NIMR
The National Institute of Material Research
Nicholas Mierzejewski, NM5632T, ARCT-1058-M01-2021-22 & ARCT-1059-M01-2021-22
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MATERIAL RESEARCH PROJECT INTRODUCTION
This project started out with two main conflicting interests. Brutalism and Sustainablity. What happened next was an exploration of both, to see whether they could cohabitate, whether sustainable brutalism was acheivable and would the juxtaposition between the two create interesting results. An exploration of Brutalism was my starting point, the current state of Brutalism, its tropes and characteristics and could this be procedurally generated, this was an attempt to see if it was possible to take theses findings and apply them to sustainably. Next was an investigation into sustainable materials, during which I came to realise that finding the answer to all our problems with a miracle material was highly unlikely for a sole researcher such as myself. Perhaps instead I could design a project that would allow others to carry on the pursuit of creating more sustainable materials for the future. Thus NIMR or the National Institute of Material Research was born. By saving and adaptively reusing a brutalist relic, designing with brutalist tropes in mind. The project came to life.
STATE OF BRUTALISM GLOBAL SURVEY
A map showing the global concentration of Brutalist Buildings using the SOSBrutalism database. Europe having the largest concentration by far.
1349
450
99
80
14
74
19 7
32 7
Germany USA Great Britain France Canada Italy Venezuela Japan Switzerland Austria Spain Australia Serbia India Sweden Israel Brazil Netherlands Poland Norway
500 400 518 300 Safe Endangered Demolished Unknown
243 99
1308
£
200 100 0
Commercial
Cultural
Educational
Government
Public
Recreational
Religious
Residential
Sports
Tourism
Transport
STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR
A day exploring serveral of London’s finest Brutalist examples. The majority of which are social housing or housing towers/ estates. Which was a result of the need of such housing in post-war Britain. The clients were also all borough councils, another theme that flows through brutalism is the public entities that funded the buildings.
If we look at the statistics for Brutalism in London, to compare with the worldwide stats we can see a difference. Mostly in the fact that more buildings have their status known. This includes a larger percentage that are classified as safe, mainly through having listed status, however there is still a large percent that have either been demolished or at threat of being demolished through dereliction or being up for sale to new developers.
Looking at the programme stats we can also see a big shift. The vast majority of brutalist buildings in London being of residential use. This is because borough councils elected to build large scale housing estates in post war Britain and Brutalist designs won the competitions the councils used to build these estates.
1 234567-
Perronet House Lambeth Towers National Theatre & Hayward Gallery Smithson Plaza Trellick Tower Alexandra & Ainsworth Estate Barbican Centre
6
5 7
3
4
2
London Caracas Berlin Munich Belgrade Paris Stockholm Cologne Stuttgart Madrid Vienna Tokoyo New York San Francisco Lima Boston Chicago
1
30 25
Status
24
23
15
Safe
10
Endangered Demolished Unknown
20
9
5
5 0
£ Commercial
Cultural
Educational
Government
Public
Recreational
Religious
Residential
Sports
Tourism
Transport
STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR
1
Perronet House Roger Walters, 1970 Status
Use
2
Lambeth Towers George Finch, 1972
Status Use
Commisioned by the Greater London Council, this social housing block was one of the last pieces to be built within the Elephant and Castle Comprehensive Development Area. Over the years there have been a few alterations, such as in 1987 when the ground floor was converted to make space for extra apartments, and more recently the garages of the building have been converted into a series of small shops including a cafe in which chess tournamnets occur. Although Southwark Council have agreed to reject any proposal that puts Perronet House at risk, there is the threat of a compulsory purchase and subsequent demoltion by TfL looming overhead.
Part of George Finch’s masterplan for the Lambeth Area, Lambeth Towers are a social housing complex composed of maisonette apartments. It included both a doctors office and a pensioners club on the ground floor of the building. Since then there has been a monstorous chinese restaurant attached at ground floor level. The status of the building is listed as unknown, as it niether has listed status but is in use.
Key Features • Pebbledash finish to concrete structure. • External Stairway circulation • Modularity • Contrast Between Window Panneling and Raw Materials
Key Features • Pebbledash finish to concrete structure. • Central Displayed Stairway circulation • Modularity • Contrast Between Window Panneling and Raw Materials
Component Coruggated Concrete
Component Modular Box
STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR
3
Hayward Gallery Chalk, Herron, Engleback, Higgs & Hill, 1968
National Theatre 1976, Denys Lasdun
4
Status Use
Smithson Plaza Alison & Peter Smithson, 1964
Status £
Use
Designed by two of the founding members of Archigram, Herron and Chalk. The Hayward Gallery makes up the Brutalist one, two punch with the National Theatre sat within a stones throw of the Thames in Southbank. Both are publically open, the Hayward gallery being comissioned by the old Greater London Council with the National Theatre building commission by the National Theatre Company. Both are deemed safe and in use, the National Theatre getting listed status in 1994 where as the Hayward Gallery has a certificate and immunity.
Designed by the infamous creators of Brutalism, Smithson plaza also known as the Economist Cluster was commissioned privately by the Economist magazine. It contains a office block, a bank and a residential block. The Architect’s are the reason for it’s Brutalist listing, as it leans more towards the Modernist side of the scale for the time period. Mainly due to the decorative use of concrete over a steel structure and a move away from the honesty and ‘as found’ style that signafied the Smithsons.
Key Features • Exposed Cast in Place Concrete • Large Horizontal Plinthes • Columns and Vertical Structure well Highlighted • External Staircases for Circulation (mainly now closed off) • Roof Garden on the Hayward
Key Features • Decorative concrete with the use of complete shells in the aggregrate. • Bevelled Edges. • Raised central courtyard.
Component Column
Component Shell Textured Concrete
STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR
5
Trellick Tower Erno Goldfinger, 1972
Status
Use
6
Alexandra & Ainsworth Estate Neave Brown, 1978
Status Use
The bigger brother of the Balfron Tower also designed by Goldfinger, Trellick Tower is a large social housing tower commissioned by the Greater London Council. Both Balfron and Trellick share the same seperate lift and service tower that is a prominent Brutalist feature although Goldfinger took it to a new level. Originally Trellick Tower suffered some of the similar social and maintence problems as the recently demolished Robin Hood Gardens. This changed during the 80’s and the Towers image was cleaned up. Now under partially privatised ownership, the tower recieved listed status in 1998.
Commissioned by Camden council this estate is a long stretch of tiered housing along a central walkway, as opposed to a large scale tower like Trellick. It also borders a railway and is designed as such to block out the noise of the tracks for the residents, whilst also avoiding deflecting the sound directly across the tracks to the facing houses. There is a strong sense of community along the estate and the residents upkeep of greenery along all terraces create a beautiful juxtaposition with the harsh exposed concrete, creating a warming environment, the opposite to the Whittington estate which is less maintained and therefore creates an environment where one is on alert.
Key Features • Pebbledash finish to concrete structure. • Seperate circulation and services tower connected through bridges. • Modularity . • Contrast between window panneling and raw materials. • Large Scale.
Key Features • Exposed concrete structure and finish. • Blocks tiered away from central walkway. • Modularity. • Planting to juxtapose with the concrete.
Component Service Tower
Component Tiered Floor Plates
STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR
7
The Barbican Chamberlain, Powell & Bon, 1976 Status Use
The Barbican consists of the Barbican centre, a large scale perfoming arts centre and the Barbican estate, a large scale residential complex consisting of 3 large towers and a series of slab blocks. The complexity of the levels within the Barbican make it easy to lose yourself but also create a sense of wonder in the experience. Similar to the Alexandra & Ainsworth estate, the large landscaping and pond in the centre, along with the planting along terraces, juxtapose the rough concrete. An icon of Brutalist Architecture and praised by the Queen herself the Barbican obtained it’s listed status in 2001 and is deemed safe.
Key Features • Rough aggregated concrete. • Large scale pillars and walkways. • Semi-Circular penthouse windows. • Landscaping to juxtapose concrete. • Internal lighting to highlight materials and create greater contrast.
Component Sloped Up Floor Plate
STATE OF BRUTALISM TIMELINE & BREAKDOWN OF IDEOLOGY
Brutalism is often simplified to a building made of raw concrete, with the origin of the name based on the French ‘béton brut’ meaning raw concrete. This assumption is a fickle attempt to condense the style into an aesthetic, when the style is actually a lot more complex. The name Brutalism, as Reynar Banham originates, came from the architect Hans Asplund in Sweden after he had viewed a housing project called Villa Göth,
describing it as ‘nybrutalism’ or neo brutalism. The term was then taken back to England by the trio of architects; Ventris, Cox and Shankland and adapted to the term New Brutalism, which as Banham describes is “an ethic, not an aesthetic.” (1966, P10) Indeed Villa Göth and the Hunstanton Secondary Modern School, Peter and Alison Smithson’s first building and the often named the first new brutalist building realised,
used little to no concrete in their construction. If Brutalism is more than just concrete what are it’s principles and can they be adapted to new materials and construction.
1950
1952
1954
January - Hans Asplund jovially describes Bengt Edman and Lennart Holm’s design for Villa Göth as Nybrutalist or NeoBrutalist. Summer - British Michael Ventris, Oliver Cox and Graeme Shankland visit Asplund in Sweden, the Neo-Brutalist term is used again jokingly. The brits then take it back to England. Peter and Alison Smithson win a competition to design a school in Hunstanton, inspirsed by Mies van der Roe.
1951
Summer - Asplund visits his british friends to discover the term ‘New Brutalism’ has spread throughout the country like wildfire.
Unité d’habiation was completed in Marseille, designed by Le Corbusier. The building was finished is a raw unsmoothed concrete. Corbusier described this as ‘Béton Brut’ a term which is also associated witht he origens of Brutalism.
1953
Peter Smithson, a main protagonist of Brutalism, commits the term to print when describing his and Alison Smithsons design for a House is Soho, an unbuilt project.
PRINCIPLES
The Smithson’s Hunstanton Secondary Modern School is completed, often attributed as the first Brutalist building to be completed. Built using steel, glass and brick. Far from the concrete stigmatisim of Brutalist architecture.
1963
The Smithson’s Hunstanton Secondary Modern School is completed, often attributed as the first Brutalist building to be completed. Built using steel, glass and brick. Far from the concrete stigmatisim of Brutalist architecture.
1972
The Smithson’s Robin Hood Gardens housing project is completed.
1982
The Barbican Centre is completed
Trellick Tower a bastion of Brutalism and designed by Erno Goldfinger is completed.
FAMILY TREE OF MODERNISM Avant Garde
CELEBRATING STRUCTURE
Expressionism
LEGIBILTY
Constructivism
EXPRESSIVE
Functionalism
SOCIAL LEFT WING POLITICS
PUBLIC
Bauhaus
AUTHENTICITY
MOMUMENTALITY
ORNAMENT IS CRIME
Brutalism Metabolism
MEMORABILITY
CELEBRATION OF RAW MATERIALITY
Structuralism
International Style
TOTALITY
Parametracism
High Tech
Minimalism
COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM
After analysing important components in the buildings along the Brutalist tour of London, an Left to Right: interesting strand of investigation was whether these components, or other new components Continent, Status, Programme or features then extend across the Brutalist cannon as a whole globally. Whether these ? components and features were also affected by the regionality, programme, time period or the political standing at the time of design and completion. Identifying these patterns and commonalities, we can deploy similar features and components in our design moving forward. To index the components I used both SOSBrutalism online and the Index of Brutalism book.
