INSTRUCTOR MANUAL with TEST BANK for Adult Development and Aging Biopsychosocial Perspectives 5th Edition By Susan Krauss Whitbourne Stacey Whitbourne
Chapter 1 Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging As the opening chapter to the book, the material covered here provides the orientation to the course. There is enough material in this chapter to cover two to three lectures. During the first lecture, it is particularly important to provide students with a sense of excitement about the field. Reflect on your own enthusiasm for teaching this topic and, if appropriate, relate personal experiences that have led you to want to become involved in adult development and aging. It would also be useful to find out why students have chosen to taken the course, as it is quite likely that many of them are there for personal reasons as well.
LECTURE GUIDELINES There is a logical break between the theoretical issues in the first part of the chapter and the demographic material presented at the end. The lecture on demography can begin with a discussion of current issues relevant to aging, such as the effect on the population of the "graying of America". A discussion of the "Baby Boomers" would also be interesting, as many of the students have parents, or possibly grandparents, in this generation. You can also encourage students to contrast their views about Baby Boomers with “Millennials,” “Gen-X’ers,” and the like. Ask them if they believe that generational labels are helpful in understanding the behavior of individuals.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are many potentially relevant materials to include in the lectures based on this chapter. Keep your eyes open for news items that concern aging in the U.S., Canada, and the world relevant to the economy, social trends, and population dynamics. Non-stereotypic older adults can also be shown to counter negative representations that students may have such as older persons engaging in activities that would not normally be associated with aging. There are two excellent films by PBS: “The Way We Get By” (http://www.pbs.org/pov/waywegetby/) and Frontline “Living Old” (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/livingold/view/). Because there are many statistics to summarize in the demography section, it is helpful to provide anything that will put a human face to the numbers. There is an excellent series available on YouTube divided into five parts, called “The World’s Oldest People”: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bjd8_9dtLHo
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important? How does the material in this course relate to other courses that you have taken which employ an interdisciplinary perspective?
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING Do you feel that you are a different person than you were when you were younger? Do you know of individuals who illustrate the principle of individual differences in development? What are the important intraindividual dimensions that psychologists should study? What are the implications for the field when you consider that the only people we can study in old age are those who survived? How can you be a survivor? Name some changes that you think are age-related and see if they are in fact age- or disease-related. How many of the CDC "Five Ways to Shorten Your Life" lifestyle habits do you follow?
THE MEANING OF AGE IM-1 |1
How would you define a person as an "adult"? Do you feel that you qualify as an adult? What are appropriate criteria to use for this distinction other than or in addition to age? What are the pros and cons of using these age-based divisions? How could the alternative indices of age be implemented in a practical sense so that they would replace chronological age? Can you come up with examples of influences on development that have affected you?
KEY SOCIAL FACTORS IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING How is your identity affected by your gender? Why is race a difficult concept to measure? Do you feel that the U.S. Census measure of race is an appropriate one? What might be its problems? How has your social class affected your own life so far? How do you think social class will affect your life in the future? What sorts of influences do you think that social class has on people's lives and why is it important in development? How has your religion affected your own development? Why do you think religion has not been examined in previous research on adult development and aging?
THE BABY BOOMERS GROW UP: CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE -AGED AND OLDER POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD What are the implications of an aging population? Will the aging Baby Boomers change the way that we think about aging, or have they done so already? Who are famous aging Baby Boomers you can think of in the media who defy traditional stereotypes? What are the implications of changes in the racial and ethnic distribution of the aging population?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY
1.
SUBJECTIVE AGE
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Research on adaptation to aging suggests that the most important factor determining your health, happiness, and longevity may very well be your ______ age. A. chronological B. subjective C. biological D. sociological
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2. DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The term __________ captures the concept that aging involves an interaction among processes such as physical changes, cognition, and social context: A. biopsychosocial B. physiocultural C. multidirectional
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D.
transformational
3. BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE- STEM Of the following areas of aging, which would be considered a “biological” component of the biopsychosocial model? A. Changes in muscle mass. B. Loss of a spouse. C. Retirement from a job. D. Gains in vocabulary skills.
4. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C Which of the following would be considered a “social” age-related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective? A. Improving in wisdom. B. Losing muscle strength. C. Becoming a grandparent. D. Increasing in conscientiousness.
5. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The changes that individuals experience in income and residence when they retire and move out of the home where they spent their working lives would fall into the ____________ domain of the biopsychosocial model. A. psychological B. sociocultural C. biological D. cognitive
6. PSYCHOLOGICAL- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Changes over time in an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes involved in aging fall into which domain of the biopsychosocial perspective toward aging? A. Sociocultural B. Biological C. Gerontological D. Psychological
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7. CONTINUITY OF CHANGES- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C According to the continuity principle of adult development and aging, the experiences you have as a young adult will play what role in your development? A. Young people are able to make up for any damage they do their bodies when they get older. B. The friends people have in their college years will most likely be the same ones they have later in life. C. People retain their identities about as they get older, even though their appearance changes. D. Older adults would prefer to be treated as “old” rather than as the people they were when younger.
8. CONTINUITY OF CHANGES- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The ________________ principle of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over life in a cumulative fashion. A. selection B. continuity C. individuality D. normative
9. THE SURVIVORS GROW OLD- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D Because the _____________ are the individuals we study in later life, researchers caution that the findings may not be true for everyone born in a given period of time. A. institutionalized B. less able C. young-old D. survivors
10. SURVIVOR BEHAVIORS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Which of the following might account for the fact that the people who live to old age are the “survivors”? A. They ate foods that are rich in dietary cholesterol. B. Their families provided a strong support network. C. They have lived a life in which they took high risks. D. They avoided exercising or being too physically active.
11. IMPLICATIONS OF SURVIVOR PRINCIPLE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D How does the fact that older adults are survivors influence research on aging? IM-1 |4
A. B. C. D.
Researchers must adapt their test instruments to accommodate them. Healthy older adults tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Psychological studies have less validity than studies on biology of aging. The available samples are positively selected on important characteristics.
12. CIGARETTE SMOKING- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A The Centers for Disease Control regards which of the following as one of the five most important "bad habits" that can reduce the quality and quantity of a person's life? A. Cigarette smoking. B. Eating too many fruits and vegetables. C. Taking in too little alcohol. D. Being underweight.
13. INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES EXAMPLE-CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A 75-year-old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly. However, Mrs. B.’s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging? A. Interindividual differences. B. Normal aging is different from disease. C. Survivors are an increasingly select group. D. Changes are continuous over the life span.
14. MULTIDIRECTIONALITY EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A 77-year-old man has loved to jog for his entire life, and he is still able to keep up a pretty good pace. However, he is suffering hearing loss which makes it difficult for him to enjoy the music he likes to play while out on his run. In addition, he’s noticing that it’s getting harder for him to see the street signs unless the sun is brightly shining. This man illustrates which principle of aging? A. continuity B. multidirectionality C. survivor effects D. tertiary aging
15. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HIPPOCAMPUS Difficulty: .80 Correct choice: C Researchers studying the volume of the hippocampus within the brain showed the importance of examining individual differences in aging by finding that: A. most of the adults 70 and older had greater hippocampal volume than the younger adults.
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B. the overall direction of hippocampal volume change was slightly positive starting at age 30. C. at least some older adults studied had equal or higher brain volume than some young adults. D. the greatest variation in hippocampal volume occurred among adults who were in their late 20s.
16. MULTIDIRECTIONALITY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The idea there are differences within the individual in the rate of aging is referred to as: A. interindividual variability. B. multidirectionality. C. personal aging. D. nonnormative influences.
17. INDIVIDUALITY- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The idea that people become more different from each other as they grow older is known as the principle that: A. changes are continuous. B. aging is interdisciplinary. C. individuality matters. D. only the survivors grow old.
18. TERTIARY AGING - CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The rapid loss of functioning that individuals may experience at the very end of their lives is known as _________ aging: A. tertiary B. primary C. normal D. accelerated
19. NORMAL AGING- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Changes due to normal aging include which type of processes? A. Abnormal and disease-related B. Sudden and rapid C. Preventative and compensatory D. Universal and progressive
20. NORMAL AGING EXAMPLE- STEM IM-1 |6
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Which of the following would be considered an example of “normal” age-related psychological changes? A. lowering of self-esteem B. moderation of personal qualities C. development of sleep problems D. losing interest in hobbies
21. SECONDARY AGING EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B Which of the following is considered an example of secondary aging? A. Developing diabetes at the age of 67. B. Marrying for the third time at age 55. C. Working part-time at the age of 72. D. Moving to a retirement community at age 62.
22. SECONDARY AGING EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Due to the process of ______ aging, an older adult may develop a disease such as skin cancer after years of exposure to the sun. A. primary B. tertiary C. secondary D. normal
THE MEANING OF AGE 23. YOUNG-OLD Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D A term in gerontology used to refer to people who are in the age group of 65-74 is: A. oldest-old B. middle-old C. healthy-old D. young-old
24. OLD-OLD- STEM Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B People referred to as “old-old” have which specific characteristic? IM-1 |7
A. B. C. D.
Prematurely gray and wrinkled Between the ages of 75-84 Retire after the age of 65 Become grandparents in middle age
25. OLDEST-OLD Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C A centenarian falls technically into the category of which division of the older adult population? A. young-old B. oldest old C. old-old D. super-old
26. SUPERCENTENARIAN- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D People now considered supercentenarians, such as Jeanne Louise Calment, live past the age of: A. 100. B. 90. C. 130. D. 110.
27. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The index of age that represents a person's functioning on measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning ability is called ___________ age. A. Psychological B. Social C. Biological D. Secondary
28. SOCIAL AGE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A world-class tennis player decides to end her career and retire at the age of 24. Her _____ age would be approximately 65 years old. A. psychological B. biological C. physiological D. social
29. EMERGING ADULTHOOD- STEM
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Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B Individuals who are in the period of emerging adulthood are likely to show which qualities? A. Early signs of the normal aging process. B. Transition to responsible family and work roles. C. Difficulties in interacting with older family members. D. Psychological but not physiological maturity.
30. EMERGING ADULTHOOD EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A Genevieve is 27 years old, finishing graduate school and living with her parents. As she makes her transition into adulthood, psychologists would consider her an example of someone in the age period called _______ adulthood: A. emerging B. young-old C. psychological D. normative
31. NORMATIVE HISTORY-GRADED EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The large impact that Hurricane Sandy had on residents of the Northeast U.S. in 2012 makes it a ________________ influence on development. A. secondary aging B. normative history-graded C. personal aging D. normative age-graded
KEY SOCIAL FACTORS IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B The term "gender" refers to: A. biologically assigned characteristics. B. self-identification as male or female. C. treatment of women in society. D. orientation toward sexual partners.
32. WHITEHALL II FOCUS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The main focus of the large British study known as Whitehall II is on the role of ____________ as a factor in development. A. historical change IM-1 |9
B. racial disparities C. social class D. nationality
33. RACE CATEGORIES IN U.S. CENSUS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Which of the following categories would be considered an example of “race” as used in the 2010 U.S. Census? A. Hispanic B. American Indian C. Asian American D. Latino
34. SEX AND GENDER INFLUENCES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Which of the following topics would be considered to provide evidence on the effect of sex in development? A. Disparities in income. B. Social role expectations. C. Identification as a male or female. D. Role of hormones in behavior.
THE BABY BOOMERS GROW UP: CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE -AGED AND OLDER POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD 35. AGE-SEX STRUCTURE Difficulty: Correct choice: D Highly developed countries that have nearly equal birth and death rates have an age-sex structure that resembles which shape? A. Trapezoid. B. Circle. C. Diamond. D. Rectangle.
36. GREATEST GENERATION- CHOICE Difficulty: Correct choice: A The term ____________ is used to refer to individuals who fought in World War II: A. Greatest Generation B. Baby Boom C. Millennials D. Gen Xers IM-1 |10
37. NUMBER OVER 65- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A Census 2010 estimates that the number of people 65 plus and older in the U.S. is _____ million. A. 40.3 B. 13.1 C. 35.4 D. 83.7.
38. PERCENT OVER 65- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B As of the latest estimates in 2010, the percentage of people in the United States population 65 years and older is: A. 3.1 B. 13.0 C. 36.7 D. 40.2
39. LIFE SPAN DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: .98 Correct choice: B The term life ______ refers to the maximum number of years that a species lives, reflecting its genetic inheritance. A. length/expectancy B. span C. limit D. potential
40. LIFE EXPECTANCY CHANGES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The increased population of adults 65 and older in the U.S. can be attributed specifically to the higher life _______ being achieved by current generations. A. length B. expectancy C. growth D. span
41. HEALTH EXPECTANCY DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D IM-1 |11
The number of years a person can expect to live with relatively little disability is known as: A. life span projection B. morbidity-free span C. functional age D. health expectancy
42. SILENT GENERATION Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C The parents of people in the Baby Boom generation are known as: A. Gen B B. Senior Boom C. Silent Generation D. Pioneer Cohort
43. LIFE EXPECTANCY VALUE IN 2010 Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B What was the average life expectancy at birth in 2010? A. 89.3 B. 78.7 C. 47.8 D. 84.1
44. GENDER PROPORTIONS Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C What percent of the total U.S. 65 and older population is male? A. 31 B. 56 C. 42 D. 39
45. STATE PERCENT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Because the state of _______________ has such a high percentage of adults 65 and older, political candidates put heavy emphasis into making promises about Medicare and Social Security when they campaign there. A. California B. South Carolina C. Florida D. New Mexico
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46. MINORITY POPULATION CHANGES U.S. Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Which racial/ethnic minority group in the U.S. is expected to show the largest decrease in the U.S. population between 2010 and 2050? A. Asian alone B. Non-hispanic Black C. Non-hispanic White D. Hispanic of any race
47. WORLD POPULATION IN 2050 Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The number of people 65 and older projected to be alive around the world in 2050 is approximately: A. 106 million B. 2.3 billion C. 1.5 billion D. 670 million
48. HIGHEST NUMBER IN WORLD Difficulty: .94 Correct choice: A The country with the highest number (not percent) of individuals 65 and older is: A. China B. Italy. C. Sweden D. United States.
49. DEVELOPED VS. DEVELOPING NATIONS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The least percentage growth in populations over the age of 65 will occur around the world in countries that are described as: A. developed. B. agrarian. C. non-industrialized. D. developing.
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50. NUMBER OF 65 AND OLDER IN THE WORLD IN 2050 Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The number of people 65 and older projected to be alive around the world in 2050 is approximately: E. 106 million F. 2.3 billion G. 1.5 billion H. 670 million
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 1. 2.
Provide examples of concepts from the fields involved in the biopsychosocial perspective. Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important in understanding the processes of adult development and aging?
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING 1. 2.
What are the four principles underlying the study of adult development and aging? Why is it important to distinguish normal aging from disease?
THE MEANING OF AGE 1. 2. 3. 4.
What are advantages and disadvantages of using a particular age to define "adult"? Define and explain the purpose of using alternative indices of age. List the three influences on development and provide examples of each. Why do researchers believe it is important to distinguish personal from social aging?
KEY SOCIAL FACTORS IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING 1. 2.
List and define the 5 major social categorizations used in describing the findings and theories in adult development and aging. What might be the reasons for so few studies on the role of religion in aging? What might researchers be missing by failing to study this topic?
THE BABY BOOMERS GROW UP: CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE -AGED AND OLDER POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD 1. 2.
What are the two main factors that have contributed to changes in life expectancy in the last 100 years? What are the four main implications of changes in the age distribution of the population in the U.S. over the next 30 to 40 years?
ESSAY QUESTIONS What is the value of using age as a means of understanding development? Would alternative indices be more useful? Why or why not? Why is it important to understand individual differences in the process of development in later life? How will changes in the age distribution of the population affect society as a whole? Provide specific examples.
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Chapter 2 Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood LECTURE GUIDELINES This is a heavily theoretical chapter and can be tough going for students who are eager to move on to learning more concrete information about adult development and aging. Depending on the nature of the class and its size, the lecture can be oriented toward more or less theoretical aspects of the material by providing a conceptual orientation (more theoretical) or concrete examples (less theoretical). Because this material previews much of what is to come in later chapters, it is also possible to use this chapter as a way to plant the "seeds" for these later concepts and discussions. Depending on the length of the class, it is advisable to break this chapter into two or more lectures, dividing it along the lines of biological vs. psychosocial theories. Biological theories can occupy an entire class period, particularly when combined with videos (see below). Some students may need extensive background in concepts of genetics. These will be important for later chapters, particularly Chapter 5, in which the genetic contributions to Alzheimer's and other diseases are discussed. The psychosocial theories provide an opportunity to present some substantive material that may be of greater inherent interest to students in psychology and other social sciences as it previews concepts that will not appear until much later in the course, such as personality development and family issues.
VIDEOS AND FILMS The topic of developmental models is an important one to break up with relevant videos and films because the concepts are inherently dry and theoretical for some students. There are ample resources on biological theories of aging. The best ones that I have found are on the PBS series called “NOVA Science Now”: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/ which aired several segments about the genetics of aging. A popular movie that contains interesting twists about age and time is “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/can-we-slow-aging.html Ageism can be illustrated by showing scenes from humorous portrayals of aging characters in a stereotyped fashion, such as the Simpson's, a classic cartoon series with a wealth of material on aging. There is also an excellent example in the Seinfeld episode called “The Old Man,” in which the characters each confront and older adult who is depicted in a funny but stereotypical fashion. Examples of identity assimilation and identity accommodation can also be provided from film or television shows in which characters either resist changing (identity assimilation) or change excessively (identity accommodation) in response to an event that challenges their identities. A good example of identity assimilation is "Driving Miss Daisy" which, in the first scene of the movie, shows the struggle she experiences as she is faced with accommodating to her loss of the ability to drive.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF THE LIFESPAN How does the notion of contextual influences on development relate to concepts such as gender, race, and socioeconomic status? How do "nature" and "nurture" interact in development throughout life?
MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Which model do you feel is most appropriate for understanding development? Why is it important to an interactionist model to emphasize the concept of reciprocity? IM-2 |1
How has your life involved niche-picking? Can you think of examples from your life when an action you took or decision you made had an outcome on a later event?
SOCIOCULTURAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT How does the life course perspective relate to the concepts of social clock and age-graded normative influences discussed in Chapter 1? How does the ecological perspective link models of development that focus on external processes to those that focus on processes within the individual? Why do you think disengagement theory was popular at one time? Do you know anyone who exemplifies disengagement theory? Activity theory? Continuity theory? What type of involvement in society would make you happiest when you get older? Why? How do older minority individuals (especially women) manage to cope with discrimination? What is your social clock? Do you think that the social clock is helpful or harmful when people think about themselves and their lives?
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT IN ADULTHOOD Do you feel that Erikson's theory provides a reasonable framework for understanding development throughout life? What are its weaknesses and what are its strengths? Some critics of Erikson's theory feel that the theory is narrowly focused on heterosexual relationships in adulthood. Others argue that Erikson made an unreasonable distinction between development in men and women in that he suggested that intimacy precedes identity for women. What do you think of these criticisms? Why is identity balance considered an optimal way of adapting to the aging process? Provide some examples of age-related thresholds either in your own life or in the life of other people you have known. How did the people involved adapt to these thresholds? Why are psychological models of development necessary? What do they add to biological theories?
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO AGING IN ADULTHOOD What would the world (or universe) be like if there was no aging? What will be the implications of mapping the human genome? What would you like most to learn about the genome and how would this information be of relevance to you? Can aging be programmed by our genes? What if the process of replicative senescence could be stopped? Which is your favorite biological theory? Why? What products are being sold on the market based on these theories of aging? Are their claims legitimate or not, in your opinion, based on what you’re learning in the course?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY
1. PRENATAL STRESS AND DEVELOPMENT Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Research on genetic explanations of behavior suggests that stress during a mother’s pregnancy can lead to changes in the _______ of the developing child’s body. IM-2 |2
A. B. C. D.
proteins eye color blood type sex
KEY CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF THE LIFESPAN 2. LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE- STEM The life-span perspective in development emphasizes: A. decline in later adulthood due to biological changes. B. psychological rather than biological influences on the individual C. understanding development as continuous from childhood to old age. D. childhood as the most important period of an individual’s life.
3. LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE - CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective. A. gerontological B. life span C. contextual D. sociocultural
4. DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C To indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time, the term developmental _____________ is increasingly becoming used in the field. A. psychology B. sociology C. science D. programming
MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 5. ORGANISMIC MODEL EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A research lab that focuses on studying the aging process is attempting to find the specific set of genes that control aging at the cellular level. It is likely that the researchers in this lab are operating from the ____________ model of development. IM-2 |3
A. B. C. D.
psychosocial organismic existential mechanistic
6. ORGANISMIC MODEL- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories? A. Sociological B. Behavioral C. Social-psychological D. Biological
7. PLASTICITY EXAMPLE- STEM Correct choice: D According to the plasticity principle in development, individuals can alter the course of their own development by: A. seeking genetic therapy. B. accelerating the rate of the social clock. C. describing the changes that occur in their bodies. D. engaging in physical and mental exercise.
8. MECHANISTIC MODEL- CHOICE Difficulty: Difficult Correct choice: A The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development? A. Mechanistic. B. Organismic. C. Reciprocal. D. Interactionist.
9. NICHE-PICKING EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A young woman joins her college’s intramural tennis team because it’s a sport she always wanted to try but had no opportunities to do so. It turns out that she’s virtually a natural and soon advances to the top of the varsity team’s roster. This example illustrates which process in in individual-environment interactions? A. multidimensionality B. epigenesis C. niche-picking D. accommodation
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10. DISENGAGEMENT THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B The idea that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to leave behind their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory? A. Activity B. Disengagement C. Mechanistic D. Ecological
11. RECIPROCITY MODEL- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Which model of development emphasizes the influence you have on the other people in your home, school, and community? A. Reciprocal B. Mechanistic C. Organismic D. Contextual
12. ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE MODEL- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual? A. mesosystem B. exosystem C. macrosystem D. microsystem
13. MACROSYSTEM DEFINITION- STEM Difficulty: Correct choice: B In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development, the macrosystem includes: A. friends, family, and others who the individual knows. B. culture, nationality, and the economic structure. C. the community and healthcare agencies. D. changes that occur in systems over time.
14. MICROSYSTEM- CHOICE Difficulty: Correct choice: D IM-2 |5
In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual? A. mesosystem B. exosystem C. macrosystem D. microsystem
15. CHRONOSYSTEM DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The changes that take place over time, according to the ecological model of development, fall into the realm of the: A. social clock B. chronosystem C. age strata D. macrosystem
16. SOCIOCULTURAL EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A In the Whitehall II study, the fact that social class was related to physical functioning provided a demonstration of which type of influence on development in Bronfrenbrenner’s model? A. Sociocultural B. Proximal C. Adaptational D. Reciprocal
SOCIOCULTURAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT 17. LIFE COURSE EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A 35-year-old woman feels concerned about her career because she believes that, by this age, she should have advanced further than she has by now. Her concern would be best explained by which theoretical approach to understanding development? A. life span B. life course C. life expectancy D. life clock
18. CONTINUITY THEORY EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate IM-2 |6
Correct choice: C An older adult couple in your neighborhood retired from their jobs as teachers but continue to work in the community as school volunteers. It seems as if they enjoy maintaining similar roles that they had when they were working. They would be a good example of which role satisfaction theory of aging? A. Social clock B. Disengagement C. Continuity D. Organismic
19. SOCIAL CLOCK DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The idea of being “on-time” or “off-time” in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model. A. role fulfillment B. disengagement C. social clock D. identity process
20. AGEISM FROM WHO Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D According to the World Health Organization, which is one of the stereotypes about aging? A. Older men have less value than younger men B. Older adults are selfish and wish to use up society’s resources. C. Older women lack interest in providing care for others. D. Older people are helpless and unable to care for themselves.
21. AGEISM EXAMPLE FROM WHO Difficulty: Correct choice: B The ageist stereotype that older adults are “past their sell-by date,” according to the World Health Organization, is refuted by the fact that: A. an Olympic gymnast performed a record-setting high jump at the age of 42. B. a 100-year-old Canadian woman completed a marathon in Toronto. C. the majority of women in sub-Saharan Africa care for their grandchildren. D. most Nobel prize winners in Medicine or Physiology are scientists in their 60s and 70s.
22. MODERNIZATION HYPOTHESIS- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C
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The modernization hypothesis of ageism proposes that attitudes toward older adults will be most negative in societies that: A. emphasize oral traditions in which families hand down collective wisdom. B. do not believe in an afterlife in which people can come back from the dead. C. value people for the amount they can produce and contribute to society. D. insist that older adults try to “fit in” by looking as young as possible.
23. TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D As proposed by terror management theory, the cause of ageism can be traced to: A. lack of familiarity about the aging process. B. loss of contact with older adults in the family. C. greater urbanization and industrialization in society. D. the anxiety that people feel about their own deaths.
24. MULTIPLE JEOPARDY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The multiple jeopardy hypothesis proposes that ageism will be most severe for people who have which characteristic? A. Being from more than one category of minority status. B. Only being over the age of 75 years old. C. Frequent involvement with younger adults. D. Unable to live independently in the community.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT IN ADULTHOOD 25. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY EXAMPLE - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A People who resolve the industry vs. inferiority issue associated with Erikson’s psychosocial theory unfavorably are likely to have difficulty in which area of development? A. Identifying with the work ethic. B. Getting close to a romantic partner. C. Being able to accept death. D. Having a strong sense of self.
26. AUTONOMY IN OLDER ADULT EXAMPLE - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B An older adult faced with issues pertaining to autonomy vs. shame and doubt, in Erikson’s theory, might be confronting which situation? A. Trying to meet new friends after having recently become widowed. IM-2 |8
B. Having to move to a nursing home instead of being able to live independently. C. Recovering from having been mugged after getting off the bus. D. Becoming concerned about an illness that is likely to be terminal.
27. GENERATIVITY EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In Erikson’s theory, which of the following behaviors would be considered specific to a person high in generativity? A. Becoming independent from one’s parents. B. Mentoring a younger colleague. C. Investing in a risky new financial venture. D. Appreciating a beautiful work of art.
28. ISOLATION CONCEPT- CHOICE Difficulty:Hard Correct choice: D People who find it difficult to establish long-lasting, mutually satisfying, close relationships would be considered, in Erikson’s theory, to be high on which specific quality? A. Stagnation B. Mistrust C. Despair D. Isolation
29. INITIATIVE EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A man in his 50s finds that he does his best work when he allows himself to daydream or even take a break and play a video game. According to Erikson, this man would be high in the quality of: A. initiative B. identity C. industry D. inferiority
30. PIAGETIAN ASSIMILATION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B When people are first confronted with new ideas or approaches, they often resist accepting them and instead use their existing schemas or ways of responding. According to Piaget, this process is called: A. equilibrium B. assimilation C. epigenesis D. accommodation
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31. IDENTITY ASSIMILATION EXAMPLE - CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A 70-year-old who refuses to think of herself as hearing impaired even though she truly has difficulty hearing conversations at ordinary levels, would be considered to show which identity process? A. Secondary aging B. Identity assimilation C. Ego integrity D. Identity accommodation
32. IDENTITY ACCOMMODATION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In the process called identity ______________, people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling unduly disturbed or devastated. A. assimilation B. reflection C. balance D. accommodation
33. IDENTITY BALANCE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In process called identity ______________, people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling unduly disturbed or devastated. E. assimilation F. reflection G. balance H. accommodation
34. IDENTITY BALANCE EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A person using the process of identity balance would have which reaction to age-related changes in physical functioning? A. Maintaining a stable view of self despite the change. B. Becoming upset and disturbed over any sign of loss or decline. C. Pretending that the change has not occurred. D. Giving up entirely on any form of physical exercise.
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35. SELF-EFFICACY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The feeling that a person is able to succeed at a specific type of task is referred to as ______________ A. selective optimization. B. identity accommodation. C. self-efficacy. D. ego integrity
36. SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION MODEL Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The selective optimization with compensation model proposes that older adults engage in what type of behavior when faced with loss? A. Seek help from younger adults to do those tasks for them. B. Try to put more energy into the abilities which they care about the most. C. Continue to try to achieve their goals, even if they seem out of reach. D. Disengage from as many social roles and obligations as they can.
37. SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION MODEL - CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B In the Selective Optimization with ____________ model, older adults are proposed to cut down on the abilities they are weak and make up with the abilities on which they show greater potential for improvement. A. Cognition B. Compensation C. Complexity D. Coping
38. MULTIPLE THRESHOLD MODEL- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The multiple threshold model of aging predicts that people will experience challenges to their identities as they get older in a ______________ manner. A. clocklike B. stepwise C. sudden D. selective
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO AGING IN ADULTHOOD
39. GENOME-WIDE LINKAGE STUDY- CHOICE
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Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers study the entire genomes of family members who seem to have a higher risk of developing a particular disorder is known as what type of study? A. B. C. D.
genome-wide linkage selective optimization genome-wide association multiple threshold
40. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers scan the entire genome looking for signs of genetic disorders is known as what type of study? A. genome-wide linkage B. mutation analysis C. genome-wide association D. random error investigation
41. GOMPERTZ CURVE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A The ________ curve illustrates the relationship between death rate and age for different species. A. Gompertz B. Telomere C. Mitochondrial D. Resveratrol
42. GOMPERTZ CURVE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The Gompertz curve shows the relationship between: A. calories and rate of aging. B. free radicals and cancer. C. death rate and age. D. exercise and life span.
43. ERROR CATASTROPHE THEORY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B
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According to the biological theory known as error catastrophe, the most significant effects of aging involve which structure in the cell? A. Chromosome B. Mitochondrial DNA C. Microfibril D. Collagen
44. TELOMERE THEORY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The telomere theory proposes that the cause of aging is due to: A. release of free radicals. B. destruction of the ends of chromosomes. C. deterioration of the mitochondria. D. cross-linking of long ends of proteins.
45. TELOMERE THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A The ends of the chromosome lost with repeating cell replications that are thought to underlie the aging process are called the: A. telomeres. B. cross-links. C. mutations. D. Mitochondria.
46. SNPS- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In genome-wide association studies on genetic causes of aging, researchers are seeking to identify genetic variations in sequences of amino acids known as: A. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). B. cytosine replacement molecules (CRM). C. mutation linkage abnormalities (MLA). D. glycolization end-product units (GEP).
47. FREE RADICALS- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B According to one random error theory of aging, the _________ are unstable molecules that bond to other molecules, causing cells to misfuntion. A. cross links
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B. free radicals C. genetic alleles D. amino acids
48. RESVERATROL- CHOICE Difficulty: Correct choice: B Some research evidence suggests that drinking red wine can slow the aging because it contains: A. protein. B. resveratrol. C. alleles. D. mitochondria.
49. FOXO GENE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Researchers are identifying a possible genetic candidate for determining longevity known as the _________ gene. A. BOXY B. GWAS C. SNPP D. FOXO
50. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND AGING- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C [As discussed in class], mice with mitochondrial DNA defects show what effects on aging? A. faster running speeds in lab treadmills. B. longer ability to reproduce sexually. C. loss of muscle and spine strength. D. increased appetites for high caloric food.
