Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank For Understanding Violence and Victimization 7th edition By Rober by StudyGuide

Contents Chapter 1

Measuring and Understanding Violence

Chapter 2

Victimization Theory

Chapter 3

Victims of Familiar Violence

Chapter 4

Nonfamilial Violence and Victimization

Chapter 5

Institutional and Workplace Violence

Chapter 6

School Violence and Victimization

Chapter 7

Criminal Justice and Injustice

Chapter 8

Human Trafficking and Victimization

Chapter 9

Firearms and Victimization

Chapter 10 Responding to Criminal Victimization

Chapter One: Measuring and Understanding Violence This chapter discusses the many reasons for interpersonal violence. The risk factors such as family backgrounds, personal characteristics, and socioeconomic status are also explored. Students should conduct research on a convicted criminal (serial killer, rapist, mass murderer, etc.) and identify what influences (individual, familial, and community) contributed to his/her offenses. Sources of data on victimization are also provided. It is recommended that the instructor introduce students to the various sources of crime data (Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC), National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), etc.). What are some of the strengths and weaknesses of each source? I. Student Learning Objectives:  Be able to explain the meaning of violent crime  Learn about reported and unreported crime  Learn about the fear of crime  Become familiar with some general reasons for violent behavior  Understand the dynamics of violence

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1. Americans’ fear of crime victimization relates strongly to two distinct factors: a. Socioeconomic status and level of education b. Income and level of education c. Income and sex* d. Socioeconomic status and gender

2. One limitation of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is: a. It details only reported crime* b. Universities/colleges are not required to report offenses c. Indexed crimes are not categorized by type of crime d. The UCR does not provide data on the nature and extent of reported crime rates in a given community

3. The dark figure of crime refers to: a. All reported crimes to the police b. Crimes committed by juveniles c. Unreported crimes* d. Both a and b

4. According to information provided by the U.S. Department of Justice, which of the following is not true? a. Males are most often the victims and perpetrators of homicides b. Blacks are more likely than whites to be homicide victims and homicide perpetrators c. Most murders were interracial* d. Blacks are more likely than whites to commit homicide

5. Which of the following is a nationwide data center designed to collect, collate, and analyze information about crimes of violence—specifically murder? a. National Crime Victimization Survey b. Uniform Crime Reports c. Violent Criminal Apprehension Program* d. Violence Center

6. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) chronicles all of the following information except: a. The amount of crime that occurs in school b. So-called victimless crimes* c. The relationship between the victim and the offender d. Profiles of crime victims

7. Which of the following is not one of the stages of violentization? a. Brutalization b. Premeditation* c. Belligerency d. Violent coaching

8. Which of the following is not part of the three-level social-ecological model? a. Individual b. Familial c. Psychological* d. Community

9. Among females, what disorder has been reported as one of the top disorders prison inmates (between 25% and 50%) are diagnosed with linking the disorder with their criminal behavior? a. Depression b. Borderline personality disorder* c. Post-traumatic stress disorder d. Schizophrenia

10. People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have lower levels of dopamine in the brain, which influences all the following except: a. Risk-taking behavior b. Unacceptable social behavior and crime

c. Poor academic achievement d. Higher self-esteem and acceptance*

11. Data on twin and adoptee studies found that: a. There was no association between adopted children’s criminal behavior and their birth parents criminal behavior b. Almost 50% of the adoptees whose mother had a criminal record also had a record of criminal behavior themselves by age 18* c. About 80% of males with a criminal record had an adopted mother with a criminal record d. Both b and c

12. Research on the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene found all of the following except: a. Those with low expression of MAOA were more impulsive b. People with low expression of MAOA had different brain size and activity c. Activity of those parts of the brain in males with low expression of MAOA differed more than their female counterparts d. Those with low expression of MAOA are born to commit violence*

13. Injury to the brain may contribute to aggressive behavior, especially if this region is affected because it harms the ability to plan and reason: a. Prefrontal cortex* b. Auditory cortex c. Occipital lobe d. Parietal lobe

14. Which of the following facts about familial influences is not true? a. The rise in violent crime parallels the rise in families abandoned by fathers b. The type of aggression and hostility demonstrated by a future criminal is often foreshadowed in unusual aggressiveness as early as age five or six c. High-crime neighborhoods are characterized by high concentrations of families abandoned by mothers* d. The future criminal tends to be an individual rejected by other children as early as the first grade

15. Social disorganization theory states the following except: a. Delinquency rates are higher in lower class neighborhoods b. Delinquency rates are higher in areas with the highest rates of prostitution c. Delinquency rates are higher in suburban communities* d. Delinquency rates are higher in communities with a large percent of minority families receiving public assistance

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. Explain why only some violent crimes are reported to police. What factors determine whether a crime is reported? Are reporting rates different for personal and property crimes? If so, why?

2. Why are some people more fearful of crime than others? Do you believe that the media promotes fear? Explain. 3. Develop an argument that genetics is a powerful factor in predicting behavior. 4. Discuss why some individuals raised in violent dysfunctional families or communities do not become violent. 5. Research a case study of a violent offender and determine the effect of individual, familial, and community levels in his or her violent behavior. 6. Is there a relationship between the social media and violence? 7. Are certain mental conditions attributed to violence more prevalent in men or women? 8. Are the reported police shootings of blacks due to racism or other factors? 9. Do a search of violent crime rates in America. Is violent crime increasing or decreasing? 10. Discuss the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and victimization. 11. How does violence and crime affect a community, and how does a community promote violence?

Chapter Two: Victimization Theory Chapter two addresses the theory and psychological effects of violent crime. The types and costs of victimization are also discussed. It is recommended that the instructor introduce the student to the topic by having the class list the reasons why people become victims of various crimes (murder, robbery, rape, etc.). Are certain people more often victimized than others? Why? What factors may play a role in their victimization? Students should research reasons of how and why victimization occurs. In other words, why are crimes more common in urban communities? Both early and modern theories are examined to help explain the relationship between crime and victimization. I. Student Learning Objectives:  Understand the difference between criminology and victimology  Understand the financial and psychological impacts of victimization  Understand the culture of victimization  Become familiar with the early theorists on victimology  Understand recent theories on victimization  Understand why some crimes are not officially reported  Determine the relationship between social media and victimization

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a. Is a common psychological reaction to violent encounters* b. Is a disorder restricted to war veterans c. Always surfaces immediately following a traumatic experience d. Requires treatment, symptoms will soon disappear

2. During which phase of rape trauma syndrome does the survivor experience a complete disruption of her life in response to the violence experienced: a. Acute phase* b. Organization phase c. Obtuse phase d. Reorganization phase

3. Micro aggressions are: a. When an individual casts himself or herself as a victim to control others b. When criminals sue their victims for injuries committed during the crime 5 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

c. Acts or words perceived to be insulting to another regardless of the intent of the transgressor* d. When an individual develops a mental illness after being victimized

4. Which of the following is an underlying motivation for perpetrators of false allegation crimes? a. Mental illness/depression b. Attention/sympathy c. Alibi d. All of the above*

5. Mendelsohn explains victimization through ________ whereas Hentig describes ________. a. community factors; situational factors b. situational factors; personal factors* c. family factors; situational factors d. family factors; personal factors

6. Which of the following is not one of Hentig’s categories of victims? a. The young b. The elderly c. Immigrants d. Males*

7. Which of the following is not an example Mendelsohn’s typology victim with minor guilt? a. A man is robbed after receiving services from a prostitute b. A man is shot in self-defense when he breaks into a house* c. A non-gang member is shot in a drive-by while associating himself with known gang members d. Both a and b

8. Primary victimization refers to: a. Personalized or individual victimization, such as a hate crime* b. Impersonal victimization, such as selling faulty products to the public c. Involves the public or society as a victim, such as crimes committed by the government d. When an offender becomes a victim, as when two people engage in a criminal activity and then one becomes the victim of the other

9. Active precipitation theory refers to: a. Victims using words to cause a physical confrontation b. Situations where victims provoke violent encounters c. Victims assaulted because of their active religious beliefs d. Both a and b*

10. An example of passive victimization is: a. Lovers who are assaulted by their partner’s estranged spouse* b. An unsuspecting individual is attacked because of his gang affiliation

c. An individual is stabbed in a barroom brawl d. Both a and c

11. Proximity hypothesis DOES NOT propose: a. Both criminals and victims often live in physical proximity to one another b. Criminals and victims coexist in socially disorganized, high-crime communities c. Victims encourage crime* d. Victims are in the wrong place at the wrong time

12. As Newman proposed with his defensible space theory, people are more likely to defend themselves from crime if: a. They live in fear b. They live in conditions conducive to reporting* c. They live in run-down areas d. Both a and c

13. Research has shown that decaying neighborhoods with physical disorder have all of the following except: a. More social interaction* b. Increased crime c. Higher levels of fear d. More physical and mental health problems

14. Routine activities theory is: a. Motivation to commit crime is constant b. Number of offenders is constant c. Any routine activity makes crime predictable d. Both a and b*

15. According to a research survey of Internet victimization of youth, all of the following are true except: a. One in five youth received a sexual approach or solicitation over the Internet in the last year b. More than half of all episodes were reported to authorities* c. One in four youth had an unwanted exposure in the last year to pictures of naked people or people have sex d. One in seventeen youth was threatened or harassed in the last year

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. Compare, contrast, and critique the routine activities theory. 2. Write a paper taking the position that some crime victims are responsible for their victimization. What theories or examples would you provide to support this position? 3. Identify and explain the five victim categories offered by Sellin and Wolfgang.

4. Consult local newspapers or other news sources and find examples of the routine activities, lifestyle, proximity, and victim precipitation theories. Report your findings to the class. 5. Visit a police department and interview officers who patrol high-crime areas. Ask them to relate, from their experiences, how some people become crime victims. 6. Do a content analysis of victimization in the media. That is, watch a film or television show about crime and violence, and list the extent and type of victimizations depicted. How often are women victimized? Children? Are any of the victimization theories presented in the film or television program? 7. Research court decisions from your jurisdiction or interview a defense attorney and find out how often the defense of battered women’s syndrome is used. Has PTSD been used successfully in any cases? 8. Do you agree that technology is becoming a medium of victimization? How? 9. Which victimization theories would you apply in the Holloway case (Focus 2–2)? Can you find other examples in which someone disappeared and was never found? Discuss the events of the case. That is, which theories would you apply? 10. Explain the culture of victimization. Do you feel that victimization in some instances is misrepresented or overstated? Why? 11. Discuss the difference between criminology and victimology. 12. Why do you think depressed people are likely victims? 13. Watch a crime television show (Law and Order: SVU, Criminal Minds, etc.), summarize the episode, and identify and describe which of Mendelsohn’s typologies the victim falls into.

Chapter Three: Victims of Familiar Violence This chapter focuses on one of the most common types of violence. Intimate violence includes spousal abuse, child abuse and neglect, and elder abuse. Students should understand that certain behaviors indicate impending intimate or family violence including stalking, making unwanted sexual advances, animal cruelty, and other forms of harassment. It is precipitated by a number of factors including strained relationships, financial or employment woes, the stress of raising children, depression, and so forth. Instructors should stress that persons displaying uncontrolled anger or jealousy in early stages of a relationship may become physically abusive in the future. Students should learn about domestic violence legislation and court cases. Victims of intimate violence and/or stalking should be invited to speak to the class. I. Student Learning Objectives:  Be familiar with stalking laws  Understand the victimization associated with stalking  Understand the different classifications of stalkers  Be familiar with the psychological and social consequences of stalking  Understand the situations leading to violence between intimates  Understand the laws relating to domestic violence  Understand the laws dealing with acquaintance or date rape  Learn how the criminal justice system responds to violence between intimates  Understand the circumstances leading to intimate violence and dating violence

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1.