Legend Continent
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Brise Soleil
Circular
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Coth Curve
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Extended Structure
A column that fans out at the top where it meets to the slab in order to counteract the sheering forces.
A concrete slab that has ribs running across two axis to create a waffle like effect in the underside of the concrete slab. Good for structural forces.
A series of boxs or shapes repeated in a modular fashion or stacked up irregularly to create a plug in aesthetic form.
Each floor plate steps back or forward to create a tiering.
Columns used at an angle to support the building.
Columns that are excessively elongated to cover multiple floor heights before reaching the part they support.
Vertical fins that come down to shade the interior from sun and overheating.
Buildings with circular elements instead of rigid geometric shapes.
Cantilever elements to create gravity defying effects in the building.
Skylights in the shape of pyramids or other skylights, to allow for natural light with low window usage.
A hyperbolic curve the smoothly connects the horizontal plane of the ground with the vertical plane of the high rise.
A large mass of material with a lack windows or details. Emphasising the material on a large scale.
Concrete ribs to create a rough finish to the exterior of the building.
Usually on the facade, a repeated element or a waffle effect similar to the waffle slab but on the exterior faces of the building.
A seperate tower used for services and circulation connected to the main building through the use of bridges.
Structural elements purposely extended past the facade, or over exaggerated to an aesthetic point.
1930s
Europe North America Central America South America Middle East Asia
Legend Status Africa Australasia
Safe Unknown/In Use Endangered Demolished
Legend Programme £
Commercial Cultural Educational Government Public
Legend Politics Religious Residential Sports Tourism Transport
Right Left Centre Military Right Military Left Monarchy
Trudelturm German Research Institure for Aviation; Brenner & Deutschmann 1936 Germany
£
1950s Sena Building
German Samper 1958 Colombia
1960s Temple Street Parking Garage Paul Rudolph 1962 USA
Water Tower
Elementary School
Milwaukee War Memorial
Susana Soca Chapel
Marchiondi Spagliardi Institute
Jorn Uzten 1952 Denmark
Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy
Eero Saarinen 1957 USA
Antoni Bonet i Castellana 1959 Uruguay
Vittoriano Vigano 1957 Italy
Elementary School
Kagawa Prefectural Office
Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy
Kenzo Tange 1958 Japan
Sheats-Goldstein Residence
Eros House
El Heliciode de la Roca Tarpeya
Domestic Trade College
Bank of Brazil Mechanisation Centre
Simon Fraser University
Endo Pharmaceutical Labs
Brasilia History Museum
Orphanage
Technical Institute
Academy of Arts
Endo Pharmaceutical Labs
Army Pavilion Expo’64
Water Tower
Control Tower Komazawa Olympic Park
John Launter 1963 USA
Owen Ludger 1963 England
Gutierrez, Bornhorst, Neuberger 1960 Venezuela
Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England
Irmaos Roberto 1969 Brazil
Erickson & Massey 1965 Canada
Paul Rudolph 1964 USA
Oscar Niemeyer 1960 Brazil
Aldo Van Eyck 1960 Netherlands
Castiglioni & Arsizio 1965 Italy
Duttman & Schumann 1960 Germany
Paul Rudolph 1964 USA
Fingerhuth & Lausanne 1964 Switzerland
Helmut Erdle 1961 Germany
Yoshinobu Ashihara 1964 Japan
£
£
£
£
£
Dana Porter Arts Library
Kagawa Prefectural Gymnasium
Habitat 67
Domestic Trade College
Museum of Modern Art
Haukilhati Water Tower
Dunelm House
Suldal Power Plant
Hudson Beare Lecture Theatre
Confederation Centre of the Arts
Municipal Urinario North Cemetery
Casson Pavilion
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Tricorn Centre
Shore & Moffat 1965 Canada
Kenzo Tange 1964 Japan
Moshe Safdie 1967 Canada
Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England
Alfonso Eduardo Reidy 1960 Brazil
Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland
Architects Co-Partnership 1965 England
Geir Grung 1965 Norway
Gardener-Medwin & Kingham Knight 1960 Scotland
Affleck, Sise & Dimakopoulos 1964 Canada
Nelson Bayrdo & Jose Tizze 1962 Uruguay
Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England
Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1966 Israel
Owen Luder 1966 England
£
Hayward Gallery
Tricorn Centre
Three Towers of Grenoble
The Met Breuer
Bremen Stadthalle
Boston City Hall
John E Fogarty Memorial Building
Raymond Hillard Homes
Sao Paulo Museum of Art
Jardim Ipe School
Huutoniemi Church
Birmingham New Street Signal Box
Temple of Monte Grisa
Balfron Tower
Higgs & Hill 1968 England
Owen Luder 1966 England
Anger & Puccinelli 1967 France
Marcel Breuer 1966 USA
Rainer, Saume & Hafermann 1964 Germany
Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA
Castellucci, Gelli & Planta 1967 USA
Bertrand Goldberg 1966 USA
Lina Bo Bardi 1968 Brazil
Decio Tozzi 1965 Brazil
Aarno Ruusuvuori 1964 Finland
Bicknell & Hamilton 1965 England
Antonio Guacci 1966 Italy
Erno Goldfinger 1967 England
£
Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo
The Met Breuer
Town Hall
Avala Tower
Boston City Hall
Space House
Egged House
Casson Pavilion
Delft University Auditorium
City Archive
Centrum Warenhaus Hoyerswerda
Town Hall
Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil
Marcel Breuer 1966 USA
Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany
Bogunovic & Janjic 1965 Serbia
Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA
Richard Seifert 1968 England
Arieh Sharon, Aryeh Freiberger & Benjamin Idelson 1969 Israel
Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England
Van de Broek & Bakema 1966 Netherlands
Georgi Konstaninovski 1966 Macedonia
Heins Heinrich Forberg 1968 Germany
Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany
£
£
£
Hawaii State Capitol
Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo
Central Hall University of York
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas, Denver
Haukilhati Water Tower
Berkeley Library Trinity College
St Hallvards Church
Synagogue Officers Trainings School
Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA
Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil
Johnson-Marshall 1968 England
Muchow Associates 1968 USA
Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland
Ahrends, Burton & Koralek 1967 Ireland
Lund + Slaatto 1966 Norway
Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1968 Israel
Hawaii State Capitol
University of East Anglia
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Marina City
Hayward Gallery
Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo
Preston Central Bus Station
Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA
Denys Lasdun 1968 England
SPACE Group 1969 South Korea
Bertrand Goldberg 1968 USA
Higgs & Hill 1968 England
Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil
Building Design Partnership 1969 England
CVG Electrificacion de Caroni Headquarters
Southside Junior High School
Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King
St Gallen Theatre
Jesus Tenreiro-Degwitz 1968 Venezuela
Eliot Noyes 1969 USA
Frederick Gibberd 1969 England
Claude Paillard 1968 Switzerland
CVG Electrificacion de Caroni Headquarters
Hawaii State Capitol
Torres Blancas
Jesus Tenreiro-Degwitz 1968 Venezuela
Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA
Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza 1969 Spain
£
£
1970s Kariakoo Market Beda J. Amuli 1974 Tanzania
Hilda Besse Building
Orange County Government Centre
Geisal Library
Geisal Library
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
Pedro Henriquez Urena National Library
Brasilia Cathedral
Ohio History Centre
Mailman Center for Child Development
Frank A Sedita City Court
Norco House
Welbeck Street Car Park
Les Halles Car Park
Standard Bank Centre Headquarters
Howell, Killick, Partridge & Amis 1970 England
Paul Rudolph 1970 USA
William L Pereira 1970 USA
William L Pereira 1970 USA
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Alvarez, Ginebra & Ginebra 1971 Dominican Republic
Oscar Niemeyer 1970 Brazil
Byron Ireland 1970 USA
Spillis Candela 1972 USA
Pfohl, Roberts & Biggie 1974 USA
Covell Matthews 1970 Scotland
Blampied & Partners 1970 England
Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France
Hentrich-Petschnigg 1970 South Africa
£
£
£
£
West Wing Guildhall
Ohio History Centre
Hugel Haus
Hugel Haus
Institute of Eduction Ife
Banco de Prevision Social
Stravanger Swimming Hall
Instituto del Patriminio Cultural de Espana Municipal Court of Audit
Richard Gilbert Scott 1974 England
Byron Ireland 1970 USA
Walter Ebert 1970 Germany
Walter Ebert 1970 Germany
Arieh Sharon, Harold Rubin & Eldar Sharon 1970 Nigeria
Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay
Gert Walter Thuesen Jacob Grytten 1971 Norway
Higuearas Diaz & Miro 1970 Spain
Croce, Afalo & Gasperini 1971 Brazil
Alt Erlaa
St Maximilian Kolbe Church
Perronet House
Pragati Maidan
Trellick Tower
Ministry of Highway Construction
Gluck, Hlaweniczka, Requat & Reinthaller 1973 Austria
Jo Filke 1974 Germany
Sir Roger Walters 1970 England
Raj Rewal 1972 India
Erno Goldfinger 1972 England
George Chakhava, Z Jalaghania 1974 Georgia
£
Cathedral of Christ the King
Scott Library
Perronet House
Brunswick Centre
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
Fall River Government Center
Risaralda Government Building
Les Halles Car Park
Hotel Valbrierve
Central Laboratory Fermilab
Banco de Prevision Social
Münsterschule
Chemnitz City Hall
Institute of Education University of London
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada
Sir Roger Walters 1970 England
Patrick Hodgkinson 1970 England
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Continental Engineering 1976 USA
Forero Ochoa Pereira 1974 Colombia
Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France
Pierre-Paul Heckly & Guy Prache Jouy-en-Josas 1970 France
Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall 1974 USA
Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Rudolf Wiess 1974 Germany
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
£
£
Swiss Medical Research Foundation
The Barbican Centre
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
New Court Christ’s College
National Theatre
The Barbican Centre
Crafton Hills Community College
Les Choux de Creteil
Cathedral of Christ the King
Biological Sciences Library
Osterstrasse Car Park
Centrum Warenhaus Dresden
SESC Pompéia
Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland
Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Denys Lasdun 1970 England
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England
Williams, Clark & Williams 1976 USA
Gerard Grandval 1974 France
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
Robin Gibson 1976 Australia
Heinz Wilke 1974 Germany
Simon, Fokvari & Wunderwald 1978 Germany
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
£
£
£
Ranier Tower
National Theatre
Münsterschule
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
State Government Offices
Fall River Government Center
St Joseph’s Hospital
Pallasseum Housing
Townsville Campus Library
St Maximilian Kolbe Church
Minoru Yamasaki 1977 USA
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia
Continental Engineering 1976 USA
Bertrand Goldberg 1974 USA
Jurgen Sawade 1976 Germany
James Birrel 1976 Australia
Jo Filke 1974 Germany
£
£
SESC Pompéia
Nakagin Capsule Tower
Scott Library
Shiraz University
Cathedral of Christ the King
Swiss Medical Research Foundation
SESC Pompéia
Cathedral of Christ the King
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
Kisho Kurokawa 1972 Japan
Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada
Minoru Yamasaki 1979 Iran
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
£
Dawson Heights
Tapachstrasse Housing Development
Ponte City
East Building National Gallery of Art
Sampson House
Kate Macintosh 1972 England
Peter Faller & Hermann Schroder 1971 Germany
Feidman, Hermer & Grosskopff 1975 South Africa
IM Pei 1978 USA
Fitzroy Robinson 1979 England
£
Lambeth Towers
Münsterschule
Prentice Women’s Hospital
Americasmart Building 3
George Finch 1972 England
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Bertrand Goldberg 1975 USA
Portman & Associates 1979 USA
£
Lillington Gardens
