THE FABRIC OF RAFAH. Thesis Project by Nicholas du Bern Thesis Supervisor : Dr Janet McGaw Melbourne School of Design, 2016.
THIS STORM WILL PASS
(AFP, 2009)
RAFAH REFUGEE CAMP
THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
CONTENTS Thesis Statement History of Conflict Mapping Space : Striated and Smooth Who’s Affected? How are they Affected The Debris of War Introduction to the Gabion Precedents Traditions in Arabic Culture Traditions in Palestinian Architecture Parti / Idea Generation Building System Community Sustainability Plan Drawing Set - Diagrams, Plans + Sections Isometric Drawings Hara Imagery Bibliography
THESIS STATEMENT
2 4 5 - 10 11 - 14 16 18 20 22 23 - 34 36 37 - 42 44 45 - 52 54 55 - 64 65 - 65 69 - 74 78
RAFAH REFUGEE CAMP
THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
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THESIS STATEMENT.
DWELLINGS IN RUIN RAFAH REFUGEE CAMP (UNWRA, 2004)
THESIS STATEMENT
Historically and currently, conflict, violence and war has destroyed many number of dwellings and displaced millions of people around the world. With a deep and complex history of conflict, Palestinians and Israeli have been in a near constant conflict for decades. The notion of space and its occupation is one the main points on conflict between the two groups. The Israeli Defense Force has created a tactic of warfare called ‘Inverse Geometry’ which sees philosophy and architectural theory justify the re-organisation of the urban syntax and enabled the Israeli army to ‘walk through walls’. This restructuring of the meaning of space breaks ingrained constructs within architecture along with the material in which it is made from. How can the process of restructuring a material and how it is forms architecturally, reinstate the traditions of private space?
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JERUSALEM 1839
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HISTORY OF CONFLICT. The conflict over Palestine started in the early 1900’s but was formalized by the British and United Nations in 1947 when they divided Palestine into three states, Israel (Jewish State) and the Palestinians states (Arab States) of Gaza and the West Bank. To make a very long and complex story short, The leaders of Palestine rejected the separated state solution over a unified country which lead to conflict and the 1948 civil war. This war saw Israel gain far more land that was originally devised in the 1947 divisions.
HISTORY
In 1967 an escalation in tensions between Israel, Palestine and their Arab neighbors, the Six Day War commenced seeing both the West bank and the Gaza Strip under occupation. This conflict pushed 500,000 Palestinians from the West Bank into neighboring Jordan as Refugees. In 2005, Israel officially withdrew its occupation of Gaza but Gaza remains under a full blockade to the present day. The conflict between the state Israel and the Palestinian Territories remains an unending cycle of violence and retribution. Although Israeli citizens live with the fear of rocket attacks from Hamas, Palestinian civilians bear an unjust amount of violence due to the conflict. (Hayworth, 2014)
JERUSALEM 1839 BY DAVID ROBERTS (ROBERTS)
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PALESTINE - ISRAEL
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BOUNDARIES IN FLUX This map shows the movements of defined borders of Palestine and emergence of Israel from the early 1900’s to the present day.
GAZA
GAZA IN CONFLICT This map shows the destruction of structures from operation Cast Lead to Protective Edge.
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
RAFAH
EGYPT
GOOGLEMAPS
16 DEC 2003
OPERATION CAST LEAD
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OPERATION RAINBOW
31 DEC 2004
24 JUL 2008
05 JUL 2010
14 JAN 2013
21 JAN 2013
14 JUN 2007
07 APR 2012
29 JUL 2014
RAFAH BY GOOGLE EARTH WITH CONFLICTS (Google Maps 2016)
02 JUL 2007
05 MAY 2012
OPERATION PROTECTIVE EDGE
05 SEP 2014
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ARE THE MAPS TRUTHFUL?
OPERATION RETURN ECHO
OPERATION HOT WINTER
PROPOSED SITE
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SITE HIGHLIGHTED IN RED (Google Maps 2016)
Google Maps Israel credited as 2016.
The Gaza Platform showing the number and general areas of the destruction of dwellings in operation Protective edge.
