.

Ask Price It represents the minimum price the seller is willing to take for the security.

Asset Management It is where the assets are developed, operated, maintained, and sold costeffectively. Asset management is mostly used in finance to mean individuals or firms that manage the assets on behalf of other individuals or firms.

Asynchronous It is the relationship between more events that interact within the same system but don't happen at predetermined intervals and don't rely on each other for existence.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Atomic Swap This is a peer-peer cryptocurrency exchange from one party to another without going through a third-party service. The users have control during the whole process.

Attack Surface Refers to the ways the attackers can exploit your apps. It may be protocol, operating systems, SSL certificates, and more.

Auction This is a common name for sales where the price is not set or arrived at by negotiation but is known through open bidding. The types of auctions are forward auctions where many buyers bid the goods of one seller. And reverse auction where many sellers bid for the order of one buyer. For an auction to be complete, the bid must be accepted by the buyer or seller.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

B Bag A bag in crypto means coins or tokens a person is holding as part of their portfolio. It simply means a significant quantity of a certain cryptocurrency.

Bear markets When a market experiences a prolonged decline in prices, it becomes a bear market. Bear markets are shorter than bull markets. In such markets, prices of securities fall to 20% from recent highs due to widespread pessimism and negative sentiments from investors. It is used in traditional markets and cryptocurrencies.

Benchmarking It is the process of measuring the success of your company against other similar firms. This helps you to discover any performance gap and closing it to enhance your performance. By studying other firms, you can know what is needed to improve the efficiency of your company and become a bigger player in an industry setting.

Beta Coefficient This is a measure of the correlation of an investment portfolio or security to the overall market movements. A statistical measure of risk can be derived when the returns of individual security are compared to that of an overall market. Then the proportion risk that can be attributed to the market is identified.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Bid Price Bid price refers to the highest price a buyer pays to purchase shares of the stock at a specific time. It is also the lowest price a seller will sell a stock. The bid price is usually lower than the offer/ask price. Spread is the difference between the asking price and the bid price.

Bid-Ask Bid-ask is the term used on stocks. It is also known as the spread and is the difference between the stock's bid price and the ask price of the same stock. Usually, individual exchanges such as NASDAQ or New York Stock Exchange always work for hand in hand with brokers or stock specialists to set the bi-ask price of the security. Bid-ask spread is ideal in purchasing the security at the best price. The ask price is always high as compared to the bid price. The broker makes a profit from the spread. In short, the bid is the price an investor is willing to pay to purchase a certain stock and at a specified time. The ask is that amount an investor is ready to sell the stock at a specific time.

Bitcoin This is a type of digital cryptocurrency. Ideally, it acts as a US dollar or Japanese yen, but it doesn't link itself to any central bank, and a government body like the treasury does not regulate it. Its transactions normally take place online and provide a certain degree of anonymity to its users. The users are securely recorded in a ledger known as a blockchain. Normally, bitcoin users do buy the bitcoins and can store them digitally in a cryptocurrency wallet.

Bitcoin Address This is a unique identifier that acts as a virtual location to send cryptocurrency. Sending cryptocurrency to Bitcoin is done the same way as sending fiat currencies to the email address. The Bitcoin address is not for permanent use but rather for a single transaction. Bitcoin address differs from a digital wallet in that it can't hold any balance and has 26-35 alphanumeric characters.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Bitcoin Pizza May 22, which is known as Bitcoin Pizza Day, a programmer named Laszlo Hanyecz in the year 2010 paid for the two pizzas with a cryptocurrency. He paid 10,000 for two pizzas, thus making him the first person to use bitcoin in the commercial transaction. At that time, the deal was valued at $41.

Bitcoin Dominance This is a measure of how much a crypto cap is comprised of Bitcoin. Bitcoin dominance can assist you in knowing the trend of adults and BTC.

Black Swan Event This phrase is commonly known and used in the finance world. It is a highly negative occurrence that is challenging to predict. In simple terms, black swan events are not only unexpected but also unknowable. This term was made popular by the former Wall Street trader called Nassim Nicholas Taleb. The Black Swan Event aids you to understand whether the altcoins are uptrend or downtrend against BTC. When BTC increases, the alts lose BTC value, and when BTC decreases, alts gain BTC value. It, therefore, means that you will want join Bitcoin when the dominance has an uptrend and join alts when the dominance is downtrend.