A type of antisocial behavior is stalking. It generally involves the following behaviors except: a. Making threatening or harassing phone calls or hang-ups b. It is restricted to the famous* c. Sending unwanted love notes, flowers, and gifts d. Making verbal threats to the intended victim or a family member

Zona, Palarae, and Lane (1998) provided a typology of stalking based on the relationship between the victim and the offender. The typology includes all of the following except: a. Love obsession b. Erotomania c. Malicious obsession* d. Simple obsession 9 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Erotomania is defined as: a. A type of stalking in which the stalker accuses the victim of stalking them in order to receive sympathy from others b. A love obsession with an unwilling or unaware target* c. A type of stalking by an obsessed fan d. A type of stalking in which the victim and perpetrator have had a prior relationship

4. The purpose of anti-stalking legislation is: a. To punish stalkers for their behavior b. To stop stalkers who threaten and harass before they commit violent acts* c. To prohibit contact between a victim and another person d. None of the above

5. The psychological and social consequences of stalking include: a. Losing time from work b. Curtailment of social activities c. Relocation of resident d. All of the above*

6. Many male batterers exhibit common characteristics that include all of the following except: a. High levels of hostility, depression, and anxiety b. Denial of responsibility for their actions and blame the victim or ignore the incident altogether c. High levels of education* d. Isolate their wives and have excessive need for control

7. The following classifications used to explain the types of spousal battering are: a. Mental, physical, and psychological b. Psychological, emotional, economic, sexual, physical, and legal* c. Physical, mental, sexual, and emotional d. Mental, sexual, and physical

8. Which was the landmark case that addressed the issue of police failing to protect victims of domestic violence? a. Warren v. State b. Thurman v. City of Torrington* c. Commonwealth v. Berkowitz d. Baker v. United States

9. Passive neglect: a. Occurs when the primary caregiver, perhaps a son or daughter, for some reason is unable to provide the required care for the older person b. Involves a conscious attempt to inflict injury or emotional stress on the older person c. Is a form of elder abuse d. Both a and c*

10. According to the study by Erik Lindbloom (2005), which of the following was not mentioned as one of the markers indicating potential injury or death to nursing home patients: a. Physical condition/quality of care b. Facility characteristics c. Patient behaviors* d. Inconsistencies

11. Which type of child maltreatment is the most frequently reported type? a. Sexual abuse b. Physical abuse c. Neglect* d. Psychological abuse

12. Some behavioral symptoms that indicate children are being abused include each of the following except: a. Change in eating patterns b. Trouble sleeping c. Sudden mature, grown-up behavior* d. Sudden desire for privacy

13. Persons required by law to report suspected cases of abuse include each of the following except: a. Social workers b. Neighbors* c. Teachers and other school personnel d. Physicians and other health care workers

14. What is Rohpnol? a. It is a drug known on the street as rookies and R2 b. A drug that is ten times stronger than valium c. It is a drug that can produce memory loss of up to 8 hours d. All of the above*

15. The impact of rape on a victim includes: a. Medical problems such as pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and increased long-term health complaints b. Victims often pull away from intimate relationships c. Victims suffer stress symptoms such as fear, helplessness, shock, and humiliation d. All of the above*

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. Explain how a person can be charged with stalking. What constitutes the offense? 2. What is the Cycle of Violence? Discuss the phases and how and why the cycle occurs. 3. Discuss the strategies to avoid victimization in dating relationships. 11 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. What problems exist in prosecuting someone for date rape? 5. Does your state have a mandatory arrest policy for domestic violence? Interview a police officer or judge to get his or her views on the policy. If such a policy exists, is it effective in deterring repeat offenses? If your state doesn’t have such a policy, do you think it should? Explain. 6. Read Focus 3–4. Based on what you read, do you agree with the decision to arrest? In what other ways was the woman victimized as she moved through the system? 7. Discuss the signs of an abusive relationship. 8. Make up a questionnaire guaranteeing anonymity, and survey employees or students on whether they have been victims of spousal abuse, stalking, or acquaintance rape. Make sure you define what each means. 9. Explain the process a victim of stalking would go through in your community to get a restraining/protection order. Interview a police officer or district attorney. 10. Research articles regarding celebrity stalking. Identify techniques used by these stalkers. Are all stalkers potentially dangerous? 11. Identify the behavioral and legal responses to stalking. 12. In Focus 3–10, was this a case of rape? Is there any defense to the crime? 13. Identify the services available in your community for victims of spousal abuse and rape. 14. Describe the effects of the drug Rohypnol or any other so-called date rape drug. Are you aware of any cases of their use? 15. What are the common characteristics between elder abuse, child abuse, and spousal abuse? Is it possible one could be abusive in one situation and not in the other?

Chapter Four: Nonfamilial Violence and Victimization Nonfamilial or random violence inflicted on strangers appears to be increasing, with most acts resulting from other crimes such as robbery. Sometimes victimization is unavoidable; therefore, awareness of how to avoid being a victim is crucial. The threat of stranger violence correlates with political and social unrest. A discussion of hate groups and subversive organizations is recommended, and the film Mississippi Burning is suggested as a teaching strategy to address this concept. Terrorist attacks, both domestic and international, are also examples of nonfamilial violence and victimization. When more persons continue to see themselves as victimized by social or government policies or perceive religious persecution, terrorism will continue to spread its violence. A good student exercise is to discuss how a terrorist perceives himself or herself as a victim. Another approach is to examine how legislation responding to terrorism (Patriot Act, etc.) may actually create victimization. The film 1984 by George Orwell is recommended for examining this concept. I. Student Learning Objectives:  Understand the victimization associated with robbery and carjacking  Learn about the dynamics of homicides committed by strangers  Become familiar with the paradigm of spontaneous victimization  Learn the motives and victim choices of serial killers  Understand the reasons for hate and bias crimes  Learn the settings in which violent crimes occur  Understand the types of terrorism  Learn how terrorists use violence  Understand the responses to terrorism

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1. According to the FBI Uniform Crime Reports, which of the following locations has the highest rate of robberies? a. Bank b. Gas or service station c. Street/highway* d. Residence

2. Which of the following is true about home invasion robberies? a. The offenders frequently target residents unknown to them, but whose lifestyle of habits they may know b. The targets are usually senior citizens and women living alone c. Invaders plan their attacks well in advance by following a target home from work for a period of time d. All of the above*

3. All of the following are reasons home invasions are attractive to criminals except: a. Invaders can leave their victims bound and gagged allowing time for their escape b. Invaders can avoid suspicion by parking their vehicles in front of the home of the driveway as if they belong there c. Victims who live in guarded gated communities* d. Invaders do not have to worry about home alarm devices because they often invade when someone is home

4. Identify carjacking demographics: a. Majority of victims suffer some serious injury b. Most carjackings take place in alleys and driveways c. They are more likely to occur at night* d. Women are more likely than men to be victimized by carjacking

5. A bump and rob crime is: a. When an offender robs one car right after another b. When two offenders fight over who is going to do the robbing c. When an offender targets a vehicle, causes a minor collision, and then robs them* d. None of the above

6. Spontaneous murder involves all of the following except: a. One or both parties are usually drinking or using drugs b. They can result from threats over trivial events such as a dispute over a parking space c. Rarely result from arguments or threats* d. Encounter between strangers

7. The paradigm of spontaneous victimization includes all of the following except: a. Car troubles* b. Triggering event c. Argument d. Escalation

8. Felony murder is defined as each of the following except: a. The offender intended to kill the victim* b. Is considered to be spontaneous

c. When a stranger is robbed or carjacked and dies in the process d. 60% of convicted robbers/murderers reported committing the robbery with a partner

9. Common characteristics of serial killers include: a. Displayed early signs of behavioral problems b. Between the age of twenty to late thirties c. Generally white males d. All of the above*

10. Each of the following is a subtype of serial killers except: a. Visionary killers b. Crazed killers* c. Hedonistic killers d. Mission-oriented killers

11. Hate crime offenders target a victim because: a. Of the victims treatment toward the offender b. Of his or her race, religion, sexual preference, or ethnic heritage* c. Of the victims hate toward the offender d. All of the above

12. The Church Arson Prevention Act provides: a. Compensation to churches that fall prey to arson b. Crime victim protections to churches attacked because of the ethnic/racial composition of their membership c. Churches with clear hate or bias crime prevention literature d. Both a and b*

13. The objectives of terrorists, whether domestic or international, are to: a. Instill fear through violence b. Extortion c. Threats, or other acts of property or commerce destruction d. All of the above*

14. Which of the following is a reason motivating terrorism? a. Political b. Environmental c. Genocide d. All of the above*

15. Which of the following areas does the FBI categorize violence of terrorists? a. WMD (Weapons of mass destruction) b. Cyberterrorism c. Mass shooting d. Both a and b*

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. Explain the difference between targeted murders and spontaneous murders. 2. Discuss in general the different tactics used by home invaders to enter homes and steal property. 3. Visit your local police department and interview a crime analyst. Find out how many in your community are victimized by strangers (e.g., street robberies, carjacking). 4. Explain how a business or a community can be more responsible in preventing violence and victimization. 5. Discuss what advice you would give a group of people on how to avoid becoming a victim of random violence. 6. Explain the difference between situational and contributing factors in spontaneous murder. 7. Discuss the characteristics of serial killers. Who are likely to be their victims? In what ways did some of the victims discussed in this chapter invite their own deaths? 8. Explain the differences in motives of Dylann Roof, the BTK killer, and other predators discussed in the chapter. 9. Compare hate and bias crimes with other types of stranger crimes. In what ways are these crimes more vicious than other violent crimes? 10. Research the Internet for information on Federal Hate Crime Law. 11. Are there any business establishments in your community that are recognized as nuisance bars or trouble spots? What are the characteristics of these establishments? 12. Interview the local police crime prevention officer or contact victim counselors from your community regarding the type of crime prevention programs available. 13. Apply the model of the terrorism process to a terrorist act in any country. 14. Differentiate between domestic and international terrorism. How are they similar? 15. Differentiate between secular and nonsecular terrorism. 16. Explain why terrorism flourishes in some countries and some regions of the world more than it does in others. 17. Research a terrorist group and discuss the group’s motivations or reasons for why it supports terror. 18. Is the government doing enough to defend against terrorism or should more laws or programs be established?

19. Discuss why street gangs are considered terrorists. Is the terrorism label incorrect? 20. Research some recent federal legislation on terrorism. What do the laws provide or protect against? 21. Should the government negotiate with terrorist groups? Are there circumstances in which negotiation is necessary? Explain. 22. Visit one of the Web sources and compare the so-called right-wing and leftwing terrorist groups. How do they differ? How are they similar?