2014 Map from Amnesty Internationals and Forensic Architectures interactive map The Gaza Platform on the 2014 Conflict.
ZONES OF CONFLICT AND DIGITAL VISION
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SITE
Open Street map above shows how western mapping techniques are unable to map the complexity of rafahs urban fabric. The camps formation in 1948 follows traditional Arabic urban planning that is organic in growth.
ZONE OF CONFLICT
Rafah Refugee Camp as of 2000 as stated by UNHCR.
Demolition zone from 2004.
STRIATED
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IDF SWARM TACTICS Diagram of movement by the IDF shows how they undermined the traditional notion of structure by passing through walls and not using doors. (Weizman 2007)
SPACE
SMOOTH
Space and the control of it is one of the main factor in the conflict. The IDF have used writings from Philosophy and architectural theory to aid in the redefining of the urban syntax and termed this ‘inverse geometry’. This was a swarming technique that saw the army groups burrowing through dwellings in 3 dimensions of movement (walls, ceilings and floors).
Deleuzes idea of Smooth and Striated Space STRIATED or THE STATE: The state is the consolidator (the structure) which captures the nomads creativity and absorbs it into its structure. SMOOTH or THE NOMAD: this is an agent that runs counter to ‘the state’ and is aggressively creative and adaptive. (Deleuze, Guattari 1988) In this case, the house and its layout being of traditional Palestinian urban form of attached housing being used as the battlefield was the STRIATED SPACE and the organic infesting flow of the IDF army units burrowing through space was the act of SMOOTHING of SPACE. (Weizman 2007)
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
TUNNELS AS AN ACT OF SMOOTH SPACE
In 2007, the Israel and Egypt imposed an embargo on the Gaza Strip and halted all imports that were not considered to be of the nature of sustaining human life. The borders and their fences became the structure of the state.
STRIATED or THE STATE: The act of the blockade became the structure or the state which set the parameters for the living within the space. This structure was aimed to strangle the nomad into submission.
STRIATED
SMOOTH or THE NOMAD: Tunneling under the border was a smooth movement which undermined the states structure and creatively adapted to the structure. The state needs to consolidate the actions of the nomad and by doing so the IDF justified the expansion of the borders buffer zone to 300meters seeing the demolition of 2500 homes (10% of Rafahs population). To undermine this action the state, the dwelling needs to become fluid or reactive in response to the constant threat of demolition.
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TUNNELER & RAFAH TUNNEL DIAGRAM (UNRWA 2004)
SMOOTH
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QAWM
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PALESTINIAN QAWM, 1928 A large extended family group spanning generations. TOP (The Family Album) BOTTOM (D9R bulldozer, 2016)
WHO’S AFFECTED?
The extended family is still the main social unit in Rafah, this is the main kind of housing group. As with other refugee camps in Gaza, population density is extremely high, with many people crowded into small living spaces. Extended families often own clusters of houses; typically, there is a small house from earlier days in the camp, often with nothing more than an asbestos roof. As sons start their own families, they build new homes nearby or extend the current home if possible. In many cases, families build multi-story houses, with each son starting his own family on a different floor. (Human Rights Watch 2004) Total Population: 1,869,055 Total Refugee Population: 1,258,559 Total Internally Displaced People in 2015: 221,000 (12% total pop) Total Refugees in Rafah: 140,000
THE FAMILY UNIT
Religion in Gaza: 98% Muslim (predominately Sunni), 1% Christian, 1% Other The dwelling unit of Rafah is linked to the faith of Islam. Islam is an important factor within the built fabric of Palestine. Islamic societies hold importance in the qawm or clam which formed due pressures of life in living in typically arid environments. Clan loyalty supersedes loyalty to the state. Security of the individual is gained when living in clan settlements. (Ragette, 2003) Family Unit: Nuclear (Mother, Father, Daughters & Sons) Extended Family (Nucler family with Son who is Married) Multi-Generational Family (Greater Extended Family)
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UNDERMINING THE STATE
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HOW ARE THEY AFFECTED? EMBARGO
Since the election of Hamas in 2007 Israel imposed a air, sea and land blockage of the state. The following list is from interviews with Palestinian traders and businesspersons, international organizations, and the Palestinian Coordination Committee. No official list of items has been released from the IDF but the UN has stated that material flows have increased after the 2014 destruction ,stable flow is a major problem with unpredictable movement of materials. (OCHA 2016)
SKID FULL OF BUILDING MATERIAL Massive amounts of materials are brought into Gaza through tunnels. (Abed 2012)
THE BLOCKADES EFFECTS
RESTRICTED IMPORTS -PLASTER -TAR -WOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION -CEMENT -IRON -TARPAULIN SHEETS -FABRIC -VARIOUS FISHING NETS
PERMITTED IMPORTS -WOOD (FOR DOORS AND WINDOW FRAMES) -ALUMINUM -SOIL FOR AGRICULTURE -PLASTIC CRATES -PLANTER TRAYS -GREENHOUSE NYLON -GREENHOUSES NETTING -ROPE
(GISHA 2010)
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
DEBRIS OF WAR : CONCRETE, CINDER BLOCK & BRICK The 2014 hostilities seen in operation protective edge resulted in large scale destruction to the built environment of the Gaza Strip. Concrete is by far the most used building material in Gaza and so a large amount of debris from war is concrete. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has rubble recovery schemes in place to aid in the recycling of solid building materials but the recycled material is mainly re-used as aggregates in road reconstruction. (Bjerregaard 2010) The direct reuse of material will be preferred if materials are salvageable, this will be implanted in the sorting stage and materials for reuse will be separated then.