Blocks These are records that, when put together, forms a blockchain. In cryptocurrencies, these blocks are things like ledger pages, and the recordkeeping book is a blockchain. Typically, a block is just a file to help store unaltered information related to the network. They hold all the cryptocurrency records on transactions and are hashed and encoded into the hash or Merkle tree.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Block Explorer It is a tool that enables people to see the current and past cryptocurrency transactions online on the blockchain. The user will be able to see all the data on the hash rate. Besides, Block explorer tells us how the transaction growth rate is and offers other useful info. In simple words, a block explorer is an online blockchain browser that reveals all data of blocks and transactions.

Block Header Block header helps in identifying a block in a blockchain. The block header hash is arrived at by running the block header via a SHA256 algorithm twice and is calculated by each node.

Block Height This refers to the current number block in the blockchain. The genesis block is the first block in any blockchain, has a block height of zero. Thus, a block height is not only a positive integer but also greater than zero. For instance, Alice sends 1 bitcoin to Bob, which is a block. A collection of transactions is referred to as a block, with each block containing a cryptographic hash and a timestamp order to ensure the block's integrity and the whole blockchain.

Block Reward This is a rule for bitcoin cryptocurrency. The Bitcoin developer Satoshi Nakamoto referred to block rewards as a way of controlling the circulation. It dictates the amount miners receive from bitcoin mining.

Blockchain This is a public and digitalized ledger that records online transactions. It is the core technology used in the cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. Blockchain makes sure that there is full integrity through encryption, validation, and permanent record of transactions.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Bloom Filter This data structure is designed to show you when an element is present in a set. Boom filter is somehow probabilistic in that it shows us the element is either not inset or maybe inset. The base data structure is the Bit Vector.

Bounty The term bounty can mean a lot of things. First, it can mean an abundance of fresh produce. It can also mean something given generously. It can also be a reward from the local government to assist track the criminals. A bounty hunter is a person who makes a living by finding the wanted criminals.

Break-even point In accounting, it refers to the revenue available to cover a firm's total fixed, variable expenses. Also, it can mean the time when revenue forecasts are equal to the product.

Bull Market This is a market condition when prices continue to rise. There are two trends that markets tend to follow, that is, price increase or decrease.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

C Candidate Blocks These are blocks made by the miners as part of the proof of the work consensus procedure. A miner will get a reward block when it produces a block candidate with a valid hash block that broadcasts the block on the blockchain starts its life as the many pre-validated block candidates.

Candlesticks They are used to chart price action that displays the high, low, open and close prices for the specified period. This highly depends on the candlestick that closes high/low from the opening price. This will have a colour difference, normally, red or green that red marks the down candle and green marks the candle, which is closed higher. It can be displaced in various time frames, from the monthly with daily chart throughout the way down to less than the minute data.

Capitulation This is one of the panic selling, which builds the momentum that causes a huge decline in the stock prices that drops them to the bottom. The floor is usually near/below the prior support levels. The bottom is always a place where everything does look cheap to purchase. By definition, the bottom marks the market turn, followed by the sustained, broad rally. During the capitulation selling period, the market watchers do talk incessantly concerning the fear in the market. If the fear is more then, it looks like a market is likely to hit bottom.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Censorship Resistance The censorship resistance through cryptosystems that comes through censorship resists the unalterable transactions. Normally, there is no way to rewrite the blockchain's history. However, if the blockchain is to safeguard the information's accessibility, it must remain public. The resistance to censorship means that everybody can interact with the network on similar terms, regardless of personal characteristics. To achieve true censorship resistance, the users do not exclude others from the information.

Central Bank This independent national authority conducts the monetary policy, regulating the banks and providing financial services that include economic research. Its main goals are to ensure the nation's currency stability to help keep unemployment low and prevent inflation.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) It is a principal part of a digital computer system generally composed of the major memory, the control unit and the arithmetic-logic unit. Besides, it constitutes the entire physical part of an entire computer system. And it's linked to the various peripheral equipment, including the input or output devices and the auxiliary storage units. In modern computers, the CPU is made on an integrated circuit chip known as the microprocessor.

Cipher The cipher is a technique of hiding text or words with encryption by replacing the original letters with other letters, numbers or symbols via substitution or transposition. Besides, a cipher also means an encrypted text, an encryption key and a cryptography system for an original text. The encrypted text is also referred to as ciphertext. The plaintext is an original and encrypted text.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Circulating Supply These are the main numbers that are currently available in the people's hands. The locked, reserved coins are not included in a circulating supply.

