ARCH 353 SPRING 2022 BOOK by Nick Goldschmidt

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Studio Financial Sponsors Mode Associates Lake | Flato Design Collaborators Lake | Flato: Ryan Yaden, Adie Hailat, Adam Mar n, Allison Peitz, Sam Rusek LPA Design: Silke Frank, Ellie O’ Connor, Krista Scheib, Jamie Intervalo, Ma hew Porreca, Ma hew Winter Taylor Design: Kevin Hinrichs, Teresa Endres, Marcus Simons, Rachel Hole, Madison Agnew, Shawna Hinrichs Other Reviewers Cal Poly Faculty: Angela Bracco, Ryan Brocke , Andrew Goodwin, Alex Hirsig, Jeﬀ Ponitz, Barry Williams Cal Poly Peers: Alan Guerrero, Joel Foster, Max Heintz, Howard Hayes, Chris Rocha Studio White: Mason Bechtold, Anjali Beekam, Van Doan, Holly Dufek, Cas Espinoza, Kelly Ferris, Julie e Fournier, Gaby Guevara, Isabella Hoﬀman, Noelani Maylad, Katherine Neuner, Nancy Padilla, Kenzie Pelle er, Rashmi Pradhan, Maya Rosen, Lydia Rosenthal

TABLE OF CONTENTS CH 1: INTRODUCTION

CH 2: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

CH 3: SITE UNDERSTANDING

CH 4: CAMPUS MASTER PLAN

CH 5 : THE PROJECT

CH 6: IN REFLECTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

CH1: INTRODUCTION Introduc on As a class, an overall campus plan was developed for the Cal Western School of Law on the southern edge of downtown San Diego and Barrio Logan. Within the site there are five loca ons that partner groups could pick from to develop their unique part of the campus, with a focus on fostering connec ons between the campus and surrounding community. Execu ve Summary The two-quarter studio experience began with a rigorous research sequence in which the class aimed to be er understand the causes of immigra on to the US from Central and South America. This included climate studies all the way to crime and violence and elite indifference. This research was integral to the designs as the class used it to inform the needs of the project’s supported communi es, taking shape in the individual design proposals. The studio also conducted research on what makes an effec ve campus, and more specifically, what makes an effec ve law school campus. This included overall master planning using figure-ground representa on in Nolli map precedents, as well as looking at their rela onships with their context. To understand how to make use of this informa on for a design project, research was developed to decide on a preferred campus site loca on. This was deliberated from four proposed sites ranging from urban to suburban areas in and around San Diego through presenta ons given to faculty and the studio-affiliated professional firms. A er weighing the pros and cons of each site, Barrio Logan was selected as the loca on for Cal Western’s new law campus. Once the site had been selected, the studio completed research into the area, understanding the various condi ons such as the climate, cultural context, proposed and approved master plans, and the local homeless popula on. The studio then traveled to the site in person to get a feel for what the pedestrian experience was like as well as determining the extents of where the campus will sit within the designated area: a lot between Na onal and Newton Ave. Once the extents of the campus were determined, then began the process of master planning the campus. Considering the local ameni es and the aforemen oned site condi ons; the class zoned areas for student housing, decided on a central plant to supply hea ng and cooling, and began itera ng layouts for the campus in groups. During this process, each student was asked to develop a design with prescribed programs, as well as a Moonshot program; the moonshot is a specialized, o en- mes aspira onal, program which aims to solve a problem of significance. This could take the form of a Sustainable Technology Workshop whose users work to combat the climate related causes of immigra on; or a non-denomina onal worship center, meant to foster community between popula ons through faith and humility. These individual design submi als were reviewed and cri qued by faculty and professional firms and were iterated on un l they could be synthesized with another student’s work to inform the design of the final project. This created groups, who each work together to create a final proposal within the greater campus plan. Our group, Studio Chrysalis, has designed a project including a library, student support spaces, four law clinics, a market, and a Sustainable Technology Workshop. These spaces come together and culminate in a project which serves to educate the users and the public about sustainable technologies and building prac ces. This can be illustrated through our research and full-scale prototype of a Piezo-electric floor le, which generates electricity as visitors walk over it. The design follows a culturally sensi ve mo f taking inspira on from the Mexican serape to pay homage to the local Chicano culture of Barrio Logan. Through several design itera ons and cri ques from firms and faculty, students arrive at the end of the two-quarter studio with a finished project as well as a scale sec on model of the library space. Through the reading of this book, aspira ons will be explored and explained, and all the hard work will show through. Design Process and Project Phases Winter Quarter Weeks 1-6 – Site Research and Individual Concept Development Winter Quarter Weeks 7-10 – Partner Concept Development Spring Quarter Weeks 1-4 – Schema c Design Refinement Spring Quarter Weeks 5-10 – Project Development

CH2: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Legal Educa on and the Cal Western School of Law

Cal Western School of Law (CWSL) California Western School of Law is currently located in downtown San Diego and is the city’s oldest law school. It was founded in 1924, and currently occupies three buildings on Cedar Street on the northern end of downtown near the I5 freeway. They currently have approximately 670 law students with planned expansion up to 1,000. They are an independent, not for profit, that oﬀer four degree pathways, and are commi ed to providing a rigorous educaon to a diverse study body through an emphasis on experien al learning through simula ons and community clinics that serve underserved clients in the areas of criminal, immigra on, trademark, legal aid, and internet law.

In their new loca on, the California Western School of Law are hoping to reflect on their school mo o, “What Law School Ought to Be.” Rethinking the physical presence of the law school can act as a catalyst in serving the immigrants jus ce, protec on, and upli ment to aim towards a brighter future. The approach to be er serving the at-risk communi es requires interven ons integra ng legal educa on prac ces and a sense of empathy towards human immigra on and civil rights. The Cal Western School of Law is playing a crucial role in serving the evolving communi es of San Diego and providing high quality educa on to shape future lawyers.

Aiming to represent the state’s diverse society, California Western Law School is training ethical, compassionate, and competent future lawyers and hopes to aid the underserved popula ons. With 41% of the 2021 student being ethnic minori es and 59% women, Cal Western encourages those who face larger ba les and aim to be er the world around them. Cal Western oﬀers scholarships and grants to students ranging in socioeconomic status, opening the doors to lower income applicants. To foster and encourage diversity, the new site is moving to Barrio Logan, San Diego, a neighborhood whose community faces challenges that students could oﬀer legal advice on. Cal Western prepares its students to focus on immigra on law and criminal jus ce by placing them in clinics located near the school to obtain prac cal work experience while working towards their degrees. Loca ng the campus in a community of those who lack legal aid gives students a greater opportunity for crea ng change.

CH2: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Legal Educa on The educa onal requirements to prac ce law in the State of California consists of several processes and academic requirements. While the California Bar Examina on is the ul mate milestone to obtaining licensure to be an a orney, the tradi onal educa onal requirement entails obtaining a JD (Juris Doctor) degree from law schools registered by the State Bar (California-accredited) or approved by the American Bar Associa on (ABA). The JD takes three years to complete which follows the pre-legal educa on of College Level Equivalency Programs Examina ons or at least two years of college in any given major. The most typical undergraduate majors choosing this path in California obtain a four-year bachelor’s degree in English, Business, or Poli cal Science. This does not limit other majors to take up the JD program as an academic path to achieving licensure as an a orney. The state bar of California summarizes the following legal educa on op ons for eligibility to obtaining licensure -

Three or four years of study at a law school accredited by the American Bar Associa on (ABA) Four years of study at a State Bar-registered, fixed-facility law school Four years of study with a minimum of 864 hours of prepara on at a registered unaccredited distance-learning or correspondence law school Four years of study under the supervision of a state judge or a orney Or a combina on of these programs

The academic process requires a guided approach with mentorship; from graduate school all the way to becoming a prac cing a orney. CWSL oﬀers a variety of courses to cover ground on theore cal knowledge and prac cal applica on. Some of the tradi onal courses are oﬀered based on the year’s curriculum. These are split into three years o o o o o o o o o o

First Year curriculum: Founda onal year with special emphasis on legal analysis, research, and wri ng to explore opportuni es. The academic year is split into trimesters, some of the courses include Civil Procedure Contracts Legal procedures Torts Second and Third Year Curriculum: The upper-class curriculum includes two important milestones which are the STEPPS program and the Clinical Externship Program. STEPPS includes a client-a orney simula on set up to prac ce law earlier in the educa onal years. Some other courses include Cons tu onal Law I Criminal Procedure I Evidence Legal Scholarship Training Seminar STEPPS Torts II

CWSL also focuses on clinics and assistance programs to provide opportuni es for externships, and simula on-based learning. The pro-bono programs excel in bridging the gap between the academic world and real me problems. Trial law is another essen al part of the program to prac ce communica on and real me delivery of arguments. Some of the Clinical Programs include o o o o

Access to Law Ini a ve Compe ve Advocacy Program California Innocence Project Pro Bono and Public Service Honors Program

The ethos of legal prac ce can be found in academic ini a ves that are taken up by the law school to shape lawyers that are rigorous workers, empathe c ci zens, through the experience of obtaining a law degree at Cal Western School of Law. Experien al Learning programs such as law clinics, paralegal services, advocacy programs, community law projects etc. Aid in enhancing the legal educa on aspects that mostly pertain to minimum formal educa on requirements.

CH2: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Mass Migra on and Underlaying Causes One of the primary areas that students dedicate me to on this campus are the experien al learning clinics that deal with issues of social jus ce and give the students an opportunity to interact with real clients. Given the schools focus on immigra on related issues, the following research was completed to gain an understanding of the San Diego community and those clients the students would be working with. Research focused on five primary immigra on related issues: crime and violence, environmental degrada on, poverty and economic opportunity and immunity and elite indiﬀerence. Each gave us a basic understanding of why large popula ons are moving into the US and what needs to be done to create a desirable, welcoming environment.

Country 1800

Comparisons between crime, specifically homicide rate, and rate of asylum seekers (per 100,000) in the countries listed While not defini ve, in general countries with higher homicide rates also see more asylum seekers moving to the US

Measure Names

Homicide Rates Per 1.. Rate Of Asylum Seek..

1600

Asylum Seeking Population

Data from "Refugee Data Finder." The UN Refugee Agency, (2020).

1400 45 Rate Of Asylum Seekers Per 100,000

Asylum Seekers vs. Homicide Rates

1200

1000

30 800 25 600

Homicide Rates Per 100,000

Crime and Violence

Homicide Rate Data from "Citizen Security in Latin America." Igarape Institute, (2018).

400

10 200 5

United States

Chile

Argentina

Panama

Paraguay

Uruguay

Brazil

Bolivia

Peru

Dominican Republic

Colombia

Costa Rica

Belize

Guyana

Mexico

Ecuador

Nicaragua

Honduras

Environmental Disaster- .. Earthquake Flood

10M

Storm

1600

Wildfire

9M 1400

Asylum Seeking Population

1000

800

4M 600

Population Displacement 2015-2020

1200

Data from "Refugee Data Finder." The UN Refugee Agency, (2020). Environmental Disasters Data from "Climate Knowledge Portal." The World Bank, (2021).

3M 400 2M 200

Argentina

Chile

Paraguay

Panama

Uruguay

Brazil

Bolivia

Dominican Republic

Peru

Costa Rica

Guyana

Colombia

Belize

Mexico

Ecuador

Nicaragua

0M Honduras

0 Venezuela

Country 1800

Guatemala

A en on to the mass eﬀects of natural disasters on popula ons, and the # of people displaced by environmental disasters; categorized by the worst natural disaster in the country Natural disasters have played a significant role in the displacement of large popula ons There is evidence that many of the countries with the most asylum seekers in the US have also experienced high popula on displacement from natural disasters

El Salvador

Environmental Disasters

Rate Of Asylum Seekers Per 100,000

Environmental Degrada on

Venezuela

Guatemala

0 El Salvador

CH2: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Poverty and Economic Opportunity

Asylum Seekers vs. Poverty Rate Country Measure Names Poverty Rate

0.9

Rate Of Asylum Seek..

1600 0.8

Asylum Seeking Population

0.7

Data from "Refugee Data Finder." The UN Refugee Agency, (2020).

1400

1200

Poverty Rate

1000

0.5

800

Poverty Rate

0.6

Data from "Poverty Headcount Ration at National Poverty Lines." The World Bank, (2020).

0.4

600

0.3

United States

Chile

Argentina

Uruguay

Paraguay

Brazil

Bolivia

Peru

Dominican Republic

Colombia

Costa Rica

Belize

Guyana

Mexico

0.0 Ecuador

0 Nicaragua

0.1

Honduras

200

Venezuela

0.2

Guatemala

400

El Salvador

Poverty rates have been shown to be very high among the countries studied. Some correla on between Poverty/the lack of economic opportunity among countries and asylum seekers can be seen with some countries but not all. Poverty rates are even among the countries studied, but countries with the highest rates of asylum seekers also tend to have higher poverty rates.

Rate Of Asylum Seekers Per 100,000

1800

Impunity and Elite Indiﬀerence -

Studied the rates of infant mortality to see if that too was an underlying cause There is a slight trend between infant mortality rate and # of asylum seekers, however some countries with few asylum seekers s ll see very high infant mortality rates.

Asylum Seekers vs. Infant Mortality Rate Country Measure Names Infant Mortality Rate

1800 24 1600

Rate Of Asylum Seek..

Asylum Seeking Population

Data from "Refugee Data Finder." The UN Refugee Agency, (2020).

1400

1200

Infant Mortality Rate

1000

12 800 10 600

Infant Mortality Rate

Rate Of Asylum Seekers Per 100,000

Data from "Infant Mortality Rate from 2009 to 2019 (in deaths per 1,000 live births)" Statista, (2021).

8 6

400

4 200

United States

Chile

Argentina

Uruguay

Paraguay

Brazil

Bolivia

Peru

Dominican Republic

Colombia

Costa Rica

Guyana

Belize

Mexico

Ecuador

Nicaragua

Honduras

Venezuela

The iden fied causes do a respectable job of describing some of the reasons people are seeking asylum in the US, however there is one outlier that s cks out in mul ple databases. Brazil features similar numbers to the countries with the most asylum seekers but sends very few people to the US. With a GDP ($1,434.08 Billion) nearly 33% higher than the next closest country in Central and South America, (Mexico, $1,076.16 Billion), Brazil remains appealing to people despite the ongoing issues.

0 Guatemala

2 0 El Salvador

Comprehensive Findings

CH2: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Higher Educa on Every place of higher educa on has mul ple physical and environmental characteris cs which make it successful. Finding those common trends in campuses across the country was the first step towards designing a new campus for Cal Western School of Law. Look at schools of diverse sizes and disciplines and consolida ng the findings allowed the class to create a strong star ng framework to begin master planning. The characteris cs of an ideal campus were narrowed down to the following: Community & Safety -

Integrate the campus with the surrounding community through open design and community-based ac vi es that interact with the general popula on. Provide transparency at the ground floors to maintain “eyes” on the street. Create access to emergency response sta ons along campus circula on routes that alert authori es of criminal ac vity Supply adequate, even ligh ng throughout campus, including those to academic func ons and campus housing.

Organiza on

s ce

ﬁr

pol i

LO C AT I O N + PROXIMITY

acy arm doctors

g elin

couns

wellness services

mni alu educational

resources

walk ab ili

the idea of central heart as shown here from University of Oregon, creates a central place for students to meet up and feel connected to their campus and peers. the central heart has food, classes, study space and outside area for students to use

central heart

public recreational facilities

es caf

O R G A N I Z AT I O N OF S PAC E S

C R E AT I N G A COMMUNITY

lin

t cen

s and clin s

din

collaboration hubs

foster connections

creative

professional

orientation programs

stud

labs

bate

governm

ock t rial

iet zone

r ofesso

mni alu

ce spa

the organization of the campus' facilities can be taken into account to facilitate better circulation. a central hub can connect d i ff e r e n t e d u c a t i o n a l a r e a s throughout the campus. placing amenities in these areas can encourage full use of the campus as well as s o c i a l i z i n g b e t w e e n d i ff e r e n t disciplines.

organizations

reer fa i

having spaces that students can both study and relax encourages them to stay on campus. spaces for students to study with peers also creates a stronger community among students.

business connections

gree n

safety

advisors

rt g ppo ro

having campus close to resources makes it easier for students to use the university. students should not struggle to have access to food or supplies while at school. incorporating transportation into campus allows students to explore the environment around them.

the idea of proximity + accesibilty as shown here from Stanford University, allows students relative access to the city’s wellness services encouraging students to receive support in areas they may need to be successful in their academic and personal lives

having an accessible campus makes it welcoming to students, professors and guests. we want a campus to be a place for all people to use and beneﬁt from.

library

infrastructure

s up

Campus should include spaces for informal learning such as spaces to study or for student support services in a single loca on. Provide spaces that can be shared / accessed by the broader community. Should act as mulpurpose spaces for students and community members to both enjoy and be able to use as recrea onal spaces as well. Resources for educa on should include financial aid, career advisors, access to studying with professionals, and disability resources. Resources should provide func ons that help support student success even in the nonacademic side, for example such as a childcare center.