DESTRUCTION
The main constituents in debris from Gaza is Concrete in both blocks and cast elements, Bricks and masonry, rock and stone, and metal in the form of framing and reinforcement. (UNDP 2015) These will be the main focus of materials reused. WHAT: Concrete, Brick and Cinder block are the most common building material in contemporary Gaza. Containers of wire gabions and material bags for sandbags. WHY: Material that is readily available throughout Gaza as extensive damage has occurred. Material has good thermal properties to reflect the harsh environment of Gaza. The material is heavy and can be used as protection (if reasonable thickness is created) from small - medium arms fire. HOW: The material can be up-cycled at different stages of being broken down. Large aggregates can be used in Gabions, and smaller aggregates can be used in concrete of sand bagging. WHO: The use of Gabions and Sandbags means that any able bodied person may help in the construction process.
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RECONSTRUCTION
DESTROYED HOME IN GAZA (TRAUPE 2010)
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RUBBLE-BAGS - GABIONS
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CONCRETE RECYCLING
GABIONS, SANDBAGS & A MOBILE CONCRETE RECYCLING PLANT (TRAUPE 2010)
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GABION
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PRECEDENT
Hanil Visitors Centre & Guest House BCHO Architects (BCHO Architects 2015)
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UP-CYCLING
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PRECEDENT
SAWMILL HOUSE ARCHIER This house was made from 270 reclaimed concrete blocks. (Hosking)
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RUBBLE FILLED GABION
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PRECEDENT
GABION HOUSES Houses built out of rubble after the Haiti earthquake in 2010 (Oxfam 2012)
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SAND-BAG
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PRECEDENT
10x10 SANDBAG HOUSE DESIGN SPACE AFRICA Houses built as cost effective means to house the poor in Mitchell’s Plain in South Africa. (Design Space Africa 2009)
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THE WATCHTOWERS OF GAZA THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
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ISRAELI OBSERVATION
WATCHTOWERS TAYSIR BATNIJI (Batniji 2008)
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SNIPER SCREENS
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SKEWING OBSERVATIONS
VEILED ALEPPO FRANCO PAGETTI (Pagetti 2013)
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ORGANIC PLANNING
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RESPECTING TRADITIONS
TRADITIONS OF ARABIC ARCHITECTURE - Organic in formation: infill over planning. The Hara (block) is a close knit community who dwell together. - Thin streets to keen the area shaded - Wall to wall houses saves space with private interior spaces. The courtyard over backyard. - Flat roofs utilise this space. Also good sleeping space on hot nights. - Flat roofs create spanning problems that create smaller internal spaces typically 3.5M - 5m. - Space adhere to a typical code. Public, semi public, private : off axis entry, iwan, basement, screens. - Hierarchy of space, there are strict rules about who may live and use certain areas of the house . “Proverbially the Arab house is never finished� - the dwelling in constant flux. (Ragette, 2003)
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
THICK BLACK LINES
GF Plan
1F Plan
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A - A Section
A PALESTINIAN TYPOLOGY
B - B Section
Elevation
HOUSE GURKIS JERUSALEM Wall to wall infill design to fit inbetween other buildings. Centralised axial courtyard that is stepped back at each level to gain the most out of the floor area. Floor arrangement repeated. (Ragette 2003)
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THICK BLACK LINES
THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
GF Plan
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A PALESTINIAN TYPOLOGY
A - A Section
HOUSE MIGUEL BETHLEHEM Classic courtyard house that houses a multi-generational family, each nuclear family unit use 2 adjoining rooms each. Multiple entrances with an enclosed off axis public entrance. A cistern is used to collect rain water. (Ragette 2003)
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
THICK BLACK LINES
GF Plan
1F Plan
HOUSE BARGHUTI DEIR RASANE
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Broken entry that leads to the semi public formal area upstairs. Down stairs is private spaces like bedrooms and cooking facilities etc. Extensive use of roof area. (Ragette 2003)
A PALESTINIAN TYPOLOGY
SECTION THROUGH BUNKER Paul Virilio extensively looked at the bunker typologies of WWII. (Virilio 2008)
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
EL TUNN ZONE
WHY RAFAH?