Pragati Maidan
Aillaud Towers
Darbourne & Darke 1972 England
Raj Rewal 1972 India
Emile Aillaud 1977 Germany
£
Convalescent House
Hotel Du Lac
City Administration Centre
Arieh Sharon, Harold Ruben & Eldar Sharon 1973 Israel
Raffaele Contigiani 1973 Tunisia
Romberg & Boyd 1977 Australia
Zalman Aranne Central Library
La Pyramide
Roihuvuori Water Tower
Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel
Rinaldo Oliveri 1973 Ivory Coast
Arto Pitkanen 1977 Finland
£
Montreuil Conservatory
Zalman Aranne Central Library
Metropolitan Cathedral of Sao Sebastiao
Claude Le Goas 1976 France
Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel
Oliveira de Fonesca 1979 Brazil
Sainte-Marie Lyon School
Campinas Cultural Centre
Georges Adilon 1976 France
Fabio Moura Penteado 1976 Brazil
National School of Architecture
Institute of Education University of London
Simounet & Charmont 1978 France
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
National Theatre Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Dallas City Hall IM Pei 1978 USA
£
National School of Architecture Simounet & Charmont 1978 France
Alexandra and Ainsworth Estate Neave Brown 1978 England
State Government Offices Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia
1980s
William Balmain Teachers College
Hotel Amanauz
Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium
Rozzol Melara
Seimas Palace
Chisinau State Capital
Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium
New Delhi Municipal Council Building
National Library of Kosovo
David Turner 1985 Australia
Kostomarov & Perenchekov 1985 Russia
Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia
Carlo Celli 1982 Italy
Algimantas Nasvytis & Vytautas Nasvytis 1980 Lithuania
Kiricenko, Shoihet & Colotovkin 1981 Lithuania
Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia
Kudip Singh 1983 India
Mutnjakovic 1982 Italy
Surry Hills Police Station
Lincoln Executive Plaza
Surry Hills Police Station
Krygyz National Philharmonic Hall
Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum
Mariano Moreno National Library
Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum
Richard Dinham 1987 Australia
Tsolinas, Kim & Moreno 1982 USA
Richard Dinham 1987 Australia
A.Pechonkin 1980 Krygyzstan
Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia
Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina
Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia
Espai Verd
Basilica Santuary of our Lady of Tears
Mariano Moreno National Library
Antonio Cortes Ferrando 1994 Spain
Andrault & Parat 1994 Italy
Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina
Kihoku Tenkyu-Kan
Grand Central Water Tower
Takasaki 1995 Japan
GAPP 1996 South Africa
Braga Municipal Stadium
Fogo Island Inn
Kukuruzka Housing Complex
Rohner Port Building
Valleaceron Chapel
Gangnam Bogeumjari District Officetel
Hemeroscopium House
Souto de Moura 2003 Portugal
Todd Saunders 2013 Canada
Pushkin & Potershuk 2000 Belarus
Baumschlauger & Eberle 2000 Austria
Sancho-Madridejos 2000 Spain
JDS 2014 South Korea
Ensamble 2008 Spain
1111 Lincoln Road
Ponce House
Devoid Studio
Herzog & De Meuron 2010 USA
Mathias Kotz 2003 Argentina
Archium 2004 South Korea
Bilbao Exhibition Centre
Burder Klaus Chapel
ACXT 2007 Spain
Peter Zumthor 2007 Germany
£
Slovak Radio Building
William Balmain Teachers College
Svetko, Durkovic & Kissling 1983 Latvia
David Turner 1985 Australia
£
Surry Hills Police Station Richard Dinham 1987 Australia
Pegli 3 Aldo Luigi Rizzo 1989 Italy
1990s
2000s
£
£
Timmelsjoch Experience Pass Museum
Roberto Garza Sada Centre for Art
Tscholi 2010 Austria
Tadao Ando 2012 Mexico
£
A2 SPREADS
COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM
After analysing important components in the buildings along the Brutalist tour of London, Left to Right: an interesting strand of investigation was whether these components, or other new compo- Continent, Status, Programme nents or features then extend across the Brutalist cannon as a whole globally. Whether these ? components and features were also affected by the regionality, programme, time period or the political standing at the time of design and completion. Identifying these patterns and commonalities, we can deploy similar features and components in our design moving forward. To index the components I used both SOSBrutalism online and the Index of Brutalism book.
Legend Continent
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Brise Soleil
Circular
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Coth Curve
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Extended Structure
A column that fans out at the top where it meets to the slab in order to counteract the sheering forces.
A concrete slab that has ribs running across two axis to create a waffle like effect in the underside of the concrete slab. Good for structural forces.
A series of boxs or shapes repeated in a modular fashion or stacked up irregularly to create a plug in aesthetic form.
Each floor plate steps back or forward to create a tiering.
Columns used at an angle to support the building.
Columns that are excessively elongated to cover multiple floor heights before reaching the part they support.
Vertical fins that come down to shade the interior from sun and overheating.
Buildings with circular elements instead of rigid geometric shapes.
Cantilever elements to create gravity defying effects in the building.
Skylights in the shape of pyramids or other skylights, to allow for natural light with low window usage.
A hyperbolic curve the smoothly connects the horizontal plane of the ground with the vertical plane of the high rise.
A large mass of material with a lack windows or details. Emphasising the material on a large scale.
Concrete ribs to create a rough finish to the exterior of the building.
Usually on the facade, a repeated element or a waffle effect similar to the waffle slab but on the exterior faces of the building.
A seperate tower used for services and circulation connected to the main building through the use of bridges.
Structural elements purposely extended past the facade, or over exaggerated to an aesthetic point.
1930s
Europe North America Central America South America Middle East Asia
Legend Status Africa Australasia
Safe Unknown/In Use Endangered Demolished
Legend Programme £
Commercial Cultural Educational Government Public Recreational
Legend Politics Religious Residential Sports Tourism Transport
Right Left Centre Military Right Military Left Monarchy
Trudelturm German Research Institure for Aviation; Brenner & Deutschmann 1936 Germany
£
1950s Sena Building
German Samper 1958 Colombia
1960s Temple Street Parking Garage Paul Rudolph 1962 USA
Water Tower
Elementary School
Milwaukee War Memorial
Susana Soca Chapel
Marchiondi Spagliardi Institute
Jorn Uzten 1952 Denmark
Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy
Eero Saarinen 1957 USA
Antoni Bonet i Castellana 1959 Uruguay
Vittoriano Vigano 1957 Italy
Elementary School
Kagawa Prefectural Office
Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy
Kenzo Tange 1958 Japan
Sheats-Goldstein Residence
Eros House
El Heliciode de la Roca Tarpeya
Domestic Trade College
Bank of Brazil Mechanisation Centre
Simon Fraser University
Endo Pharmaceutical Labs
Brasilia History Museum
Orphanage
Technical Institute
Academy of Arts
Endo Pharmaceutical Labs
Army Pavilion Expo’64
Water Tower
Control Tower Komazawa Olympic Park
John Launter 1963 USA
Owen Ludger 1963 England
Gutierrez, Bornhorst, Neuberger 1960 Venezuela
Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England
Irmaos Roberto 1969 Brazil
Erickson & Massey 1965 Canada
Paul Rudolph 1964 USA
Oscar Niemeyer 1960 Brazil
Aldo Van Eyck 1960 Netherlands
Castiglioni & Arsizio 1965 Italy
Duttman & Schumann 1960 Germany
Paul Rudolph 1964 USA
Fingerhuth & Lausanne 1964 Switzerland
Helmut Erdle 1961 Germany
Yoshinobu Ashihara 1964 Japan
£
£
£
£
£
Dana Porter Arts Library
Kagawa Prefectural Gymnasium
Habitat 67
Domestic Trade College
Museum of Modern Art
Haukilhati Water Tower
Dunelm House
Suldal Power Plant
Hudson Beare Lecture Theatre
Confederation Centre of the Arts
Municipal Urinario North Cemetery
Casson Pavilion
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Tricorn Centre
Shore & Moffat 1965 Canada
Kenzo Tange 1964 Japan
Moshe Safdie 1967 Canada
Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England
Alfonso Eduardo Reidy 1960 Brazil
Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland
Architects Co-Partnership 1965 England
Geir Grung 1965 Norway
Gardener-Medwin & Kingham Knight 1960 Scotland
Affleck, Sise & Dimakopoulos 1964 Canada
Nelson Bayrdo & Jose Tizze 1962 Uruguay
Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England
Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1966 Israel
Owen Luder 1966 England
£
Hayward Gallery
Tricorn Centre
Three Towers of Grenoble
The Met Breuer
Bremen Stadthalle
Boston City Hall
John E Fogarty Memorial Building
Raymond Hillard Homes
Sao Paulo Museum of Art
Jardim Ipe School
Huutoniemi Church
Birmingham New Street Signal Box
Temple of Monte Grisa
Balfron Tower
Higgs & Hill 1968 England
Owen Luder 1966 England
Anger & Puccinelli 1967 France
Marcel Breuer 1966 USA
Rainer, Saume & Hafermann 1964 Germany
Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA
Castellucci, Gelli & Planta 1967 USA
Bertrand Goldberg 1966 USA
Lina Bo Bardi 1968 Brazil
Decio Tozzi 1965 Brazil
Aarno Ruusuvuori 1964 Finland
Bicknell & Hamilton 1965 England
Antonio Guacci 1966 Italy
Erno Goldfinger 1967 England
£
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
The Met Breuer
Saint Peter’s Seminary
Marcel Breuer 1966 USA
Gillespie, Kidd & Coia 1966 Scotland
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Avala Tower
Boston City Hall
Space House
Egged House
Bogunovic & Janjic 1965 Serbia
Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA
Richard Seifert 1968 England
Arieh Sharon, Aryeh Freiberger & Benjamin Idelson 1969 Israel
£
Bookend
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Casson Pavilion
Delft University Auditorium
City Archive
Centrum Warenhaus Hoyerswerda
Town Hall
Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England
Van de Broek & Bakema 1966 Netherlands
Georgi Konstaninovski 1966 Macedonia
Heins Heinrich Forberg 1968 Germany
Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany
Extended Structure
£
£
Hawaii State Capitol
Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo
Town Hall
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas, Denver
Haukilhati Water Tower
Berkeley Library Trinity College
St Hallvards Church
Synagogue Officers Trainings School
Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA
Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil
Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany
Muchow Associates 1968 USA
Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland
Ahrends, Burton & Koralek 1967 Ireland
Lund + Slaatto 1966 Norway
Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1968 Israel
Hawaii State Capitol
Central Hall University of York
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Marina City
Hayward Gallery
Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo
Preston Central Bus Station
Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA
Johnson-Marshall 1968 England
SPACE Group 1969 South Korea
Bertrand Goldberg 1968 USA
Higgs & Hill 1968 England
Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil
Building Design Partnership 1969 England
University of East Anglia
Southside Junior High School
Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King
St Gallen Theatre
Denys Lasdun 1968 England
Eliot Noyes 1969 USA
Frederick Gibberd 1969 England
Claude Paillard 1968 Switzerland
CVG Electrificacion de Caroni Headquarters
Hawaii State Capitol
Torres Blancas
Jesus Tenreiro-Degwitz 1968 Venezuela
Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA
Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza 1969 Spain
£
1970s Kariakoo Market Beda J. Amuli 1974 Tanzania
Hilda Besse Building
Orange County Government Centre
Geisal Library
Geisal Library
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
Pedro Henriquez Urena National Library
Brasilia Cathedral
Ohio History Centre
Mailman Center for Child Development
Frank A Sedita City Court
Norco House
Welbeck Street Car Park
Les Halles Car Park
Standard Bank Centre Headquarters
Howell, Killick, Partridge & Amis 1970 England