AC C E S S I B I L I T Y travel access

Resources -

gro c

departme ce

er deliv ies

Easy access for walkways to create a safe space away from traﬃc or clear spa al integra on of pedestrian walkways within traﬃc routes. Integrate bike routes throughout campus that e into the community bike circula on system. Design for varied transit strategies for commuters to/from campus including bus stops and shared car services.

es eri

transportation

epartmen ed

e nc

Accessibility & Transporta on

ars

maintena

station ain

campus navigation

IT servi

24 hour

Increase building density (while maintaining a human scale to provide spaces for students as well as the community) Provide clear and consistent indicators of where important programs are located and how to access them Provide clear pedestrian circula on routes using a consistent visual language and scale to provide a connec on between all spaces christian gibson | gaby guevara | kenzie pelletier | maya rosen Provide universal access to make areas easy to traverse for people of all physical types

professional

tec

personal

the idea of a collaboration c e nte r, s h ow n h e r e f r o m Tr i n i t y University in San Antonio, allows students to study, work, and brainstorm in a productive and unique environment.

private

CH2: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Site Selec on The studio researched four poten al sites: Chula Vista, Mission Valley, Downtown San Diego, and Logan Heights. Each site was researched in terms of their relevant community boundaries, natural resources, social a ributes, people, built environment, and heritage, to determine which loca on seemed most fitng for a future campus community. This informa on was aggregated into a single exhibit and presented to the studio partners with vo ng taking place to determine which loca on would best serve the ins tu onal needs. Some of the assets and disadvantages of each loca on are as follows: -

Chula Vista: Chula Vista was an a rac ve loca on because of its proximity to the US-Mexico border, making this loca on convenient for immigrants served by the La n American Ins tute of Law and Jus ce. However, it was ul mately not selected because of its lack of public transporta on, which isolated it from other law resources in downtown San Diego. Mission Valley: The Mission Valley proposal incorporated the law school campus into SDSU’s Mission Valley campus expansion. Some advantages to this proposal included that it was well connected to downtown San Diego by public transporta on and that it would have access to SDSU student culture. However, it was not selected because it was the furthest away from the US-Mexico border, poten ally making it inconvenient for law clients living in Mexico, and because it lacked the exis ng infrastructure and vibrancy of an exis ng more downtown site. Downtown San Diego: Downtown San Diego was a rac ve because it is the current loca on of the Law School, and students would have access to its social scene, law firms and the San Diego County Superior Court. However, it was narrowly decided against as the density of the buildings required was not considered viable for all uses, as well as its immediate proximity to Interstate 5. Logan Heights: Ul mately, Logan Heights was selected. This is a predominantly Hispanic community, which could make the campus more convenient and approachable to Hispanic individuals served by the La n American Ins tute of Law and Jus ce. Addi onally, it is the closest loca on to downtown San Diego and has access to public transporta on. Moving forwards, the studio deemed this area’s rela vely high crime rate and large unhoused popula on as ma ers that required careful a en on.

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1 10

CH3: SITE UNDERSTANDING Contextual Understanding Popula on -

The total popula on of Logan Heights is 58,408, with around a 5% popula on increase annually.

Community Context -

The ini al neighborhood of Barrio Logan grew due to the development of a US Naval Base in 1898 in San Diego. Later, the crea on of a major commercial seaport and the railroads also provided a housing boom in the area. This brought many diverse groups to the area, including African Americans, Japanese Americans, Filipino-Americans, and Italian Americans. However, the spirit of the community today, known as the “Logan Heights Experience” (aka The Heights, Logan, La Logan, Barrio Logan, etc.) is due to the migra on of the Mexican families which began around 1900. They came from all parts of Mexico, including Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Michoacan, Zacatecas, etc. The popula on growth of Mexican families would con nue up to the 1950s. In 1956, the placement of Interstate 5 and the deliberate changes in zoning pa erns (from primarily residen al to mixed-use industrial) devastated Logan Heights by removing economic viability and decreasing property values. The Coronado Bridge, which connects the 5 to Coronado Island, is built over the heart of Barrio Logan, and serves as a roof over residents’ heads that blocks their view and access to natural ligh ng. In both aspects, Logan Heights residents felt uninformed and unable to voice objecons or opinions on the expansion of San Diego, and to this day, families s ll feel a deep sense of loss. However, in the late 1960s, the residents of Logan Heights came together to oppose the construc on of a sub-sta on under the San-Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge by the California Highway Patrol. Through incredible will and commitment, the land was turned over to the community and later became Chicano Park. The community’s tenacity, spirit, and determina on to preserve Barrio Logan as a vibrant, culturally rich, and united community con nues today and can be seen in their Barrio Logan Community Plan.

Demographic Distribu on -

San Diego has a dis nc ve cultural identy from Hispanic popula ons from over sixty years. Historically, the area became prominent from industrial jobs, and there was a significant increase in San Diego’s Mexican popula on due to the 1910 Mexican Revolu on. Alongside the prevalent Hispanic and La no popula on, 42% of San Diego’s residents are white, 16% are Asian residents, and Black or African American residents make up 5% of the popula on. The median age is around 26.8 years. Overall, the culturally vibrant community consists mostly of local families that need a catalyst to revitalize the sense of physical connec on that drives socio-economic and employment growth.

CH3: SITE UNDERSTANDING Poverty -

In Logan Heights, the annual median income varies with an average income of $52,944. The total median income lies below the average at $40,310, primarily belonging to demographics under 25 and over 65. The total working populaon of Logan Heights consists of 51,093 people, 73.9% of which are above the poverty level with an addi onal 22.9% below the poverty level. The average Barrio Logan household lives on an annual income 45% less than the rest of San Diego.

Air Quality -

San Diego is currently ranked as having the seventh worst ozone pollu on in the country. With a median AQI, or Air Quality Index, of 64, this city reports only 73 days of good air quality throughout the year while the remaining 292 days record air quality that is moderate or unhealthy for sensi ve groups.

Insola on -

Average annual solar radia on value of 6.13 kilowa hours per square meter per day (kWh/ m2/day)

Water Availability -

The availability of water in Logan Heights is limited due to its lack of precipita on and large popula on. Annually, it receives approximately 12 inches of rain per year, mostly seeing clear and sunny days. Logan Heights also experiences an average humidity of 69% per year with the most humid month being July and the driest being January. Given its context in southern California, Logan Heights and the rest of San Diego rely on imported water from northern California or the Colorado River through the 242-mile-long Colorado River Aqueduct. S ll, Logan Heights and San Diego produce 10% of their own drinking water through the desalina on of ocean water.

Clima c Desirability -

Most desirable in the country with coastal winds keeping the temperature in or below the comfort zone for 10 months out of the year, only reaching higher temperatures during the a ernoon in August and September. 12

CH3: SITE UNDERSTANDING Land Use -

Barrio Logan is organized in a manner that priori zes its residen al and commercial communi es. In the Barrio Logan Community Plan, the commercial and residen al zones are the heart of the community and are framed by major streets and key sight lines. The development of these zones is driven by mul -family development, but are restricted by the large, industrialized zones. Near the waterfront, land is reserved for heavy industrial and military development, primarily the San Diego Naval Base. The industrial and military development of the land has forced awkward circumstances on the existing community as some residents find themselves living next door to a boat building yard. This shows a rela ve disregard for the exis ng community present before the industrial development. Addi onally, the proximity of the Naval Base has sparked development that further imposes on the Barrio Logan Community such as a need for naval lodging. Barrio Logan has been forced to adapt and integrate these waterfront industrial condi ons.

Transporta on -

The site is located adjacent to the I-5 and the Coronado Bridge, making it a hub for vehicle transporta on. The trolley runs along the northern edge of the site, and bus and bicycle lanes run through it. There are an cipated road improvements to enhance mobility and connec vity in the community such as the Dra Mobility Element that is meant to make walking, biking, and public transit more a rac ve in the city, including Barrio Logan. The Dra Mobility Element will work alongside the developing land use of the community to create a more vibrant and accessible neighborhood through the growth of the community’s interconnec ons.

CH3: SITE UNDERSTANDING Resource Availability -

Logan Heights benefits from coastal air and its proximity to the Pacific Ocean. The coastal winds can easily be u lized in passive design strategies for individual buildings as well as energy genera on for the city as a whole. Oﬀshore wind and hydroelectric farms have great poten al in powering the city but have received push back from the city power suppliers like San Diego Gas & Electric Company. SDG&E has substan al investment in the Barrio Logan community, as one of the u lity’s major power sta ons in the San Diego region is in Barrio Logan. This sta on is iden fied as the Silvergate substa on, located west of Harbor Drive at Sampson Street.

Ecosystem Understanding Soil -

Soil is primarily composed marine and nonmarine, poorly consolidated, fine- and-mediumgrained, pale brown sandstone, which means weak soil condi ons Proximity to Rose Canyon fault leads to an earthquake and liquefac on prone area but occupiable

Vegeta on -

Intense urbaniza on means few na ve plants are present and li le landscaping Coastal proximity means future plans to preserve vegeta on (algae and marine grasses) in waters and small sea creatures in the area Despite the lack of rainwater, the coastal climate can support many types of succulents, such as the ar choke agave or the Mexican fence post cactus. Various wildflowers can also strive here such as the Arroyo Lupine, the Goodding’s Verbena, the Bush Anemone, and Texas Sundrops. Various types of trees can successfully live in this climate such as the Chaste Tree and Pheonix Mesquite. In the right condi ons, San Diego can be quite lush as seen in Fern Canyon in the San Diego Zoo and Balboa Park. 14

CH3: SITE UNDERSTANDING Wildlife -

110

120

130

140

90 60

Birdlife is the most prominent, almost nonexistent wildlife beyond this Nearest wildlife is 2 miles away Balboa Park: coyotes, deer, and other mammals Six miles south of the community is a habitat for rare/endangered birds 430 bird species in the area, half are seasonal (in San Diego County) Infrastructure and dumping waste have contributed to decreased biodiversity especially in north and central bay of San Diego (loca on of Barrio Logan is central bay) Oil spills, ship waste, etc. Ocean life includes dolphins, o ers, and sea lions, as well as fish and crustaceans but much less diverse

100

110

100

Topography -

The site is eﬀec vely flat and con nues this way to the bay to the west and south, eleva on increases well beyond the site boundary to the north and east. Balboa Park is built on top of a hill while it spreads out into the many canyons that stretch from it.

San Diego has a diurnal swing of about 35 degrees Fahrenheit with a mean temperature of about 65-70 degrees. This puts San Diego in the comfort zone for a major por on of the year Design Strategies that are eﬀecve in the climate are internal heat gain and solar direct gain. Sun shading is important as well for higher sun angles. San Diego’s marine wind primarily comes from the northwest.

Climate

CH4: CAMPUS MASTER PLAN Campus Descrip on and Summary of Func ons -

By combining campus life and legal support, the master will look to foster a strong connec on between students and the community. Neighboring the site will be mixed-used housing for students and non-students alike

Instruc onal Spaces -

Classrooms Faculty Oﬃces Research Space

Centers for Community Engagement -

California Western Community Law Project California Innocence Project La n American Ins tute of Law and Jus ce New Media Rights

Ins tu onal Spaces -

Student Recrea on and Wellness General Campus Admin Library Student Union Facili es Support

How Might We Goals Community -

How might we reflect global context within local design? Globally, how might we respond to humanitarian issues such as immigra on and mass incarcera on through quan ta ve research and qualita ve applica on? Locally, how might we design as “apart” of the community rather than “a part” from it, both visually and spa ally? Addi onally, how might we create a strong campus environment and iden ty while s ll welcoming those in need? How might we design to promote student physical and mental well-being through the organiza on and development of spaces for both student and community interac on?

Clients -

How might we design to promote student physical and mental well-being through the organiza on and development of spaces for both student and community interac on?

How might we emphasize the architect’s and law student’s responsibility to serve through building design?

U lize unique site condi ons as well as environmental factors to create a safe and accessible place for learning?

Service

Site 16

CH4: CAMPUS MASTER PLAN Campus Planning Best Prac ces Using analysis and review of other universi es, the class iden fied important quali es that exist for a campus plan to be successful and worked to implement them in the studio work. This project seeks to priori ze the experiences of the law students and La n American immigrants who will predominantly be u lizing these campus spaces. On the other hand, there is also wish to create a transi onal experience from the public to private through landscaping features that introduces biophilic design. Furthermore, the quali es and characteris cs of a campus plan that are of greatest interest to the project include: (1) responding to environmental and cultural context, (2) implemen ng transi onal spaces, (3) introducing biophilic design, and (4) con nuity of design that encourages sense of community. The best prac ces outlined for the site and project include: -

Biophilic Design Implementa on of vegeta on – including deciduous trees and shrubs with an emphasis on those that provide food Landscape design that seeks to engage communi es Landscape and vegeta on that encourages health and wellbeing of project’s users Transi onal Spaces Crea ng transi ons within the campus in order to encourage interac on between the different projects on the site, as well as outside the campus in order to facilitate a be er coexistence with the surrounding community of Barrio Logan. This is important in order to create dis nc ons between spaces on campus and maintain an intui ve flow of circula on. These transi onal spaces seek to create dynamic buffers within a space to elevate the user’s experience. Sense of Community Crea ng central nodes or quads that allow for various student or regional communi es to cross paths and engage with one another Provide buffer zones for students to study or rest between classes Provide landscape features whilst implemen ng sea ng that enables people to sit and engage in conversa ons Environment and Cultural Context Implement design strategies to address both clima c and cultural site condi ons such as the local Chicano and homeless popula ons Understanding the cultural context of where a project resides and how to contribute in a respec ul way Encouraging community engagement with local communi es Provide a feeling of enclosure by maintaining human scaled buildings and landscape areas. THE IDEAL CAMPUS PLAN _ GRADUATE LAW SCHOOL holly dufek _ caswell espinoza _ noelani maylad _ nancy padilla EDUCATION & INFRASTRUCTURE

CULTURE & COMMUNITY

ACCESSIBILITY & TRANSPORTATION

SUPPORT SERVICES

•variety of student • campus integrated into • multimodal access ŅŝL?LAG?Jƺ?GB resources: integrated greater community •bus stops, bike lanes, •career advisors study rooms and academic sidewalks with seating classrooms •references existing •access to professionals social and environmental •shuttle around and to and contexts •mock court rooms from school • childcare •immersion in historical •biophilic design within •disability resources •ADA compliant and cultural environment structures

•sustainable structures

• well lit sidewalks •emergency call boxes •campus police •physical and mental health resources •sense of safety for both students and visitors • important resources such as food or shelter

•daylighting and passive ŅŞCVG@GJGRWƺ?LBƺMNNMPRSLGRWƺ for campus growth design •multipurpose outdoor learning spaces

HEALTH & SAFETY

•central hub as a gathering space to facilitate student connections

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CH4: CAMPUS MASTER PLAN Campus Compara ves (Nolli Maps) A Nolli map is a figure ground drawing that aided us in developing the campus plan. These plan drawings help to dis nguish private, semi-private, and public places from each other and clearly differen ate space from mass using black and white to represent the area being studied. The use of several Nolli maps helped to inform the flow of spaces on the campus and iden fy the ideal quali es of a law school campus. Some of the specific campus func onal elements the class looked to emulate were determined to be on these nine campuses: Georgetown Law School This school was chosen for its centraliza on and walkability in the Washington D.C. area. The campus provides its students with living facili es (such as childcare, a fitness center, and housing for 300 students) to support students’ educa onal excellence. This is in addi on to the classrooms, clinic spaces, and an expensive library. The proximity to na onal buildings and public transporta on also encourages immersion into the extracurricular ac vi es that D.C. has to offer. Harvard Law School The campus is comprised of mostly historic buildings with lots of green open space between buildings. The WWC is the hub for all student life which holds common spaces, classrooms, clinics, and dining facili es. Fordham Law School The school’s closeness to the urban se ng, along with its inclusion of greenery and proximity to Central Park provides easy access to city ac vi es and nearby law firms. While located in a large, bustling context, the silver LEED cer fied campus itself contains a smaller plaza within to create a threshold between the campus and the city. Duke University School of Law Students are expected to live off-campus, while the law school features many sheltered outdoor spaces for students to relax and study. Its clinic wing is designed as a separate law office that fosters trust between law students and clients because it offers a space to meet confiden ally. Notre Dame Law School This campus creates community through large library reading areas as well as “living rooms” for student and teacher interac on. It u lizes large grassy lawns for social spaces and provides housing for graduate students and their families on campus. New York University Law School The school is a unique campus as it is a series of buildings nestled in the city itself and centered around Washington Square Park. It is very well integrated into the city and fosters experiences in which school and city life intertwine. Stanford Law School The central loca on of the university primarily gives students access to the mental health services. There are several green spaces available in the form of courtyards for studying and gathering. Its circula on system is also robust as the campus is broken up into four buildings with separate educa onal func ons linked together with shared courtyards. Lewis and Clark Law The ample green spaces on the 20-acre campus func on as “living rooms” to encourage community and gathering and are used as outdoor classrooms on occasion. The school is further surrounded by the forests of the state park, giving students access to nature as they make their way through the intensive law curriculum. University of Oregon Law School The buildings on this campus create pockets of public space that are more sheltered than the general public realm and are oriented towards a shared courtyard with other buildings.