Chapter Five: Institutional and Workplace Violence We live in a complicated world where many people feel unimportant or disconnected. A person’s work often defines his or her relationship and importance to society. If workers feel threatened on the job or have dysfunctional lives, violence in the workplace will continue to pose a threat. Therefore, planning and understanding are crucial if such threats are to be diverted. People victimized in the workplace or on private property may have legal recourse if they can establish that there was negligence on the part of the property owner or manager. Students need to understand how business practices (or lack of) can be a source of workplace violence. In other words, outdated workplace rules, inadequate security, and poor management practices are sources of workplace violence. It is recommended that the instructor familiarize students with the warning signs and characteristics of people prone to violence. Students should understand legislation for addressing institutional workplace violence. I. Student Learning Objectives:  Recognize the sources of and reasons for institutional violence  Be familiar with research on institutional violence  Recognize the warning signs and attributes of people prone to violence or harassment  Understand how a business can be legally responsible for acts of violence committed on its premises  Understand the recommended strategies for controlling violence in the workplace  Understand the role of employee assistance programs in recognizing and targeting violence  Become familiar with legislation initiated by some jurisdictions for addressing violence in the workplace

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1. Most victims prone to violent victimization are: a. Sales executives b. Doctors c. Government employees* d. Private business owners

2. Workplace violence can be classified into four major types. Type I Criminal Intent can be characterized as: a. The perpetrator has no legitimate relationship with either the business or its employees and is usually committing a crime in conjunction with the violence*

b. The perpetrator is generally a customer or client who becomes violent during the course of a normal transaction c. When an employee assaults or attacks his or her coworkers d. When a husband follows his wife to work and abuses her

3. A study of 125 workplace homicides found that half of the perpetrators: a. Had an intimate relationship with a coworker or boss b. Had been recently laid off or terminated in a downsizing effort* c. Believed they were acting in self-defense d. None of the above

4. What are the warning signs of workplace violence? a. Evidence of chemical or alcohol dependence b. Elevated frustration levels and interest in weapons c. Evidence of personality disorder or bizarre behavior over a period of time d. All of the above*

5. According to predictors or demographics and psychological profiles, the violent employee is generally: a. A person who has avoided any assistance in the past b. Socially outgoing c. Someone who has never complained to management in the past d. A loner with a history of violence and a fascination with weapons*

6. Authorities argue that leading up to a number of violent episodes there are foreseeable incidents in the workplace that are not crime related. Name one: a. Overly concerned for the safety of others b. Perfect attendance and obsessive punctuality c. Changes in health or hygiene and unusual behavior such as radical change in dress or personality* d. Avoids discussing personal problems with supervisor and has little to no need for supervision

7. Identify one way to minimize violence with a person exhibiting the characteristics of a problem employee. a. Be an empathetic listener; encourage the person to talk and then listen patiently* b. Attempt to bargain with the individual c. Go strictly by the rules d. Try to impart technical or complicated information

8. The top tactic workplace bullies use is: a. Flaunting status or authority; acting in a condescending manner b. Talking about someone behind his or her back* c. Staring, dirty looks, or other negative eye contact d. Use of condescending or demeaning language

9. Which of the following states that it is fraudulent for a business to falsely represent itself in terms of security? a. Foreseeability b. Premises liability c. Legal duty d. Fraud doctrine*

10. Which of the following states that an employer may be held liable for injuries to others caused by an employee? a. Legal duty b. Premises liability c. Respondeat superior doctrine* d. None of the above

11. According to the EEOC Guidelines, behavior is considered sexual harassment if what elements are present? a. Flirtation b. Verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature* c. Requests for sexual favors if repeated more than three times d. Asking for a date

12. A threat assessment program requires which of the following functions? a. Identification of a potential perpetrator b. Evaluation of the risks c. Intervention d. All of the above*

13. After a violent event occurs in the workplace it is recommended to: a. Provide employees with worker’s compensation claim forms b. Cooperate with law enforcement authorities and support prosecution of offenders* c. Conduct individual debriefing and avoid discussing the cause of the violence d. Provide employees with as much time off as they ask for with pay

14. According to Behavior Analysts and Consultants, which conducts corporate training on managing workplace violence, human resource management teams are responsible for: a. Assessing vulnerability to crime b. Identifying crime patterns and incidents occurring on the premises and in the immediate neighborhood c. Identifying the nature of a business and its location, services, and hours of operation d. All of the above*

15. Which of the following is not on the list of concerns that should be addressed during pre-employment screening: a. Does a potential employee have a criminal record? b. Can the applicant pass a drug test? c. Is the individual listed on the National Sex Offender Registry? d. Is he or she a citizen of the United States?*

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. List the types of workplace violence discussed by the State of California Department of Industrial Relations/Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2. List different sources of workplace violence. 3. In the cases discussed in Focus 5–1 and Focus 5–2, what could the organizations have done to prevent the harassment and/or violence? 4. What are some personal indicators (profile) of a potentially violent employee? As a manager, how would you then approach a potentially violent employee? 5. Visit a corporation or institution (hospital, post office, etc.) and interview a security manager on what programs have been implemented to address the threat of workplace violence. What evidence is there of use of the THRA model? 6. Conduct a search of news articles in major newspapers and analyze their reports of violence in the workplace. Try to determine the reasons for the violence and the type of offender. 7. Visit a law library and search the jury verdicts for your state on trials pertaining to premises liability and crime. List the types of businesses or locations where the victimization occurred to determine whether they are located in high-crime areas. 8. Conduct a class study of events of workplace violence. Collect cases and news articles and determine whether any of the profiles or characteristics of violent employees discussed in this chapter were present. 9. Discuss the two types of claims arising from sexual harassment cases. Search news articles for cases of sexual harassment. Discuss these cases in class. 10. Why is domestic violence a threat to the workplace? Are some work environments more susceptible to violence than others? 11. Discuss the relationship between workplace violence and foreseeability. 12. You have been hired as a business consultant for a risk management analysis. What business conditions would you look for and what advice would you provide your client? 13. Explain the association of bullying and harassment to workplace violence. 14. What are the different legal precedents used by attorneys when litigating employer liability for workplace victimization? What is the difference between negligent hiring and negligent training? 15. Discuss several do’s and don’ts of ways to minimize violence with a person exhibiting characteristics of a problem employee.

16. What guidelines would you consider if it were your responsibility for trimming your labor force through downsizing? How would you handle the possibility that some workers may become violent due to layoffs? 17. Identify Federal legislation designed to control workplace violence poor health and safety practices. 18. Research the Internet for information on how corporations have been criminally responsible for creating public safety and health hazards.

Chapter Six: School Violence and Victimization Schools are micro societies, where people of various backgrounds converge together. They are subcultures, mirroring the problems and trappings of society. Students are often pressured by their peers rather directly or indirectly. Students struggling in their personal lives or suffering from assorted risk factors are candidates for failure and victimization. At an age when impressions are important, a number of students will fall through the cracks, victimized by the very institution that is designed to educate and prepare them for the adult world. It may be that schools are falling behind in their mission, or at the other extreme, implementing draconian policies which may be more harmful. There are a number of policies and programs which may help to curb violence and the supply of weapons on school grounds, such as zero tolerance policies. Schools must become proactive in identifying problem students. It is recommended that the instructor discuss with students how the culture of schools influences violence and disenfranchisement. Students should analyze the cause of school shootings, and the person(s) involved in the shootings. Victims or witnesses of school violence should be invited to speak to the class and share their stories. I. Student Learning Objectives:  Understand the major research findings on school violence  Learn why some youth become violent  Understand how schools influence violence and student disruption  Identify the warning signs of violent youth and school gangs  Become familiar with the strategies for controlling school violence

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1. Which of the following is an effect of witnessing school violence? a. Nightmares and other sleeping problems b. Resisting to return to school c. Headaches d. All of the above*

2. What is a symptom of the ADHD or ODD conditions? a. Some youth end up being bullied and attempt to avoid any recognition b. Many teens simply choose not to control themselves c. Children often aggressively resist authority* d. There are few risks of delinquency

3. Which identified risk factor in youth is explained as inflexibility, easily frustrated with a high activity level? a. Presence of early aggressive behavior* b. Character risks c. Underdeveloped mental abilities d. Role of the media and its impact on violence

4. Psychologists argue that raising boys to be strong and silent is: a. Reinforcing positive behavior b. Promoting the outbreak of school shootings and violence* c. Encourages boys to express feelings and gestures of physical affection d. Helps boys stand up to cyberbullying

5. Harsh parenting styles can: a. Decrease the risk of truancy b. Increase the risk of delinquency c. Contribute to poor school performance d. Both b and c*

6. What is one of the main effects on children of violence in the media? a. A child’s fear of becoming a victim of violence decreases b. Younger children may have more difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality* c. Chronic and long-term exposure can lead to an over sensitivity to violence and its consequences d. Those exposed to high levels of media violence are less accepting of aggressive attitudes

7. All of the following are contributing sources of violence in schools except: a. Overcrowding b. High student-to-teacher ratios c. Insufficient curricular and course relevance d. High student achievement*

8. Which of the following is not true about school bullying? a. It is a type of antisocial behavior associated with violence b. It increases as grade level increases* c. It is more common in public schools than in private schools d. It contributes to an environment of fear and intimidation in schools

9. Which of the following is a warning sign that gangs are present in schools? a. Mad-dogging b. Gang hand signs c. Showing gang colors/clothing d. All of the above*

10. Name an early warning sign of violent behavior. a. Loud verbal tolerance for differences and defense of individuals with disabilities b. High academic performance 24 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

c. Expression of violence in writings and drawings* d. Little or no history of aggression and previous overly passive behavior

11. According to the FBI, a telltale sign of criminal behavior in youth is: a. Having parental troubles b. Disliking popular students c. Experiencing a failed romance d. All of the above*

12. Which of the following is a current approach to reduce crime and violence in schools? a. Teacher training in self-defense b. Anti-bullying education c. Increasing extra curricular activities d. Both b and c*

13. What strategy has the U.S. Department of Education recommended for providing a safer environment for students? a. Schedule only one lunch period for maximum supervision b. Adopting a school policy requiring uniforms* c. Have hidden cameras throughout school buildings d. Increasing school size

14. Which of the following do proponents of mandatory schooling argue? a. Schools offer supervision b. Requiring students to be in school reduces the threat of community violence c. School atmosphere interferes with student deviance d. All of the above*

15. Which of the following has both a preventative and punitive intent in order to reduce the likelihood that students bring weapons or drugs to school? a. Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994 b. Zero tolerance policies* c. Wood v. Henry Country Public Schools d. National School Safety Center

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. Discuss several risk factors that contribute to youth violence. 2. Explain how schools are a source of victimization. 3. Interview a school counselor or administrator and determine what is being done to reduce the threat of school violence. 4. Should some public schools require dress codes? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this requirement? 5. Should student rights regarding search and seizure and other forms of privacy be eliminated to combat violence and drugs? Which is more important, the rights of the student or of society at large? 25 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Observe students after the school day and determine where they congregate. Are there particular hangouts that are potential trouble spots? What can be done about them? 7. Interview a police officer and determine what types of problems occur around schools. 8. What can teachers do to minimize their risks for victimization at school? 9. Should teachers at some schools be permitted to carry firearms? Why or why not? Explain. 10. Is expulsion of disruptive students the best approach to address misconduct? Are there other options? 11. What are some potential warning signs of gangs in schools? Interview a school administrator and find out? Compare their answers to those mentioned in the chapter. 12. Discuss ADHD and ODD. How are they similar and different? 13. Assess the value of security measures in controlling school violence. Is too much security harmful? 14. Will the use of school vouchers reduce the opportunity for violence in our schools? Explain. 15. Why do you think it is that bullying is more common in public schools than in private schools? Explain. 16. Have you ever been a victim of or witnessed bullying in school? If so, explain the scenario, and conduct a profile of the bully and the victim. Was the bullying resolved? If so, how?