Paul Rudolph 1970 USA
William L Pereira 1970 USA
William L Pereira 1970 USA
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Alvarez, Ginebra & Ginebra 1971 Dominican Republic
Oscar Niemeyer 1970 Brazil
Byron Ireland 1970 USA
Spillis Candela 1972 USA
Pfohl, Roberts & Biggie 1974 USA
Covell Matthews 1970 Scotland
Blampied & Partners 1970 England
Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France
Hentrich-Petschnigg 1970 South Africa
£
£
£
£
West Wing Guildhall
Ohio History Centre
Hugel Haus
Hugel Haus
Institute of Eduction Ife
Banco de Prevision Social
Stravanger Swimming Hall
Instituto del Patriminio Cultural de Espana Municipal Court of Audit
Richard Gilbert Scott 1974 England
Byron Ireland 1970 USA
Walter Ebert 1970 Germany
Walter Ebert 1970 Germany
Arieh Sharon, Harold Rubin & Eldar Sharon 1970 Nigeria
Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay
Gert Walter Thuesen Jacob Grytten 1971 Norway
Higuearas Diaz & Miro 1970 Spain
Croce, Afalo & Gasperini 1971 Brazil
Alt Erlaa
St Maximilian Kolbe Church
Perronet House
Pragati Maidan
Trellick Tower
Ministry of Highway Construction
Gluck, Hlaweniczka, Requat & Reinthaller 1973 Austria
Jo Filke 1974 Germany
Sir Roger Walters 1970 England
Raj Rewal 1972 India
Erno Goldfinger 1972 England
George Chakhava, Z Jalaghania 1974 Georgia
£
Cathedral of Christ the King
Scott Library
Perronet House
Brunswick Centre
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
Fall River Government Center
Risaralda Government Building
Les Halles Car Park
Hotel Valbrierve
Central Laboratory Fermilab
Banco de Prevision Social
Münsterschule
Chemnitz City Hall
Institute of Education University of London
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada
Sir Roger Walters 1970 England
Patrick Hodgkinson 1970 England
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Continental Engineering 1976 USA
Forero Ochoa Pereira 1974 Colombia
Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France
Pierre-Paul Heckly & Guy Prache Jouy-en-Josas 1970 France
Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall 1974 USA
Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Rudolf Wiess 1974 Germany
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
£
£
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
Cantilever
Swiss Medical Research Foundation
The Barbican Centre
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
New Court Christ’s College
National Theatre
The Barbican Centre
Crafton Hills Community College
Les Choux de Creteil
Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland
Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Denys Lasdun 1970 England
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England
Williams, Clark & Williams 1976 USA
Gerard Grandval 1974 France
£
Pyramidal Skylights
Bookend
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Cathedral of Christ the King
Biological Sciences Library
Osterstrasse Car Park
Centrum Warenhaus Dresden
SESC Pompéia
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
Robin Gibson 1976 Australia
Heinz Wilke 1974 Germany
Simon, Fokvari & Wunderwald 1978 Germany
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
£
£
Ranier Tower
National Theatre
Münsterschule
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
State Government Offices
Fall River Government Center
St Joseph’s Hospital
Pallasseum Housing
Townsville Campus Library
St Maximilian Kolbe Church
Minoru Yamasaki 1977 USA
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia
Continental Engineering 1976 USA
Bertrand Goldberg 1974 USA
Jurgen Sawade 1976 Germany
James Birrel 1976 Australia
Jo Filke 1974 Germany
£
£
SESC Pompéia
Nakagin Capsule Tower
Scott Library
Shiraz University
Cathedral of Christ the King
Swiss Medical Research Foundation
SESC Pompéia
Cathedral of Christ the King
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
Kisho Kurokawa 1972 Japan
Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada
Minoru Yamasaki 1979 Iran
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
£
Dawson Heights
Tapachstrasse Housing Development
Ponte City
East Building National Gallery of Art
Sampson House
Kate Macintosh 1972 England
Peter Faller & Hermann Schroder 1971 Germany
Feidman, Hermer & Grosskopff 1975 South Africa
IM Pei 1978 USA
Fitzroy Robinson 1979 England
£
Lambeth Towers
Münsterschule
Prentice Women’s Hospital
Americasmart Building 3
George Finch 1972 England
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Bertrand Goldberg 1975 USA
Portman & Associates 1979 USA
£
Lillington Gardens
Pragati Maidan
Aillaud Towers
Darbourne & Darke 1972 England
Raj Rewal 1972 India
Emile Aillaud 1977 Germany
£
Convalescent House
Hotel Du Lac
City Administration Centre
Arieh Sharon, Harold Ruben & Eldar Sharon 1973 Israel
Raffaele Contigiani 1973 Tunisia
Romberg & Boyd 1977 Australia
Zalman Aranne Central Library
La Pyramide
Roihuvuori Water Tower
Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel
Rinaldo Oliveri 1973 Ivory Coast
Arto Pitkanen 1977 Finland
£
Extended Structure
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
Montreuil Conservatory
Zalman Aranne Central Library
Metropolitan Cathedral of Sao Sebastiao
Claude Le Goas 1976 France
Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel
Oliveira de Fonesca 1979 Brazil
Sainte-Marie Lyon School
Campinas Cultural Centre
Georges Adilon 1976 France
Fabio Moura Penteado 1976 Brazil
National School of Architecture
Institute of Education University of London
Simounet & Charmont 1978 France
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
National Theatre Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Dallas City Hall IM Pei 1978 USA
£
National School of Architecture Simounet & Charmont 1978 France
Alexandra and Ainsworth Estate Neave Brown 1978 England
State Government Offices Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Bookend
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Extended Structure
1980s
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
William Balmain Teachers College
Hotel Amanauz
David Turner 1985 Australia
Kostomarov & Perenchekov 1985 Russia
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Bookend
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Extended Structure
Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium
Rozzol Melara
Seimas Palace
Chisinau State Capital
Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium
New Delhi Municipal Council Building
National Library of Kosovo
Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia
Carlo Celli 1982 Italy
Algimantas Nasvytis & Vytautas Nasvytis 1980 Lithuania
Kiricenko, Shoihet & Colotovkin 1981 Lithuania
Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia
Kudip Singh 1983 India
Mutnjakovic 1982 Italy
Surry Hills Police Station
Lincoln Executive Plaza
Surry Hills Police Station
Krygyz National Philharmonic Hall
Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum
Mariano Moreno National Library
Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum
Richard Dinham 1987 Australia
Tsolinas, Kim & Moreno 1982 USA
Richard Dinham 1987 Australia
A.Pechonkin 1980 Krygyzstan
Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia
Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina
Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia
Espai Verd
Basilica Santuary of our Lady of Tears
Mariano Moreno National Library
Antonio Cortes Ferrando 1994 Spain
Andrault & Parat 1994 Italy
Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina
Kihoku Tenkyu-Kan
Grand Central Water Tower
Takasaki 1995 Japan
GAPP 1996 South Africa
Braga Municipal Stadium
Fogo Island Inn
Kukuruzka Housing Complex
Rohner Port Building
Valleaceron Chapel
Gangnam Bogeumjari District Officetel
Hemeroscopium House
Souto de Moura 2003 Portugal
Todd Saunders 2013 Canada
Pushkin & Potershuk 2000 Belarus
Baumschlauger & Eberle 2000 Austria
Sancho-Madridejos 2000 Spain
JDS 2014 South Korea
Ensamble 2008 Spain
£
Slovak Radio Building
William Balmain Teachers College
Svetko, Durkovic & Kissling 1983 Latvia
David Turner 1985 Australia
£
Surry Hills Police Station Richard Dinham 1987 Australia
Pegli 3 Aldo Luigi Rizzo 1989 Italy
1990s
2000s
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Bookend
Windowless Mass
1111 Lincoln Road
Ponce House
Devoid Studio
Herzog & De Meuron 2010 USA
Mathias Kotz 2003 Argentina
Archium 2004 South Korea
Bilbao Exhibition Centre
Burder Klaus Chapel
ACXT 2007 Spain
Peter Zumthor 2007 Germany
£
£
Timmelsjoch Experience Pass Museum
Roberto Garza Sada Centre for Art
Tscholi 2010 Austria
Tadao Ando 2012 Mexico
£
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Extended Structure
A2 SINGLES
COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM
After analysing important components in the buildings along the Brutalist tour of London, an Left to Right: interesting strand of investigation was whether these components, or other new components Continent, Status, Programme or features then extend across the Brutalist cannon as a whole globally. Whether these ? components and features were also affected by the regionality, programme, time period or the political standing at the time of design and completion. Identifying these patterns and commonalities, we can deploy similar features and components in our design moving forward. To index the components I used both SOSBrutalism online and the Index of Brutalism book.
Legend Continent
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Brise Soleil
Circular
A column that fans out at the top where it meets to the slab in order to counteract the sheering forces.
A concrete slab that has ribs running across two axis to create a waffle like effect in the underside of the concrete slab. Good for structural forces.
A series of boxs or shapes repeated in a modular fashion or stacked up irregularly to create a plug in aesthetic form.
Each floor plate steps back or forward to create a tiering.
Columns used at an angle to support the building.
Columns that are excessively elongated to cover multiple floor heights before reaching the part they support.
Vertical fins that come down to shade the interior from sun and overheating.
Buildings with circular elements instead of rigid geometric shapes.
Water Tower
Elementary School
Jorn Uzten 1952 Denmark
Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy
1930s
Europe North America Central America South America Middle East Asia
Legend Status Africa Australasia
1950s Sena Building
German Samper 1958 Colombia
Safe Unknown/In Use Endangered Demolished
Legend Programme £
Commercial Cultural Educational Government Public Recreational
Legend Politics Religious Residential Sports Tourism Transport
Right Left Centre Military Right Military Left Monarchy
C
E 1 U
Elementary School Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy
1960s Temple Street Parking Garage Paul Rudolph 1962 USA
Sheats-Goldstein Residence
Eros House
El Heliciode de la Roca Tarpeya
Domestic Trade College
Bank of Brazil Mechanisation Centre
Simon Fraser University
Endo Pharmaceutical Labs
John Launter 1963 USA
Owen Ludger 1963 England
Gutierrez, Bornhorst, Neuberger 1960 Venezuela
Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England
Irmaos Roberto 1969 Brazil
Erickson & Massey 1965 Canada
Paul Rudolph 1964 USA
£
£
£
£
O 1 B
Dana Porter Arts Library
Kagawa Prefectural Gymnasium
Habitat 67
Domestic Trade College
Museum of Modern Art
Haukilhati Water Tower
Dunelm House
Suldal Power Plant
Shore & Moffat 1965 Canada
Kenzo Tange 1964 Japan
Moshe Safdie 1967 Canada
Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England
Alfonso Eduardo Reidy 1960 Brazil
Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland
Architects Co-Partnership 1965 England
Geir Grung 1965 Norway
G K 1 S
Hayward Gallery
Tricorn Centre
Three Towers of Grenoble
The Met Breuer
Bremen Stadthalle
Boston City Hall
John E Fogarty Memorial Building
Raymond Hillard Homes
S
Higgs & Hill 1968 England
Owen Luder 1966 England
Anger & Puccinelli 1967 France
Marcel Breuer 1966 USA
Rainer, Saume & Hafermann 1964 Germany
Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA
Castellucci, Gelli & Planta 1967 USA
Bertrand Goldberg 1966 USA
L 1 B
£
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Coth Curve
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Extended Structure
Cantilever elements to create gravity defying effects in the building.