18 1 8

CH4: CAMPUS MASTER PLAN Community Connec vity While the term community most frequently refers to a group of people or a tangible loca on, the abstract defini on spans beyond physical reach. When compiling the campus master plan, reflec ng the conceptual community surrounding the site was impera ve to the proposal’s success. With a site located in Logan Heights, the master plan was faced with the challenge of being a point of transi on to the more urbanized Gaslamp district as well as the lower density community of Barrio Logan. The campus serves as a major threshold between Downtown and the future developments planned for Barrio Logan. The project is based on a series of transi on zones that required a en on; by focusing on scale, density, and circula on it became possible to propose a seamless shi that melds two communi es into one. The Scale -

With Barrio Logan and Downtown in mind, buildings were designed following the idea that the campus alludes to the infrastructure around it. The master plan gradually shi s from five story structures in the southeast corner of the site to a larger scale of up to nine story structures on the northwestern side of the site.

The Density -

Similar to the transi on in scale, density played an important role in designing the campus master plan. The lack of accessible public realm was a primary concern in the ini al design phase. The proposed campus plan allows for the street condi on to adhere to its surrounding context while the site itself remains invi ng for members of the surrounding communi es to experience and inhabit.

The Circula on -

The selected campus site provides a bridge between varying exis ng hardscapes, with a goal of maintaining and enhancing the overall ground plane moving forward. Following the requirements defined in the Barrio Logan Plan, all major throughfares will consist of sidewalks ranging between ten and fourteen feet accompanied by plan ng strips and class I and class II bike lanes.

ZONING

INDUSTRIAL AVENUE

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16th STREET

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14th STREET

INDUSTRIAL AVENUE

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CH4: CAMPUS MASTER PLAN Campus Resiliency Resiliency refers to a site’s ability to weather adverse condi ons (both immediate disasters and long-term stresses) while maintaining a high level of funconality and safety for all its residents. In this era, a primary test of resiliency is a site’s response to the challenges posed by climate change. As a coastal site in a drought and fire-stricken state, the campus will be par cularly at-risk. The central concerns include sea-level rise and flooding, increasing temperatures, and decreasing precipita on. Although in the most catastrophic climate scenarios the site may simply become uninhabitable, certain resiliency strategies will ensure its func onality under many circumstances. Some primary strategies are outlined as follows: -

Addressing Sea-Level Rise and Flooding: -

The buildings avoid placing primary or essen al func ons in below-grade spaces, so that flooding events do not damage or inhibit campus ac vity in the long-run. Implementa on of bioreten on swales - Addressing Increasing Temperatures: Reducing urban heat island eﬀect with extensive site vegeta on, cool roofs, and roo op gardens. Increasing tree canopy on street edge and internal campus quad to give community greater access to shade in extreme heat. - Addressing Decreasing Precipita on: Use of building-level water capture and reuse of graywater to reduce strain on municipal water systems. Extensive na ve-plant landscaping to reduce campus irriga on needs. - Addressing Unreliability of Energy Access: Reducing energy needs (and thus reliance on poten ally spo y energy grids) by taking advantage of appropriate building-scale and site-specific passive strategies. Site design with awareness of solar access to increase natural dayligh ng in each building. Extensive on-site solar genera on to reduce loads on city grid and provide an independent energy source.

Many of the measures described here are very physical and architectural. While these may help preserve life and increase physical comfort, the campus also takes measures to address social and communal resiliency. By providing spaces for jus ce-oriented law educa on and pro-bono prac ce, as well as non-academic programs (such as markets, greenhouses, daycares, and more), the campus works towards li ing the community and pu ng the neighbors in a be er situa on to recover following a disaster. The conjunc on of architectural and social interven ons embodied in the campus makes Barrio Logan more resilient in the face of the challenges to come

CH5: THE PROJECT Project Purpose El Refugio de Barrio Logan is designed to expose the community to cu ng edge sustainable prac ces and give them the tools necessary to make tangible changes. The law clinics are designed to be accessible, but also oﬀer the necessary privacy when discussing sensi ve topics, while the library is open and comfortable, allowing students to spend as much me as they need studying for classes and relaxing with friends. At the same me, members of the community will be strongly encouraged to use the spaces to their full benefit, and there are a mix of open tables and couches, as well as more protected, quiet spaces to benefit diﬀerent individual learning styles. The tech workshop spaces are intended to be a resource to address some of the iden fied causes to the climate crisis that have forced many refugees to flee to the US from La n America such as wildfires, flooding, drought, and hurricanes. Project Goals How might we embrace the climate and create though ul exterior spaces? How might we facilitate student success while also engaging the community? How might we involve/encourage the community of Barrio Logan to par cipate in the fight against climate change in their own homes? o We have achieved these goals by crea ng an ac vated outdoor courtyard taking advantage of the climate; including the library and technology workshop programs that are open to both the student and surrounding popula on, encouraging everyone to learn more about and combat climate change.

CH5: THE PROJECT Project Program -

Narra ve o Experien al Narra ves:  I love my walk to work! My name is Melissa and I’ve been volunteering at the La n American Ins tute of Law in the library building on campus. Since I live in the dorms, I o en walk to work with my friends as we all cross Na onal St. together, I feel a lot safer this way. I always enter campus through the library building even if I’m not working that day, because first I can run through the market out front super quick to buy lunch for later, and the best part is you enter through this two story entryway; on the le you can see the bo om floor lounge of the library where the cafe is, I always look in to see if my friends are there studying at our usual spot by the planters along the back wall; on the right you can see into the Sustainable Technologies Workshop, they’re always using big power tools working on things from solar panels to wind turbines! But as you con nue forward, the ceiling opens to a tall courtyard space, and you can see people walking up on the higher floors. I can see the door to my office up on the 5th floor from here. I love to sit in the courtyard on my breaks because the trees always leave a cool spot to sit underneath. As I travel up the stairs to my office, I see at least a li le bit of green space every floor I go up (my coworkers each have their favorite) un l I reach my floor. I love my office because the windows face the street. Some mes when I get here early, I can see my friends walking to school, I always call them to have them look up and wave. So, because of all this I don’t mind coming to work since the building I’m in is so cool. I’m always seconds from nature so when work gets frustra ng, I can go out to take a break for a moment, I really wouldn’t want to work anywhere else. - The project’s programs work together to teach the visitors about sustainable technologies through their integra on with the workshop on the ground floor. As guests move throughout each program, they will be able to see various technologies designed on site. The library will provide public spaces that support the law clinics and their clients, as well as the broader campus community. 0123ÿ5678ÿ299 ÿ0 9 ÿ ÿ ÿ! "# )" ÿ ) ## ./012134ÿ5ÿ ÿ6 134 7 8 1 3 <= >ÿ?@@1 6 D/ E3 . / 1 ÿG 88 ÿ E H I 8JK 2 ÿG /L N9O P G Hÿ7 ?8 3ÿRS10 =LTÿG /L K 8 ÿ7 2 V 1 ÿG /L )" ÿ2$((O$ 9$ K @X G 134 Y1 D 3 . Z 3ÿI 13 ÿ 3/ÿK 8L .22 [=LJS 34 \$$ # $ S [ L ] H2D 8 7 2 D 2ÿ] Hÿ^ 3 <= >ÿ?@@1 K == [ 1 3ÿG8 7 8 1 3 2 3 1 3ÿG8 N aÿ2(99 # K =1@ 31 ÿ] 2 3ÿK 31 LÿS Eÿ K =1@ 31 ÿc33 3 ÿ S 13ÿ. 1 3ÿc32 1 ÿ @ÿS Eÿ 3/ÿd 2 Eÿe /1 ÿ714D 2 G [ =ÿR.G<T '$ (ÿfg &h

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CH5: THE PROJECT Performance Goals and Accomplishments -

Energy Water -

Piezo-electric les and high eﬃciency solar panels designed onsite in the workshop oﬀset the building’s energy usage. EUI is 17.9 Displays are placed around the project to inform visitors about the energy usage sta s cs

Specialized PEDOT-coated brick façade accelerates condensa on and harvests moisture from the San Diego air by using micro-tubular surface textures to trap moisture for drainage down the façade for collec on, Wastewater - Ponds on the ground floor u lize aquaponics to filter grey water and water the plan ngs onsite. Light - High-eﬃciency fixtures are u lized where natural dayligh ng does not suﬃce.

PIEZOELECTRIC FLOOR TILES CHRISTIAN GIBSON AND NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

When strained, piezoelectric materials, including a variety of crystals and ceramics, release an electric charge. By placing tiles in high activity areas with sustained motion, these tiles can be used to harness energy that is only limited by the number of people moving through a space. As the technology continues to develop, prices will drop and this source of energy will become much more prevalent in public spaces and buildings.

BUILDING AREA 103,017 SF

LIBRARY EXPECTED DAILY VISITORS 4,116 (BASED ON KENNEDY LIBRARY)

BUILDING ENERGY USAGE 658,171 kWh PER YEAR

EXPECTED STEPS PER DAY ON TILES 82,328 (20 STEPS PER VISITOR)

PERCENT OF TOTAL ENERGY USAGE ACHIEVED BY TILES 22.83%

ENERGY OUTPUT 411 kWh PER DAY 150,249 kWh PER YEAR

HALLWAY AREA 400 SF

TARGET BUILDING EUI 21.8 kbtu/ft²/year

COST (345 TILES) $664,125

STEPPING FORCE

TILE ENERGY OUTPUT .005 kWh PER STEP

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Formal Influences -

Performance - Chose to use a courtyard to allow light to penetrate each of the floorplates and take advantage of San Diego’s climate and save energy. - Several breezeways are cut into the windward side of the project to take advantage of natural ven la on Place - The project acts as a gateway into campus for those crossing Na onal Ave from student housing, guiding people through the courtyard into the campus core Programma c Drivers - The project is split into two masses connected by the courtyard, one half is the library, while the other half supports the workshop, student spaces, and law clinics. - The lower floors feature larger ceiling heights, as they house more public, ac ve spaces

CH5: THE PROJECT Detailed Site Plan

CH5: THE PROJECT Site Sec ons

Photograph Cap on Photograph © Steve Hall. “Poetry FoundaƟon / John Ronan Architects.” December 7, 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed September 14, 2020. hƩp:// archdaily.com/189339/poetry-foundaƟon-john-ronan-architects/

CH5: THE PROJECT Furnished Floor Plan(s)

CH5: THE PROJECT Structural -

Refugio de Barrio Logan’s structural system is steel. This system was chosen to support the long-spanning program spaces such as the technologies workshop and the heavier programs such as the library collec ons. The span capabili es also allow for a wider column grid for more uninterrupted floor plans. The founda on u lizes fric on piles as San Diego’s soil is primarily sandy fill.

Concrete Shear Walls Seismic Gap and Moment Frame

Concrete on Steel Deck W21 Steel Beams W24 Steel Girders

Eccentric Braced Frames

CH5: THE PROJECT Circula on -

Ver cal Circula on wraps up and around the courtyard to mimic the blanket mo f wrapping throughout the project Circula on up through the project is focused on the courtyard, ac va ng it. Visitors will need to travel through the courtyard in order to reach their des na on, encountering peers and friends, stopping to talk or each lunch.

CH5: THE PROJECT Thermal and Ven la on Systems -

The library por on of the project u lizes a radiant floor cooling system since the occupancy will be more consistent throughout the day. The cooler floor absorbs the heat from the room and allows the cooling to be more eﬃcient due to less energy transfer compared to forced air. The Law and Student por on of the project will use forced air systems as the higher occupant density and variety of equipment used in the labs and workshops will increase internal heat gains.

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CH5: THE PROJECT Exterior and Interior Rendered Vigne es -

Will include interior vigne es of library, workshop, and courtyard Exterior vigne e of the quad-facing façade to show project’s landscaping and integra on with the greater campus plan

CH5: THE PROJECT PHYSICAL MODEL

CH6: IN REFLECTION This whole process has been wild from the start, but I wouldn’t rather do it with anyone else. This studio has been absolutely fantas c and I have made some great friends, whether that was ge ng to know people be er who I have previously met, or completely new people. If I were to go back to the start, I would tell myself to try and slow things down and plan out what I’m going to do a li le bit more than we did. Part of what I discovered while working with my partner Chris an is how important it is to listen to each other's ideas and be willing to make compromises, rather than trying to make everything fit to your own ideals. When looking at the work of the studio as a whole, I wish we had come together a li le bit more to develop our campus plan, rather than pu ng almost all our eﬀort into our individual/gpartner buildings. While the final result is pre y good, there were ideas we ini ally presented at the start of the process about cohesiveness and the common principles that we would all follow, and everyone branched out as their own projects developed to their vision. However, I do love how unique each project is and the flair of the partner groups that shine through in the projects. Everything we have done looks great, and I am thrilled to have go en the chance to experience the family that we developed. When looking back on my ini al manifesto, I wrote a lot about crea ng a connec on between the architect and the client/community. A er having developed a project that is so community oriented, I can understand why some projects seem to have a disconnect between the two. You o en get so caught up in the work you are doing that you forget about the ini al inten on, but we tried our best to not let this happen. We constantly tried to keep a focus on the community that our project is located in, with one of our major focuses being developing a facade that honors the local culture. At mes we worried about how this would be perceived, but we really wanted to make a welcoming space that draws the community in, rather than the campus crea ng a bigger gap between the community and the rest of the city.

BIBLIOGRAPHY “10 Best Landscaping Plants for the San Diego Climate.” Eco Minded Solutions, 6 Aug. 2021, https://ecomindedsolutions.com/blog/san-diego-planting-guide/.

Bermeo, Sarah. “Violence Drives Immigration from Central America.” Brookings, Brookings, 9 Mar. 2022, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/06/26/violence-drives-immigration-from-central-america/.

Citizen Security in Latin America Facts and Figures. https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Citizen-Security-in-Latin-America-Facts-and-Figures.pdf.

“Crime Rate by Country.” Crime Rate by Country 2022, https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/crime-rate-by-country.

“Easy Prey: Criminal Violence and Central American Migration.” Crisis Group, 9 Feb. 2017, https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/central-america/easy-prey-criminal-violence-and-central-american-migration.

“GDP (Current US$) - Mexico.” Data, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=MX.

Gramlich, John, and Alissa Scheller. “What’s Happening at the U.S.-Mexico Border in 7 Charts.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 12 Nov. 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/11/09/whats-happening-atthe-u-s-mexico-border-in-7-charts/.

JTF Immigrants in California - Public Policy Institute of California. https://www.ppic.org/wp-content/uploads/jtf-immigrants-in-california.pdf.

“Law School in San Diego.” California Western School of Law, https://www.cwsl.edu/.

Mexico Crime Map - El Crimen, https://elcri.men/en/violence-map/.

“Migrants Flee Violence Only to Find More in Tijuana – Mexico’s Murder Capital.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 26 Jan. 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/26/migrants-violence-tijuana-murdercapital.

Murphy, Chris B. “How the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment Works.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 19 May 2021, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/non-accelerating-rate-unemployment.asp.

New Americans in San Diego. https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/immigrant-contributions-in-san-diego.pdf.

Population Immigration 2020. https://immigrationforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Immigration-2020-Phoenix.pdf.

Published by Statista Research Department, and Feb 15. “Latin America & the Caribbean: Homicide Rates 2020, by Country.” Statista, 15 Feb. 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/947781/homicide-rates-latin-america-caribbean-country/.

Published by Teresa Romero, and Apr 21. “Mexican Cities with the Highest Homicide Rates 2021.” Statista, 21 Apr. 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/984420/homicide-rates-mexico-by-city/.

San Diego City Planning Committee. Barrio Logan Plan. 2005, https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/planning/community/profiles/pdf/cp/cpblfull.pdf.

Spagat, Elliot. “Shelter Data Pinpoints Us Destinations of Asylum Seekers.” AP NEWS, Associated Press, 28 Aug. 2019, https://apnews.com/article/f68111a40b46493b85e551210138ﬀd0.

“State Demographics Data - CA.” Migrationpolicy.org, 1 May 2022, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/CA.

APPENDICES: FALL BUILDING ANALYSIS PROJECT

INSTITUTE OF CONTEMPORARY ART BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS DILLER SCOFIDIO + RENFRO ANALYSIS BY MARIAH BOCHE, NICK GOLDSCHMIDT, MASON BECHTOLD AND NIKKI NEE ARCH 341, FALL 2021 INSTRUCTOR: ANDREW GOODWIN Client: City of Boston Lead Architect: Diller Scoﬁdio + Renfro Executive Architect: Perry Dean Rogers and Partners Structural, Electrical, Plumbing Engineer: Arup New York General Contractor: Skanska Manufacturers: Bendheim, Pilkington, Oldcastle APG, Wausau Window and Wall Systems, Design Communications, Karas and Karas Glas, Naturally Durable Lighting: Arup London Acoustical Consultant: Jaffe Holden Acoustics Product Management: Seamus Henchy and Associates Theater Consultant: Fisher Dachs Associates

Photograph Caption: Photograph © Amy Gorel. WBUR. Accessed November 28, 2021. https://www.wbur.org/news/2016/08/25/ica-ten-years-of-collecting

PROJECT SUMMARY FIRM PROFILE

PROJECT BACKGROUND

REFLECTION

With the construction of this project, Diller Scofidio + Renfro began a major shift within their firm. When Diller and Scofidio founded the firm, they made art a central focused and mainly work on installations and smaller buildings. While working on the ICA, Renfro joined the team and the studio continued to grow, using the success from the ICA to propel them towards a variety of large-scale projects, including the High Line and Hudson Yards in New York and the Broad in Los Angeles, and despite the size that their projects and firm were reaching, never lost the art connection that got them started.