RAFAH MAP
IDEAS
SITE
IDF WATCH TOWER
FFER
BU 300M
ZONE
DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS & AGRICULTURE IN 2014.
ER
BORD
0M
40
E
NG
RA
UNDERMINING DEBRIS. Rubble of war is normally seen as collateral damage in the act of war but how can rubble flow into the next dwelling of its original occupier?
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PARTI MODEL
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
BUILDING SYSTEM
THE UNITS OF CONSTRUCTION
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GABION A Gabion is a cage filled with an aggregate to create a solid unit.
CORNER JOINT
EXTENSION JOINT
SCREW JOINT
CONCRETE TOP PLATE
BUILDING SYSTEM
MATERIAL FORMWORK
GABION WIRE
MATERIAL BACKING
GABION UNITS - Wire cage : made of 4 sides and a bottom - Material backing : stops materials falling though and finishes internal side - Concrete Top-plate : this closes the gabion and helps create a solid base for another gabion to sit on top, creating a taller protective wall.
GABION CONNECTIONS Gabions in nature are a flexible in arrangement and connections become important. Simple loop and pin joints as well as spiral screw connectors allow for flexible assembly
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
WIRE OUTER
RUBBLE FILL
MATERIAL CASE
CONCRETE TOP
BUILDING SYSTEM
MAIN GABION 1200 x 1000 x 2700mm
XL GABION 2000 x 2000 x 2700mm
BEVELED GABION Used on the 2nd floor to reduce weight and allow for more light.
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CORNER DETAIL Mesh cut and looped to fit.
WINDOW GABION Beveled to allow for deeper light penetration.
2ND FLOOR GABION 1200 x 1000 x 2400mm
SHORT GABION 1200 x 1000 x 1000mm Used with windows & lowering perimeter walls.
FINE MESH
GLAZED BLOCK COURSE
PRODUCTION
GLASS FILL
LIGHT GABION
BUILDING SYSTEM
LIGHT GABION 400 x 1000 x 2700mm The light gabion is a way to allow light into spaces where windows may not be needed. The gabion would have a finer mesh as well as a course of fused glass blocks created by slumping. Behind the block course, the gabion could be filled with unbroken and broken bottles.
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
INTERIOR
BUILDING SYSTEM
SINGLE WINDOW
INTERIOR
DOUBLE WINDOW
LARGE WINDOW SET 1200 x 1500mm Timber framed windows with simple construction techniques means ease of production on-site. Glass panes are kept to a small size means ease of importation and transportation. A pre cast concrete lintel (300 x 300mm) supports the weight from above.
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INTERIOR
SINGLE WINDOW
BUILDING SYSTEM
INTERIOR
DOUBLE WINDOW
HIGH WINDOW SET 1200 x 500mm The high windows are aimed to allow for cross ventilation and light whilst maintaining security and privacy. The windows lower edge sit at 1800mm and so above the average sightline. The windows uses the same construction as the large windows.
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
BUILDING SYSTEM
RUBBLE BAG WALL
RUBBLE BAG WALL 600 x 300 x 200mm
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Rubble bag walls will be uses as secondary walls that do not need to carry large loads. This is a more cost effective method than using metal mesh gabions.