Chapter Seven: Criminal Justice and Injustice The criminal justice system in its pursuit of justice may inadvertently or deliberately deprive people of justice. Injustice can occur at any stage of the justice process, from arrest to post sentencing and confinement. An injustice to an individual, such as a wrongful conviction, also victimizes the family of the falsely accused and destroys public confidence in the system. An excellent film on this topic is titled Indictment, which chronicles the case of the California McMartin preschool molestation charges (discussed in the chapter). This film is an excellent teaching device in flushing out issues of criminal justice victimization. Another example of injustice is the O.J. Simpson case, which provides ideal discussion regarding the distinction between factual guilt and legal innocence. Or alternatively, does celebrity status alter the justice process allowing the guilty to go free. I. Student Learning Objectives:  Understand the sources and types of police injustice  Be able to identify injustices in the judicial process  Understand how well-intended legislation, policies and legal practices victimize some people  Learn how the correctional process creates victimization  Learn through case studies how and why injustices occur

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1. Which of the following is NOT indicative of how victimization occurs in the normal course of the justice system? a. Poor discretion b. Racial or economic discrimination* c. Lack of resources d. Inefficiency or incompetence

2. Which is an example of inadvertent injustice? a. The wrongful use of force against a prisoner b. The harassment of suspects during questioning c. Releasing people that later commit crimes back into society* d. None of the above

3. The definition of deliberate victimization is: a. Carelessness or system neglect b. Intentionally abusing suspects in custody

c. Concealing evidence that would exonerate a defendant d. b and c*

4. The economic (financial) and emotional impacts on the family of a wrongly convicted individual is called: a. Primary victimization b. Secondary victimization* c. Tertiary victimization d. Involuntary victimization

5. Which of the following is not one of the major complaints of the broken criminal justice system? a. Biased policing tactics and profiling b. Overburdened and underfunded public defenders c. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws causing prison overcrowding d. Complete transparency in the justice process*

6. The Christopher Commission was created to review police conduct due to: a. The Rampart scandal in the LAPD b. The brutal treatment of Abner Louima by the NYPD c. The Rodney King beating in Los Angeles* d. The killing of Donald Scott by the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department

7. Under federal law, it is a crime for one or more persons using power given to him or her by a government agency to deprive or conspire to deprive another person of any right protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States. According to this federal law, he or she is acting according to: a. The penal code b. The Department of Justice c. The color of law* d. The police misconduct provision

8. Which of the following makes it unlawful for state or local law enforcement officers to engage in a pattern or practice of conduct that deprives persons of rights protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States? a. The color of law b. The police misconduct provision* c. The penal code d. The police culture

9. Which of the following cases resulted in false accusations of child abuse, facilitated by prosecutorial misconduct, and victimized a family? a. The Edgar Ray Killen case b. The Rodney King case c. The McMartin case* d. The O.J. Simpson case

10. Which is a reason covered in the text for why a wrongful conviction may occur? a. Overzealous prosecution b. Faulty eyewitnesses c. Fabrication of evidence d. All are reasons*

11. Which of the following states that any killing, whether intentional or not, occurring during the course of committing certain serious crimes, such as robbery or rape, can result in life imprisonment or a death sentence? a. Three strikes law b. Felony murder rule* c. Mandatory minimum sentencing d. Proposition 47

12. Which is NOT cited in the text as a risk for recidivism? a. If the offender has a drug problem b. If the offender is unemployed c. If the offender has a mental illness d. If the offender is thrust into an unknown environment*

13. What is an injustice that inmates face? a. Violence b. Lack of adequate treatment or counseling services c. Lack of education and work opportunities d. All of the above*

14. Which of the following cases served as a stimulus to pass more stringent laws, such as the three strikes law and more stringent post release supervision for repeat offenders? a. Edgar Ray Killen case b. Klaas case* c. Spunaugle v. State d. Brandon Hein case

15. What is a psychological effect of being confined to a single area for 23 hours a day? a. Depression b. Obsessive thoughts c. Cognitive and perceptual disturbances d. All of the above*

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. Select an injustice committed by the police, and discuss why it occurred. How could the injustice have been prevented?

2. Scan news articles for examples of system injustice. What appears to be the reasons for the injustices committed? Were they deliberate or inadvertent? Explain. 3. Do you feel that the acquittal of O.J. Simpson was an injustice? Why or why not? 4. Do you feel that the felony murder rule is unjust? How should it be changed? 5. How can crime legislation be a source of injustice? Provide an example. 6. Are the poor and disenfranchised victimized more by the justice system? What examples can you provide? 7. Interview a judge, prosecutor, police officer, and a probation officer about what they feel are examples of criminal injustice. 8. Visit the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) homepage and search for examples of injustices. Do you agree with the ACLU positions? 9. Discuss the case and varieties of victimizations experienced by the McMartin family. Who was most responsible for causing the victimization? (There is also a film on the case titled Indictment.) 10. Regarding violent victimizations occurring in prisons, develop an argument regarding why citizens should be concerned about the problem. 11. Identify the reasons for system injustice during the adjudication process. 12. What legal remedies are available to a citizen victimized by police misconduct? 13. Describe how a police officer can be acting “Under color of law,” even if he or she is exceeding his or her power. What misconduct is covered, what is not, and how is that coverage extended? 14. What is the federal police misconduct provision? How does it differ from the color of law? 15. What are some of the ways in which jury misconduct occurs? How can that be counteracted? 16. Do minimum sentences encourage justice or injustice? Be sure to explain you position citing examples from the text. 17. Does the Three Strikes Law encourage criminals to commit more grievous crimes? Why or why not? Explain.

Chapter Eight: Human Trafficking and Victimization Human trafficking is a crime with both willing and unwilling victims. Some victims are kidnapped, and sold into sex trade or slavery, whereas others may be willing victims who pay human smugglers large sums of cash to enter a country illegally. Human trafficking and smuggling is a national and transnational problem. The victimization associated with human trafficking can be devastating and lasting, as many victims suffer psychological and physical abuse at the hands of traffickers. Related trauma can also significantly affect the physical and emotional well-being of the professionals who assists and care for trafficking victims. This is referred to as vicarious or secondary trauma. The signs of such trauma resemble post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often experienced by victims of violent crime. It is recommended that the instructor introduce students to the topic by having the class list the risk factors associated with falling prey to human trafficking. Are certain people more often targeted than others for sex trafficking? Why? What factors may play a role in their victimization? Students should also understand legislation for addressing human trafficking. I. Student Learning Objectives:  Understand the scope and magnitude of human trafficking  Become familiar with the laws on human trafficking  Learn how victims are targeted for trafficking  Understand the difference between trafficking for forced labor and trafficking in the sex trade  Become familiar with program responses to sex and labor trafficking

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1. According to the text, regarding the specific demographics of human trafficking victims, labor trafficking victims were more likely to be what than confirmed sex trafficking victims? a. Younger b. Older c. Hispanic d. Both b and c*

2. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, what is the average age when females (both domestic and international) start prostitution in the United States? a. Between 10 and 12 31 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

b. Between 12 and 14* c. Between 16 and 18 d. Between 11 and 13

3. In a CBS News report, which of the following cities was not listed as one of the top four U.S. getaway cities for sex trafficking in the United States? a. Miami, Florida b. Portland, Oregon c. Toledo, Ohio d. Los Angeles, California*

4. Which of the following is a risk factor for minor domestic sex trafficking? a. Under age b. Poverty c. Runaway d. All of the above*

5. Under what laws does it state that survivors of trafficking are able to seek a court order vacating or expunging criminal convictions entered against them that resulted from their trafficking situation? a. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 b. Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 c. Vacatur laws* d. The Mann Act of 1910

6. Labor trafficking is: a. When employers import unskilled labor for temporary or seasonal work lasting less than a year b. The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposed of a commercial sex act c. The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purposes of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery* d. a and c

7. According to the Urban Institute reports, labor trafficking victims in the United States most often originated in: a. Southern Asia b. Latin America* c. Middle East d. None of the above

8. Bonded labor is also referred to as: a. Coercive labor b. Debt labor c. Debt bondage* d. Coercive bondage

9. Restaveks are: a. Domestic workers who work without contracts in unregulated and unenforced workplaces b. Migrant laborers who contract with labor agencies and employers for a destination country, looking for an economic opportunity c. Haitian children who become slaves because their parents are too poor to support them or want their children to get an education* d. None of the above

10. As of 2016, which of the following countries was not listed as a violator of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008? a. Burma b. Iraq c. Sudan d. China*

11. Toolkit is one approach other than legislation to address human trafficking and smuggling for sex and labor. Their main objective is: a. To guide the assessors in gathering and analyzing information pertaining to a country’s criminal justice response to human trafficking* b. Identify and close banks with assets derived from human trafficking c. Provide information on human trafficking and also lobby for legislation to address human trafficking d. Both b and c

12. Which legislation makes it unlawful to hold a person in a condition of slavery, that is, a condition of compulsory or labor against his or her will? a. Trafficking and Sex Tourism b. Involuntary Servitude and Peonage* c. Polaris Project d. STAMP

13. Which federal legislative approach to the problem of trafficking or persons is to identity human smuggling/trafficking organizations by identifying and seizing assets, monies, and proceeds derived or used in support of criminal activity? a. Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act b. STAMP* c. Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 d. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2008

14. Which organization/project is an international Christian group that rescues innocent children who will be sold or who are at a high risk to be sold in prostitution slavery? a. STAMP b. Polaris Projects

c. ZOE* d. Toolkit

15. According to the Department of Homeland Security, immigration relief is available for victims of severe forms of trafficking who lack immigration status in the United States. Depending on the type of victimization, the victim may be eligible to apply for which nonimmigrant visas? a. W or V nonimmigrant visa b. W or Y nonimmigrant visa c. T or U nonimmigrant visa* d. Y or U nonimmigrant visa

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. How do human trafficking and smuggling compare and differ? 2. Discuss the types of labor trafficking that occur. 3. Are all persons who are trafficked for reasons of slavery or the sex trade considered victims? Explain. 4. Explain how trafficking for purposes of the sex trade is organized and implemented. 5. Explain how social and economic conditions of a country contribute to human trafficking and smuggling. 6. Do you feel the law and other responses to human trafficking and smuggling are effective in controlling the problem? Are there other approaches to addressing the problem? 7. Review some of the laws listed in Table 8–1. Do you feel there should be any additions, changes, and so forth? 8. Identify the risk factors for minor sex trafficking. 9. Discuss the demographics of human trafficking victims. 10. How are trafficking victims controlled through mental and physical abuse?

Chapter Nine: Firearms and Victimization Under the Second Amendment it is a citizen’s right to own or possess a firearm. To many Americans, the Second Amendment is viewed as one of the most important rights under the constitution; however, this right is not a guarantee for everyone. Under federal and state law, there are numerous legal disqualifiers and restrictions for gun ownership in order to prevent firearms from falling into the hands of criminals and mentally incompetent persons. As a result, the debate about guns and violence will undoubtedly continue for years. Students should become familiar with both federal and state laws regarding purchasing and possessing firearms, as well as the laws restricting gun ownership. Students should also understand how guns are used in the commission crimes and for self-defense. I. Student Learning Objectives:  Understand the laws of firearm purchases and possession  Compare firearm laws between states  Learn how firearms are used for personal protection  Understand the risks associated with firearm possession  Review statistics on firearm victimization  Understand the laws regarding the use of firearms for self-defense

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1. Which act made it more difficult to purchase firearms and ammunition, and banned possession of any high capacity magazines? a. The Gun Control Act of 1990 Crime Control Act b. The New York Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act of 2013 (NYSAFEACT)* c. The Brady Act d. The National Firearms Act of 1934

2. Under the New York Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act of 2013 (NYSAFEACT), it is required to report a stolen gun within: a. 30 days b. 48 hours c. 24 hours* d. 72 hours

3. According to research published in the American Journal of Public Health, states with a law requiring a waiting period for the completion of handgun sales had: a. 51% fewer firearm suicides* b. 63% more firearm suicides c. 80% more drug related suicides d. Both a and c

4. What is the waiting period in California for the completion of a handgun sale? a. 20 days b. 5 days c. 3 days d. No waiting period*

5. Which state allows family members to get a gun violence restraining order against someone if they can convince a judge that person poses an immediate and present danger of causing personal injury to himself, herself, or another by having his or her custody or control? a. Washington b. Texas c. California* d. Illinois