The ICA was built for the people of Boston and was meant to bring new life to the Fan Pier and surrounding neighborhood. After a new director in the 1990s brought attention to the ICA, they sought out a larger and more modern building that could provide for their big aspirations. The major focuses were on being responsive to the site and utilizing the waterfront, while also creating an intimate experience within the galleries.3 It was the first museum built in Boston in nearly 100 years and used the existing HarborWalk as a means of connecting surrounding developments and feeding the growing appreciation of art within the city. Diller and Scofidio won the bid in 2001, broke ground in 2004, and opened in 2006. Located near the Seaport District in south Boston, the ICA consists of 62,000 ft2 over four floors with a cantilever that covers the HarborWalk and looks out over the water. While the amenities within the ICA have stayed the same, the gallery spaces are always changing in order to accommodate the different exhibits that are put on display.

When we first started working on this project, we assumed that because it was built relatively recently and won a fairly large competition, that the design would feature cutting edge technology. It was a bit surprising to learn that the firm focused primarily on the aesthetic of the spaces, while the systems seemed to be an afterthought. There were some interesting choices, such as the large cantilever that hovers over the existing pathway and the staircase/ seating that connects the path to the museum that really drive the visitor experience. While I’m sure visitors enjoy their time in the museum, from a design perspective we felt they could have done better. The large amount of glazing that provides great views of the bay is a terrible thermal barrier, and requires mechanical systems year round to keep occupants comfortable. The climate seems to have played a large factor in the design, as hot humid summers and cold winters make it difficult to narrow down passive design strategies, and may have been part of the reason the architects chose to completely enclose the building.

Photograph Caption: Photograph © Iwan Baan. Arch Daily. Accessed November 28, 2021. https://www.archdaily.com/897150/institute-of-contemporary-art-diller-scoﬁdio-plus-renfro

SITE CONTEXT The ICA is located in the heart of Boston, and its location along the water allows a slight reprieve from the noises of the city. By facing towards the harbor, that becomes the main focus, rather than the city behind it. Boston’s climate changes greatly throughout the year. This greatly impacts the design of the building, as summer temperatures into the 90s with high humidity and require lots of cooling, while winter temperatures in the single digits require lots of heating. Heavy rain and snow are also common, and have been known to cause extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure.

PEDESTRIAN VEHICLE WIND PATH FERRIES EVERY 20 MINUTES

SITE REGIONAL RESOURCES Eversource is the largest energy provider in New England, and customers in Boston are able to choose their source of electrical generation. 2/3 of electricity generation come from natural gas, while another 3/10 come from renewable resources, primarily solar, although wind power could soon surpass it as offshore wind farms begin to come online. Water makes it way from reservoirs in the west through a series of aqueducts to storage areas around Boston. After its use, all wastewater in Boston is sent to the Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant in Boston Harbor. All trash in Boston is sent out of the city to incinerators, mainly 40 miles North in Haverhill. The waste left over from this process is then sent to a landﬁll, which due to space limitations are often out-of-state. Steam produced from the incinerator generates electricity for 31,000 homes. At the plant, gravity removes large pollutants during primary sedimentation. Oxygen is then introduced to activate the breakdown of organic material. Sludge goes through a digester and is then sold as fertilizer. The remain wastewater is treated with chemicals and sent through a large tunnel and dispersed at the ocean ﬂoor.

Image Caption: Image © MWRA. Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. Accessed September 30, 2021. https://www.mwra.com/harbor/html/outfall_update.htm

SITE PLAN

Site

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Private Buildings Public Pathways City Roadways Public Parks

FLOOR PLANS AND SECTION

FLOOR 2

FLOOR 1

FLOOR 3

FLOOR 4

SECTION

FORM

STRUCTURE SYSTEM A steel moment frame allows for open spaces framed with glass in the lobby and event areas, while steel trusses on the top ﬂoor create the large expanse needed for gallery spaces. The foundation system is a concrete slab with piles underneath that are driven deep into the ground in order to overcome to poor soil quality due to the proximity to the water.

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SKIN ENVELOPE The cladding system is primarily a combination of translucent and transparent glass, with the occasional piece of sheet metal over more private areas. The architects want to provide great views of the harbor from with the ICA, which is achieved by the majority of the northnorthwest facade being glass. The roof louvers allow indirect sunlight into the gallery space, which is the largest continuous space in the building, and provides some heating, although mechanical assistance is required due to the very cold winter months. The south facing side of the building has the highest percentage of solid walls, which shelter the building from the hot summer sun, but also prevent heat gain during the winter.

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CIRCULATION CIRCULATION AND EGRESS The lobby is located at the corner of the street and Harborwalk, drawing people in and directing them towards the core. The central elevator brings people to the top ﬂoor gallery, and then they make their way down the stairs and can choose to check out the other programmatic elements such as the theater. From the elevator, visitors have views out over the water, while the stairways are all sheltered and hide the occupants fro the surrounding spaces. The ﬁre safety is separate from the main circulation system, as both stairwells are tucked into corners and are used simply to dump people onto the sidewalks as quickly as possible. Neither staircase is typically used by visitors unless they are seeking a quick exit from the building.

HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION VERTICAL CIRCULATION FIRE SAFETY

SYSTEMS BENCHMARKS With an ambitious target for 80% energy reduction the EUI of the ICA Boston is 12. The Annual Solar Exposure shown above is 16% and the Spatial Daylighting Autonomy is 27%. This shows that the interior space is not receiving adequate daylighting, but it does do a good job of minimizing glare. This project located is a cold climate consumes high amounts of energy for thermal control. The use of glass as a primary facade element has impacts on the energy optimization and daylighting. More energy will be needed since glass transmits outdoor temperatures easily. The energy increase for glass is worth it due to the views and lighting provided.

SYSTEMS THERMAL AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Mechanical Ventilation System The ventilation in this building is achieved through an air based system by means of an air packaged unit on the rooftop. CIrculation of air is achieved through ducts placed in the ceiling in order to mantain the very open floor plan of the building. Mechanical rooms are located in one vertical stack to provide easy passage for the wires between the floors. On the bottom floor there is an additional power generator for backup power. The systems work with the form becasue they want to hide the mechanical systems to put more emphasis on the art. The building is heavily reliant on these mechanical systems because the glass skin is terrible for thermal comfort in the cold Boston winters.

Vents in Ceiling Mechanical Rooms and Power Vertical Circulation Central Plumbing Location

REFERENCES •

•

• • •

“Institute of Contemporary Art / Diller Scofidio + Renfro” ArchDaily. 28 Jun 2018. <https:// www.archdaily.com/897150/institute-of-contemporary-art-diller-scofidio-plus-renfro> Accessed 23 Sep 2021. “Institute of Contemporary Art” Architect Magazine. 17 Jul 2012. <https://www. architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/institute-of-contemporary-art-318> Accessed 23 Sep 2021. “About the ICA Boston: Building the New ICA.” Youtube. Uploaded by ICA Boston, 21 May 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLitLiWPtDE&t=4s> “Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston” Wikipedia. 19 Sep 2021. <https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston#History> Accessed 23 Sep 2021. “Diller Scofidio + Renfro.” DS+R. <https://dsrny.com/?index=true&section=studio> Accessed 23 Sep 2021.

APPENDICES: ORIGINAL MANIFESTO Architecture has become increasingly separated from the goal I believe it should a empt to achieve. Architecture has always been one of the best ways for civiliza ons and their culture to leave a las ng impression on the world, however this o en only highlights the most grand part of the society. When we think of ancient history, some of the most influen al pieces of architecture that come to mind are the Great Pyramids of Egypt, the Colosseum in Rome, and the Taj Mahal in India, just to name a few. While these are all magnificent structures, they do li le to reflect on the life of the majority of the popula on, the common people living in small nondescript homes and structures, and this is where I think the greatest issue in architecture lies. Kate Stohr describes architects as “tripping over their own stylish egos in pursuit of wealthy clients” (Stohr, 42), and I couldn’t have said it be er myself. Architects want to make a name for themselves and be remembered for the next extravagant building that graces the cover of magazines and journals, all to feed their desire for money and fame. This process ac vely encourages architects to seek out high end projects, of which there will always be a market for, without considering the possibili es that the skills they have spent years honing allow them to pursue. Rather than facilita ng the accumula on of wealth for those who already have more than enough, architects need to start focusing on those who are barely scratching by. The biggest impact architects can have on a community is to provide a sense of place to the people who have none. Without adequate shelter, you worry about being robbed of your money, being unable to store food and living meal by meal, and having li le access to means of hygiene and undisturbed sleep, just to name a few. Having a home means that not only do you have somewhere to call your own, but you also have an address, which makes applying to jobs easier and makes it easier to open a bank account, which will provide a safe place to store money. The word money always seems to appear in discussions about architecture, as it unfortunately plays a major role in many decisions. However, that does not mean that those who have less deserve less. One of the major issues with the current approach to providing housing for all is that the same effort is not put into designing affordable housing as it is to luxury housing. When working with rich clients, the designer is always looking to meet their requests, no ma er how absurd. However, that same designer, when presented with a project for low income housing, will come up with something that fits their vision, without once consul ng with the people actually living there. As architects, we need to stop judging people by the size of their wallets, and give the same effort to every client in order to provide them with a space that they can thrive in. I had the opportunity this past summer to volunteer with Habitat for Humanity in San Diego, where I experienced first hand how organiza ons are working to address the need for affordable housing. The biggest way that they are able to sell homes for much lower than neighboring ones is that most of the people building the homes are volunteers. The people I worked with were a mix of re ree’s, teachers and students on summer break, or those currently unemployed. As I learned, this can have a drama c impact on the progress they are able to make, as the availability of workers becomes very limited as summer comes to an end. While their mission to provide affordable housing is great, the number of projects each year is limited and slow, nowhere near enough to account for the influx of people who are hoping to find a be er life for themselves. This is why I think it is essen al that the new genera on of architects goes out and actually takes the me to learn about the communi es that they are able to posi vely impact, as there is much more to architecture than building a shiny new skyscraper. One of the most enjoyable experiences I had while on the site with Habitat was working with the individuals who were actually going to eventually live in those houses. Seeing them doing the same work showed just how much they appreciated everyone that was there helping, and when they cut the ribbon and walked inside their home for the first me, I could tell how much it meant to them. These human interac ons are what o en get glossed over in the professional world, as the architects are quickly bouncing from one project to the next. Even with this project, the architect never visited the site while I was there, so while I could see how much the occupants cherish their new home, the architect missed out, and I fear that without this interac on they don’t get the same sense of accomplishment as the rest of us did. Architects have the chance to have a major impact on the communi es they serve, and the most important thing for this to happen is to build a stronger sense of connec on between the architect and the people. I think that by fostering this connec on, architects will see the value in the people they design for, rather than looking to break the next price record. While designing for the community can be incredibly rewarding, it cannot be forced. All architects should have passion for the work they pursue, as the lack thereof will lead to sloppy design and desire to quickly move to the next thing. If someone is set on becoming the next Frank Lloyd Wright, then that’s the path they should take, but I’m perfectly happy being the friendly neighborhood architect.

APPENDICES: PRECEDENT RESEARCH

AL BAHAR TOWERS | AEDAS

ERASMUS UNIVERSITY | PAUL DE RUITER

SKY FOREST | BURO OLE SCHEEREN

MASCARO CENTER | EDGE STUDIO

UT DALLAS ENGINEERING | SMITHGROUP

UTS CENTRAL | FJMT

APPENDICES: DESIGN ITERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1_Story: Written Description of Final Project 2_Final Presentation or Poster 3_Final Project Images Nick Goldschmidt ngoldsch@calpoly.edu Christian Gibson cgibso06@calpoly.edu

4_Integrated Site + Building Section Drawing 5_Site + Structure + Skin + Space + Circulation 6_Systems Integration Report 7_Design Process

ARCH 352-05 Stacey White 8_Precedents Winter 2022

9_Written Reflection

1_STORY: WRITTEN DESCRIPTION OF FINAL PROJECT

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

What makes this project meaningful, interesting, relevant, powerful, and inspiring? What is the central guiding concept that drives your decision-making process for this project?

REFUGIO DE BARRIO LOGAN Project Location: San Diego, CA Program: Library, Law Clinics and Tech Workshop Gross Square Footage: 100,133 GSF Our project looks to blend the daily lives of the students and surrounding community. Located along the street, services such as the law clinics and library will draw people in and provide access to the campus quad. We want to embrace the Hispanic culture of Barrio Logan in our building and ensure that the campus is part of the community, rather than creating a barrier between downtown and Barrio. Our sustainable technology laboratory will work to develop new projects to combat climate change and provide the necessary services to refugees so that they are not forced to flee from their homes. Much of the technology will be implemented throughout the building to test and display the work to help raise awareness and put an end to the climate crisis

Stacey White

2 Winter 2022

2_FINAL PRESENTATION

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

3 Winter 2022

3_FINAL PROJECT IMAGES

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Exterior Vignettes Highlighting the relationship to the surrounding buildings and street, as well as showing our first iteration of the facade system

Stacey White

4 Winter 2022

3_FINAL PROJECT IMAGES (CONT’D)

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Program Spreadsheet providing detailed breakdown of the diﬀerent spaces and diagram illustrating their relation to one another

Stacey White

5 Winter 2022

3_FINAL PROJECT IMAGES (CONT’D)

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

Site Plan Detail of the connection to the street and the quad through central passageway while starting to developing the surrounding landscape of the broader campus

6 Winter 2022

3_FINAL PROJECT IMAGES (CONT’D)

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Floor Plans Detail of the 2-4 floors and the layout of stack rooms and student support spaces around the central core/courtyard

Stacey White

7 Winter 2022

3_FINAL PROJECT IMAGES (CONT’D)

Floor Plans Detail 5th and 6th floors showing the initial study room layouts and rooftop garden space

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

8 Winter 2022

3_FINAL PROJECT IMAGES (CONT’D)

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

9 Winter 2022

Interior Vignettes View of the workshop space and open view to the street and upper level of central passageway that connects the street to the quad through the building

4_INTEGRATED SITE + BUILDING SECTION DRAWING

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

10 Winter 2022

4_INTEGRATED SITE + BUILDING SECTION DRAWING

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

11 Winter 2022

5_DESIGN FOR SITE

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

12 Winter 2022

How does the project respond to this specific climate, and available resources, and why? How does the project respond to this specific community and cultural context, and why? How does the project respond to the ground and adjacent buildings, and why?

Our project is designed to incorporate the winds from the NW while also featuring exterior circulation to take advantage of the great weather in San Diego. Our project is wrapped with a facade resembling the tradition Mexican serape(blanket), which is very common among the local Hispanic population and is seen as a symbol of their lively culture. We intend for this to help identify our building as a safe, comfortable space where all are welcome. The ground floor of our building is setback from the sidewalks to create more space for pedestrians, while the courtyard in the interior creates a gradual transition from the quad into the building.

5_DESIGN FOR STRUCTURE

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

13 Winter 2022

What is the primary structural material and system (steel frame, mass, timber, etc.) and why? What is the basic configuration of the structural system in plan and section, and why? What special spaces might require a long span structural system, and why?

We chose to use a steel frame system because it is able to support the heavy loads of the library and laboratory while also maintaining open views through each floor. We also want to try incorporating the structure into our facade system, which would work best with steel due to the diagonal structure. Our grid is laid out so that columns and beams line up well with the edges of diﬀerent programs to limit the need for columns in the middle of rooms. In section, the beams support a slab system which in turn supports a raised floor to provide ventilation. We may choose to have longer spans in the workshop so that there are no columns in the way of heavy machinery.

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Section and floor plan detailing how structure is being incorporated into building

30' - 0"

35' - 10"

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5_DESIGN FOR SKIN

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

14 Winter 2022

What is the desired relationship between interior and exterior environments, and why? What is the basic material pallette for the building exterior, and why? What is the basic skin configuration and mass-to-glass ratio for each building face orientation, and why?

We want to bring to take advantage of San Diego’s climate as much as possible, so we want to maximize the views of the exterior and also provide access to openings. The facade will be supported by steel framing, and we would like to use colored ceramic tiles or stucco to achieve the desired look while also matching with the materials from the Barrio Logan Plan. Due to just recently coming up with this facade, we are not certain on the mass to glass ratio, but we want to size the triangular openings based on the program behind them to provide adequate lighting while also considering the energy impact of under or over sizing openings. This may lead us to including operable shading devices so that occupants have more control over each spaces’ individual conditions.

Exterior images of how skin is beginning to be developed

5_DESIGN FOR SPACE

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

15 Winter 2022

How are spaces organized and sized in relation to their program, each other, and circulation, and why? How are spaces designed to harness and control daylight, and why? How have you allocated space for services such as restrooms, mechanical rooms, and storage, and why?

The library is located in one stack in order to make access clear and also so that the deeper sections of the floor plate can be used for books and computers away from the sun, while work areas are located with more direct day lighting. The laboratory and law clinics are housed in the second half, where the lab takes the first few floors and is very visible to the public, while the clinics are higher up to receive privacy. The thinner floor plates allow for day lighting, either direct or indirect, to reach all parts of these programs to reduce the need for harsh artificial lighting. Rest rooms and mechanical spaces are located in the central core to provide easy access, which we have been given some suggestions on how to better locate so that it does not disrupt the flow of the building.