FLOOR JOIST AND JOIST FILLER SET UP
BUILDING SYSTEM
JOIST FILLER BAG 550 x 200 x 300mm Joist filler bags are a simple way to hold the joist in place through compression of the gabion wall above the floor.
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COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILTY THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
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COMMUNITY SECURITY
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Sale of Gabions and Rubble Bags The factory that starts the construction of the community, once finished with their own Hara, production would continue supplying other areas in need of a cost effective building method. AQUAPONICS Food Security though Aquaculture and Hydroponics 40% of Gazans lack food security. I propose house-hold aquaponic systems as well as community based commercial aquaponic systems to secure the communities food and if possible to create a viable business in produce. WATER TANKS Water collection to combat water Gazas shortages The Gaza strip sees similar rainfall to that of Melbourne. This amount of rain should be enough to supplement the communities water needs if large enough tanks are installed. SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITY Tunnel Economy.
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
DESIGN
THE NEW HARA OF RAFAH
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PARTI
RESTRUCTURING OF THE COMMUNITY A Hara is a traditional arabic walled community that hold likeminded and extended family groups. The parti above shows a consolidation of effected people from the IDF assults near the border.
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PLANNING
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N 0
5
10
20
HARA ZONING PLAN
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EXISTING BUILDINGS OBSERVATION TOWERS NUCLEAR FAMILY DWELLING EXTENDED FAMILY DWELLING MULTI-GENERATIONAL FAMILY DWELLING COMMUNITY AREA COMMUNITY TUNNELS AREAS OF INDUSTRY
DIAGRAM 58
SPACE DIVISION
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N 0
5
10
20
HARA SPACE LAYOUT PLAN
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COURTYARD RECEPTION AREA IWAM / GALLERY / TRANSITION SPACE BAIT / ROOM (INTERCHANGEABLE SPACE) WET AREA STORE TUNNEL ENTRY AQUAPONICS - POND
DIAGRAM
AQUAPONICS - GARDEN FACTORY - GABIONS, RUBBLE BAGS, KILNS
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
B
PLANS
A
A B
N 0
5
10
20
HARA GROUND FLOOR PLAN
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PLANS
N 0
5
10
20
HARA FIRST FLOOR PLAN
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PLANS
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N 0
5
10
20
HARA TUNNEL PLAN
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SECTIONS
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SECTION B - B
SECTION A - A
THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
N.E. ISO
N.W. ISO
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S.E. ISO
ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
S.W. ISO ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS This set of drawings depict a single dwelling of a nuclear family unit at the heart of the hara.
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EXPLODED ISOMETRIC
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EXPLODED ISOMETRIC DRAWING This shows the break down of construction of one particular dwelling within the Hara.
DRAWING 68
ENTRY
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MAIN ENTRY This image shows the main entry with the observation tower riseing above to gain a good view of possible future dangers.
IWAM
1ST FLOOR IWAM An Iwam is an outdoor area that see the transition of space from outdoor to indoor, public to private.
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COURTYARD
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COURTYARD A larger type house that boasts a large courtyard that has a household aquaponic set up to obtain food security. Also shown is a windcatching tower in the rear.
TUNNEL ENTRY
TUNNEL ENTRY ROOM These rooms are normally situated between two houses as well as a laneway to allow access to the tunnnels by the greater community of the hara.
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LANEWAY
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COURTYARD A larger type house that boasts a large courtyard that has a household aquaponic set up to obtain food security. Also shown is a windcatching tower in the rear.
COMMUNAL SPACE
TUNNEL ENTRY ROOM These rooms are normally situated between two houses as well as a laneway to allow access to the tunnnels by the greater community of the hara.