6. Which state allows a concealed carry permit to carry a holstered weapon in plain view? a. Washington b. Texas* c. Illinois d. California

7. Which act established a national system for quickly checking the background of a prospective handgun purchaser? a. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act* b. The Gun Control Act of 1990 Crime Control Act c. The National Firearms Act of 1934 d. None of the above

8. Which act created criminal penalties for possessing or discharging a firearm in a school zone? a. The National Firearms Act of 1934 b. The Gun Control Act of 1990 Crime Control Act* c. The New York Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act of 2013 d. None of the above

9. According to the Federal Brady Bill (Federal Gun Control Act of 1968), it is illegal to sell a firearm to any person who: a. Is an unlawful user of or addicted to a controlled substance

b. Has been convicted of, or is under indictment for, a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year c. Has been dishonorably discharged from the military d. All of the above*

10. What is a straw purchase? a. Selling a gun illegally at a gun show b. Selling a gun illegally online c. Buying a gun and giving it to someone who is prohibited from owning one* d. Buying a gun from someone who is prohibited from owning it in the first place

11. According to the California Department of Justice, which type of firearm was the weapon of choice in most crimes? a. Full-auto firearms b. Rifles c. Shotguns d. Handguns*

12. Which of the following alarming facts are true about firearms according to the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics from 1993 to 2011? a. Males, Hispanics, and persons ages 18 and under had the highest rates of firearm homicide b. Females, Hispanics, and persons ages 18 and under had the highest rates of firearm homicide c. Males, blacks, and persons ages 18 to 24 had the highest rates of firearm homicide* d. Females, blacks, and persons ages 18 to 24 had the highest rates of firearm homicide

13. Castle doctrine allows: a. Allows a person to use deadly force to protect against attack in their home or in an open area b. Gives people the power to protect from illegal trespassing, violent entry, or other activities on their property that may cause them harm c. Gives people the ability to protect other innocent people in their home from harm when necessary d. All of the above*

14. The Castle Doctrine is subject to which of the following restrictions? a. The person on your property must be committing an illegal act* b. The person on your property must be trying to kill you c. The person on your property must be in possession of a firearm d. Both a and c

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. What is the law in your state regarding citizen firearm licensing, training, and possession or concealment?

2. Using such cities as Chicago and New Orleans where gun violence is high, where do most criminals in these cities get their guns? 3. Do an Internet news search (news archives, etc.) of cases where firearms were used for defensive purposes. Do you agree with their use or were there alternatives? 4. How does the Second Amendment protect the right to bear arms for citizens of the United States of America? Do you think state legislators should have the right to reinterpret the Second Amendment? Why or why not? 5. Compare and contrast gun laws among different states of your choosing. Why might they have such different stances on gun ownership? 6. Why do you think stricter gun laws, for example, in California and Chicago do not work to prevent gun violence? 7. Many states have passed new gun laws in recent years. Research new laws in your state and discuss if such laws are effective in preventing gun violence? Why or why not? 8. Do you feel teachers should have the right to carry guns on campus or in their classroom? Explain. 9. Develop your own gun laws that could be used by a state. What would you include in the law (restrictions, types of guns, etc.)? 10. Compare the federal gun laws to several states of your choosing. Should there be more or less uniformity? What are some of the major differences? 11. How could the 2017 concert shooting in Las Vegas Shooting have been prevented? Would stricter firearms laws have prevented the shooting?

Chapter Ten: Responding to Criminal Victimization Combating victimization requires a concerted effort between the public and private sectors. The United States is responding to violent crime in various proactive and reactive ways. The increase in the purchase of weapons reminds us of the fears many have. Community crime planning and increased security measures are a vital part of any crime prevention effort. We must think of response measures as either proactive and/or reactive. Proactive measures encompass such strategies as crime prevention through environmental design or the use of security and personal protection measures. Reactive measures are set in motion after victimization occurs. Legislation and court decisions are examples. Students should be asked to analyze crime legislation in their state, as well as programs designed to deter crime. I. Student Learning Objectives:  Identify the various measures of personal protection  Know the history of major crime prevention programs  Be familiar with the effectiveness of various crime prevention programs  Understand how victim compensation programs operate  Be familiar with proposed and recently passes crime victim legislation at both the state and federal levels  Learn about various court decisions affecting victims’ rights  Understand how a crime victim can seek civil remedies for injuries resulting from criminal attack  Recognize how victim advocacy programs operate  Know the various programs available for crime victims  Learn the recommended approaches for developing a crime prevention program

II. Sample Multiple-Choice Questions: 1. Which of the following involves a preventative approach through instituting defense measures and learning opportunity reduction strategies? a. Proactive response to crime* b. Reactive response to crime c. Civil justice for the victim d. None of the above 39 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Which of the following are community violence prevention strategies that were discussed in the text? a. Rebuilding the village b. Improving self-esteem c. Providing access to health care d. All of the above*

3. What is universally considered to be the most important security feature in a parking facility? a. Lighting * b. 24-hour security guards c. Video cameras d. Barriers such as fences and walls

4. A study conducted of inmates in 12 state prisons throughout the United States indicated that the most important deterrent of robbery was: a. Surveillance cameras b. Armed security guards* c. Armed store clerks d. Poor escape routes

5. Which of the following approach addresses the relationship of space and crime, focusing on the location rather than the offender? a. Crime Prevention Through Exterior/Interior Design b. Crime Prevention Through Spatial Design c. Crime Prevention Through Locational Design d. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design*

6. Offenders decide whether to commit a crime in a location after they determine which of the following factors: a. How easy will it be to enter the area? b. How visible, attractive, or vulnerable do targets appear? c. What are the chances of being seen? d. All of the above*

7. A study of 7-Eleven stores in Florida found that several prevention strategies reduced robbery. These strategies led to the Florida legislation known as the Convenience Store Act. Which of the following was not mentioned as a strategy? a. Loud alarms to scare criminals away* b. Well-lighted parking lots c. Two clerks during night hours d. Clear and unobstructed windows

8. Victim compensation coverage and eligibility in the State of California covers all of the following expenses except: a. Funeral b. Rehabilitation

c. Mental health counseling d. Property loss*

9. Which of the following legislation allows victims of federal violent and sex crimes to speak at the sentencing of their assailants, referred to as victim impact statements? a. Justice for All Act b. Violent Crime Control Act* c. Victims’ Rights Clarification Act d. Victims of Crime Act

10. Which of the following legislation calls for the civil confinement of sexual predators after they have served their criminal terms? a. Megan’s Law b. Victim Information and Notification Everyday (VINE) c. Sexually Violent Predator Act* d. Victims’ Rights Clarification Act

11. Which of the following is an example of a gang injunction? a. Banning gang members from using certain public parks that have been gang confrontation sites b. Banning known gang members from possessing pagers or cell phones c. Imposing an 8:00 p.m. curfew for any gang member under the age of 18 unless accompanied by a parent or on a lawful errand d. All of the above*

12. Which of the following legislation penalizes states that release a person previously convicted of murder, rape, and dangerous sexual offenses in cases in which that person goes on to commit one of those crimes in another state? a. Megan’s law b. Aimee’s Law* c. Kristen’s Act d. Caylee’s Law

13. Which of the following legislation authorizes grants to organizations to find missing adults who may be endangered because of diminished mental capacity, age, the circumstances of the disappearance, or the possibility of foul play? a. Kristen’s Act* b. Megan’s Law c. Caylee’s Law d. Jessica Lunsford Act

14. What are victim advocacy groups? a. They are non-profit organizations that help victims of domestic violence and rape crimes only b. They provide advice, education, and shelter to crime victims*

c. They are government agencies limited to the local level d. They are non-profit corporations staffed by volunteers only

15. Civil Justice for the victim refers to: a. A defendant who is found liable IS NOT directly accountable to the victim b. A defendant MAY NOT be found liable in a civil case if found not guilty in a criminal case c. A civil courts finding of liability that the defendant must pay the victim or victims’ family* d. The civil justice system requires more proof of liability than the criminal system

III. Sample Essay and Discussion Questions: 1. Interview a security director of a corporation and determine what security measures the corporation finds most effective in deterring crime. 2. Regarding environmental criminology, visit a community and determine whether the physical conditions are a factor in crime. You may want to interview a police officer assigned to the area. 3. Some citizens believe that they have a valid point? What evidence do you have to support it? 4. What victim services programs are available in your community? Indicate the type of funding they receive. 5. Explain how a crime victim may receive compensation for injuries. Under what circumstances would a crime victim not be eligible for compensation? 6. Do you believe that legislation regarding victim impact statement is effective or is just an example of appeasing victims? Explain. 7. In two groups, discuss the benefits and disadvantages of laws regarding community notification of released sex offenders. 8. What evidence do you see in your community of crime prevention through environmental design? 9. In what ways can the community, police, and local businesses work together to reduce crime? 10. Search the Internet or contact your congressional representative and determine what legislative efforts are under way to increase the rights of victims. 11. Explain the difference between victim restitution and victim compensation. 12. Visit a local law enforcement agency and interview a crime analyst. Learn how crimes are tracked and how much crimes are mapped. How does mapping determine police response and deployment?

Final Exam 1. Americans’ fear of crime victimization relates strongly to two distinct factors: a. Socioeconomic status and level of education b. Income and level of education c. Income and sex d. Socioeconomic status and gender 2. One limitation of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is: a. It details only reported crime b. Universities/colleges are not required to report offenses c. Indexed crimes are not categorized by type of crime d. The UCR does not provide data on the nature and extent of reported crime rates in a given community 3. The dark figure of crime refers to: a. All reported crimes to the police b. Crimes committed by juveniles c. Unreported crimes d. Both a and b 4. According to information provided by the U.S. Department of Justice, which of the following is not true? a. Males are most often the victims and perpetrators of homicides b. Blacks are more likely than whites to be homicide victims and homicide perpetrators c. Most murders were interracial d. Blacks are more likely than whites to commit homicide 5. Which of the following is a nationwide data center designed to collect, collate, and analyze information about crimes of violence—specifically murder? a. National Crime Victimization Survey b. Uniform Crime Reports c. Violent Criminal Apprehension Program d. Violence Center 6. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) chronicles all of the following information except: a. The amount of crime that occurs in school b. So-called victimless crimes c. The relationship between the victim and the offender d. Profiles of crime victims 7. Which of the following is not one of the stages of violentization? a. Brutalization b. Premeditation

c. Belligerency d. Violent coaching 8. Which of the following is not part of the three-level social-ecological model: a. Individual b. Familial c. Psychological d. Community 9. Among females, what disorder has been reported as one of the top disorders prison inmates (between 25% and 50%) are diagnosed with linking the disorder with their criminal behavior? a. Depression b. Borderline personality disorder c. Post-traumatic stress disorder d. Schizophrenia 10. People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have lower levels of dopamine in the brain, which influences all the following except: a. Risk-taking behavior b. Unacceptable social behavior and crime c. Poor academic achievement d. Higher self-esteem and acceptance 11. Data on twin and adoptee studies found that: a. There was no association between adopted children’s criminal behavior and their birth parents criminal behavior b. Almost 50% of the adoptees whose mother had a criminal record also had a record of criminal behavior themselves by age 18 c. About 80% of males with a criminal record had an adopted mother with a criminal record d. Both b and c 12. Research on the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene found all of the following except: a. Those with low expression of MAOA were more impulsive b. People with low expression of MAOA had different brain size and activity c. Activity of those parts of the brain in males with low expression of MAOA differed more than their female counterparts d. Those with low expression of MAOA are born to commit violence 13. Injury to the brain may contribute to aggressive behavior, especially if this region is affected because it harms the ability to plan and reason: a. Prefrontal cortex b. Auditory cortex c. Occipital lobe d. Parietal lobe 14. Which of the following facts about familial influences is not true? a. The rise in violent crime parallels the rise in families abandoned by fathers 44 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

b. The type of aggression and hostility demonstrated by a future criminal is often foreshadowed in unusual aggressiveness as early as age five or six c. High-crime neighborhoods are characterized by high concentrations of families abandoned by mothers d. The future criminal tends to be an individual rejected by other children as early as the first grade 15. Social disorganization theory states the following except: a. Delinquency rates are higher in lower class neighborhoods b. Delinquency rates are higher in areas with the highest rates of prostitution c. Delinquency rates are higher in suburban communities d. Delinquency rates are higher in communities with a large percent of minority families receiving public assistance 16. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a. Is a common psychological reaction to violent encounters b. Is a disorder restricted to war veterans c. Always surfaces immediately following a traumatic experience d. Requires treatment, symptoms will soon disappear 17. During which phase of rape trauma syndrome does the survivor experience a complete disruption of her life in response to the violence experienced: a. Acute Phase b. Organization Phase c. Obtuse Phase d. Reorganization Phase 18. Micro aggressions are: a. When an individual casts themselves as a victim to control others b. When criminals sue their victims for injuries committed during the crime c. Acts or words perceived to be insulting to another regardless of the intent of the transgressor d. When an individual develops a mental illness after being victimized 19. Which of the following is an underlying motivation for perpetrators of false allegation crimes? a. Mental illness/depression b. Attention/sympathy c. Alibi d. All of the above 20. Mendelsohn explains victimization through ________ whereas Hentig uses ________. a. community factors; situational factors b. situational factors; personal factors c. family factors; situational factors d. family factors; personal factors