Floor plans showing varying sizing and layout options, and program diagram showing spaces proximity to one another.

5_DESIGN FOR CIRCULATION

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

16 Winter 2022

What is the experience of approaching from the edge of the site and entering the building, and why? How do vertical and horizontal circulation worth together to create a network of movement, and why? What method(s) of conveyance is used to move air, heat, water, and waste through the building, and why?

The ground floor of the building is very open and inviting, while the upper floors funnel your gaze towards to main entries. This is to direct visitors where to move through the building and create visual connections between the spaces so that each aspect of the building is clearly identified. Vertical circulation through the central courtyard provide an enjoyable sequence that flows into the pathways along each floor, while additional stairs at each end of the building help to alleviate congestion. Air, water and waste are all moved vertically through the central core where elevators are also located in order to reduce the need for additional stacks. In one half of the building, air is used to provide additional support to the heavy use areas including the lab and workshop, while water is used to provide thermal comfort to the library where its quiet, constant nature is much more ideal.

View of the walkways along the central courtyard (which we plan on revamping), building approach from National and diagram of HVAC systems

6_SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 307 | STUDIO WHITE | WINTER 2022 This project is designed to blend the daily lives of the students with the surrounding community by providing access to public services such as law clinics and the library. The massing is broken into two halves, with a thinner, taller half housing law clinics at the top and a research lab and workshop at the bottom. The other half consists of the library and its stack rooms and study areas. From our labs this year, I learned that the thinner building will receive better daylighting, while the library, which has deeper plates, will be more shaded, which is ideal for the stacks. The FF height on the lower Àoors is meant to provide more space for the programs, but it decreases higher up to help lower the overall EUI of the building. The courtyard that bisects the halves helps to bring more daylight into the spaces, while the libraries location the opening ensures it receives mostly indirect light and continues to avoid too much direct daylighting. As noted in Lab 1, sun shading, passive solar gain and internal heat gain are all important in the San Diego climate, which is why we chose to use facade that can be adaptable. The openings vary depending on the desired daylighting for diႇerent programs while still blending in to the overall design. In the northern half of the building, natural ventilation cools the clinics and labs spaces, which Àows into the central core and out through the top. In the library, where we wanted a more gentle approach, a radiant system provides quiet, constant control. Pipes embedded in the structure provide a hidden system that is always regulating the space to keep visitors happy. The structural system is made of steel with concrete cores. The steel allows for spaces to remain open and visible, while also meeting the load requirements of the heavy programs. Construction would be relatively quick, which would limit the disturbance on the surrounding community, while also matching the aesthetic of existing buildings. Moving forward, I want to work on continuing to reduce the EUI of the building, which will primarily be focused on developing the facade system. This will allow us to maximize daylight where we want it while also ensuring that the thermal comfort of each space is not entirely reliant on mechanical systems. I also want to better incorporate the structure into the facade to create a more cohesive look, rather than having the two exist as separate entities.

17 Winter 2022

6_SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT (CONT’D)

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT INTEGRATED DIAGRAMS Form/Massing The workshop and clinics in the taller half to the NW are situated to maximize natural ventilation, while courtyard and shorter library section allow sunlight to hit the SW face. The courtyard and step-back ¿rst Àoor are meant to draw people in from the campus core. The central core is meant to keep the space as open as possible to allow visible connections between the street and quad, while also providing easy connections to the building.

Natural Ventilation Wind in San Diego is strongest from the northwest, and will be utilized in the law clinics to reduce the need for mechanical systems. Gentle winds also blow from the southwest, and will Àow through the central passageway and courtyard and up through the core to provide cooling along main circulation routes and gathering spaces.

Solar Response The building is oriented so that the clinics receive the most light. The library will be partially blocked by the neighboring building, while the taller clinics are raised towards the sun. The clinics will also house solar panels on top, while the lower library rooftop will have a garden for people to have a more private access to the outdoors. Summer sun can only reach the circulation paths, while winter sun provides warmth to the students.

HVAC System The building will be connected to the central plant for the whole campus, which reduces the need for mechanical space within the building. The equipment room will be located at the bottom of the central core, which consolidates all the functions into one column. The northern mass will have an air system that assists the natural ventilation in the workshop an laboratory. The library will have a radiant system for more gentle comfort.

Daylight Strategies The double-skin facade is meant to vary depending on the program located behind it, which guides how much daylighting each space has. The workshop and study lounges have larger windows to maximize light, while smaller windows individually light clinic rooms and stacks. An opening between the two masses allows the core of the building to receive sunlight and guide visitors’ vertical circulation.

Structural System A steel structural system provides the strength and Àexibility needed for the spaces. Many of the programs are very heavy, but I also wanted to keep the Àoor plans very open. Steel makes it easy for the room layouts to change over time, and also can be incorporated into the facade to minimize the space it takes up. Concrete cores provide ¿re protection, while an additional open staircase provides more experiential views.

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Stacey White

18 Winter 2022

6_SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT (CONT’D)

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT PERFORMANCE MODEL AND EUI ANALYSIS Using Insight, I was able to develop a very detailed energy model of my building. With the current construction, my EUI would be 45, which is well above the target. Using both the information learned in Labs 2 and 3 and by optimizing the categories in Insight, I know that much of the improvements will come in the form of my windows and shading. While I want to have very open facades that let in light, the WWR is much to high and I am considering creating a double skin facade to shade part of the building while still keeping the larger openings. The labs also revealed that thinner Àoor spans will help reduce the EUI, which I am considering doing by creating a more atriumlike space through the middle.

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6_SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT (CONT’D)

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Stacey White

SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT STRUCTURAL GRID

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Questions: • How could structural members be combined into the facade to both ¿t the aesthetic but also do it job eႇectively? • Will the cantilevered spaces on upper Àoors change the thickness/span of steel and eႇect the spaces neighboring them?

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The chosen material for this project is a steel structural system with concrete cores due to its ¿re resistivity. The grid layout is meant to easily lineup with the variety of programs throughout the building and provide lots of open space that can be adapted to the diႇerent uses of the library and law clinics. I chose steel because the programs such as stack rooms, workshop and laboratory are very heavy and also have some larger spans, and need a material that can manage the load. Steel framing also makes it easier to apply the hybrid air/water system as there is more space for things to vary. Concrete was never really an option due to its bulkiness, while timber does not ¿t the aesthetic of the surrounding neighborhood I am trying to match, and also may not meet the necessary loads once the building is ¿nalized.

F 30' - 0"

30' - 0"

35' - 10"

23' - 6"

40' - 0"

20 Winter 2022

7_DESIGN PROCESS

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

DOWNTOWN SAN DIEGO

EDUCATION

6% 6%

ETHNICITY 16%

No High School 16%

Some High School High School Graduate

45%

29%

Hispanic or Latino 42% 5%

Some College Associate’s Degree

$50K - $100K

Black or African American

$100K - $200K

28%

Two or More Races

Bachelor’s Degree or Higher

HOUSEHOLD INCOME Under $50K

Asian

Over $200K

0.5% Native American

20%

Caz Espinoza, Christian Gibson, NickGoldschmidt, Noelani Maylad

14%

White, Not Hispanic or Latino

30%

<0.5% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islanders

29%

Project Boundary Natural Resources Social Places Services Bike and Pedestrian Paths Sweetwater Reservoir

Bike Lanes Hike and Bike Trail Hike and Bike Loop Pedestrian Paseos Public Areas Green Spaces Public Spaces of Interest

Carlsbad Desalination Plant

Transit San Diego Trolley Lines Trolley Station Bus Routes Bus Stop

Gaslamp Quarter

Children’s Museum

Seaport Village

MCA San Diego

Fire Department

Site Analysis Demographic info, points of interest and transportation routes for downtown San Diego

Petco Park

Police Department

Stacey White

21 Winter 2022

7_DESIGN PROCESS (CONT’D)

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

22 Winter 2022

The temperature range chart reveals that during the day, the temperature is typically within the comfort zone, although from Dec-Mar there are occasional colder days and Aug-Sept can become a bit hot. During the night, the temperature typically becomes cooler, although during the summer months it is still within the comfort range.

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From Nov-Mar/April, sun is needed until around 9am, while in January it is needed all day. Sun shading is needed throughout the day in August, while the rest of the year, shade is not necessary, but could be used to adjust the interior temperature to the clients liking.

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EUI & CLIMATE ANALYSIS DESIGN

DOWNTOWN SAN DIEGO Nick Goldschmidt | Studio White | Winter 2022

7_DESIGN PROCESS (CONT’D)

Initial Project Massing model and programmatic diagram for individual building proposal

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

23 Winter 2022

7_DESIGN PROCESS (CONT’D)

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Initial Project NS section for individual building proposal, detailing sunken moot court and workshop, and experiential staircase through courtyard

Stacey White

24 Winter 2022

7_DESIGN PROCESS (CONT’D)

Initial Project Vignette of courtyard space and of workshop space for individual building proposal

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

25 Winter 2022

7_DESIGN PROCESS (CONT’D)

Initial Project Initial proposed campus site plan with individual building proposal and placeholder campus buildings

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

26 Winter 2022

7_DESIGN PROCESS (CONT’D)

Initial Project: Christian Section views of building proposal with focus on greenery and large open interior spaces

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

27 Winter 2022

8_PRECEDENTS

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

28 Winter 2022

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innovation

by Kengo Kuma

by Edge Studio, Nbbj

Great example of incorporating greenery into industrial setting and creating open well lit spaces that feel very inviting. Fits well into urban setting and surrounding neighborhood.

Idea of how a lab space is laid out and incorporated into a greater campus plan. Good mix of industrial and educational spaces

Photograph © Kawasumi Kobayashi Kenji Photograph Oﬃce. “Tokyo Ins tute of Technology Hisao & Hiroko Taki Plaza / Kengo Kuma & Associates.” January 10, 2022. ArchDaily. Accessed February 22, 2022. h ps:// www.archdaily.com/974738/tokyo-ins tute-of-technology-hisao-and-hiroko-taki-plaza-kengo-kuma-andassociates/

Photograph © Ed Massery. “Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innova on / EDGE Studio, Nbbj.” August 19, 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed February 22, 2022. h ps://www.archdaily.com/159216/mascaro-center-forsustainable-innova on-edge-studio/

Apple Park Visitor Center

Regenerative 15-Minute Community

by Foster + Partners

by 3XN/GXN Architects

Idea for plaza connection and very open/inviting entry space that makes the whole building visible

Project proposed in San Diego that provides guides for creating dense urban environment that takes advantage of the great climate

Photograph © Foster + Partners. “Apple Park Visitor Center / Foster + Partners.” November 21, 2017. ArchDaily. Accessed February 22, 2022. h ps://www.archdaily.com/884071/apple-park-visitor-center-fosterplus-partners/

Photograph © 3XN. “3XN/GXN Architects, Gehl, and ConAm Envision a Regenera ve 15-Minute Community for San Diego.” February 10, 2022. ArchDaily. Accessed February 22, 2022. h ps://www.archdaily. com/976579/3xn-gxn-architects-gehl-and-conam-envision-a-regenera ve-15-minute-community-for-sandiego/

9_WRITTEN REFLECTION

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

29 Winter 2022

How would you describe your studio’s project brief, in your own words? How did your instructor design and organize the studio to aid your development of this work over the quarter?

Our project brief is to create a campus plan for the Cal West Law School in San Diego. We should consider both the existing infrastructure and the new Barrio Logan Master Plan when designing our buildings, while also considering the needs of the law schools clients. Stacey has created a very collaborative studio environment, where we are constantly working with each other to develop our projects. One of the best aspects of our studio has been working with firms to develop our work and get feedback from professionals in order to create very thorough projects. Reflect on the state of your design project at the midpoint of the Two Quarter Studio, drawing upon the feedback you received in reviews, discussions with your studio instructor, and your own evaluation of your work. What do you feel are the project’s current strengths and weaknesses?

Currently, we have a good idea of where we want our project to end up, and now we can focus on implementing the different ideas we have come up with. The quick turn around from our first project allowed us to explore some different ideas, and now that we have come together in pairs we feel pretty good about the different strategies we have chosen. While we know what mechanical and structural systems we want to use, the sizing of these will likely cause some of our spaces to have to shift some in order to fully incorporate everything. What are some questions you need to answer, or decisions you need to make in order to move your project forward in Spring?

We need to decide on how we are fully developing the facade. We know that we want to make the pattern more abstract and also incorporate structure into it, and our firm reviewers have also suggesting using it as a rain screen. Since the facade was a very recent development, its is so far only developed artistically to show what our idea is. Did ARCH 307 lectures and/or labs influence your thinking or approach in your design studio project this quarter? If so, how?

The lectures have helped us in deciding the structural system we wanted to implement in the design and diﬀerent strategies we can use in both form and day lighting to improve the buildings eﬃciency. We have especially noticed how important the skin of the building is in controlling temperature and lighting, which has led us to begin developing a facade that can easily feature a variety of openings and/or materials to create a variety of spaces. Did the ARCH 307 Integrated Section influence your thinking or approach in your design studio project this quarter? If so, how?

The integrated section helped us understand the human scale of the building. We could see how the varying floor heights made each space feel, while also seeing how the structure fits into the building. We also used it to begin developing our building core to both house important mechanical systems and serve as a enjoyable circulation path.

9_WRITTEN REFLECTION (CONT’D)

Nick Goldschmidt and Christian Gibson

Stacey White

30 Winter 2022

Did Common Hour presentations and pin-ups influence your design studio project this quarter, or contribute to your education more broadly? If so, how? Do you have any suggestions for improving Common Hour in the Spring, or in future years?

I really appreciated the common hours presentations learning about each of our professors. It’s nice to see the things they do in their free time and also how they incorporate the things we are currently learning into their daily lives. In regards to the pinups, I loved seeing how diﬀerent each studios projects are, but I wish there were a description of what each class was working on. Unless someone was standing there to explain it, we often didn’t know what was being worked on, which would help with the understanding, even though they are fun to look at either way. Were there other outside influences that informed your design studio project this quarter? This could be other courses you were taking this quarter, previous courses, the Hearst Lecture Series, or things outside of school such as art, current events, personal experiences, etc..

A lot of project was influenced by things that we saw while touring San Diego and also visiting the firm LPA. Experiencing the area where our project is located and learning from a firm that builds projects there gave a lot of insight into how we could develop our own. The weekly readings and videos we have done throughout the quarter have also helped to realize the impact we can have on people and given some ideas on how we can develop our projects to best serve the community and provide a valuable service.

REFUGIO DE BARRIO LOGAN

Christian Gibson and Nick Goldschmidt Studio White | Winter 2022 | ARCH 352

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Within the broader campus, this building features a library and law clinics accessible to both students and the surrounding community. These spaces should be a open and inviting to encourage education, but also oﬀer the neccessary privacy for people to feel safe. A sustainable technology workshop and laboratory focused on combatting climate change use the entire building as a testing ground for their variety of projects, and serve as a direct response to the climate crisis that has forced many refugees to flee to the US from Latin America.

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PROJECT GOALS • How might we embrace the climate and create thoughtful exterior spaces? • How might we facilitate student success while also engaging the community? • How might we involve/encourage the community of Barrio Logan to participate in the fight against climate change in their own homes?

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PIEZOELECTRIC FLOOR TILES

CHRISTIAN GIBSON AND NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

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STEPPING FORCE

TOP PLATE

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PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER

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TILE ENERGY OUTPUT .005 kWh PER STEP

BUILDING AREA 103,017 SF

LIBRARY EXPECTED DAILY VISITORS 4,116 (BASED ON KENNEDY LIBRARY)

BUILDING ENERGY USAGE 658,171 kWh PER YEAR

EXPECTED STEPS PER DAY ON TILES 82,328 (20 STEPS PER VISITOR)

PERCENT OF TOTAL ENERGY USAGE ACHIEVED BY TILES 22.83%

ENERGY OUTPUT 411 kWh PER DAY 150,249 kWh PER YEAR

HALLWAY AREA 400 SF

TARGET BUILDING EUI 21.8 kbtu/ft²/year

COST (345 TILES) $664,125

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APPENDICES: ARCH 307 LAB 1

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EUI & CLIMATE ANALYSIS DESIGN

DOWNTOWN SAN DIEGO Nick Goldschmidt | Studio White | Winter 2022

SUN SHADING OF WINDOWS Overhangs can be added to prevent summer sun from reaching habitable spaces, while also being sized in order to allow sunlight in during the colder months.

NATURAL VENTILATION Taking into account the wind direction when placing walls and openings for natural cooling of the space, which can be directed by the occupants by opening/closing ﬁxtures.

PASSIVE SOLAR DIRECT GAIN Large windows on the south facade allow sunlight into the space, heating the interior and being absorbed by the walls and ﬂoors to provide warmth at night.

INTERNAL HEAT GAIN The activities within a space provide heat, whether it be from the movement of people, use of appliances, lighting, etc.

All other passive design strategies have have a minor effect on the comfort levels. However, the addition of heating and humidiﬁcation would bring the comfort levels from 92.6% to 97.6%, if mechanical systems were to be utilized.