Skylights in the shape of pyramids or other skylights, to allow for natural light with low window usage.
A hyperbolic curve the smoothly connects the horizontal plane of the ground with the vertical plane of the high rise.
A large mass of material with a lack windows or details. Emphasising the material on a large scale.
Concrete ribs to create a rough finish to the exterior of the building.
Usually on the facade, a repeated element or a waffle effect similar to the waffle slab but on the exterior faces of the building.
A seperate tower used for services and circulation connected to the main building through the use of bridges.
Structural elements purposely extended past the facade, or over exaggerated to an aesthetic point.
Trudelturm German Research Institure for Aviation; Brenner & Deutschmann 1936 Germany
£
Milwaukee War Memorial
Susana Soca Chapel
Marchiondi Spagliardi Institute
Eero Saarinen 1957 USA
Antoni Bonet i Castellana 1959 Uruguay
Vittoriano Vigano 1957 Italy
Kagawa Prefectural Office Kenzo Tange 1958 Japan
Brasilia History Museum
Orphanage
Technical Institute
Academy of Arts
Endo Pharmaceutical Labs
Army Pavilion Expo’64
Water Tower
Control Tower Komazawa Olympic Park
Oscar Niemeyer 1960 Brazil
Aldo Van Eyck 1960 Netherlands
Castiglioni & Arsizio 1965 Italy
Duttman & Schumann 1960 Germany
Paul Rudolph 1964 USA
Fingerhuth & Lausanne 1964 Switzerland
Helmut Erdle 1961 Germany
Yoshinobu Ashihara 1964 Japan
£
Hudson Beare Lecture Theatre
Confederation Centre of the Arts
Municipal Urinario North Cemetery
Casson Pavilion
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Tricorn Centre
Gardener-Medwin & Kingham Knight 1960 Scotland
Affleck, Sise & Dimakopoulos 1964 Canada
Nelson Bayrdo & Jose Tizze 1962 Uruguay
Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England
Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1966 Israel
Owen Luder 1966 England
£
Sao Paulo Museum of Art
Jardim Ipe School
Huutoniemi Church
Birmingham New Street Signal Box
Temple of Monte Grisa
Balfron Tower
Lina Bo Bardi 1968 Brazil
Decio Tozzi 1965 Brazil
Aarno Ruusuvuori 1964 Finland
Bicknell & Hamilton 1965 England
Antonio Guacci 1966 Italy
Erno Goldfinger 1967 England
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
The Met Breuer
Saint Peter’s Seminary
Marcel Breuer 1966 USA
Gillespie, Kidd & Coia 1966 Scotland
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
C
Avala Tower
Boston City Hall
Space House
E
Bogunovic & Janjic 1965 Serbia
Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA
Richard Seifert 1968 England
A F I 1 I
£
Hawaii State Capitol
Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo
Town Hall
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas, Denver
Haukilhati Water Tower
Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA
Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil
Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany
Muchow Associates 1968 USA
Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland
Hawaii State Capitol
Central Hall University of York
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Marina City
Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA
Johnson-Marshall 1968 England
SPACE Group 1969 South Korea
Bertrand Goldberg 1968 USA
University of East Anglia
Southside Junior High School
Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King
Denys Lasdun 1968 England
Eliot Noyes 1969 USA
Frederick Gibberd 1969 England
CVG Electrificacion de Caroni Headquarters
Hawaii State Capitol
Torres Blancas
Jesus Tenreiro-Degwitz 1968 Venezuela
Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA
Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza 1969 Spain
£
1970s Kariakoo Market Beda J. Amuli 1974 Tanzania
Hilda Besse Building
Orange County Government Centre
Geisal Library
Geisal Library
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
Pedro Henriquez Urena National Library
Brasilia Cathedral
O
Howell, Killick, Partridge & Amis 1970 England
Paul Rudolph 1970 USA
William L Pereira 1970 USA
William L Pereira 1970 USA
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Alvarez, Ginebra & Ginebra 1971 Dominican Republic
Oscar Niemeyer 1970 Brazil
B 1 U
£
£
West Wing Guildhall
Ohio History Centre
Hugel Haus
Hugel Haus
Institute of Eduction Ife
Banco de Prevision Social
Stravanger Swimming Hall
Instituto del Patriminio Cultural de Espana
Richard Gilbert Scott 1974 England
Byron Ireland 1970 USA
Walter Ebert 1970 Germany
Walter Ebert 1970 Germany
Arieh Sharon, Harold Rubin & Eldar Sharon 1970 Nigeria
Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay
Gert Walter Thuesen Jacob Grytten 1971 Norway
Higuearas Diaz & Miro 1970 Spain
Cathedral of Christ the King
Scott Library
Perronet House
Brunswick Centre
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
Fall River Government Center
Risaralda Government Building
Les Halles Car Park
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada
Sir Roger Walters 1970 England
Patrick Hodgkinson 1970 England
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Continental Engineering 1976 USA
Forero Ochoa Pereira 1974 Colombia
Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France
C 1 B
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Egged House
Arieh Sharon, Aryeh Freiberger & Benjamin Idelson 1969 Israel
Bookend
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Casson Pavilion
Delft University Auditorium
City Archive
Centrum Warenhaus Hoyerswerda
Town Hall
Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England
Van de Broek & Bakema 1966 Netherlands
Georgi Konstaninovski 1966 Macedonia
Heins Heinrich Forberg 1968 Germany
Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany
Extended Structure
£
£
Berkeley Library Trinity College
St Hallvards Church
Synagogue Officers Trainings School
Ahrends, Burton & Koralek 1967 Ireland
Lund + Slaatto 1966 Norway
Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1968 Israel
Hayward Gallery
Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo
Preston Central Bus Station
Higgs & Hill 1968 England
Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil
Building Design Partnership 1969 England
St Gallen Theatre Claude Paillard 1968 Switzerland
Ohio History Centre
Mailman Center for Child Development
Frank A Sedita City Court
Norco House
Welbeck Street Car Park
Les Halles Car Park
Standard Bank Centre Headquarters
Byron Ireland 1970 USA
Spillis Candela 1972 USA
Pfohl, Roberts & Biggie 1974 USA
Covell Matthews 1970 Scotland
Blampied & Partners 1970 England
Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France
Hentrich-Petschnigg 1970 South Africa
£
£
Municipal Court of Audit
Alt Erlaa
St Maximilian Kolbe Church
Perronet House
Pragati Maidan
Trellick Tower
Ministry of Highway Construction
Croce, Afalo & Gasperini 1971 Brazil
Gluck, Hlaweniczka, Requat & Reinthaller 1973 Austria
Jo Filke 1974 Germany
Sir Roger Walters 1970 England
Raj Rewal 1972 India
Erno Goldfinger 1972 England
George Chakhava, Z Jalaghania 1974 Georgia
£
Hotel Valbrierve
Central Laboratory Fermilab
Banco de Prevision Social
Münsterschule
Chemnitz City Hall
Institute of Education University of London
Pierre-Paul Heckly & Guy Prache Jouy-en-Josas 1970 France
Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall 1974 USA
Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Rudolf Wiess 1974 Germany
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
Swiss Medical Research Foundation
The Barbican Centre
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
New Court Christ’s College
National Theatre
The Barbican Centre
Crafton Hills Community College
Les Choux de Creteil
C
Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland
Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Denys Lasdun 1970 England
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England
Williams, Clark & Williams 1976 USA
Gerard Grandval 1974 France
A C 1 I
P
£
£
Ranier Tower
National Theatre
Münsterschule
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
State Government Offices
Fall River Government Center
St Joseph’s Hospital
Minoru Yamasaki 1977 USA
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia
Continental Engineering 1976 USA
Bertrand Goldberg 1974 USA
£
£
SESC Pompéia
Nakagin Capsule Tower
Scott Library
Shiraz University
Cathedral of Christ the King
S
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
Kisho Kurokawa 1972 Japan
Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada
Minoru Yamasaki 1979 Iran
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
J 1 S
Dawson Heights
Tapachstrasse Housing Development
Ponte City
Kate Macintosh 1972 England
Peter Faller & Hermann Schroder 1971 Germany
Feidman, Hermer & Grosskopff 1975 South Africa
Lambeth Towers
Münsterschule
Prentice Women’s Hospital
George Finch 1972 England
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Bertrand Goldberg 1975 USA
Lillington Gardens
Pragati Maidan
Aillaud Towers
Darbourne & Darke 1972 England
Raj Rewal 1972 India
Emile Aillaud 1977 Germany
£
Convalescent House
Hotel Du Lac
City Administration Centre
Arieh Sharon, Harold Ruben & Eldar Sharon 1973 Israel
Raffaele Contigiani 1973 Tunisia
Romberg & Boyd 1977 Australia
Zalman Aranne Central Library
La Pyramide
Roihuvuori Water Tower
Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel
Rinaldo Oliveri 1973 Ivory Coast
Arto Pitkanen 1977 Finland
£
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Bookend
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Cathedral of Christ the King
Biological Sciences Library
Osterstrasse Car Park
Centrum Warenhaus Dresden
SESC Pompéia
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
Robin Gibson 1976 Australia
Heinz Wilke 1974 Germany
Simon, Fokvari & Wunderwald 1978 Germany
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
£
Pallasseum Housing
Townsville Campus Library
St Maximilian Kolbe Church
Jurgen Sawade 1976 Germany
James Birrel 1976 Australia
Jo Filke 1974 Germany
Swiss Medical Research Foundation
SESC Pompéia
Cathedral of Christ the King
Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
East Building National Gallery of Art
Sampson House
IM Pei 1978 USA
Fitzroy Robinson 1979 England
£
£
Americasmart Building 3 Portman & Associates 1979 USA
£
Extended Structure
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
Swiss Medical Research Foundation
The Barbican Centre
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
New Court Christ’s College
National Theatre
The Barbican Centre
Crafton Hills Community College
Les Choux de Creteil
C
Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland
Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Denys Lasdun 1970 England
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England
Williams, Clark & Williams 1976 USA
Gerard Grandval 1974 France
A C 1 I
P
£
£
Ranier Tower
National Theatre
Münsterschule
Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters
State Government Offices
Fall River Government Center
St Joseph’s Hospital
Minoru Yamasaki 1977 USA
Denys Lasdun 1976 England
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Paul Rudolph 1971 USA
Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia
Continental Engineering 1976 USA
Bertrand Goldberg 1974 USA
£
£
SESC Pompéia
Nakagin Capsule Tower
Scott Library
Shiraz University
Cathedral of Christ the King
S
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
Kisho Kurokawa 1972 Japan
Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada
Minoru Yamasaki 1979 Iran
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
J 1 S
Dawson Heights
Tapachstrasse Housing Development
Ponte City
Kate Macintosh 1972 England
Peter Faller & Hermann Schroder 1971 Germany
Feidman, Hermer & Grosskopff 1975 South Africa
Lambeth Towers
Münsterschule
Prentice Women’s Hospital
George Finch 1972 England
Heinz Otten 1972 Germany
Bertrand Goldberg 1975 USA
Lillington Gardens