21. Which of the following is not one of Hentig’s categories of victims? a. The young b. The elderly c. Immigrants d. Males 22. Which of the following is not an example Mendelsohn’s typology victim with minor guilt? a. A man is robbed after receiving services from a prostitute b. A man is shot in self-defense when he breaks into a house c. A non-gang member is shot in a drive-by while associating himself with known gang members d. Both a and b 23. Primary victimization refers to: a. Personalized or individual victimization, such as a hate crime b. Impersonal victimization, such as selling faulty products to the public c. Involves the public or society as a victim, such as crimes committed by the government d. When an offender becomes a victim, as when two people engage in a criminal activity and then one becomes the victim of the other 24. Active precipitation theory refers to: a. Victims using words to cause a physical confrontation b. Situations where victims provoke violent encounters c. Victims assaulted because of their active religious beliefs d. Both a and b 25. An example of passive victimization is: a. Lovers who are assaulted by their partner’s estranged spouse b. An unsuspecting individual is attacked because of his gang affiliation c. An individual is stabbed in a barroom brawl d. Both a and c 26. Proximity hypothesis DOES NOT propose: a. Both criminals and victims often live in physical proximity to one another b. Criminals and victims coexist in socially disorganized, high-crime communities c. Victims encourage crime d. Victims are in the wrong place at the wrong time 27. As Newman proposed with his defensible space theory, people are more likely to defend themselves from crime if: a. They live in fear b. They live in conditions conducive to reporting c. They live in run-down areas d. Both a and c

28. Research has shown that decaying neighborhoods with physical disorder have all of the following except: a. More social interaction b. Increased crime c. Higher levels of fear d. More physical and mental health problems 29. Routine activities theory is: a. Motivation to commit crime is constant b. Number of offenders is constant c. Any routine activity makes crime predictable d. Both a and b 30. According to a research survey of Internet victimization of youth, all of the following are true except: a. One in five youth received a sexual approach or solicitation over the Internet in the last year b. More than half of all episodes were reported to authorities c. One in four youth had an unwanted exposure in the last year to pictures of naked people or people have sex d. One in seventeen youth was threatened or harassed in the last year 31. A type of antisocial behavior is stalking. It generally involves the following behaviors except: a. Making threatening or harassing phone calls or hang-ups b. It is restricted to the famous c. Sending unwanted love notes, flowers, and gifts d. Making verbal threats to the intended victim or a family member 32. Zona, Palarae, and Lane (1998) provided a typology of stalking based on the relationship between the victim and the offender. The typology includes all of the following except: a. Love obsession b. Erotomania c. Malicious obsession d. Simple obsession 33. Erotomania is defined as: a. A type of stalking in which the stalker accuses the victim of stalking them in order to receive sympathy from others b. A love obsession with an unwilling or unaware target c. A type of stalking by an obsessed fan d. A type of stalking in which the victim and perpetrator have had a prior relationship 34. The purpose of anti-stalking legislation is: a. To punish stalkers for their behavior b. To stop stalkers who threaten and harass before they commit violent acts

c. To prohibit contact between a victim and another person d. None of the above 35. The psychological and social consequences of stalking include: a. Losing time from work b. Curtailment of social activities c. Relocation of resident d. All of the above 36. Many male batterers exhibit common characteristics that include all of the following except: a. High levels of hostility, depression, and anxiety b. Denial of responsibility for their actions and blame the victim or ignore the incident altogether c. High levels of education d. Isolate their wives and have excessive need for control 37. The following classifications used to explain the types of spousal battering are: a. Mental, physical, and psychological b. Psychological, emotional, economic, sexual, physical, and legal c. Physical, mental, sexual, and emotional d. Mental, sexual, and physical 38. Which was the landmark case that addressed the issue of police failing to protect victims of domestic violence? a. Warren v. State b. Thurman v. City of Torrington c. Commonwealth v. Berkowitz d. Baker v. United States 39. Passive neglect: a. Occurs when the primary caregiver, perhaps a son or daughter, for some reason is unable to provide the required care for the older person b. Involves a conscious attempt to inflict injury or emotional stress on the older person c. Is a form of elder abuse d. Both a and c 40. According to the study by Erik Lindbloom (2005), which of the following was not mentioned as one of the markers indicating potential injury or death to nursing home patients: a. Physical condition/quality of care b. Facility characteristics c. Patient behaviors d. Inconsistencies 41. Which type of child maltreatment is the most frequently reported type? a. Sexual abuse b. Physical abuse

c. Neglect d. Psychological abuse 42. Some behavioral symptoms that indicate children are being abused include each of the following except: a. Change in eating patterns b. Trouble sleeping c. Sudden mature, grown-up behavior d. Sudden desire for privacy 43. Persons required by law to report suspected cases of abuse include each of the following except: a. Social workers b. Neighbors c. Teachers and other school personnel d. Physicians and other health care workers 44. What is Rohpnol? a. It is a drug known on the street as rookies and R2 b. A drug that is ten times stronger than valium c. It is a drug that can produce memory loss of up to 8 hours d. All of the above 45. The impact of rape on a victim includes: a. Medical problems such as pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and increased long-term health complaints b. Victims often pull away from intimate relationships c. Victims suffer stress symptoms such as fear, helplessness, shock, and humiliation d. All of the above 46. According to the FBI Uniform Crime Reports, which of the following locations has the highest rate of robberies? a. Bank b. Gas or service station c. Street/highway d. Residence 47. Which of the following are true about home invasion robberies? a. The offenders frequently target residents unknown to them, but whose lifestyle of habits they may know b. The targets are usually senior citizens and women living alone c. Invaders plan their attacks well in advance by following a target home from work for a period of time d. All of the above 48. All of the following are reasons home invasions are attractive to criminals except: a. Invaders can leave their victims bound and gagged allowing time for their escape 49 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

b. Invaders can avoid suspicion by parking their vehicles in front of the home of in the driveway as if they belong there c. Victims who live in guarded gated communities d. Invaders do not have to worry about home alarm devices because they often invade when someone is home 49. Identify carjacking demographics: a. Majority of victims suffer some serious injury b. Most carjackings take place in alleys and driveways c. They are more likely to occur at night d. Women are more likely than men to be victimized by carjacking 50. A bump and rob crime is: a. When an offender robs one car right after another b. When two offenders fight over who is going to do the robbing c. When an offender targets a vehicle, causes a minor collision and then robs them d. None of the above 51. Spontaneous murder involves all of the following except: a. One or both parties are usually drinking or using drugs b. They can result from threats over trivial events such as a dispute over a parking space c. Rarely result from arguments or threats d. Encounter between strangers 52. The paradigm of spontaneous victimization includes all of the following except: a. Car troubles b. Triggering event c. Argument d. Escalation 53. Felony murder is defined as each of the following except: a. The offender intended to kill the victim b. Is considered to be spontaneous c. When a stranger is robbed or carjacked and dies in the process d. 60% of convicted robbers/murderers reported committing the robbery with a partner 54. Common characteristics of serial killers include: a. Displayed early signs of behavioral problems b. Between the age of twenty to late thirties c. Generally white males d. All of the above 55. Each of the following is a subtype of serial killers except: a. Visionary killers b. Crazed killers c. Hedonistic killers d. Mission-oriented killers 50 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

56. Hate crime offenders target a victim because: a. Of the victims treatment toward the offender b. Of his or her race, religion, sexual preference or ethnic heritage c. Of the victims hate toward the offender d. All of the above 57. The Church Arson Prevention Act provides: a. Compensation to churches that fall prey to arson b. Crime victim protections to churches attacked because of the ethnic/racial composition of their membership c. Churches with clear hate or bias crime prevention literature d. Both a and b 58. The objectives of terrorists, whether domestic or international, are to: a. Instill fear through violence b. Extortion c. Threats, or other acts of property or commerce destruction d. All of the above 59.

Which of the following is a reason motivating terrorism? a. Political b. Environmental c. Genocide d. All of the above

60. Which of the following areas does the FBI categorize violence of terrorists? a. WMD (Weapons of mass destruction) b. Cyberterrorism c. Mass shooting d. Both a and b 61. Most victims prone to violent victimization are: a. Sales executives b. Doctors c. Government employees d. Private business owners 62. Workplace violence can be classified into four major types. Type I Criminal Intent can be characterized as: a. The perpetrator has no legitimate relationship with either the business or its employees and is usually committing a crime in conjunction with the violence b. The perpetrator is generally a customer or client who becomes violent during the course of a normal transaction c. When an employee assaults or attacks his or her coworkers d. When a husband follows his wife to work and abuses her 63. A study of 125 workplace homicides found that half of the perpetrators: a. Had an intimate relationship with a coworker or boss b. Had been recently laid off or terminated in a downsizing effort 51 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

c. Believed they were acting in self-defense d. None of the above 64. What are the warning signs of workplace violence? a. Evidence of chemical or alcohol dependence b. Elevated frustration levels and interest in weapons c. Evidence of personality disorder or bizarre behavior over a period of time d. All of the above 65. According to predictors or demographics and psychological profiles, the violent employee is generally: a. A person who has avoided any assistance in the past b. Socially outgoing c. Someone who has never complained to management in the past d. A loner with a history of violence and a fascination with weapons 66. Authorities argue that leading up to a number of violent episodes there are foreseeable incidents in the workplace that are not crime related. Name one: a. Overly concerned for the safety of others b. Perfect attendance and obsessive punctuality c. Changes in health or hygiene and unusual behavior such as radical change in dress or personality d. Avoids discussing personal problems with supervisor and has little to no need for supervision 67. Identify one way to minimize violence with a person exhibiting the characteristics of a problem employee. a. Be an empathetic listener; encourage the person to talk and then listen patiently b. Attempt to bargain with the individual c. Go strictly by the rules d. Try to impart technical or complicated information 68. The top tactic workplace bullies use is: a. Flaunting status or authority; acting in a condescending manner b. Talking about someone behind his or her back c. Staring, dirty looks, or other negative eye contact d. Use of condescending or demeaning language 69. Which of the following states that it is fraudulent for a business to falsely represent itself in terms of security? a. Foreseeability b. Premises liability c. Legal duty d. Fraud doctrine 70. Which of the following states that an employer may be held liable for injuries to others caused by an employee? a. Legal duty b. Premises liability