Cloud It also refers to the servers accessed on the internet, with the databases and software that runs on the servers. The cloud servers are usually located in data centres worldwide. When cloud computing is used, the firms and users do not have to manage the physical servers or run the software applications on their machines.

Collateral Its simple definition is an intangible or tangible asset that a borrower pledges to the lender to secure a loan. Suppose the borrower defaults in their obligations to a secured lender of the loan documents. In that case, a secured lender will automatically exercise remedies to the foreclose on collateral and try to sell it to recover that loan amount.

Colocation It is a data centre facility where a business can rent a space for servers and other computing hardware. Normally, a colo offers the building, bandwidth and power and cooling and physical security. On the other hand, the customer offers the servers and the storage. The facility's space is usually leased by track, cage, cabinet or the room. Its many colours have highly extended the offering to include the managed services which can support their clients' business initiatives.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Commodity Futures Trading Commission The CFTC is an independent federal agency in the US established by the commodity futures trading commission Act. The CFTC usually regulates the future and option markets of a given commodity with the main goal of promoting competitive and efficient markets and protecting its investors from manipulation, fraud, and abusive trade practices.

Confirmation Time It is defined as an elapsed time between a blockchain transaction submission to the network, and the period it's finally recorded to the confirmed block. In simple words, it represents the total time any user has to wait till their transaction is collected and confirmed by the miner mode.

Cryptocurrency This is a virtual or a digital currency which is usually secured by cryptography. This, in turn, makes it almost impossible for a counterfeit to happen. Most of the cryptocurrencies are usually decentralized networks that are based on blockchain technology. The disparate networks of computers always enforce this type of a distributed ledger. The defining cryptocurrency feature is generally unique and not issued by any central authorities, making them theoretically immune to government manipulation or interference.

Cryptography This is always associated with the procedure of converting ordinary plain text to unintelligible text and vice versa. This is a method of transmitting and storing data in a specific form so that only those for which it's intended and can be read and processed. Cryptography not only safeguards data from alteration and theft but can also be used for the authentication of the user.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

D Daemon This program type on the Unix-like operating system runs unobstructedly in the background rather than the user's direct control that is waiting for activation by an occurrence of the specific event or a condition. The daemons are normally instantiated as the processes. A process is executing the instance of the program. The processes are normally managed by a kernel assigned to each on a unique process identification number.

Dead Cat Bounce This is market jargon where the security or the index experiences a short burst of the upward movement in a largely downward trend.

Decentralized Applications The dApps are digitalized programs or applications that exists and runs on the blockchain or the P2P network of the computers rather than a single computer. They are always outside a purview and the control of any single authority.

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) The DAOs are typically involved in the set of people interacting with each other as per the open-source protocol's self-enforcing. The keeping of the network sites the performance of the other network tasks, which are rewarded with native network tokens. The blockchains and the smart contracts reduce the costs of transaction of the management at a higher level of transparency, which aligns with all the stakeholders' interests by a rule consensus rules tied to a native token.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Individual behaviour is incentivized with the token to contribute to a common goal collectively. The members of the DAO aren't bound to the together by the legal entity, nor do they get into the formal legal contracts.

Decentralized Exchange The decentralized exchange is the market exchange that doesn't rely on the third-party service to hold the client's funds. But, the trades happen directly between the users via an automated process. Such a system can be established by forming the proxy tokens or the assets or via a decentralized multi-signature escrow—system, among many solutions.

Decryption This is the procedure of transforming the data rendered unreadable through the encryption lack to the encrypted form. In the decryption, the system removes and converts garbled data into texts and images easily understandable by the reader and the system. The description might be accomplished either automatically and manually. A set of passwords or keys may also perform it.

Deep Web Deep web refers to a secret section of the internet whose content isn't accessible through the standard search engines such as Google, Bing and Yahoo.

Delisting The delisting solves the removal of the listed securities of the firm from a stock exchange that is traded permanently.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Difficulty This is a difficulty is the parameter that the bitcoin and cryptocurrencies used to keep an average time between the blocks steady since the network's hash power changes. The cryptocurrencies that use the proof of work blockchains are maintained via a process known as mining. In such a system, the miners running a cryptocurrency software client complete to find the new block that adds the recent batch of the transaction data on a chain. They usually receive the fees and a reward of a new token.

Diversification It can be understood as a corporate strategy that a firm implements to increase market share and sales volume by introducing new products in the new industries or markets. This is distinct from the core business. Diversification means expanding a business by entering into a whole new segment or investing in the business external to the company's existing product line scope. Businesses use this strategy to manage the risk by using the potential feats during an economic slowdown.

Dollar-Cost Averaging This is a strategy that spreads out your fund or stock purchases at regular intervals and in roughly equal amounts. When it is done effectively, it can have great benefits for the portfolio. The main reason this happens is that the dollar cost averaging smoothens the purchase price over time and ensures that you are not dumping your money in a high point for the prices. This strategy can be powerful in the bear market, thus allowing you to purchase the dips of the purchase stock at low points when most investors fear to purchase. When you commit to this strategy, it means that you may be investing in when the stock or market is down.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Double-Spending This is one of the major concerns of a cryptocurrency developer. Double spending refers to an incidence where an individual spends a balance of the cryptocurrency more than once, creating a disparity in the process between the record spending and the amount of such a cryptocurrency available.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

E Eclipse Attack A node always depends on an x number of the nodes chosen using the peer selection strategy that views a distributed ledger.

Encryption This is the process of using the algorithm to the transformation to make it unreadable for the authorized users. The cryptographic methods safeguard sensitive data like credit cards for unauthorized data.

Enterprise Ethereum Alliance This is a member-led organization that aims to drive open standard technology to empower all enterprises.

ERC-20 This is a popular cryptocurrency system based on the use of the token and which can be bought, traded or sold. ERC 20 is one of the major tokens and is emerged as a technical standard for smart contracts.

Exchanges They offer a high varying degree of security, privacy, safety and control on your funds and data.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

F Falling Knife This type of stock represents those stocks that have experienced a speedy decline of the stocks. Besides, it can happen with other assets.

Fiat Fiat money means all types of money made legal bender by the government decree or fiat. This term is mainly reserved for the legal tender paper money or the coins that have the face values for exceeding the commodity values.

Fal Or Kill Order This is a specific market type order that shows a broker to execute an order immediately.

Fest Mover Advantage It refers to n advantage made by the firm that introduces a product/service first to market.

Fiscal Policy It is where the government uses its spending and taxation to influence an economy. This greatly helps the government.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Forced liquidation It is where an outsider party forces the sale of an asset of another party's asset.

Foreign exchange/forex Typically, this is an over the counter technique. Banks, firms or individuals convert one currency to another through foreign trading.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

G Gas Ethereum Gas is a unit that measures the amount of the computational effort taken for a certain operation to be executed. Every operation in Ethereum, be it a small contract execution or a transaction, needs some gas. Subsequently, miners get paid in Ether which is equivalent to the amount of gas used to execute and complete an operation.

Gas Limit This term is used in two ways in Ethereum. Usually, there is a limit to the total gas spent on transactions contained within a block. By limiting the gas used in every block, managing the growth of Ethereum blockchain and the cost of operating a node or miner becomes easier. Collectively, miners can increase or reduce Ethereum's block gas limit to a certain range. Theoretically, increasing the limit would enable an Ethereum network to process many transactions per second. Therefore, when the transactions begin to pile up, you will often hear the miner’s discussions signaling for the higher gas limits.

General Public License The GPL (General Public License) is one of GNU's most popular open-source licenses. Richard Stallman created the to safeguard the GNU’s software from being proprietary. It’s a great implementation of his concept referred to as “copyleft.” If you’ve used any component of a GPL in your software, then the whole software is considered the ‘work based on the GPL. As such, you aren’t allowed to claim copyright or patent on the software. Furthermore, you’re obligated to display a warranty disclaimer, copyright notice, copy of the GPL, and intact GPL notices.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Genesis Block The genesis block is the basis of the entire blockchain system and the prototype of all subsequent blocks in the blockchain. The genesis block is almost always hardcoded into the software of the applications using its blockchain. This is a special block that does not refer to the previous one. Each block, created from the moment zero, can automatically track the genesis block as its ancestor through links with the previous ones.

GitHub At Github’s heart is Git, an open-source project started by Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux. A trainer at Github, called Matthew McCullough, explains that Git manages and controls systems and stores revision of projects just like other versions. Even though it is mostly for code purposes, McCullough claims that Git can control the type of file, like Word documents or Final Cut projects. The Git repository uploaded to GitHub is accessible through the Git CLI and Git Commands. Github offers a Web-based graphical interface.

Gossip Protocols Gossip protocols are a family of protocols that enable eventual consistency in a distributed system. They sacrifice consistency, gain accessibility and resilience to separation. As such, Gossip protocols could be used to solve issues such as calculating averages.

Gwei Gwei is denoted in the Ethereum cryptocurrency (ETH) and is used on the Ethereum network. This Ethereum is also a blockchain platform just like Bitcoin where users can transact among themselves to purchase and sell goods & services without intermediaries or third-party intervention. Gwei is also called nanoester or simply nano to denote the ninth power of fractional ETH. If you try to imagine the physical size of gwei - how you can visualize 100 pennies - you probably won't be able to because measurements on the air are almost invisible, like digital dust.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

H Hacker There are tons of definitions for the term hacker, most of which have to do with technical competence and the pleasure of solving problems and overcoming obstacles. A hacker breaks into computer security to subsequently recommend practical ways to improve their protection mechanisms. The term hacker may also refer to professionals of the highest level, criminally using their knowledge and experience.

Halving Halving is the process of reducing the rate at which new units of cryptocurrency are generated. In particular, this refers to a periodically occurring event, the consequence of which is a decrease in the miners' reward for a successfully mined block.

Hard Cap The maximum amount of money a cryptocurrency can get from the investors in its ICO (Initial Coin Offering). An Initial Coin Offering is a limited-time procedure where new cryptocurrencies make their coins known publicly by selling them to people. Mostly, people invest in these coins with hopes that later on, the coins will be worth many times more than what was paid. A hard cap is larger than a smallcap.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Hash A hash is mainly a function that is one of the main components of modern cryptography and blockchain algorithm. Hashing is the transformation of information into a unique set of characters, which is inherent only in this array of incoming information. This set of characters will be called the hash.

Hash Rate It is a unit of measurement that determines the computing power of the Bitcoin network. The bitcoin network should be made of intensive mathematical operations for safety reasons. If the network reaches a hash rate of 10, it can make 10 trillion calculations per second.

Hashed TimeLock Contract (HTLC) Temporary Hash Lock Contract (HTLC) is a smart contract used in cryptocurrency channels to eliminate counterparty risk. This allows time-limited transactions to be implemented. In practice, this means that the transaction recipients must confirm the payment by creating cryptographic evidence within a specified period. Otherwise, the transaction will fail.

HODL This term is derived from misspelling the word "hold," which refers to purchaseand-hold strategies in the Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies context. HODL term originated in 2013 from a post on the bitcoin talk forum.

Honeypot This is a security system designed to detect and counteract any unauthorized access or the use of a computer system. Honeypot refers to the way the system traps unauthorized users like hackers or spammers.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

I Iceberg Orders An iceberg order is a large, single order split into smaller batches, usually with an automated program, to obscure the actual order quantity. The portion is then sent to market.

Immutability The blockchain ledger can remain unaltered. The blockchain data can't be changed. Each of information in the blockchain like transaction details or facts.

Index An index is a virtual set of securities collected according to some criterion. It helps to track the behavior of the securities market. When some securities rise in price and some fall in price, the index shows how much the market has risen or fallen on average.

Initial Coin Offering (ICO) An ( ICO ) is a funding type that uses cryptocurrency. When a project is in need of tokens, it conducts ICO to attract investors.

Initial Exchange Offering The Exchange's Initial Offering (IEO) enables firms to sell their tokens to investors to raise capital. IEO is usually administered by the crypto exchange for those startups that seek to raise their funds. The issuers of the tokens have to pay a fee with a percentage of tokens sold at the IEO. Then those tokens are sold on exchange platforms.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Initial Public Offering This is the process where a private firm can go public to sell its stocks to the general public. It could be a new or old firm that decides to be on an exchange list thus goes public. Firms can increase their capital with IPO by providing new shares to the public.

Integrated Circuit The IC is a small chip that can function as an amplifier, timer, microprocessor, oscillator, or computer memory. It is a small wafer made with silicon to hold many transistors capacitors or resistors. These small electronics can perform various calculations and even store info using digital or analog technology.

Interoperability It means the possibility of sharing values freely across the blockchain networks without intermediaries. Even though the lack of standards in blockchain may provide developers freedom, it will give the IT departments a tricky time when there is no interoperability.

InterPlanetary File System This is a peer-peer, content-addressed, version-controlled file system. It uses the concept of Computer Science such as Distributed Hash Table, BitSwap, MerkieDag.

Isolated Margin Isolated margin mode shows the margin placed in a position is isolated from a trader's account balance. The mode enables traders to control their risks according to the maximum amount a trader may lose from liquidation.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Issuance This means creating something and making it available. In cryptocurrency, issuance means the new cryptocurrency generation coins or tokens. The process can happen in various ways as per the parameters specified by the creators.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

J Jager One Jagger is a small unit of the BNB. For instance, one Satoshi is the smaller unit of Galcon. Many cryptocurrencies can only be divisible up to some decimals.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

K Know Your Customer (KYC) Even though this term may seem not significant to many people, it has an essential meaning in the world o business. The KYC is what firms do to verify their client's identities before starting doing business with them.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

L Latency It describes the type of delay. Normally, it refers to delays in transmitting or processing info due to various reasons. Two types of latency are network and disk latency. Network latency shows a delay taking place during the communication over a network. Disk latency is means the delay between the time info is requested from the storage device and when info starts being returned.

Law Of Demand It states that all actors being constant, the price and demand of a good/service is inversely related to each other. An increase in the price of commodities leads to a decrease in the demand for the same commodity.

Layer 2 Often referred to as an "off-chain" solution, its major purpose is to know the blockchain's transaction capacity while keeping the decentralized benefits of the protocol.

Ledger It is a system for keeping records of a firm's financial data. It has the debit and credit account records of the trial balance.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Lightning Network It adds a new Blockchain layer to allow users to create payment channels between two parties. The channels can exist for a long time, and the transaction will be instant with low fees.

Liquidity It refers to the ease an asset/security can be converted to cash without affecting the market price. Simply put, it describes the extent to which the asset can be easily bought or sold at a price reflecting the intrinsic value.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

M Mainnet This is a major blockchain network for the project to run after being tested on the test net.

Mainnet Swap It comprises of switching from one blockchain to another. The swap occurs when a crypto project moves from the third-party platform to its native blockchain network.

Malware It is a collection of various malicious variants like viruses, spyware, and ransomware.

'Margin Trading' It refers to the procedure where the investors buy more stocks than they can afford.

Market Capitalization It means the total value of the firm's shares of stock. It is derived by multiplying the stock price by its total outstanding shares.

Market Momentum It is the acceleration of the price of stock movement. Actually, it is one of the major determinants of the stock's behavior.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Market Order This is an order that can buy/sell the crypto coins and tokens at a given price. The market order aims to fill the order.

Masternode This is a governing hub in the crypto networks. A node is any computing device that maintains a network.

Mempool It is where the valid transactions wait for confirmation from the Bitcoin network. The higher the mempool size, the more the network traffic.

Merged Mining It is the process that allows two cryptocurrencies of the same algorithm to be mined simultaneously.

Markel Tree It is also referred to as a hash tree. Markel tree is a data structure that is used to verify data and synchronize.

Metadata It is the data that describes other data. Meta implies an underlying meaning/description.

Mining This is a procedure of adding the records of a transaction to the public ledger of Bitcoin of the past transactions.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Monetary Policy It os macroeconomic policy from the central bank, mainly involving managing money supply and the interest rates.

Moon The phrase used when the prices of the cryptocurrency are rising is "to the moon." If a token is "mooning," it implies that price is at its peak.

Multisignature It means requiring many keys to authorize a Bitcoin transaction.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

N Node This is a device like a computer with a full copy of the blockchain's transaction history. There are seven nodes that are connected and run a blockchain together.

Non-Fungible Tokens Also, know as NFTs, they contain identifying data recorded in their smart contracts. This data makes each of the NFTs different. Thus, they can't be directly replaced by any other token.

Nonce A nonce in cryptography is an arbitrary number that can be used only once in cryptographic communication. It's often a random number issued in the authentication protocol to ensure that the old communications are not reused in replay attacks.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

O Off-Chain Off-chain transactions are those transactions that occur on the cryptocurrency network, moving the value outside the blockchain. Due to its low cost, off-chain transactions are becoming more popular, more so in large participants.

Offshore Account Offshore means a location outside the national boundaries. This term can be used to mean foreign banks, investments, deposits and corporations. A firm may move offshore legitimately with the main aim of avoiding tax. Also, offshore financial firms can be used for an illicit business like money laundering or tax evasion.

One Cancels The Other (OCO) This is considered the major basic form of trade automation. OCO is an order that combines two entry orders. Basically, it is a conditional order that means that when an order is executed, the remaining one is cancelled automatically.

Open Source Software This software is released through a certain type of license, making its source code legally available to users. Software is considered open-source when it's only available in the source code form without any additional cost. This means that the users can see the code that has software and make any changes they want.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Order Blocks These are different ways of looking at resistance/support and demand/supply. A trader can use the concept of order blocks to enhance his trading skills and chart readings in two possibilities. One is by identifying the re-entry opportunities into the reversal trades, and two is by finding key high-impact price levels.

Orphan Blocks These are verified and valid blocks, but the blockchain network does not accept them. The orphan blocks are rejected valid blocks, but they remain detached blocks in the cryptocurrency network.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

P Paper Wallet Simply put, paper wallets are an offline cold storage method of saving cryptocurrency. It entails printing your public and private keys on paper to help you store and save in a safe place. Usually, the keys are printed in QR code form for easier. scanning

Passive Management This is the opposite of active management, where the manager of the fund tries to beat the market with several investing strategies with buying and selling decisions the securities of the portfolio.

P2P P2P means "peer to peer". The peers are the computer systems that are connected to each other through the internet. It makes it possible to share files directly between the systems on the network without a central server. P2P network is a file server and a client.

Pegged Exchange Rate This is also referred to as a fixed exchange rate. It is where one country's currency is tied to the usually stronger currency like the US dollar or euro. Its main purpose is to attempt to maintain the value of the currency.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Phishing It is a cyber attack that uses distinguished email as a weapon. Its main goal is to trick email recipients into believing that the message is something they need or want.

Plasma It is a framework that enables the child blockchain to be created which uses the Ethereum chain as an arbitration lawyer. Here, the configuration of the child chains can be conducted to match the demands of cases that aren't feasible on Ethereum.

Ponzi Scheme This is an investment fraud that pays the existing investors with the funds collected from the new investors. The organizers of the Ponzi scheme promise to invest your funds to generate high returns with little/no risk. In many schemes, the fraudsters don't invest the money, but they rather use it to pay people who invested earlier.

Price Action This is a methodology for the financial market speculation that comprises of analysis of the basic price. Many retail traders and institutional traders use this method to provide the price direction of a financial market.

Private Key In the Bitcoin context, a private key is a secret number that enables bitcoins to be spent. Each bitcoin wallet has one or more private keys saved on a wallet file. Private keys are "ticket" which enables a person to spend bitcoins. As such, the keys should be kept secret and safe.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Progressive Web Application The progressive web app uses the latest technology to combine the best web and mobile applications. Think of it as a site built using web technologies but serves and feels like an app.

Proof of Stake (POS) The POS concept states that a person can validate or mine block transactions according to the number of coins she holds. The more the Bitcoin/altcoin, the more the mining power he has.

Pseudorandom A pseudorandom number generator is a program or function that uses math to show randomness.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Q Quantum Computer This computer harnesses the mystical phenomena of the quantum mechanics to bring large leaps in the processing power.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

R Race Attack It is a specific type of double-spend attempt and needs the recipient to accept unconfirmed transactions like payments.

Ransomware This is a malware that encrypts in the files of the victim. The attacker will then demand a ransom to recover access to data after payment. The users are shown how to pay the fee to get the description key.

Rekt It is defined as completely ruined or destroyed. And it means a total financial loss in cryptocurrency.

Relative Strength Index (RSI) It was developed by J. Welles Wilder and means a momentum that measures speed and change in price movements. RSI oscillates between 0 and 100.

Return on Investment (ROI) This is one of the most common probability ratios. ROI can be determined by dividing the net profit by the total assets.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

S Satoshi It is currently the smallest bitcoin currency unit recorded on a blockchain. It's one hundred millionths of a single bitcoin (0.00000001 BTC).

Secure Asset Fund for Users This is an emergency insurance fund that safeguards the future interests of the users.

Security & Exchange Commissions (SEC) This is an independent government regulatory body that safeguards investors, maintaining a fair and the orderly functioning of security markets.

Security Audit This is a high-level description of the ways an organization can assess and test overall security like cybersecurity.

Seed Phrase Also known as the seed recovery phrase, it's a list of words that stores all the info needed to restore Bitcoin funds on-chain. Wallet software generates a seed phrase and shows the user to write it on paper.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Segregated Witness SegWit is the name given to the Bitcoin protocol upgrade that was upgraded on 23rd Aug. Like in decentralized blockchain, if the algorithm of the Bitcoin requires updating, it's upon the Bitcoin developers to agree on when to make a change and how.

Selfish Mining Attack It is also referred to as a block withholding attack, which describes a malicious attempt to discredit the network integrity. The selfish mining attacks happen when an individual attempts to withhold validation from being broadcast to the mining pool network.

Sell Walls Huge sell walls show that a cryptocurrency is being liquidated, and they are often a negative indication of the coin's health. A cell wall is when there are large sell order blocks for the coin set at a specific price. The wall works to prevent sell orders from being executed at a high price than the wall limit.

Sharpe Ratio It is a measure of the risk-adjusted return of the financial portfolio. A portfolio that has a high Sharpe ratio is more superior.

Snapshot Traditionally, this term means the ability to record a computer system's state at a certain time. In cryptocurrency, the term means the act of recording a blockchain's block state on a particular block height.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Source Code It is the fundamental component of the computer program created by a programmer. When a sequence of C programming language is typed into Windows Notepad and saves that sequence as textiles, the file is said to be a source code.

StableCoin It aims to bridge the gap between the benefits of cryptocurrencies and the stable nature provided by flat currencies. A stable coin is needed when the price of Bitcoin rises, or it is unsustainable.

Staking Pool The staking pool enables many stakeholders to combine the computational resources to increase the chances of being rewarded.

State Channels It refers to the process of users transacting with each other directly outside a blockchain. This minimizes their use of 'on-chain' operations.

Store of Value A currency, commodity or other types of capital can be traded and stored for future use. Store of value is an important component of the economic system since it enables trade to happen with those items of inherent value.

Super Computer This is a specialized computer that greatly surpasses the technical parameters and the speed of computing. A modern supercomputer is a huge device consisting of memory modules; processors, boards united into computational nodes connected by a network.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

T Taker If you place an order and it is immediately filled, you're a taker, and you pay a taker fee. The idea is that you're taking the price you want by buying/selling limit orders.

Ticker Every cryptocurrency has a ticker to identify it when trading on an exchange or to view the trading cart.

Tokens They are also called crypto assets. They are special virtual currency tokens found on their blockchains and represent a utility or an asset.

Token Lockup It refers to the specific period where cryptocurrency tokens can't be traded or transacted. Normally, they are used as a preventive strategy to maintain the stable long-term value of an asset.

Token Sale It is commonly known as an initial coin offering. It is a limited time of sale of the predefined crypto tokens to the public.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Transaction ID (TXID) Sometimes, TXIDs are called hashes or transaction hashes. Times, the recipient of the cryptocurrency transfer may request the transaction ID from you to confirm you have sent the payment.

Trustless Blockchains are trustless when there are mechanisms in place where all parties can reach a consensus on the canonical truth.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

U Unit of Account In economics, it's a function of money. The value of something is measured in a specific currency.

Unspent Transactions Outputs (UTXOs) Only UTXOs can be spent as an input in another transaction while spent outputs are already spent. Normally, you require UTXO or output of the unspent transaction to make a transaction.

User Interface A user interface is a set of software and hardware that allows a user to interact with a computer.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

V Verification Code This is a security protection method that is used to prevent internet robots from spamming web forms.

Virtual Machine Virtual machines are software computers that provide all the capabilities of physical computers. Applications and the operating system run on them in the same way as on physical computers. However, virtual machines are computer files that run on a physical computer and whose behaviour is similar to that of physical computers. In other words, virtual machines are used as separate computer systems.

Vladimir Club This is a club created by Bitcoin Talk forum users in 2021 for Bitcoin. Any person owning 1% of the total supply of Bitcoin becomes a member of this club.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

W Wallet This is a digital wallet that enables users to store and manage their ether and bitcoin.

Weak Subjectivity It is a concept that describes a requirement found on the Proof of Stake blockchains, where the nodes rely on other nodes to determine the system's current state.

Whale Refers to individuals/entities that hold huge amounts of digital currencies.

Whitelisting This is a security feature found on all Gemini customers. It makes sure that the cryptocurrency in your account can only be sent to a known withdrawal address.

WINk WINk (WIN) is a blockchain-based on decentralized gaming ecosystem. It is issued as TRC10 or BEP2 token.

Wick It is a line found on the candlestick chart to show where the asset's price is fluctuating.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED

Z Zero-Knowledge Proof It is a method where one party(prover) can prove to another party (verifier) that they know the value x without conveying any other data.

Zk-SNARK (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge) This means a construction proof where an individual can prove possessions of specific information.

"51% Attack" Usually, attackers use 51% of attacks to reverse the transactions that have already taken place in the blockchain.

A TO Z GLOSSARY OF BLOCKCHAIN TERMS FROM BASICS TO ADVANCED