Pragati Maidan
Aillaud Towers
Darbourne & Darke 1972 England
Raj Rewal 1972 India
Emile Aillaud 1977 Germany
£
Convalescent House
Hotel Du Lac
City Administration Centre
Arieh Sharon, Harold Ruben & Eldar Sharon 1973 Israel
Raffaele Contigiani 1973 Tunisia
Romberg & Boyd 1977 Australia
Zalman Aranne Central Library
La Pyramide
Roihuvuori Water Tower
Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel
Rinaldo Oliveri 1973 Ivory Coast
Arto Pitkanen 1977 Finland
£
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Bookend
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Cathedral of Christ the King
Biological Sciences Library
Osterstrasse Car Park
Centrum Warenhaus Dresden
SESC Pompéia
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
Robin Gibson 1976 Australia
Heinz Wilke 1974 Germany
Simon, Fokvari & Wunderwald 1978 Germany
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
£
Pallasseum Housing
Townsville Campus Library
St Maximilian Kolbe Church
Jurgen Sawade 1976 Germany
James Birrel 1976 Australia
Jo Filke 1974 Germany
Swiss Medical Research Foundation
SESC Pompéia
Cathedral of Christ the King
Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland
Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil
Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy
East Building National Gallery of Art
Sampson House
IM Pei 1978 USA
Fitzroy Robinson 1979 England
£
£
Americasmart Building 3 Portman & Associates 1979 USA
£
Extended Structure
1980s
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
William Balmain Teachers College
Hotel Amanauz
David Turner 1985 Australia
Kostomarov & Perenchekov 1985 Russia
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium
Rozzol Melara
Seimas Palace
Chisinau State Capital
Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia
Carlo Celli 1982 Italy
Algimantas Nasvytis & Vytautas Nasvytis 1980 Lithuania
Kiricenko, Shoihet & Colotovkin 1981 Lithuania
Surry Hills Police Station
Lincoln Executive Plaza
Surry Hills Police Station
Krygyz National Philharmonic Hall
Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum
M
Richard Dinham 1987 Australia
Tsolinas, Kim & Moreno 1982 USA
Richard Dinham 1987 Australia
A.Pechonkin 1980 Krygyzstan
Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia
T C 1 A
Espai Verd
Basilica Santuary of our Lady of Tears
M
Antonio Cortes Ferrando 1994 Spain
Andrault & Parat 1994 Italy
T C 1 A
Kihoku Tenkyu-Kan
Grand Central Water Tower
Takasaki 1995 Japan
GAPP 1996 South Africa
Braga Municipal Stadium
Fogo Island Inn
Kukuruzka Housing Complex
R
Souto de Moura 2003 Portugal
Todd Saunders 2013 Canada
Pushkin & Potershuk 2000 Belarus
B 2 A
£
Slovak Radio Building
William Balmain Teachers College
Svetko, Durkovic & Kissling 1983 Latvia
David Turner 1985 Australia
£
Surry Hills Police Station Richard Dinham 1987 Australia
Pegli 3 Aldo Luigi Rizzo 1989 Italy
1990s
2000s
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Bookend
Windowless Mass
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium
New Delhi Municipal Council Building
National Library of Kosovo
Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia
Kudip Singh 1983 India
Mutnjakovic 1982 Italy
Mariano Moreno National Library
Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum
Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina
Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia
Seperate Service Tower
Extended Structure
Mariano Moreno National Library Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina
Rohner Port Building
Valleaceron Chapel
Gangnam Bogeumjari District Officetel
Hemeroscopium House
Baumschlauger & Eberle 2000 Austria
Sancho-Madridejos 2000 Spain
JDS 2014 South Korea
Ensamble 2008 Spain
Mushroom Column
Waffle Slab
Metabolism/Modular
Tiered
Angular Columns
Elongated Columns
Vertical Fins
Circular
1111 Lincoln Road
P
Herzog & De Meuron 2010 USA
M 2 A
£
B
A 2 S
T
T 2 A
Cantilever
Pyramidal Skylights
Bookend
Windowless Mass
Ponce House
Devoid Studio
Mathias Kotz 2003 Argentina
Archium 2004 South Korea
Bilbao Exhibition Centre
Burder Klaus Chapel
ACXT 2007 Spain
Peter Zumthor 2007 Germany
£
Timmelsjoch Experience Pass Museum
Roberto Garza Sada Centre for Art
Tscholi 2010 Austria
Tadao Ando 2012 Mexico
£
Corduroy Concrete
Repeated Shapes/Diagrid
Seperate Service Tower
Extended Structure
COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM COMPOSITION 01
Using the predominent features and components that appear throughout Brutalism as a kit of pieces, can you generate brutalist compositions? What occurs from this process of new brutalism generation. Does the kit of piece produce compositions that could be considered brutalist or do the produce something different more abstract or lending towards another style. If successful can the kit of pieces be replicated in sustainable materials to create a sustainable variant of brutalism. In composition 01, we add four ingredients into our composition; the seperated service tower as seen in Trellick tower, a coth curve as seen in Alt Erlaa housing estate and the mushroom column from Haywards Gallery.
Service Tower + Coth Curve
=
+ Mushroom Column
Service Tower
Coth Curve
Mushroom Column
COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM COMPOSITION 02
In composition 02, we add three ingredients again into our composition; a metabolic/ modular box as seen in Lambeth Towers, tiering back of the building as seen in many brutalist buildings including the University of East Anglia, and the mushroom column again from Haywards Gallery.
Metabolism/Modular + Tiers
=
+ Mushroom Column
Modular Box
Tiers
Mushroom Column
COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM COMPOSITION 03
In composition 03, we add four ingredients to form our composition; a large windowless mass along with corduroy concrete both of which can be seen in the Endo Pharmaceutical Labs building, a waffle slab as seen in the National Theatre and a large cantilever like Brasilia’s History Musuem.
Windowless Mass + Waffle Slab +
=
Cantilever + Corduroy Concrete
Windowless Mass
Waffle Slab
Cantilever
Corduroy Concrete
CONCRETE
BREAKDOWN OF COMPONENTS What makes up the formation of concrete and in what percentages? If we break this down, are there alternative sources other than that of current covention? Do these other sources then occur naturally or can be obtained from recycling waste or byproducts of other industries in order to reduce the carbon footprint in the production of concrete. Cement is the most complex component of concrete, and also the most polluting in terms of carbon emissions. According the Chatham House cement production amounts to 8% of world CO2 emissions annually, which would make it the third highest if it were a country behind China and the US.
LIME 60-65% SILICA 17-25% ALUMINA 3-8% SULFUR TRIOXIDE 1-3% ALKALINE 0-1% IRON OXIDE 0.5-0.6% CALCIUM SULFATE 0.1-0.5%
CEMENT 10% WATER & AIR 20%
SAND 30%
CALICIUM OXIDE (CaO) Obtained by burning limestone. There needs to be a sufficient amount in order to form silicates and aluminates of calcium to set the cement.
Naturally Occuring Substitutes Oyster Shells, Scallop Shells, Coral, White Sand.
SILICON DIOXIDE (SiO2) Obtained by crushing clay or quartz. Silica is needed to di and tricalium silicates and creates strength in the cement.
Naturally Occuring Substitutes Sand, Quartz, Rice husk ash. Recycled Oppotunities Glass, Fly Ash
ALUMINIUM OXIDE (AI2O3) Obtained by crushing clay or bauxite. Alumina quickens the setting of cement and lowers the temperature needed for clinker to be made.
Naturally Occuring Substitutes Rubies and Sapphires Recycled Oppotunities Aluminium metal, cans etc. Glass
SULFUR TRIOXIDE (SO3) Obtained by using Gypsum. This is used to slow down the reaction process of cement when water is added.
Naturally Occuring Substitutes Gypsum Recycled Oppotunities Gypsum
ALKALINE Occurs naturally in the other ingredients used for cement. Too much can create salt deposits to form. IRON OXIDE (Fe2O3) Rust. Obtained from fly ash, iron ore or scrap iron. At high temperatures forms tricalcium aluminoferrite creating strength and hardness to cement.
Naturally Occuring Substitutes Iron Ore, Pyrite Recycled Oppotunities Fly Ash, Scrap Iron
CALCIUM SULFATE (CaSO4) Obtained from Gypsum. Is used to slow down the setting process of cement when mixed with water.
Naturally Occuring Substitutes Gypsum Recycled Oppotunities Gypsum
WATER & AIR Acts to hydrate the cement and begin the binding process.
Naturally Occuring Substitutes Water and Air Recycled Oppotunities Waste water, rain collection.
SAND Acts as a filler and a fine aggregate for the cement to bind together along with the large aggregate.
Naturally Occuring Substitutes Oyster Shells, Bagasse, Hemp, Sawdust, Rice Husk, Olivine Recycled Oppotunities Glass, Concrete, Plastic, Construction waste.
GRAVEL Acts as a large aggregate for the cement to bind together.
Naturally Occuring Substitutes Oyster Shells, Bagasse, Hemp, Wood Chip Recycled Oppotunities Glass, Concrete, Plastic, Construction waste.
GRAVEL 40%
ALTERNATIVE SUSTAINABLE COMPONENT PROCUREMENT
ALTERNATIVE RECYCLABLE COMPONENT PROCUREMENT
Oyster Shells: Obtained via oyster farming and is a byproduct in the oyster industry. It’s other uses are for the eating of oysters and the production of pearls and mother of pearl (nacre). Leading to a multitude of programs and functions.
White Sand: Made through the process of Parrot Fish eating coral and then excreting the crushed coral as white sand. Happens only in tropical regions where Parrot Fish live, it’s only other commercial uses are in landscaping.
Hemp: Naturally growing plant used for centuries in all kinds of industry from paper to clothing and more recently CBD production. Also used as an aggregate to create Hempcrete, which has been around for a long time but has yet to see large scale usage.
Aluminium: Waste product from industries from food and drink cans to window frames and aeroplane and building panels. Easily recycled back into new products, small amounts can be recycled into cement production.
Scallop Shells: Obtained via ocean floor dredging which is a harmful method, some farming occurs also. It’s other uses are just in the food industry and it’s shell is considered a waste product.
Rice Husk: The hard outer casing of rice grains, a by/waste product from the production of culinary rice. It’s main commercial value is as an ash which is high in silica and is used in cement and ceramic glazes. It can also be used as an aggregate in concrete and brick making.
Sawdust: Byproduct of sawmilling, sawdusts main application is for gardening and landscaping as mulch and fertiliser. It can be used as a fine aggregate in the formation of concrete. Larger woodchips can be used as larger aggregate.
Glass: Waste product from many industries, already recycled to produce new glass. It can also be recycled to extract the silica to be used in cement production and can also be recycled to create aggregate for the use in concrete production.
Coral: Obtained naturally in coral reefs although not harvested as it is damaging. More recently coral farming has occured to replenish dying reefs. No commercial value but coral is used as a calcium supplement and bone foundation by surgeons to grow new bone.
Bagasse: Also known as sugarcane pulp, is a by/waste product in the production of sugar. Once the liquid is extracted what is left is bagasse. Similar to rice husk it can be turned into an ash for cement production of used as an aggregate in concrete or brick making.
Gypsum: Produced naturally through the evaporation of water containing sulfur and calcium, often sea and ocean water. It can be produced by purposely evaporating this water, but is also abundant naturally.
Concrete: Obtained from demolished existing concrete buildings and infrastructure, usually thrown away but can be recycled to be used as aggregate in new concrete.