51. CALORIC RESTRICTION- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Researchers studying caloric restriction find that rats fed on diets low in total calories: A. have longer lifespans B. experience more stress C. mate less frequently D. become more hostile
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
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KEY CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF THE LIFESPAN 1.
What are the three major approaches to understanding development? How do they differ in their emphasis on the role of the individual in development?
MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 1. 2.
What is niche-picking? Provide an example from your own experience that illustrates how this principle operates in development. Define and contrast the terms: theory, hypothesis, model, and perspective.
SOCIOCULTURAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT 1. 2.
What is the major assumption of the life course perspective? What are the major levels of organization in the ecological perspective?
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT IN ADULTHOOD 1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
Define the term "epigenetic" and explain how it relates to Erikson's psychosocial theory. What are the four major psychosocial crises of adulthood according to Erikson? Define and provide an example of each. What is an implication of the "matrix" as described within Erikson's theory regarding the relationship between age and specific psychosocial issues? Define and provide an example of these terms: a. Assimilation. b. Accommodation. c. Equilibration. How does Piaget's theory differ from that of Erikson?
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO AGING IN ADULTHOOD 1. 2. 3.
Briefly describe the process of aging according to the telomere theory. Define and contrast the random error theories of aging and provide an implication that each theory has for how individuals can slow the rate of their own aging. Can random error theories be integrated with programmed aging theories? Why or why not?
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
Defend your position about "why" aging occurs, from an evolutionary perspective. Describe and analyze a behavior of yours related to your own aging in terms of: a. Identity processes. b. Multiple threshold model. c. Sociocultural perspectives. What are two forms that "ageism" can take in terms of ways of thinking about older adults? Provide your own analysis of why negative attitudes have existed toward older adults in Western society. How might these change in the future? How do biological theories of aging relate to sociocultural views of development?
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Chapter 3 The Study of Adult Development and Aging: Research Methods LECTURE GUIDELINES This chapter is the third and final chapter that serves as background for what is to follow in the rest of the course. Given that the topic is not one that inherently of great interest to students, some imagination is required to keep students motivated. It is recommended that the instructor make ample use of charts and diagrams to provide explanations of the various research designs. Furthermore, examples of specific research studies can be inserted throughout the lecture on design to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of particular methods.
VIDEOS AND FILMS As stated above, it is helpful to use some imagination in planning the research methods lecture because the material is not of strong inherent interest to students. Suggested videos would include recent studies from the national news media using cross-sectional or longitudinal designs. A segment from “56 Up (http://www.pbs.org/pov/56up/#.UbedgPm1GCl) can be used to illustrate longitudinal research. “Neil” is a particularly interesting case.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: Can you define independent and dependent variables? Think of examples from research and label the variables as independent and dependent. Can you think of examples of an experimental study? Are studies on aging experimental or quasi-experimental? Why is it that cohort, time of measurement, and age cannot truly be separated from each other? Can you give some examples of cohort and time of measurement effects? Prior to showing the box with disadvantages and advantages ask students to state what these might be. Can you provide examples of cases where sequential designs would be important in the study of aging? How would you interpret the age gradients for intellectual ability from the SLS? Which designs seem to make more sense to you and would you use in conducting your own research? Why do researchers maintain that it is not possible to draw cause-and-effect conclusions from correlational research? What types of variables and problems are best studied through correlational methods? What are the advantages to using multivariate designs in research on adult development and aging? Is it truly possible to infer causal relationships from multivariate models? (This is a rather advanced question.) How might an older adult feel when tested in a laboratory situation? For what type of research questions would qualitative methods be particularly well-suited? In what areas would archival research be of particular value? Why? What types of special considerations might be needed in conducting surveys on older adults? What can researchers do to reduce the subjectivity involved in a case report? How could a focus group help a researcher begin to identify issues that can then be addressed in subsequent empirical studies? If you were a consultant in a nursing home, how might you use observational methods to answer questions about the factors that affect the adjustment of residents? Why is it necessary to establish the appropriateness of measures for different age groups of adults? Why is it necessary to protect the rights of research subjects? Under what sorts of conditions would it be necessary to keep subjects unaware of the purpose of the study until it had been completed? What steps should be followed in such conditions to ensure that subjects are protected? How did HIPAA change the way that health information is used in research?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY IM-3 |1
1. METHOD OF RESEARCH USED IN NSHAP Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Which research method was used in the NSHAP study on aging and sexuality in which older adults reported on their sexual experiences? A. Focus groups. B. Interviews. C. Case studies. D. Daily diaries.
VARIABLES IN DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Researchers studying the effects of videogame training on the cognitive abilities of older adults expose separate groups of male and female participants to a training condition and two other groups to a no-training condition in performance on a cognitive test. They then conduct a similar comparison involving male and female younger adults. In this study, the only true independent variable is: A. videogame training B. age group C. cognitive performance D. gender
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A psychologist is conducting a study on the effect of intergenerational contact on happiness ratings, focusing on how such contact can be beneficial to older adults. . In one condition, she pairs an older adult with a young child and in the other she pairs two older adults with each other. Both sets of pairs meet for 30 minutes at a time. In this study, the dependent variable is the: A. pairings of young with old vs. old with old. B. happiness ratings of the older adults. C. length of time spent in contact. D. number of words each pair exchanges while they meet.
3. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C Because age cannot be an independent variable, research on aging uses a(n) ______________ type of design. A. true experimental B. bidirectional C. quasi-experimental D. semi-structured IM-3 |2
4. COHORT DEFINITION-STEM 5. COHORT DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A Classifying groups of people studied in developmental research based on when they were born involves distinctions based on which type of categorization? A. cohort B. age C. sectional D. time of measurement A.
6. TIME OF MEASUREMENT EFFECTS- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Developmental researchers who study time of measurement effects on psychological functioning are most interested in finding out: A. how people born at different years compare. B. the effect of aging on performance. C. how current social conditions affect scores. D. whether the least able drop out first.
7. COHORT EFFECT EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The fact that the “Greatest Generation” was raised in the 1930s, leading them to share certain sociocultural influences, is an example of which factor affecting developmental research results? A. time of measurement B. aging C. cohort D. mediation
8. AGE AS AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Age cannot be used as an independent variable in developmental research because: A. People usually lie about their birthdate. B. There are no statistics to analyze age-based data. C. It cannot be manipulated by the experimenter. D. There are no good theories about aging. IM-3 |3
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS 9. LONGITUDINAL EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A British documentary film maker followed a group of children every 7 years starting when they were 7 years old and continuing to track them down through age 56. This film comes closest to which type of developmental research design? A. Cross-sectional B. Longitudinal C. Cross-sequential D. Time-sequential
10. PROSPECTIVE STUDY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In a prospective study of development, researchers use which type of approach? A. Compare people at one time who did and did not experience a major life transition. B. Track participants before and after they experience a major life transition. C. Ask participants to recall what they were like when they were younger. D. Interview close friends and relatives of participants over several time points.
11. PROSPECTIVE STUDY EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A researcher studying retirement is concerned that most of the available data come from people who are already retired, instead of following people up through the transition. The best approach to counter this problem would involve which type of research design? A. cross-sectional B. prospective C. sequential D. archival
12. SELECTIVE ATTRITION- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Although always a problem in research on aging, the issue of selective attrition most clearly affects what type of study? A. Longitudinal B. Sequential C. Laboratory D. Observational
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13. TERMINAL DROP- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A The gradual loss of cognitive abilities as individuals get closer to death is referred to in research terms as: A. terminal drop. B. unreliability. C. mortality control. D. correlational fallout.
14. SELECTIVE ATTRITION- STEM Difficulty: Correct choice: D Selective attrition typically involves the people initially most ______________ dropping out of a longitudinal study earliest. A. motivated B. infirmed C. active D. capable
15. SELECTIVE ATTRITION - CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C When the unhealthy members of a sample die out, the scores of the survivors seem to “rise” even though they may not change in reality. This research problem in studies on aging is referred to as: A. sequential growth. B. time of testing. C. selective attrition. D. qualitative analysis.
16. CROSS-SECTIONAL ADVANTAGE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Researchers conducting cross-sectional studies on aging have which specific advantage over researchers who conduct longitudinal studies? A. They do not have to worry about practice effects. B. The data are not affected by selective survival. C. They have eliminated all possible cohort effects. D. They can give different measures to different age groups.
17. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY PROBLEMS Difficulty: IM-3 |5
Correct choice: D A researcher conducting a cross-sectional study on age differences in health habits wants to look at people in their 20s vs. people in their 70s. This research might be improved by which of the following steps? A. Limit the young adult group to college students to minimize bias. B. Examine the older adults in a computer lab to control test conditions. C. Pay the college students but not the older adults for participating. D. Include a middle-aged group to reduce the age span being compared.
18. CROSS-SECTIONAL CONFOUND WITH COHORT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In a cross-sectional study on aging, the most important factor to control for is: A. terminal drop. B. practice effects. C. cohort differences. D. lack of confidentiality.
19. CROSS-SECTIONAL PROBLEM- EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Online headlines from a major new study report that sexual interest diminishes as people get older. However, as you read the article in more detail, you realize that the study only compared people of different ages. Therefore, this study was _____________ and could not permit conclusions about age changes. A. cross-sectional B. prospective C. cross-sequential D. observational
SEQUENTIAL RESEARCH DESIGNS 20. MOST EFFICIENT DESIGN- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The _____________ refers to the approach that combines the three sequential designs. A. Most Efficient Design B. Three Factor Method C. Cohort Sequential Design D. Quasi Statistical Model
21. SEQUENTIAL DESIGN- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate IM-3 |6
Correct choice: A In ____________ studies of aging, researchers collect data from more than one cohort at more than one time period. A. sequential B. longitudinal C. sectional D. prospective
22. CROSS-SEQUENTIAL DESIGN- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The cross-sequential design is designed to allow researchers to determine whether cohort and ___________ influence the patterns of results in developmental studies. A. time of measurement B. age C. education D. nationality
23. COHORT-SEQUENTIAL DESIGN- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In the cohort-sequential design, researchers manipulate cohort and: A. time of measurement B. gender C. age D. date of birth
24. CROSS-SEQUENTIAL DESIGN- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D A researcher finds that after completing all three analyses in the Most Efficient Design, the 50-year-olds differ from the 60-year-olds in two of the three analyses. To conclude that age was a factor in producing these results, which design would need to show no significant effects? A. Time-sequential B. Cohort-sequential C. Age-sequential D. Cross-sequential
25. MOST EFFICIENT DESIGN- STEM Difficulty: Correct choice: C The Most Efficient Design would most likely be employed when researchers wish to compare the effects of:
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A. B. C. D.
gender vs. age education vs. cohort age vs. cohort months vs. years
26. INTERPRET SEQUENTIAL FINDINGS- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C For a researcher in a given field to find that both the time-sequential and the cohort-sequential designs produce significant age effects, then it is possible that the results reflect true ________ aging: A. historical B. social C. personal D. cultural
CORRELATIONAL DESIGNS 27. MEDIATION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In multivariate correlational studies testing _________, researcher compare the correlation between two variables with and without the effect of a third. A. moderation B. association C. description D. mediation
28. MODERATOR EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Correct choice: B In multivariate study, researchers are attempting to understand the joint contributions of age and gender to the outcome of scores on a measure of depression. Because age does not predict gender nor does gender predict age, both variables have the status of being: A. structures B. moderators C. latent D. mediators
29. STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Researchers who want to test causal hypotheses about a set of relationships involving age and other variables are likely to use which specific type of design? A. Cross-sequential. IM-3 |8
B. C. D.
Structural equation model. Quasi-experimental. Correlational.
30. PATH ANALYSIS- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Although only experimental studies can ultimately test causality, many researchers in the field of aging use multivariate techniques, such as ____________, because they allow for testing inferences about causality. A. archival methods B. path analyses C. cross-sectional studies D. case reports
31. LATENT VARIABLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In a large-scale study investigating the relationship between intelligence and lifestyle, researchers administer a set of 10 intelligence tests which they then convert into one underlying factor. They relate this underlying factor, in turn, to various lifestyle variables such as exercise, diet, and leisure activity participation. The converted intelligence factor is known, in structural equation modeling terms, as a(n): A. latent variable. B. moderator. C. multiple factor. D. outcome variable.
32. LOGISTIC REGRESSION METHOD- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Researchers attempting to predict whether or not a person will develop a disease from a set of risk factors are most likely to use the statistical method called: A. structural equation modeling. B. logistic regression. C. mediational analysis. D. latent variable measurement.
TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS 33. QUALITATIVE METHOD EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The qualitatitve method would be most appropriate for research investigating topic in the psychology of aging? A. The effects of aging on memory. IM-3 |9
B. Age differences in daily experiences. C. The prevalence by age of psychiatric disorders. D. How older adults feel about grandchildren.
34. PREVALENCE STATISTICS- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In epidemiological studies, researchers obtain prevalence statistics when they want to investigate the percent of people who: A. ever had a given disease. B. first show symptoms of a disease. C. had a disease and are now recovered. D. were at risk but didn’t get the disease.
35. FOCUS GROUP METHOD EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The most appropriate method of analysis for data obtained from focus groups, such as older adults discussing their views about healthcare, would be: A. qualitative. B. correlational. C. structural. D. epidemiological
36. DIARY STUDY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A method in which researchers gather data on a frequent basis from the same people over a period of weeks or months is called a(n) _______ study: A. diary B. incidence C. survey D. case
37. ARCHIVAL METHOD EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Correct choice: An archival study examining a woman’s age of first marriage and her probability of divorce would involve what type of procedure? A. Interviewing women of different ages to find out how they feel about marriage. B. Gathering divorced women into small groups and asking them about their experiences. C. Examining day-to-day variations in the happiness ratings that married women provide. D. Looking at divorce statistics in a given population and comparing age groups of women.
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38. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In a study examining the factors that influence whether drivers of different ages are likely to speed through an intersection, researchers set up recording devices at several major traffic lights in one town. They then estimate their ages and estimated speeds from the recordings. This would be an example of what type of study? A. survey B. observational C. sequential D. qualitative
39. SURVEY EXAMPLE- CHOICE (AGING TODAY) Difficulty: Correct choice: D In the National Social Life, Health and Aging Study, researcher collected data on the sex lives of adults 57 to 85 years of aging by using which type of methodology? A. Focus group B. Laboratory C. Observational D. Survey
40. INCIDENCE STUDIES- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Which type of epidemiological study do researchers use when they want to estimate the percent of people who first show symptoms of a disease? A. Prevalence B. Multivariate C. Incidence D. Descriptive
41. META-ANALYSIS EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A To evaluate the relationship between gender and psychological well-being, a researcher examines a set of 45 studies that all include similar types of measures. The researcher then is able to provide a measure of “effect size” to indicate the strength of the relationship. This type of approach is called a(n): A. meta-analysis B. archival study C. focused analysis D. descriptive study
MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING IM-3 |11
42. RELIABILITY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Tests that produce consistent results are said to be psychometrically: A. valid B. reliable C. predictive D. replicable
43. VALIDITY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Tests that are intended to measure personality need to meet psychometric criteria showing that they actually do relate to personality. These criteria refer to a test’s: A. reliability B. equivalence C. validity D. consistency
44. DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY- CHOICE Difficulty: Correct choice: A test that measures what it is supposed to measure and not relate to something else stands up to the psychometric criterion known as ____________ validity. A. discriminant B. criterion C. convergent D. differential
45. CRITERION VALIDITY EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A personnel manager develops a test to determine whether he will be able to predict how well employees will be able to keep up with the technological advances in their field from questions that measure their ability to learn new information. This test is intended, then, to meet the psychometric quality known as: A. criterion validity. B. test-retest reliability. C. convergent validity. D. internal reliability.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH
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46. IRB’S- STEM Difficulty: Correct choice: C The role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in the research process involves which procedures? A. Ensuring that all participants provide information that is anonymous. B. Funding researchers who work at that institution to conduct their work. C. Requiring that researchers protect the rights of their participants. D. Ensuring that investigations carried out at that institution are published.
47. ANONYMITY- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The ethical principle of ____________ cannot be maintained in longitudinal study, where researchers must keep track of the names of their participants. A. anonymity B. confidentiality C. informed consent D. portability
48. CONFIDENTIALITY EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A A researcher obtains information about one of her older participants in a study that suggests the participant may have difficulty driving. According to the ethical principle of ______________, however, she cannot report this to the participant’s family. A. confidentiality B. professionalism C. informed consent D. freedom of information
49. DEBRIEFING- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The ethical principle of debriefing requires that a researcher who uses deception in an experiment is obligated to: A. continue to maintain the deception so that participants don’t leak the findings. B. intervene by counseling directly any participants who seem to show distress. C. ensure that participants don’t leave the experiment until they have completed it. D. provide a complete description of the study’s purposes and answer any questions.
50. INFORMED CONSENT- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C IM-3 |13
Ethical guidelines require that researchers obtain ________________ in which they provide information about a study’s risks and benefits to each participant and then obtain their signature indicating they understand it: A. assisted feedback B. confidential disclosure C. informed consent D. known agreement
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS VARIABLES IN DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH 1. 2. 3.
Compare an experimental with a quasi-experimental design. Which type of design is used in studies on aging? Define age, cohort, and time of measurement. What is each variable intended to represent? Why are age, cohort, and time of measurement dependent on each other? Why is this a problem in research on adult development and aging?
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS 1. 2.
Define a longitudinal and a cross-sectional design. Compare two advantages and two disadvantages of each. What solutions have researchers developed to overcome the problems of descriptive research designs?
SEQUENTIAL RESEARCH DESIGNS 1. 2.
What is the purpose of sequential research? What are the three sequential designs in the Most Efficient Design?
CORRELATIONAL APPROACHES IN RESEARCH ON AGING 1. 2.
What is the reason that researchers do not allow cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn from correlational studies? List and define two multivariate correlational approaches. How are these used to overcome the problem that "correlation does not equal causality"?
TYPES OF RESEARCH 1.
2.
Provide examples of each of the following methods: 1) Case study 2) Observational study 3) Focus group You are hired to be a consultant in a nursing home to study socialization patterns of residents. Which research method would give you the most useful data? Why?
MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING 1. 2. 3.
What are the two forms of reliability? Why are each important? List the four forms of validity and provide an example of how each would be measured. Describe why it is important for researchers to establish the reliability and validity of measures for each age group in a cross-sectional study.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH 1. 2.
What are the four components of ethical standards in research? Why were ethical standards developed and why are they important?
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ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
Design a study on a topic of interest to you using longitudinal and cross-sectional methods. Describe the potential problems you would have with each method and how you would overcome these problems. Describe how you would apply the sequential designs to a study you develop. Analyze how the pattern of results you obtain would indicate the effects of age, cohort, and time of measurement. Discuss the problems involved in simple correlational designs and explain the advantages to using multivariate designs instead. Think of a research example to illustrate these points. Analyze the issue of psychometrics in research on aging. Why is it important for researchers to ascertain that measures are equally applicable to each age group in a study? Do the same considerations apply in longitudinal research designs? Describe how you would go about ensuring the rights of participants in a study on memory and aging. Design a consent form, a debriefing form, and a set of guidelines to use that will ensure protection of the confidentiality of data.
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Chapter 4 Physical Changes LECTURE GUIDELINES This chapter contains a great deal of information about specific aspects of the physical aging process. The purpose of the lecture is to present highlights of the most significant information so that students will know how to focus their efforts in reading and studying the chapter. Charts can be made and shown in lecture as a guide for students to summarize significant age changes within each area of functioning. Specific suggestions within each of the areas of the chapter outline include those areas of information that seem most important. As essential as it is to present factual information, however, the instructor's goal with this material is to allow students to gain an understanding of how theoretical principles relevant to the biopsychosocial perspective apply to physical functioning. Furthermore, it is valuable to highlight this material with videos and films that will allow students with a minimal background in biology to understand how these changes occur within the person. Finally, a goal of this section of the course is to encourage students to adopt some of the practices that are recommended within the category of "use it or lose it" (i.e. exercise). Students will also gain a more optimistic approach to the aging process if they see specific ways in which they can "control" their own rate of aging.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are ample resources available to supplement these lectures. One outstanding video is the National Geographic program, “Inside the Living Body:” http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1086781/ You can also find videos of Jack LaLanne on YouTube. Students are fascinated with his story and having lived to the age of 96, he is an excellent model of the value of aging and exercise. Illustration of brain plasticity can be obtained from the PBS series “Stealing Time,” which though somewhat dated has an excellent interview with Scheibel and Diamond that is still relevant: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0450505/ (it is not currently available through PBS but may be available through online retailers). NOVA Science Now had an excellent show on the biology of aging, and its website presents many useful resources.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: APPEARANCE Why might people be concerned about the effects of aging on the face? What evidence can you find from popular cosmetics products to support the notion that people are concerned about this aspect of the aging process? Why do fair-skinned people in Western society place value on having a tanned appearance? Why are people in our society so concerned about their hair turning gray? What social factors make it difficult for men (and women) to experience hair loss?
BODY BUILD AND MOBILITY Do you exercise on a regular basis? Why? How could older adults be encouraged to exercise on a regular basis? How much can loss of muscle strength be slowed by exercise? Do some adults seem obsessed with muscle strength? Why do you think they are so obsessed? What is the research evidence in favor of strength training as a way to compensate for sarcopenia? What are the risks of bone loss in adulthood? In addition to exercise, what other measures can people use to slow or compensate for bone loss? What types of activities do young adults engage in that could lead to a higher rate of joint damage in later life?
VITAL BODILY FUNCTIONS How do normal changes in the cardiovascular system affect the daily life of the middle-aged and older individual?
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Given what is known about the negative effects of smoking on the respiratory system, why do you think people continue to engage in this bad habit? Do you know people of college age who smoke (or do you)? How do you feel about this behavior when the effects of smoking are so widely known to be negative? Given that age-related changes in the urinary system are relatively minor, why is it that the media portray older adults as suffering from incontinence? Rather than teach people with urinary incontinence bladder control methods, why do health care practitioners have them use adult diapers? Why are adult diapers given so much attention in the media when urinary incontinence affects only a minority of older adults? Given that aging has little inherent effect on digestion, why are there so many advertisements directed at middleaged and older people having to do with supposedly age-related digestive problems? What are the psychological and social factors that can contribute to nutritional and digestive problems in older adults?
BODILY CONTROL SYSTEMS Which forms of hormone replacement therapy would you consider using? Critique advertisements that make unsubstantiated claims for the value of hormone replacement therapy. Why do people believe these ads even though the scientific evidence in their favor is so thin? Why is the menopause given so much negative attention by the media? How might this attention alter the way that women experience the menopause? If you were a woman going through the menopause, would you consider estrogen replacement therapy? Why or why not? Given the risks of testosterone replacement therapy, why is it considered by some people to be an attractive option? How might cohort effects alter the results of studies on age differences in testosterone levels among men? With the complexity of the immune system and its interaction with lifestyle factors, how will it be possible for researchers to separate the effects of aging from those due to cohort? What are the implications of changes in the immune system for other areas of functioning in later adulthood?
NERVOUS SYSTEM How do brain imaging technologies help to advance the field of research on age changes in the nervous system? Which model do you think has more support from the literature, the neuronal fallout or the plasticity model? Why? Why is an older adult more likely than a younger adult to be a "morning person"? Are you a morning or an evening person? How do you think your lifestyle as a college student affects your circadian rhythms? If you were a clinician working with an older adult with sleep problems, what steps would you recommend to intervene? Would you prescribe sleeping pills? Why or why not?
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION What is the effect on public perceptions of older adults when heat- and cold-related deaths are given attention in the news? What steps should public health officials take to ensure that older adults are not victims of extreme temperatures? To what extent are temperature-related deaths due to normal aging and to what extent are they do to other factors including disease? What are the implications of prevalence data on sensory impairments in later adulthood? Do you know people who need to wear bifocals to correct their vision for presbyopia? How do they feel about wearing bifocals? Do you know anyone who has had cataract surgery? What was the experience like? Have you heard of macular degeneration prior to learning about it in this course? Why is such a common condition given such little attention? Why have older adults traditionally been embarrassed about hearing loss and reluctant to wear hearing aids? What effect on communication does hearing loss have for older adults? IM-4 |2
What are the effects of prolonged exposure to loud music on the hearing of young people? Will we see an increase in hearing loss among this generation of young adults? What steps can middle-aged and older people take to avoid falling? Can you balance for a minute on one foot holding onto the other foot behind you? (Try this as a class exercise.) If not, this is something you should work on to improve your own balance. Do you know any older people who have experienced loss of taste or smell sensitivity? How have these changes affected their daily lives? How do changes in position and movement contribute to increased risk of falling in older adults? Do older adults feel more or less pain than younger adults, and what factors seem to affect the willingness of older adults to state that they are in pain?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS APPEARANCE
1. COLLAGEN- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Changes with age in the dermis layer of the skin are associated with age-related alterations in which protein, also found in connective tissue throughout the body? A. melanin B. collagen C. insulin D. elastin
2. SUNSCREEN AND UV RAYS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Sunscreen protects you from which harmful rays? A. gamma B. magnetic C. ultraviolet D. delta
3. ANDROGENICA ALOPECIA - CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A When older individuals experience the condition known as ____________________, they are likely to show pattern baldness. A. androgenetic alopecia B. geriatric melanitis C. premature photogenia D. progressive ontogenia
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4. LOSS OF MUSCLE MASS EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Barb E. Dahl is a 72-year-old woman who is pleased that for the first time in her life she has finally been able to shed excess pounds without having to diet. In reality, however, Barb’s weight loss is probably not so good because it is due to: A. loss of muscle mass B. relative increase in cartilage C. decrease in collagen D. reductions in glucose
5. BMI VALUES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A BMI in the range of 25-29.9 places the individual in the category of: A. normal. B. overweight. C. obese. D. extreme obesity.
MOBILITY 6. SARCOPENIA AND EXERCISE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D Extensive research on exercise involving weight lifting and resistance training shows that these forms of exercise help to offset which normal age-related change in the muscles? A. Somatopause. B. Dysthermia. C. Adrenopause. D. Sarcopenia.
7. SARCOPENIA DEFINITION- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Sarcopenia is associated with age-related changes in the___________: A. bones. B. lungs. C. muscles. D. kidneys.
8. SARCOPENIA EXAMPLE- STEM IM-4 |4
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A 79-year-old woman’s exercise routine includes resistance training three times a week for an hour alternating with one-hour workouts on an elliptical machine. As a result, she will experience less of which particular agerelated change in physical functioning? A. tinnitus B. presbycusis C. cross-linking D. sarcopenia
9. LOSS OF BONE MINERAL CONTENT IN THIGH EXAMPLE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A A man is worried about the possibility that his 83-year-old wife might fall and break her one of the bones in her ___________, which is one of the most susceptible in the body to loss of mineral content: A. upper thigh B. lower spine C. upper arm D. middle finger
10. FLEXIBILITY TRAINING BENEFITS EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D An 80-year-old woman is suffering from limited range of motion due to degenerative changes in her knees, shoulders, and wrists. If you were her physical therapist, you might suggest that she offset these changes by engaging primarily in: A. strenuous exercise. B. intake of sodium. C. rest and relaxation. D. flexibility training.
11. RECOMMENDED WORKING POSTURES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration advises that a good working position at a computer involves: A. feet to be slightly elevated above the floor. B. wrists and hands to be slightly bent downward. C. head and neck to lean slightly backward D. upper arms and elbows to be close to the body.
VITAL BODILY FUNCTIONS
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12. HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Maintaining healthy cardiovascular functioning throughout your life means that you try to maximize which component in the blood? A. low-density lipoprotein B. hypothalamic-releasing factors C. high-density lipoprotein D. glomerular filtrates
13. LOSS OF AEROBIC CAPACITY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Normal changes in the cardiovascular system with age in adulthood are reflected in a lowering of which measure? A. Aerobic capacity B. Low density lipoproteins C. Left ventricular thickness D. Blood pressure
14. AGING AND ALVEOLI Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C One of the primary causes of aging of the respiratory system involves changes in the air sacs known as the: A. diaphragms. B. nephrons. C. alveoli. D. creatinines.
15. NEPHRON CONCEPT- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The nephron is the cell responsible for the efficiency of which organ in the body? A. Pancreas B. Kidney C. Lung D. Liver
16. OVERACTIVE BLADDER Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B
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In the condition known as ______________, the individual has difficulty controlling urination and feels the need to urinate more frequently than normal. A. urge incontinence B. overactive bladder C. stress incontinence D. nephron dysfunction
17. PROSTATE ENLARGEMENT Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C The normal enlargement of the ___________ gland in men may cause difficulties with urination and pain. A. nephron B. pituitary C. prostate D. thyroid
18. BEHAVIORAL CONTROLS FO INCONTINENCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Behavioral controls for helping individuals cope with incontinence include engaging in which type of measures? A. Pelvic muscle training B. Use of adult diapers C. Urinating only when necessary D. Increasing fluid intake
19. BEST DIETARY APPROACH Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The text recommends that the best advice for an older adult trying to maintain his or her digestive functioning is to: A. take laxatives and other digestive aids on a regular basis. B. add higher levels of saturated fats to their diets. C. eat a diet that includes a relative balance among nutrients. D. add more salt to the diet to increase salivary flow.
BODILY CONTROL SYSTEMS 20. IMMUNE SENESCENCE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A natural shrinking with age of the thymus gland contributes to the process known as: A. glucocorticoid cascade. B. immune senescence. C. adrenal insufficiency. D. pulmonary deficiency. IM-4 |7
21. SOMATOPAUSE OF AGING- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The somatopause of aging involves changes in which hormones? A. Hypothalamus-releasing factors B. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor C. Cortisol-releasing factors D. Basal metabolic hormone
22. CORTISOL AND HIPPOCAMPUS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Increases in cortisol with age are thought to have negative effects on which of the body’s organs? A. prostate B. hippocampus C. thymus D. pineal gland
23. THYROID HORMONES AND BMR Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is controlled by which set of hormones in the endocrine system? A. melatonin B. androgen C. thyroid D. growth factor
24. MELATONIN SIDE EFFECTS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Melatonin supplements, occasionally used by older adults to offset changes with age, may have unwanted effects such as: A. indigestion. B. slower metabolic rate. C. lowered blood pressure. D. drowsiness.
25. ADRENOPAUSE- STEM
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Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The adrenopause observed in older adults reflects age-related changes in which hormone? A. DHEA B. cortisol C. IGF-1 D. insulin
26. MENOPAUSE SYMPTOMS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Women experiencing the menopause may encounter which of the following physiological symptoms? A. Thicker bone density B. Lowered LDL levels C. Increases in testosterone D. High blood pressure
27. ANDROPAUSE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Changes in the male sex hormone testosterone are referred to as: A. testosteropause. B. andropause. C. adrenopause. D. perimenopause.
NERVOUS SYSTEM 28. HAROLD MODEL Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In the model of aging known as ____________, changes with age in the brain occur in which older adults can activate the hemisphere opposite to the one usually used in a task. A. PASA B. HRT C. EEG D. HAROLD
29. NEURONAL FALLOUT MODEL Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A
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Researchers who study the aging of the central nervous system contrast the view that growth is always possible with the model stating that aging causes inevitable degeneration, known as the: A. neuronal fallout model. B. glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. C. mechanical slowing proposal. D. prosthetic decline theory.
30. PLASTICITY IN NERVOUS SYSTEM - STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The concept of plasticity in the nervous system refers to the fact that: A. aging involves continued loss of synapses without replacement. B. mental and physical exercise can offset age-related changes. C. older adults experience more changes in the right than left hemisphere. D. exposure to harsh toxins accelerates age-related losses.
31. HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEMORY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Age-related changes in the hippocampus are associated with loss of functioning in the area of: A. balance. B. sleep. C. memory. D. vision.
32. PREFRONTAL CORTEX Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D A number of studies relate age-related changes in the ____________ and decreases in planning and ability to encode information in long-term memory. A. brain stem B. hypothalamus C. occipital lobe D. prefrontal cortex
33. WHITE MATTER HYPERINTENSITIES- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Brain scans show that older adults have more of these abnormalities in the brain consisting of clumps of dying neurons known as: A. myelin sheath extensions (MSE) B. white matter hyperintensities (WMH)
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C. nerve ending fractures (NEF) D. anterograde degenerative structures (ADS)
34. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND AGING Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Research shows that the minority of older adults fall into which category of circadian rhythms? A. Definitely evening. B. Mostly morning. C. Somewhat mid-afternoon. D. Definitely morning.
35. SLEEP APNEA- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In the condition known as sleep apnea, the older adult experiences which symptoms during the night? A. Constant leg movements. B. Frequent need to urinate. C. Restricted airflow in the throat. D. Disturbing nightmares.
36. HEAT-RELATED DEATHS EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The main reason that older adults are more likely to die during extreme periods of cold weather is that: A. they cannot maintain their core body temperature. B. their sweat glands function less effectively. C. they lack the ability to sense the outside temperature. D. their skin is more sensitive to temperature extremes.
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 37. AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Central vision is affected but peripheral vision is maintained in which cause of blindness in later life? A. Age-related presbycusis B. Glaucoma C. Age-related macular degeneration D. Cataract
38. PRESBYOPIA- CHOICE IM-4 |11
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Middle-aged and older adults wear bifocals to correct for which age-related change in the eyes? A. presbycusis B. cataracts C. anosmia D. presbyopia
39. PRESBYOPIA- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Normal age-related changes in the lens of the eye results in which condition that afflicts all older adults? A. presbyopia B. glaucoma C. tinnitus D. dysthermia
40. CATARACT CAUSE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Which of the following is a documented risk factor for developing cataracts? A. Listening to loud music. B. Cigarette smoking. C. Looking at bright colored pictures. D. Reading small print in the dark.
41. GLAUCOMA- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A build-up of pressure within the eyeball is involved in which form of blindness that affects older adults? A. cataract B. presbycusis C. foveal degeneration D. glaucoma
42. PRESBYCUSIS AND NOISE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B Experts worry that future generations of older adults will experience more age-related hearing loss due to which preventable behavior? A. failure to engage in aerobic exercise.
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B. overuse of earphones in portable listening devices. C. workplace exposure to industrial noise. D. thinning of the atmosphere’s ozone layer.
43. PRESBYCUSIS- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Presbycusis seems to have the greatest effect on hearing sounds that are: A. low in pitch. B. low in frequency. C. high in decibels. D. high in pitch.
44. PRESBYCUSIS COMPENSAION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D One way you can communicate more effectively with older adults who suffer from hearing loss is to: A. speak as loud as possible. B. talk to them as you would to children. C. use as little body language as possible. D. reduce interference from outside noise.
45. FALL PREVENTION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Gerontologists recommend that older adults at risk of falling receive which type of intervention? A. reduce the fear of falling B. restrict them to one-floor dwellings C. eliminate exercise from their daily routines D. lower their sense of self-efficacy
46. TAI CHI TO MAINTAIN BALANCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Research has shown that the regular practice of _________ can help reduce an older person’s risk of falling. A. hypnosis B. acupuncture C. Tai Chi. D. meditation.
47. EFFECT OF SMOKING ON SMELL AND TASTE SENSITIVITY IM-4 |13
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Older adults with a history of ___________ are more likely than others to experience loss of smell and taste sensitivity. A. extreme exercise B. sleep disorders C. glucose intolerance D. cigarette smoking
48. OLFACTORY CHANGES AND TOXINS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Research on the olfactory sensation in older adults suggests strongly that one of the most important causes is: A. loss of chemical receptors. B. exposure to environmental toxins. C. genetic predisposition. D. increases in mucus membranes in the nose.
49. TOUCH SENSITIVITY CHANGES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Which parts of the body seem to undergo the greatest losses in touch sensitivity? A. Lower back and thighs. B. Lips and tongue. C. Shoulders and arms. D. Hands and feet.
50. PAIN AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C According to a large study conducted in the U.K., older adults who suffer from chronic back pain also have a higher rate of: A. cataract formation. B. dizziness and vertigo. C. cognitive symptoms. D. olfactory impairment.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS APPEARANCE 1. 2.
Summarize the major changes in the skin and hair. Explain the major changes in height and weight in adulthood.
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1. 2. 3.
Describe the major changes that occur with age in the muscles, bones, and joints. Indicate next to each change what steps individuals can take to prevent or offset these changes. Indicate for changes in bone what variations exist by sex and race.
VITAL BODILY FUNCTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Describe the major changes in the cardiovascular system. What are three effects of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular functioning? How do these effects differ by sex? Summarize the effects of aging on the lungs. What are the two most important changes in the urinary system? What are the lifestyle and social factors that can contribute to changes in digestion in older adults?
BODILY CONTROL SYSTEMS 1. 2. 3.
Summarize the effects of aging on the seven major hormones in the endocrine system. Compare the forms of hormone replacement therapy in terms of their demonstrated effectiveness and side effects. What are the two major forms of immunity? Name the cells involved in each form of immunity.
NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Contrast the neuronal fallout and plasticity models of the aging nervous system. What do the HAROLD and PASA models predict about aging and the brain? What are the four major changes in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms in adulthood? Name the four conditions that can interfere with sleep in older adults. Describe four ways in which chronic medical conditions can interfere with body temperature control in later adulthood.
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 1. 2. 3.
What are three forms of blindness that become more common in later adulthood? What is the cause of each? List three hearing problems that are more prevalent among older adults. Describe eight strategies that are recommended for improving communication with an older person who has hearing loss.
BALANCE 1. 2.
Contrast dizziness and vertigo. List three ways that older adults can compensate for changes in balance to reduce the likelihood of a fall.
SMELL AND TASTE 1. 2.
List five possible causes of reduced smell sensitivity in older adults. Describe strategies that older adults can use to compensate for changes in smell and taste sensitivity.
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM 1. 2.
Summarize age-related changes in the three major components of the somatosensory system. Describe how changes in the somatosensory system can contribute to changes in balance to increase the older adult's risk of falling.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
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1.
2. 3.
4. 5.
Describe an ideal exercise program that you would develop for older adults. Indicate which aspects of the program you would emphasize and how these would help to compensate for age-related losses in a variety of bodily functions. How does the description of age-related changes in physical and sensory functioning relate to the theories presented in Chapter 2? Critique the research methods that were used to obtain the majority of findings presented in the chapter. What improvements would you suggest in the research procedures used to determine the effects of aging on various bodily systems? What do you believe are the most significant age-related changes in the body? Why are these so important? What areas of functioning are most in need of further research on aging? What would be the theoretical implications of such research? What would be the practical implications of the findings derived from this research?
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CHAPTER 5 Health and Prevention LECTURE GUIDELINES As with the previous chapter, there is extensive biological material in this chapter. However, many of the topics lend themselves to discussions within the framework of the biopsychosocial perspective, as these diseases show significant sociocultural variations. The material should be divided into two to three lectures, with an entire lecture devoted to Alzheimer's disease, which is a major interest for most of the students in the course. The slides contain many illustrations and clarifications that will allow the instructor to move through the technical aspects of this material relatively quickly. More time can then be spent on discussions focused on psychological issues such as ways that people can prevent these diseases and the ways that these diseases interact with identity processes. Distinctions between normal aging and disease can also be made at frequent points throughout the lectures.
VIDEOS AND FILMS Given the explosion of interest in health in all areas of the media, it should be very easy for instructors to find videotape segments to illustrate lecture material. Cancer, heart disease, AIDS, musculoskeletal diseases, and Alzheimer's disease are major areas of focus in many television news programs, magazines, and PBS or Discovery Channel documentaries. The problem is not finding these resources, but deciding on which ones to use. Here are several good choices: ABC’s “Life to 150” with Barbara Walters: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Longevity/ For the lecture on dementia, there is an excellent scene from “The Notebook” in which Noah and Allie have dinner and a brief dance in the nursing home that highlights the features of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease (provide a handkerchief alert if you plan to show this scene). NOVA Science Now also has an excellent segment on Alzheimer’s disease featuring the research of Tanzi and collaborators on genetic contributions (http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/nova-sciencenow/videos-season4/294165)
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY CONCEPTS IN HEALTH AND PREVENTION Why do variations exist by sex and race in chronic diseases? What are the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors in causing differential rates of diseases across age, sex, and racial subgroups of adults? Can you define the major chronic diseases in your own words? How do chronic diseases differ from changes associated with normal aging?
DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM If you found out that you were at risk for heart disease based on your genetic predisposition, what steps would you take to lower chances of developing the disease? Why do you think so many people in the U.S. fit the technical definition of "obese"? Who is most likely to take advantage of preventive efforts to avoid heart disease? How might public health efforts be better directed at reducing the risk for heart disease in this country?
CANCER What are the most common forms of cancer? Why do people ignore the evidence linking certain behavioral lifestyle choices to cancer risk? How can prevention strategies be made more effective in helping adults to avoid the risks of cancer? Do you know people with cancer? What has their treatment process been like?
DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM How does osteoarthritis differ from rheumatoid arthritis? IM-5 |1
What measures can people take to prevent osteoarthritis? How does the disease of osteoporosis differ from normal age-related changes in bone? What do you think about the advisability of taking hormone replacement therapy to prevent osteoporosis compared to other preventive measures?
DIABETES How does Type 1 diabetes differ from Type 2? How can the spread of diabetes be slowed through education? What measures can be taken to motivate people to comply with treatment of Type 2 diabetes? Why might it be difficult to encourage people to watch their diet and exercise patterns as a way of controlling diabetes?
RESPIRATORY DISEASES Are anti-smoking advertisements successful in reducing the rate of cigarette smoking in the U.S. population? How could they be made more effective?
NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer's disease? What are the political implications of the published prevalence rates of Alzheimer's disease? What will be the implications of discovering the genetic causes of Alzheimer's disease? If genetics are thought to be such a strong influence on Alzheimer's disease, how can we explain the findings from the studies showing environmental effects? If a test is developed that can predict whether a person has a high chance of developing Alzheimer's disease, would you want to take that test and find out the results? What would be the effects on society of discovering a medical cure for Alzheimer's disease? Do you know anyone who is a caregiver for a person with Alzheimer's disease? What are the daily challenges this person faces? Clarify that there are forms of dementia other than Alzheimer's disease and that some are reversible. Why is it important to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from other forms of dementia? Why might a depressed person appear to have Alzheimer's disease? Why is it important to differentiate Alzheimer's disease from delirium?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS DEFINITIONS AND PREVALENCE 1. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DEFINITION OF HEALTH - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The World Health Organization defines health as having which qualities? A. Absence of any physical limitations B. Lack of a disease or infirmity C. Complete physical, mental, and social well-being D. Ability to complete tasks of daily living
2. ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Health professionals use the individual’s ability to complete the tasks of bathing, dressing, transferring, using the toilet, and eating to assess: IM-5 |2
A. B. C. D.
overall health status. activities of daily living. biopsychosocial competence. executive functioning.
3. BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases in later adulthood include tobacco smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and: A. lack of close relationships. B. low income and education. C. inaccessibility of transportation. D. harmful use of alcohol.
4. ARTHRITIS PREVALENCE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A According to the CDC, approximately ______% of those 85 and older suffer from arthritis. A. 56 B. 27 C. 10 D. 30
DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 5. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A In the disease known as ________________, the heart cannot distribute enough blood throughout the body to reach the major organs, causing the tissues to swell with fluid. A. congestive heart failure B. cerebrovascular insufficiency C. transient ischemia D. chronic hypertension
6. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C In which health condition does the individual develop general thickening and hardening of the arteries? A. Arteriogenesis. B. Myocardial infarction. C. Arteriosclerosis. D. Coronary heart disease
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7. HEART DISEASE AS #1 CAUSE OF DEATH Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The number one cause of death in the United States, primarily because it is suffered by older adults, is: A. arthritis B. heart disease C. cancer D. stroke
8. OBESITY IN U.S. Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The country with the highest percentage of obesity in the world is: A. Finland. B. Russia. C. Bulgaria. D. United States.
9. STROKE BELT- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The “stroke belt” is located in which part of the world? A. Northern Canada B. Sub Saharan Africa C. Central Asia D. Southeast U.S.
10. METABOLIC SYNDROME EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D A 66-year-old man was told by his physician that he has metabolic syndrome. This means that he meets which of the following criteria? A. Waist circumference of 35 inches. B. Blood pressure of 110-120. C. Fasting glucose of 90 mg/dL D. HDL of greater than 40 mg/dL
11. MEDITERRANEAN DIET Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A true Mediterranean diet would include relatively little of which type of food? IM-5 |4
A. B. C. D.
Nuts Milk Grains Fish
CANCER 12. BMI AND CANCER RISK Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D A prospective study of BMI and cancer risk showed that a high BMI is associated with a greater risk of which type of cancer? A. Skin B. Lymphoma C. Lung D. Esophagus
13. CANCER SCREENING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In general, guidelines for receiving cancer screening recommend that patients undergo systematic tests: A. on an annual basis for all cancers. B. only as indicated by research guidelines. C. approximately once every 10 years. D. more frequently after the age of 60.
14. STOMACH CANCER AND RACE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The highest rates of stomach cancer are found among which racial/ethnic group? A. Whites B. Asians C. Blacks D. Latinos
15. TANNING BEDS AND CANCER RISK Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Which cosmetic procedure is shown to be associated with a higher rate of skin cancer? A. Liposuction B. Tatooing C. Tanning beds D. Body piercing
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16. BETEL QUID AS CANCER RISK IN INDIA Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A People living in India who engage in the dietary practice of eating ___________ put themselves at higher risk of developing cancer. A. betel quid B. dried fish C. fried naan D. fresh rogan
17. ARSENIC AND LUNG CANCER Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Exposure to the asbestos increases an individual’s risk of developing _______ cancer. A. skin B. stomach C. lung D. colon
DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 18. OSTEOPOROSIS- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C The disease that involves an abnormal thinning of the bones is: A. osteoarthritis B. tendonitis C. osteoporosis D. sarcopenia
19. OSTEOARTHRITIS RISK FACTORS Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B A 72-year-old woman has been told by her physician that, because she is obese, she is putting increased weight on her joints, thus increasing her risk of developing the musculoskeletal disease known as: A. hypertension. B. osteoarthritis. C. emphysema. D. hypolipidemia.
20. NSAID’S FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS
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Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Which of the following is a side effect involved in taking NSAID’s for osteoporosis? A. Chemical dependence B. Kidney disease and ulcers C. Destruction of cartilage D. Weight gain
21. RISKS OF BIPHOSPHONATES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A One of the risks of osteoporosis medication (bisphosphonates) is the potential for the individual to develop: A. loss of bone in the jaw. B. higher rates of brain tumors. C. increases in blood glucose. D. loss of synovial fluid.
22. RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A middle-aged man is worried that his 83-year-old mother may develop osteoporosis, a reasonable concern because she: A. is relatively overweight. B. takes in very little vitamin D. C. consumes high amounts of protein. D. exercises at least 3 times a week.
23. TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Health professionals treating older adults with osteoarthritis are most likely to recommend which of the following approaches as a long-term strategy, particularly for individuals with mild symptoms? A. Weight gain B. Bed rest C. Corticosteroids D. Mild exercise
DIABETES 24. CAUSE OF DIABETES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Diabetes can be traced to the abnormal functioning of which bodily organ? A. Hypothalamus IM-5 |7
B. Liver C. Pancreas D. Kidney
25. TREATMENT OF DIABETES Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B Diabetes can be prevented and even treated by which behavior? A. Increasing the intake of sugars. B. Monitoring weight and diet. C. Reducing involvement in exercise. D. Increasing intake of red wine.
26. GLOBAL PREVEALNCE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The World Health Organization estimates that, in 2010, approximately _______ million people over the globe had diabetes. A. 25 B. 622 C. 171 D. 367
RESPIRATORY DISEASES 27. CAUSE OF COPD Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is almost always caused by: A. sun exposure. B. overeating. C. smoking. D. genetics.
28. COPD EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A 65-year-old man smoked all his life and now has ____________, a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. A. Elastase resistance dysfunction. B. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. C. Acute pulmonary inflammation. D. Chronic respiratory syndrome. IM-5 |8
29. ELASTASE AS CAUSE OF COPD Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The increased release of elastase stimulated by cigarette smoking is thought to be a cause of which disease? A. Emphysema. B. Diabetes. C. Hypertension. D. Atherosclerosis.
30. ALVEOLI DESTROYED IN EMPHYSEMA Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Destruction of the _______________ is a consequence of emphysema. A. trachea B. nephrons C. alveoli D. pancreas
NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS 31. ALZHEIMER’S VS. VASCULAR DEMENTIA Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Unlike memory loss caused by Alzheimer’s disease, the symptoms of vascular dementia may be: A. progressive. B. fatal. C. biologically based. D. treatable.
32. EDUCATION AND PREVALENCE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B U.S. estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease typically do not take into account the factor of ____________, which might lead in part to inflated prevalence statistics. A. the better nutritional status of older adults B. generally lower education of some samples C. prevalence of larger numbers of males D. genetic influences on the nervous system
33. PLAQUES MADE UP OF BETA AMYLOID IM-5 |9
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease are made up of which substance? A. tau proteins B. dead dendrites C. acetylcholine D. beta amyloid
34. APP GENE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Researchers believe that the APP gene contributes to Alzheimer’s disease by causing faulty: A. synapses between neurons B. electrical discharges C. snipping of amyloid proteins D. memory formation
35. NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In Alzheimer’s disease, neurofibrillary tangles cause what changes to occur within the brain? A. Accumulation of harmful waste products. B. Targeted death of motor neurons. C. Loss of blood supply to the hippocampus. D. Twisting of microtubules in the neurons.
36. ACETYLCHOLINE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Which neurotransmitter is thought to be involved in the memory loss of Alzheimer’s disease? A. acetylcholine B. estrogen C. apoptosis D. caspase
37. CASPASE THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Which theory of Alzheimer’s disease proposed that beta amyloid releases an enzyme that causes neuronal death? A. caspase B. neurofibrillary
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C. cortisol D. multi-infarct
38. SECRETASES- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The enzymes that normally trim the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to make it flush with the neuron’s outer membrane are the: A. elastases. B. caspases. C. secretases. D. apoptoses.
39. BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Researchers investigating the role of lifestyle factors as modifying an individual’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease believe that __________ can play a protective role. A. exercise B. nicotine C. caffeine D. mood
40. MULTI-INFARCT DEMENTIA- STEM S08-Fin#14/IM-5e Difficulty: .92 Correct choice: D The condition known as multi-infarct dementia causes cognitive changes as a result of: A. traumatic brain injury. B. chronic substance abuse. C. sensory deprivation. D. a series of small strokes.
41. MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The condition known as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is used in cases involving: A. memory loss that may progress to Alzheimer’s disease. B. documented loss of memory, language, and judgment. C. loss of blood supply to the subcortical brain regions. D. poor judgment due to acute alcohol intoxication.
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42. STAGES OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Psychologists diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease look for which key symptom in its early stage? A. occasionally misplacing objects at home B. being absent-minded from time to time C. forgetting names of good friends or family D. being unable to name the star of a popular movie
43. ANTICHOLINESTERASE MEDICATOINS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Which medication that treats some of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease falls into the category of anticholinesterases? A. memantine B. lithium bicarbonate C. beta amyloid D. donepezil hydrochloride
44. MEMANTINE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Memantine is a medication for Alzheimer’s disease that is intended to produce which changes in the individual’s brain? A. stimulate new neurons to replace those that have died. B. provide more beta amyloid to replace old plaques. C. protect against overexcitation of the neurons. D. lower the individual’s overall levels of blood cholesterol.
45. CAREGIVER ADVICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A A woman is caring for her husband who suffers from advanced dementia. The National Institute of Aging would suggest that caregivers she should engage in which activity to help herself cope with caregiver burden? A. Join a caregiver’s support group. B. Discontinue ties with friends. C. Move her husband to a nursing home. D. Find a psychiatrist to prescribe antidepressants.
46. POLYPHARMACY Difficulty: Moderate IM-5 |12
Correct choice: B The condition known as _________ may increase the risk of cognitive disorders developing in older adults by overdiagnosis of prescription drugs. A. peptide poisoning B. polypharmacy C. pseudodementia D. protein overloading
47. MULTI-INFARCT DEMENTIA- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Though very similar in many ways to Alzheimer’s disease, multi-infarct dementia (MID) differs importantly in that it is caused by: A. excessive intake of alcohol. B. abnormalities in metabolism. C. traumatic brain injury. D. loss of blood supply to the brain.
48. PSEUDODEMENTIA EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B An 82-year-old man constantly feels sad, demoralized, and worthless. He also is experiencing significant memory problems. Based on this pattern of symptoms, physician examining Mr. Grah should take care to rule out which possible cause of his memory loss? A. polypharmacy B. pseudodementia C. Pick’s disease D. Lewy body dementia
49. PARKINSON’S DISEASE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In ________________ disease, the individual primarily suffers from disturbances in motor functioning, including having tremors, shuffling gait, and difficulties maintaining balance. A. Lewy’s B. Pick’s C. Wernicke’s D. Parkinson’s
50. NEWER MEDICATIONS FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Among the newer medications being used to interfere with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease is MDA7, a drug that works on the _____________ system.
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A. B. C. D.
limbic immune digestive respiratory
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Describe five diseases of the cardiovascular system along with their causes. What are two forms of cerebrovascular disease? How do incidence rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease vary by sex and race in adulthood? What are the four major risk factors for diseases of the cardiovascular system? What three measures can people take to lower their risk of cardiovascular disease?
CANCER 1. 2. 3.
Describe five major forms of cancer according to their site in the body and the nature of the specific form of cancer. What are the three greatest risk factors for the development of cancer? What four forms of treatment are available for cancer? What are their side effects?
DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 1. 2. 3.
List four forms of treatment for osteoarthritis. What are five risk factors for the development of osteoporosis? List five forms of treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.
DIABETES 1. 2.
Describe the disease process in Type 2 diabetes. What are four interventions that can be implemented for people with Type 2 diabetes?
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1. 2.
List the two forms of respiratory disease that make up COPD. What two forms of treatment are available for people with COPD?
NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Describe the issues involved in determining the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease. What are three major psychological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease? What are the two major microscopic changes in the brain associated with Alzheimer's disease? What processes are thought to be responsible for the development of these changes? What are the three genes thought to be the major causes of Alzheimer's disease? Describe three lifestyle or environmental factors thought to be causes of or contributors to Alzheimer's disease. List the five diagnostic criteria of the American Psychiatric Association for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. What four types of medical treatment are currently being tested for people with Alzheimer's disease? Psychosocial treatments for Alzheimer's disease attempt to change which two major categories of problems dealt with by caregivers?
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9. 10.
List and describe six forms of dementia that may appear to be Alzheimer's disease. Indicate how each form of dementia is different from Alzheimer's disease. What are six forms of reversible dementia that may be confused with Alzheimer's disease? Why is it important to identify these forms of dementia?
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.
2.
3.
4.
Take the role of a public health expert working on behalf of the American Heart Association. Design a media campaign that would help lower the risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease among the groups with the highest rates of these diseases. Justify the steps you would take and the information you would provide. Diseases of later life are becoming increasingly important for physicians to understand, diagnose, and treat. What would you regard as the main lessons that physicians should learn about these diseases? How can efforts to educate physicians about gerontology and geriatrics be improved? Some scientists who conduct research on Alzheimer's disease argue that the newly revised prevalence figures, which estimate that 2 rather than 4 million adults have the disease, will lead to an under-serving of the older adult population. What is the basis for this argument? Why might some gerontologists prefer that the newly revised numbers be accepted? How do epidemiological studies of Alzheimer's disease fit into the political scene in terms of the funding of research and long-term care? If you were designing a program to help family caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease, what types of features would you emphasize to make your program as effective as possible? Why would you include those features?
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CHAPTER 6 Basic Cognitive Functions: Information Processing, Attention, and Memory LECTURE GUIDELINES Students who do not have an extensive background in cognitive psychology will find the material in this chapter somewhat tough going as it is not necessarily of inherent interest to the average undergraduate. However, with some imagination from the instructor, this material can readily be brought to life. It is important to give students as much of a concrete feel as possible for the nature of the tasks used in the experiments described in this chapter. Therefore, it is worth trying to replicate some of the stimulus materials so that students can see what was required of subjects in the experiments. It is also possible to draw out the practical implications of the material by showing how people use these cognitive skills in everyday life. Once they see the practical relevance, students will naturally be curious to see how aging affects these abilities. Helping to clarify the material in class will also be appreciated by these students, because they will find it difficult to study on their own and may be concerned about what will appear on the tests. The more the instructor can summarize findings and make clear what is important, the more that students can focus on the big picture in this area, such as the hypotheses that have been advanced to account for the effects of aging. For those students who are interested in cognitive psychology or are taking a course in this area, motivation will be far less of an issue. Nevertheless, the practical implications are worth exploring particularly as they relate to changes with age.
VIDEOS AND FILMS The PBS documentary series "Stealing Time" contains an excellent interview with Timothy Salthouse, showing how he does his experiments and presenting his views about cognitive aging. Unfortunately, this video is no longer available but you can check with colleagues to see if anyone still has the original. The area of driving and aging lends itself well to illustrating in class. There have been several news programs focusing on the driving abilities of older persons, showing laboratory studies of driving as well as intervention studies in which older drivers are given classes to improve their skills. For a humorous look at aging and driving, the movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" includes a brief scene in which an older woman behind the wheel is driving erratically. Although a negative portrayal of aging, this scene can be a touching-off point for discussing attitudes toward aging drivers. Students can be asked to state whether they think such representations are fair or unfair portrayals.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS PROCESSING SPEED AND ATTENTION Although there is consistent slowing of reaction time in adulthood, is this slowing (on the order of 1/2-2 seconds) significant in its effects on everyday life? Does the general slowing hypothesis seem sophisticated enough to you to serve as an explanation of the effects of aging on cognition? Do you have difficulty with attention and concentration? How does this affect your ability to learn and remember? How would you feel if you were a participant in an experiment involving these procedures? Do you think your performance would reflect your abilities to use attentional processes in your everyday life? What real-life situations are comparable to those used in studies involving shifts of attention? Do you think you are good at divided attention tasks? How easy or difficult is it for you to study when other people are talking or playing music? To what extent is sustained attention needed in everyday life? Do you think videogames can help older adults maintain or regain speed and attentional skills? Which attentional task is most difficult for older adults? Why might this be the case? What is the major area of support for each theory of aging and attention? Which theory do you think fits the experience you have had with older adults? Why? IM-6 |1
DRIVING AND AGING Should older drivers be required to take road tests? Why? Would you feel more comfortable in an airplane piloted by someone 60 and older or someone who is 30 years of age? Why? Are most older drivers good at regulating their own driving habits? Have you had an encounter with an older driver who was unsafe? Given that younger drivers mix speed and alcohol, why does society have such negative attitudes toward older drivers? Do you agree that making intersections into rotaries would help reduce auto accidents? Why or why not?
MEMORY What happens to people who do not have the ability to remember events from their lives? Do you feel that your memory is changing as you get older? (College students often will say that they feel they are getting "senile"!) Can you think of examples of using your working memory? Do you feel your working memory has changed? How would age differences in working memory affect other aspects of cognition? Why do you think that certain memory tasks such as implicit memory are retained in later life? Do you feel that the events in your life now will be ones that you remember for many years into the future? What do you think you'll remember and what do you think you'll forget? What strategies do you find useful to help your memory? Do you think you have a good memory or a bad memory? How does this affect the way you feel about yourself? Why do you think some memory interventions work with older adults and some do not?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY
1.
CELLPHONES AND DRIVING
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D As pointed out in “Aging Today,” compared to eating, fixing the radio, or adjusting the GPS while driving, cellphone use is ______ dangerous: A. equally B. much less C. slightly less D. much more
INFORMATION PROCESSING
2.
GENERAL SLOWING HYPOTHESIS- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The General Slowing Hypothesis proposes that older adults become slower primarily because of: A. decreases in motivation. B. nervous system changes. IM-6 |2
C. problems in vision. D. increases in anxiety.
3.
AGE COMPLEXITY HYPOTHESIS - CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The ______________ hypothesis proposes that older adults are disproportionately slower on tasks that are more difficult. A. divided attention B. conjunction search C. age complexity D. inhibitory control
4.
SIMPLE SEARCH TASKS AND PARALLEL PROCESSING
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A On simple search tasks, where targets stand out relatively easily from distractors, older adults perform at high levels, because these tasks require: A. parallel processing. B. division of attention. C. serial processing. D. attentional vigilance.
5.
CONJUNCTION TASKS AND SERIAL PROCESSING
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Older adults do relatively more poorly than younger adults on conjunction vs. simple search tasks, because conjunction tasks rely on ____________ processing. A. parallel B. automatic C. serial D. pop-out
6.
BRINLEY PLOT- STEM
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Brinley plots are used to understand which type of cognitive performance? A. Working memory B. Selective attention C. Response inhibition D. Reaction time
7.
BRINLEY PLOT- STEM IM-6 |3
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Brinley plots illustrating the slowing of reaction time in older adults typically involve which type of data? A. Correlations among test scores within both younger and older adults groups. B. Path analyses predicting the performance of older adults from younger adults. C. Graphs in which older adult data are on one axis and younger adult data on the other. D. Pie charts in which the scores of older adults are shown in comparison to young adults.
8.
STROOP TASK AND INHIBITION
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Performance of older adults on the __________ task provides evidence of difficulties they experience in inhibiting irrelevant and potentially confusing information. A. Brinley B. Salthouse C. Deese D. Stroop
9.
SUSTAINED ATTENTION- CHOICE
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Tasks that require the individual to watch out for the appearance of a target and respond only when they see it, make demands on ________________ attention and appear to be more difficult for older individuals. A. multiple B. divided C. selective D. sustained
10. ATTENTIONAL RESOURCES THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The view that older adults have difficulty allocating enough of their mental focus to cognitive operations is consistent with the _____________ theory of aging. A. inhibitory deficit B. attentional resources C. multitasking D. general slowing
11. EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D
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Data from studies measuring the brain’s electrical activation to stimuli, also known as _______________, show that older adults are less able to inhibit irrelevant information. 1. attention activation units 2. irrelevant information signals 3. complex decision responses 4. event-related potentials
12. VIDEOGAME TRAINING ON ATTENTION IN YOUNG Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Research on videogame training in young adults shows that these games have the effect of improving: A. attentional control. B. color perception. C. long-term memory. D. mathematical skills.
13. USEFUL FIELD OF VIEW Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The ability to respond to stimuli in the periphery, relevant to the driving skills of older adults, is called: A. functional vision range. B. useful field of view. C. attentional monitoring. D. visual scanning input.
DRIVING AND AGING 14. LEFT-HAND TURNS AND OLDER ADULTS Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A Research from the Institute of Highway Safety shows that older drivers in the U.S. faced with the challenge of making a left-hand turn while driving in a busy intersection are most likely to experience which outcome? A. Having an accident B. Dying from a heart attack C. Forgetting where they are D. Feeling overconfident
15. FATALITY RATES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reports that, in 2012, the highest fatality rates were for drivers ages: A. 75-80. B. 85-90. IM-6 |5
C. 50-54. D. 16-19.
16. CONFUSING INTERSECTIONS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Crowded intersections pose a particular risk for older adults not only because of the many cars, but because they often have: A. narrow sidewalks. B. lower speed limits. C. confusing signs. D. many pedestrians.
17. DRIVING BEHAVIOR OF OLDER ADULTS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A factor in the driving behavior of older adults is that, compared to younger adults, they are more likely to: A. engage in distracted driving. B. drive while under the influence. C. know how to react in an emergency. D. venture out after dark.
18. VISION CHANGES THAT AFFECT DRIVING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B An older adult’s ability to drive may be affected by which normal age-related changes in vision? A. a reduction in color vision B. greater sensitivity to glare C. increased ability to see near objects D. tendency to make right-left reversals
19. SELF-REGULATION AND DRIVING Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factors of: A. availability of public transportation. B. ability to get rides with others. C. the expense of gas and vehicle upkeep. D. self-confidence and need for independence.
20. HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS IM-6 |6
Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factors of: A. availability of public transportation. B. ability to get rides with others. C. the expense of gas and vehicle upkeep. D. self-confidence and need for independence.
21. OLDER PILOTS COMPARED TO OLDER DRIVERS Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factors of: A. availability of public transportation. B. ability to get rides with others. C. the expense of gas and vehicle upkeep. D. self-confidence and need for independence.
22. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING DRIVING Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is: A. lack of adequate public transportation. B. changes in speed limits on highways. C. changes in decision-time speed. D. concern expressed by family members.
MEMORY 23. N-BACK TASK- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In an n-back task, used to assess working memory, participants are asked to: A. recall their earliest memories. B. name earlier items presented in a series. C. remember a list of category names. D. describe a distinctive past event.
24. ROLE OF CENTRAL EXECUTIVE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C IM-6 |7
The role of the central executive in working memory is to: A. remember information for long periods of time. B. direct attention to incoming stimuli. C. allocate cognitive resources to the task. D. recall information presented verbally.
25. DEFAULT NETWORK Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D While you are at rest, the brain’s ____________ is at work, processing information that you generate internally. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. default network
26. DEFAULT NETWORK Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The brain’s default network, which processes internally-generated stimuli, includes which structure? A. Cerebellum B. Hippocampus C. Occipital cortex D. Reticular formation
27. DEFAULT NETWORK AND AGING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C During working memory tasks, older adults have difficulty ____________ the brain’s default network, meaning that they are less able to focus on incoming information. A. activating B. attending to C. deactivating D. speeding up
28. SCAFFOLDING THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The view known as _____________ theory proposes that older adults use different neural circuits depending on task demands to make up for the losses that they suffer elsewhere in the brain. A. scaffolding B. default network C. inhibitory control D. phonological loop
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29. HIPPOCAMPUS IN WORKING MEMORY Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C The effects of aging on working memory may be due to changes in which structure of the brain? A. episodic buffer B. hypothalamus C. hippocampus D. thalamus
30. DISTANT MEMORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Findings on the effects of age on memory for events from the long-ago past, or remote memory, show that: A. older adults remember the past better than do young adults. B. although they try to forget them, older adults remember past events. C. older adults remember visually better than they do verbally. D. memories from events in the distant past are no better than from the present.
31. FLASHBULB MEMORY AND AGING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A According to research on _____________ memory, older adults are able to remember distinctive historical events as well as do younger adults. A. flashbulb B. working C. scaffolding D. procedural
32. REMINIESCENCE BUMP- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A According to research on the reminiscence bump, older adults should remember the most from: A. their own teen and early adult years. B. historical events that happened in their youth. C. past experiences that affected their loved ones. D. their earliest years of childhood.
33. SEMANTIC MEMORY AND AGING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B
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Vocabulary, factual information, and historical knowledge fall into the category of ____________ memory, a process not affected by aging. A. source B. semantic C. procedural D. working
34. PROCEDURAL MEMORY MOTOR TASK Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Both older adults and older monkeys showed that they could remember over a 2-year period how to perform a task involving ____________ memory, in which they slid a small metal nut off a rod. A. semantic B. flashbulb C. source D. procedural
35. IMPLICIT MEMORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Researchers have established that when older adults are given an _______ memory test, or one in which they don’t know they’re being tested, they perform as well as young adults. A. working B. remote C. implicit D. flashbulb
36. SOURCE MEMORY FAILURE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Mixing up who said what in a conversation that happened in the past is an instance of ___________ memory failure, a problem that affects older more than younger adults. A. implicit B. source C. prospective D. retrieval-induced
37. DEESE-ROEDIGER-MCDERMOTT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task demonstrated that older adults are vulnerable to false memories as shown by a test of:
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A. B. C. D.
words from categories. numbers in a series. pictures of objects. ability to solve a puzzle.
38. PROPSECTIVE MEMORY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Research on prospective memory shows that older adults have more difficulty when the task involves which type of mental activity? A. Recalling a person’s name. B. Solving a crossword puzzle. C. Planning a future event. D. Deciding to write a reminder note.
39. MEMORY SELF-EFFICACY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Older adults who have a low sense of memory ________________, the feeling that they cannot perform well on a memory test, are likely to have poorer scores when their memory is actually tested. A. assimilation B. self-efficacy C. threat D. predictability
40. STEREOTYPE THREAT- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D According to research on stereotype threat, when older adults are made to feel aware of their age in a memory study, they will: A. work harder to improve their scores. B. appreciate being respected. C. be less likely to ask for help. D. perform more poorly than otherwise.
41. STEREOTYPE THREAT- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Making older adults conscious about their age during a memory test is likely to trigger the condition known as _____________ in which their performance actually becomes worse. A. stereotype threat B. memory controllability
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C. identity assimilation D. memory self-efficacy
42. MEMORY CONTROLLABILITY AND IDENTITY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Older adults who have a low sense of memory controllability because they believe that memory decline is inevitable can also be thought of as high in: A. identity assimilation. B. memory self-efficacy. C. identity accommodation. D. retrieval-induced forgetting.
43. COGNITION AND OMEGA-3 Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Older adults who eat a diet that includes food rich in ____________ are likely to experience some cognitive benefits. A. beta carotene B. ginko biloba C. homocysteine D. omega-3
44. METABOLIC SYNDROME AND COGNITION Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Through the role of the hormone IGF-1, having _______________ may place older adults at risk of cognitive decline. A. depression B. metabolic syndrome C. sleep disturbances D. high stress levels
45. SLEEP AND MEMORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Unlike younger adults, neither middle-aged nor older individuals show a benefit to memory of having a greater amount of _______ sleep: A. REM B. Stage 1 C. slow-wave D. daytime
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46. VIRTUAL REALITY TRAINING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Virtual reality memory training, in which older adults simulated walking through various places, was found to benefit which type of cognitive ability? A. verbal memory B. simple attention C. useful field of view D. decision-making
47. ACTIVE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The type of training most effective in the ACTIVE study involved which type of cognitive ability? A. memory B. speed C. reasoning D. analysis
48. METHOD OF LOCI AS MEMORY TRAINING METHOD Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Using the “method of loci” to help older adults improve their memory involves which technique? A. Putting words into a sentence. B. Using novel associations. C. Imagining walking through a house. D. Participating in aerobic exercise.
49. DEEP PROCESSING IN MEMORY TRAINING Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Training older adults to use “deep processing” to encode information more fully would involve having them follow which procedure? A. Repeating information over and over by rote until it is learned. B. Staying away from using strategies that may be confusing. C. Taking dietary memory enhancements while learning new information. D. Giving meaning to information such as putting words in sentences.
50. STRESS AND MEMORY
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Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Research examining the relationship between memory and stress found that people who experience daily stresses, regardless of age, also are likely to: A. feel better prepared to handle cognitive demands. B. remember more details in a novel task. C. have memory problems on the days they were stressed. D. experience a higher chance of developing long-term memory loss.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS PROCESSING SPEED AND ATTENTION 1. 2. 3. 4.
Provide examples of three situations in which information processing changes are important in the functioning of older adults. Indicate two situations in which divided and sustained attention might be used in everyday life. What are the implications of the effects of aging on these components of attention? Contrast the three major theoretical approaches to understanding age-related changes in attention. Do you agree that videogames can improve cognitive functioning?
DRIVING AND AGING 1. 2.
What are the risks of having aging drivers on the road? On the basis of available evidence, should older adults be restricted in their driving? Why might training not be as effective as you might expect on the accident rates of older drivers?
MEMORY 1. 2. 3.
4.
Provide a brief description of how working memory is affected by aging and summarize the neuropsychological data used to understand these effects. Summarize the “score card” showing which memory functions decline and which do not in later life. How do findings on identity, self-efficacy, control beliefs, and stereotype threat influence your interpretation of the effects of aging on working memory? Argue for or against the position that age differences in memory are an artifact of methods used to assess memory. If you were developing a memory training program for older adults what approach would you choose? Why?
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.
2. 3.
Explain how you think that identity assimilation and identity accommodation relate to cognitive processes. What treatment strategies would you devise for people who are having difficulty with their memories in part due to these aspects of identity processes? Which theory of information processing and aging do you believe holds greater promise as a method of intervention for older adults with cognitive problems? Describe how the daily routines of older adults might be affected by changes in five aspects of memory functioning described in the chapter.
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CHAPTER 7 Language, Problem-Solving, and Intelligence LECTURE GUIDELINES This chapter has a great deal of material that can be readily brought to light by involving students in hands-on activities. There is also the potential to involve non-traditional students in discussions of adult learners. As with the previous chapter on cognition, it is advisable for the instructor to be as concrete as possible in presenting the material used in studies of intelligence by having them answer and discuss practice questions from the instruments used in these studies. Furthermore, there are many figures presented in this chapter, and it would be worthwhile for the instructor to go through these figures in detail so that students can learn as much as possible from the data they present. It is also possible to have some fun with this chapter in the section on problem-solving in a high-tech world. Ask your students to name instructions that they have struggled with lately and then ask them to imagine how a middle-aged or older adult who is not technologically inclined would deal with these same problems. Another area that has great potential for expansion is the section on the Communication Predicament and "elderspeak." The infantilizing speech directed toward older adults is a phenomenon that can be observed in many service settings. Students involved in service learning can be involved in seeking out their own examples of this type of situation. Such experiences can touch off discussions of why infantilization occurs and what effects it may have on older adults. If instructors wish to devote more time to this topic, there is an infantilization exercise described in a Teaching of Psychology article written by me and one of my former graduate teaching assistants, Erin Cassidy (see reference in the Introduction). We found this to be a powerful teaching tool that really drove the point home. If your students are in service-oriented majors, such as nursing or human services, it might very well be worth the time and effort it takes to show them the dangers of infantilizing speech.
VIDEOS AND FILMS Once again, the PBS documentary series "Stealing Time" provides an excellent resource for this class. There is a five-minute segment with K. Warner Schaie and Sherry Willis in which they describe their research based on the Seattle Longitudinal Study. This is very vivid way to begin the section on intelligence because it brings to life the many statistics that will be presented in the data from their study. Look also for any recent news stories on video games and older adults; this is now becoming a popular topic. On the lighter side, in the section on wisdom, it is possible to show one of many popular movies in which an older person provide wise advice to a younger person. One particularly poignant choice is "The Wedding Singer" (which also depicts intimate relationships in later life very positively as well). The scene to show is the one in which the grandmother gives advice on sexuality to the Adam Sandler character as he is giving her a voice lesson at the piano. The scene ends with the grandmother feeding him meatballs. Students love this movie and particularly this scene. However, there are many other examples throughout a wide range of movies that will get across the same point.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING AND ITS MEASUREMENT What are the best ways to preserve an older adult’s executive functioning? Do measures of executive functioning seem relevant to everyday activities? Have videogames affected your ability to monitor your responses?
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LANGUAGE How is language important in your everyday life? What does language signify about a person's cognitive abilities? How might memory changes affect a person's ability to use language? Why might experience enrich a person's language abilities? Have you noticed the tendency for older persons to talk about their past experiences? How does talking about past experiences with your friends make you feel? When have you seen older people spoken to with elderspeak? How do you think this makes them feel?
EVERYDAY PROBLEM SOLVING What problems have you had to solve in the last 24 hours? What types of processes did you use? Do you think that life has gotten more complex with advances in technology? How might such changes particularly affect older adults? What factors make it hard or easy for you to solve problems? How do you feel when you have successfully solved a problem? Can you think of an example you were affected by the “attraction effect”? What factors make it more likely that you will take your time to solve a problem rather than rush to a solution? How the does faster problem solving of older adults fit in with the slower reaction times that they show in other tasks? Can you think of a case when you used post-formal operations in dealing with a problem? Why might adults be more likely to engage in post-formal than formal operations? What features of adult life lend themselves to post-formal operations? What leads adults to use dialectical thinking? What might the advantages be compared to the seeking of a "right answer"? How might personality relate to the ability to use dialectical reasoning?
INTELLIGENCE Do you feel that you are an "intelligent" person? Why or why not? What is the practical value of being able to define and measure intelligence? Why is it of interest to study intelligence developmentally? Are definitions of intelligence overly narrow in focusing on academic skills? Why were these five abilities chosen to by Thurstone to represent all of intelligence? What might these tests fail to measure? How do fluid and crystallized intelligence relate to each other? Is fluid intelligence really "culture fair" as was originally intended by Cattell? Why do you think that alternative theories of intelligence were proposed? Do they provide a more realistic approach to intelligence than those based on more traditional intelligence theories? Do you think that the findings from the SLS are encouraging or discouraging with regard to age changes in intelligence? Why would people who are more flexible in their personality have higher intelligence test scores in later adulthood? How do the findings from the SLS relate to the concept of dialectical thinking and post-formal operations? Do the findings of intervention studies support or refute fluid-crystallized theory in that it was possible to train fluid abilities in older adults? What are the implications of training studies for the findings of studies more generally on intelligence and aging? Do you agree with the definition of wisdom provided by Baltes? How does it fit with the definition provided by Sternberg in the balance theory of wisdom? How does the Baltes approach illustrate plasticity in adult intelligence?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY IM-7 |2
1.
MALE VS. FEMALE ON MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B When rating their own and the other gender’s intellectual abilities, men rated themselves as higher in: A. interpersonal B. naturalistic C. verbal D. musical
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING AND ITS MEASUREMENT
2.
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The abilities to plan, use working memory, allocate mental resources to incoming tasks, and inhibit information are included in the cognitive skill known in psychology as: A. executive functioning. B. organizational aptitude. C. everyday problem-solving. D. crystallized intelligence.
3.
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING AND DRIVING
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Which executive functioning do you rely most heavily upon while driving? A. Listening to warnings. B. Observing road signs. C. Turning the wheel. D. Planning your route.
4.
WAIS-IV SCALE OF PERCEPTUAL REASONING
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A WAIS-IV test that measures the ability called Perceptual Reasoning is: A. Symbol Search. B. Block Design. C. Digit Span. D. Comprehension.
5.
WAIS-IV SCALE OF DIGIT SPAN
Difficulty: Hard
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Correct choice: C The Digit Span scale on the WAIS-IV measures which intellectual ability? A. Processing Speed B. Perceptual Reasoning C. Working Memory D. Number Manipulation
6.
BEHAVIORS TO NOTE WHEN ADMINISTERING THE WAIS -IV
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D As noted in the text, when administering the WAIS-IV to an older adult, the examiner is instructed to note such factors as: A. room temperature. B. gender differences. C. sense of humor. D. vision problems.
7.
PMAT VS. WAIS-IV
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Unlike the WAIS-IV, the PMAT also assesses an individual’s: A. word fluency. B. processing speed. C. memory. D. personality.
8.
TRAIL-MAKING TEST
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The Trail Making Test is used in a neuropsychological assessment to evaluate the older adult’s: A. naturalistic intelligence. B. frontal lobe functioning. C. frustration tolerance. D. visual memory.
9.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A trained neuropsychologist assessing older adults is likely to use which type of procedures? A. Administering the same 10 tests to all clients. B. Giving most tests in a group format before assessing individuals. C. Tailoring the assessment to the client’s age and symptoms.
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D. Asking the individual’s family to assist in testing.
10. TASK-SWITCHING AS MEASURE OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In neuropsychological tests called ___________________, the examiner changes the nature of the judgments that the older adult must produce. A. verbal fluency B. task-switching C. digit symbol D. trailmaking
11. PERSEVERATION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Due to the tendency to engage in _______________, many older adults repeat the same words on tests of verbal fluency when they are asked to produce words that all begin with the same letter. A. task-switching B. assimilation C. perserveration D. inhibition
12. TRANSFER Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Through videogame training, researchers hope one day to demonstrate that the improvements in skills acquired in these platforms will help older adults improve in their everyday lives, a process known as: A. perseveration B. comprehension C. induction D. transfer
LANGUAGE 13. LANGUAGE AND WORKING MEMORY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Changes in which cognitive function may affect the ability of older adults to put words together, while speaking, into a sentence? A. semantic memory B. visualization IM-7 |5
C. working memory D. task-switching
14. NEUROPLASTICITY IN LANGUAGE (HAROLD MODEL) Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Consistent with the ____________ model of aging and neuroplasticity, older adults are able to compensate by using the right hemisphere in processing language instead of the left. A. HAROLD B. WAIS C. PMAT D. PASA
15. CONTEXT AND LANGUAGE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C By using ___________ to guide them, older adults can compensate for age-related changes in memory and speed when comprehending language. A. spelling B. retrieval C. context D. reminiscence
16. PARALINGUISTIC ELEMENTS AND COMPENSATION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A By interpreting the paralinguistic elements of speech, such as _________________, older adults can compensate for not hearing every word spoken to them in a conversation. A. gestures B. grammar C. semantics D. punctuation
17. ELDERSPEAK EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Al Nino is a man in his 70s who is receiving rehabilitation following his recent hip surgery. Luckily his physical therapist avoids elderspeak because she refers to him as: A. Mr. Nino B. Honey C. Al D. Dear
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18. ELDERSPEAK EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C While checking in on an older adult patient whose husband is visiting her in the hospital, a nurse’s aide finds them holding hands and kissing. The aide immediately laughs and says “That’s so cute!” What is the aide’s behavior referred to in the psychology of aging? A. Geriaphobia B. Oldism C. Elderspeak D. Dialectism
19. COMMUNICATION PREDICATMENT MODEL AND ELDERSPEAK Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A The communication predicament model is associated with which type of language directed toward older adults? A. elderspeak B. gerontophication. C. dialecticism. D. formal operationism.
20. COMMUNICATION PREDICAMENT MODEL Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B According to the Communication _______________ Model, older adults become less cognitively capable when they are spoken to in a condescending manner. A. Problem B. Predicament C. Practice D. Preference
21. MENTAL CLUTTER Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The tendency to ramble may be especially likely to occur in the speech of older adults who experience “mental clutter,” or an inability to: A. speak in an adult-like manner. B. focus on the gist of a story. C. inhibit irrelevant information. D. repeat the same word over and over.
22. INFANTILIZATION IM-7 |7
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Older adults subjected to the process called _____________ are likely to view themselves as unable to carry out activities for themselves. A. dialectics B. testing the limits C. infantilization D. pragmatization
23. BILINGUALISM AND AGING ON TASK-SWITCHING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Bilingual adults benefit because the task-switching required by monitoring two languages strengthens their: A. everyday problem-solving B. crystallized intelligence C. working memory D. executive functioning
24. BILINGUALISM AND AGING ON STROOP Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Older bilingual speakers show performance deficits on which measure of executive functioning? A. task-switching B. Wisconsin card-sorting C. Stroop task D. spatial reasoning
EVERYDAY PROBLEM-SOLVING 25. STAGES IN PROBLEM-SOLVING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A technical repairperson is trying to determine the cause of a recent outage. The first step in the problem-solving is needed to repair the damage is for the repairperson to: A. use trial-and-error to check for causes. B. assess the situation by evaluating all relevant factors. C. determine the efficacy of each solution used. D. try out different approaches until one fixes the problem.
26. TYPES OF PROBLEMS Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A IM-7 |8
Problems in everyday life that are the easiest to solve for older adults are those that: A. involve definite, well-stated goals. B. are stated in vague or ambiguous terms. C. require using an unusual or novel strategy. D. place heavy demands on vocabulary skills.
27. PROBLEMS WITH INSTRUCTIONS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Instruction manuals that use terms that are ________ are particularly challenging for older adults. A. specific B. concrete C. vague D. well-defined
28. EVERYDAY PROBLEMS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In solving everyday problems, older adults typically show which pattern of performance compared to younger adults? A. Faster response times on problems requiring math. B. Superior ability to analyze problems involving logic. C. Better ability to handle problems described in writing. D. Higher scores on problems of an interpersonal nature.
29. ATTRACTION EFFECT- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In research on the attraction effect in problem solving, the findings suggest that older adult consumers are less likely to be influenced by: A. advertising B. personal taste C. extraneous factors D. product price
30. PROBLEM-SOLVING CHANGES IN OLDER ADULTS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In research on the attraction effect in problem solving, the findings suggest that older adult consumers are less likely to be influenced by: A. advertising
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B. personal taste C. extraneous factors D. price
31. PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEM -SOLVING Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D As shown in research on decision-making, one advantage that older problem-solvers seems to possess involves their greater ability to make the most out of: A. timed performance. B. finding alternative solutions. C. advice from other people. D. information from prior experience.
32. FORMAL OPERATIONS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The thinking involved in Piaget’s stage of formal operations involves which type of ability? A. Solving problems with new techniques. B. Using abstract symbols and logic. C. Finding new, undefined problems. D. Understanding interpersonal relations.
33. DIALECTICAL THINKING AND POST-FORMAL OPERATIONS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The term dialectical thinking applies most closely to which concept based on Piaget’s theory? A. Formal operations B. Logical thought C. Post-formal operations D. Fluid intelligence
34. ADULT LEARNERS Difficulty: Correct choice: C The majority of adults ages 60 and older in the U.S. reportedly take adult education courses because they seek: A. career advancement. B. second or third degrees. C. personal interest. D. interactions with the young.
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INTELLIGENCE 35. CLASSIC AGING PATTERN Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The idea that intelligence tests such as the WAIS-IV show a peak in overall IQ in early adulthood is called the ____________ pattern. A. classic aging B. general factor C. reserve capacity D. Berlin wisdom
36. CHC MODEL OF VISUAL PROCESSING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In the CHC model of intelligence, length estimation would be considered a measure of: A. processing speed. B. quantitative knowledge. C. visual processing. D. reaction and decision speed.
37. CRYSTALLIZED INCREASE EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D While playing “Words with Friends” with her 72-year-old grandmother, Frieda Lay is shocked to find that she is losing badly because her grandmother just seems to know so many more words. Frieda’s grandmother is illustrating the fact that: A. older adults are superior to younger adults in inductive reasoning. B. later life is associated with much faster response speed. C. secondary abilities improve but primary abilities decline in later life. D. crystallized intelligence rises throughout adulthood into the 70s.
38. CHC MODEL THIRD LEVEL Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In the CHC model of intelligence, the third level is considered to be: A. specific skills. B. pragmatic wisdom. C. general ability. D. visualization.
39. SLS MEASURES IM-7 |11
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The measure of intelligence on which the SLS findings are based is the: A. WAIS-IV. B. CHC. C. Gf-Gc. D. PMAT.
40. COHORT EFFECTS IN SLS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C An analysis of cohort effects in the SLS by Gerstorf and colleagues showed that later-born cohorts had higher scores than earlier-born cohorts on almost all measures, suggesting the effect of: A. years of education. B. cardiovascular disease rates. C. exposure to technology. D. global climate change.
41. WHITEHALL II FINDINGS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The findings on executive function and lifestyle factors from Whitehall II showed that people whose abilities declined the most also tended to: A. drink moderate amounts of alcohol. B. live very close to their children. C. exercise a moderate amount. D. consume large amounts of fruits and vegetables.
42. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Women show greater decreases across adulthood than men except on the _____________ scale of the WAIS-IV. A. Digit Symbol B. Similarities C. Block Design D. Matrix Reasoning
43. TEACHERS AND INTELLIGENCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B
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Higher scores on verbal fluency and working memory were found among a sample of people employed as __________ in a study carried out in the Netherlands. A. physicians B. teachers C. nurses D. architects
44. PERSONALITY AND INTELLIGENCE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The SLS showed that people least likely to retain their intellectual abilities in later adulthood were low on the personality factor of: A. reserve capacity B. life complexity. C. dialectical thinking. D. formal operations.
45. RESERVE CAPACITY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The idea of reserve capacity in research on aging and intelligence is very similar to the concept of ____________ in the nervous system. A. fallout B. preservation C. plasticity D. complexity
46. TESTING THE LIMITS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A In the procedure known as testing the limits, researchers studying the aging process try to: A. provide cognitive training until they show no more improvements. B. challenge older adults to push themselves physically. C. ask older adults to complete a large number of ability measures. D. encourage older adults to work slowly and carefully.
47. BERLIN WISDOM PARADIGM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The Berlin Wisdom Paradigm emphasizes which quality of intelligence? A. mechanics B. multidimensional
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C. pragmatics D. crystallized
48. PRAGMATICS OF INTELLIGENCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The pragmatics of intelligence, in the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, emphasizes which type of abilities? A. Understanding the role of culture B. Solving real-life problems C. Being able to respond quickly D. Having a strong working memory
49. MECHANICS OF INTELLIGENCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A In the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, working memory would be considered to represent the __________ of intelligence. A. mechanics B. contextualization C. pragmatics D. relativism
50. WISDOM AND FLUID INTELLIGENCE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In research on the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm by Grossman and colleagues, the older adults who were seen by others as wise had lower scores on a measure of: A. fluid intelligence. B. vocabulary knowledge. C. general information. D. life complexity.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING AND ITS MEASUREMENT 1. 2. 3.
What are the major neuropsychological assessment measures? Which measures of intelligence are the least biased by cultural factors? Which are the most? What changes have taken place in the WAIS leading up to the present WAIS-IV?
LANGUAGE 1. 2.
What are the five major changes in cognitive ability that affect language in older adults? How do older adults compensate in their use of language for changes in cognitive ability?
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3.
Define and describe the communication predicament model. How does it relate to the concept of elderspeak?
EVERYDAY PROBLEM SOLVING 1. 2. 3. 4.
What are five of the tests used in the Everyday Problems Test? What are these tests attempting to measure? Describe two advantages and two disadvantages that older problem solvers have based on their greater experience. Discuss three implications of age differences in problem solving and thinking for those who teach adult learners. What are three characteristics of post-formal thinkers?
INTELLIGENCE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Outline the major developments in the measurement of intelligence. Define and contrast fluid and crystallized intelligence. Provide two examples of each type of ability. List and define the five scales on the PMA used in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Summarize the main findings of the SLS in terms of the scales of the PMA. Provide two examples of cohort effects as found in the SLS. Define the five aspects of intelligence and plasticity investigated by Baltes.
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
How do the concepts of problem-finding and post-formal operations relate to alternative views of intelligence in adulthood? What are the practical implications of findings on intelligence for understanding the performance of older workers on the job? How might training studies on intelligence incorporate the concept of wisdom? Which do you think is more important for competent functioning in adulthood: the pragmatics or the mechanics of intelligence? Justify your answer. How might age changes in intelligence relate to identity processes? What advice or counseling would you provide to older adults who are concerned about loss of their intellectual skills?
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CHAPTER 8 Personality and Patterns of Coping LECTURE GUIDELINES In many ways, this chapter follows a traditional format of a personality theories course, with the opening sections focusing on theories presented from psychodynamic through cognitive, followed by research conducted from these alternative perspectives. However, the orientation of the chapter is toward how these theories and research apply to adults and the aging process, thus distinguishing it from a standard personality course which is typically non-developmental. In particular, the issue of personality change vs. stability is a theme of the chapter, as this is a major issue in the adult personality field. Furthermore, the midlife crisis theory and criticisms are presented, a topic that is essentially unique to the field of adult development and aging. The material in this chapter lends itself to two to three lectures, divided roughly between the pychodynamic-trait section and the cognitive perspective-midlife crisis section. There is a heavy research emphasis in this chapter, reflecting the fact that there is a considerable body of work accumulating on the topic of personality in midlife and particularly the relationship between personality and health-related behaviors. Although students will probably be eager to learn about "personality" in the popular sense, they may be surprised to find that the material is at this more advanced level of theory and research. However, the instructor can get students on board with examining the empirical findings on adult personality by relating the theme of personality stability vs. change to their own lives. Each of the theorists and researchers discussed in this chapter is dealing with concrete and important issues, and the question of maturity becomes an intriguing one to explore here. Many of the studies point to the development of greater insight, perspective, and a general "mellowing out" of personality. However, it is just as important for students to recognize that middle age and beyond do not involve a simple settling in or settling for what life has dealt. Therefore, the chapter also emphasizes the ways that adults can find new sources of growth and creativity (much as in the section on wisdom) as they reach their later years. Erikson's concept of "vital involvement" serves as an important contrast to the notion that people simply adapt to life's vicissitudes as they get older.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are many popular movies that can be shown depicting personality changes in middle and later adulthood but relatively few documentaries or professional videotapes. The movie “Up” can be used to show personality change in later adulthood (as the protagonist seems to be transformed through his relationship to the young boy). “The Bucket List” could also be shown here to illustrate ego integrity. Several popular "midlife crisis" movies are available to choose from, including the classic "American Beauty” (the scene beginning with Annette Bening singing “Don’t Rain on My Parade.”
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE Do you agree with Freud that personality is fixed by the age of 5? What do you think of Freud's statement that the goal of development "to love and to work"? What does that mean in today's terms? Why is Erikson's theory in the category of "ego psychology" theories? Do you agree with Loevinger's conclusion that the majority of adults are at the Conscientious-Conformist stage? Can you think of a time you used a mature defense mechanism? Can you think of a time you used an immature defense mechanism? Do you think people's personalities become more "mature" as they get older? What is meant by the “quiet ego,” and do you think that people actually do develop one as they get older? Do the studies of defense mechanisms and coping portray middle-aged and older adults as too passive and willing to "go with the flow"? Would you look forward to becoming this way as you got older? What type of attachment style do you think you have? Which adult pathway do you believe that you are on? How about your parents or other family members? IM-8 |1
TRAIT APPROACHES How would you describe your best friend? How would your best friend describe you? Why do you think people use trait terms when defining the personality of people they know? Can you think of traits other than the five in the Five Factor Model that should be included? As high as the numbers are in favor of the stability position, are you convinced that personality does not change after the age of 30? Can you think of cases where people changed their personalities? Is it depressing to think that personality might be fixed so early in adulthood? What would you like to change about yourself and do you think you'll be able to do so?
SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACHES In your opinion, does socioemotional selectivity theory predict that older adults have fewer close relationships or that the nature of their relationships changes? Defend your answer.
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Do you agree that views of the self are important in understanding personality? Why or why not? How might views of the self change as people develop through adulthood? How might people's ideas about what they will be like in the future influence their present behavior? What are your possible selves? How do they influence the decisions you make now? Which method of reacting to obstacles characterizes your approach to life- do you try to change the environment or do you change your goals? How do these theories relate to the identity process model and Kelly's personal construct theory? What do these theories imply about change in motivation in later adulthood? What are the advantages of identity assimilation? What are the advantages of identity accommodation? Can you provide examples of people who illustrate each identity process? Why might people who use identity assimilation have higher self-esteem than those who use identity accommodation? Why might women be more likely to use identity accommodation than are men?
MIDLIFE CRISIS THEORIES AND FINDINGS Do you agree that there is a midlife crisis? Have you observed it in people you know? Why do you think the concept of a midlife crisis was proposed? How does it fit with other theories of personality development in adulthood? Why is the concept of midlife crisis still so popular despite lack of evidence to support it? Who is most likely to experience a midlife crisis? Do you agree that the concept is popular because it makes a "good story"? Could a midlife crisis be used as an excuse by someone seeking a way out of an unhappy life situation? Do you think the midlife crisis concept would have originated if Levinson had used a more diverse sample in his study?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY
1.
AGING TODAY- DEPRESSIVE REALISM
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C As pointed out in “Aging Today,” people who view their situations in life honestly, if not with a slight sense of worry, can be considered high in: A. neurotic sadness.
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B. negative emotionalism. C. depressive realism. D. affective dysregulation.
PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE 2.
EGO PSYCHOLOGY BASIC CONCEPT
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The “ego” in ego psychology approaches to adult development and aging refers to the fact that these theories emphasize: A. inborn traits or constitutional dispositions. B. biological patterns of responding to stimuli. C. learned habits acquired through reinforcement. D. a structure in personality proposed by Freudian theory.
3.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A major emphasis of psychodynamic theory is understanding the use of ________________ in adulthood. A. defense mechanisms B. traits C. cognitive processes D. five factors
4.
IDENTITY STATUSES- FORECLOSED
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In Erikson’s theory, emerging adults who arrive at commitments but do not evaluate alternative commitments would be in which identity status? A. Foreclosure. B. Achieved. C. Diffuse. D. Moratorium.
5.
DIFFUSE IDENTITY STATUS AND DRUG/DELINQUENT BEHAVIORS
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Research on identity in emerging adults suggests that those who are most likely to engage in delinquent and drugrelated behaviors are in which identity status? A. Achieved B. Moratorium C. Diffuse D. Foreclosed IM-8 |3
6.
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS-CONFORMIST
Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D Because most adults in our society have internalized society’s norms about what’s right and wrong but do not necessarily have a true conscience, personality theorist Loevinger believed that they fall into the _______________ stage of ego development. A. Introverted-Extraverted B. Assimilation-Accommodation C. Autonomy-shame/doubt D. Conscientious-Conformist
7.
REDEMPTIVE SELF AND GENERATIVITY
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The notion of the “redemptive self,” as proposed by McAdams comes closest to which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory? A. Generativity B. Autonomy C. Ego integrity D. Identity
8.
QUIET EGO CHANGES
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A As people get older they should, according to Bauer, care less about themselves and more about others, an increase in what he calls: A. quiet ego. B. foreclosed identity. C. secure attachment. D. possible selves.
9.
RALS USED HIERARCHICAL LINEAR MODELING
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Because it studied patterns of individual changes over time, the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study (RALS) on psychosocial development used the multivariate correlational method known as: A. logistic regression. B. analysis of variance. C. hierarchical linear modeling. D. meta-analysis.
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Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Using sequential methods made it possible for the RALS to investigate the role of ____________ in psychosocial development. A. gender B. race C. marital status D. cohort
11. TRIUMPHANT TRAIL Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A A 56-year old man has struggled with psychological disorder throughout his entire life, but he has finally managed to overcome his symptoms enough to establish himself in his community as a member of the town council. He has also found happiness in a committed relationship with a woman and they are talking about getting married. This man would fit which life pathway as described from research on the RALS? A. Triumphant Trail. B. Meandering Way. C. Authentic Road. D. Straight and Narrow.
12. AUTHENTIC ROAD EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A A 60-year-old accountant feels satisfied with the life choices she’s made even though she’s still open to making changes in the future. Which of the five pathways in the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study best describes her? A. Authentic Road B. Meandering Way C. Triumphant Trail D. Straight and Narrow
13. RESULTS FROM MILLS AND RADCLIFFE STUDIES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In longitudinal research on ego development in women conducted by Helson and her colleagues at Mills College, the results showed that during the years of adulthood, women decreased in: A. feelings of independence. B. degree of self-control. C. perceived femininity. D. self-rated leadership.
14. MATURE DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN VAILLANT’S THEORY IM-8 |5
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C In Vaillant’s ego psychology theory of personality, older adults are more likely to show which type of adaptation to the/stress in the/ir lives? A. Conscientious-conformist. B. Identity accommodation. C. Mature defense mechanism. D. Insecure attachment style.
15. INTEGRATED STAGE IN LOEVINGER’S THEORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The adult’s ability to express the true “inner self” is associated with which stage of development in Loevinger’s theory? A. Postformal B. Integrated C. Conscientious D. Autonomous
16. IMMATURE DEFENSE MECHANISM EXAMPLE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C A 27-year-old graduate student finds out that he failed his comprehensive exams, an experience that would normally be extremely anxiety-provoking. However, instead of becoming openly upset, he goes out drinking with his friends that night and never even mentions the failure. Even the next day, he doesn’t actually act like anything has gone wrong with his career. Vaillant would classify this as an example of a(n): A. identity vs. identity diffusion crisis. B. self-actualization threat. C. insecure attachment style. D. immature defense mechanism.
17. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DEFENSE MECHANISMS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In comparing men and women on defense mechanisms, researchers find that women are more likely than men to engage in which approach to handling stress or anxiety? A. self-blame B. reaction formation C. denial D. acting out
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18. ATTACHMENT THEORY PERSPECTIVE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Attachment theory fits into the ______________ perspective in personality and aging. A. social cognitive B. identity process C. five-factor D. psychodynamic
19. SAFE HAVEN Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Research on attachment styles in older adults shows that older adults have a variety of sources of security which provide a(n) _____________ when they are experiencing distress. A. emotional island B. mental respite C. safe haven D. self affirmation
20. AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT STYLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A 34-year-old woman is struggling to overcome her extreme anxiety that her friends will desert her, so she tends to stay away from making new friendships. According to the attachment style perspective, she would be considered to be _________ in her attachment style. A. avoidant. B. resistant. C. secure. D. autonomous.
TRAIT APPROACHES 21. TRAIT PERSPECTIVE GENERAL Difficulty: .76 Correct choice: A The Five Factor model of personality fits into which overall category of psychological theories? A. trait B. neo-behaviorist C. cognitive D. psychodynamic
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22. NEO-PI-R- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Researchers and clinicians use the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) to study the _____________ model of personality in adulthood. A. attachment style B. ego development C. five factor D. defense mechanism
23. NEO-PI-R- CHOICE 24. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND DRUGS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The personality trait within the Five Factor Model found to predict smoking and drug use in adulthood is: A. Agreeableness B. Conscientiousness C. Extraversion D. Introversion
25. FIVE FACTOR MODEL AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Difficulty: 82 Correct choice: C The psychologist testing a 78-year-old new clientadministered the NEO-PI-R as part of a neuropsychological assessment. She noted that the client has markedly high scores on an Alzheimer’s screening test. According to research on the Five Factor Model and Alzheimer’s disease risk, which scale of the NEO-PI-R is likely to be abnormally high? A. Agreeableness B. Openness C. Neuroticism D. Defensiveness Set in plaster- William James Quote Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The well-known psychologist who proposed that personality is “set in plaster” by the age of 30 was: A. Loevinger. B. Levinson. C. James. D. Erikson.
26. META-ANALYSIS OF PERSONALITY TRAIT STUDIES
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Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on aging and the Five Factor Model revealed that, across many of these studies, individuals increased up until the age of about 40 in which trait? A. neuroticism B. psychopathology C. disagreeableness D. social dominance
27. CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The ________________ principle would predict that, over time, a highly agreeable person would be more liked by other people, which would further increase that person’s agreeableness over the years of adulthood. A. accommodation B. generativity C. correspondence D. stability
28. CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A According to the correspondence principle, personality __________ is enhanced over adulthood because people selectively experience life events that reinforce their existing personalities. A. stability B. change C. identity D. change
29. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND IL-6 Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Lower levels of IL-6 were associated in research on the MIDUS with which FFM personality trait? A. hostility B. openness C. conscientiousness D. agreeableness
30. PREVENTION AND PERSONALITY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B
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Research conducted by Lodi-Smith comparing personality and preventive behaviors found that observer-rated personality traits were correlated with which measure relevant to health? A. Type A behavior B. smoking C. education D. blood pressure
31. HOSTILITY AND HEART DISEASE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C A cardiologist/Dr. Al Fresco/ sees many middle-aged and older patients who suffer from heart disease and all seem to share a certain personality trait. Based on longitudinal research on adults from college through midlife, which personality trait is this likely to be? A. hostility B. conscientiousness C. dutifulness D. openness to experience
32. TYPE A AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In the Type A behavior pattern, high scores on hostility seem strongly related to which health outcome? A. Respiratory illness B. Major depression C. Cardiovascular disease D. Hearing loss
33. TYPE A AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE - EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A behavioral health specialist working on a cardiologist’s hospital team is called in to conduct a session with a new patient. After determining that the patient fits the Type A Behavior Pattern, what would be the best way for her to try to help this patient decrease his future heart disease risk? A. Start a program of family therapy B. Teach him to be less agreeable C. Help him act out his feelings D. Work on reducing his hostility
SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACHES 34. SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B IM-8 |10
Socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that we feel closer to ____________ as we get closer to the end of our lives. A. casual acquaintances B. our best friends C. extended family D. political leaders
35. SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY CHOICE- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The amount of time a person has left to live is an important factor in personality according to which theory of development? A. normative influence B. secure attachment C. socioemotional selectivity D. ego integrity
36. SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY RESEARCH Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Studies testing the predictions of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory involving eye tracking measurements while people look at facial stimuli note that younger adults, compared to older adults, are more likely to focus on parts of the face showing: A. happiness B. delight C. joy D. anger
37. AFFECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF RELATIONSHIPS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B As pointed out in socioemotional selectivity theory, people who value the _________ function of their relationships are likely to seek advice and practical tips from the people with whom they spend time. A. affective B. informational C. mood-regulating D. emotional
38. RESEARCH ON SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B Supporting the theory known as ____________, Isaacowitz’s research on eye movements showed that older people prefer to look at the happy parts of a face. A. trait pattern stability B. socioemotional selectivity
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C. intrapsychic preference D. identity process
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE 39. POSSIBLE SELF- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The idea of what you could become at some point in the future is known as your: A. attachment style. B. life structure. C. possible self. D. ego integrity.
40. PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D People who use problem-focused coping are most likely to try to change ____________ when faced with a stressor. A. their mood B. the facts C. their thoughts D. the situation
41. EMOTION-FOCUSED EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A 62-year-old woman was told by her physician, much to her own distress, that she needs to lose 15 pounds in order to reduce her risk of developing diabetes. Instead of following the physician’s advice, though, she instead tries to make herself feel better by minimizing the importance of what she’s just heard. This way of coping with stress is known as: A. problem-focused. B. support seeking. C. emotion-focused. D. possible self-affirmation.
42. RESILIENCE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The quality of _______________ refers being able to the ability to recover from stress. A. extraversion B. correspondence C. resilience D. attachment IM-8 |12
43. SELF-EFFICACY AND PROBLEM-FOCUSED Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B People high in self-efficacy are likely to adapt to stress by using which type of coping methods? A. affect regulation B. problem-focused C. secure attachment D. emotion-focused
44. IDENTITY ACCOMMODATION AND SELF-ESTEEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In later life, people who are low in self-esteem tend to be those who use the identity process of: A. assimilation B. balance C. mistrust D. accommodation
45. LIFE STORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The inner narrative that people create of their experiences up to the present point is called the: A. life structure. B. feared self. C. life story. D. daily diary.
MIDLIFE CRISIS THEORIES AND FINDINGS 46. LIFE STRUCTURE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The patterning of an individual’s personal development, occupation, family roles, religion, friendships, and religion at a particular point in time is referred to by Levinson as the: A. life structure. B. identity process. C. coping style. D. possible self.
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47. PERCENT WHO STATE THEY HAVE A MIDLIFE CRISIS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A large-scale survey of adults from MIDUS showed that ______% indicated they had experienced a “midlife” crisis, though the ages associated with that crisis showed a wide range. A. 95 B. 57 C. 78 D. 26
48. AMERICAN BEAUTY AS EXAMPLE OF MID -LIFE CRISIS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The movie “American Beauty” famously depicted a character intended to be involved in the process known as: A. midlife crisis. B. socioemotional selectivity. C. introversion transition. D. possible self-seeking.
49. MIDLIFE CRISIS RESEARCH ON WOMEN Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In a large scale review of studies on midlife in women, the findings showed support for the idea that: A. women experience a midlife crisis earlier than do men. B. more women than men experience a midlife crisis. C. the midlife crisis affects only unmarried women. D. stage in midlife did not predict any outcome measures.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE 1. 2. 3. 4.
Briefly describe the six stages of ego development in Loevinger's theory. Contrast the mature with the immature defense mechanisms in Vaillant's theory. Summarize the major findings from the Rochester Study. Provide a brief summary of five major findings from the Mills and Radcliffe Studies.
TRAIT APPROACHES 1. 2. 3.
Summarize the five factors in the Five Factor Model. Indicate the three major findings in support of stability from research on the Five Factor Model. Based on the Assess Yourself Box, what criticisms might you make of research based on the NEO-PI-R, the questionnaire measure used to assess the Five Factor Model?
SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACHES IM-8 |14
1. 2.
How does socioemotional selectivity theory account for changes in later adulthood in emotions? What effect does a shortening of time perspective have on an individual’s relationships with others?
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE 1. 2.
What are the two main forms of coping? Define and contrast identity assimilation and identity accommodation. Which process is more adaptive in terms of self-esteem in later life?
MIDLIFE CRISIS THEORIES AND FINDINGS 1. 2. 3.
Summarize the major stages of Levinson's theory. What are three major criticisms of midlife crisis theory? What type of evidence was provided by Levinson in support of the midlife crisis theory?
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
Compare predictions about adult personality development from the Five Factor Model with the results of studies based on theories of ego development. Which results do you find more convincing? Why? What are the implications of the alternative theories of personality in middle and later adulthood for treatment of psychological disorders? What personal observations in your life have you made about the validity of the midlife crisis concept? How do these observations fit with the theories and research on this topic in the adult development literature? Summarize the patterns of gender differences in development that are apparent from studies on personality in adulthood. What further work in this area needs to be done? Why? Which theories of personality development are most compatible with the midlife crisis theory? Why? How do changes in physical functioning and health relate to personality changes in adulthood as described by the theories and research in this chapter?
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CHAPTER 9 Relationships LECTURE GUIDELINES The topic of marriage and family constitutes an entire course in itself, so it is somewhat of a challenge to condense it into one or two lectures. You should use your lecture time must be used carefully and students should be encouraged to complete their reading prior to class (as always but especially in this case). The first section within each of the topics covers current statistics. These could be skipped in lecture in favor of more theoretical material, or the statistics could be presented in terms of highlights. These highlights would include the decline in marriage rates since 1970, the rising age of first marriage, and changes in the divorce rate. Variations in marriage and divorce rates by age, sex, and race should also be included in a discussion of statistics. The theoretical perspectives on relationships satisfaction in adulthood help to bring depth to these discussions of close relationships. This section also includes sexual patterns in marriage over adulthood, a topic that is obviously of great interest to many people. The second unit of information in this chapter concerns family relationships, and here there are also a wealth of data, concepts, and theories. Summarizing statistics on childbirth, family size, and grandparenting helps to provide background to more theoretically oriented discussions regarding the transition to parenthood, extended family relationships, and changes in the family from a sociocultural perspective. Many of these topics can be given specific focus, particularly the relatively new phenomenon of grandparents raising grandchildren. However, other relatively neglected areas such as sibling and friendship relationships also provide very interesting personal and theoretical insights for students. Variations among people in so-called "nontraditional" situations (becoming more traditional), such as blended families and lesbian and gay relationships, are discussed throughout the chapter but can form a theme of a particular lecture or part of a lecture according to the instructor's expertise and interest in the area.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are virtually an infinite number of popular movies to choose from to illustrate almost any point on the topic of marriage and family relationships. The guiding principle here should be recency (i.e. only show "Love Story" if it is to illustrate a point about relationships in the 1960s) and perhaps the culture of the campus in terms of what might be considered too explicit in a film about adult relationships. Within those very broad guidelines, there are literally hundreds of films showing couples, parents, grandparents and grandchildren, extended family networks, not to mention “buddy” movies and female-oriented friendship movies.
MARRIAGE AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS Do you think it is necessary to be married to have an intimate relationship? Why or why not? What is the social significance of marriage? Why do people invest so much energy and expense into their own weddings? Why are men more likely than women to marry late in life? What sociocultural factors are responsible for differences in marriage rates between whites and blacks? Do you agree with some experts who believe that many current problems can be attributed to a decline in the traditional family structure? Why might adults decide to cohabit rather than get married? What are some of the problems involved in calculating the probability that a marriage will end in divorce? Do you know (or are you one) people who have been divorced? How were their lives affected? Do you know (or are you one) children of divorced parents? What has their experience been like? Has anyone in your family lost a spouse? How did he or she react to the loss? What are the problems faced in our society by people who become widows? Do you feel that "opposites attract," or does "like attract like"?
FAMILIES Do you think people go through an empty nest when their children leave home? Do you think it has happened or will happen with your parents? IM-9 |1
Is it inevitable that older people lose their sexuality? (if any parents are in the class) How did you feel when you became a parent? How did it change your life? (for non-parents) How do you think your life will change when you become a parent? Why is the transition to parenthood important from a theoretical point of view? What might some of the dynamics be in blended families? Do you know people in blended families? How do they compare with families that are not blended? Is there a difference between "blended" and "reconstituted"? What understanding can we gain from examining same sex couples who become parents? What are the roles of household tasks (such as taking out the garbage) vs. child care duties as influences on the transition to parenthood? How does your family fit into the intergenerational solidarity model? Have you experienced the concepts of developmental stake and developmental schism? How have these affected you? Does your cultural background emphasize filial obligation? How does this affect the dynamics in your family? Is sibling rivalry still an issue in your family? Do you agree that helicopter parenting may be good for young adults in transition? What are some of the issues faced by grandparents who have responsibility for raising their grandchildren? What types of grandparents do you have? How would you rate them on the grandparent style types?
FRIENDSHIPS Do you think you will stay in touch with your college friends throughout the rest of your life? Why or why not? What could you do to ensure that your close friendships do not dissolve after college? Why are friends so important for personal happiness?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS MARRIAGE AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS
1.
MEDIAN AGE OF MARRIAGE
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B In 2010, a woman marrying for the first time at 30 years of age would be approximately ___________ compared to the median woman in the U.S. for age at first marriage. A. 10 years older B. 4 years older C. exactly the same age D. 3 years younger
2.
RACE AND ETHNICITY
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Of the following, which race and sex group is MOST likely to be married and living with a spouse? A. Asian women 65-74 B. Hispanic men 75-84 C. Non-hispanic White men 65-74 D. Black women 85 and older
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3.
COHABITATION EFFECT
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A couple decided to move in together because they were unsure about whether or not they wanted to commit to a long-term relationship. They figured they’d give it a try. Should they get married, research suggests that they will potentially experience the __________ effect: A. social equity B. cohabitation C. similarity D. attachment
4.
DIVORCE PRONENESS- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Because many adults enter into remarriages more likely to leave because they are open to the relationship’s ending, they are said to be high on the factor known as: A. divorce proneness. B. social equity. C. reciprocal exchange. D. behavioral instability.
5.
PATTERNS OF GRIEF IN WIDOWS
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Research by Bonnanno on grief in widows showed that the majority of women displayed the pattern known as ____________ grief. A. depressive B. resilient C. abnormal D. reliant
6.
WIDOWHOOD EFFECT- STEM
Difficulty: .96 Correct choice: C The widowhood effect refers to the finding that individuals whose spouses die, compared to those still married, have higher: A. involvement in their communities. B. percentages of “good” cholesterol. C. rates of dying from all causes. D. ratings of relationships with children.
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7.
WIDOWHOOD EFFECT – CHOICE
Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D The ___________ effect refers to the fact that widows are more likely to die after losing their spouse. A. mortality B. equity C. similarity D. widowhood
8.
BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The ______________approach to marital satisfaction predicts greater happiness when couples engage in positive behaviors such as expressing affection. A. similarity B. equity C. social exchange D. behavioral
9.
HEALTH RISKS OF WIDOWED WOMEN
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D A woman because a widow 20 years ago and has not remarried. Compared to other women her age who are currently married, Anne is likely to engage in which types of health-related behaviors? A. Eating more fruits and vegetables. B. Drinking lower amounts of alcohol. C. Eating foods lower in fat. D. Engaging in less physical activity.
10. NEED COMPLEMENTARITY HYPOTHESIS EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A couple in their 30s is thinking of getting married. One partner is very outgoing and sociable, and the other is introverted and shy. According to the ____________ hypothesis on long-term relationships, they should be very happy together. A. need complementarity B. socioemotional selectivity C. marital similarity D. social inequity
11. SIMILARITY HYPOTHESIS- STEM
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Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The highest marital satisfaction, according to the similarity hypothesis, occurs when couples: A. have similar values but different personalities. B. start out different and then become more alike. C. are very much alike in their personalities. D. start out alike and then become very different.
12. EQUITY THEORY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In equity theory, partners are seen as having the highest marital satisfaction if they: A. come from similar backgrounds and have similar values. B. evaluate the costs of being in the couple as greater than the benefits. C. believe they are each contributing similarly to the relationship. D. have a complementary set of social attitudes and values.
13. SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B According to __________________ theory, members of a couple in a long-term relationship should prefer to spend time with each other rather than people they don’t know very well. A. behavioral interaction B. socioemotional selectivity C. need complementarity D. social exchange
14. WHAT MEN WANT IN WIVES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A couple you know has recently gotten married. Research shows that the husband will be happiest with his wife if she shows the quality of: A. dependability. B. athleticism. C. sociability. D. impulsiveness.
15. ENDURING DYNAMICS PATHWAY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C
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In the ______________ pathway of long-term relationships, the way a couple gets along at the outset of the marriage will continue throughout the length time they stay together. A. disillusionment B. dyadic withdrawal C. enduring dynamics D. emergent distress
16. EMERGENT DISTRESS PATHWAY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Couples in long-term relationships characterized by emergent distress show which pattern of conflict over time? A. initial unhappiness followed by improved ways of handling conflict B. continued inability to handle stress and conflict C. initial happiness which evolves into high levels of conflict D. gradual disappointment with each other and the relationship
17. SAME-SEX COUPLES DYNAMICS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Compared to opposite-sex couples living together, research shows that same-sex couples are: A. more likely to be of the same race. B. less likely to share household roles. C. less likely to break up. D. more bound to traditional values.
18. DISILLUSIONMENT PATHWAY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A A couple who had initially seemed destined to remain together for years, if not decades, surprised their families when they announced their impending divorce. Neither of them could cite a particular problem; it’s just they felt they grew apart. This pattern of long-term relationship is known as: A. disillusionment B. enduring dynamics C. emergent distress D. marital disharmony
19. EXTRA-MARITAL AFFAIRS AND DIVORCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Approximately ______% of men and women who have extramarital affairs become divorced. A. 25 B. 10
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C. 33 D. 50
20. ADAPTING TO DIVORCE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Research on adapting to divorce shows that the least frequent negative emotions are experienced by people who: A. are the ones to initiate the divorce. B. feel they’ve gained independence. C. share co-parenting or a business. D. cut off all communication with each other.
21. NUMBER OF WIDOWED ADULTS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B In the U.S., there are approximately ______ million widowed adults, most of whom are 65 and older. A. 32 B. 14 C. 73 D. 54
22. ANNIVERSARY REACTION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The “anniversary reaction,” as applied to widowhood, refers to the: A. increase in mortality in the months following loss of a spouse. B. renewed feelings of loss near the date of the spouse’s death. C. feelings of relief after a long period of caregiving has ended. D. unwillingness of widows to date for a year after the spouse’s death.
FAMILIES 23. MEN’S ROLES AS FATHERS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Men who become most confident about their roles as fathers are those who: A. adopt traditional gender roles in the home. B. have high-paying jobs with flexible hours. C. are regarded as competent by their wives. D. were older brothers of younger sisters.
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24. TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD SATISFACTION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A meta-analysis of studies on satisfaction among couples before and after birth of the first child showed that, compared to non-parents, the parents: A. improved in overall and relationship satisfaction. B. declined in relationship but improved in overall satisfaction. C. showed about the same relationship satisfaction decline. D. showed about the same personal satisfaction increase.
25. DOING GENDER- STEM Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D The phenomenon in families known as “doing gender” describes what happens when parents: A. have children all of one sex. B. live together with their in-laws. C. divide children’s chores according to sex. D. behave according to traditional roles.
26. DOING GENDER- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The phenomenon known as doing _________ occurs after the transition to parenthood, when men and women adopt more stereotyped roles in the household. A. sex B. roles C. gender D. baby
27. DOING GENDER EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A A woman felt that her relationship with her partner took a turn for the worse when, after having their first child, she had to take on more of the “feminine” household tasks. This is an example of _____________, a factor that can contribute to reduced marital satisfaction among women in the transition to parenthood. A. doing gender B. enacting roles C. changing places D. exchanging duties
28. SAME-SEX PARENTS
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Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Research shows that lesbian and gay couples experience more emotional difficulties in raising children when they: A. live in states that do not favor same-sex parental adoption. B. are overwhelmed by support from their families. C. are protected from experiences involving homophobia. D. have their children through adoption or surrogacy.
29. EMPTY NEST AND ETHNICITY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Research on the so-called “empty nest syndrome” showed that feelings of unhappiness following the children’s leaving the home were most prominent among parents of which ethnicity? A. Western European B. Indo/East Indian C. Latino/Latina D. Eastern European
30. EMPTY NEST ADAPTATION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A study of Canadian parents showed that the greatest difficulty in adapting to the empty nest was experienced by parents who: A. feel that it’s time to release control over their children. B. believe that the world is a dangerous and threatening place. C. strongly identify with their vocational roles. D. wish they could relive their own earlier days of youth.
31. STRUCTURAL AMBIVALENCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A young woman feels that her parents treated her too much like an adult when she was growing up, giving her more responsibility than even she felt she could handle. This situation reflects a relationship characterized by: A. associational strength. B. structural ambivalence. C. consensual pressure. D. filial obligation.
32. INTERGENERATIONAL SOLIDARITY MODEL CONSENSUS EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C
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A 40-year-old man was disappointed that his family reunion was spoiled when the older relatives clashed with the younger relatives about the upcoming presidential election. No matter what he did, it was impossible for him to get each side to see the other’s point. According to the Intergenerational Solidarity Model, the generations would have low scores on the ____________ dimension. A. normative. B. maturity. C. consensual D. ambivalence.
33. INTERGENERATIONAL SOLIDARITY MODEL ASSOCIATIONAL EXAMPLE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The relatives in a young woman’s family see each other only for major holidays and family events on average about two or three times a year, even though they live within 30 minutes from each other. Based on this information, you would rate this family as on the negative end of which dimension of the Intergenerational Solidarity Model? A. Affectual B. Normative C. Associational D. Structural
34. DEVELOPMENTAL SCHISM- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The situation in families when parents and their adult children no longer want to be with each other and, in fact, no longer value the relationship is known as a(n): A. intergenerational stake. B. developmental schism. C. disillusionment pathway. D. skip generation.
35. FILIAL OBLIGATION ETHNIC/RACIAL VARIATIONS Difficulty: Correct choice: D The greatest degree of filial _________is likely to be experienced by Asian American families. A. maturity B. reciprocity C. solidarity D. obligation
36. INTERGENERATIONAL STAKE HYPOTHESIS - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A
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The intergenerational stake hypothesis about families with adult children proposes that: A. parents care more about children than children about parents. B. adult children will get along better with each other if are close in age. C. grandparents and grandchildren will relate better than parents and children. D. children will be more likely to love parents who give them extra attention.
37. FILIAL MATURITY- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D When children reach the age at which they enter adulthood, they and their parents experience a phenomenon known as: A. filial anxiety. B. blending families. C. empty nesting. D. filial maturity.
38. CONTINGENCY THEORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A According to the _____________, parents tend to give more support to their adult children who need the most help. A. contingency theory B. intergenerational stake hypothesis C. role reversal model D. intergenerational solidarity model
39. HELICOPTER PARENTS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Research on “helicopter parents” among young adults and their parents indicates that adult children who receive “intense” support from their parents report feeling: A. overly nurtured and unwilling to live on their own. B. more likely to want to become parents themselves. C. resentful that they have not been given enough freedom. D. more likely to have high feelings of life satisfaction.
40. WHY SIBLING RELATIONSHIP IS UNIQUE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The sibling relationship in later adulthood is unique because siblings typically: A. have known each other longer than anyone else in their lives.
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B. are at the most positive end of the consensual dimension. C. have the most ambivalent relationships of all family ties. D. interact with each other more than with any other family member.
41. SIBLINGS AND EXCHANGE OF HELP Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A study in the Netherlands of parents and adult children testing the Intergenerational Solidarity Model showed that when parents had poor relationships with their children, the sibilings: A. became negative on the affectual dimension. B. experienced structural ambivalence. C. exchanged more help with each other. D. were more likely to engage in role reversal.
42. SIBLINGS AND EXCHANGE OF HELP Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Siblings in later life who exchange more help, according to research on a Netherlands sample, are likely to have had parents who: A. favored one sibling over another. B. had poor relationships with all their children. C. underwent divorce when they were young. D. treated all their children equally well.
43. SIBLINGS AND EXCHANGE OF HELP Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In a test of the intergenerational solidarity model, researchers found that siblings were likely to exchange more help with each other when their parents: A. provided them with a great deal of support. B. moved away after they retired. C. showed favoritism toward one sibling. D. had poor relationships with all of their children.
44. ETHNICITY AND SKIP GENERATION FAMILIES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Skip generation families are more likely to occur in which racial/ethnic group? A. Asian Americans B. African Americans. C. Native Americans. D. Italian Americans.
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45. SKIP GENERATION FAMILIES Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D What is the living situation known as a skip generation family? A. An extended family all lives in one home. B. Grandparents retire and move away. C. Parents and grandparents live with the children. D. Grandparents alone raise the grandchildren.
46. NUMBER OF SKIP GENERATION FAMILIES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A What is the approximate percentage of grandparents raising grandchildren who are 60 years and older? A. 14. B. 30 C. 8 D. 20.
47. ROLE OF GRANDPARENT Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C The role of grandparenting to aging individuals is shown by researchers to: A. decrease as children grow older. B. affect older more than younger adults. C. be important to their mental health. D. be more important to men than women.
FRIENDSHIPS 48. FRIENDSHIP PATTERNS Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A Research on friendship patterns in adults in the U.S. show that approximately ______% have known their best friends for at least 10 years. A. 65 B. 10 C. 34 D. 91
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49. PLATONIC COUPLE LOVE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Married couples who are best friends with each other may show __________. in which they try to take on the positive qualities of the other couple. A. dyadic withdrawal B. platonic couple love C. role reversal D. filial maturity
50. PERIPHERAL TIES EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Your friends from the gym, who you only see when you work out or go to a group fitness class, are known as which type of friends? A. acquisitive links B. amicable associates C. reciprocal pals D. peripheral ties
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS MARRIAGE AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 1. 2.
Contrast the major approaches to analyzing marital satisfaction. What factors account for the cohabitation effect?
FAMILIES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Describe three factors that influence the quality of the marital relationship as it changes over the transition to parenthood. Summarize the three forms of "filial" attitudes as these exist in the relationships between adult children and their parents. What are three factors that influence the extent to which an adult daughter experiences caregiver stress? What are the risks and benefits involved in grandparents raising grandchildren? How does culture affect the empty nest syndrome? What are the pros and cons to helicopter parenting?
FRIENDSHIPS 1. 2.
What are the three changes that can occur in friendships of partners in long-term relationships? What are the three friendship styles identified in adulthood?
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3.
Summarize the trends over the past 50 years in marriage and family statistics and provide an analysis of the causes of these changes. Provide an analysis of the transition to parenthood from a biopsychosocial perspective. Describe how the developmental schism might apply to fathers and sons. IM-9 |14
4. 5.
What are the common features or dimensions shared by models of adult child-parent, grandparent, and sibling relationship? Think of an example of a recent film in which the relationship between friends in adulthood was portrayed. What themes are present in media depictions of friendships that might provide a useful way to approach research on this topic?
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CHAPTER 10 Work, Retirement, and Leisure Patterns LECTURE GUIDELINES The broad coverage of this chapter includes portions of the field of occupational sociology, vocational psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, retirement, and leisure. There are potentially two lectures worth of material, depending on how in-depth the instructor wishes to go with any particular area. Statistics on the labor force, occupational level, income, and education by age, sex, and race provide an excellent opportunity for discussions of diversity. In addition to pointing out these issues with regard to diversity, there is also opportunity for the instructor to illustrate several significant points within the biopsychosocial perspective. For example, occupational level and income interact significantly with health to influence mortality in middle and later adulthood. Therefore, it is important, when reviewing these statistics, to point out their "human" meaning. The area of vocational development is potentially of great interest to students, who are heavily involved in the process of finding their own vocational identity. Holland's model and the accompanying O*NET system can be helpful in encouraging them to think about where they are heading in life. Presenting questions from vocational inventories, such as the Self-Directed Search (as suggested below) can also encourage active learning by students on this topic. The areas of vocational satisfaction and performance, similarly, lend themselves to considerable discussion and self-scrutiny among students. They will be spending the majority of their waking lives for the next forty to fifty years involved in work. Posing the question of what they will find satisfactory from this activity can get them involved in thinking about how older workers feel and perform. It is also important to educate students about age discrimination, as most of them will not have heard of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) until taking this class. The area of retirement seems distant indeed to an average-age college student. Although some forward-thinking individuals may be planning how they will start their IRA's, retirement seems as real a possibility to most students as a trip to the moon. However, by presenting retirement as a current social issue involving huge implications for the economy, students can be encouraged to think about the phenomenon in a more concrete fashion. Real-life examples of retired people talking about their experiences (in videotape or in person) would also help bring the points home. Furthermore, the issue of women and retirement should appeal to the females in the class, and as data on this topic are relatively recent, this material also has great current relevance to understanding retirement as a whole. Finally, given the burgeoning leisure industry, it is becoming increasingly important for students to be knowledgeable about this aspect of the retirement experience. Students can certainly appreciate the importance and value of leisure, based on its role in their own lives. By examining aging and leisure patterns, students can therefore gain practical knowledge of potential use in their own careers as well as a basis for relating to older adults in this common area of importance in life.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are a number of news programs that regularly cover issues related to retirement, and these can be interspersed with the latter portion of the lecture. Feelings that adults have about work can be depicted through showing any one of many popular movies or television shows in which characters are disaffected with their jobs. A humorous movie that is a classic among many undergraduates is "Office Space" (starring Jennifer Aniston and Ron Livingstone). A scene from “The Office” demonstrates age discrimination when Michael Scott provides a very poor model of how to deal with age (“Dunder Mifflin Infinity”). Difficulties in the early stages of career development are demonstrated in “The Devil Wears Prada.”
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
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WORK PATTERNS IN ADULTHOOD Why have labor force participation rates by age changed over the past 40 years? Why do women earn less than men even at the highest occupational levels? Does knowing that your college degree will lead to a higher salary have motivating value for you? Why is a college education and beyond related to higher earnings in adulthood? What might the impact be on health and lifestyle of lower education among minority adults over 65? How have older minority adults been limited in their educational and occupational attainments by discrimination when they were younger? Has the situation improved in recent decades? Why or why not?
VOCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT How is a vocation different from or the same as an occupation? What is an "R," "I," "A," etc. type of job? (Have students name jobs within the different types). What type of job is a carpenter, artist, etc. (Ask students to categorize jobs from different types.) Do you think there are advantages to the federal government of the U.S. having a standard job classification system? What are these? How would you use the O*NET to find the right job for you? What are the limitations of the RIASEC model? Are people free to choose their own vocations or are they limited? What might these limiting factors be? If you were putting together a team of workers, would you combine people with similar profiles or people who had opposite profiles from each other? Do you think people choose their leisure activities on the basis of the same or the opposite type that they express in the workplace? Does Super's theory make sense in contemporary Western society in which people do not experience a static set of stages throughout their careers? Or does the theory have universal applicability? Justify your answer. How do the concepts of recycling, boundaryless, and protean careers change your thoughts about Super’s theory? How does Super's theory differ from Holland's? What are the implications of Super's theory for vocational satisfaction in adulthood?
VOCATIONAL SATISFACTION How important is it to you that you find satisfaction in your job? What factors might predict vocational satisfaction in adulthood? Can you identify the intrinsic and extrinsic factors in a job that you held or are currently holding? Which are or were more important to you? Why might extrinsic rewards lower intrinsic satisfaction with work? Can you describe the ORP of a job you have held? Do you know people who seem happy all the time and therefore would probably like any job? Why would a personality variable like attachment style be related to vocational satisfaction? Can work and family life relate positively to each other or are they always in conflict? What are the implications of studies showing negative relationships between work and family life? How can workers maintain a positive attitude toward their jobs even when they have held them for many years? Suggest some possible relationships between identity and vocational satisfaction in adulthood. For instance, if a firm is being downsized, might a worker reduce job commitment as a way of protecting the self in the event that he or she is laid off?
AGE AND VOCATIONAL PERFORMANCE Is it inevitable that performance should decline in older workers? Why or why not? Why was there a need for the ADEA? Why do gerontologists prefer to view retirement as a process rather than an event? Would you prefer to retire all at once or would you rather do so in stages? What will be the future of the Social Security system? What are the projections for its "security" in the next 20 to 30 years?
RETIREMENT
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Why was mandatory retirement abolished in most occupations? Should it be reinstated to allow younger workers to have more jobs? Which theory of retirement and the individual fits most closely with your own views on the subject? Will you look forward to or dread retirement? How can social scientists test the validity of the three theories of retirement and the individual? Why do certain people suffer more ill effects of retirement than do others? Which factor seems most important to retirement adjustment in your experience? How does retirement self-efficacy relate to other forms of self-efficacy discussed in earlier chapters? How might this personality factor influence the way people adapt to the retirement process? Do you think that women have an easier or more difficult time in retirement than do men? Why or why not? Will the retirement experience of women differ in the future from what it is today?
LEISURE PURSUITS IN ADULTHOOD How do your leisure activities fit into your identity? Do you think that, over time, your leisure interests will change? If so, how might they change? Will the leisure interests of the older generation change as the Baby Boomers move into later adulthood? What might these changes be? How might leisure interests vary as a function of socioeconomic status and income?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY
1. WORK-FAMILY ENRICHMENT AND AGING TODAY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C In “Aging Today,” the case of Marissa Mayer (CEO of Yahoo) showed that she gives her employees few resources on which component of the work-family enrichment model? A. networking B. self-efficacy C. flexibility D. spillover
WORK PATTERNS IN ADULTHOOD
2. PERCENT IN 55-59 IN LABOR FORCE IN 2018 Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In 2018, estimates are that _______% of the 55-59 year-old population will be in the labor force. A. 25 B. 95 C. 68 D. 80
3. GENDER GAP AMOUNT Difficulty: Hard IM-10 |3
Correct choice: B In 2011, the gender gap in earnings equaled _____% based on median weekly earnings. A. 12 B. 82 C. 75 D. 53
4. REASON FOR GENDER GAP Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A What is the main factor accounting for the gender gap in earnings? A. Only 8% of professional women are in higher-paying fields B. Women work fewer hours than men on a weekly basis C. Men are more likely to work in healthcare and education. D. Women have higher childcare expenses than do men.
5. COLLEGE DEGREE AND INCOME Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In the U.S., how does a college degree influence an individual’s earning potential? A. Having a bachelor’s degree leads to no measurable improvement. B. Only people with degrees in engineering or business benefit in terms of income. C. All college graduates have higher earning potential than high school graduates. D. Men, but not women, benefit in earning potential from a college degree.
6. UNEMPLOYMENT RATE FOR VETERANS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars have an unemployment rate of ___% across all age groups. A. 8.6 B. 25.9 C. 11.6 D. 4.7
7. VETERANS VS. NON-VETERANS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A fact about the employment status of veterans compared to non-veterans is that: A. there are fewer veterans from older age groups. B. about 25% have a service-connected disability. C. non-veterans have more years in the labor force. D. older veterans have lower unemployment than younger.
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VOCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 8. CAREER DEFINITION Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The basis for understanding the connection between individuals and social organizations as these interact over the individual’s lifetime is the: A. job B. career C. vocation D. occupation
9. RIASEC- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Holland’s vocational development theory describes the RIASEC model, which stands for the: A. test used to identify a person’s type. B. six factors that make up the model. C. names of the six vocational factors. D. corporation where initial testing was done.
10. CONVENTIONAL TYPE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A financial analyst who works for a large firm that manages mutual funds would be considered to have which type of job in the RIASEC model? A. Realistic B. Conventional C. Artistic D. Enterprising
11. REALISTIC TYPE EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B According to Holland’s RIASEC model, the people most likely to want a career in accounting would have a(n) ____________ occupational type. A. realistic B. artistic C. conventional D. enterprising
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12. SOCIAL TYPE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Which of the following occupations fits into the RIASEC social type? A. Market researcher B. Salesperson C. Economist D. Math teacher
13. CONGRUENCE EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A After several years at his current job as a sales manager, a 50-year-old man decides he would rather remain a sales manager than do anything else because it suits his personality and interests. Based on the RIASEC model, you would expect that his score on a measure of career _________ would therefore be higher than would someone else’s score who did not desire a career change. A. congruence B. adaptation C. realism D. conservatism
14. INCONGRUENT Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Workers who fail to develop as optimally as possible are, in Holland’s theory, referred to as: A. incongruent. B. protean. C. boundaryless. D. disengaged.
15. SUPER’S THEORY BASIC ASSUMPTIONS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Super’s theory, unlike Holland’s, assumes that people strive to express their __________ in their vocation. A. preferences B. self-concept C. resources D. satisfaction
16. EXPLORATION STAGE- CHOICE IM-10 |6
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C In the earliest, or _____________ stage of vocational development, individuals attempt to find a way to express their self-concept through their work. A. recycling B. plateau C. exploration D. protean
17. CAREER PLATEAU Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Reaching a point in your vocational development where you no longer feel that you are growing might keep you at the: A. establishment stage. B. bridge employment. C. recycling stage. D. career plateau.
18. CAREER AS CALLING- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Individuals who feel that their occupation is a(n) ____________ are likely to feel the most personal meaning in their work. A. exploration B. calling C. correspondence D. resource
19. CAREER AS CALLING- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C People who feel that their occupation is a “calling” are likely to believe that it: A. will help them achieve recognition. B. can bring them closer to retirement. C. fulfills their purpose in life. D. makes their families proud of them.
20. BOUNDARYLESS CAREER- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate
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Correct choice: C Being able to find a ________________ career, in which people are not tied to a particular company or organization, might be difficult during times of a tight economy. A. protean B. bridge C. boundaryless D. self-determined
21. BOUNDARYLESS CAREER- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In a boundaryless career, workers feel that they are able to: A. find growth and meaning in their job through self-direction. B. mentor younger and less experienced employees. C. take on extra hours to earn more overtime pay. D. seek a company that gives them opportunities for advancement.
22. PROTEAN CAREER- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In a protean career, workers feel that they are best able to achieve: A. personal growth and self-fulfillment. B. the highest promotions possible. C. an ideal work-family balance. D. flexible work schedules.
VOCATIONAL SATISFACTION 23. TWO-FACTOR THEORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Extrinsic factors are the same as _____________ factors in the two-factor motivational theory. A. job motivators B. hygiene C. calling D. protean
24. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION EXAMPLE - CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A scuba instructor greatly enjoys his work, especially the fact that he can spend much of his day underwater exploring the reefs. He also likes the activity of teaching especially when he can introduce someone new to the pleasures of the sport. He is high on which type of work factor motivation? IM-10 |8
A. B. C. D.
maintenance intrinsic hygiene extrinsic
25. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION IN SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D As workers feel that they have more control in their job, the extent of their ___________ motivation decreases. A. affective B. intrinsic C. emotional D. extrinsic
26. MOTIVATIONAL CROWDING OUT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B According to self-determination theory, to the extent that workers lose their intrinsic motivation when they receive extrinsic rewards for doing what they love, they will experience: A. person-environment correspondence. B. motivation crowding out. C. work-family enrichment. D. occupational reinforcement.
27. AFFECTIVE EVENTS THEORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B According to ________________ theory, the way you start your day influences your work performance throughout the day. A. motivation crowding out B. affective events C. self-determination D. emotional labor
28. OCCUPATIONAL REINFORCEMENT PATTERNS - STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In the Occupational Reinforcement Pattern (ORP) system, jobs are rated according to which type of characteristic? A. education and income B. skills and abilities C. personality and interests D. values and needs
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29. EMOTIONAL LABOR Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The concept of emotional labor applies most closely to which type of job industry? A. technology B. manufacturing C. the arts D. service
30. WORKPLACE BULLYING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In a study of workplace bullying, behaviors involving ____________ were found to be most stressful of all forms of bullying. A. work-related criticism B. intimidation C. emotional labor D. social isolation
31. CORTISOL AND STRESS IN WHITEHALL II Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In Whitehall II, workers in lower employment grades had higher ___________ levels, beginning in the morning and continuing through the end of the day, supporting the idea that their stress was related to poor sleep as well as their experiences at work. A. cortisol B. testosterone C. insulin D. glucose
32. WORK-FAMILY ENRICHMENT DIMENSIONS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B In the work-family enrichment framework, the psychological resources category includes which component? A. fluid intelligence B. self-efficacy C. interpersonal skills D. coping skills
33. WORK-FAMILY ENRICHMENT DIMENSIONS
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Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C A 40-year-old mother of two who works as a managerial assistant in an accounting firm earns enough to be able to schedule after-school child care without this impinging significantly on her family budget. She would therefore be rated as high on which component of the work-family enrichment model? A. social capital B. psychological resources C. material resources D. flexibility
34. AGE AND JOB SATISFACTION META-ANALYSIS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A large meta-analysis of studies on aging and job satisfaction showed that older workers were more satisfied with their jobs if they: A. were of non-minority status. B. had longer job tenure. C. had a college education. D. higher salary levels.
35. CORE SELF-EVALUATIONS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The work-related quality known as the core self-evaluation consists of an individual’s perception of his or her: A. degree of work stress. B. salary level in relation to others. C. feeling of self-efficacy in the job. D. overall level of neuroticism.
AGE AND VOCATIONAL PERFORMANCE
36. AGE AND JOB PERFORMANCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Research on age and job performance shows that older workers are typically better in which regard than are younger workers? A. giving advice to co-workers about their personal lives. B. working in shifts in which their hours change weekly. C. taking fewer voluntary absences for personal reasons. D. performing transportation jobs in which driving is required.
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37. IDENTITY AND AGE DISCRIMINATION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A A 56-year-old sales manager in an office supply company has started to suspect that the younger workers at the company are giving jobs not to her but to their age peers. However, she can’t quite figure out if this is true or not. She’s been worried about losing her edge anyhow, and now she doubts herself even more. According to the identity process model, she is engaging in identity: A. accommodation. B. self-efficacy. C. assimilation. D. stereotyping.
38. ADEA EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C A manager is seeking to fill a job opening on his sales staff. His human resources department warns him that he can’t take age into account, as mandated by which Federal legislation? A. SSA B. NAFTA C. ADEA D. WAIS
39. SELF-EFFICACY IN OLDER WORKERS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A supervisor in a large hardware store wants to encourage his older workers to seek out on-the-job training so they will keep themselves familiarized with new products. One way to do so is to build the sense of _______________ in these older workers. A. extrinsic motivation B. self-determination C. occupational reinforcements D. self-efficacy
40. OLDER WORKERS AND ABSENTEEISM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Older workers are more reliable according to which criterion? A. speed of response B. absenteeism C. fluid intelligence D. driving performance
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41. ADEA PROTECTIONS Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C According to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), what type of behavior by an employer would explicitly be prohibited? A. Suggesting that workers invest in the pension plan. B. Enrolling employees in private health care. C. Asking a job interviewee for his or her age. D. Requiring that employees receive on-the-job training.
RETIREMENT
42. BLURRED RETIREMENT- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The majority of retirees are said to experience a(n) ______________ retirement, because they typically do not exit the labor force in an all-or-nothing fashion. A. crisp B. voluntary C. blurred D. involuntary
43. MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME FOR RETIREES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The major source of income for retirees is: A. welfare. B. asset income. C. Social Security. D. pensions.
44. MONTHLY INCOME ON SOCIAL SECURITY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C As of 2012, the average monthly benefit for Social Security was approximately $________: A. 2323 B. 1090 C. 1241 D. 1997
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45. SOCIAL SECURITY LAW- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: A To provide old age retirement benefits and unemployment insurance, Congress passed the _______ ________ law in 1935. A. Social Security B. Pension Reform C. Age Discrimination D. Self-Determination
46. CONTINUITY THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B According to ___________ theory, retirees maintain a sense of identity and therefore do not experience retirement in a negative manner. A. on-time B. continuity C. resource D. role
47. RESOURCE MODEL DEFINITION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The idea that people are able to draw on their physical, psychological, and social capabilities to allow them to adjust to retirement is referred to as the ________ model. A. bridge B. life course C. resource D. self-concept
48. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Which of the following is a sociocultural factor in the biopsychosocial model of retirement? A. Metabolic syndrome B. Opportunities for engagement C. Expectations D. Amount of role strain
49. LEISURE PURSUITS IN RETIREMENT Difficulty: Moderate IM-10 |14
Correct choice: C The so-called “absolute innovators” identified in a study of retired travelers were more likely than the comparison group of non-innovators to: A. use their vacations to visit their children and grandchildren. B. travel to big cities with more opportunities to be active. C. find opportunities for growth and self-expression. D. take a break from physical and mental activity.
50. NEW MODE OF RETIREMENT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A What differentiates the “new mode” approach from the “usual” mode of retirement? A. The individual takes the spouse’s qualities and family obligations into account. B. Both partners in a couple pool their assets when they begin their financial planning. C. The husband makes decisions about his retirement and then informs the wife. D. Neither partner in a couple takes the other into account in retirement decisions.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS WORK PATTERNS IN ADULTHOOD 1. 2.
Summarize the projected changes in the U.S. labor market as Baby Boomers grow older. How are women affected by the gender gap? Do current statistics indicate any improvement in this situation for the future?
VOCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
List the six types described in Holland's vocational development theory. Provide an example of an occupation in each type. What are five criticisms of Holland's vocational development theory? How will the RIASEC model most likely change in the future as it is applied to vocational development? What are two important differences between Super's and Holland's models of vocational development? Name and describe the four stages in Super's self-concept theory. What are two alternative paths added by Super in later versions of the theory?
VOCATIONAL SATISFACTION 1. 2. 3. 4.
Contrast intrinsic and extrinsic work factors and provide examples of each. What are the major differences between two-factor theory and self-determination theory? List the six types of occupational reinforcement patterns (ORP's) in the theory of Dawis and Lofquist. What are the three major models describing conflict between work and family involvement in adulthood?
AGE AND VOCATIONAL PERFORMANCE 1. 2.
Summarize the pros and cons of older workers based on Warr’s model. Describe the results of research examining injuries and absences in which older and younger workers are compared.
RETIREMENT 1.
Contrast the three theories regarding the effects of retirement on the individual.
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2. 3.
Examine the positive and negative factors in the retirement experience of people from high socioeconomic levels compared to those of low socioeconomic status. What are the three patterns of retirement and how are each associated with health and activity outcomes?
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
Analyze the relationship between age and vocational satisfaction, taking into account job tenure, intrinsic and extrinsic factors, Super's theory of career development, and the effects of job discrimination. You are the personnel manager of a large company. Based on research on age and vocational performance, and keeping in mind the ADEA, what factors would you consider when deciding how best to use the older workers in your company? How does the history of attitudes toward retirement parallel the changes in the age distribution of the U.S. population in the 20th Century? What is the possible relationship of identity processes to the decision to retire and adjustment to retirement of people who (a) undergo forced layoffs, and (b) make a voluntary decision to retire? What advice might a vocational counselor give to women compared to men in preparing for their retirement?
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CHAPTER 11 Mental Health Issues and Treatment LECTURE GUIDELINES There is extensive material in this chapter; virtually a short form of a course in abnormal psychology. Therefore, the instructor must proceed with the assumption that students have done their background reading and the lectures will present highlights. Even with this understanding, there is sufficient lecture material for two to three lectures. The main point of this chapter is to orient students to the need to think about psychopathology in later adulthood as a real concern that affects the lives of many people in the U.S. A second major point is that the majority of older adults do not have psychological disorders and, contrary to what students might expect, there are fewer rather than more older adults with diagnosed depression. However, a caveat to this statement is the fact that many older adults under-report their symptoms, and the actual prevalence figures may not represent accurately the extent of psychological problems in this age group. These and related diagnostic issues are interesting and worthwhile to present and discuss to the class. Similarly, there are many inherently fascinating and important issues involved in the psychological treatment of older adults. This field is relatively new within psychology, but it is growing very quickly. Instructors who learned about the field of psychopathology in later life some years ago will be encouraged by the burgeoning of new methods and research in this area. Fortunately, students are inherently interested in the topic of abnormal psychology, so there is a good chance that they will be motivated to do the reading on their own and to come to class prepared to discuss both theoretical and clinical issues. Finally, the publication of the DSM-5 in 2013 changed diagnostic procedures in the U.S. and Canada; these changes are reflected throughout the chapter.
VIDEOS AND FILMS The specific area of mental health and aging is not one that is well represented in either documentaries or popular media. There are a few documentaries produced by television news magazines that focus on certain issues (e.g. alcohol use in later life), but other than that, the choices are limited. One example is the A&E series called “Hoarders” which included several episodes focusing on older adults. A second is a segment in the PBS special “Depression: Out of the Shadows” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/takeonestep/depression/ which demonstrated ECT in an older adult.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN ADULTHOOD Do you agree with the text definition of psychological disorder? Why or why not? What alternatives might you suggest to the current definition of psychological disorder? Do you think that people should receive diagnoses for psychological disorders? Why or why not? Why is it important to distinguish prevalence from incidence? Why do clinicians have difficulty diagnosing mood disorders in older adults? How can mental health professionals be better trained to diagnose anxiety disorders in older adults? What do you think life is like for an older adult who has had schizophrenia for most of his or her adult years? What happens to an older person with delirium or amnesia who is misdiagnosed with Alzheimer's disease? How can clinicians avoid making errors in diagnosing disorders that look like dementia? Why do you think that substance use rates are so high in the U.S.? What factors might account for changes in substance use in people over the age of 35? Do you think that rates of substance abuse and dependence will increase or decrease as current cohorts of young people move through adulthood? What are some possible explanations for the maturation hypothesis?
ELDER ABUSE Why does elder abuse occur? How is it related to other problems in social treatment of older adults? Thinking of issues discussed in Chapter 9 (adult child-parent relationships), what factors might account for the high frequency of children as abusers of their aging parents? IM-11 |1
SUICIDE What are the possible reasons that people who survive to advanced old age would wish to end their lives? Why is it that health care providers often miss the diagnosis of suicidality in older adults?
TREATMENT ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE Why should clinicians consider differentiating their treatment approaches to older adults from those used for younger adults? What sorts of training would seem necessary to become a geropsychologist? Which type of assessment measures would you use if you were a clinician? Why? What types of research are needed to refine and improve assessment procedures for diagnosing psychological disorders in older adults? If you were a clinician, would you recommend somatic treatments for older adults? Which ones would you recommend and why? What might be the justification for giving ECT to an older adult? How can clinicians be better trained to provide therapy to older adults? Why might the current generation of older adults be reluctant to become involved in therapy?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY- DARK TRIAD 1. DARK TRIAD Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The “Dark Triad” in psychology is composed of traits including Machiavellianism, narcissism, and: A. depression. B. neuroticism. C. psychopathy. D. extraversion.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN ADULTHOOD
2. DSM VS. ICD Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Unlike the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), the International Classification of Diseases makes possible diagnosis of which conditions? A. Personality disorders B. Neurocognitive diseases C. All medical illnesses D. Disorders of later life
3. CRITERIA FOR ABNORMALITY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B IM-11 |2
An older woman becomes so enraged at what she believes is poor service that she storms out of a restaurant and vows never to eat there again even though she’s gone there for years, and there was nothing different about the way she was treated. What would a psychologist need to know in order to consider whether her behavior fits the criteria for abnormality? A. How long she had been a regular at the restaurant. B. Whether she really was treated poorly or not. C. Exactly how old she was at the time of the incident. D. Whether she had recently become a widow.
4. LIFETIME PREVALENCE OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder is estimated to be ____%. A. 6.7 B. 16.6 C. 30.4 D. 2.0
5. AGE DIFFERENCES IN SYMPTOMS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Compared to younger adults, older adults with major depressive disorder are more likely to have symptoms involving: A. suicidal thoughts. B. feelings of guilt. C. physical pain. D. low self-esteem.
6. MEDICARE PARITY OF 2008 Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Passage of a Medicare revision in 2008 changed reimbursements allowing for parity in mental health care, meaning that patients: A. would pay more for mental health than for medical interventions. B. could only be eligible for mental health care if they applied for a new policy. C. no longer were able to receive any reimbursement for mental health care services. D. were entitled to the same reimbursement for mental health as for medical care.
7. WHY MISDIAGNOSIS OCCURS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A clinician may fail to diagnose correctly an older adults’ major depressive disorder because he or she assumes that:
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A. B. C. D.
older adults deliberately try to disguise their symptoms. what seems to be depression is really a medical disease. depression is a natural consequence of growing older. older adults would prefer not to receive such a diagnosis.
8. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND TOOTH LOSS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Older adults suffering from _____________ disorder have been shown to be more likely to have experienced significant tooth loss. A. post-traumatic stress B. major depressive C. generalized anxiety D. obsessive-compulsive
9. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND RISKS FOR OTHER DISORDERS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Depressive symptoms can place the older adult at risk for developing which other diseases or conditions? A. sarcopenia B. emphysema C. arthritis D. hyperthermia
10. BIPOLAR DISORDER AND WHITE MATTER HYPERINTENSITIES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Older adults with white matter hyperintensities are at increased risk for developing ____________disorder. A. panic B. generalized anxiety C. major depressive D. bipolar
11. AGE OF DEVELOPING BIPOLAR Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Based on prevalence data, older adults with bipolar disorder were most likely to have developed it by the time they reached the age of about: A. 25 B. 65 C. 50 D. 35
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12. ANXIETY DISORDERS HAVE HIGHEST LIFETIME PREVALENCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Of the following, which category of disorders has the highest lifetime prevalence? A. depressive B. personality C. anxiety D. schizophrenia
13. RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ANXIETY AMONG AFRICAN -AMERICANS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Higher rates of mortality among older adults with anxiety symptoms exist for which racial/ethnic group? A. Pacific Islanders B. African Americans C. Non-hispanic whites D. Native Americans
14. GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER EXAMPLE - CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A 45-year-old man Is concerned because his 70-year-old mother seems unusually restless, tense, irritable, and prone to worrying. It is possible that his mother has developed which psychological disorder? A. post-traumatic stress B. major depressive C. generalized anxiety D. agoraphobia
15. SYMPTOMS OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In generalized anxiety disorders, individuals experience which of the following symptoms? A. hand tremors B. restlessness C. irrational fears D. sense of guilt
16. GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER IN MEDICAL PATIENTS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A IM-11 |5
Generalized anxiety disorder tends to affect a higher percentage of _____________ compared to the general population. A. medical patients B. high school dropouts C. early retirees D. military personnel
17. AGORAPHOBIA SYMPTOMS- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A People who have the anxiety disorder known as agoraphobia fear what type of situation? A. Having a panic attack without being able to escape. B. Being in the upper story of a tall skyscraper. C. Flying on an airplane that hits turbulence. D. Speaking in front of others in public places.
18. PREVALENCE OF SPECIFIC PHOBIAS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Which of the following form of anxiety disorder has the highest lifetime prevalence rates among older adults? A. Social anxiety disorder B. Agoraphobia C. Panic disorder D. Specific phobia
19. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER SYMPTOMS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The symptoms of social anxiety disorder involve, specifically, which types of thoughts and feelings? A. Dislike of other people and preference to be alone B. Worries about being in the middle of a crowd C. Fear of looking foolish or embarrassed D. Inability to relax while in a group situation
20. COMPULSION EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A 67-year-old woman is constantly organizing and re-organizing her kitchen cabinets, wanting every cup, plate, glass, and utensil to be in exactly the “right” place. Her behavior causes her distress, and although she would like to stop, she can’t help herself. This behavior would be considered to be what type of psychological symptom? A. hoarding B. compulsion
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C. delusion D. obsession
21. HOARDING DISORDER- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In the disorder known as _______________, individuals continually collect objects that they don’t need, are unable to throw out those objects, and may clutter up their homes to the point of being almost unlivable. A. agoraphobia B. schizophrenia C. psychopathy D. hoarding
22. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C An 85-year-old woman was injured when a hurricane struck her neighborhood and she couldn’t get out in time. For the past month, she has experienced severe nightmares and doesn’t want to return home even though her house is completely repaired. This woman seems to meet the diagnostic criteria for _____________ disorder. A. post-traumatic stress B. major depressive C. acute stress D. social anxiety PTSD patients rated as severe Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Among individuals diagnosed with PTSD in a given year, approximately _____% have symptoms rated as severe. A. 37 B. 12 C. 7 D. 17
23. PTSD AND HEART DISEASE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The development of PTSD in older individuals is linked to risks of which physical health condition? A. Emphysema B. Heart disease C. Arthritis D. Sarcopenia
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24. LOSS SYMPTOMS- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C One of the key symptoms of LOSS is the experience of: A. depression after the death of a spouse. B. unwillingness to seek treatment. C. increased memories about an earlier traumatic experience. D. being unwilling to part with unnecessary objects.
25. POSITIVE SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Which of the following would be considered a “positive” symptom of schizophrenia? A. hallucinations B. improved mood C. social withdrawal D. hoarding
26. SUICIDE ATTEMPTS IN PEOPLE WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Approximately what percent of individuals with schizophrenia attempt to commit suicide during their lifetimes? A. 15 B. 50 C. 1 D. 40
27. LATE-ONSET DEPRESSION RISKS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Risks for what appears to be a schizophrenic-like disorder that develops late in life include: A. symptoms of depression. B. reliance on others for help. C. extreme poverty. D. social isolation.
28. ILLICIT SUBSTANCES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Abuse of which type of illicit substance is most common in older adults? A. cocaine IM-11 |8
B. prescription drugs C. marijuana D. opioids
29. PERCENT USING ILLICIT DRUGS 50 -54 Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C What is the approximate percent of adults 50 to 54 who use illicit drugs? A. .8 B. 25 C. 9 D. 14
30. FACTOR 1 OF PSYCHOPATHY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Factor 1 of the trait of psychopathy includes which set of characteristics typical of people with antisocial personality disorder? A. Lack of ability to experience empathy B. An impulsive and risky lifestyle. C. Instability in the sense of self. D. Fear of being abandoned.
31. STRESS GENERATION IN BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Researchers studying borderline personality disorder tendencies in older adults found those high in neuroticism to be more likely to show ______________ in which they create more problems in their lives. A. sexual impulsivity B. psychopathic tendencies C. stress generation D. self neglect
32. MATURATION HYPOTHESIS EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A 67-year-old former embezzler out on parole sees a court-ordered therapist each week. The therapist observes in her notes that he seems to be a good example of the maturation hypothesis. This means that the former convict shows which behavior? A. Continuing his involvement in risky ventures that might lead to arrest. B. Refusing to admit to the fact that he engaged in criminal activities. C. Losing interest in becoming involved in illegal activities involving theft.
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D. Giving advice to young people on how to avoid incarceration for their crimes.
ELDER ABUSE
33. SELF-NEGLECT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The perpetrator in cases of elder abuse involving self-neglect is the: A. son or daughter. B. personal care assistant. C. hired caregiver. D. individual him- or herself.
34. FUNDING OF ADULT PROTECTIVE SERVICES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In the U.S., Funding to provide support to Adult Protective Services, mandated by federal law to protect older adults, comes primarily from: A. states. B. federal government. C. counties. D. private charities.
35. EMOTIONAL ABUSE MOST PREVALENT Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C According to a survey on elder abuse in the U.S., which is the most frequent form of elder abuse committed by others to the older adult? A. financial B. sexual C. emotional D. physical
SUICIDE 36. HIGHEST RATES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Which characteristic is most likely to be seen by health care workers in an older adult who later commits suicide? A. Extreme psychological distress. IM-11 |10
B. History of previous suicide attempts. C. An urgent desire for help. D. Willingness to share thoughts and feelings.
37. HIGHEST SUICIDE RATES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Which demographic category in the U.S. includes the highest age-adjusted suicide rate? A. Males ages 15-24. B. Females ages 30-39. C. Females ages 80-84. D. Males ages 75 and older.
38. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Which of the following is a sociocultural contributor to suicide risk in older adults? A. depression B. memory loss C. stress D. chronic pain
TREATMENT ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE 39. GEROPSYCHOLOGY GUIDELINES Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B APA’s geropsychology guidelines suggest that if clinicians are not familiar with a particular disorder affecting older adults, they should: A. inform the client that treatment is not advised. B. seek consultation with or referral to an expert. C. treat the client with whatever skills they have. D. encourage the client to consult a self-help manual.
40. MODIFICATIONS TO MAKE DURING ASSESSMENT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Which of the following is an appropriate modification that clinicians should use when assessing older adult clients? A. Taking physical limitations of the client into account such as arthritis. B. Skipping questions on a standardized measure to reduce total testing time. C. Speaking in as soft a voice as possible so that clients don’t feel stressed. D. Turning the lights in the room down to reduce the client’s stress levels.
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41. CLINICAL INTERVIEW USE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B During a psychological assessment, the clinician may use a(n) _______________, which involves a flexible series of questions designed to gain initial information. A. mental status examination B. clinical interview C. standardized screening tool D. intelligence test
42. ORIENTATION- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A mental status examination of an older adult typically includes a measure of ______________, or knowledge of the time, the place, and the person’s own identity. A. affect B. perception C. mood D. orientation
43. MMSE USES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C An advantage of the MMSE for the assessment of an older individual is the fact that it is: A. able to diagnose specific disorders B. insensitive to cultural factors C. quick and easy to administer D. useful as a standalone measure
44. DEPRESSION VS. DEMENTIA Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C An older adult client is being seen in a clinic to evaluate whether she has depression or a neurocognitive disorder. One indication that will help a clinician in making the diagnosis is that if she is depressed, she will show which behavioral tendencies? A. Have progressive cognitive declines over time. B. Show cognitive symptoms before depression symptoms. C. Exaggerate the extent of her memory loss. D. Not respond to psychotherapeutic intervention.
45. MEDICAL MODEL
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Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is a treatment for an older adult’s depressive disorder that would fall in the category of the ______________ model. A. psychodynamic B. behavioral C. medical D. cognitive
46. BENZODIAZEPINES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Of all the available options for treating anxiety disorders in older adults with medication, the category with the greatest effectiveness, though potentially addictive, is: A. lithium. B. neuroleptic. C. clozapine. D. benzodiazepine.
47. THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B An important first step in psychotherapy with older adults is establishing a(n)___________ in which the client and clinician strive to collaborate in treatment. A. life review process B. therapeutic alliance C. behavioral intervention D. evidence-based agreement
48. INTERPERSONAL THERAPY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D In the method of treatment known as ________________ therapy, clinicians help older adults understand and improve their social skills, methods of conflict resolution, and relationships. A. telepsychology B. psychodynamic C. life review D. cognitive-behavioral
SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS 49. AGE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES
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Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Females in which age group show the highest rates of serious mental illness? 50. 65+ 51. 18-25 52. 40-49 53. 30-34
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN ADULTHOOD 1. 2.
3.
Describe five possible reasons for the misdiagnosis of mood disorders in older adults. Describe the three possible courses of schizophrenia along with the percentage of adults who fall into each of these courses. What are two differences between schizophrenia that arises in early adulthood and late-onset schizophrenia? Summarize the prevalence of substance abuse disorders in adulthood. What are three possible reasons that substance abuse rates are lower in older compared to younger adults?
ELDER ABUSE & SUICIDE 1. 2.
List six forms of elder abuse. Why is it difficult to obtain accurate statistics on the prevalence of elder abuse? Who is most at risk for committing suicide in later adulthood? List three factors that are related to higher suicide rates in older adults.
TREATMENT ISSUES: HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE 1. 2. 3.
Describe the major assessment techniques used for older adults. Contrast their advantages and disadvantages. What are the three major categories of somatic treatments for older adults? Describe the forms of disorder which are most responsive to these treatments. Analyze five major forms of individual psychotherapy that are used in the treatment of psychological disorders in terms of their appropriateness for older adults.
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.
You are a clinician seeing an 86-year-old white male complaining of shortness of breath, stomach upset, problems with memory, and difficulty sleeping. This client has recently experienced the loss of his wife. a. What assessment measures would you use? b. What are the possible diagnoses you would consider? c. What possible serious difficulties might you envision for this client in terms of risk? How would you assess this risk? d. Describe the alternative treatments you would recommend for this client.
2.
Explain the maturation hypothesis of personality disorders and aging. How does this hypothesis relate to research on personality traits in middle and later adulthood?
3.
Analyze the possible reasons for elder abuse. If you were the director of a social services agency how would you train your staff to recognize and intervene in cases of abuse?
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CHAPTER 12 Long-Term Care LECTURE GUIDELINES The material in this chapter on institutionalization and financing of mental health and medical services provides important up-to-date information on one of the major issues facing the world today. The topic of institutional adaptation is one of the oldest areas within gerontology and ties together many relevant issues that fit within a biopsychosocial perspective. Furthermore, as many students taking the course will be (or maybe are) working within these settings, there is a great deal of value in exploring these topics in depth. Technical issues involved in the financing of health care are important to cover, as students who complete this course should be familiar with the structure of Medicare and Medicaid. Although not "psychological" in the narrow sense, these health care financing systems contribute in important ways to the well-being of older adults.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There is an extensive amount of material that can be used to illustrate institutionalization and financing of longterm care. In addition to news reports on Medicare funding, which has been given a great deal of attention with the healthcare reform debate in the U.S., there are many movies that depict institutionalization, for better or worse. Some movies from the 1970s portray the "bad old days" prior to the Nursing Home Reform Act and are interesting to show as contrast to what we think of now as improved nursing home care. These old movies include "Where's Poppa?," "I Never Sang for my Father," and "Do You Remember Love?" More recent movies, which still emphasize negative aspects of institutionalization include "Happy Gilmore." The Simpson’s episode, “The Old Man and the C Student” shows a humorous depiction of children visiting a nursing home (and trying to change it). There is an excellent documentary entitled “Sunset Story” that provides a poignant and extremely well-crafted portrayal of a group of aging “radicals” (http://www.sunsetstory.com/).
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS INSTITUTIONAL FACILITIES FOR LONG -TERM CARE How is a nursing home different from a hospital? Would you consider placing a chronically ill relative in a nursing home? Why or why not? What would you look for in a nursing home? What are some of the advantages of residential care facilities compared to nursing homes? How do assisted living facilities fall short of their goal of "aging in place"?
COMMUNITY-BASED SERVICES AND FACILITIES What are some of the advantages of home health services compared to a nursing home or residential care facility? Why don't nursing homes take advantage of behavioral methods of reducing incontinence in residents? If you were a consultant to a nursing home, how would you recommend that such training be instituted?
THE FINANCING OF LONG-TERM CARE Why is there so much concern in the U.S. about Medicare funding? What do you think about the need for nursing home residents to "spend down" so that they qualify for Medicaid? What steps could states take to cut down on Medicaid costs, or should no limits be set on Medicaid?
LEGISLATIVE LANDMARKS IN LONG-TERM CARE OF OLDER ADULTS Why was the Nursing Home Reform Act needed? Do you think it went far enough or should there be more regulation of nursing homes? If you were a nursing home administrator, how would you enforce the rights of residents as mandated by the Nursing Home Reform Act? Visit a local nursing home and see if you can spot any of the deficiencies found in the 2007 GAO report. IM-12 |1
THE QUALITY OF LONG-TERM CARE Why is lack of infection control so important to long-term care of older adults? What might contribute to the low quality of care in the District of Columbia in the U.S.?
PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES IN LONG-TERM CARE How would the competence-press model apply to the dormitory that you live in? Why is it difficult for institutions to meet the needs of the average resident? Can changes in nursing homes to personalize the living areas significantly improve the extent to which residents adjust to life in an institution?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY 1. CAREGIVERS ARE CHILDREN AND TEENS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The APA’s Caregiver Briefcase points out that, surprisingly, many caregivers of disabled family members are: A. men. B. neighbors. C. children and teens. D. health professionals.
INSTITUTIONAL FACILITIES FOR LONG -TERM CARE
2.
LEVEL OF CARE
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The least amount of nursing services is provided in what type of in-patient facility for older adults? A. skilled nursing B. intermediate care C. geriatric partial D. nonprofit nursing
3.
SKILLED NURSING FACILITY- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B A(n)___________ nursing facility provides the highest level of nursing care that a person can receive outside a hospital. A. restorative B. skilled C. comprehensive D. assistive
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4.
INTERMEDIATE CARE FACILITY- CHOICE
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Health-related, but not intense nursing services are provided in a(n) __________ facility. A. assisted living B. intermediate nursing C. continuing care D. geriatric day
5.
INTERMEDIATE CARE FACILITY- STEM
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C What type of care is provided in an intermediate care facility? A. Group living situations for older people who wish to have companions. B. Day treatment facilities only with no overnight treatment at all. C. Health-related services to those who require institutional care. D. Custodial care only with no health-related services or medical treatment.
6.
COST OF PRIVATE FACILITY
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A A woman would like to have her mother cared for in one of the best nursing homes in her town, but is unable to afford the cost which, for a private pay facility would be about $____ thousand per year. A. 60 B. 14 C. 22 D. 90
7.
NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONALIZED PER YEAR
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A health care economist is studying the profitability of nursing homes in the U.S., and bases his estimates on the total 65 and older nursing home population which, to his surprise, has remained fairly stable at about __________ million per year. A. .4 to .5 B. 1.3 to 1.4 C. 3.1 to 3.5 D. 8.1 to 8.2
8.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C IM-12 |3
Which psychological disorders are most prevalent among residents of nursing homes? A. schizophrenia B. stress-related C. mood and anxiety D. personality
9.
MAJORITY ARE FOR PROFIT
Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The majority of nursing homes in the U.S. fall into which category of ownership? A. non-profit B. for-profit C. religious D. government
10. COSTS OF ASSISTED LIVING FACILITIES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The majority of residents in assisted living facilities pay for their costs out of what types of funds? A. Combination of Medicare and Medicaid B. Personal savings and pensions C. Salaries paid in return for room and board D. Shared costs among groups of residents
COMMUNITY-BASED SERVICES AND FACILITIES
11. DIMENSIONS OF THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT The residential environment’s attractiveness and ease of mobility within is one factor that contributes to an older adult’s: A. well-being and satisfaction. B. amount of monthly rent. C. ability to qualify for welfare. D. willingness to help neighbors.
12. HOME HEALTH SERVICES- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Which type of care for older adults provides such services as Meals on Wheels, friendly visiting, assistance with household tasks, and rehabilitation, outside of an institutional setting? A. Partial day hospital B. Home health services IM-12 |4
C. Respite services D. Adult day care
13. HOME HEALTH SERVICES- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Home health services typically include what types of support for older adults? A. Occasional skilled nursing services. B. Home maintenance, such as minor repairs. C. Meals, help with household tasks, and some rehabilitation. D. Financial advice and assistance with budget planning.
14. HOME HEALTH SERVICES- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Which type of community-based service specializes in providing psychiatric care to older adults? A. Geriatric partial hospital B. Adult day care C. Respite service D. Home health care
15. RESPITE CARE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Day services for older adults that allow caregivers to attend to their job or household responsibilities are known as: A. partial treatment. B. home health assistance. C. friendly visiting. D. respite care.
16. CCRC ADVANTAGE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A An advantage of living in a Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRC) is that older adults: A. can move from minimal to higher levels of care within the same community. B. receive extensive services at a moderate price through government assistance. C. do not need to put down a down payment but only pay monthly rental fees. D. can live in apartments that are attached to the homes of their children.
17. AGING IN PLACE- CHOICE
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Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C According to the concept of _______________, older adults can remain in their homes or communities rather than needing to be institutionalized. A. assisted living B. intermediate care C. aging in place D. residential homes
18. AGING IN PLACE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The concept of aging in place implies that with respect to living arrangements, older adults are able to: A. avoid needing any type of residential or outpatient care. B. move to a comfortable and well-staffed rehabilitation facility. C. live in special units attached to the homes of their children. D. remain in their own homes or at least their own communities.
19. DIMENSIONS OF THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The dimensions of the residential environment of older adults include the local area’s aesthetics and safety, convenience to services, support and liking among neighbors and: A. distance from the older adult’s children and grandchildren. B. the home’s attractiveness and ease of movement within. C. how long the individual has lived in the area. D. amount that the individual pays in monthly rent or mortgage.
THE FINANCING OF LONG-TERM CARE 20. AMOUNT PAID OUT FOR MEDICARE IN 2011 Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Benefits paid out by Medicare in 2011 amounted to ___________ billion dollars. A. 50.1 B. 19.1 C. 558 D. 320
21. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF MEDICARE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D
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When Medicare was signed into law in 1965, budgetary issues were not of great concern to legislators or economists primarily because: A. the original legislation did not include the disabled. B. the Medicare and OASDI trust funds at the time were combined. C. there was no pay-as-you-go system in the original legislation. D. there were enough under-65 workers to support the system.
22. PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Which U.S. President is responsible for enacting the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in the U.S., intended to reform healthcare, including the funding of Medicare? A. Lyndon Johnson B. John F. Kennedy C. Franklin Roosevelt D. Barack Obama
23. CENTERS FOR MEDICARE AND MEDICAID SERVICES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B A recent graduate from a public policy and economics program is interested in working for the U.S. government on improving health care for older adults through federally funded programs. She therefore decides to look into working for the agency which oversees these programs known as: A. Medicare Part A Administration. B. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. C. Health Care Financing Administration. D. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control.
24. WHAT MEDICARE PART A COVERS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C A young woman is helping her grandmother understand the hospital bill she just received after being treated for a fractured arm. Unfortunately, she finds that Medicare did not cover the cost of: A. the wheelchair that her grandmother needed to get around during her stay. B. X-rays that allowed her fracture to be diagnosed and assessed. C. the private hospital room that her grandmother had specifically requested. D. the prescription pain killers that nursing staff had suggested she obtain.
25. WHAT MEDICARE PART B COVERS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A
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Part B, but not Part A, of Medicare covers which type of medical services? A. Preventive screenings, laboratory tests, and chiropractor visits. B. Hospice care, including supportive medical and social services. C. A total of 120 days of hospital care, including outpatient follow-up. D. Various “luxuries” in the hospital such as television, telephone, and private rooms.
26. NUMBER OF DAYS OF HOSPITAL CARE UNDER PART A OF MEDICARE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In Medicare Part A, the maximum number of days that an individual can receive hospital stays by paying the deductible only (but no daily rate) is: A. 60. B. 30. C. 90. D. 14.
27. PART C COVERAGE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Individuals covered under Part C of Medicare are entitled to what type of benefits specifically under this plan? A. Prescription drug coverage B. Health and fitness club memberships C. Home health services. D. Coverage through a provider organization
28. FIRST COPAY PERIOD IN PART D OF MEDICARE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A At the first level of coverage, after passing the deductible limit and until the “donut hole” is reached, an individual enrolled in Part D of Medicare pays ____% of total drug costs. A. 25 B. 10 C. 75 D. 0
29. MEDICARE PART D- EXAMPLE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C As a social worker with a local nonprofit agency, you are trying to help a woman in her late 70s figure out which combination of health plans will help them keep her costs down and maximize her benefits. However, you’re a little stumped by the “donut hole.” After doing some research, you realize that she must be able to come up with at least $4750 until she becomes eligible for:
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A. B. C. D.
the benefit period respite care. catastrophic coverage. parity evaluations.
30. MEDICAID VS. MEDICARE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Unlike Medicare, the entitlements in Medicaid are administered through: A. county agencies. B. the federal government. C. individual states . D. community centers.
31. SPEND DOWN REQUIREMENT IN MEDICAID Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The requirement to “spend down” in order to receive Medicaid for nursing home or other medical care means that, in many states, individuals must: A. give away their assets to their children before they can qualify for medical coverage. B. pay their physicians a guaranteed amount to cover a year’s worth of charges. C. consult with a financial planner who will determine how best to use their assets. D. use up assets and income to pay their medical bills, after which they will be covered.
32. MEDICAID PAYMENT BY STATES FOR NURSING CARE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The U.S. state with the lowest percent paid by Medicaid for nursing services is: A. California. B. New Mexico. C. Louisiana. D. Florida.
33. CONGRESSIONAL HEARINGS ON NURSING HOME ABUSE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Reports to the Senate Committee on Aging in 1999 and 2000 revealed which flaws in the regulation and administration of nursing homes? A. Hiring of excess staff, resulting in uncontrolled spending B. Too much administrative time spent following up on abuse reports. C. Failing to investigate formal complaints made by residents or families.
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D. Provision of unhealthy meals, leading to weight gain by residents.
34. MEDICARE MODERNIZATION ACT Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Passage of the _____________________ created the mandate that a prescription drug insurance plan be available to Medicare recipients. A. Drug Affordability Act B. Prescription Allowance Bill C. Medicare Modernization Act D. Healthcare Affordability Legislation
LEGISLATIVE ISSUES IN CARE OF OLDER ADULTS
35. NURSING HOME REFORM ACT- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The passing of the ______ Act in 1987 first gave nursing home residents protection of rights under U.S. federal law. A. Social Security Title XIX B. Health Insurance Privacy C. Nursing Home Reform D. Medicare Modernization
36. DEFICIENCIES REPORTED IN 1998 SENATE HEARINGS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Despite the passage of NHRA 10 years earlier, a 1998 hearing by the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging reported at least minimal deficiencies (or more) in approximately what percent of California nursing homes? A. 3 B. 98 C. 33 D. 47
37. NURSING HOME QUALITY INITIATIVE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The 2002 Nursing Home Quality Initiative proposed that nursing homes hire volunteers to serve as ____________ in order to help protect resident rights. A. legal advisors B. surveyers C. enforcers D. ombudspersons
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38. 2007 GAO REPORT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The 2007 GAO report showed which flaws in enactment of the 2002 Nursing Home Quality Initiative? A. Visitors actually committed a higher number of abuses than staff. B. Only seven states were mandated to report on nursing home violations. C. Volunteers were being given too much responsibility compared to staff. D. States failed to penalize nursing homes that violated patient rights.
39. PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPAPA) was intended to accomplish which goal? A. Ensure that medical records remain confidential. B. Expand Medicaid to include coverage of assisted living facilities. C. Allow U.S. citizens to invest their Medicare contributions in the stock market. D. Reform Medicare spending and increase healthcare coverage to the uninsured.
THE QUALITY OF LONG-TERM CARE
40. OSCAR- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The system known as OSCAR provides which services for nursing home residents? A. Ratings of individual staff in terms of helpfulness. B. Social media for residents to share news. C. Calculation of costs for the most common procedures. D. Online reporting of adherence to standards of care.
41. US NEWS & WORLD REPORTS RANKINGS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Older adults and their families can take advantage of which publicly available resource to learn about the quality of a nursing home they are thinking of choosing? A. Consumer Reports B. Federal Trade Agency C. US News and World Reports D. The Consumer Watchdog
42. WEST VIRGINIA HAD THE MOST DEFICIENCIES IM-12 |11
Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In 2010, the state with the highest number of nursing home deficiencies was: A. West Virginia. B. Delaware. C. South Carolina. D. Alabama.
43. NUMBER ONE DEFICIENCY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The number one deficiency in U.S. nursing homes in 2010, involving 43% of all institutions, was: A. poor food sanitation. B. lack of infection control. C. failure to adhere to professional standards. D. the giving of unnecessary drugs.
44. INCONTINENCE AND SOCIAL ISOLATION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D A new administrator in a nursing home in a large city is concerned because the staff are not providing what she feels is adequate training in bladder continence. She feels this should be a priority because she knows that incontinence is associated with which problem in nursing home residents? A. Cognitive decline B. Weight gain C. Aggressiveness D. Social isolation
45. USE OF RESTRAINTS IN NURSING HOMES Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A study of nursing home staff regarding their use of chemical and physical restraints on residents showed that they felt they were necessary to: A. help discipline the residents. B. make sure residents participated in activities. C. protect residents from falling or wandering. D. allow the residents to sleep better at night.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES IN LONG-TERM CARE
46. EXAMPLE OF PRESS IM-12 |12
Correct choice: A Where do the amount of activity and cognitive demands placed on the individual fit within the competence-press model? A. Both are considered to reflect press. B. Only activity demands reflect press. C. Both are considered aspects of competence. D. Neither of these influence adaptation.
47. COMPETENCE-PRESS EXAMPLE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Residents with relatively good cognitive functioning living in nursing homes that provide little intellectual stimulation will, according to the _______________ model, experience poor adjustment to the institutional environment. A. congruence-incongruence B. competence-press C. stress-coping D. green house
48. IMPROVEMENTS IN FUNCTIONING Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In comparing nursing home residents with older adults who live at home, a study in Finland found that admission to the nursing home may be accompanied by a sense of: A. frustration and anger over losing autonomy. B. gradual loss of social ties with family. C. disappointment and personal failure. D. relief from the burden of living on one’s own.
49. GREEN HOUSE MODEL ADVANTAGE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A An advantage of the Green House model of institutional care for older adults is that it: A. feels more like a home than a traditional nursing home. B. allows residents the opportunity to care for each other. C. is designed to house residents in large, uncluttered hallways. D. does not require residents to have full-time nursing staff.
50. INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE REPORT Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C A 2007 Institute of Medicine Report recommends which of the following changes to prepare health care workers for the future treatment of older adults? A. Going back to previous models of care that worked at one time in the past.
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B. Decreasing recruitment, because there are already too many positions. C. Expanding and improving models of comprehensive care from home care to hospitals. D. Lowering the rates of chronic disease in the young so they will be healthier as they age.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS INSTITUTIONAL FACILITIES FOR LONG -TERM CARE 1. 2. 3. 4.
What are the three forms of institutional facilities for long-term care in the treatment of older adults? Briefly describe the seven types of community-based facilities for older adults. What legislative reform was instituted in the late 1980s to ensure better care for older adults living in nursing homes? What were the major provisions of this legislation? List the top five deficiencies noted in the 1997 survey of U.S. nursing homes. Why do you think these problems exist?
COMMUNITY-BASED SERVICES AND FACILITIES 1. 2.
What are the four major categories of community-based services and facilities? Indicate one advantage and one disadvantage of each community-based service and facility.
THE FINANCING OF LONG-TERM CARE 1. 2. 3.
Summarize the main features of the four parts of Medicare. How does Medicare differ from Medicaid? What are three government insurance programs intended to provide additional coverage beyond Medicare?
LEGISLATIVE LANDMARKS IN LONG-TERM CARE OF OLDER ADULTS 1.
Summarize the four major legislative initiatives intended to reform nursing home care.
CHARACTERISTICS AND NEEDS OF NURSING HOME RESIDENTS 1.
Describe the major shortcomings of nursing homes in terms of the categories of the National Nursing Home Study.
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. 2.
What is the basis for current controversies over Medicare funding? Do you feel that Medicare should be expanded or do you think it is too extensive already? Provide data to support your argument. Discuss the implications of the competence-press model for the design of nursing home environments. How would you put this model into practice if you were a psychologist consulting in a nursing home?
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CHAPTER 13 Death and Dying LECTURE GUIDELINES This is a fascinating topic highly relevant to the goals of the course. Without becoming morbid, the instructor can generate considerable excitement about a topic that naturally draws student interest. Although the opening of the chapter is somewhat technical, the instructor can emphasize the importance of knowing the facts and figures on mortality as consisting of useful data about a society's overall health. Furthermore, variations in mortality rates across age, sex, and race groups provide important diagnostic information about the social problems existing within a country or culture. Here, as in previous chapters with extensive presentations of population figures, it is important for the instructor to point out the "human" side of the numbers. Cultural variations in attitudes toward death and death rituals provide another rich source of information to enhance the lecture. Instructors can draw from their own cultural background, travels, and opportunities to learn about death in ancient or non-Western civilizations. Students can also share their own perspectives and backgrounds in class discussions. Through videos (see below), instructors can also poke fun (without getting too morbid) at some of Western society's discomfort with death and dying. The topic of end-of-life care is very new within medicine and even newer within psychology. SUPPORT provided a rich source of data on the actual experiences of dying patients, and the AMA and Institute of Medicine have developed extensive documents regarding how dying patients are best treated. The well-publicized actions of Dr. Jack Kevorkian have prompted a wealth of alternative proposals and viewpoints regarding the humane treatment of dying individuals. Finally, the area of bereavement is being revisited within psychology as it is recognized that continued attachment to a lost family member or friend has beneficial aspects. Grief counselors are recognizing that it is not necessarily best to rid oneself of memories and emotional ties to the dead person. In this lecture, these issues can be raised with students, particularly those who have experienced the loss of someone close to them. This is not the last chapter of the book-- on purpose. Although death is the natural ending of a course on adult development and aging, the last chapter will look at the productivity and creativity of older people in the context of successful aging. At the same time, it is worth recognizing that the ability to move beyond the inevitable losses that older adults experience is part of the process of successful aging (as has eloquently been stated by Robert Kastenbaum).
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are many resources available for instructors to supplement the material in this lecture- so many that it would be possible to spend the entire class time viewing relevant videos. Therefore, the instructor must choose judiciously among the many available options and rather than show one film in its entirety, select the best portions of two or three. The options include documentary materials on PBS and various cable networks in which the topic of death has been treated, either from a psychological or sociocultural perspective. Sensationalistic attitudes toward death can also be illustrated by excerpts from news stories describing deaths of famous people (such as Michael Jackson) or stories covering disasters (such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, to name a few). The History Channel documentary, “Cities of the Underworld” included an excellent segment on the Egyptian mummies—ordinary citizens—who were not buried in tombs as elaborate as the Pharaohs but with similar embalming processes. The TV show “Gray’s Anatomy” did an excellent job illustrating physician-assisted suicide in the episode which aired in Spring 2010 entitled “Suicide is Painless.”
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT DEATH? IM-13 |1
Which dying trajectory would you prefer to have happen to you and your loved ones? Why? What does the concept of the dying trajectory add to our understanding of the dying process? Have you ever been with a dying person? What types of symptoms did that person exhibit? What is the difference between an age-specific and an age-adjusted death rate? Why are both needed? What can we learn about a population from knowing its mortality rate? Why has the mortality rate decreased over the past 100 years? How much more do you think it will decrease in the next century? What do death rates by age, sex, and race, indicate about a group in the population? Why is it that people with a college education have lower mortality rates? What factors lead some poor countries to have lower death rates than other poor countries? What does the mortality rate of a country say about the health and living conditions of its people? What can be applied from studying mortality rates in other countries to understanding health status in our own country?
SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH AND DYING What would it be like to live in a culture in which death was not feared? How does belief in the afterlife relate to a culture's views of death? How did medical advances in the 20th century change contemporary society's views of death? What does the Death with Dignity movement signify about current attitudes toward death and dying?
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH AND DYING Do you think the five stages of dying provide a useful perspective for understanding the dying process? Why or why not? What alternatives would you propose as a way of thinking about the dying process? Do these social-psychological processes such as legitimization of biography provide a more useful perspective than the stages of dying proposed by Kubler-Ross? Why or why not? Have you ever heard a person engage in the legitimization of biography? What was that like? How do these processes relate to Erikson's concept of ego integrity?
ISSUES IN END-OF-LIFE CARE What changes in medical care of the dying necessitated the PSDA? Will you or have you written an AD? What will or did it include? What are the implications of SUPPORT for current care of the dying? How can the experience of dying patients be improved? What are the concerns of physicians and others who disagree with Kevorkian's treatment of terminally ill patients? What is the difference between palliative care and other forms of terminal treatment?
BEREAVEMENT Do you agree with the recommendation that assistance with mundane tasks such as help around the home and buying groceries can help ease the psychological burdens on the dying and their families? Why are bereaved persons at risk for physical disease? Have you witnessed the symptoms of bereavement in yourself or others? Did they correspond to the description provided here? How were they different? How do you think it feels for a person married 40 to 50 years or more to experience the death of a spouse? Have you witnessed this process in a relative or friend? Why might it be more difficult for younger widows to adjust to a spouse's loss? Why might it be more difficult for older widows to make the adjustment? How are men and women differentially affected by the loss of a spouse? Which of the types of loss do you think is hardest for an individual to experience? Why? What is the role of religion in the bereavement process? Why is this not discussed by current theories of bereavement? Why did traditional theories of bereavement regard the working through of a death as a necessary part of adaptation to loss? What has caused that view to change?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS IM-13 |2
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT DEATH?
1. HEALTHY LIFESPAN- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The __________________ is the length of time an individual can live without significant disease and disability. A. dying trajectory B. age-adjusted death rate C. healthy lifespan D. good death
2. HEALTHY LIFESPAN- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The healthy lifespan refers to the length of time that an individual can: A. maintain a positive attitude toward life’s ending. B. live without significant disease and disability. C. be treated by others with respect and dignity. D. live after passing the age that a relative died.
3. DEFINITION OF DEATH Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The medical and legal definition of death considers it to occur when: A. all vital organs have ceased functioning except the brain. B. the individual is being kept alive only through life support C. life support is removed but the vital organs continue to function. D. all vital organs, including the brain have ceased functioning.
4. CHANGES PRIOR TO DEATH Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Shortly prior to death, an individual is likely to experience which of the following symptoms? A. Elevated mood. B. Extreme wakefulness. C. Clearer vision and hearing. D. Visual hallucinations.
5. DYING TRAJECTORY- CHOICE
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Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D An individual’s rate of decline prior to death is referred to as the: A. healthy lifespan. B. social death. C. acceptance stage. D. dying trajectory.
6. DYING TRAJECTORY- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The dying trajectory an individual experiences prior to death refers to which process? A. Rate of biological decline. B. Stages prior to death acceptance. C. Loss of cognitive functioning. D. Decline in appetite and muscle mass.
7. WHY PEOPLE DIE FROM ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The death of an individual who is in the later stages of Alzheimer’s disease typically occurs due to: A. continuous loss of brain tissue. B. desire for physician-assisted suicide. C. development of an acute fatal illness. D. general loss of the will to live.
8. ANOREXIA-CACHEXIA SYNDROME- STEM Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C Dying individuals experiencing the anorexia-cachexia syndrome, which is defined as which set of symptoms? A. Accumulation of fluid in the extremities. B. Hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation. C. Loss of the desire to eat and decline in muscle mass. D. Anxiety, depression, and memory loss.
9. ANOREXIA-CACHEXIA SYNDROME- CHOICE Difficulty: Correct choice: B Loss of appetite and muscle mass in the period before a person dies is referred to as the: A. dual-process model. B. anorexia-cachexia syndrome. C. rapid dying trajectory.
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D. terminal decline.
10. CANCER AND STEADY DYING TRAJECTORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B An individual showing a steady and continuously declining dying trajectory is likely to have which type of disease? A. Renal failure. B. Cancer. C. Alzheimer’s disease. D. Cardiovascular disease.
11. AGE-ADJUSTED DEATH RATE- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A To measure the health of a population, epidemiologists use the age-adjusted death rate, which provides what type of information? A. weighted sum of deaths in the population on the basis of age. B. the total number of deaths occurring within each age group. C. weighted sum of deaths per year over the past ten years. D. the average number of deaths occurring within each age group.
12. AGE-ADJUSTED DEATH RATE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Policy makers evaluating the health of their country seek to achieve a low ___________________ death rate would indicate that fewer people are dying at young ages in a population. A. crude B. age-specific C. total D. age-adjusted
13. CRUDE DEATH RATE- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B An epidemiologist is conducting a study in which she is only interested in finding out how many people die each year for a given population. The measure she will use for this study is the: A. age-adjusted death rate. B. crude death rate. C. age-specific death rate. D. gross death rate.
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14. CRUDE DEATH RATE- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The crude death rate provides information about which aspect of mortality? A. Total number of deaths occurring in a given time period. B. Percentage of deaths within each age group. C. Number of deaths divided by the size of the population. D. Average deaths occurring within each age group.
15. THE MEANING OF AGE-ADJUSTED DEATH RATE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B An age-adjusted death rate in the U.S. in 2010 of 746.2 per 100,000 compared to the age-adjusted death rate of 860 in 2000 means that: A. the lifespan is showing a gradual increase per decade. B. the population is getting healthier because people are dying at later ages. C. fewer people overall were dying in 2010 than in 2000. D. the population is getting unhealthier because people are dying at younger ages.
16. STATE WITH LOWEST DEATH RATE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Which U.S. state has the lowest age-adjusted death rate? A. West Virginia B. Hawaii C. Florida D. Mississippi
17. AGE AND RACE/ETHNICITY IN U.S. Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A The segment of the U.S. population with the lowest age-adjusted mortality rate is: A. White females B. non-Hispanic Black men C. Black females D. non-Hispanic White men
18. HISPANIC LIFE EXPECTANCY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Which racial ethnic group in the U.S. for both sexes combined has the highest life expectancy? IM-13 |6
A. B. C. D.
White non-Hispanic Blacks Hispanic Asian-American
19. WHITEHALL II SOCIAL CLASS AND MORTALITY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B According to findings from Whitehall II, individuals from lower social class compared to higher social class had higher risk of which mortality-related condition? A. cancer B. cardiovascular disease C. chronic emphysema D. osteoarthritis
20. SOCIAL CLASS AND MORTALITY REASON Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Researchers believe that the main reason for the relationship between social class and mortality appears to be due to which factor in lower class occupations? A. Higher exposure to environmental toxins B. Lack of control over the pace and timing of work C. Less time to spend with friends and family D. Greater chance of injuries on the job
21. HIGHEST CRUDE DEATH RATE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Which country has the highest crude death rate in the world? A. Bolivia B. El Salvador C. Rwanda D. South Africa
22. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RATE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The highest rate of death due to cardiovascular disease is found in: A. Kazakhstan. B. Armenia. C. Pakistan. D. China.
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SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH AND DYING 23. DEATH ETHOS- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Which type of information would a cultural anthropologist use to classify a culture’s death ethos? A. class differences in mortality rates B. rates of terminal illness by age group C. the language people use to describe death D. average cost of a long-term hospital stay
24. BOOK OF THE DEAD- CHOICE Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D In Ancient Egypt, the ______________ was considered to be the guidebook to ensure that an individual would be guided through the underworld and into the afterlife. A. Ethos of the Spirit B. Sword of Moses C. Saga of the King D. Book of the Dead
25. BOOK OF THE DEAD- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The Book of the Dead in ancient Egypt consisted of instructions to be used for: A. preparing the mummy for burial. B. guiding the departed to the afterlife. C. building the Great Pyramids of Giza. D. decorating the body after death.
26. TAMED DEATH- STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The view of tamed death, prevalent until the early Middle Ages, regards death as: A. a welcome end to life. B. glorification of the self. C. a noble path to life’s end. D. transition to eternal life.
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27. TAMED DEATH- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Regarding death as a transition to an eternal life is characteristic of which death ethos? A. death acceptance B. beautiful death C. tamed death D. invisible death
28. WHEN TAMED DEATH ETHOS WAS PREVALENT Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The death ethos known as “tamed death” was prevalent during which time and place in history? A. Western Europe until the early Middle Ages B. China during the late 14th century C. Early revolutionary America D. Western Europe and America in the 1800s
29. BEAUTIFUL DEATH- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The view that it is noble to die for a cause characterizes the ____________ death ethos. A. tamed B. beautiful C. social D. invisible
30. INVISIBLE DEATH Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Moving dying patients from the home to hospitals in mid-20th Century Western culture has led to the ethos of the _________ death. A. invisible B. social C. tamed D. noble
31. TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A IM-13 |9
According to the perspective known as ________________ Theory, activating a person’s thoughts about death may trigger a set of positive changes, including closer relationships, greater creativity, and more connection to others. A. Terror Management B. Life Review C. Awareness of Finitude D. Death with Dignity
32. SOCIAL DEATH Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C Treating dying individuals as nonpersons when they approach the end of their lives is known as _________ death. A. tamed B. isolated C. social D. remote
33. DENIAL STAGE OF DYING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A woman’s mother was diagnosed with terminal cancer but is convinced that, despite the odds, she will survive this disease. The woman realizes that her mother’s chances are in fact close to zero. It appears that the mother is in which of the Kübler-Ross stages of dying? A. bargaining B. resistance C. denial D. depression
34. DENIAL OF DEATH Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The idea that Western culture is unwilling to accept the reality of mortality led Ernest Becker to write the critique of this attitude, called: A. The Book of the Dead B. On Death and Dying C. The Denial of Death D. Management of Terror
35. DEATH WITH DIGNITY Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D Being able to die in a way that protects the individual from loss of control over the body is central to the idea of:
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A. B. C. D.
the beautiful death. invisible death death acceptance death with dignity
36. GOOD DEATH Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D By bringing dying patients home to have control over their care, health care professionals are attempting to help them achieve a ________ death. A. beautiful B. tamed C. social D. good
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH AND DYING
37. LEGITIMIZATION OF BIOGRAPHY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Making sense of the story of your life prior to death is a process known as: A. legitimization of biography B. death with dignity C. terror management D. awareness of finitude
38. TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A According to the perspective known as ________________ Theory, activating a person’s thoughts about death may trigger a set of positive changes, including closer relationships, greater creativity, and more connection to others. E. Terror Management F. Life Review G. Awareness of Finitude H. Death with Dignity
ISSUES IN END-OF-LIFE CARE 39. PATIENT SELF-DETERMINATION ACT Difficulty: Moderate IM-13 |11
Correct choice: D An important piece of U.S. federal legislation ensured the rights of dying patients to be able to have an active role in their care was the 1990 __________ Act: A. Hospice End-of-Life Care B. Right to Choose C. Durable Power of Attorney D. Patient Self-Determination
40. HEALTH CARE PROXY AND DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B An appointment of a durable power of attorney for health care specifies who will serve as a(n)_____________ for an individual should he or she become incapacitated. A. legal guardian B. health care proxy C. illness advisor D. care counselor
41. LIVING WILL THROUGH FIVE WISHES Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: B An 80-year-old woman planning her living will through use of the “Five Wishes” website. This will allow her to honor her desire for: A. choosing who will inherit her savings. B. life-support or resuscitation. C. gaining access to medical records. D. having no family present at her funeral.
42. PALLIATIVE CARE DEFINITION- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D A physician working with a terminally ill patient and his family suggest that they consider palliative care. This means that the patient would receive: A. resuscitation if the patient goes into cardiac arrest. B. life support for a maximum period of two weeks. C. a minimum of pain medication unless absolutely necessary. D. medications to provide pain relief and some physical therapy, as desired.
43. DNR ORDER- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Patients who choose not to have medical intervention when their heart or lungs shut down are issuing a(n): A. euthanasia request. B. physician-assisted suicide directive. IM-13 |12
C. do-not-resuscitate order. D. palliative care commitment.
44. HOSPICE CARE- STEM Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: C Unlike hospitals or nursing homes, hospices provide only______________ for their patients. A. spiritual counseling B. advance directives C. palliative care D. overtreatment
45. MANAGING PATIENT CARE BASED ON DYING TRAJECTORIES Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The SUPPORT findings on managing patient care based on their dying trajectory suggested that the best model of care for patients experiencing a chronic illness with intermittent periods of worsening includes: A. providing support and assistance for caregivers. B. intervening only with hospice or palliative care . C. educating patients about self-care and symptom management. D. moving them into the hospital whenever their symptoms get worse.
46. STATES WITH LEGALIZED PAS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Oregon and Washington have a unique status among U.S. states because they are the only two that permit: A. euthanasia. B. physician-assisted suicide. C. peaceful awareness. D. hospice care.
BEREAVEMENT 47. DEATH OF A CHILD Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Research following parents after the death of a child shows that: A. the effects can last for as long as 20 years. B. father are more affected than mothers. C. the risk of mortality is highest when the children are older than 18. D. parents are more likely to divorce after the death of a child.
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48. ATTACHMENT VIEW OF BEREAVEMENT Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D According to the ________________ view of bereavement the bereaved can continue to benefit from maintaining emotional bonds to the deceased individual. A. conventional B. social death C. behavioral D. attachment
49. DSM-5 BEREAVEMENT DIAGNOSIS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The DSM-5 considers extreme grief past a 2-week period following the loss of a close relative or friend to fit the criteria for which disorder? A. Psychotic grief reaction B. Attachment anxiety syndrome C. Major depressive disorder D. Bereavement adjustment disorder
50. DUAL-PROCESS MODEL OF BEREAVEMENT Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The dual-process model of coping with bereavement proposes that the most adaptive way to adapt to loss is to: A. completely repress the fact that the loss occurred. B. alternate between restoration and loss as coping methds. C. focus only on dealing with the practical consequences of the loss. D. become entirely immersed in one’s feelings about the loss.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT DEATH? 1. 2. 3.
What are the medical symptoms that are often present when death is imminent? Summarize four trends occurring in mortality rates throughout the world. Describe the three dying trajectories shown. Indicate what types of deaths are most highly associated with each trajectory.
SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH AND DYING 1. 2.
Summarize the timeline of changes in attitudes toward death and dying from the Middle Ages to the present. What are four cultural factors contributing to contemporary attitudes toward death and dying?
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH AND DYING 1.
Summarize the five stages of dying in the theory of Kübler-Ross. Describe four criticisms of the theory. IM-13 |14
2. 3.
Briefly analyze the processes of awareness of finitude, legitimization of biography, and life review. How are these three processes related to each other? What were the main findings to emerge from the SUPPORT study? What are the implications of these findings for end-of-life care?
BEREAVEMENT 1. 2. 3.
Contrast the traditional views of bereavement with more contemporary views based on attachment theory. Summarize the bereavement process for death of an adult child, a grandchild, a parent, a sibling, and a friend. What are the five patterns of reactions to the death of a spouse? Which of these is the most common?
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1.
2.
3. 4. 5.
How do mortality rates enhance our understanding of the factors influencing adult development and aging in terms of the biopsychosocial perspective? Be sure to elaborate on the biological, psychological, and sociocultural meaning of mortality rates. Examine historical trends in attitudes toward death and dying and contrast previous views with contemporary portrayals of death. In your opinion, how do these changes in attitudes affect the experience of dying for individuals? If you were a counselor working with dying patients and their families, how would you handle end-of-life decisions? What is your position on euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide? A recently widowed woman sees you in therapy for help in adapting to bereavement. Which theory of bereavement would you use as the basis for your treatment? Why?
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CHAPTER 14 Successful Aging and Creativity LECTURE GUIDELINES As mentioned in the last chapter, the end of the course covers successful aging rather than death and dying. This allows the instructor to send the students out of the course with an upbeat feeling about what they have to look forward to in the rest of their lives. The topic of successful aging has existed for some years within gerontology, but it has been given recent impetus by the Positive Psychology movement and the emphasis on optimism that is beginning to pervade the field. The job of ending the course on this topic has been made much easier by this recent shift in emphasis, as in the past there was not much data from which to draw. However, as is evident from the chapter, the research on subjective well-being, successful aging, and even more recently successful cognitive aging provides a wealth of riches in this area. Moreover, the instructor can delve as much as desired into the material on creativity in later life by incorporating the works of great artists, musicians, and literary geniuses who continued to produce well into their eighties.
VIDEOS AND FILMS Instructors will find many possible sources for this lecture, including documentaries on amazing older adults as well as movies that provide a positive image of old age. There are also any number of documentaries, and YouTube clips about remarkable older adults. In terms of movies, there are again ample choices available. One particularly good movie that is available on video is “Young at Heart” http://www.youngatheartchorus.com/. There are videos available on Rembrandt’s self-portraits on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_H71aiz290) Also a biography of Picasso that includes his later years http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3k1lUBoBBIc A multimedia piece that can be designed specifically for this lecture works very well in the class in the section on achievements by older adults. A collection of slides showing the “Age Busters” described in the text can be played along with a musical selection (such as "My Way"). This can have a very emotional impact on the class, when they see the compilation of people they have heard about (and those they have not) who have continued to accomplish beyond the point that would be predicted on the basis of their age. The "swan song" can also be illustrated by playing examples of music composed at the end of life-- the best example is Lacrymosa from Mozart's Requiem in D minor (thanks to Dean Simonton for this suggestion!). Slides from Rembrandt's self-portraits (ages 23 to 63) can be shown to illustrate the "old age style," as can paintings and sculptures from the artists mentioned in the text. To summarize, the instructor can use this lecture to end the course with a grand fireworks finale- a wonderful ending to what students will certainly have found to be a fascinating and worthwhile course.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL AGING? What do you think is involved in successful aging? What successful agers do you know in your own life? Why do you consider them successful? How would you rate your subjective well-being? Do you think it varies from day to day? What factors cause it to vary? Do you think that people can actively construe their lives in a positive way even if their objective circumstances are negative? How?
CREATIVITY AND AGING What is the meaning of the lastingness? What examples can you think of that fit with the idea of “Old Age Style”? How about the “Swan Song”? How does the idea of the Age Busters fit with the overall predictions based on Lehman's views of aging and productivity? IM-14 |1
SUCCESSFUL AGING: FINAL PERSPECTIVES How is productivity measured in "ordinary" people at the end of life? What can we learn from successful agers?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS AGING TODAY
1. JOHN GLENN QUOTE Which “Age Buster” was known for saying "Too many people, when they get old, think that they have to live by the calendar"? A. Jack LaLanne B. Satchel Paige C. John Glenn D. Jackie Robinson
WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL AGING? 2. ROWE AND KAHN MODEL Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The Rowe and Kahn definition of successful aging proposes that absence of ____________ is a component of successful aging. 1. pessimism 2. neuroticism 3. disease 4. worries
3. CRITICISM OF ROWE AND KAHN MODEL Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Critics of the Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging contend that it is overly focused on: A. spirituality. B. physical health. C. social class. D. subjective well-being.
4. CRITICISM OF ROWE AND KAHN MODEL FROM HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D A study of successful aging in the Health and Retirement Study lends support to critics of the Rowe and Kahn model because although many in the sample had no disability, a considerable proportion (37-40%) had: IM-14 |2
A. B. C. D.
stopped working. lost their spouses. cognitive deficits. some form of disability.
5. SHARE STUDY CRITIQUE OF ROWE AND KAHN MODEL Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A A large-scale study of retired European adults led researchers to critique the Rowe and Kahn model because it showed that ______________ were important contributors to successful aging. A. childhood social class and income B. health and disability C. religious beliefs D. social support
6. WHO MODEL OF SUCCESSFUL AGING Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The WHO model of successful aging is most similar to which developmental model in including the influence of broad social factors? A. Piagetian’s cognitive theory B. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological perspective C. Schaie’s most efficient design D. Erikson’s psychosocial theory Role of personal factors in WHO model Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The WHO model of active aging places emphasis on which personal factors? A. Need for acommodations due to disability B. Gender roles and expectations. C. Autonomy and independence D. Cultural attitudes toward older adults.
7. RESILIENCE AND OPTIMISM IN WHI STUDY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A In a test of predictors of successful aging, a study on the Women’s Health Initiative sample showed that _____________ had the greatest influence. A. resilience and optimism B. number of physical symptoms C. cognitive performance D. number of children
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8. SEXUAL SATISFACTION IN WHI STUDY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The Women’s Health Initiative study on sexuality showed that sexual satisfaction was related to: A. age of self and partner. B. successful aging in general. C. amount of physical exercise. D. actual sexual activity.
9. SUPERAGERS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C The “Superagers” identified in an MRI study on memory and brain structure showed that those with better memories had the most cortical volume in which region? A. Occipital cortex B. Hypothalamus C. Cingulate cortex D. Hippocampus
10. PLASTICITY MODEL IN AGING AND BRAIN FUNCTION Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D A large analysis of studies on age, brain function, and cognitive performance supported the propositions of which perspective? A. Ecological B. Neural fallout C. Plasticity D. Cortical thickness
11. PREDICTORS OF SUCCESSFUL COGNITIVE AGING Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B In a national survey in the U.S., researchers observed a gap of approximately ___% between the extent of loss that older adults actually experienced compared to what younger adults thought would occur. A. 32 B. 66 C. 5 D. 14
12. NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER AND C-REACTIVE PROTEIN Difficulty: Moderate IM-14 |4
Correct choice: D Unlike predictors of cardiovascular performance in younger adults, high levels of which substance seem to protect older adults from neurocognitive disorders? A. Triglycerides B. Low-density lipoprotein C. Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 D. C-reactive protein
13. POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Difficulty: Easy Correct choice: D Studies of successful aging fit into the perspective known as _______________ psychology, which attempts to understand people’s strengths and virtues. A. psychoanalytic B. subjective C. behavioral D. positive
14. LIFE SATISFACTION VS. SUCCESSFUL AGING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Compared to subjective well-being as a way to understand factors predicting successful aging, life satisfaction places heavier emphasis on: A. cognitions. B. happiness. C. emotions. D. affect.
15. PARADOX OF WELL-BEING Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C According to the paradox of well-being, older adults who are objectively have a number of chronic illness should also appear psychologically to have: A. poor mental health. B. high levels of neuroticism. C. poor cognitive functioning. D. high levels of happiness.
16. SOCIAL INDICATOR MODEL Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B
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An older adult who is living on a tight income and has to economize on the essentials of daily living should, according to the _______________, also have low levels of happiness and life satisfaction. A. paradox of well-being B. social indicator model C. demographic hypothesis D. resilience perspective
17. PEW STUDY ON WELL-BEING IN OLDER ADULTS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C According to the Pew Research Center study of well-being, young adults wrongly believed that the experience of aging would most likely affect which aspect of life in adults 65 and older? A. Desire to help others B. Enjoyment of retirement C. Cognitive functioning D. Being able to get around
18. COHORT-SEQUENTIAL LIFE SATISFACTION STUDY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D In a large cohort-sequential study of two large European national surveys, researchers found that at the very end of life, aging seems related to ______________ in life satisfaction: A. gradual increases B. continued stability C. a fall then a rise D. a steady descent
19. LIFE SATISFACTION STUDY AND SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B The results of a large cohort-sequential study of life satisfaction across the adult years seemed to contradict the findings of which theory? A. Social indicator model B. Socioemotional selectivity C. Social comparison D. Equal odds rule
20. SELF-ESTEEM AND LIFE SATISFACTION Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Research on life satisfaction and personality on German emerging adults suggests that _____________ influences people’s levels of well-being throughout across adulthood.
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A. B. C. D.
flexibility neuroticism self-esteem extraversion
21. SET POINT PERSPECTIVE- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The ____________________ perspective is supported by research showing that personality traits as they change through time affect levels of well-being. A. social comparison B. social indicator C. socioemotional selectivity D. set point
22. INCOME LEVELS AND HEALTH Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Studies of well-being in older adults suggest that those at the low end of the income scale experience: A. high levels of self-esteem. B. good overall health. C. greater risk of depression. D. closer relations with family.
23. LIFE SATISFACTION ACROSS DOMAINS Correct choice: A In a large scale study of well-being across specific domains of life such as health, income, leisure time, housing, and social relations, overall satisfaction with _____________ showed a steep decline in later adulthood. A. health B. income C. social relations D. housing
24. SOCIAL COMPARISON AND MINORITY STATUS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Among older adults from non-white racial and ethnic groups, especially those with low levels of education who are in poor health, the process of ________________ seems to explain the fact that their self-ratings of health are relatively high. A. set point B. identity commitment C. social comparison D. creative potential
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25. IDENTITY ASSIMILATION AND THE LIFE STORY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A Research on the life story suggests that using _____________ may help older adults cope, at least initially, with late-life losses and disappointments. A. identity assimilation B. exploring alternatives C. social comparison D. positive emotions
CREATIVITY AND AGING
26. DEFINITION OF CREATIVITY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D One definition of creative ability emphasizes the idea that it is original, has an impact on others and is: A. pleasing B. well-liked C. unusual D. appropriate.
27. CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LIFE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B In everyday life, a person might express creativity in activities such as: A. shopping. B. cooking. C. driving. D. paying bills.
28. ”MINI-C” CREATIVITY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Creativity with a “mini-C” refers to what type of behavior in everyday life? A. scrapbooking and collecting. B. buying works of art. C. having a sense of humor. D. gaining self-understanding.
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29. EMINENT CREATIVITY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The eminent and well-known productive and imaginative individuals are referred to as having the ________ form of creativity. A. Mini C B. Big C C. Regular C D. Capital C
30. CREATIVE TASKS USED IN STUDIES OF BRAIN AND CREATIVITY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A Studies of the neuroscience of creativity examine brain scans while individuals are involved in such cognitive tasks as: A. thinking of analogies. B. completing puzzles. C. memorizing pictures. D. sorting cards.
31. NEUROSCIENCE OF CREATIVITY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D Research on the neuroscience of creativity contradicts the myth that the _____________ of the brain is involved in creative thinking. A. parietal lobe B. limbic system C. frontal lobe D. right hemisphere
32. CONCEPTUAL EXPANSION- CHOICE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Studies of the neuroscience of creativity use a task in which the individual is asked to think about alternative uses of common objects, also called: A. openness to experience B. conceptual expansion C. cognitive adaptability D. metaphoric reasoning
33. CREATIVITY AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX Difficulty: Moderate IM-14 |9
Correct choice: B Studies linking personal disposition of openness to experience and activity in the ____________ of the brain suggest that there may be, in part, a biological component to creativity. A. cerebellum B. frontal lobe C. limbic system D. corpus callosum
34. PLANCK HYPOTHESIS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C The Planck hypothesis proposes that peak scientific productivity occurs during which period of life? A. Young-old age B. Middle adulthood C. Early adulthood D. Old-old age
35. APPROACH TAKEN BY DENNIS TO AGE AND PRODUCTIVITY Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D What correction did Dennis make in calculating the relationship between age and productivity? A. Eliminated all cases of “one-hit wonders.” B. Disregarded the first 20 years of the career. C. Took the quality of productivity into account. D. Only included individuals living until 80.
36. ONE-HIT WONDER EXAMPLE- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: B Somewhat surprisingly, the well-known writer ____________ is technically a “one-hit wonder” A. Emily Dickinson B. Margaret Mitchell C. Anna Marie Robertson D. Jane Austen
37. EQUAL ODDS RULE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C A composer who provides an example of the _____________ was Verdi, who continued to write a large number of pieces of music even at the end of his career, increasing his chances of producing a masterpiece in old age. A. set point perspective B. paradox of well-being
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C.
equal odds rule
38. CAREER AGE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B Because he used ___________ rather than chronological age, Simonton’s model provides a better estimate of an individual’s chance of being productive in late life. A. cohort B. career age C. time of measurement D. subjective age
39. CREATIVE POTENTIAL Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B People high in __________, according to Simonton, should be able to produce creative works well into old age as long as they remain alive. A. openness to experiment B. creative potential C. cognitive flexibility D. subjective well-being
40. LONGEVITY AND CREATIVITY Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: C Increases in longevity may contribute to the greater productivity of older creative individuals by allowing them more: A. opportunities to travel. B. interaction with their children. C. resources for collaboration. D. time to be by themselves.
41. LASTINGNESS Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D The quality of __________________ in the work of older artists applies to creative work that persists over time. A. creative potential B. old age style C. swan song D. lastingness
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42. OLD AGE STYLE EXAMPLE Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: D The Pieta Rondanini sculpted by _______________ at the end of his life is an example of the old age style, with its emotional power and lack of attention to detail. A. Da Vinci B. Matisse C. Monet D. Michelangelo
43. SWAN SONG- STEM Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: C A chief characteristic of the swan song is the fact that it is: A. written in minor key. B. intended to be played at funerals. C. simple and easy to remember. D. the only composition of a one-hit wonder.
44. B.F. SKINNER BOOK IN LATER LIFE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D As he got older, for the first time in his life, B.F. Skinner wrote a book about: A. the history of psychoanalysis. B. a fictional type of utopia. C. the joys of becoming a grandparent. D. how to overcome the challenges of aging.
45. MONET AND CATARACTS Difficulty: Hard Correct choice: A The development of ____________ late in life led Monet to change the colors he used to depict scenes from nature. A. cataracts B. arthritis C. cardiovascular disease D. depression
46. LACK OF ATTENTION TO SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS Difficulty: Moderate IM-14 |12
Correct choice: C Critics of studies on aging and creativity point out that much of the research pays too little attention to: A. productive individuals who live outside of North America. B. the creative works of poets, writers, and dramatists. C. sociocultural factors that advantage certain segments of society. D. contributions made by artists in the 1800s and early 1900s.
47. BLACK AREAS OF ACCOMPLISHMENT UNDER -REPRESENTED Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: A In analyzing the productive accomplishments of older Blacks, Simonton discovered that most of the research left them out because of failure to consider areas such as _______ in measuring productivity: A. law B. finance C. art D. politics
48. FAMOUS FIRSTS- CHOICE Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D Examples of eminent non-White agers known as _________ play an important role in African American reference works but not in majority counts of productivity and creativity. A. talented innovators B. pioneer achievers C. successful minorities D. famous firsts
49. LACK OF ATTENTION TO WOMEN Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: B The group of productive older individuals given credit mainly for their contributions to children’s literature in studies of aging and creativity consists primarily of: A. Native Americans. B. women. C. British authors. D. Blacks.
SUCCESSFUL AGING: FINAL PERSPECTIVES 50. PASSIONATE COMMITMENT TO THE DISCIPLINE - STEM Difficulty: Moderate Correct choice: D IM-14 |13
Which qualities define the sense of “passionate commitment” among productive older adults? 51. Ability to follow a single path. 52. Support from close friends and family. 53. Desire to overcome adversity. 54. High levels of flexibility and curiosity.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL AGING? 1. 2. 3. 4.
What are the three components of successful aging according to Rowe and Kahn definition? How does the Rowe and Kahn definition of successful aging differ from the WHO model of active aging? What is successful cognitive aging? What factors promote successful aging?
CREATIVITY AND AGING 1. 2. 3. 4.
What are the three basic assumptions of Simonton's model of creative productivity? What are the advantages of using career age rather than chronological age in understanding the effects of age on creativity? Describe three characteristics of the old age style. What factors appear to stimulate the development of old age style?
SUCCESSFUL AGING: FINAL PERSPECTIVES 1. 2.
How would you define creativity with a lower-case “c”? How might creativity be expressed at the end of life in an "ordinary" older person?
ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3.
How does the WHO concept of active aging differ from the Rowe and Kahn definition? Provide an example from your own experience of the "old age style." Indicate the nature of the work, why you think it exemplifies the old age style, and the factors that may have led to its creation. Did creative geniuses who experienced difficulties in old age, such as Picasso, Matisse, and O'Keeffe fit psychology's definition of "successful aging"? Why or why not?
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