c. Respondeat superior doctrine d. None of the above 71. According to the EEOC Guidelines, behavior is considered sexual harassment if what elements are present? a. Flirtation b. Verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature c. Requests for sexual favors if repeated more than three times d. Asking for a date 72. A threat assessment program requires which of the following functions? a. Identification of a potential perpetrator b. Evaluation of the risks c. Intervention d. All of the above 73. After a violent event occurs in the workplace it is recommended to: a. Provide employees with worker’s compensation claim forms b. Cooperate with law enforcement authorities and support prosecution of offenders c. Conduct individual debriefing and avoid discussing the cause of the violence d. Provide employees with as much time off as they ask for with pay 74. According to Behavior Analysts and Consultants, which conducts corporate training on managing workplace violence, human resource management teams are responsible for: a. Assessing vulnerability to crime b. Identifying crime patterns and incidents occurring on the premises and in the immediate neighborhood c. Identifying the nature of a business and its location, services, and hours of operation d. All of the above 75. Which of the following is not on the list of concerns that should be addressed during pre-employment screening: a. Does a potential employee have a criminal record? b. Can the applicant pass a drug test? c. Is the individual listed on the National Sex Offender Registry? d. Is he or she a citizen of the United States? 76. Which of the following is an effect of witnessing school violence? a. Nightmares and other sleeping problems b. Resisting to return to school c. Headaches d. All of the above 77. What is a symptom of the ADHD or ODD conditions? a. Some youth end up being bullied and attempt to avoid any recognition b. Many teens simply choose not to control themselves

c. Children often aggressively resist authority d. There are few risks of delinquency 78. Which identified risk factor in youth is explained as inflexibility, easily frustrated with a high activity level? a. Presence of early aggressive behavior b. Character risks c. Underdeveloped mental abilities d. Role of the media and its impact on violence 79. Psychologists argue that raising boys to be strong and silent is: a. Reinforcing positive behavior b. Promoting the outbreak of school shootings and violence c. Encourages boys to express feelings and gestures of physical affection d. Helps boys stand up to cyberbullying 80. Harsh parenting styles can: a. Decrease the risk of truancy b. Increase the risk of delinquency c. Contribute to poor school performance d. Both b and c 81. What is one of the main effects on children of violence in the media? a. A child’s fear of becoming a victim of violence decreases b. Younger children may have more difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality c. Chronic and long-term exposure can lead to an over sensitivity to violence and its consequences d. Those exposed to high levels of media violence are less accepting of aggressive attitudes 82. All of the following are contributing sources of violence in schools except: a. Overcrowding b. High student-to-teacher ratios c. Insufficient curricular and course relevance d. High student achievement 83. Which of the following is not true about school bullying? a. It is a type of antisocial behavior associated with violence b. It increases as grade level increases c. It is more common in public schools than in private schools d. It contributes to an environment of fear and intimidation in schools 84. Which of the following is a warning sign that gangs are present in schools? a. Mad-dogging b. Gang hand signs c. Showing gang colors/clothing d. All of the above

85. Name an early warning sign of violent behavior. a. Loud verbal tolerance for differences and defense of individuals with disabilities b. High academic performance c. Expression of violence in writings and drawings d. Little or no history of aggression and previous overly passive behavior 86. According to the FBI, a telltale sign of criminal behavior in youth is: a. Having parental troubles b. Disliking popular students c. Experiencing a failed romance d. All of the above 87. Which of the following is a current approach to reduce crime and violence in schools? a. Teacher training in self-defense b. Anti-bullying education c. Increasing extra curricular activities d. Both b and c 88. What strategy has the U.S. Department of Education recommended for providing a safer environment for students? a. Schedule only one lunch period for maximum supervision b. Adopting a school policy requiring uniforms c. Have hidden cameras throughout school buildings d. Increasing school size 89. Which of the following do proponents of mandatory schooling argue? a. Schools offer supervision b. Requiring students to be in school reduces the threat of community violence c. School atmosphere interferes with student deviance d. All of the above 90. Which of the following has both a preventative and punitive intent in order to reduce the likelihood that students bring weapons or drugs to school? a. Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994 b. Zero tolerance policies c. Wood v. Henry Country Public Schools d. National School Safety Center 91. Which of the following is NOT indicative of how victimization occurs in the normal course of the justice system? a. Poor discretion b. Racial or economic discrimination c. Lack of resources d. Inefficiency or incompetence 92. Which is an example of inadvertent injustice? a. The wrongful use of force against a prisoner b. The harassment of suspects during questioning 55 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

c. Releasing people that later commit crimes back into society d. None of the above 93. The definition of deliberate victimization is: a. Carelessness or system neglect b. Intentionally abusing suspects in custody c. Concealing evidence that would exonerate a defendant d. Both b and c 94. The economic (financial) and emotional impacts on the family of a wrongly convicted individual is called: a. Primary victimization b. Secondary victimization c. Tertiary victimization d. Involuntary victimization 95. Which of the following is not one of the major complaints of the broken criminal justice system? a. Biased policing tactics and profiling b. Overburdened and underfunded public defenders c. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws causing prison overcrowding d. Complete transparency in the justice process 96. The Christopher Commission was created to review police conduct due to: a. The Rampart scandal in the LAPD b. The brutal treatment of Abner Louima by the NYPD c. The Rodney King beating in Los Angeles d. The killing of Donald Scott by the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department 97. Under federal law, it is a crime for one or more persons using power given to him or her by a government agency to deprive or conspire to deprive another person of any right protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States. According to this federal law, he or she is acting according to: a. The penal code b. The Department of Justice c. The color of law d. The police misconduct provision 98. Which of the following makes it unlawful for state or local law enforcement officers to engage in a pattern or practice of conduct that deprives persons of rights protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States? a. The color of law b. The police misconduct provision c. The penal code d. The police culture 99. Which of the following cases resulted in false accusations of child abuse, facilitated by prosecutorial misconduct, and victimized a family? a. The Edgar Ray Killen case b. The Rodney King case 56 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

c. The McMartin case d. The O.J. Simpson case 100. Which is a reason covered in the text for why a wrongful conviction may occur? a. Overzealous prosecution b. Faulty eyewitnesses c. Fabrication of evidence d. All are reasons 101. Which of the following states that any killing, whether intentional or not, occurring during the course of committing certain serious crimes, such as robbery or rape, can result in life imprisonment or a death sentence? a. Three strikes law b. Felony murder rule c. Mandatory minimum sentencing d. Proposition 47 102. Which is NOT cited in the text as a risk for recidivism? a. If the offender has a drug problem b. If the offender is unemployed c. If the offender has a mental illness d. If the offender is thrust into an unknown environment 103. What is an injustice that inmates face? a. Violence b. Lack of adequate treatment or counseling services c. Lack of education and work opportunities d. All of the above 104. Which of the following cases served as a stimulus to pass more stringent laws, such as the three strikes law and more stringent post release supervision for repeat offenders? a. Edgar Ray Killen case b. Klaas case c. Spunaugle v. State d. Brandon Hein case 105. What is a psychological effect of being confined to a single area for 23 hours a day? a. Depression b. Obsessive thoughts c. Cognitive and perceptual disturbances d. All of the above 106. According to the text, regarding the specific demographics of human trafficking victims, labor trafficking victims were more likely to be what than confirmed sex trafficking victims? a. Younger b. Older 57 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

c. Hispanic d. Both b and c 107. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, what is the average age when females (both domestic and international) start prostitution in the United States? a. Between 10 and 12 b. Between 12 and 14 c. Between 16 and 18 d. Between 11 and 13 108. In a CBS News report, which of the following cities was not listed as one of the top four U.S. getaway cities for sex trafficking in the United States? a. Miami, Florida b. Portland, Oregon c. Toledo, Ohio d. Los Angeles, California 109. Which of the following is a risk factor for minor domestic sex trafficking? a. Under age b. Poverty c. Runaway d. All of the above 110. Under what laws does it state that survivors of trafficking are able to seek a court order vacating or expunging criminal convictions entered against them that resulted from their trafficking situation? a. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 b. Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 c. Vacatur laws d. The Mann Act of 1910 111. Labor trafficking is: a. When employers import unskilled labor for temporary or seasonal work lasting less than a year b. The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposed of a commercial sex act c. The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purposes of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery d. Both a and c 112. According to the Urban Institute reports, labor trafficking victims in the United States most often originated in: a. Southern Asia b. Latin America c. Middle East d. None of the above

113. Bonded labor is also referred to as: a. Coercive labor b. Debt labor c. Debt bondage d. Coercive bondage 114. Restaveks are: a. Domestic workers who work without contracts in unregulated and unenforced workplaces b. Migrant laborers who contract with labor agencies and employers for a destination country, looking for an economic opportunity c. Haitian children who become slaves because their parents are too poor to support them or want their children to get an education d. None of the above 115. As of 2016, which of the following countries was not listed as a violator of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008? a. Burma b. Iraq c. Sudan d. China 116. Toolkit is one approach other than legislation to address human trafficking and smuggling for sex and labor. Their main objective is: a. To guide the assessors in gathering and analyzing information pertaining to a country’s criminal justice response to human trafficking b. Identify and close banks with assets derived from human trafficking c. Provide information on human trafficking and also lobby for legislation to address human trafficking d. b and c 117. Which legislation makes it unlawful to hold a person in a condition of slavery, that is, a condition of compulsory or labor against his or her will? a. Trafficking and Sex Tourism b. Involuntary Servitude and Peonage c. Polaris Projects d. STAMP 118. Which federal legislative approach to the problem of trafficking or persons is to identity human smuggling/trafficking organizations by identifying and seizing assets, monies, and proceeds derived or used in support of criminal activity? a. Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act b. STAMP c. Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 d. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2008

119. Which organization/project is an international Christian group that rescues innocent children who will be sold or who are at a high risk to be sold in prostitution slavery? a. STAMP b. Polaris Projects c. ZOE d. ToolKit 120. According to the Department of Homeland Security, immigration relief is available for victims of severe forms of trafficking who lack immigration status in the United States. Depending on the type of victimization, the victim may be eligible to apply for which nonimmigrant visas? a. W or V nonimmigrant visa b. W or Y nonimmigrant visa c. T or U nonimmigrant visa d. Y or U nonimmigrant visa 121. Which act made it more difficult to purchase firearms and ammunition, and banned possession of any high capacity magazines? a. The Gun Control Act of 1990 Crime Control Act b. The New York Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act of 2013 (NYSAFEACT) c. The Brady Act d. The National Firearms Act of 1934 122. Under the New York Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act of 2013 (NYSAFEACT), it is required to report a stolen gun within: a. 30 days b. 48 hours c. 24 hours d. 72 hours 123. According to research published in the American Journal of Public Health, states with a law requiring a waiting period for the completion of handgun sales had: a. 51% fewer firearm suicides b. 63% more firearm suicides c. 80% more drug related suicides d. Both a and c 124. What is the waiting period in California for the completion of a handgun sale? a. 20 days b. 5 days c. 10 days d. 3 days