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS INDEX OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
After breaking up concrete into its residual ingredients. Another investigation into other sustainable materials was the next step. To see what other possibilities there are, this resulted in the creation of this index. The next step off after this index is to deep dive into certain materials to see if a progam could revolve around them.
STRUCTUAL
INSULATIVE
CLADDING
ADDITIVES & RECYCLABLES
Timber: Grown via trees timber has been a building material for centuries. During the process of growing, trees sequest carbon from the air to form the wood. Making a great carbon store and sustainable is felled tree’s are replanted.
Sheeps Wool: Grown by sheep before being sheered off. Sheeps wool is used for insulation and has good water wicking and thermal qualities. Being from sheep it is a sustainable resource.
Charred Timber: Produced by burning the outer layer of timber planks as a form of protection. This burning does release some carbon but the remainder of the wooden planks sequests carbon through growth.
Olivine: A green mineral found in the earths crust, this mineral absorbs Co2 when in contact with it, making it a great carbon sequester as this can then be used as an aggregate in concrete.
Cross Laminated Timber: Similar to straight timber, CLT sequests carbon in the same many, it has more possibilities in structure shape and is stronger due to the crossing of the wood grains.
Cotton: Similar consistency to wool but a plant based product, grown on the cotton plant. It sequests carbon during the growth of the cotton plant.
Thatch: Used as mainly roofing but can also be used for cladding, thatch is thickly layer straw. The production of straw sequests carbon from the atmosphere.
Algae: Algae has a series of uses. From use in creating ecobricks to solar shading for biofuel production. It sequesters carbon through its growth.
Bamboo: Bamboo sequesters carbon during growth, from the grass family bamboo grows at a much faster rate than timber trees. Allowing it to be more readily available. Bamboo has high tensile properties and could replace steel in the reinforcement of concrete. As well as being a general load bearing material.
Cork: Made by the outer bark of a Cork Oak tree, this material regenates every 9 years after harvest. Again sequesting carbon during the growth process.
Cork: Made by the outer bark of a Cork Oak tree, this material regenates every 9 years after harvest. Again sequesting carbon during the growth process.
Crayfish Shells: The shells of the crayfish, usually a waste product has been developed into an additive to concrete to form panels. Similar to seashells there is carbon locked away in the shells.
Rammed Earth: Made by compressing soil and earth into formwork in layers to create loadbearing walls. Doesn’t sequest carbon but the only carbon cost is the transport and compression.
Hempcrete: Made by mixing hemp hurds with lime and sand to create an alternative concrete. Best used structurally in blocks instead of in-situ pouring, also makes great insulation. The growth of hemp sequests carbon and locks it into the material.
Hempcrete: Made by mixing hemp hurds with lime and sand to create an alternative concrete. Best used structurally in blocks instead of in-situ pouring, also makes great insulation. The growth of hemp sequests carbon and locks it into the material.
Loofah: An organic plant from Asia, its fibres can be used again as an additive to concrete to form a greener version of the material. Like with all the organic materials, Loofah sequests carbon through its growth.
Cob: Made by combining wet subsoil containing clay with straw, this material is then stacked up to create walls. Using straw, it does sequest some carbon. The main down sides are the drying or curing time of the material limits the building period and thus the height and scale of any desired project.
Mycelium: The root network and main body of mushroms, useds to glue together substrate into brick like blocks. The growth of the substrate and the mycelium both sequester carbon.
Clay Brick: Use of a kiln rather than air drying affects its sustainability and although clay is not a renewable resource, it is abundant and low is carbon release to produce if air dried.
Potato Peelings: Can be a waste product, but have been developed into an MDF or chip board panel replacement. In their growth this sequests carbon.
Hempcrete: Made by mixing hemp hurds with lime and sand to create an alternative concrete. Best used structurally in blocks instead of in-situ pouring, also makes great insulation. The growth of hemp sequests carbon and locks it into the material.
Cellulose: Made from recycled paper treated against fungal and insect attack. It is sprayed into cavity spaces as insulation. The growth of wood to make paper sequests carbon from the atmosphere.
Cor-Ten Steel: This is steel that has been allowed to rust, the orange layer of rust protects the steel behind and creates a pleasant aesthetic, although the production of steel has a high cost in carbon emissions, steel can be recycled to signicantly reduce this cost.
Construction Waste: Although the waste does not sequest carbon, being able to recycle the waste to create new bricks and other construction elements lowers the embodied carbon for future builds.
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS OLIVINE
Olivines or magnesium iron silicate is a common green coloured mineral that exists in the Earths upper mantle. At the surface it quickly weathers as it reacts with air, Olivine has the special ability to absorb CO2. Making it a fantastic method to sequest carbon out to the atmosphere. If ground up this mineral and CO2 combination can be used as a sand replacement in concrete production. Locking up some of the CO2 released during the cement process back into the finished material. The large limitation of Olivine is that it exists deep down below the earths crust making extraction hard, it comes to the surface near volcanic activity. It also exists heavily on meteorites creating the possibility of extracting Olivine from these, although the carbon emissions of space travel make this not worth it. So another prospect will need to be found. Trellick Tower Rocket Port Diptych
Olivine Minerals
Olivine Concrete
Concrete CO2
Paper Olivine Rock
Crushed Olivine
Ground Olivine
Olivine reacts with CO2
CO2 additive: Mg2CO3 + SiO2 = 1/3 CO2
Polymer 6TGNNKEM 6QYGT
4QEMGV .CWPEJ 5KVG 5RCEG %GPVTG
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS OYSTERS AND SEASHELLS
Taking a more focussed look at Oysters and other seashells such as Scallops, as they are of most value in the production of a more sustainable variant of concrete, what can we learn from their life cycle, farming practices and use in aggregate production? Can this knowledge lead to a potential programme for the design project and if so inform the spacial concepts required to deliver as such.
An oysters lifecycle happens between 1 to 3 years from spawn to mature adult. They usually reproduce
LIFE CYCLE
FARMING CYCLE
INDUSTRIAL DIAGRAM Oyster Shells
Broodstock Oysters
Adult Oyster Harvesting Oysters Spat
Sperm and Egg
Off Bottom Grow Out Sperm and Egg
Sessile 1-3 years
Fertilised Egg
Fire
Large Aggregate
Plantonkic (1-2 hours) Quicklime
Fertilised Egg
Pediveliger Larva
Floating Nursery
Plantonkic Free Swimming 16-25 Days Veliger Larva
Larval Tank
Trochophore Larva
Fine Aggregate
Cement
D-Shaped Larva Water
Spat
USES What can be produced from the different parts of oysters.
Oyster Meat: Used in the cooking industry. Usually eaten raw straight from the shell and a delicacy, also used in asian cuisine to make oyster sauce.
Concrete Spat Culture
Adult Oyster Pearl: Made of crystalised calcium carbonate and formed within the shells of oysters. Used in the production of jewellery, mother of shell or the shiny lining on the inside of the shell is also used in jewellery and furniture production. Oyster Shells: The hard protective exterior of the Oyster, it is made of calcium carbonate. It can be used in calicum supplements but is usally discard. Can be used in the procudtion of quick lime and as both a fine and coarse aggregate in concrete production.
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS MAKING OYSTERCRETE
Following the investigation into oyters and their potential use in concrete, and as part of the thesis writing into the weathering of materials. I produced two panels of oystercrete. One to be kept in its original state, one to be left outside for a few months to weather. The oysters in this sample were only used as aggregate, the facilities to produce the cement part of the oystercrete. The process was simple, crushing up oyster shells and mixing with cement and water to produce the finished material.
Original
Weathered
PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - TRELLICK PRESS
As it has become clear during the research on sustainable materials, creating a new wonder material or solving the issues currently surrounding sustainable materials is not possible for me as a solo masters students to acheive. What is possible, is to design a facilty to enable others to research in this area. The idea being a National Sustainable Material Research Institute. With this is mind, it is time to explore this concept through a series of collages to express the ideas on how this may look moving forward. The first collage is a mash up of an industrial hydraulic press and Trellick Tower.
PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - CROWN OF FIRE
Looking at other brutalist buildings as testing facilities, the crown of thorns, or the Spanish Institute of Cultural Heritage. As a dramatic fire testing facility.
PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - HISPANO SUIZA WIND TUNNEL
PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - HEMPHOUSE
The next collage triptych explores material production rather than testing facilitys. The first is exploring how the Spanish Institute of Cultural Heritage may look if it were used as a hemp production facility. The idea being that the National Institute of Sustainable Material Research could of produce the materials they test. This helps with a number of things, mainly the transport carbon costs of getting the materials to the testing facility.
PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - OYSTERTOWER
PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - RICE PADDY TOWN HALL
SITE ANALYSIS SITE LOCATION
The site chosen for the potential Sustainable Bio-Concrete Research Institute is in the grounds and surrounding area of Saint Peter’s Seminary in Cardross, Scotland. Not far from Glasgow and North across the river Clyde estuary from Port Glasgow, the area has good rail and shipping links for any material deliveries required. It is also a poignant location for such a programme as COP26 happened recently in Glasgow. The proximity to the sea also allows for the potential production of Oysters which as we found have
high value in the production of greener concretes. The remote location and local beauty of Scotland also give rise to the potential of an international conference centre as part of the programme so that future climate based conferences such as COP can be located here with visiting parties intimately connecting with the nature they are meant to be protecting.
Alexandria
Renton
Cardross
Glasgow
Dumbarton Port Glasgow
SITE ANALYSIS BUILDINGS
Legend
The existing building on the potential site is Saint Peter’s Seminary. An abandoned catholic priest teaching facility. This existing building offers potential for reuse and could become a part of the Sustainable Bio-Concrete Research Institute. The site is then surrounded by small farmhouses, except for the south west where the small town of Cardross sits. This isolated built environment gives good opportunity for expansion and design for the project.
Site Boundary Building
SITE ANALYSIS WATER
Legend
Water collects and runs off of the moorland and farmland higher up north of the site. Before running through the site in the form of two small streams that the merge into a singular stream which runs out to sea. These steams although small offer a water source and the potential for hydro power. There is also a large fish pond on the site offering a beauty spot and a place of relaxation for any visitors.
Site Boundary Fresh Water
SITE ANALYSIS TREES
Legend
The site sits insde a broadleafed woodland and is surrounded by many trees. Being a project focussed on both Brutalism and sustainability it would be disingenuous to remove the trees from the site and therefore they must be worked around where possible. There is an open area of grassland within the woodland and a series of fields to the North that open possibilites for a cluster of buildings to be introduced, that could then link back to the seminary.
Site Boundary Trees
SITE ANALYSIS FIELDS
Legend
As mentioned previously the site is surrounded by farms apart from the golf course and town are Cardross to the south west. This gives plenty of oppotunities for the project, land can be bought to create the facilities of the project. There is also the oppotunity for the farmers in the area to grow products that can used in the programme at the institute.
Site Boundary
SITE ANALYSIS PEDESTRIAN ROUTES
Legend
There are a number of paths throughout the woodland around the site and a number of entrances to the Seminary that are currently fenced off but could become entrance points to the building.
Site Boundary Pedestrian Route
SITE ANALYSIS VEHICLE ROUTES
Legend
There are two main roads to the Seminary that join together to form one vehicle access point to the Seminary site. There is another potential vehicle access via the road to the north of the site that runs to the farmhouse. The current state of the roads within the Seminary grounds are poor and would need work to enable product delivery as part of any material processing and testing.
Site Boundary Pedestrian Route
SITE ANALYSIS TERRAIN
Legend
The area around the site gradually slopes in elevation from north (higher) to south (lower) and slopes down towards the sea south of the site. The Seminary itself sits at the bottom of a steep gorge which could cause some constrictions, but the slope is more gentle to the east in the open area. Giving a big oppotunity for a southern facing building and also allows us to utilise the tiering feature that appears throughout Brutalism in our design.
Site Boundary
SITE ANALYSIS SUN PATH
Legend
Being in Scotland, a very northern site. The sunlight available to the area is limited. With the amount of trees around the site there is also a shading affect to deal with. However to the east of the site where the open space is, the terrain slope north to south meaning any buildings here have a clear southern facade to be able to take advantage of any solar potential.
Site Boundary Wind Sun Path
SITE ANALYSIS
LOCAL MATERIAL OPPOTUNITIES
Legend
The sites location gives oppotunity for local material production for delivery to the site to be processed and used in material testing. The tidal zones along the coastline give a great habitat for Oyster farming, whilst the farmland and surrounding fields could be incentivized to grow hemp. The surrounding woodland also have amble timber supply as well as Ridings Sawmill next to the train station in Cardross.
Site Boundary Timber
Hemp Hurd
Oysters
Ridings Sawmill
SITE ANALYSIS MATERIAL IMPORT
Although remote the site has good links for material importation to be processed and used in material testing. It has rail links to both Glasgow and the Highlands, as well as a link to Port Glasgow across the estuary, although this would need some added infrastructure in terms of a dock and some dredging to allow boats to unload.
Rail Import from the Highlands
Lorry Import from the Highlands
Cardross Train Station
1:250 Lorry Import from Glasgow Sea Import from Port Glasgow
Rail Import from Glasgow
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING ORIGINAL STATE Designed by Gillespie, Kidd, and Coia. St Peter’s Seminary was completed in 1966. A fantastic example of Brutalist design in Scotland it’s three blocks wrapped around an existing manor house, Kilmahew house, expressing a juxtaposition between the old and new. Something that can be issued in the new design for the site. Juxtaposing the existing seminary and the new testing facilities.
Figure 01
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Figure 07
Figure 08
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING CURRENT STATE St Peter’s Seminary closed down in 1980. The building has since received an A listing for conservation in Scotland. This saved the building but at a cost, since its closure it has been left in a derelict state, degarding further into ruination and a canvas for graffiti. Kilmahew house has since been demolished. Proposals have been made and failed to give the building new use which is where The National Institue of Material Research comes in. As part of the final project I would like to maintain some ruination and capture the atmosphere it creates.
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Figure 16
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING PLANS - LOWER GROUND & GROUND FLOOR The main entrances to the building exist on the lower ground floor. Including a bridge over a pool which could be used for submerging material samples. The majority of the lower ground floor is used for plant room and back stage religous functions such as the crypt and sacristy. The library also exists in the lower ground of the teaching pod. The site then rises to the ground floor where Kilmahew House was situated. A large courtyard area also surrounds the slab.
Kilmahew House Remaining Slab
Common Room
Library
Parlours & Storage
Ruinated Kitchen Side Chapels
Crypt
Plant Room Altar
Sacristy
Chapel
Hall
Refectory
Side Chapels Pool
Lower Ground Floor
1:500
Ground Floor
1:500
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING PLANS - FIRST & SECOND FLOOR The first floor houses the organ loft, classrooms in the pod, but mainly just accomodation rooms for both the students and guests.
Guest Bedrooms
Classrooms
Student Rooms
Student Rooms Student Rooms
Student Rooms Organ Loft
First Floor
1:500
Second Floor
1:500
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING PLANS - THIRD FLOOR & ROOF The third floor is just for student accomodation. The roof is just a bare flat roof with a small portion that is open to form atria, with beams spanning across. This area has a possibility for a helipad, so that foreign dignitaries can visit.
Student Rooms
Third Floor
1:500
Roof
1:500
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING MODEL
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING MODEL
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING MODEL
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING MODEL
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING MODEL
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING MODEL
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING MODEL
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING BUILDING MODEL
TESTING
SCHEDULE OF TESTS To begin to design the testing facilities it is important to determine which types of testing are required for materials at a larger scale, which equipment is needed to complete these tests, what methods can be used for testing and which resources are nesseccary for testing. The test types I want to incorporate into the site are compression, tension, fire, weatheirng, wind loading, flood and seismic testing. These can be done in a series of facilities including a hydraulic press, shake plate.
TESTING TYPES
FACILITY
METHODS
RESOURCES
Compression Hydraulic Fluid
Hydraulic Press Tension
Fire Testing
Flamethrower
Weathering
Wind Tunnel
Wind Loading
Soot Exposure
Fire
Water Submersion
Pool of Water
Salt Exposure
Pool of Salt Water
Rain Streaking
Falling Water
Frost Exposure
Freezer
Flood Test
Flood Tank
Flow of Water
Seismic Test
Shake Plate
Hydraulic Fluid
TESTING
SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION & TESTING AREAS After finding which testing types are needed. I can begin to speculate where areas might fall into the existing site and build up a schedule of accomodation for the buildings as well as the testing facilities. Such as a conference space to host material findings and potential for other conferences such as COP to occur here. The Altar space lends itself nicely to this speech function. Conferences means visitors and would need accomodation for these users as well as some for permenant staff. This requires there to then be food provision on site. The old library makes for a good potential restaurant and can double up and a viewing space for any testing that happens in the courtyards.
Ground Floor
The slab on which Kilmahew House once stood makes a good platform for some testing facilities to happen on. The old visitor accomodation then makes sense to become a testing control centre overlooking the slab. The shell of the old kitchen could also become some form of testing pod.
Potential Testing Area 3
Potential Testing Area 1
Restaurant & Test Viewing Space
Lower Ground Floor • • • • •
Test Control
Material Archive below the Library Weathering Pool in existing Pool Plantroom in existing Plantroom Material delivery and logistics hub Material debris logistics hub
First Floor • •
Guest and permanent accomodation in existing accomodation Laboratories
Potential Testing Area 2
Second Floor • •
Guest and permanent accomodation in existing accomodation Laboratories
Third Floor •
Laboratories
Screen
Speakers Podium
Conference Space
Weathering Pool Material Delivery Silos
TESTING
CONCEPT COLLAGE
TESTING
CONCEPT COLLAGE
TESTING
CONCEPT COLLAGE
TESTING
SYNERGIES & SELF SUFFICIENCY
Legend
To further develop the layout of the testing facilities it was important to see how the seperate tests can interact with one another. How the output of one test can reused or be productive in the rest of the design. For instance water can be diverted and pooled from the on site stream higher up in the hills, it can then be used in the flood tank and rain testing, before draining into the submersion pools. Flowing water can also be used to generate electricity. The fire testing generates smoke which is valuable in testing soot accumalation and the heat generated can be used to heat the rest of the building.
Flow Produces Feedback Facility Output Final
On Site Stream
Industrial Turbine
Gas
Water
Wind
Fire
Wind Tunnel
Fire Testing
Flood Tank
Rain Testing
Water Flow
Air Flow
Submersion Pool
Heat
Smoke
Heat Building
Weather Materials
Water Flow
Saltwater Pool
Electricity
Power Building
TESTING
INITIAL DESIGN SYNERGIES ON SITE Using the synergies work, it made sense to lay out the tests involving water along the empty side of the courtyard to be fed by the water tower collecting water diverted from the stream further uphill. It then made sense to place the fire testing in the empty shell of the old kitchen due to its proximity to the basement plantroom. To transfer heat around the building. The main issue with this initial design is the clumping of facilities to one side of the courtyard, the other half populated by flatter pools. It creates a disproportionate feel to the design. It also leaves no room for the shake plate which has been placed outside the courtyard slab and more into the forest. Moving forward the idea is to complete the far side of the courtyard to enclose the space and create a more secure overall facility. To create the potential for more secretive testing whilst still creating a sense of ambiguity.
Empty
Shake Plate
Wind & Rain Tunnel
Salt Water Pool
Submersion Pool
Water Tower
Hydraulic Press
Freezer
Fire Testing
Plantroom in Basement
Smoke Chimney
TESTING
DESIGN VERSION 2 The idea behind the secondary design was to bring all the testing into the courtyard, and to enclose the open side of the courtyard. Whilst maintaining the synergies between the testing facilities where possible. The issue with this version was that the testing facilities felt clunky and jarring. Although there are synergies between them with the resources, the facilities themselves have seperate entities and caused a rift in the overall design. The lack of design incorporation with the existing building itself also left the project feeling disjointed and clumsy. The facilities individually began to take a better form, being more imposing and better suited to the brutalist canon. The next stage would be to incorporate these ideas into the existing building fabric.
Wind & Rain Tunnel
Waterwheel
Fire Testing Submersion Tank Hydraulic Press
Shake Plate
Plantroom in Basement
Flood Tank
Water Tower
TESTING
DESIGN VERSION 2 RENDERS This is also the stage of the design where I felt comfortable enough to place the project into Unreal Engine, to experiment with the software to get ready for renders of the final design. Also to begin to create an aesthetic I wanted to use to express the design output.
TESTING
DESIGN VERSION 2 RENDERS I also experimented with other image styles, with a pontential ode to brutalist visualisations of the past. Solid line drawings with the potential of physical collaging afterwards. At this stage the Unreal Engine imagery felt more fruitful.
FINAL DESIGN
PLANS
LOWER GROUND FLOOR Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from. Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms.
Material Archive
Shake Plate
Pump House
Plant Room Logistics & Fabrication Centre
Freezer Submersion Weathering Pools
Material Delivery
Flood Tank
Water Reservoir
PLANS
GROUND FLOOR Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from. Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms.
Weathering Wall Building for Future Use & Testing Ground
Shake Plate
Water Reservoir
Hydraulic Press Base
Flamethrower Plinth Laser Testing
PLANS
FIRST FLOOR Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from. Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms. Building for Future Use & Testing Ground
Shake Plate Large Scale Lab & Control Centre
Flamethrower Hood
Hydraulic Press Plate Wind Tunnel Lab pod
PLANS
SECOND FLOOR Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from. Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms.
Pyramidal Skylights with North Facing Solar Panels
Lab pod Flamethrower Exhaust
Hydraulic Press Mechanism
Wind Tunnel Exhaust
Soot Accumulation Chamber
PLANS
THIRD FLOOR & ROOF Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from. Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms.
Hydraulic Press
Lab pod Wind Tunnel Exhaust
Lab pod
Hydraulic Press Fluid Tanks
Helipad
PLANS
CCTV LAYOUTS As part of the design is to have a level of secrecy and ambiguity surrounding what happens within the institute. A good way to explore this is through a CCTV layout. Placing cameras around the site show a base impression of the design. Whilst also exploring vision lines.
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10
04 01
05
02
03
07 08 Ground Floor
First Floor
Third Floor
06
RENDERS CCTV CAMERAS
RENDERS SECTION
RENDERS
HELICOPTER ARRIVAL
RENDERS
ROADWAY ENTRANCE
RENDERS HILLSIDE
RENDERS
SUBMERSION POOLS
RENDERS FIRE TESTING
RENDERS LABS
RENDERS
WEATHERING WALL
RENDERS
HYDRAULIC ALTAR
RENDERS
HYDRAULIC HEAVENS