EUI & CLIMATE ANALYSIS DESIGN

DOWNTOWN SAN DIEGO Nick Goldschmidt | Studio White | Winter 2022

APPENDICES: ARCH 307 LAB 2

TEAM MATRIX KENZIE PELLETIER NICK GOLDSCHMIDT INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE SAN DIEGO 100,000SF TARGET EUI: 27

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INDIVIDUAL MATRIX NICK GOLDSCHMIDT INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE SAN DIEGO 100,000SF TARGET EUI: 27

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SUMMARY My initial focus was on creating a variety of shapes to see how they impact the EUI. One of the main things I found was that spaces with a smaller S:V ratio performed better. I also noticed that when all other variables were the same, the shape had a noticeable impact, as the circular shape had the best EUI compared to all other iterations. The most impactful way to vary the EUI within a specific typology was to change the WWR, as a lower ration greatly decreased the EUI. However, this also means that there is less sunlight reaching the interior. Interestingly, when changing the FF Height while maintaining the WWR, the EUI of the T shape increased, but the circular shape remained constant, which suggests there is something else effecting the EUI.

INDIVIDUAL STUDY 1 NICK GOLDSCHMIDT INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE SAN DIEGO 100,000SF TARGET EUI: 27

STUDY SUMMARY

EUI: 34 kBtu/ft2/yr TOTAL S.F.: 100000 S.F. (100% OF TARGET S.F.) # OF STORIES: 10 F.F. HEIGHT: 12 WWR: 0.333 S:V RATIO: 74:1000

With this study I used the minimum FF Height and set the window between 3’-7’ for a WWR of .333 to see how low I could drop the EUI while maintaining a reasonable window size. While this did result in an EUI lower than some of my other iterations, it is still above the target I am aiming for. This iteration also had one of the lowest S:V Ratios, which I thought would help bring the EUI even lower, but it was not dramatically different.

INDIVIDUAL STUDY 2 NICK GOLDSCHMIDT INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE SAN DIEGO 100,000SF TARGET EUI: 27

STUDY SUMMARY

EUI: 34 kBtu/ft2/yr TOTAL S.F.: 100352 S.F. (100.3% OF TARGET S.F.) # OF STORIES: 2 F.F. HEIGHT: 14 WWR: 0.357 S:V RATIO: 89:1000

In this study I focused on creating a model with large footprint and few floors. Since this was very different from the other models I made, I thought the EUI might greatly vary, either positively or negatively, but it was very similar to the other iterations, although it did outperform the narrow, tall building. The low WWR likely helped lower the EUI, but with a floor plate this deep, would not be a pleasing design.

INDIVIDUAL STUDY 3 NICK GOLDSCHMIDT INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE SAN DIEGO 100,000SF TARGET EUI: 27

STUDY SUMMARY

EUI: 32 kBtu/ft2/yr TOTAL S.F.: 100531 S.F. (100.5% OF TARGET S.F.) # OF STORIES: 5 F.F. HEIGHT: 12 WWR: 0.416 S:V RATIO: 83:1000

In this iteration I wanted to make a shape that was very different from the other models I looked at. This seemed to have a very positive impact on the EUI of the building, as this was the lowest I achieved in any iteration. While the FF Height was the same as study 1, I increased the WWR to improve the daylighting to the interior, while still maintaining the lower EUI. In comparison to the other models I looked at, the S:V ratio was very average, and didn’t seem to have a major impact.

APPENDICES: ARCH 307 LAB 3

TEAM MATRIX KENZIE PELLETIER NICK GOLDSCHMIDT INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE SAN DIEGO 100,000SF TARGET EUI: 27

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We chose to pursue new studies in lab 3 that more closely related to our studio project. WWR was still the most impactful change, as an increase leads to a much higher EUI, but this also greatly improved the sDA, so there are still beneﬁts despite the increase in EUI. Floor to ﬂoor height also impacts the EUI, but we noticed that when increasing it while keeping the WWR the same, the impact was not as dramatic as changing the WWR. We also noticed that a lower S:V ratio seemed to help lower the EUI, but was not nearly as noticeable as varying WWR. In regards to daylighting, creating shallower plates greatly improved the sDA, while adding courtyards also helped to improve the percentage. The shallower plates also make the spans much more manageable for the structure, and allow more variety in choosing materials. We also attempted to keep a more standardized sizing throughout the buildings so that creating a grid is much easier to do.

INDIVIDUAL MATRIX NICK GOLDSCHMIDT INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE SAN DIEGO 100,000SF TARGET EUI: 27

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SUMMARY I chose to create two studies that featured courtyards for this lab because that is something I am considering for my studio project. WWR had a major effect on the EUI of my different studies, and FF Height was also important because increasing it leads to much larger windows. I am curious why in my ﬁrst two studies the EUI remained constant when FF Height was increased, and wondered if that was perhaps because the S:V ratio went down. At the same time, sDA greatly improved when increasing FF Height, which was a beneﬁt. I also make my shapes follow a more grid-like pattern in order to create a more clear structure, while also keeping spans to a minimum.

INDIVIDUAL SCHEME NICK GOLDSCHMIDT INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE SAN DIEGO 100,000SF TARGET EUI: 27

STUDY SUMMARY

EUI: 32 kBtu/ft2/yr TOTAL S.F.: 100450 S.F. (100.4% OF TARGET S.F.) # OF STORIES: 7 F.F. HEIGHT: 14 WWR: 0.357 S:V RATIO: 71:1000

With this study I chose to use a thin shape and added a courtyard to maximize the amount of sunlight to each ﬂoor. The number of stories is the same as the tallest point on my studio project, while I chose to use a smaller FF Height compared to some of the other studies in order to improve EUI. I think the biggest reason the EUI in this building is lower than the others is due to the lower WWR, which still manages to provide plenty of sunlight to the space, but greatly improves the EUI. The S:V ratio was not much different from my other studies, but it was slightly better than lab 2, where the EUI’s were slightly worse.

DAYLIGHTING GRAPHICS NICK GOLDSCHMIDT INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE

EUI: 32 kBtu/ft2/yr TOTAL S.F.: 100450 S.F. (100.4% OF TARGET S.F.) # OF STORIES: 7 F.F. HEIGHT: 14 WWR: 0.357 S:V RATIO: 71:1000

EUI: 35 kBtu/ft2/yr TOTAL S.F.: 100450 S.F. (100.4% OF TARGET S.F.) # OF STORIES: 7 F.F. HEIGHT: 14 WWR: 0.571 S:V RATIO: 71:1000

EUI: 33 kBtu/ft2/yr TOTAL S.F.: 100450 S.F. (100.4% OF TARGET S.F.) # OF STORIES: 7 F.F. HEIGHT: 12 WWR: 0.571 S:V RATIO: 71:1000

STUDY SUMMARY In order to have the lowest EUI, the daylighting levels also would have to be lower, as is the case in the ﬁrst iteration. With a sDA of 65%, the daylighting levels are adequate, but not as strong as would be preferred. In order to improve the daylighting levels, I increased the WWR. This led to a much greater sDA of 87%, but it also increased the EUI by 3. In order to bring the EUI back down, I lowered the FF Height, which brought the EUI to 33, while the sDA only dropped to 86%. I think this is the best iteration of the 3, because it features a high sDA, meaning there is lots of daylighting to the spaces, and the EUI is only one higher than the ﬁrst iteration, which has much worse daylighting. Orienting the longer side of the building towards the sun made the sDA much better, as the shorter width allows sunlight to penetrate more area. If an occupant wanted to reduce the daylighting within the space, they could use operable shades, as this would allow them to determine when they want sunlight and when they do not, but the option for sun would always be available.

STRUCTURAL GRID  STEEL NICK GOLDSCHMIDT

5” SLAB W/ 2” DECKING

INSTRUCTOR: STACEY WHITE 14” STEEL BEAMS 8’ O.C.

28” STEEL GIRDERS 121” COLUMNS

5” SLAB W/ 2” DECKING 14” STEEL BEAMS

28” STEEL GIRDERS

121” COLUMNS

STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS

STUDY SUMMARY I chose spans that easily divided the space, including girders down the middle of each leg and a beam at the edge of the courtyard. The largest girder length is 40.5’, and the beams in the bay are 26.5’, spaced every 8’. There is 10’ of space between the ﬂoor and ceiling, which allows plenty of room for varying window sizes based on the desired WWR and EUI. I chose to use steel because the spans are fairly large and the depth with wood would only be about 1’ shorter, and both systems would be able to meet the desired WWR. Steel is also beneﬁcial with the irregular shape at the meeting of the two wings.

APPENDICES: ARCH 307 LAB 4

Summer Solstice

Spring/Autumn Equinox

Winter Solstice

CAPTIVATING San Diego, CA Latitude: 32º

9:00 am

12:00 pm

Nick Goldschmidt Studio White | Winter 2022 | Lab 04

3:00 pm

Summer Solstice

Spring/Autumn Equinox

Winter Solstice

MEDITATIVE San Diego, CA Latitude: 32º

9:00 am

12:00 pm

Nick Goldschmidt Studio White | Winter 2022 | Lab 04

3:00 pm

Summer Solstice

Spring/Autumn Equinox

Winter Solstice

SERENE San Diego, CA Latitude: 32º

9:00 am

12:00 pm

Nick Goldschmidt Studio White | Winter 2022 | Lab 04

3:00 pm

REFLECTION

I used a variety of screens and openings to direct light in different ways and experiment with how this effected the mood of the space. In model 1, I located the opening on the northern side of the roof, and used the reﬂectiveness of the aluminum foil to direct the light back into the space. Throughout the day, the different angles will make the wall seem to shimmer as the sun hits different parts of the wall. In model 2, I used a cloth screen to break up the light and make its presence in the space more gentle. The location of the opening along the western wall allows the sun to move across the room throughout the day, allowing those within the space to experience the passage of time and have zones of varying temperatures. In model 3, I used colored tissue paper to change the lighting to be more calming and used perforated paper to add texture to the ceiling so that the sun will create different patterns throughout the day. Since our site is located in San Diego, taking advantage of the sunlight will be very important. While the whole building should have access, each space serves different needs and the things I learned in this lab can help me to achieve those. In the moot court, I want to allow light in without the space being visible to the outside, so the use of a ﬁlter similar to the tissue paper could be very helpful, although I would want to use a lighter color. Other spaces, such as the classrooms and work areas, should have lots of access to direct sunlight, and using screens break it up can help keep the spaces from overheating or having too much glare. When looking in section, it is important to pay attention to where the light is coming from, as this will effect how it moves through the space, and whether it needs to be broken up or can act as it is.

Nick Goldschmidt Studio White | Winter 2022 | Lab 04

APPENDICES: ARCH 307 SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT

SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 307 | STUDIO WHITE | WINTER 2022 This project is designed to blend the daily lives of the students with the surrounding community by providing access to public services such as law clinics and the library. The massing is broken into two halves, with a thinner, taller half housing law clinics at the top and a research lab and workshop at the bottom. The other half consists of the library and its stack rooms and study areas. From our labs this year, I learned that the thinner building will receive better daylighting, while the library, which has deeper plates, will be more shaded, which is ideal for the stacks. The FF height on the lower floors is meant to provide more space for the programs, but it decreases higher up to help lower the overall EUI of the building. The courtyard that bisects the halves helps to bring more daylight into the spaces, while the libraries location the opening ensures it receives mostly indirect light and continues to avoid too much direct daylighting. As noted in Lab 1, sun shading, passive solar gain and internal heat gain are all important in the San Diego climate, which is why we chose to use facade that can be adaptable. The openings vary depending on the desired daylighting for diﬀerent programs while still blending in to the overall design. In the northern half of the building, natural ventilation cools the clinics and labs spaces, which flows into the central core and out through the top. In the library, where we wanted a more gentle approach, a radiant system provides quiet, constant control. Pipes embedded in the structure provide a hidden system that is always regulating the space to keep visitors happy. The structural system is made of steel with concrete cores. The steel allows for spaces to remain open and visible, while also meeting the load requirements of the heavy programs. Construction would be relatively quick, which would limit the disturbance on the surrounding community, while also matching the aesthetic of existing buildings. Moving forward, I want to work on continuing to reduce the EUI of the building, which will primarily be focused on developing the facade system. This will allow us to maximize daylight where we want it while also ensuring that the thermal comfort of each space is not entirely reliant on mechanical systems. I also want to better incorporate the structure into the facade to create a more cohesive look, rather than having the two exist as separate entities.

SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT INTEGRATED DIAGRAMS Form/Massing The workshop and clinics in the taller half to the NW are situated to maximize natural ventilation, while courtyard and shorter library section allow sunlight to hit the SW face. The courtyard and step-back first floor are meant to draw people in from the campus core. The central core is meant to keep the space as open as possible to allow visible connections between the street and quad, while also providing easy connections to the building.

Natural Ventilation Wind in San Diego is strongest from the northwest, and will be utilized in the law clinics to reduce the need for mechanical systems. Gentle winds also blow from the southwest, and will flow through the central passageway and courtyard and up through the core to provide cooling along main circulation routes and gathering spaces.

Structural System A steel structural system provides the strength and flexibility needed for the spaces. Many of the programs are very heavy, but I also wanted to keep the floor plans very open. Steel makes it easy for the room layouts to change over time, and also can be incorporated into the facade to minimize the space it takes up. Concrete cores provide fire protection, while an additional open staircase provides more experiential views.

ural Bays

SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT PERFORMANCE MODEL AND EUI ANALYSIS Using Insight, I was able to develop a very detailed energy model of my building. With the current construction, my EUI would be 45, which is well above the target. Using both the information learned in Labs 2 and 3 and by optimizing the categories in Insight, I know that much of the improvements will come in the form of my windows and shading. While I want to have very open facades that let in light, the WWR is much to high and I am considering creating a double skin facade to shade part of the building while still keeping the larger openings. The labs also revealed that thinner floor spans will help reduce the EUI, which I am considering doing by creating a more atriumlike space through the middle.

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SYSTEMS INTEGRATION REPORT STRUCTURAL GRID

19' - 8" 25' - 0"

25' - 0"

D 28' - 0"

Questions: • How could structural members be combined into the facade to both fit the aesthetic but also do it job eﬀectively? • Will the cantilevered spaces on upper floors change the thickness/span of steel and eﬀect the spaces neighboring them?

E 32' - 0"

The chosen material for this project is a steel structural system with concrete cores due to its fire resistivity. The grid layout is meant to easily lineup with the variety of programs throughout the building and provide lots of open space that can be adapted to the diﬀerent uses of the library and law clinics. I chose steel because the programs such as stack rooms, workshop and laboratory are very heavy and also have some larger spans, and need a material that can manage the load. Steel framing also makes it easier to apply the hybrid air/water system as there is more space for things to vary. Concrete was never really an option due to its bulkiness, while timber does not fit the aesthetic of the surrounding neighborhood I am trying to match, and also may not meet the necessary loads once the building is finalized.

F 30' - 0"

30' - 0"

35' - 10"

23' - 6"

40' - 0"

APPENDICES: ARCH 342 PROJECT 1

PROJECT 1: MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS MATERIAL CASE STUDY 1: POINT-SUPPORTED GLAZING NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

UTS CENTRAL, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA FJMT STUDIO Point-supported glazing is used as a rain screen to protect the interior store front windows. While acting as the first layer of protection for the building, it also serves as one of the main supports for the operable shading mechanism. The length of each panel column varies so that the shades can be placed at multiple angles, all while leaving the views to the neighboring park unobstructed. The flexibility of point-supported glazing allows the connections to be placed in almost any pattern, allowing the designer to have fully control over the look of the facade.

https://tilt-industrialdesign.com/projects/uts-central-sun-shading-system/

https://pubhtml5.com/jiuq/jaja

PROJECT 1: MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS MATERIAL CASE STUDY 2: POINT-SUPPORTED GLAZING NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

727 WEST MADISON PARKING STRUCTURE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS FITZGERALD ASSOCIATES ARCHITECTS The varying panel depths in the facade are meant to be very flexible in order to maximize daylighting and ventilation. A big selling point for this project was that it eliminated the need for a large supporting structure, drastically reducing the price of the project and leaving more space for cars. The openness of the facade is also important to occupants safety, as it allows unobstructed views throughout the building, which was a large focus during the initial studies. By varying the depth and opacity of each panel, the facade can be shaped into diﬀerent patterns in order to play with lighting and shadows https://bendheim.com/project/1-south-halsted-parking/

https://bendheim.com/project/1-south-halsted-parking/

https://archello.com/project/727-west-madison-parking-structure

PROJECT 1: MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS MATERIAL CASE STUDY 3: POINT-SUPPORTED GLAZING NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

FOX PLAZA, CENTURY CITY, CALIFORNIA JOHNSON, FAIN & PEREIRA ASSOCIATES This canopy was constructed as an artistic solution to a dangerous problem. Nickle sulfide inclusions cause the glass windows to break over time, and rather than replace them, they built this canopy to catch the falling shards. Point-supported glazing is often used to create overhead canopies with light steel framing so that lots of natural light can filter through. In some cases, glass fins are used in place of steel to improve the visibility even more, leaving the fittings as the only opaque material. Tempered glass or laminated glass is used to ensure the panels are strong enough to withstand all the loads put on them.

https://www.wwglass.com/blog/post/glass-canopies/

https://la.curbed.com/2019/12/13/21011651/die-hard-christmas-build

PROJECT 1: MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

Thickness: 1/4” - 3/4”

DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS: POINT-SUPPORTED GLAZING NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

900mm Min, 4500mm Max

https://11jheq2a5ochwskhr196m0ou-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Case-Study-on-Design-Assist-Glass-Parking-Facade.pdf

360mm Min, 2400mm Max SILICONE JOINT BO

LAMINATED GLASS BY OLDCASTLE BuildingEnvelope

COUNTERSUNK ROTULE FITTING BY OLDCASTLE BuildingEnvelope

NOTE: SPIDER FITTING REQUIRES A MIN. 2-1/4" FLAT MOUNTING SURFACE

https://pubhtml5.com/jiuq/jaja

https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/article_print.php?C=454&L=5

316 SS SPIDER FITTING, BY OLDCASTLE BuildingEnvelope 5/8"-11 X 18/8 SS THREADED HEX BOLT BY OLDCASTLE BuildingEnvelope STEEL STRUCTURE BO - STEEL TO BE MIN. 3/8" THICK

CL 2'-0"

7 12 " 3"

1'-4"

5'-0"

5" SLAB: 3" CONCRETE ON 2" METAL DECKING FIRESTOP T/ Slab 84'-0"

T/ Slab 84'-0"

W27 STEEL BEAMS

3'-6"

CURTAIN WALL ANCHOR

7'-0"

W27 STEEL GIRDER

7'-0"

10'-6"

2 1/4" ACOUSTIC CEILING

1" IGU 7 1/2" x 2 1/2" MULLION

T/ Slab 70'-0"

3/4" POINT-SUPPORTED GLAZING 3" STEEL TUBING AUTOMATIC SHADING

EW WALL SECTION

SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0” NICK GOLDSCHMIDT STUDIO WHITE APRIL 18, 2022

SOUTH ELEVATION

SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0” NICK GOLDSCHMIDT STUDIO WHITE APRIL 18, 2022

PROJECT 1: MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS MATERIAL SPECIFICATION: OLDCASTLE BUILDING ENVELOPE NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

OTHER MANUFACTURES • • • • • • •

W&W Glass, LLC Bendheim Linel Pilkington Viracon SADEV USA Pfeirfer Structures

RELATED SECTIONS • • • • • • • •

Section 07 90 00 – Joint Protection Section 08 41 00 – Entrances and Storefronts Section 08 42 00 – Entrances Section 08 43 00 – Storefronts Section 08 44 00 – Curtain Wall and Glazed Assemblies Section 08 50 00 – Windows Section 08 60 00 – Roof Windows and Skylights Section 08 81 00 – Glass Glazing

CHOICES

QUESTIONS

•

Glazing and supports must be designed to meet structural and weather resistance requirements Materials and fittings must be indicated in drawings • Choice of glass will impact the thermal/sound insulation, as well as the required spacing of fittings • Choice of finishing for all exposed surfaces • Choice of fittings based on desired pattern

•

When deciding on so many small things, such as the type of disks used to connect the glass to the fitting, how do architects make sure not to miss anything, especially with an unfamiliar product? How do architects go about creating a specialty facade if they haven’t used the manufacturer before?

POINT SUPPORTED STRUCTURAL GLASS WALL SYSTEMS AND CANOPIES Guide Specifications for USA and Canada The specifications below are offered as desirable inclusions in glass and glazing specifications but are not intended to be complete. All specifications are subject to change without notice. An appropriate and qualified design professional must verify suitability of a particular product for use in a particular application as well as review final specifications. SECTION 08 44 26.19 POINT SUPPORTED STRUCTURAL GLASS PART 1 GENERAL 1.01

SUMMARY A. Section includes glass, glazing and connections for the Structural Glazed Glass point supported system including all labor, materials, equipment and services necessary to complete the structural wall as shown on the architectural drawings, including, but not limited to, the following: 1. Engineering and design of structural glass wall. 2. Structural steel support system (if applicable) 3. Glass and metal fabrication, packaging and delivery. 4. Erection by an installer approved by the structural design engineer. B. Related Sections 1. Drawings, General and Supplementary Conditions of the Contract, Division 1 and the following Specification Sections, apply to this Section. 2. Section 07 90 00 – Joint Protection 3. Section 08 41 00 – Entrances and Storefronts 4. Section 08 42 00 – Entrances 5. Section 08 43 00 – Storefronts 6. Section 08 44 00 – Curtain Wall and Glazed Assemblies 7. Section 08 50 00 – Windows 8. Section 08 60 00 – Roof Windows and Skylights 9. Section 08 81 00 – Glass Glazing

1.02

REFERENCES (Note: Delete all reference standards that are not actually required and add any additional standards required by the municipality and/or state where the project is located. The Contracting Requirements or Division 1, Section 01420 – References, may establish the edition date of standards not otherwise indicated. Division 1 may include full names and addresses of the organizations whose standards are referenced.)

08 44 26.19 - 1

A. United States 1. ANSI Z97.1 - American National Standard for Glazing Materials Used in Buildings - Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test. 2. ASTM C162 - Standard Terminology of Glass and Glass Products. 3. ASTM C1036 - Standard Specification for Flat Glass. 4. ASTM C1048 - Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Flat Glass -- Kind HS, Kind FT Coated and Uncoated Glass. 5. ASTM C1172 - Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass. 6. ASTM C1376 - Standard Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum Deposition Coatings on Glass. 7. CPSC 16 CFR 1201 - Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials. B. Canada 1. CAN/CGSB-12.1-M - Tempered or Laminated Safety Glass. 2. CAN/CGSB-12.2-M - Flat, Clear Sheet Glass. 3. CAN/CGSB-12.3-M - Flat, Clear Float Glass. 4. CAN/CGSB-12.4-M - Flat, Heat Absorbing Glass. 5. CAN/CGSB-12.10-M - Light and Heat Reflecting Glass. 1.03

DEFINITIONS A. Fully Tempered Glass – Glass that has been heat-treated using the horizontal (roller hearth) method and complies with: 1. USA – ASTM C1048, Type I, Class 1 (clear), Class 2 (tinted), Quality Q3, Kind FT. 2. Canada – CAN/CGSB 12.1-M, Type 2, Tempered Glass, Class B-Float Glass. B. Performance Characteristics 1. Center-of-Glass – Performance values that take only the center portion of a glass makeup into account and not the framing members. Customarily found in Sweets catalogs and Oldcastle BuildingEnvelope® GlasSelect® and used in 08 81 00 architectural specifications. 2. Glass thermal and optical performance properties shall be based on data and calculations from the current LBNL WINDOW 7.4 computer program.

1.04

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION A. The structural glass system, as erected, shall meet or exceed the following structural and weather resistance requirements as demonstrated by engineering calculations. B. Provide evidence of structural performance testing that the structural glazing system proposed is comparable to the tested system. C. Design Performance: Design glazing and supports to withstand all design live load. Wind Load _________ psf (lbs/square foot) , Uplift Wind Load_________psf, and Snow Drift Loads_________psf. (To be provided by the Architect) D. All dead loads and thermal expansion forces for the in-service conditions with the following maximum deflections - Maximum deflection of center of glass not to exceed 1 inch. Analysis: All requirements specified herein shall be analytically and 08 44 26.19 - 2

mathematically proven, except for those requirements called for to be proven exclusively by physical testing methods. Finite element analysis of the glass, calculations and related data and their application in engineering, fabrication, shall be the responsibility of Oldcastle BuildingEnvelope®. 1.05

SUBMITTALS A. Shop Drawings: Shop drawings shall clearly indicate materials and methods, indicate coordinating with other trades and bear signed approval of the glazing system manufacturer and the glazing system installer. Drawings should include details of all supports and data to show provisions for vertical and horizontal expansion and deflections. B. Structural Calculations: Prior to fabrication, submit design calculations prepared by a Licensed Engineer who is acceptable to the architect and has at least five years experience in the design of custom glazing systems. The Engineer shall seal the calculations in the State of the Project location stating that the system components and glass conform to the structural performance requirements specified. C. Samples 1. Glass: Four (4) 12” x 12” samples of each glass type. 2. Spider fitting assembly with glass, bolt and accessories on request. D. Test Data: Submit test reports from an independent laboratory certifying that the glass fittings proposed for use have been tested. The fitting test reports are to be incorporated into the Engineers’ glass calculations as a complete submittal. The fittings tested must be similar in type of materials and design shown on the Architect’s drawings; utilizing counter sunk or non-countersunk attachments through holes in the glass.

1.06

QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Pre-installation Conference and Inspection: After approval of submittals, but prior to beginning installation of Work of this Section, Contractor shall hold a meeting at the site attended by representatives of Owner, Architect, Contractor, structural steel fabricator and erector, sealant manufacturer and installer, and glass system installer to describe in detail the glazed canopy system to be installed and to establish agreement, coordination and responsibilities among involved trades. Review the glazing procedure and schedule including the method of delivering and handling glass and installing glazing materials. The chemical compatibility of all glazing materials and framing sealants with each other and with like materials used in glass fabrication shall be established. The Contractor shall prepare a detailed memo of this meeting and furnish copies to the Owner’s Representative and all involved trades. The installation Subcontractor shall inspect the substrates to receive Work of this Section and report defective conditions to the Owner’s Representative and Contractor for correction. Starting installation of Work of this Section indicates canopy installation Subcontractor’s approval of substrates and waiver of claim that substrates are defective as pertains to required warranty.

08 44 26.19 - 3

B. Installer Qualifications: Provide installation by an installer acceptable to the glass design engineer. Provide a letter signed by the glass design engineer’s representative as authorization stating that the installer is acceptable and qualified to install the system. The installer shall be responsible for supplying and erecting the complete structural glazing system, coordinating and maintaining tolerances between structure and glazing system with individual component suppliers and manufacturers, and installation of the glazing system. C. Quality Standards: In addition to Code, provide Work of this Section so designed that glass installation conforms with ANSI Z97.1 and Federal Safety Standard 16 CFR 1201 for Category II materials. D. Tempered safety glass products in Canada are to comply with the testing requirements of CAN/CGSB-12.1-M, Type 2, Tempered Glass. 1. Provide safety glass permanently marked with the company name or logo and CAN/CGSB 12.1-M if the product meets categories I and II, or mark as CAN/CGSB 12.1-M-1 if the product meets the requirements of Category I only. 1.07

DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING A. Comply with manufacturer’s instruction for receiving, handling, storing and protecting glass & glazing materials. B. Delivery: Deliver materials in manufacturer’s original, unopened, undamaged containers with identification labels intact. C. Storage and Protection: Store materials protected from exposure to harmful environmental conditions and at temperature and humidity conditions recommended by the manufacturer. D. Exercise exceptional care to prevent edge damage to glass, and damage/deterioration to coating on glass.

1.08

PROJECT / SITE CONDITIONS A. Environmental Requirements: Installation of glass products at ambient air temperature below 40 degrees F (4.4 degrees C) is prohibited. B. Field Measurements: When construction schedule permits, verify field measurements with drawing dimensions prior to fabrication of glass products.

1.09

WARRANTY A. Manufacturer Warranty 1. Provide a ten (10) year warranty for the design integrity, weather ability and durability of the Structural Glazing System components. B. Installer Warranty 1. Warrant the installation for a period of five years for installation and repairs or failures. Prove written requirements for notification of installer and terms for 08 44 26.19 - 4

maintaining warranty provisions in accordance with owner’s rights in Division 1 of the specifications. C. Provide manufacturers and installer’s certificates that all work is in accord with approved shop drawings and specifications and is free from defects in materials and workmanship. PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.01

MANUFACTURERS A. Manufacturer is used in this section to refer to a firm that produces primary glass or fabricated glass as defined in the referenced standards. 1. Oldcastle BuildingEnvelope®

2.02

MATERIALS A. All glass must be fully tempered (monolithic), (laminated) (insulating) glass. Overall thickness of the facade glass is to be determined by the structural glass wall system provider in accordance with specifications and drawings. Laminated glass is to be produced using laid-in place interlayer bonded via an autoclave heat and pressure process. Minimum interlayer thickness is to be 0.060". (Poured or cast resin laminates will not be permitted.) B. All glass must be horizontally tempered, eliminating tong marks. All edges will be ground flat with a frosted appearance unless otherwise noted. All edgework, holes and notches in the tempered glass panels will be completed before tempering and will comply with the requirements stated below: 1. ASTM C1036 - Standard Specification for Flat Glass. 2. ASTM C1048 - Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Flat Glass. a. Tempered float glass shall comply with ASTM C1048, Type I, Class 1 (clear), Class 2 (tinted), Quality Q3, Kind FT. 3. ASTM C1172 - Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass. 4. CPSC 16 CFR 1201 - Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials. 5. Glass strength: a. Wind Loading 1) Vertical–1/1,000 2) Sloped–1/1,000 b. Thermal stress 1) Design factor, 2.5 (8/1,000) c. Deflection 1) Deflection must be limited to prevent disengagement from framing members and to ensure conditions well within the criteria defined above. C. Finishes 1. All exposed surfaces will be free of scratches and other serious blemishes. 2. Rail, channel and pan cover finishes will be (Select one of the following): a. For extruded aluminum, an Architectural Class II clear anodic coating conforming with Aluminum Association standards. b. An Architectural Class I color anodic coating, conforming with Aluminum 08 44 26.19 - 5

c. d. e. f.

Association standards. Color: black. An Architectural Class I color anodic coating, conforming with Aluminum Association standards. Color: dark bronze. A fluoropolymer paint coating conforming with the requirements of AAMA605.2. Color will be (Specify): Stainless Steel clad using an alloy 304 finished as follows (specify one): polish or satin. Brass/Bronze clad finished (samples required) as follows (specify one): polish or satin.

D. Fittings 1. Conventional patch system assemblies are for walls only. (See finishes section from this guide specification.) “Spider” type attachment fittings are for walls and canopies and are predominately manufactured from Stainless Steel Grade 316. (Select type of fittings(s) from this section.) 2. The subcontractor will demonstrate to the architect’s satisfaction that the stresses induced in the glass by these fittings are compatible with the strength of the glass and the needs of the performance section of this specification. 3. The finish of all fittings will be as called for on the architect’s drawings. 4. Attachment plates shall be designed to the architect’s specification. The design shall be shown by the subcontractor to be compatible with the performance specification in all respects. 5. Attachment plates shall provide a tolerance capability which will cope with the full range of movements shown on top right: a. Thermal movements occurring as a result of differential coefficients of thermal expansion within the range specified. The components used within the system will noiselessly withstand all thermal movements without any buckling, distortion, cracking, failure of joint seals or undue stress on the glass or fixing assemblies. b. Deflection of edge beams due to loading applied after the erection of the cladding to the magnitude specified. c. Maximum side sway of the structure due to wind load occurring to the magnitude specified or seismic movement to the degree specified. d. Deflection due to self-weight of the structural glass system. e. Inward and outward movements due to the design wind loads specified. 6. Exterior countersunk discs, flush countersunk bolts and articulated swivel bolts will be machine finished; socket head bolt will be with hexagonal shank, stainless steel grade 316, or conventional patch system assemblies (for walls). 7. Bushings will be UV-resistant nylon. 8. Gaskets will be fully vulcanized fiber, neoprene or pre-cured silicone. PART 3 EXECUTION 3.01

EXAMINATION A. Examine surfaces receiving the work. Verify dimensions of in-place and subsequent construction. Follow the recommendations of GANA (Glass Association of North America) as to inspection procedures. Do not begin work until unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected. Installation of work will constitute acceptance of the related construction. 08 44 26.19 - 6

3.02

PREPARATION A. Pre-installation review: the representatives of the glass system provider, the architectural exposed structural-steel fabricator and erector, the sealant manufacturer, the glazing installer, the architect’s representative and the owner’s representative shall review the glazing procedure and schedule, including the method of delivering and handling glass, and installing glazing materials. The chemical compatibility of all glazing materials and framing sealants with each other and with like materials used in glass fabrication will be established.

3.03

INSTALLATION A. Install in accordance with the glass system provider’s requirements and the shop drawings. B. Employ only experienced glaziers who have had previous experience with the materials and systems being applied. Use tools and equipment recommended by the manufacturer. C. Plate-to-plate joints of glass are to be sealed with silicone sealant. Joint dimensions will be designed to be compatible with sealant properties and live load movement of the structure. D. Bolt torque: torque bolts to torques specified on shop drawings using a calibrated tool. Lock torque bolts into position to prevent back-off. Reset calibrations regularly to ensure an accurate torque. E. Clean glazing connectors receiving glazing materials of deleterious substances that might impair the work. Remove protective coatings that might fail in adhesion or interfere with the bonding of materials of deleterious substances that might impair the work. Remove protective coatings that might fail in adhesion or interfere with bond of sealants. Comply with the manufacturer’s instructions for final wiping of surfaces immediately before the application of primer and glazing sealants. Wipe metal surfaces with an appropriate cleaning agent. F. Inspect each unit of glass immediately before installation. Glass that has significant impact damage at edges, scratches, abrasion of faces or any other evidence of damage will not be installed. G. Sealants: prime surfaces are to receive glazing sealants where required, in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, using recommended primers. H. Locate setting blocks, if required by the drawings, at the quarter points of the sill, but no closer than 6 inches to corners of the glass. Use blocks of proper sizes to support the glass in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. I. Provide spacers to separate the glass from attachment plates. 08 44 26.19 - 7

J. Set the glass in a manner that produces the greatest possible degree of uniformity in appearance. Face all glass which has a dissimilar face with matching faces in the same direction. K. Use masking tape or other suitable protection to limit the coverage of glazing materials on the surfaces intended for sealants. L. Tool the exposed surfaces of glazing materials. M. Clean excess sealant from the glass and support members immediately after the application, using solvents or cleaners recommended by the manufacturers. 3.04

CLEANING A. Cure sealants in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions to attain maximum durability and adhesion to glass. B. Clean excess sealant or compound from glass and framing members immediately after application, using solvents or cleaners recommended by manufacturers. C. Glass to be cleaned according to: 1. GANA Glass Informational Bulletin GANA 01-0300 - Proper Procedures for Cleaning Architectural Glass Products. 2. GANA Glass Information Bulletin GANA TD-02-0402 – Heat-Treated Glass Surfaces Are Different. D. Do not use scrapers or other metal tools to clean glass. END OF SECTION

08 44 26.19 - 8

APPENDICES: ARCH 342 LAB 1

SUMMER SUN

1 A113

Level 7 98' - 0"

Level 6 84' - 0"

Level 5 70' - 0"

Level 4 56' - 0"

Level 3 38' - 0"

Level 2 20' - 0"

Level 1 0' - 0"

WINTER SUN

Point Glazing Wall 1/2" = 1'-0"

Point Glazing Elevation 1/2" = 1'-0"

LAB 1: OUTLINE INTEGRATED WALL FOCUS AREA NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | STUDIO WHITE | ARCH 342 | SPRING 2022

10' SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"

Plan View Lab 1 - Nick 1/2" = 1'-0"

Arch 342: Spring 2022 ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 3.3

Cabrinha | Stannard

Lab 1: Integrated Wall Self-Assessment PLEASE NOTE: The following grading rubric is supplied for you to use as a check-off list. You must fill out this self-assessment (be honest) and include with your PDF.

Nick Goldschmidt

self-assessment score total

Name

Craft and Layout (10 pts)

Appropriate range of lineweights, elements cut through graphically stand out / elements beyond recede in elevation with lighter lineweights. Section, Elevation and Plan are all precisely aligned using structural column lines to coordinate across plan, section, and elevation. Column lines are indicated with a centerline and column bubble. Elevation targets coordinate across elevation and wall section, and are correctly labeled (see example). Student Name, Studio and Discussion instructor Names, and Date are clearly indicated. This self-assessment scoring sheet is completed and submitted with drawings.

29 19

Primary Structure (30 pts total)

Structural System (concrete / steel / timber) is clearly identifiable. Floor deck is accurate with appropriate thickness of topping slab. Slab edge is clearly identified. Structure cut through is identified graphically (poché, darker lineweight) Framing beyond is indicated with lighter lineweights.

Envelope (20 pts)

Envelope has appropriate (believable) thickness, and Varies in thickness as appropriate to material variation, (curtain wall versus barrier wall). Large areas of glazing are clearly identified (curtain wall) and distinquished from punched openings.

Red Line Test (10 pts)

Continuous thick red line from start of exterior wall at foundation, up wall and over roof is clearly indicated.

Passive Response: Solar Control and Ventilation (20 pts)

Summer and Winter Sun Angles are indicated. Solar Control strategies are evident in massing, plane of glazing, and/or shading devices. Natural ventilation is evident through operable windows and is expressed in drawings through arrows or other graphic indication (legible but can be very light).

Active Response: HVAC (10 pts)

HVAC is identified in interstitial space (ceiling, raised floor, or in-floor radiant systems). Radiant systems should be indicated in slab with dashed line, and indicated with a note. If radiant systems are used, fresh air intake/supply must be indicated.

APPENDICES: ARCH 342 LAB 2

ROOF ASSEMBLY HOLLOW STEEL SUPPORT 6" GRAVEL BALLAST 6" RIGID INSULATION

L 1' - 11 1/4"

1' - 6"

A113

Level 7 98' - 0"

7' - 0"

HVAC SYSTEM FRESH AIR INTAKE VENTILATION CHASE SINGLE ZONE VAV SYSTEM

3' - 6"

RECESSED CAN LIGHTS

FLOOR ASSEMBLY 3/8" CARPET TILES 3" CONCRETE ON 2" METAL DECKING 1/4" STEEL LIGHT GUAGE ANGLE 6" STEEL C-CHANNEL W24 STEEL GIRDERS STEEL L-ANGLE BOLTED CONNECTION W21 STEEL BEAMS W14 STEEL COLUMNS

Level 6 84' - 0"

3' - 6"

Level 6 84' - 0"

ELECTRICAL CONDUIT 2 1/4" ACOUSTIC CEILING LINEAR PENDANT LIGHT 7' - 0"

OUTER POINT SUPPORTED GLAZING SOLAR SHADING INTERIOR CURTAIN WALL

Level 5 70' - 0"

7' - 0"

3' - 6"

Level 5 70' - 0"

DOUBLE SKIN FACADE WALL ASSEMBLY 3/4" TEMPERED GLASS 24" AIR CAVITY 1" DUAL GLAZED IGU POINT-SUPPORTED SPIDER CONNECTORS TYPICAL MULLION 3" FIRESTOP 1/2" STEEL CURTAIN WALL ANCHOR EXHAUST LOUVER OPERABLE BY OCCUPANTS SPANDREL PANELS

Level 4 56' - 0"

10' - 0"

4' - 6"

3' - 6"

Level 4 56' - 0"

Level 3 38' - 0"

3' - 6"

Level 3 38' - 0"

10' - 0"

4' - 6"

AUTOMATED SOLAR SHADING 3" STEEL TUBING 1/4" ALUMINUM PANELS

Level 2 20' - 0"

12' - 0"

4' - 6"

3' - 6"

Level 2 20' - 0"

FOUNDATION 12" CONCRETE FOUNDATION SLAB CONCRETE PILES Level 1 0' - 0"

Level 1 0' - 0"

Point Glazing Wall 1/2" = 1'-0"

Point Glazing Elevation 1/2" = 1'-0"

3D Axon

INTEGRATED SECTION NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | STUDIO WHITE | ARCH 342 | SPRING 2022 3

Plan View Lab 1 - Nick 1/2" = 1'-0"

10' SCALE: 1/2" = 1'-0"

Arch 342: Spring 2021 ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 3.3

Cabrinha | Stannard

Lab 2: Self-Assessment Each student must develop their own integrated wall focus area. Team projects should coordinate different sections to develop different aspects of their project.

Nick Goldschmidt

self-assessment score total

Name

Craft and Layout (10 pts)

Appropriate range of lineweights, elements cut through graphically stand out / elements beyond recede in elevation with lighter lineweights. Color / rendering is used to convey material experience. Wall Section and Elevation are precisely aligned using structural column lines to coordinate across section and elevation. Column lines are indicated with a centerline and column bubble. Elevation targets coordinate across elevation and wall section, and are correctly labeled. Student Name, Studio and Activity instructor Names, and Date are clearly indicated.

Floor Assemblies (15 pts)

Floor assembly graphically describes and conveys through notation the entire floor assembly including walkable surface through primary structure and through to ceiling or exposed structure.

Wall Assemblies (15 pts)

Typical wall assembly graphically describes and conveys through notation entire wall assembly including exterior cladding, each material layer as described in lectures, back-up wall and interior finish. Wall is accurately drawn and connected to primary structure. Openings in wall are accurately conveyed / detailed. Vertical string of dimensions from lower floor target elevation to upper floor target elevation, along with dimensions to rough openings of windows / openings. Continuous insulation is clear (thermal break is identifiable). Continuous Red Line from foundation up wall and over roof to represent continuous WRB.

Elevation: Material Experience (20 pts total)

Elevation is drawn to scale with accurate linework that corresponds to the wall section (pull lines from wall section to elevation, visa versa). Lineweight is used to convey sense of depth in the façade. Material and color is expressed in elevation, Depth is conveyed through layers of material and transparency. Depth is conveyed through shade and shadow. Primary structure is accurately conveyed where visible through cladding and or glazing.

Passive Env. Response: Solar Control and Ventilation (10 pts)

Sun angles and solar control are clearly evident in the wall section. Passive ventilation strategies are clearly indicated with operable windows etc. Where these passive responses are not appropriate for this project, notation with alternate solutions appropriate for this project should be clearly indicated (for example, in the case of passive heating with thermal mass strategy, direct solar gain would be appropriate. In a climate where natural ventilation is not as effective, other means of ventilation should be evident.)

Active Environmental Response: HVAC (10 pts)

Ductwork and/or other HVAC strategies are indicated as appropriate in the wall section. Radiant systems should be indicated in slab and indicated with a note. For radiant systems, fresh air intake must be addressed.

3d Axon / Model (20 pts)

Clearly expresses the exterior envelope as a layered assembly connected back to primary structural system. Layers of exterior envelope are identified with notes.

APPENDICES: ARCH 342 LAB 3

LAB 3: ELECTRIC LIGHTING DESIGN AND SECTION INTEGRATION ITERATION 1: RECESSED LUMINAIRE NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

TARGET FOOTCANDLES: 40 (Open Office) LUMINAIRE: 12 Lithonia Lighting Contractor ractor Select GTl Series LED Troffer LPD: 0.36 W/ft² SENSOR(S): PHOTO: Beneficial due to the amount mount of windows that would allow in natural light OCCUPANCY: Dual technology sensors would be best because the space is fairly large, which makes es PIR less effective, but also has a higher her ceiling and an HVAC system, which hich could limit the effectiveness of an n ultrasonic sensor. VACANCY: Beneficial due to the e high amount of varying usage within the space

-S

FA C

DE A C FA ING IN D SK SHA LE D B U RE DO TTE S A AS SC L G W/

LAB 3: ELECTRIC LIGHTING DESIGN AND SECTION INTEGRATION ITERATION 2: SUSPENDED LUMINAIRE NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

TARGET FOOTCANDLES: 40 (Open Office) LUMINAIRE: 21 Peerless Lighting Lightedge tedge LED Curved Suspended Indirect LPD: 0.54 W/ft² SENSOR(S): PHOTO: Beneficial due to the amount mount of windows that would allow in natural light OCCUPANCY: Dual technology sensors would be best because the space is fairly large, which makes es PIR less effective, but also has a higher her ceiling and an HVAC system, which hich could limit the effectiveness of an n ultrasonic sensor. VACANCY: Beneficial due to the e high amount of varying usage within the space

-S

FA C

DE A C FA ING IN D SK SHA LE D B U RE DO TTE S A AS SC L G W/

LAB 3: ELECTRIC LIGHTING DESIGN AND SECTION INTEGRATION ITERATION 3: TARGET LPD NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

TARGET LPD: 0.6 (Open Plan Office) LUMINAIRE: 15 Mark Architectural Lighting hting Nol LED Troffer LUMMINANCE: 37 fc SENSOR(S): PHOTO: Beneficial due to the amount mount of windows that would allow in natural light OCCUPANCY: Dual technology sensors would be best because the es PIR space is fairly large, which makes less effective, but also has a higher her ceiling and an HVAC system, which hich could limit the effectiveness of an n ultrasonic sensor. VACANCY: Beneficial due to the e high amount of varying usage within the space

-S

FA C

DE A C FA ING IN D SK SHA LE D B U RE DO TTE S A AS SC L G W/

LAB 3: ELECTRIC LIGHTING DESIGN AND SECTION INTEGRATION SECTION INTEGRATION: ITERATION 3 NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

Level 4 56' - 0"

Level 3 38' - 0"

LAB 3: ELECTRIC LIGHTING DESIGN AND SECTION INTEGRATION CONCLUSION NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

The Lithonia Lighting Contractor Select GTl Series LED Troﬀer was the best fit for my design because not only does it have the lowest LPD and is close to the target footcandle, but it also is the most fitting design for our building. Since we are using a suspended ceiling, troﬀer lights work best because they can lay in the ceiling, and this specific fixture is also the same size as our ceiling tiles, so it easily slides in place. The second and third iterations, while being close to the target footcandles, have a higher LPD. These both required more fixtures for the same space, which causes more energy to be used. Lighting Power Density forces you to carefully choose which fixtures you use, because you want the room to be well lit but also not require more energy than is necessary. The biggest challenge when working with my space is the full glass windows along two sides that greatly impact the amount of light that enters the space.

APPENDICES: ARCH 316 GRAVITY SUBMITTAL

STUDIO CHRYSALIS

98’ 14’

NICK GOLDSCHMIDT

STACEY WHITE

JESSICA NAPIER

3 1/8” = 1’-0”

SAN DIEGO, CA, 92113

Foundation Slab on Piles

1500 NATIONAL AVENUE

Stack Rooms, Laboratory, Lounge, Study

REFUGIO DE BARRIO LOGAN

We are choosing to use a steel structural system due to the size of our building and the variety of spaces and widths we must deal with. One focus is our workshop space, which will be double height and located on the ground floor with 4 floors above it. However, we also want to avoid as many columns as possible because there will be lots of heavy machinery moving around the space that doesn’t need more obstacles. We have one main core and two additional fire stairs that will be made from concrete and provide a basis around which our grid is made, while the lateral bracing will hopefully also serve as an aesthetic look for the facade. The advantage of using steel is that it allows the spaces to remain failry open and easily rearranged based on the desired layout of the library and work spaces.

NICK GOLDSCHMIDT

STACEY WHITE

JESSICA NAPIER Concrete wrappedSteel W14 Steel W21 3” Concrete Slab on 2” Metal Deck

3 1/8” = 1’-0”

SAN DIEGO, CA, 92113

1500 NATIONAL AVENUE

STUDIO CHRYSALIS

REFUGIO DE BARRIO LOGAN

APPENDICES: ARCH 316 LATERAL SUBMITTAL

We wanted to use a lateral system that left our floors as open as possible. The focus of our project is connecting the community, so concrete cores with a few braced frames allowed the rest of the floor to remain visible. We also featured some heavy programs, such as laboratories and stack rooms, so a concrete over steel deck ensured the loads could be transfer to the supporting systems. The use of braced frames in the library allows us to expose the structure because it adds to the industrial aesthetic of the workshops, but also keeps views open, and even allows people to walk underneath/through them. The last thing we had to include was a moment frame where the two parts meet, due to the proximity to a core and not wanting to connect the two parts in order to meet seismic demands.

NICK GOLDSCHMIDT

STACEY WHITE

98’

JESSICA NAPIER 14’

Stack Rooms, Laboratory, Lounge, Study

Foundation Slab on Piles

3 1/8” = 1’-0”

SAN DIEGO, CA, 92113

1500 NATIONAL AVENUE

STUDIO CHRYSALIS

REFUGIO DE BARRIO LOGAN

STUDIO CHRYSALIS

EBF SW NICK GOLDSCHMIDT BF

STACEY WHITE

JESSICA NAPIER Concrete shear walls, steel braced frames, steel moment frames

Concrete over metal deck

Rigid

3 1/8” = 1’-0”

SAN DIEGO, CA, 92113

1500 NATIONAL AVENUE

REFUGIO DE BARRIO LOGAN

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STUDIO CHRYSALIS

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STACEY WHITE

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JESSICA NAPIER

Computer Room, Law Clinics, Academic Support

4 1/8” = 1’-0”

SAN DIEGO, CA, 92113

1500 NATIONAL AVENUE

REFUGIO DE BARRIO LOGAN

STUDIO CHRYSALIS

EBF SW NICK GOLDSCHMIDT BF

STACEY WHITE

JESSICA NAPIER Concrete shear walls, steel braced frames, steel moment frames

Concrete over metal deck

Rigid

4 1/8” = 1’-0”

SAN DIEGO, CA, 92113

1500 NATIONAL AVENUE

REFUGIO DE BARRIO LOGAN

APPENDICES: ARCH 316 BUILDING ENVELOPE SUBMITTAL

ARCE 316 Building Envelope System

Nick Goldschmidt Student Name__________________________________ Student Name__________________________________

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Describe the structural elements of the envelope system. Five sentences, min. 10 pts

The envelope system for this section of the building is a double-skin facade with operable solar shades within the cavity. The inner wall is standard curtain wall that is attached to the main structure using steel anchors that connect to the mullions and columns. The outer wall is all glass panels that are connected to each other using a spider system to limit the amount of views that are blocked. I modeled the shades oﬀ a precedent is Australia, where the framing is able to support both the operable shades and connect the exterior glass to the structure. Metal tubing is attached at the spider joints and to the mullions of the interior glass curtain wall. The goal of integrated the multiple attachments into one assembly is that it allows the overall face of the building to remain open and clean looking.

PROJECT 1: MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS MATERIAL CASE STUDY 1: POINT-SUPPORTED GLAZING NICK GOLDSCHMIDT | ARCH 342 | STUDIO WHITE | SPRING 2022

UTS CENTRAL, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA FJMT STUDIO Point-supported glazing is used as a rain screen to protect the interior store front windows. While acting as the ¿rst layer of protection for the building, it also serves as one of the main supports for the operable shading mechanism. The length of each panel column varies so that the shades can be placed at multiple angles, all while leaving the views to the neighboring park unobstructed. The Àexibility of point-supported glazing allows the connections to be placed in almost any pattern, allowing the designer to have fully control over the look of the facade.

https://tilt-industrialdesign.com/projects/uts-central-sun-shading-system/

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