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
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رمت ةفصاعلا هذهو THIS STORM WILL PASS
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THE FABRIC OF RAFAH
BIBLIOGRAPHY Abed, M 2012, ‘Palestinian men transport bags of cement through tunnels used for smuggling goods, including food, fuel and building materials, along the GazaEgypt border in Rafah’, Digital Photograph, viewed 30th August 2016, <http:// english.al-akhbar.com/node/11454> Batniji, T 2008, Watchtowers, Photographs, viewed 20th August 20016, < http://www.taysirbatniji.com/en/photography/watchtowers,-2008> BCHO Architects, 2015, Hanil Cement Visitors Centre & House, Digital Photograph, viewed 25th August 2016, < http://www.bchoarchitects.com/ ws/?projects=hanil-cement-visitors-center-and-house> Bjerregaard, M 2010, MSB/UNDP debris management guidelines, Swedish civilc contingency agency (MSB), viewed 21st August 2016, <https://www. sheltercluster.org/sites/default/files/docs/Debris%20Management%20 Guidelines%202010.pdf> Central Intelligence Agency 2015, Gaza Strip, The world fact book, viewed 28th August 2016, < https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ geos/gz.html>
REFRENCES
Conti, L, Barbari, M, & Monti, M 2016, ‘Design of Sustainable Agricultural Buildings. A Case Study of a Wine Cellar in Tuscany, Italy’, Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems, viewed 21st August 2016, <http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/eds/pdfviewer/ pdfviewer?sid=51f3edfb-8be9-463b-acb5-a52cacf6e0b8%40sessionmgr101 &vid=1&hid=103> D9R bulldozer, 2016, Caterpillar D9 Wikipedia, viewed 27th August 2016, <https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/IDF-D9-ZachiEvenor-001.jpg> Deleuze, G, Guattari, F 1988, A thousand plateaus : capitalism and schizophrenia, The Athlones Press, London, pp 474 Design Space Africa, 2009, ‘Design indaba 10 x 10 sandbag housing’, Digital Photographs, viewed 25th August 2016, <http://www.designspaceafrica.com/ index/#/design-indaba-10-x-10/> Google Earth, Gisha 2010, Partial list of items prohibited/permitted into the Gaza Strip, Gisha legal centre for freedom of movement, viewed 20th August 2016, <http://gisha. org/publication/1632> Hosking, B , Sawmill house by Archier Architects, Digital Photograph, viewed 28th August 2016, <http://www.archier.com.au/sawmill/>
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Human Rights Watch 2004, ‘Razing Rafah : mass home demolitions in the Gaza Strip’, viewed 20th August 2016, <https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/10/17/ razing-rafah/mass-home-demolitions-gaza-strip> Manchester, E 2005, ‘Untitled (Stairs) 2001’, Tate Modern, viewed 23rd August 2016, <http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/whiteread-untitled-stairs-t07939/ text-summary> OCHA 2016, Gaza: two years after, United nations country team in the state of Palestine, viewed 26th August 2016, < http://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/ files/gaza_war_2_years_after_english.pdf> Oxfam, 2012, Gabion Houses, Oxfam in Haiti : one year after, Digital Photographs, viewed 25th August 2016, < http://www.oxfam.ca/oxfam-haitione-year-after> Oxford Dictionary (online version) 2016, ‘Definition of space in english’, viewed 24th August 2016, <http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ space> Pagetti, F, 2013, Veiled Allepo, Photographs, Vii Photo, viewed 20th August 2016, < http://viiphoto.com/articles/veiled-aleppo/>
REFRENCES
Ragette, F 2003, Traditional domestic architecture of the Arab region, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, pp. 19Suh, D H 2011, ‘348 West 22nd Street, Apt. A, New York NY 10011, USA’, Sculpture, viewed 20th August 2016, <http://cs.vmovier.com/Uploads/ post/2015-05-27/5565354943d60.jpg> The Family Album, Your pictures your memory our history, The Palestinian Museum, viewed 28th August 2016, <http://www.palmuseum.org/projects/thefamily-album#ad-image-thumb-1657> UNRWA 2004, Rafah smuggling tunnels, Digial Image, Seen at the angry architect blog, viewed 24th August 2016, < http://angryarchi.com/blog/tag/ guides/page:3> Whiteread, R 2004, ‘Mapping Traces: A Conversation with Rachel Whiteread’ (blog post), viewed 15th august 2016, <http://www.sculpture.org/documents/ scmag04/april04/WebSpecials/whiteread.shtml> Wong, P 2016, Spatial maquette of the main staircase of the Tristian Tzara House by Adolf Loos, Digital image, The plan journal, viewed 20th August 2016, <http://theplanjournal.com/article/casting-call-spatial-impressions-workrachel-whiteread>
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