125. Which state allows family members to get a gun violence restraining order against someone if they can convince a judge that person poses an immediate and present danger of causing personal injury to himself, herself, or another by having his or her custody or control? a. Washington b. Texas c. California d. Illinois 126. Which state allows a concealed carry permit to carry a holstered weapon in plain view? a. Washington b. Texas c. Illinois d. California 127. Which act established a national system for quickly checking the background of a prospective handgun purchaser? a. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act b. The Gun Control Act of 1990 Crime Control Act c. The National Firearms Act of 1934 d. None of the above 128. Which act created criminal penalties for possessing or discharging a firearm in a school zone? a. The National Firearms Act of 1934 b. The Gun Control Act of 1990 Crime Control Act c. The New York Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act of 2013 d. None of the above 129. According to the Federal Brady Bill (Federal Gun Control Act of 1968), it is illegal to sell a firearm to any person who: a. Is an unlawful user of or addicted to a controlled substance b. Has been convicted of, or is under indictment for, a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year c. Has been dishonorably discharged from the military d. All of the above 130. What is a straw purchase? a. Selling a gun illegally at a gun show b. Selling a gun illegally online c. Buying a gun and giving it someone who is prohibited from owning one d. Buying a gun from someone who is prohibited from owning it in the first place 131. According to the California Department of Justice, which type of firearm was the weapon of choice in most crimes? a. Full-auto firearms b. Rifles

c. Shotguns d. Handguns 132. Which of the following alarming facts are true about firearms according to the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics from 1993 to 2011? a. Males, Hispanics, and persons ages 18 and under had the highest rates of firearm homicide b. Females, Hispanics, and persons ages 18 and under had the highest rates of firearm homicide c. Males, blacks, and persons ages 18 to 24 had the highest rates of firearm homicide d. Females, blacks, and persons ages 18 to 24 had the highest rates of firearm homicide 133. Castle doctrine allows: a. Allows a person to use deadly force to protect against attack in their home or in an open area b. Gives people the power to protect from illegal trespassing, violent entry, or other activities on their property that may cause them harm c. Gives people the ability to protect other innocent people in their home from harm when necessary d. All of the above 134. The Castle Doctrine is subject to which of the following restrictions? a. The person on your property must be committing an illegal act b. The person on your property must be trying to kill you c. The person on your property must be in possession of a firearm d. Both a and c 135. Which of the following involves a preventative approach through instituting defense measures and learning opportunity reduction strategies? a. Proactive response to crime b. Reactive response to crime c. Civil justice for the victim d. None of the above 136. Which of the following are community violence prevention strategies that were discussed in the text? a. Rebuilding the village b. Improving self-esteem c. Providing access to health care d. All of the above 137. What is universally considered to be the most important security feature in a parking facility? a. Lighting b. 24-hour security guards c. Video cameras d. Barriers such as fences and walls

138. A study conducted of inmates in 12 state prisons throughout the United States indicated that the most important deterrent of robbery was: a. Surveillance cameras b. Armed security guards c. Armed store clerks d. Poor escape routes 139. Which of the following approach addresses the relationship of space and crime, focusing on the location rather than the offender? a. Crime Prevention Through Exterior/Interior Design b. Crime Prevention Through Spatial Design c. Crime Prevention Through Locational Design d. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design 140. Offenders decide whether to commit a crime in a location after they determine which of the following factors: a. How easy will it be to enter the area? b. How visible, attractive, or vulnerable do targets appear? c. What are the chances of being seen? d. All of the above 141. A study of 7-Eleven stores in Florida found that several prevention strategies reduced robbery. These strategies led to the Florida legislation known as the Convenience Store Act. Which of the following was not mentioned as a strategy? a. Loud alarms to scare criminals away b. Well-lighted parking lots c. Two clerks during night hours d. Clear and unobstructed windows 142. Victim compensation coverage and eligibility in the State of California covers all of the following expenses except: a. Funeral b. Rehabilitation c. Mental health counseling d. Property loss 143. Which of the following legislation allows victims of federal violent and sex crimes to speak at the sentencing of their assailants, referred to as victim impact statements? a. Justice for All Act b. Violent Crime Control Act c. Victims’ Rights Clarification Act d. Victims of Crime Act 144. Which of the following legislation calls for the civil confinement of sexual predators after they have served their criminal terms? a. Megan’s Law b. Victim Information and Notification Everyday (VINE)

c. Sexually Violent Predator Act d. Victims’ Rights Clarification Act 145. Which of the following is an example of a gang injunction? a. Banning gang members from using certain public parks that have been gang confrontation sites b. Banning known gang members from possessing pagers or cell phones c. Imposing an 8:00 p.m. curfew for any gang member under the age of 18 unless accompanied by a parent or on a lawful errand d. All of the above 146. Which of the following legislation penalizes states that release a person previously convicted of murder, rape, and dangerous sexual offenses in cases in which that person goes on to commit one of those crimes in another state? a. Megan’s law b. Aimee’s Law c. Kristen’s Act d. Caylee’s Law 147. Which of the following legislation authorizes grants to organizations to find missing adults who may be endangered because of diminished mental capacity, age, the circumstances of the disappearance, or the possibility of foul play? a. Kristen’s Act b. Megan’s Law c. Caylee’s Law d. Jessica Lunsford Act 148. What are victim advocacy groups? a. They are non-profit organizations that help victims of domestic violence and rape crimes only b. They provide advice, education, and shelter to crime victims c. They are government agencies limited to the local level d. They are non-profit corporations staffed by volunteers only 149. Civil Justice for the victim refers to: a. A defendant who is found liable IS NOT directly accountable to the victim b. A defendant MAY NOT be found liable in a civil case if found not guilty in a criminal case c. A civil courts finding of liability that the defendant must pay the victim or victims’ family d. The civil justice system requires more proof of liability than the criminal system

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126. b 127. a 128. b 129. d 130. c 131. d 132. c 133. d 134. a 135. a 136. d 137. a 138. b 139. d 140. d 141. a 142. d 143. b 144. c 145. d 146. b 147. a 148. b 149. c

INTERNET SOURCES FOR VICTIMIZATION RESEARCH Bureau of Justice Statistics. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ Uniform Crime Reporting.

https://ucr.fbi.gov/

National Archive of Criminal Justice Data. http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/ National Criminal Justice Association.

http://www.ncja.org/home

National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice. Vera Institute of Justice.

https://www.ncjrs.gov/

http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/

https://www.vera.org/

The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Statistics. http://www.stat.ufl.edu/vlib/statistics.html Victim Offender Mediation Association.

http://www.voma.org/

Crime Prevention (NCJRS). https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Topics/Topic.aspx?TopicID=49 Crime Prevention.

http://www.crime-prevention.org.uk/

Crime Victims Compensation Program, NC Victim and Justice Services Division. https://www.ncdps.gov/DPS-Services/Victim-Services/Crime-Victim-Compensation National Crime Victims’ Research and Treatment Center https://www.musc.edu/ncvc National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA).

http://www.trynova.org/

New York Missing and Exploited Children Clearinghouse. http://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/missing/#/ Office for Victims of Crime.

https://www.ovc.gov/

Rate Your Risk of Being a Crime Victim.

http://www.rateyourrisk.org/

Victim Compensation and Victim Assistance: From the U.S. Code. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/chapter-112 Victims (NCJRS). https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Topics/Topic.aspx?TopicID=179 (an excellent research site) California Lutheran University’s Sociology and Criminal Justice Department. http://robles.callutheran.edu/scj/scj.html Federal Bureau of Investigation.

https://www.fbi.gov/

Crimes Against Children Research Center. http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/ National Center for Juvenile Justice. http://www.ncjj.org/ International Victimology Website (IVW). http://www.victimology.nl/ IVW was launched in June 1999 as a resource for all those interested in improving justice for victims of crime and abuse of power. Through IVW, the UN Center for International Crime Prevention, the Research and Documentation Center of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice and the World Society of Victimology aim to promote the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.

Note: Web addresses subject to change

Films The following is a partial list of Hollywood films (by title), which address violence and victimization. I have found these films (some based on actual cases) helpful in discussing issues pertaining to racism, criminal justice injustice, workplace violence, community/school violence, and interpersonal violence and victimization. All these films address issues of law, justice, and/or sources of victimization and violence.

Shawshank Redemption (addresses prison injustice)

Mississippi Burning (addresses racism, hate crimes, and legal injustice)

Indictment (McMartin Preschool Trial discussed in text)

Boyz n the Hood (addresses gang violence and victimization)

Colors (addresses gang violence and victimization)

The Burning Bed (addresses domestic violence)

To Kill a Mocking Bird (addresses racism and injustice)

Monster (based on the serial killer Aileen Wuornos discussed in text)

Bully (addresses bullying and victimization)

We Need to Talk About Kevin (addresses mental illness, interpersonal and school violence)

Fetal Attraction (addresses stalking)

Recommended Videos Chapter 1: Measuring and Understanding Violence Monster (2003). Movie based on the serial killer Aileen Wuornos Institutionalized: Mental Health Behind Bars. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fQ50a-m92Y Fault Lines: Mental Illness in America’s Prisons. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPUsdxMBEOQ Chapter 2: Victimization Theory How America Became a Nation of Victims: Culture of Victimization & Personal Responsibility (1992). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0x6m4WVX3kk 20/20 What Happened to ‘Jackie’? UVA Rape Case [Full Doc]. Rolling Stone false allegation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHIYMBsBNLM The Dangers of Social Media (Child Predator Social Experiment) Girl Edition! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jMhMVEjEQg PTSD From Gang Violence in LA (Full Length). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7ovFvA1Wgk Chapter 3: Victims of Familiar Violence Fatal Attraction (1987). Movie about the dangers of stalking. Sleeping with the Enemy (1991). Movie about domestic violence. Behind Closed Doors (Domestic Abuse Documentary)—Real Stories. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZS1JSwBNKM Has System Failed Michigan Woman in Stalking Case? (Part 1)—Crime Watch Daily with Chris Hansen (Part 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMx4Sog-P_Y (Part 2) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZSbpW8twvc (Part 3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiSxZHpfB6I

Chapter 4: Nonfamilial Violence and Victimization A&E Biography—Serial Killer “Dennis Rader Aka BTK.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GH2YMtfw-7E CBS 60 Minutes 2005 11 13 Burning Rage About ALF and ELF. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVjQs4WWds8 The Lost Streets of Chicago – BBC News. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbKp8OV6F64

Chapter 5: Institutional and Workplace Violence Going Postal—Documentary. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgUWOUuEDgk Workplace Violence Training Video by Compliance and Safety. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGehikoHuZM I Can Make You Love Me (1993). Movie based on Richard Farley.

Chapter 6: School Violence and Victimization Mass School Shooting. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-m9yEyHw4JY Students Assaulting Teachers. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tskqZcKfjk One of the Most Dangerous Schools in America. ABC World News Tonight. ABC News. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9gT_Nc41s4

Chapter 7: Criminal Justice and Injustice The Donald Scott Case, Asset Forfeiture. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udFZLY9VhYc McMartin Preschool: Anatomy of a Panic—Retro Report—The New York Times. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2R21tWs-qCw Eyewitness Testimony Problems—ABC News. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnkiclH7CmE

Chapter 8: Human Trafficking and Victimization Children for Sale: The Fight to End Human Trafficking (2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXjxeQuhdAs What Happened to the Girl Next Door—a documentary about human trafficking and prostitution. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljrselo4s1U Walking Merchandise—Child Trafficking and the Snakehead Trade. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGquRlvhmho

Chapter 9: Firearms and Victimization How Easy Is It to Buy a Gun? (Hidden Camera). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1in7Zoqh3gw The Ultimate Black Market Weapon – Underworld, INC. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mU38QDKmiTk Gun Defense Compilation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AL_jboGg2M People Saved by Guns. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnL05eLaTjQ

Chapter 10: Responding to Criminal Victimization Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xetxsxy1nK8 More People Using RI’s Crime Victim Compensation Program. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlDBKuk92VI Megan’s Law (60 Minutes, Oct 29, 2000). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZGriIFVgOc