TEST BANK for Introduction to Physical Anthropology 15th Edition by Robert Jurmain, Lynn Kilgore, We by StudyGuide

CHAPTER 01 1. At present, the members of the family hominin includes a. apes. b. monkeys. c. all primates. d. humans. e. rats ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called a. hominidae. b. a species. c. a family. d. a hominin. e. a mammal. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. Simply stated, evolution a. is NOT subject to the same factors that have produced other species. b. is a change in the physiological traits of an organism. c. is a change in the genetic makeup of a population. d. is too controversial and thus invalid. e. refers only to the appearance of a new species. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. Many aspects of our behavior have direct connection to a. primates. b. reptiles. c. birds. d. insects. e. mammals. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. The strategy humans developed that helped them to adapt to the natural environment is a. evolution. b. culture. c. biological adaptation. d. walking on two legs. e. genetic change. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. Cultural behaviors a. have become less important throughout human evolution. b. are genetically determined. c. include only those aspects of human lifestyle that relate to the arts. d. are NOT genetically determined. e. are the same in all species. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 7. The term biocultural evolution refers to a. biological changes in a species over time. b. changes in human culture from generation to generation. c. the interaction between biology and culture in human evolution. d. biological evolution in all species except humans. e. the general orientation shared by members of a society. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 10 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 8. Which of the following is NOT generally considered one of the fields of anthropology in the United States? a. Historical b. Cultural c. Linguistics d. Archaeology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. Physical ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 9. In the United States, anthropology is comprised of _____ major subfields. a. 2 b. 7 c. 6 d. 4 e. 1 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 10. Cultural anthropology a. was first developed in the seventeenth century. b. includes the recovery and analysis of material culture from earlier civilizations. c. focuses solely upon the study of traditional societies. d. has no practical application in modern society. e. is the study of patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical cultures. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 11. Ethnographies a. focus only on Western European societies. b. are studies of nonhuman primates. c. are detailed descriptive studies of human societies. d. are studies done by archaeologists. e. involve the study of the human skeleton. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 12. The population of any city is composed of many subgroups defined by a. economic status. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. popularity. c. intelligence. d. good looking people. e. the type of technology used. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 13. Archaeologists obtain information mainly from a. artifacts. b. artwork left behind by earlier cultures. c. books written by early explorers. d. folk stories passed down from generation to generation. e. their own interpretation only. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 14. The most important source of data for archaeologists is a. material culture left by earlier societies. b. interviews with living people. c. DNA preserved in fossils. d. early hominid fossils. e. human skeletal remains. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 15. Linguistic anthropology is the study of a. human speech and language. b. evolution of superior languages. c. origins of language. d. human speech, language, and evolution of superior languages. e. human speech, language, and origins of language. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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16. The subdiscipline of anthropology concerned with various aspects of human language is called a. primatology. b. linguistic anthropology. c. ethnology. d. paleoanthropology. e. anthropometry. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 17. The study of human biology within the framework of human evolution is the domain of a. cultural anthropology. b. physical/biological anthropology. c. primatology. d. osteology. e. archaeology. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 18. Primate Paleontology is the study of primate a. behavior. b. fossil record. c. anatomy. d. intelligence. e. dentition. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 13 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 19. The origins of physical anthropology arose from which two areas of interest among nineteenth-century scientists? a. The ancestry of modern species and human variation b. The genetic determinants of behavior and osteology c. Nonhuman primates and origins of modern species d. Human variation and osteology e. Human evolution and nonhuman primates ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 20. During the nineteenth century, the sparks of interest in biological change over time were fanned into flames by the: a. discovery of Neandertal fossils in the 1800s. b. publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species. c. discovery of Australopithecus afarensis in the late 1800s. d. discovery of the Americas. e. witch craze period. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 21. The subfield of physical anthropology that is concerned with the study of human evolution as evidenced in the fossil record is a. osteology. b. paleoanthropology. c. anthropometry. d. ethnography. e. paleopathology. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 22. ___________ anthropologists help us to understand relationships between extinct and living species by comparing DNA sequences. a. DNA b. Osteological c. Molecular d. Cultural e. Historical ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 14 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 23. Why are physical anthropologists concerned with human variation? a. It focuses on separating different species. b. They want to identify the factors that produce variation. c. They want to prove that race is real. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. The possibility exists to classify humans ethnically and racially. e. Physical anthropologists are not concerned with human variation. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 13 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 24. Primatology is the study of a. human evolution. b. human skeletal material. c. skeletal remains at crime scenes. d. disease in earlier human groups. e. the biology and behavior of nonhuman primates. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 25. The study of the primate fossil record is known as a. osteology. b. primate anthropology. c. paleopathology. d. forensic anthropology. e. primate paleontology. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 13 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 26. ________ is the branch of osteology that studies the evidence of disease and injury in human skeletal remains from archaeological sites. a. Forensic anthropology b. Primatology c. Anthropometry d. Paleoanthropology e. Paleopathology ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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27. Forensic anthropologists a. study disease and trauma in ancient populations. b. apply anthropological techniques to legal matters. c. are primarily concerned with the recovery of material culture remains. d. examine the relationships between medical treatment and culturally determined views of disease. e. study nonhuman primates. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 28. Who uses anthropological techniques to assist in crime investigations and to identify skeletal remains in cases of disaster? a. Paleoanthropologists b. Primatologists c. Forensic anthropologists d. Archeologists e. Cultural anthropologists ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 29. The practical use of anthropological theories and methods outside the academic setting is a. biological anthropology. b. applied anthropology. c. cultural anthropology. d. archaeology. e. linguistic anthropology. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 30. Within biological anthropology, the best example of applied anthropology is a. cultural anthropology. b. forensic anthropology. c. paleoanthropology. d. archaeology. e. primatology. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 31. A body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation is called a. science. b. hypothesis. c. data. d. empirical. e. theory. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 32. A provisional explanation of a phenomenon is called a. a theory. b. a datum. c. empirical. d. scientific testing. e. a hypothesis. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 33. The initial step in the scientific method is a. the formation of a theory. b. the formation of a hypothesis. c. to perform an experiment. d. to publish a scientific article. e. to collect data and establish facts. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 19 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 34. Theories are not facts but are a. tested explanations of facts. b. ideas scientists have. c. provisional statements to be further researched. d. untested hypotheses. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. absolute truths. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 21 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 35. The goal of the scientific method is to a. establish the absolute truth. b. support preconceived notions. c. generate the most accurate explanations possible. d. study qualitative data e. generate only hypotheses. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 21 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 36. The anthropological perspective states that we must a. focus only on humans. b. broaden our view point through time and space. c. include only one field of anthropology. d. be as ethnocentric as possible. e. disregard all other fields. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 21 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 37. The 3.7-million-year-old footprints of two hominids were discovered in a riverbed in Georgia. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 38. The earliest hominins, such as Australopithecus afarensis, manufactured stone tools. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 39. Physical anthropology is a scientific discipline concerned only with the biological and behavioral characteristics of humans. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 40. In the United States, the focus of anthropology is very narrow and has only two subfields. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 41. Humans are a product of the same evolutionary forces that produced all living things. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 42. Culture is not genetically passed from one generation to the next; it is learned. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 43. Physical anthropologists are interested only in the study of biological phenomena and are not interested in the study of culture. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 44. Linguistic anthropology is important to the field of physical anthropology because of its insights into the development of language in human evolution. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: New 45. Paleopathology is a major component of bioarchaeology. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 46. Anthropology CANNOT be applied to practical issues outside the university setting. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 47. Physical anthropologists must understand anatomy in order to assess the structure and function of fossil remains. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 48. The purpose of scientific research is to generate more accurate and consistent explanations of phenomena and NOT to establish absolute truths. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 21 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 49. Anthropologists strive to be as ethnocentric as possible. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 22 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 50. Scientific testing of a hypothesis may take several years but must always include only the original researchers. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 51. Explain biocultural evolution. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 52. Explain applied anthropology. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 10-11 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 53. Describe the subfields of archaeology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology and how they are important to the study of physical anthropology. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 11-18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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54. Explain the major research areas in the field of physical/biological anthropology. ANSWER: Answers may vary. DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 11-18 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 55. Explain in a biological sense what adaptation is. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 56. Explain what a hominin is and give the earliest evidence of hominins in this chapter. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 3-4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 57. Explain how human beings are linked to all other life on earth and why this is important. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 5-6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 58. What is anthropology? Why are there four subfields in the United States? ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 5-6 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 59. Explain paleoanthropology and its importance. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 60. What can molecular anthropologists tell us about human evolution? ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 15 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 61. Explain osteology and its importance to physical anthropology. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 62. Explain paleopathology and bioarcheaology. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 16 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 63. Describe the scientific method and its relevance to human evolution. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 19-20 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 64. Explain why theories are neither absolutes nor facts. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 20-21 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 65. What is the anthropological perspective? Why is it important? ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 22 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.1.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 66. Define anthropology and describe each of the four fields of anthropology and their importance. ANSWER: Answers may vary 67. Explain physical/biological anthropology and all of its areas of specialization. ANSWER: Answers may vary 68. Discuss the role of the scientific method in physical anthropology and the study of evolution. ANSWER: Answers may vary Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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69. The predisposition for culture is perhaps the most critical component of human evolutionary history. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 10 OTHER: New

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CHAPTER 2 1. In Europe during the Middle Ages, it was believed that a. all species had evolved from a common ancestor. b. evolution was the result of natural selection acting upon genetic variation. c. all forms were created by God and did not change over time. d. most species had become extinct over time. e. life was created slowly, over millions of years. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 27 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. The belief that species do not change but are the same as when first created is known as a. fixity of species. b. the Great Chain of Being. c. heliocentric. d. uniformitarianism. e. natural selection. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 27 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. Just as technological change is based on past achievements, scientific knowledge builds on previously developed a. hypotheses. b. ideas. c. technology. d. theories. e. beliefs. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 26 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: New 4. The plan of the entire universe was viewed as a. the binomial system. b. natural selection. c. uniformitarianism. d. God’s design. e. Lamarckism. ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. How did the discovery of the Americas (New World) impact European understanding of biological diversity? a. It exposed them to plants and animals they had never before seen. b. It proved the validity of biblical texts. c. It demonstrated fixity of species. d. It supported standing notions of the Great Chain of Beings. e. It had no impact on notions of biological diversity. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. The fact that anatomical structures appear to be uniquely fitted to the functions they serve was the basis for the a. theory of uniformitarianism. b. theory of natural selection. c. theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. d. theory of catastrophism. e. argument from design. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 7. Which sixteenth-century Polish mathematician was credited with removing the earth as the center of all things (heliocentric)? a. John Ray b. Copernicus c. Galileo Galilei d. Aristotle e. Charles Lyell ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 8. Who first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such groups by their ability to reproduce? a. John Ray b. Charles Darwin Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. Carolus Linnaeus d. Alfred Russel Wallace e. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 9. Who developed the binomial system of classifying biological organisms? a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck b. Georges Cuvier c. Carolus Linnaeus d. Charles Lyell e. Erasmus Darwin ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 10. Carolus Linnaeus a. developed a binomial system of classification for plants and animals. b. was a proponent of evolutionary change. c. opposed all notions of fixity of species. d. was a supporter of Charles Darwin. e. developed theories of natural selection. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 11. _________ was an eighteenth-century thinker who believed that living forms changed in response to the environment. Although he did not think nature was perfect or had a grand purpose, he still rejected the idea that one species could give rise to another. a. Alfred Russel Wallace b. Georges-Louis Comte Leclerc de Buffon c. Erasmus Darwin d. John Ray e. Georges Cuvier ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

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12. Which naturalist attempted to explain the evolutionary process by suggesting a dynamic relationship between species and the environment? a. Jean Baptiste Lamarck b. Erasmus Darwin c. Georges-Louis Comte Leclerc de Buffon d. Galileo Galilei e. Charles Lyell ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 13. Who was the first to offer a scientific explanation for how species changed? a. Carolus Linnaeus b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck c. Charles Lyell d. Charles Darwin e. Erasmus Darwin ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 14. The theory that the frequent use of an organ caused it to be enhanced was developed by a. Charles Darwin. b. Carolus Linnaeus. c. Georges Cuvier. d. Charles Lyell. e. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 15. The role of the environment as a significant factor in evolutionary change was first recognized and stated by a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. b. Georges Cuvier. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Charles Darwin. e. Charles Lyell. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 16. The term “biology” was coined by a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. b. Georges Cuvier. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Charles Darwin. e. Charles Lyell. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 17. The theory that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual could be passed on to that individual’s offspring is termed a. natural selection. b. catastrophism. c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics. d. uniformitarianism. e. fixity of species. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 18. The view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be explained by a series of disasters and creations is known as a. natural selection. b. catastrophism. c. use-disuse theory. d. uniformitarianism. e. descent with modification. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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19. The opponent of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who proposed the theory of catastrophism was a. Charles Lyell. b. Alfred Russel Wallace. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Erasmus Darwin. e. Georges Cuvier. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 20. Thomas Malthus a. proposed that population size is kept in check by the limited availability of resources. b. wrote the theory of catastrophism. c. wrote the theory of uniformitarianism. d. had no influence on the development of Darwin’s and Wallace’s theories of natural selection. e. was a sixteenth-century mathematician. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 21. Who proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies? a. Erasmus Darwin b. Alfred Russel Wallace c. Thomas Malthus d. Charles Lyell e. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 37 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 22. Who wrote Principles of Geology and emphasized the principle of uniformitarianism? a. Charles Darwin b. Charles Lyell c. Alfred Russel Wallace d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck e. Thomas Malthus ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 23. The principle of uniformitarianism a. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present. b. was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories. c. proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old. d. was the same as the theory of catastrophism. e. was first proposed by Georges Cuvier. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 24. Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, was to have a profound effect on nineteenth-century scientific thought? a. Recent origins for earth b. The role of catastrophic events in producing geological phenomena c. Natural selection d. The immense age of the earth and uniform processes e. The inheritance of acquired characteristics ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 25. Mary Anning is credited with a. the principle of uniformitarianism. b. being the co-discoverer of natural selection. c. became known as one of the world’s leading “fossilists.” d. being married to Charles Darwin. e. writing the book Principles of Geology. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 33 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: New 26. Charles Darwin a. grew up in modest circumstances. b. began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s. c. received no formal education. d. spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 34 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 27. Although Darwin went aboard the HMS Beagle believing in the fixity of species, what impact changed his beliefs? a. The people with whom he traveled b. The discovery of fossils of ancient giant animals similar to contemporary species c. The distance from church and society d. The death of his child e. The discovery of savages which looked more like apes ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 34 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 28. Which contemporary of Charles Darwin also developed a theory of evolution by means of natural selection? a. Charles Lyell b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck c. Erasmus Darwin d. Alfred Russel Wallace e. Georges Cuvier ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 38 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 29. The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for the theory of a. uniformitarianism. b. natural selection. c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics. d. catastrophism. e. the fixity of species. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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30. Which of the following concepts DID NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution? a. Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies. b. There is competition among individuals for resources. c. Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important. d. There is biological variation in all members of a species. e. Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 31. Which of the following is NOT one of the fundamentals of evolutionary change produced by natural

selection? a. A trait must be inherited if natural selection is to act on it. b. Natural selection cannot occur without population variation in inherited characteristics. c. Fitness is a relative measure that changes as the environment changes. d. Natural selection can act only on traits that affect reproduction. e. A trait acquired by an animal during its lifetime can be passed onto offspring. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: New 32. Which species in the Galapagos Islands was fundamental to Darwin’s evolutionary ideas? a. The boobies b. The seals c. The tortoises d. The finches e. The iguanas ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: New 33. Selective pressures a. remain constant, regardless of the environment. b. are unimportant in the evolutionary process. c. can change if environmental conditions change. d. are directionless and random. e. are not related to adaptation. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 34. “Fitness,” in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual’s a. strength. b. reproductive success. c. aggressiveness. d. size. e. age at death. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 35. DNA was discovered in what year? a. 1953 b. 2003 c. 2005 d. 1987 e. 1961 ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.3 - 3 OTHER: New 36. The human genome was sequenced in which year? a. 1998 b. 2003 c. 1953 d. 2005 e. 1973 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 38 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.3 - 3 OTHER: New 37. Natural selection operates on _______, but it is the population that evolves. a. animals b. environment c. individuals d. populations Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. finches ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 38. Creationists have been promoting laws that mandate teachings of creationism in public school, yet which U.S. Constitution Amendment has overruled these laws? a. The Eighteenth Amendment b. The Third Amendment c. The First Amendment d. The Thirteenth Amendment e. These laws have not been overruled. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 45 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 39. Religious groups that believe in an absolutely literal interpretation of the Bible are called a. protestants. b. orthodox. c. shamans. d. messiahs. e. fundamentalists. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 40. Evolution is a theory that has little scientific support. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 26 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 41. The “argument from design” was only authored and proposed by Charles Darwin. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 42. Erasmus Darwin was probably an important influence in Charles Darwin’s evolutionary thinking. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 43. Use-disuse theory has recently displaced natural selection as mainstream science’s most accepted theory of evolutionary change. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 44. Georges Cuvier, author of Principles of Geology, is considered the founder of modern geology. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 45. Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection while visiting the Galápagos Islands and observing its finches. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 34-37 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 46. Charles Darwin acknowledged the importance of sexual reproduction when formulating his theory of natural selection. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 37 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 47. Charles Darwin refrained from immediately publishing his theory of natural selection because he was aware of its controversial nature. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 38 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 48. There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural populations. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 40-41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 49. While Darwin argued for the concept of evolution and the role of natural selection, he did not understand the

mechanisms of evolutionary change. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 40-41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.3 - 3 OTHER: New 50. The fields of evolutionary and developmental biology have been merged into a new field of evolution called

“evo-devo” by several scientists. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 40-41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.3 - 3 OTHER: New 51. Intelligent Design is not science because creationists insist that their view is absolute and infallible. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 44 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 52. Some surveys show that about half of all Americans do not believe evolution occurs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 53. Proponents of “creation science” hold that their ideas are absolute and infallible. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 44 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 54. Explain how traditionally held views prevented wide acceptance of evolutionary theories in nineteenth-century Europe and America. Give specific examples. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 25-26 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 55. Explain what the period called the Scientific Revolution is and its importance to the development of evolutionary theory. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 28-29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 56. Describe the work of John Ray and Carolus Linnaeus and how it served as precursors to the theory of evolution. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 29-30 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 57. Outline Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. According to this theory, what was the environment’s role in biological change? ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 58. Explain who Alfred Russel Wallace was and how he was influential to the theory of natural selection. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 38-39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 59. How did the expedition on the HMS Beagle influence Darwin’s development of evolutionary theory? ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 34-36 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 60. Explain how the study of the finches from the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador influenced Darwin’s understanding of natural selection. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 35-36 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 61. How is natural selection related to environmental factors? How can selective pressures change? Give an example. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 38 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 62. Explain how the peppered moth in England is a very good example of natural selection and adaptation. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 40 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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63. Describe the four fundamentals of evolutionary change and the importance of fertility. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 41-42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 64. Discuss the definition of fitness as it pertains to natural selection. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 65. Discuss the opposition to evolution today in the United States and why 42 percent of Americans favor

biblical creationism over evolution. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.3 - 3 OTHER: New 66. Explains the various factors that pose opposition to evolution today. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 43 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 67. Provide a brief history of opposition to evolution in the United States. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 44-45 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 68. Explain why creationists oppose evolution and how they continue to attack its teachings. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 45-46 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.2.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 69. Many people argue that evolution is “only a theory.” Define theory and then describe how evolution does or does not fit the definition. ANSWER: Answers may vary Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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70. Discuss the role of differential fertility in natural selection. ANSWER: Answers may vary 71. Many people in the United States believe in the biblical creation. What factors may account for the fact that many people do not accept evolution as an explanation for the origins and diversity of life? ANSWER: Answers may vary 72. Explain why Charles Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism was important to Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace as they developed their theories of biological evolution. ANSWER: Answers may vary

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CHAPTER 3 1. Cells a. are the basic units of life. b. usually do not have DNA. c. only have a nucleus and no cytoplasm. d. are inherited only from one parent. e. originated on earth approximately 5 million years ago. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. The cell nucleus a. is the same thing as the cytoplasm. b. is not distinct from the cytoplasm. c. contains only X and Y chromosomes. d. is made up of ribosomes. e. contains DNA and RNA. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. Which of the following is NOT a function of cells? a. Protein synthesis b. Storing DNA c. Breaking down nutrients d. Storing PCR e. Storing energy ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. Ribosomes are a. the sex chromosomes. b. gametes. c. found only in prokaryotes. d. present only when the cell divides. e. important to protein synthesis. ANSWER: e Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. Somatic cells are a. one type of prokaryotic cells. b. gametes. c. the cellular components of body tissue. d. the only types of cells humans have. e. responsible for reproduction. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. The two basic types of eukaryotic cells are somatic cells and a. zygotes. b. gametes. c. autosomes. d. polar bodies. e. organelles. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 7. Gametes are a. egg and sperm cells. b. also called zygotes. c. the cellular components of body tissue. d. part of prokaryotes. e. organelles. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: New 8. A zygote a. is formed by the union of two somatic cells. b. has only half the full complement of genetic material. c. is part of a nucleotide. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. undergoes meiosis. e. is a fertilized egg. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 9. DNA a. is single-stranded. b. is composed of nitrogenous bases, sugars, and gametes. c. directs cellular functions. d. contains the base uracil. e. contains six different nitrogenous bases. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 10. A DNA nucleotide a. is composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphorous unit. b. is the same thing as an RNA molecule. c. codes for the production of an amino acid. d. can include the nitrogenous base uracil. e. contains proteins and amino acids. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 11. Which of the following is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA? a. Uracil b. Guanine c. Thymine d. Adenine e. Cytosine ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 12. The DNA base guanine always pairs with which other DNA base(s)? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. Adenine b. Guanine c. Cytosine d. Uracil e. Hemoglobin ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 13. Enzymes a. are amino acids. b. are major constituents of body tissues. c. initiate and enhance chemical reactions in the body. d. are also called zygotes. e. have no cellular function. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 14. Which of the following statements concerning messenger RNA is FALSE? a. It contains the base uracil instead of thymine. b. It is single-stranded. c. It contains the same sugar that is found in DNA. d. It is able to pass through the nuclear membrane. e. It is involved in the synthesis of proteins. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 55 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 15. In protein synthesis, transcription is the process of a. manufacturing tRNA. b. assembling polypeptide chains. c. forming mRNA molecules. d. producing amino acids. e. manufacturing ribosomal RNA. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 55 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Revised

16. A segment of DNA that specifies the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein is called a(n) a. gene. b. codon. c. polypeptide. d. amino acid. e. helix. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 17. What are mRNA triplets called? a. Exons b. Introns c. Codons d. Genomes e. Mutations ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 18. The protein molecule that occurs in red blood cells and binds to oxygen molecules is called a. valine. b. hemoglobin. c. proline. d. the cell membrane. e. the ribosomes. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 19. According to the human genome’s latest revision, humans have approximately how many genes? a. 90,000 b. 25,000 c. 50,000 d. 21,000 e. 30,000 ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 20. The substitution of one DNA base for another is a (an) a. point mutation. b. genome. c. trisomy. d. allele. e. locus. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 21. Regulatory genes are responsible for all of the following EXCEPT a. deactivating DNA. b. diminishing or enhancing expression of other genes. c. playing a key part in embryological development. d. synthesizing protein. e. serving a fundamental role in cellular function. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 60 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.4 - 4 OTHER: New 22. Which severe inherited hemoglobin disorder cases red blood cells to collapse when deprived of oxygen? a. Cystic fibrosis b. Hemophilia c. Diabetes d. Tay-sachs disease e. Sickle-cell anemia ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 23. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Sickle-cell anemia can result in impaired blood circulation. b. Individuals with sickle-cell anemia inherited an abnormal allele from each parent that causes the production of an altered form of hemoglobin. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. People with sickle-cell trait are as severely affected as those with sickle-cell anemia. d. The abnormal form of hemoglobin in people with sickle-cell anemia is called hemoglobin S. e. The mutation that results in sickle-cell anemia affects the hemoglobin beta chain. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 62-63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 24. Discrete structures composed of DNA and proteins are called a. chromosomes. b. ribosomes. c. organelles. d. chromatin. e. mitochondria. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 64 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 25. Chromosomes are only found in a. prokaryotic cells. b. nuclei of cells. c. ribosomes. d. mitochondria. e. cell membrane. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 64 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 26. The two strands of a chromosome are joined at a constricted region called the a. autosome. b. ribosome. c. centromere. d. nucleotide. e. cytoplasm. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 64 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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27. There are two basic types of chromosomes, autosomes and a. eukaryotes. b. codons. c. autosomes. d. centromere. e. ribosomes. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Revised 28. How many chromosomes occur in a normal human somatic cell? a. 23 b. 48 c. 46 d. 53 e. 50 ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 29. How many chromosome pairs occur in a normal human somatic cell? a. 24 b. 23 c. 26 d. 25 e. 22 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 30. Alleles are a. segments of tRNA that code for polypeptide chains. b. only present on X and Y chromosomes. c. the entire genetic makeup of an individual. d. alternative forms of a gene. e. proteins. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 66 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 31. The X and Y chromosomes are called a. autosomes. b. gametes. c. centromeres. d. sex chromosomes. e. karyotypes. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 32. The Y chromosome a. is found in both sexes: males have two, females have one. b. influences numerous characteristics in addition to sex determination. c. can be inherited from either parent. d. carries genes that cause the fetus to develop as a male. e. causes a fetus to develop as female if there are two present. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 33. Which statement is TRUE of autosomes? a. It is not necessary for them to occur in pairs for normal physiological functions to occur. b. A person can be missing an autosome and not exhibit any abnormalities. c. Having extra autosomes is not a problem for most people. d. Over half the autosomes an individual possesses are inherited from the mother. e. Abnormal numbers of autosomes are usually fatal. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 34. The chromosomes of an individual viewed microscopically and displayed in a photograph are called a. homology. b. random assortment. c. karyotype. d. gamete. e. genome. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 35. Meiosis a. is the cell division process in somatic cells. b. replaces cells during growth and development. c. permits healing of injured tissue. d. results in two identical daughter cells. e. produces gametes. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 67 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 36. Which of the following is true of mitosis? a. The process requires only one cell division to be complete. b. There are two cell divisions before the process is complete. c. The result is gamete formation. d. It does not require DNA to replicate. e. It is a rare process. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 67 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: New 37. After mitosis, daughter cells contain the same amount of DNA as in the original cell. This is due to a. protein synthesis. b. recombination. c. pairing of homologous chromosomes. d. meiosis. e. DNA replication. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 67 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 38. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the process of meiosis? a. Meiosis produces gametes. b. Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the original amount of DNA found in the original cell. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. There are two cell divisions. d. Meiosis produces daughter cells with the same amount of DNA found in the original cell. e. Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 69 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 39. The process of recombination occurs during a. crossing over. b. mitosis. c. meiosis. d. protein synthesis. e. none of these. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 69 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 40. Which of the following produces varying combinations of genes in populations? a. Recombination b. Mitosis c. Nondisjunction d. Trisomy 21 e. Sickle-cell anemia ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 69 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 41. Which is NOT true about recombination? a. It is the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes. b. It is also called crossing over. c. It occurs during mitosis. d. Its pairing ensures each new daughter cell receives only one of each pair. e. It occurs in gamete formation. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 69 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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42. Trisomy 21 a. occurs only in infants born to women who got pregnant at 45 years or older. b. is caused by nondisjunction. c. is caused by having three X chromosomes. d. is usually lethal. e. occurs only among nonhuman primates. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 72 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 43. Scientists use _______ to produce many copies of small DNA fragments, such as those obtained at crime scenes or from fossils. a. transcription b. polymerase chain reactions c. nondisjunction d. trisomies e. random assortment of alleles ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 72 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 44. A major goal of the Human Genome Project is to a. facilitate human cloning. b. map the chromosomes of every human on the planet. c. sequence the entire human genome. d. trace evolutionary relationships among primates. e. prevent overpopulation. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 73 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 45. A eukaryotic cell is composed of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins but lacks nucleic acids. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 50 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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46. Mitochondrial DNA has the same molecular structure and function as nuclear DNA. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 47. Codons are triplets of mRNA bases that code for specific amino acids during protein synthesis. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.5 - 5 OTHER: New 48. The process of transcription during protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 49. Regulatory genes produce enzymes and other proteins that either switch on or turn off other segments of DNA. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 50. Homeobox genes direct the development of the overall body. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 60 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 51. Individuals who inherit only one of the hemoglobin S alleles have sickle-cell anemia. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 61 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 52. Karyotype analysis is often used in the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 53. Nondisjunction can occur in the autosomes but never occurs in the sex chromosomes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 70-71 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.8 - 8 OTHER: Pickup 54. Approximately 80% of the human genome is involved in some form of biochemical function. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.8 - 8 OTHER: New 55. Explain the history and functions of cells. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 50-51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.1 - 1 OTHER: New 56. Describe the structure of the DNA molecule; include as much detail as you can. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 52-53 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 57. How do DNA and RNA differ in structure and function? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 51-57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 58. What are the two steps in protein synthesis? Where does each occur? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 54-58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 59. Explain what genes are and their function. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 57-60 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 60. Explain the function of regulatory genes, including homeobox genes. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 60-61 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 61. Explain sickle-cell anemia and the evolutionary importance of mutations. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 62-64 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 62. Describe DNA replications and chromosomes. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 64-66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 63. Compare and contrast the processes and end products of mitosis and meiosis. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 67-72 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 64. Describe reduction division and explain why it is necessary to meiosis. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 69 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 65. Discuss trisomy and name the only example of it that is compatible with life. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 71-72 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: New 66. Explain how nondisjunction can occur. Give one example of nondisjunction of the autosomes. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 71-72 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.6 - 6 OTHER: New 67. Give two examples of how the field of genetics has revolutionized biological science. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 72-74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 68. Describe the human genome project and its scientific importance. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 75-76 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 69. Describe the technique called polymerase chain reaction. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 72-73 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.3.7 - 7 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

New

70. Using your knowledge of the principles of natural selection, explain why genetic variation is central to the evolutionary process. ANSWER: Answer not provided 71. Explain the discovery, role, and importance of DNA. ANSWER: Answer not provided 72. Discuss why DNA is the biological basis of life, and explain some of the scientific evidence showing how all species are ultimately related to one another. ANSWER: Answer not provided 73. Explain why the study of genetics is critical to biological anthropology today. ANSWER: Answer not provided 74. Explain protein synthesis and its relation and importance. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 4 1. Gregor Mendel a. developed theories of evolutionary change. b. discovered the structure of the DNA molecule. c. studied characteristics that are influenced by several genetic loci. d. discovered the fundamental principles of how traits are inherited. e. developed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 77 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. How do the basic principles of inheritance, identified by Mendel in plants, differ from those in humans? a. They are simpler. b. Plants don’t have alleles. c. There are no differences because the basic principles are the same. d. There are no Mendelian traits in humans. e. The number of chromosomes is different; therefore, the genetic principles are different. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 82 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. When Mendel crossed true-breeding tall and short parental plants, a. all the offspring were tall. b. half the offspring were tall, the other half were short. c. all the offspring were short. d. the offspring were intermediate in height relative to the two parent plants. e. about 90 percent were tall, but the rest were short. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 84 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. In Mendel’s experiments, the ratio of tall to short plants in the F2 generation was a. 15 to 1. b. 3 to 1. c. 1 to 1. d. 4 to 1. e. 5 to 1. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 84 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. A person who is homozygous recessive at a locus has a. two copies of the recessive allele. b. two copies of the dominant allele. c. an autosomal trisomy. d. a recessive allele on the X chromosome only. e. a recessive allele on the Y chromosome only. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. A trait is NOT expressed in heterozygotes, it is said to be a. dominant. b. codominant. c. recessive. d. homozygous dominant. e. segregated. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: New 7. In Mendel’s experiments, the tall parental (P) plants a. were heterozygous for the allele for tallness. b. were heterozygous at the locus-controlling height. c. could NOT be crossed with short plants. d. were homozygous for the allele for shortness. e. were homozygous for the allele for tallness. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 84 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 8. An individual’s actual genetic makeup is called the a. phenotype. b. homozygosity. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. recessiveness. d. phenotypic ratio. e. genotype. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 9. The observed physical manifestation of genes is the a. genotype. b. phenotype. c. phenotypic ratio. d. genotypic ratio. e. independent assortment. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: New 10. Gregor Mendel a. published his results and won the Nobel Prize for his discoveries. b. was trained as a geneticist. c. died before the importance of his research was recognized. d. was a professor at the University of Vienna. e. never published his work. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 82 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 11. The fact that both green and yellow peas were produced by tall pea plants in predictable frequencies led Mendel to propose the a. principle of segregation. b. principle of independent assortment. c. concept of dominance. d. concept of codominance. e. blending theory of inheritance. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 82 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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12. Which is NOT true about random assortment? a. There is a chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells. b. It is an important source of genetic variation. c. It produces new alleles. d. It happens during meiosis. e. It is important like recombination. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 86 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 13. When Mendel crossed plants and considered two traits simultaneously (e.g., height and seed color in peas), what proportion of the F2 generation offspring expressed both recessive phenotypes? a. 9/16 b. 8/16 c. 12/16 d. 3/16 e. 1/16 ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 86 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 14. Two people (both heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their children would be expected to have the ability to taste PTC? a. 3/4 b. 1/2 c. All d. 1/4 e. 2/3 ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 88 (Use a Punnett Square) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 15. Two people (both heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their children would be expected NOT to be able to taste PTC? a. 3/4 b. All c. 1/4 d. 2/3 ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 88 (Use a Punnett Square) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 16. Two people (both heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their offspring would be expected to be heterozygous? a. 3/4 b. 1/2 c. All d. 1/4 e. 2/3 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 88 (Use a Punnett Square) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 17. Two people (both heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their children would be expected to have the tt genotype? a. 3/4 b. 1/2 c. All d. 1/4 e. 2/3 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 88 (Use a Punnett Square) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 18. Dominant alleles a. usually cause the underproduction of an enzyme. b. always produce the most desirable phenotype. c. can mask the expression of other alleles at the same locus. d. are always the most common allele in a population. e. were discovered by Charles Darwin. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 19. Which of the following is NOT inherited in a Mendelian fashion? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. ABO blood type b. Marfan syndrome c. Achondroplasia d. Phenylketonuria e. Skin color ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 88, Table 4-1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 20. The ABO blood type system consists of ______ alleles. a. 6 b. 4 c. 3 d. 2 e. 5 ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 89 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 21. Which of the following is NOT a polygenic trait? a. Stature b. Skin color c. Eye color d. ABO blood type e. Hair color ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 83 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 22. When a person possesses two different alleles at the same locus, and both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, this is called a. recessiveness. b. codominance. c. dominance. d. homozygosity. e. X-linkage. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 89 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 23. Type AB blood is an example of a. codominance. b. blending. c. recessiveness. d. dominance. e. polygenic inheritance. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 89 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 24. How many ABO phenotypes are there? a. 4 b. 2 c. 3 d. 6 e. 1 ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 89 (Table 4.2) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 25. A person with blood type B is heterozygous. What is that person’s genotype? a. BB b. OO c. BO d. AB e. none of these ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 89 (Table 4.2) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 26. A man who has type A blood has the AA genotype. His wife, with type B blood, has the BO genotype. Which of the following blood types is/are NOT possible for their children? a. Type O b. Type AB c. Type A d. Type AO Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. A codominant type ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 89 (Use a Punnett Square) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 27. In a hypothetical situation, B is the allele that causes brachydactyly. If a man who has normal fingers (bb) and a woman with brachydactyly (Bb) have children, what proportion of these children would you expect to have normal fingers? (Hint: Use a Punnett square.) a. 1/16 b. 1/8 c. 1/4 d. 3/4 e. 1/2 ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 88 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 28. At a hypothetical locus, a man’s genotype is Aa. What proportion of his gametes would be expected to receive the A allele? a. 1/3 b. 1/2 c. 3/4 d. 1/4 e. 1/8 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 88 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 29. Sex-linked traits a. have their loci on all chromosomes. b. are expressed more often in females than in males. c. are expressed in females in the same fashion as autosomal traits. d. are carried mainly on the Y chromosome. e. includes albinism. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 93 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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30. Which statement concerning polygenic traits is FALSE? a. They are governed by more than one genetic locus. b. Their expression is often influenced by genetic/environmental interactions. c. They account for most observable phenotypic variation in humans. d. They are not affected by environmental factors. e. They are continuous. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 94 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 31. Mendelian traits a. are governed by more than one genetic locus. b. occur only in some people. c. are always dominant. d. are discrete or discontinuous. e. are always recessive. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 94 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 32. Polygenic traits a. are discrete. b. have a continuous range of expression. c. are controlled by only one genetic locus. d. include the ABO blood type system and cystic fibrosis. e. are also called Mendelian traits. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 94 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 33. Which of the following types of traits are governed by more than one genetic locus? a. Polygenic b. Dominant c. Mendelian d. Recessive e. Pleiotropic ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 94 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 34. Which gene accounts for 74 percent of the variation in human eye color? a. MC1R b. OCA2 c. DELTA23 d. FOXP2 e. HOX ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 96 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: New 35. Mendelian traits a. are governed by several genetic loci. b. are more likely to have identifiable loci than polygenic traits. c. have continuous distributions. d. can be described by statistics such as the average and standard deviation. e. have phenotypic expressions that are often the result of genetic and environmental interactions. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 95 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 36. According to Modern Synthesis, evolution can be defined as a two-stage process that includes a. genetic drift followed by migration. b. natural selection followed by migration. c. recombination followed by mutation. d. variation followed by natural selection. e. mutation and gene drift. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 98 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 37. Evolution can be most succinctly defined as a. the appearance of new species. b. the change from one species to another in one generation. c. a change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. d. any type of genetic mutation. e. genetic drift. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 99 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 38. What produces new alleles at a locus? a. Natural selection b. Recombination c. Mutation d. Migration e. Genetic drift ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 99 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 39. Short-term effects on inherited traits are sometimes called a. macroevolution. b. plieotropy. c. microevolution. d. speciation. e. natural selection. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 99 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.5 - 5 OTHER: New 40. In order for a mutation to be passed on to an offspring, the mutation must a. occur in a gamete. b. be beneficial. c. occur in a somatic cell. d. result in additional chromosomes. e. be a point mutation only. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 41. The only source(s) of new genetic variation in any population is/are a. mutations. b. genetic drift. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. founder effect. d. migration. e. natural selection. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 42. Gene flow is defined as the a. production of new alleles. b. production of new genetic material. c. chance loss of alleles in a population. d. exchange of genes between populations. e. differential reproductive success of individuals. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 43. Genetic drift is a result of a. migrations. b. an increase in population. c. genetic diseases. d. mutations. e. a small population. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 102 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.7 - 7 OTHER: Revised 44. Which of the below is FALSE regarding the relationship between malaria and the HbS allele? a. There is no geographic correlation between the distribution of the HbS allele and malaria. b. Heterozygotes have greater resistance to malaria than homozygous individuals. c. The malarial parasite does not reproduce very well in the red blood cells of heterozygotes. d. Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. e. The HbS mutation probably occurs occasionally in all human populations. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 106 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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45. The HbS allele increased in frequency in West African populations due to a. sickle-cell anemia. b. genetic drift. c. migration. d. increased mutation rates. e. natural selection. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 106 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 46. Mendel worked with animal populations to formulate his principles of inheritance. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 83 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: New 47. Mendel’s first principle of inheritance is independent assortment. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 84 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: New 48. Recessive conditions are usually associated with the lack of production of an enzyme. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 89 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 49. Many human genetic result from harmful alleles inherited in a Mendelian manner. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 88 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: New 50. Dominance and recessiveness are all-or-nothing situations because the recessive allele has NO phenotypic effects in heterozygotes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 89 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 51. Researchers have identified six different modes of Mendelian inheritance. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 90 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: New 52. Achondroplasia is an example of an autosomal recessive trait. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 90 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: New 53. The majority of sex-linked traits have loci on the X chromosome. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 93 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 54. X-linked traits affect males and females in equal frequencies. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 93 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 55. Melanin production is a polygenic trait that is influenced by the interactions between several different loci. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 95 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 56. Polygenic traits account for few, if any, of the readily observable phenotypic variation seen in humans. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 96 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 57. All variation in mtDNA is caused by mutation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 97 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 58. Allele frequencies are indicators of the genetic makeup of a population, the members of which share a

common gene pool. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 99 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.5 - 5 OTHER: New 59. Mendelian traits are more likely to be influenced by environmental factors. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 98 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.4 - 4 OTHER: New 60. Founder effect refers to a type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are changed in small populations

that are taken from larger populations or are left over from the latter. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 102 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.4 - 4 OTHER: New 61. Explain Mendel’s principle of segregation. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 84-85 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 62. Explain random assortment. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 86-87 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.1 - 1 OTHER: New 63. What are the typical Mendelian phenotypic and genotypic ratios in the F2 generation for a cross of purebred tall and short plants? Why are these ratios typical? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 87 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 64. Explain the concepts of dominance, codominance, and recessiveness as used in modern genetics. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 85-89 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 65. Explain why a woman with type O blood and a man with type A blood could potentially have children with either type A or O blood. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 89 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 66. Explain how two parents who do NOT express a particular trait in their phenotype can nevertheless produce children who express the trait. Give an example of a specific trait or disease where this could occur. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 87-94 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 67. Explain polygenic inheritance, and give examples of polygenic trains in humans. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 94 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 68. Compare and contrast polygenic and Mendelian traits. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 94-95 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 69. Explain the genetic importance of mitochondrial inheritance. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 97 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.3 - 3 OTHER: New 70. Explain the importance of mutation as a factor that produces variation and its importance to the evolutionary process. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 100 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.5 - 5 OTHER: New 71. Describe the role of natural selection as directional and its relation to variation. Explain the example of Hb2 and malaria. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 105 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.7 - 7 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

72. Describe some environmental factors that can influence genotypes. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 98 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.4 - 4 OTHER: New 73. Discuss Modern Synthesis and its importance in bringing together natural selection and mutation as joint

forces in biological evolution. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 98 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.5 - 5 OTHER: New 74. What is the effect of genetic bottlenecks on human and nonhuman species? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 103-104 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 75. List two evolutionary factors and their level of organization in the evolutionary process. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 100-105 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.4.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 76. Explain the importance of the discoveries of Gregor Mendel to genetics and include an explanation of each of his principles. ANSWER: Answer not provided 77. Explain the role of mutation to evolution, and then using the HbS allele to illustrate, describe why fitness levels are a function of the environment. ANSWER: Answer not provided 78. Discuss the differences between Mendelian and polygenic modes of inheritance. Provide an example of a Mendelian and a polygenic trait. ANSWER: Answer not provided 79. Describe and explain the factors that produce and redistribute variation. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 5 1. The ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders or families, is termed a. evolution. b. classification. c. parallelism. d. analogy. e. generalization. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 114 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. Ideally, taxonomic classification a. reflects evolutionary relationships. b. is based on the presence of acquired characteristics. c. is always based solely on between-species behavioral similarities. d. reflects the current geographic distribution of species. e. is only applicable to nonhuman species. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 114 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. Animals with a nerve cord along the back and gill slits during some developmental stage are called a. insects. b. invertebrates. c. chordates. d. metazoans. e. trilobites. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 114 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. Structural similarities shared by species that are acquired by descent from a common ancestor are a. analogies. b. homologies. c. acquired. d. uncommon. e. uninformative of evolutionary relationships. ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 5. Structural similarities between species that are based on common function and not on common evolutionary descent are called a. acquired. b. generalized. c. nonadaptive. d. analogies. e. homologies. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 6. The evolutionary process that produced analogous structures in New and Old World monkeys is called a. speciation. b. homology. c. homoplasy. d. founder effect. e. random selection. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 7. The two primary schools of classification discussed in the text are a. generalized and specialized. b. organic and inorganic. c. evolutionary systematics and cladistics. d. cladistics and noncladistics. e. ancestral and derived (modified). ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 8. Structural similarities shared by a wide array of distantly related species that are inherited from a common ancestor, such as the number of bones in the forelimb, are termed a. specialized. b. ancestral (primitive). Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. adaptive radiations. d. analogies. e. derived (modified). ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 120 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 9. Traits that reflect specific evolutionary lineages and can be informative of evolutionary relationships are called a. ancestral (primitive). b. acquired. c. derived (modified). d. convergent characters. e. analogies. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 120 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 10. When assessing evolutionary relationships, one approach is to interpret patterns of ancestral (primitive) and derived (modified) characteristics. This approach is called a. taxonomy. b. phylogeny. c. classification. d. cladistics. e. metamorphosis. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 120 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: New 11. In grouping organisms together in a cladistic classification, the most important characteristics are those that are a. ancestral. b. derived (modified). c. primitive. d. analogous. e. homologous. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 120 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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12. The presumed evolutionary link between theropod dinosaurs and birds is based on a. island dwarfing phenomenon. b. general analogous characteristics. c. a few shared ancestral characteristics. d. derived (modified) characteristics such as the presence of feathers in both lineages. e. evidence of hybridization between the two. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 122 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 13. A hypothesis regarding ancestor-descendant relationships that includes a time-scale is called a a. cladogram. b. phylogenetic tree. c. phylogram tree. d. hypogram tree. e. clarion gram. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 123 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 14. A phylogenetic tree _______, whereas a cladogram does not. a. indicates exact relationships between all species. b. indicates ancestral-descendant relationships c. uses only analogous character traits. d. contains only reptiles. e. contains only mammals. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 123 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: New 15. Which of the following does NOT promote speciation? a. Geographic isolation b. Natural selection acting on populations c. Behavioral isolation d. Gene flow and interbreeding e. Accumulation of mutations ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 124 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: New 16. Assigning fossil remains to a particular primate species a. is an uncomplicated process. b. requires splitting samples into as many species as possible. c. requires making comparisons to well-known living species of primates. d. can be accomplished only if the species is sexually dimorphic. e. can promote extinction. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 126 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: New 17. Morphological variation between individuals within a species a. may be the product of male/female morphological differences. b. is called interspecific variation. c. is of no concern to anthropologists. d. is unimportant when interpreting the fossil record. e. produces large numbers of identical individuals. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 126 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 18. A genus may be defined as a group of a. reptiles. b. closely related species. c. species that live in very different adaptive zones. d. mammals. e. individuals who interbreed but are reproductively isolated from other such groups. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 127 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 19. One possible test for classifying contemporary animals into genera is to check for results of hybridization between a. individuals of different species. b. individuals of the same species. c. individuals of the same order. d. two males only. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. two females only. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 126-127 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 20. The oldest fossils found to date are more than _____ years old. a. 47 million b. 3 billion c. 1.5 billion d. 500 million e. 125 million ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 128 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: New 21. All of the following are examples of fossils EXCEPT: a. Rock samples b. Hominim tracks c. Leaf imprints d. Dinosaur feathers e. Bones ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 128 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: New 22. The first vertebrates appear in the fossil record during the a. Pleistocene. b. Paleozoic. c. Paleocene. d. Mesozoic. e. Cenozoic ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 130 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 23. Continental drift Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. had no real impact on the evolutionary history of vertebrates. b. never occurred. c. is the movement of the continents on the Earth’s surface. d. ceased to occur several million years ago. e. occurs only in the Old World. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 24. The moving of continents on sliding plates on the earth surface is called: a. continental drift. b. geological timescale. c. Pangaea. d. adaptive radiation. e. ring of fire. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 25. Reptiles were the dominant form of land vertebrate during the a. Cenozoic. b. Paleozoic. c. Mesozoic. d. Precambrian. e. Permian. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 26. The environmental setting to which a species is adapted is its a. adaptive radiation. b. geographic isolation. c. geographic barrier. d. geological time. e. ecological niche. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

27. Which of the following is NOT an epoch of the Cenozoic? a. Paleocene b. Oligocene c. Eocene d. Triassic e. Pleistocene ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 133 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 28. The adaptive radiation of the mammals occurred mostly during the a. Pleistocene. b. Mesozoic. c. Quaternary. d. Cenozoic. e. Paleozoic. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 136-137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 29. Reptiles, in contrast to mammals, a. have smaller brains. b. are homodont. c. are oviparous. d. lack fur. e. are ectothermic. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 134 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: New 30. Endothermy refers to a. mammalian tooth shapes. b. the loss of heat in animals without fur. c. using physiology to maintain a constant internal body temperature. d. staying warm by lying in the sun. e. hybridization between two species. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 136 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 31. An animal is said to be a heterodont when it a. gives birth to live young. b. has different kinds of teeth. c. has a constant body temperature. d. lays eggs. e. has a large brain size. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 135 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: New 32. Monotremes are a. marsupials. b. viviparous reptiles. c. egg-laying fish. d. placental mammals. e. egg-laying mammals. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 136 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 33. In _________ the young are born in an extremely immature state and complete development in their mother’s external pouch. a. placental mammals b. monotremes c. marsupials d. reptiles e. rodents ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 136 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 34. The rapid expansion and diversification of groups of organisms into newly available ecological niches is termed a. generalization. b. homology. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. parallel evolution. d. an adaptive radiation. e. specialization. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 136 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 35. The rapid expansion of placental mammals after the Mesozoic major extinction event is a good example of a. parallel evolution. b. specialization. c. homology. d. adaptive radiation. e. devolution. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: New 36. Several species of very early hominins evolved over four million years; this is a clear example of: a. microevolution. b. macroevolution. c. ancient synthesis. d. punctuated equilibrium. e. sexual dimorphism. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 138 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 37. Some modern human populations adapted in just a couple thousand years to living at high altitudes; this is a clear example of a. microevolution. b. macroevolution. c. ancient synthesis. d. punctuated equilibrium. e. sexual dimorphism. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 138 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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38. The science that leads to the development of analogous structures is termed homoplasy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.1 - 1 OTHER: New 39. Vertebrates are subdivided into five classes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 114 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: New 40. Therapods were a group of small- to medium-sized ground-living carnivorous dinosaurs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 122 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 41. Speciation refers to the process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 124 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: New 42. Both the recognition species concept and the ecological species concept include natural selection as a factor in separating species from one another. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 125 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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43. Sexual dimorphism refers to the different mating patterns in various species. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 126 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: New 44. The minimum biological category defined in fossil primates is the genus. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 126 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 45. Reptiles were the dominant land vertebrates during the Paleozoic. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 126 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 46. The Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene are all epochs of the Cenozoic. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 131 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.7 - 7 OTHER: New 47. Mineralization occurs when parts of animals (or some plants) become transformed into stone-like structures. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 128 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: New Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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48. The study of bones and other materials that end up buried in the earth and preserved as fossils is called

cladistics. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 130 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: New 49. Mammals achieved rapid evolutionary success because they possessed several characteristics related to learning and general behavioral flexibility. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 134 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 50. Only a generalized ancestor can provide the flexible evolutionary basis for rapid diversification. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 137 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: New 51. Fossil and molecular evidence point to both gradual and rapid changes in the evolution of only animal

species. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 138 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: New 52. Explain how we connect to other species. What is the human place in the organic world? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 114 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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53. Describe the principles of classification, including the differences in homologies, analogies, and homoplasy. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 116-117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 54. Compare evolutionary systematics with cladistics. Explain the differences. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 117-118 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 55. Using the example of the evolutionary history of cars and trucks, apply cladistics analysis to another organism. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Applied REFERENCES: 120-121 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 56. Define analogous and homologous traits and provide an example of each. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 57. Contrast ancestral traits with derived traits. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 120 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 58. Explain the complexity of the definition of species. Include a discussion of the process of speciation and define the biological species concepts. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 123-125 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 59. Explain the differences in intraspecific versus interspecific variation of recognition of fossil species. Discuss the difference between splitters and lumpers. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 126-127 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 60. Why is geographic isolation important to the process of speciation? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 124 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 61. Explain some of the ways fossils have formed, and give at least three examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 128 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.4 - 4 OTHER: New 62. What are the influences of long-term continental drift on the evolution of terrestrial life forms? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 131-132 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 63. Define the term geologic time scale and name the three main eras associated with the definition. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 130 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.7 - 7 OTHER: New 64. Explain the relatively rapid success of mammals during the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 134 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.6 - 6 OTHER: New 65. Define the term “adaptive radiation.” ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 136 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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66. Explain the differences and similarities between microevolution and macroevolution, giving an example for each one. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 138 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.5.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 67. Define macroevolution, and explain its processes using vertebrate and mammalian evolution as the core of your explanation and provide another example not included in the textbook. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual Applied 68. What are the features of the major models of speciation discussed in the text? Contrast the two schools of taxonomy: evolutionary systematics and cladistics. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual Conceptual 69. Discuss the fossil evidence and its importance on macroevolution and the understanding of speciation. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual Conceptual 70. Discuss the problems faced by scientists when attempting to assign species and genus names to fossils. Include an analysis of the classification systems. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual Conceptual

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CHAPTER 6 1. As an order, primates a. have highly specialized traits. b. can be easily defined by one or two traits. c. lack traits that define the mammals. d. have generalized traits. e. have very narrow, or specialized, dietary preferences. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 144 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. Which one of the traits listed below is NOT used to define the order Primates? a. A tendency towards erect posture b. An inflexible, specialized limb structure c. Hands and feet with a high degree of prehensility d. Retention of five digits on the hands and feet e. Generalized dentition ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 146 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. The presence of five digits on hands and feet is a. a primitive mammalian pattern retained to some degree in most primate species. b. characteristic only of primates. c. characteristic only of apes and humans. d. the only truly distinctive primate trait. e. the result of diurnal activity. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 145 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. Primates possess _______, whereas other mammals do not. a. a neocortex b. four different kinds of teeth c. the presence of nails rather than claws on most or all digits d. behavioral flexibility e. sensory modalities ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 146 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. Primate teeth a. are generalized because primates are omnivorous. b. are specialized for processing one type of food. c. have premolars and molars are indistinguishable from those found in carnivores. d. form is not correlated with their diet. e. have the formula 3.2.3.1. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 146 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. The primate emphasis on the visual sense is NOT reflected in a. the reduction in the size of structures related to the sense of smell. b. the presence of color vision in most species. c. a more forward facing position of the eyes relative to most other mammals. d. fully developed olfactory perception e. visual information from each eye being transmitted to visual centers in both hemispheres of the brain. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 146 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 7. The increased period of infant dependency typical of primates a. requires less intense and efficient rearing of the offspring. b. requires greater parental investment. c. provides less opportunities for the offspring to learn social behaviors. d. is not correlated with delayed maturation. e. is a direct cause of tantrum syndrome. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 147-148 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 8. Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to ________ environments. a. terrestrial b. rocky c. arboreal Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. desert e. grassland ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 149 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 9. With just a few exceptions, nonhuman primates can be found in tropical or subtropical regions of the

following areas EXCEPT a. Australia. b. Central America. c. Africa. d. Mexico. e. India. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 150 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: New 10. According to the visual predation hypothesis, a. primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in a purely terrestrial environment. b. mammalian characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in a purely arboreal environment. c. primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in the shrubby forest undergrowth. d. primate characteristics evolved as primates adapted to the highest tiers in the forest canopy. e. primate characteristics evolved as adaptive advantages in a purely aquatic environment. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 150 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 11. The order Primates is divided into two suborders: _________and ___________. a. Platyrrhine and Catarrhine b. Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini c. Pongidae and Hominidae d. Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea e. Pongo and Homo ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 155 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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12. A dental formula tells biologists the a. number of teeth an animal possesses. b. type of tooth predominant in a species. c. type of food an animal eats by the types of teeth it has. d. number of each type of tooth on the upper and lower jaws. e. number of each type of tooth type in each quadrant of the mouth. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: New 13. Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are placed together in the suborder a. Homo. b. Lorisoidea. c. Hominoidea. d. Haplorhini. e. Strepsirhini. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 155 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 14. The tarsier is a. unquestionably related to lorises and lemurs. b. more closely related to anthropoids than to lemurs and lorises. c. a hominid. d. a New World monkey. e. unquestionably an anthropoid. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 155 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 15. Which of the following are NOT apes? a. Gorillas b. Orangutans c. Bonobos d. Chimpanzees e. Lemurs ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 155 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 16. Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion is called a. bipedalism. b. quadrupedalism. c. vertical clinging and leaping. d. brachiation. e. semibrachiation. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 17. Arms that are longer than the legs, and powerful shoulder muscles are traits associated with a. brachiation. b. vertical clinging and leaping. c. arboreal quadrupedalism. d. terrestrial quadrupedalism. e. full-time bipedalism. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 18. _________ is seen in some New World Monkeys, but not in any Old World monkeys. a. A grasping hand b. Quadrupedalism c. An arboreal lifestyle d. Color vision e. A prehensile tail ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 154 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 19. Comparisons of 100 human and chimpanzee genes indicate that humans and chimpanzees are genetically about ______ different. a. 10-13 percent b. 60-63 percent c. 25-28 percent d. 18-21 percent Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. 3-6 percent ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 155 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 20. Comparisons of 100 primate genes indicate that humans and chimpanzees last shared a common ancestor about ______ years ago. a. 6-7 million b. 50-60 million c. 4.6 billion d. 2-3 million e. 20-30 thousand ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 155 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 21. The genus and species designation for the "common” chimpanzee is a. Pan paniscus. b. Pan gorilla. c. Pongo paniscus. d. Pan troglodytes. e. Pongo troglodytes. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 171 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 22. The most primitive primates are the a. Old World monkeys. b. New World monkeys. c. lemurs and lorises. d. humans. e. great apes. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 157 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 23. Compared to lemurs, lorises and tarsiers, anthropoids generally Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. have smaller body sizes. b. have decreased infant maturation periods. c. have smaller brains. d. groom less often. e. depend less on olfaction and more on vision. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 160 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 24. Monkeys are divided into two major groups: a. terrestrial and arboreal forms. b. New and Old World species. c. large and small-bodied species. d. quadrupedal and bipedal. e. omnivores and frugivores. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 161 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 25. The smallest of the New World anthropoids are the a. marmosets and tamarins. b. howler monkeys and baboons. c. spider monkeys and capuchin monkeys. d. squirrel monkeys and bonobos. e. macaques. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 163 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 26. Old World monkeys are found in a. Africa and northern Europe. b. Mexico and South America. c. Africa, southern Asia, and Japan. d. India and southern Asia only. e. North America and Mexico. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 164 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

27. All Old World monkeys belong to the family a. Ominidae. b. Cercopithecidae. c. Callitrichidae. d. Pongidae. e. Monkidae. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 164 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 28. Which of the following is NOT true about Cercopithecines? a. They are one subfamily of Old World monkeys. b. They are more generalized than colobines. c. They include baboons, guenons, and macaques. d. They are more omnivorous. e. They are classified as hominoids. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 29. Colobines a. are found only in Africa. b. eat only fruit. c. eat mostly insects. d. are found only in Asia. e. are found in Africa and parts of India and Asia. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 165 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 30. Sexual dimorphism a. refers to differences between adults and adolescents with regard to sexual behavior. b. is particularly pronounced in all primate species. c. refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size. d. is more common in arboreal species. e. has not been observed in any monkey. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 31. In nonhuman primates, the hormonally initiated period of sexual receptivity is a. called sexual dimorphism. b. called sexual reciprocity. c. typical of males. d. called estrus. e. called adaptive radiation. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 32. Compared to monkeys, hominoids a. generally have larger body sizes and lack a tail. b. have a more elongated lower back. c. have arms and legs of equal length. d. exhibit less complex behavior. e. have a shorter period of infant dependency. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 33. Among the apes, the ________ have the smallest average body sizes. a. gibbons and siamangs b. bonobos c. chimpanzees d. macaques e. orangutans ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 167 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 34. Which of the great apes is found only on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra? a. Gibbons b. Gorillas c. Orangutans Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. Bonobos e. Chimpanzees ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 168 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 35. ________ have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes, and live largely solitary lives. a. Gorillas b. Chimpanzees c. Gibbons d. Orangutans e. Bonobos ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 168 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 36. Which are the largest living primates? a. Orangutans b. Chimpanzees c. Gibbons d. Bonobos e. Gorillas ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 169 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 37. Mountain gorilla social groups are usually composed of a. one adult male and one adult female, plus their immature offspring. b. solitary individuals, except for females with dependent young. c. one or two adult males, a few adult females and their immature offspring, plus one or two adult non-breeding, males. d. several adults of both sexes and offspring of all ages. e. several adult males and only one female and her offspring. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 170 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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38. Chimpanzees are found a. across forested equatorial Africa as far east as Lake Tanganyika. b. in Africa and India. c. only in open savanna areas of Kenya. d. only in the mountainous areas of central Africa. e. in Africa, India, and southeast Asia. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 172 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 39. Chimpanzees live in groups composed of a. one adult male and several females and their young. b. several adult males and females plus young of all ages. c. one adult male plus one adult female and their young. d. several adult females and one adult male and any dependent young. e. individuals who are very solitary. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 172 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 40. Bonobos are a. the most thoroughly studied primate species. b. in the same genus as the gorilla. c. behaviorally indistinguishable from “common” chimpanzees. d. in the same genus as the “common” chimpanzee. e. almost exclusively arboreal. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 172 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 41. Approximately ______ percent of nonhuman primates are in jeopardy of going extinct. a. 25 b. 50 c. 85 d. 70 e. 30 ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES:

d Factual 175

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.5 - 5 OTHER: New 42. In most areas, one of the greatest causes of declining numbers of nonhuman primates (along with hunting by humans) is a. the warfare between human groups (civil war). b. the trapping of live primates for the entertainment industry. c. habitat destruction. d. the trapping of live primates for the pet trade. e. the overpopulation of nonhuman primate groups. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 177 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 43. Primates are found ONLY in tropical and semitropical habitats of the Old World and North America. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 150 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 44. Humans and New World monkeys both have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 45. The “dental comb” is a specialization found in most of the anthropoid species. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 157 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 46. Some Old World monkeys spend much of the day on the ground, despite living in forest or woodland habitat

areas. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 150 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: New 47. Lemurs and lorises are placed in the suborder Strepsirrhini. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 155 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 48. Colobine monkeys specialize in eating mature leaves, and are referred to as “leaf-eating monkeys.” a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 165 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 49. In general, primates are omnivorous. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 146 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: New 50. Orangutan adults have a very active locomotion pattern, and they frequently brachiate. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 168 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 51. In September 2000, scientists announced that a subspecies of red colobus, named Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus, had officially been declared extinct. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 174-175 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.5 - 5 OTHER: New 52. Tarsiers live in a number of subtropical locations all over the globe. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 159 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: New 53. The Society for Conservation Biology estimates that about 6,000kg (13,228 lbs.) of bushmeat is taken through just seven western cities every month. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 180 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 54. Live capture and illegal trade in endangered primate species has been stopped in China and Southeast Asia. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 180 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 55. Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 173 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 56. Name three of the evolutionary changes in the skull, eyes, and brain of the senses and the brain of primates,

and describe the abilities they provide. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 146-147 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: New 57. Which primate traits are likely to be adaptations to arboreal lifestyles? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 149-150 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 58. Describe the geographical distribution and habitats of nonhuman primates. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 150 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: New 59. Discuss at least two of the maturation, learning, and behavior characteristics of primates. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 147-148 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.1 - 1 OTHER: New 60. List six traits that distinguish lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers from the anthropoids. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 157-158 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Revise 61. Name the two suborders of primates, and give an example of each one. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 155 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.3 - 3 OTHER: New 62. Explain the different characteristics of diet and teeth among primates. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 150-151 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

63. Describe the main characteristics of the infraorder “lemuriforms” and give examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 156-158 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 64. What traits distinguish lemurs and lorises from monkeys, apes, and humans? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 160-161 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: New 65. Gibbons are said to be adapted for brachiation. What anatomical features do gibbons possess that enable them to brachiate efficiently? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 167 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 66. Describe the main threats that nonhuman primates face today and the conservation groups working to protect them. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 177-181 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 67. Name five of the most highly endangered nonhuman primate species and the particular type of threats they face. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 176 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 68. Define the main characteristics of hominoids, and provide examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 166 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 69. Explain sexual dimorphism and three species that present this characteristic. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 166-168 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 70. Compare chimpanzee and bonobo anatomy and social behavior. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 171-173 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.6.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 71. What are the main tenets of the visual predation and arboreal theories of primate origins? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of both. ANSWER: Answer not provided 72. Compare and contrast the social organization of orangutans, gorillas, and common chimpanzees. ANSWER: Answer not provided 73. Discuss the factors that contribute to the depletion of nonhuman primate populations. Which species are most threatened? ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 7 1. The study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection is known as a. sociobiology. b. biological-ecology. c. socioecology. d. evolutionary ecology. e. behavioral ecology. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 186 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. Behavioral genetics a. is the study of how social systems influence disease patterns. b. was a theory first proposed by Charles Darwin. c. is the study of how genes affect behavior. d. is no longer considered a valid theoretical approach. e. emphasizes the role of ecological variables in shaping social behaviors. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 187 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. With regards to BMR, it is a. the rate at which energy is used by the body during exercise. b. the rate at which energy is used by the body at rest. c. not correlated with body size. d. not an important factor influencing primate social structure. e. a type of primate behavior. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 188 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. Which of the following factors does NOT have an influence on primate social behavior? a. The distribution of resources b. The distribution of predators c. Life histories d. Higher intelligence e. Basal Metabolic Rate Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 188-191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. According to Wrangham, large multimale-multifemale groups evolved because a. males were attracted to females living together. b. territorial fear of female takeover. c. mainly diurnal activities. d. dominant behaviors and control. e. extreme sexual dimorphism. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 6. In species containing several females and one or several males, males tend to dominate except for with a. chimpanzees. b. gorillas. c. baboons. d. lemurs. e. orangutans. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 193 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 7. In the context of social groups, dominance hierarchies a. are maintained by females only. b. are maintained by males only. c. are present in all primate species. d. impose a certain amount of order within the group. e. have not been studied by primatologists. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 8. Which of the following statements is generally TRUE? a. Adult primate males tend to be dominant to females. b. Dominant individuals appear to be the only ones who have reproductive success. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. Dominant animals are always males. d. Dominance hierarchies usually reduce the amount of actual physical violence. e. Dominance hierarchies are created only by males. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 9. Some of the deliberate nonhuman primate behaviors that serve as communication include all of the following EXCEPT a. spoken language. b. displays. c. vocalizations. d. gestures. e. facial expressions. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: New 10. Chest slapping and tearing vegetation by gorillas and charging an opponent while screaming by chimpanzees are examples of a. reassurance gestures. b. submission. c. displays. d. involuntary behavior. e. affiliative behavior. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 195 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 11. Physiological responses not under voluntary control are called a. instinctual. b. symbolic. c. autonomic. d. ritualized. e. genetically determined. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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12. All of the following are examples of amicable behaviors EXCEPT a. touching. b. grooming. c. hand holding. d. hugging. e. crouching. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 196 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: New 13. ___________ strengthens social relationships and indicates submission or reassurance in primate species. a. Play b. Coalition formation c. Gestures d. Food sharing e. Social grooming ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 197 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 14. Which is NOT an example of an affiliative behavior? a. Displays b. Reconciliation c. Consolation d. Amicable interactions e. Grooming ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 196-197 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 15. Permanent male-female bonds are a. common among nonhuman primates. b. not common among nonhuman primates. c. the basis of monogamous pairing typical of ALL nonhuman primate species. d. nonexistent in primates. e. known only in orangutans. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 198 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 16. Among bonobos, male and female bonds a. can result in mating, even when the female is not in estrus. b. never result in mating unless a female is in estrus. c. are not very common due to high rates of aggression. d. tend to increase tension and violence in the group. e. tend to increase the threat of predators. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 189 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: New 17. K-selection refers to a. species that produce large numbers of offspring and invest little to no parental care. b. species that become extinct after a few generations. c. species that produce relatively few offspring but invest increased parental care. d. only egg-laying species. e. all species except primates. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 198 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 18. Species that produce relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental care are said to be a. K-selected. b. r-selected c. p-selected. d. alloparental. e. sympatric. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 198 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 19. Infanticide by adult males a. is rare in primates. b. appears to serve no function. c. is performed as a means of population control. d. is not resisted by females, including the mother. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. has been reported for a number of primate species. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 200 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 20. A mating system in which a male mates with more than one female is said to be a. monogamous. b. polygynous. c. sympatric. d. altruistic. e. multimale-multifemale. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 189 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 21. The basic primate social unit a. is the mother and infant. b. is the father and infant. c. is the male and female. d. are sibling relationships. e. is one male and several females. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 22. In human primates, the most rapid period of brain development occurs a. several months after birth. b. during adolescence. c. before birth. d. within the first five years after birth. e. during early adulthood. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 204 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.5 - 5 OTHER: Revised 23. The social brain hypothesis proposes that primate brains increased in relative size and complexity because a. of the demands of social living. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. primates need complex brains to be familiar with their home range. c. primates often eat food that is difficult to extract (such as underground roots). d. males are dominant to females. e. their language abilities are limited. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 206 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 24. The traditional view of nonhuman communication has been that nonhumans, including primates, a. are perfectly capable of conveying information about the external environment or their emotional state. b. use symbolic communication. c. use language in the same manner as humans. d. can convey information about events in the past and future. e. communicate information relating to their emotional state and consists of mostly involuntary vocalization. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 206 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 25. Vervet monkey vocalizations a. are involuntary responses to external stimuli. b. are voluntary responses to external stimuli. c. refer solely to the emotional state of the individual. d. includes information about past and present events. e. are rare and mainly a result of pain or discomfort. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 207 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 26. Which is NOT true about human language? a. It uses symbols that refer to concepts, people, objects, etc. b. It is limited to communicating about the past. c. It is partly based on the human ability to think symbolically. d. It contains written and spoken symbols. e. It contains arbitrary sets of symbols. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 207 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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27. Which species did Beatrice and Allen Gardner teach to use American Sign Language? a. Baboons b. Chimpanzees c. Macaques d. Capuchins e. Tarsiers ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 208 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 28. The language experiments with chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas indicate that they a. lack the ability to communicate symbolically. b. can learn to use up to 100 spoken words. c. have some ability to use signs to communicate. d. have human-like vocal tract anatomies. e. think symbolically in the same way humans do. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 209 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 29. In most people, language function is a. located in the left hemisphere of the brain. b. controlled by only a few cells located in one specific area of the cortex. c. controlled only by the same areas that are used in the production of all vocalizations in nonhuman primates. d. simply a result of increased brain size. e. not related to the reorganization of neurological structures during the course of human evolution. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 210 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 30. From an evolutionary perspective, ape language experiments a. give us no clues into the origins of human language. b. indicate that human language capabilities must have been present in the last common ancestor of hominids and the African apes. c. indicate that apes will soon evolve human-like language capabilities. d. suggest some clues as to the origin of human language. e. indicate no common ancestral characteristics. ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 209 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 31. The FOXP2 gene a. is unique to humans. b. is a gene that influences cognitive abilities, mainly planning. c. has not been fully studied and deciphered in terms of its function. d. is the first gene demonstrated to influence language development. e. produces a protein that inhibits the expression of all other genes. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 211 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 32. All of the following are correct about chimpanzee tools, EXCEPT a. using rocks to crack nuts. b. using leaves as sponges. c. building temporary shelters when it rains. d. making thrusting spears for capturing galagos. e. show regional variation in types of tools used. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 214 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: Revised 33. The fact that chimpanzees sometimes select a stem for eventual use in “termite fishing” and begin stripping its leaves even before the termite mound is in sight implies a. nothing about chimpanzee intelligence. b. considerable planning and forethought. c. that there is a genetic basis for this activity. d. that the chimp merely wants to eat the stem without its leaves. e. none of these. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 214 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 34. Stone tool manufacture a. has been observed in West African chimpanzee groups. b. has not been observed in free-ranging chimpanzees. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. is common among free-ranging bonobos. d. has not been observed in any captive nonhuman primate. e. is uniquely a human characteristic. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 215 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 35. The core area is that portion of the home range a. that contains the highest concentration of resources. b. that is rarely defended against intrusion. c. where the group is most likely to get temporary shelter. d. only important to gorillas. e. where temporary resources may be found. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 216 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 36. Chimpanzee attacks on members of other groups a. are definitely motivated by territoriality. b. never result in injury. c. always occur in the form of displays and nothing more. d. can be extremely brutal and result in severe injury or death. e. are so rare that only one or two have been observed. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 216-218 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 37. Encounters between male chimpanzees from different groups a. are always friendly. b. never occur. c. are frequently accompanied by some form of aggression. d. only occur at Gombe. e. none of these ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 216 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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38. Examples of prosocial behavior include all of the following EXCEPT a. assistance. b. sharing; c. caregiving. d. compassion. e. communication. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 218 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.8 - 8 OTHER: New 39. The hypothesis that individuals are more likely to perform risky behavior for a relative is known as a. reciprocal altruism. b. kin selection. c. group selection. d. empathy. e. biological continuum. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.8 - 8 OTHER: Pickup 40. To state that humans are part of a biological continuum a. means that humans are inherently superior to all other species in every way. b. means that no other species is closely related to humans. c. means that human neurological processes are unique. d. emphasizes the uniqueness of humans in all respects. e. means that humans are related to other species through a common ancestor and behaviors seen in other species are also seen in humans to varying degrees. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 221 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.9 - 9 OTHER: Pickup 41. Behavioral ecology is based on the assumption that all of the biological components of ecological systems evolved together. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 186 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.1 - 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

42. Scientists who use the behavioral ecology approach believe that primate behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 186 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 43. Life history traits are characteristics or developmental stages that typify members of a given species and that affect potential reproductive rates. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 190 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 44. Large primate groups are advantageous because they increase the likelihood of early predator detection. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 45. Savanna baboons avoid predators by fleeing into trees. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 46. All primate communication is autonomic in nature. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 194 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 47. Social relationships are not important to nonhuman primates and bonds between individuals usually do not last very long. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 197 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 48. Sexual selection seems to be an important factor in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 199 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 49. Dominance hierarchies usually reduce the amount of actual physical violence within a group. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 192 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: New 50. Hanuman langurs are the only primates that practice infanticide. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 200 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: New 51. Monkeys and apes raised in captivity without contact with their own mothers may be afraid of their own

offspring and try to kill it. a. True b. False ANSWER: DIFFICULTY:

True Factual

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REFERENCES: 201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: New 52. Encephalization is the absolute brain size of a species uncorrected for body size. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 204 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 53. Reports from psychologists working with chimpanzees show that apes can learn to interpret visual signs and use them in communication. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 208 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 54. Kanzi, a male bonobo, demonstrated the ability to spontaneously acquire and use symbols at a young age. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 209 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 55. Vervet monkeys use specific vocalizations to refer to predators such as snakes, birds of prey, and leopards. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 207 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Revised 56. Results of ape language experiments leave little doubt that apes can learn to interpret visual signs and use them to communicate. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 208 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 57. Gorillas exhibit more complex forms of tool use than any other nonhuman primate. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 214 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: New 58. In 1974, Jane Goodall and her team witnessed at least five unprovoked and brutal attacks by groups of aggressive chimpanzees. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 217 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: Revised 59. The differences between humans and our primate relatives, especially chimpanzees and bonobos, are

primarily quantitative and not qualitative. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 221 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.9 - 9 OTHER: New 60. Gorillas are by far the most prosocial of species. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 218 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.8 - 8 OTHER: Revised 61. What problems do you think might be associated with the behavioral ecology approach to explaining primate social structures? ANSWER: Answer not provided Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 186-187 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 62. Discuss four factors that affect the social structure of a given species. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 188-191 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 63. What are dominance hierarchies, and what important functions do they serve? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 192-194 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 64. Contrast autonomic responses and behaviors with intentional behaviors that serve as communication. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 194-196 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 65. Discuss the evolutionary explanation of infanticide in Hanuman langurs. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 200-201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 66. Explain the social brain hypothesis, and contrast it with other previous hypotheses for evolution of large

brains in primates. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 206 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.5 - 5 OTHER: New 67. Define the terms K-selection and r-selection. Explain which primates are K-selected and r-selected. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Applied Conceptual REFERENCES: 198-199 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 68. Explain why infanticide is used as a reproductive strategy. Give examples from the textbook to support your answer. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 200-201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 69. Cite some examples of affiliative behaviors and why they are important for group cohesion. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 196-197 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.3 - 3 OTHER: New 70. Explain the various language studies on nonhuman primates and their contributions. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 208-209 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 71. Describe the nature of encounters between different groups of male chimpanzees. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 216-218 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 72. Define altruism, and discuss the evolutionary explanations of altruistic behaviors. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 219-220 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.8 - 8 OTHER: Pickup 73. Describe the evolution of language in humans including the key regions of the brain and the importance of gene FOXP2. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 209-211 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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74. Give an overview of primate cultural behavior, citing evidence from the research studies done. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 211-216 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.7 - 7 OTHER: Pickup 75. Explain the primate continuum. Identify and discuss two examples illustrating that humans are part of a biological continuum with other primate species. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 221-222 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.7.9 - 9 OTHER: Pickup 76. Discuss the importance of communication and include an analysis of affiliative behaviors and aggression. ANSWER: Answer not provided 77. What are the benefits of large social groups? Discuss the factors that influence social structures in nonhuman primate groups. Cite a few examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided 78. Explain the evidence for culture and language abilities in many nonhuman species. List specific examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 8 1. During which of the following epochs did the first archaic primates (65 to 55.8 mya) appear? a. Pleistocene b. Holocene c. Miocene d. Paleocene e. Pliocene ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 227 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. During which of the following epochs did the first euprimates, early strepsirrhines and haplhorines (55.8 to 33 mya) appear? a. Holocene b. Eocene c. Miocene d. Paleocene e. Pliocene ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 227 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. During which of the following epochs did the first monkeys, apes, and humanlike creatures (23 to 5.3 mya) appear? a. Holocene b. Eocene c. Miocene d. Paleocene e. Pliocene ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 227 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. Which of the following is true about plesiadapidae? a. They originated in North America. b. They were mouse to rat size. c. They had short incisors. d. They had aerodynamic anatomy. e. They appeared during the Miocene. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 230 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 5. Which of the following is NOT true about carpolestids? a. They were mouse to rat sized. b. They exhibited specialized dental traits. c. A skeleton of one was discovered in Wyoming recently. d. Their postcranial anatomy reveals many traits adapted to highly arboreal environment. e. They were much bigger than the Plesiadapis, ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 230 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 6. In Eocene euprimates one of the recognizable and modern derived primate traits is a. forward-facing eyes. b. lack of opposable big toes. c. claws instead of nails. d. reduced encephalization. e. absence of a post-orbital bar. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 231 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.2 - 2 OTHER: New 7. Which are the two main branches of euprimates, grouped into superfamilies? a. Tripoidea and Omomyoidea b. Carpolestids and Propithecus c. Adapoidea and Giganthopoidea d. Pongo and Aegyptopithecus e. Omomyoidea and Adapoidea ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 231 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about lemur-like adapoids? a. They are the best known of the Eocene euprimates. b. They have a primitive dental formula (2.1.4.3). Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. Most prominent families are the notharctids, adapids, amphipithecids. d. They can only be found in Africa. e. They belong to the genus Cantius. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 233-234 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 9. In the study of the evolution of true lemurs and lorises, which of these factors took place? a. The existence of an African loris in Egypt supports the idea that lemurs were from Africa. b. It is believed that lemurs colonized Antarctica by rafting over the Magellanes Channel. c. Lemurs were bats during early stages and flew to Madagascar from Africa. d. Discovery was made of fossils in the Yuma depression of Arizona. e. Hundreds of truly fossilized lemur remains were discovered in Madagascar. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 233-235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 10. The best known of the giant lemurs a. was named Megaladapis and weighed 170 pounds. b. probably became extinct due to malaria. c. was built more like a lizard than a lemur. d. thrived with the presence of homo sapiens in Madagascar. e. had very high reproductive rates. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 11. Which of the following is true about the tarsier-like omomyoids? a. They have a tarsier-like dental formula (1.1.3.3). b. They have small orbits and large snouts. c. They include the Sub-Saharan Ramahala. d. Members of the genus Teilhardina are found in America only. e. Analysis of related species of Teilhardina has shown that the most primitive species were from Europe. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 236 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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12. Which of the following is NOT a general lemuriform characteristic? a. Grooming claw b. Dental comb c. Eye sockets not completely enclosed in bone d. Fusion of the two sides of the mandible to form one bone e. Smaller brain size relative to body size ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 235-236 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 13. Which of the following is NOT general anthropoid characteristics? a. Nails instead of claws on all digits b. Back of eye socket formed by bony plate c. Dental comb d. Shorter snouts with greater emphasis on smell e. Larger brain ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 237-238 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 14. The most complete remains of an early African anthropoid is a new species of Biretia that a. is dated to 37 mya. b. weighs over 150 lbs. c. was a diurnal primate based on its large orbits. d. exhibits dental morphology typical of lemuriforms. e. was placed into the extinct superfamily Peptobismoidea. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 239 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 15. Why is the Egyptian site of Fayum relevant to Oligocene primates? a. It is where the vast majority of Old World primate fossils from this period were found. b. It was the only part of the world where any primates have been found. c. It is the site where written records of primate existence were found. d. Archaeologists love to excavate this site due to its beautiful climate. e. Purgatoriids radiated from here. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 239 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 16. The early primates of the Oligocene are placed into which three families? a. Oligopithecids, parapithecids, and propliopithecids b. Parapithecids, adapids, and oligopithecids c. Lemurcids, parapithecids, and propliopithecids d. Rooneyia, oligopithecids, and adapids e. Peptobismolidoids, orthodpecids, and adaptoids ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 240 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 17. Which is NOT true about Apidium? a. It is the most abundant of Oligocene fossils of the parapithecid family. b. It has an unusually large degree of sexual dimorphism. c. Its teeth suggest a diet composed of fruits and some seeds. d. Its limb remains show that this creature was a small arboreal quadruped. e. It lived in polyandrous social groups composed of one female to many males. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 241 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 18. Which is true about Aegyptopithecus? a. It is part of the Oligocentric family. b. It weighed over 50 pounds. c. It is a proposed ancestor of Old World monkeys and hominoids. d. The skull is gigantic and resembles a tiger skull. e. It was a very fast, large limbed biped. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 241 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 19. Branisella represents a branch from the clade of living New World monkeys. What else is known about these early platyrrhines? a. It was found in the Arctic. b. It gives us specific insights into modern-day platyrrhines. c. It migrated from the Old World to South America about 37 mya. d. It was able to reach South America by “island cruising.” Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. It originated in El Dorado. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 242 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 20. Identify which of the following is NOT a New World monkey characteristic. a. Sideways-facing nostrils b. Three premolars c. Tube-like ear hole d. Grasping tail e. Distribution: Mexico and South America ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 247 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 21. Identify which of the following is NOT an Old World monkey characteristic. a. Downward-facing nostrils b. Three premolars c. Tube-like ear hole d. Ischial callosities e. Distribution: Africa, southern Asia, and Japan ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 247 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 22. ___________ is an extinct family that represents the earliest member of the lineage leading to present-day Old World Monkeys. a. Victoriapithecus b. Aegypithecus c. Macaca d. Proconsul e. Changopithecus ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 246 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 23. Cercopithecines Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. include baboons and macaques. b. are members of Victoriapithecus. c. include tarsiers. d. are a group of New World monkeys. e. means “primates who live close to each other.” ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 246 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 24. __________are often called the cheek-pouch monkeys, because of hamster-like pockets in their mouths that allow them to store food. a. Cheekopithecus b. Lemuriforms c. Cercopithecines d. Cebidea e. Pitheciidae ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 246 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 25. Which of the following is NOT true about the East African baboon-like Theropithecus? a. Dietary niche was almost exclusively grasses. b. It contained some notable fossil specimens, like a 225-pound monkey. c. It is the only extant (still living) species is the Gelada. d. Most of its members went extinct at some point during the middle Ordovician. e. Competition with Papio baboons was a probable cause for extinction. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 246 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 26. During the Miocene, the drifting of ___________ away from Antarctica significantly altered ocean currents. a. Southeast Asia and Australia b. South America and Australia c. South America and Africa d. Australia and Africa e. Atlantis and Pangea ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 248 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 27. Y-5 molars a. are molars that have the 4 cusps positioned in 2 parallel rows or lobes. b. have 5 cusps with grooves running between them. c. is characteristic of all primates. d. means that 5 incisors are present. e. are present in polar bears. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 248 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 28. Proconsul a. lived in Africa from 7-2 mya. b. was a carnivous, apelike creature. c. ranged greatly in size from 100 to 1,500 pounds. d. is likely to have had a tail. e. had its first example (a skull) discovered on Rusinga Island, Kenya, in 1948. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 250 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Revised 29. Pliopithecoidea, like the proconsuloids, are also generally known from the a. early Archean. b. early Proterozoic. c. Cambrian. d. early Ordovicians. e. early Miocene. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 251 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 30. Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of Old World monkeys? a. Broad nose and palate b. Smaller brain (in absolute terms and relative to body weight) c. Shorter arms d. Longer torso e. Tail Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 252 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 31. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Great Apes? a. Narrow nose and palate b. Y-5 molars c. Larger brain d. Shorter torso e. Longer arms ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 252 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 32. The best known of the first true apes (Hominoidea) appeared in Africa during the middle Miocene approximately a. 5 mya. b. 170 mya. c. 17 mya. d. 7 mya. e. .7 mya. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 253 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 33. Which of the following hominoids resulted from a European radiation around 12 to 10 mya? a. Dryopithecus from southern France and northern Spain b. Paralelepithecus from Greece c. Proconsul from Italy d. Germanopithecus from Germany e. Ronaldopithecus from Portugal ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 255 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Revised 34. Which of the following is NOT true about the Asian radiation of hominoids? a. The hominoids were geographically dispersed from Turkey in the west to China in the east. b. It includes Sivapithecus, a large hominoid of 70 to 150 pounds. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. It includes from the late Miocene a hominoid descendant, known as Gigantopithecus. d. Hominoids do not appear to have colonized Asia until about 15 mya. e. Sivapithecus has been recovered from Northwest Asia. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 255-256 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 35. Which of the following belongs to the distinct great ape lineage in Asia? a. Gigantopithecus b. Australopithecus c. Pithecantropus d. Afropithecus e. Robustopithecus ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 255-256 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 36. Molecular evidence indicates that the gibbon-great ape split occurred a. 2 mya. b. 10 mya. c. 20 mya. d. 15 mya. e. 12 mya. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 258 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.6 - 6 OTHER: New 37. There is strong evidence that Khoratpithecus is most likely the ancestor of the a. Chimpanzee. b. Orangutan. c. Gibbon. d. Colobine. e. Rhesus monkey. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 260 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.6 - 6 OTHER: New Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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38. Strepsirrhines include tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 226 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 39. The emergence of the first hominoids dates back about 23 to 5.3 million years ago during the Miocene. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 227 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 40. The abbreviation LCA stands for “Last Common Ancestor.” a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 227 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 41. Plesiadapiforms are best known from a large number of fossil finds in South America. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 230 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.2 - 2 OTHER: New 42. The presence of nails in Carpolestes is likely due to homoplasy rather than a shared derived characteristic. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 222 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 43. The term “euprimate” refers to the primate-like primitive species that preceded plesiadapids. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 230 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 44. At the beginning of the Eocene epoch, North America and Europe were connected, and they shared many species in common. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 231-232 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 45. Adapoids are the most primitive of the euprimates as shown by their dental anatomy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 233 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: New 46. The term “subfossil” refers to a fossil of a more primitive species. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 235 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 47. A paleoprimatologist is someone who specializes in the study of the modern nonhuman primate fossil record. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 236 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 48. Early platyrrhines, or New World anthropoid fossils, are found in the late Oligocene of Brazil and are placed into the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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genus Branisella. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 242 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 49. The most likely scenario for the arrival of platyrrhines to South America involves floating across the Atlantic Ocean on rafts made of naturally forming mats of vegetation. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 243 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 50. Ouranopithecus shares many features with the living African great apes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 255 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 51. After flourishing for more than 8.5 million years, Giganto went extinct during the late Miocene period due to human predation and/or environmental change. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 257 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 52. Hominoids disappear from the African fossil record about 13 mya, and they didn't reappear until the late Miocene about 10 mya. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 258 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.6 - 6 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

New

53. List the seven epochs of the Cenozoic era, and indicate which epoch saw the rise of the first archaic primates. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 227 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.81 - 1 OTHER: New 54. Discuss the three families associated with the order Plesiadapiformes, and describe some of the characteristics associated with them. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 229-230 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.2 - 2 OTHER: New 55. Describe the evolution of true lemurs and lorises, and discuss the characteristics of the giant lemur Megaladapis. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 222-227 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.1 - 1 INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 56. Describe the evolution of anthropoids, including the characteristics of New vs. Old World Monkeys. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 237-245 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 57. Discuss the mysterious arrival of Platyrrhines in South America and explain the different theories. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 242-245 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 58. Where is the Fayum Depression, and how is it significant in primate evolution? ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 239-240 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 59. Describe the main characteristics of New World monkeys and their ancestors, up to the last common ancestor with the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Old World monkeys. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 245-248 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 60. Describe the main characteristics of Old World monkeys and their ancestors, up to the last common ancestor with the New World monkeys. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 248-252 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 61. Discuss the climatic and geological changes during the Miocene and the direct implications on the first ape-like primates. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 253-255 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 62. Describe four of the most important fossil ape names, the epoch they lived, regions they were found, etc. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 253 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 63. Describe the European continent during the Miocene and the characteristics of primates in the region. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 253-255 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 64. Name and describe the hominoids that took part in the Asian radiation. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 255-257 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 65. List the ancestor of the orangutan, and describe their anatomic characteristics. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 259-260 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 66. Describe the genus Theropithecus and its geographical areas of influence. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 246 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 67. Describe the extinction of primate species during the Miocene, and the new species that appeared with these changes. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 246-247 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 68. Describe the differences and similarities of Pliopithecoids and Oligocene Catarrhines. ANSWER: Answers may vary DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 258-259 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.8.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 69. Give an overview of the evolution of primates according to the epochs and their characteristics. Construct a family tree of the various families of primates and their ancestor/descendant relationships. ANSWER: Answers may vary 70. Describe the importance of molecular anthropology for paleoprimatology. Explain how both of these work together to reconstruct the evolutionary history of primates and give examples of their research. ANSWER: Answers may vary 71. Describe the theories of primate migration to the New World, list the evidence used to support this theory, including its weaknesses. ANSWER: Answers may vary 72. Describe Gigantopithecus: how it lived, and its region, diet and locomotion. Detail how paleoanthropologists learned of it and what happened to it. ANSWER: Answers may vary

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CHAPTER 9 1. The earliest evidence of hominins that has been found dates to the end of the a. Miocene. b. Pleistocene. c. Oligocene. d. Pliocene. e. Paleocene. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 264 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. What is mosaic evolution? a. Evolution occurring in various regions b. Physiological and behavioral systems evolving at different rates c. Physiological and behavioral systems evolving at the same rate d. Intellectual and internal systems e. Evolution of different species leading to the same outcome ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 264 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. The earliest hominin tools thus far discovered are made of a. bone. b. stone. c. metal. d. wood. e. ivory. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 258 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 4. Which is true about the term hominid in the revised classification? a. It is a new term in science. b. It refers to bipedal apes. c. It refers to all great apes and humans. d. It refers to monkeys and apes. e. It refers to all mammals. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 266 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 5. Paleoanthropology is a. defined as the study of ancient humans. b. practiced by archaeologists only. c. concerned with fossilized skeletal remains only. d. defined as the study of fossilized nonprimate mammals. e. practiced by physical anthropologists only. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 267 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 6. Objects or materials made or modified by hominins are called a. artifacts. b. ecofacts. c. cores. d. knappers. e. scrappers. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 270 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 7. The earliest identified human artifacts are approximately _______ years old. a. 250,000 b. 5.5 million c. 2.6 million d. 10,000 e. 1.25 million ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 269 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 8. New evidence from the Dikika site in Ethiopia shows all of the following EXCEPT a. evidence of pounding for bone marrow. b. artifacts that back to approximately 3.4 mya. c. enough evidence to prove the earliest use of tools. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. possible evidence of tool use. e. carefully investigated evidence of animal remains. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 270-271 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 9. The environmental setting where an archeological trace is found is called a. sediment. b. stratigraphy. c. geomorphology. d. context. e. artifacts. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 10. Which of the following is NOT one of the essentials drawn by paleoanthropologists? a. Sociobiology b. Dating c. Paleoecology d. Archaeological traces of behavior e. Anatomical evidence from hominin remains ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 11. What is the study of how bones and other materials came to be buried and preserved as fossils called? a. Context b. Paleoecology c. Artifacts d. Geology e. Taphonomy ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 12. Which of the following sites has the most complete and best-studied paleoarchaeological record of any early hominin Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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site in the world? a. Hadar b. Olduvai Gorge c. The Potwar Plateau d. Omo e. Lake Turkana ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 268 (A Closer Look) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 13. Olduvai Gorge a. was discovered in 1992. b. is located in Ethiopia. c. is where Louis and Mary Leakey conducted their search for hominin fossils. d. has NOT produced any hominid fossils. e. has NOT produced any evidence of hominin tools. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 268 (A Closer Look) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 14. Which two kinds of dating methods do scientists use? a. Paleoecology and taphonomy b. Artifacts and context c. Relative and chronometric d. Fluorine analysis and stratigraphy e. Absolute and estimated ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 273 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.5 - 5 OTHER: Revised 15. Relative dating techniques a. can provide exact dates of fossil material. b. are always accurate to within 750 years. c. were used to date the Zinjanthropus cranium to 2.8 million years ago. d. include stratigraphy. e. include carbon 14 dating. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 273 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 16. Dating methods indicating that something is older or more recent than something else a. are called chronometric dating methods. b. are called absolute dating methods. c. include the K/Ar method. d. never require stratigraphic information. e. are called relative dating methods. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 273 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 17. The dating method that uses the principle that undisturbed underlying geologic deposits are older than overlying geologic deposits is called a. stratigraphic dating. b. paleomagnetism. c. carbon-14 dating. d. K/Ar dating. e. fluorine analysis. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 273 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 18. Fluorine analysis can only be used on a. volcanic rock. b. fossilized plants. c. bone. d. sedimentary rock. e. petrified wood. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 273 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 19. The Piltdown hoax was revealed in the 1950s through the application of a. carbon-14 dating. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. fluorine analysis. c. stratigraphic dating. d. potassium-argon dating. e. thermoluminescence. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 273-274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Revised 20. _______ make the best samples for the K/Ar and 40Ar/39AR dating methods. a. Bones b. Stone tools c. Ostrich shells d. Teeth e. Volcanic rocks ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 21. _______ is a radiometric dating method popular with archaeologists that can be used to date materials up to 75,000 years old. a. Carbon-14 b. Paleomagnetism c. Thermoluminescence d. K/Ar e. Biostratigraphy ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 274-275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Revised 22. If an isotope has a half-life of 4 billion years, then in 4 billion years a. all of the original amount will have decayed. b. of the original amount will still remain. c.

of the original amount will still be present. d. all of the original amount will still be present. e. none of these ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 23. Which dating method was used to date the famous Mt. Vesuvius eruption of AD 79? a. Carbon-14 b. Paleomagnetism c. Potassium-argon/ 40Ar/ 39AR d. Dendrochronology e. Thermoluminescence ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Revised 24. The K/Ar method is most appropriate for dating a. the actual fossils within rock. b. charcoal. c. volcanic rock. d. pottery fragments. e. anything that once was living. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 25. Carbon-14 dating is most appropriate for dating a. organic material. b. charcoal. c. volcanic rock d. pottery fragments. e. sedimentary rocks. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 26. Which of the following would be best suited to the carbon-14 dating technique? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. Materials more than 100,000 years old b. Volcanic rock c. Sedimentary rock d. Metals e. Certain organic materials less than 75,000 years old ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 27. Which is NOT true about thermoluminescence dating? a. It relies on the principle of radiometric decay. b. It dates dental enamel of animals. c. It dates mainly stone tools. d. It must heat the sample to 500° Celsius. e. It was used to date ceramic pots. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 28. Which material does Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) date? a. Stone tools b. Ceramic pots c. Dental enamel of animals d. Wooden spears e. Volcanic rocks ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 29. In archaeology, stones suitably sized and shaped to be further worked into tools are called a. flakes. b. knappers. c. lithics. d. cores. e. blanks. ANSWER: e Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 30. _______ relies on identifying changes in the orientation of the earth’s geomagnetic poles. a. Stratigraphy b. Dendrochronology c. Fluorine analysis d. Biostratigraphy e. Paleomagnetism ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 31. A thin-edged fragment removed form a core is called a a. flake. b. knapper. c. lithic. d. core. e. blank. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 32. People who make stone tools are called a. flakes. b. knappers. c. lithics. d. cores. e. blanks. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 33. A stone reduced by flake removal is called a a. flake. b. knapper. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. lithic. d. core. e. blank. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 34. Experimental archaeologists have attempted to learn more about stone tools by doing all the following EXCEPT a. replicating stone tool manufacturing methods. b. using stone tools to butcher an elephant. c. cutting down trees with stone axes. d. observing ecological factors. e. traveling back in time. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 278 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 35. Stable carbon isotope analyses a. are performed on fossil plants. b. are performed on teeth. c. is a relative dating method. d. are performed on volcanic rock. e. are performed on clay remains. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 269 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 36. Striking a core or flake with a hammer stone is called: a. microliths. b. direct percussion. c. microwear. d. phytoliths. e. pressure flaking. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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37. What is the term used for small stone tools usually produced from narrow blades punched from a core? a. Microliths b. Direct percussion c. Microwear d. Phytoliths e. Pressure flaking ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 38. What is the term used for a method of removing flakes from a core by pressing a pointed implement against stone? a. Microliths b. Direct percussion c. Microwear d. Phytoliths e. Pressure flaking ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 278 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 39. Which of these factors is NOT considered to have influenced the initial evolution of bipedal locomotion in hominins? a. Carrying objects b. Seed and nut gathering c. Long-distance walking d. Visual surveillance e. Overgrown limbs ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 280 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 40. Jolly’s seed-eating hypothesis is a. considered the best supported hypothesis explaining the origins of hominid bipedalism. b. based on the ecology of African apes. c. based on the ecology of gelada baboons. d. based on the ecology of modern human hunter-gatherers. e. based on pressure flaking. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 280-281 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 41. Lovejoy’s male provisioning scenario a. is now the best supported explanation for the evolution of bipedalism. b. has not been significantly critiqued by paleoanthropologists. c. is entirely consistent with the hominid fossil record. d. is entirely consistent with the archaeological record. e. assumes that males were paired monogamously with females. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 282 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 42. Dean Falk’s hypothesis suggesting the constraints of upright posture on brain size a. is called radiation theory. b. is called aridity cycle theory. c. is called evolutionary pulse theory. d. is called punctuated equilibrium theory. e. proves that the radiator itself led to larger brains. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 282 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 43. Mosaic evolution is a pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system is the same as that in other systems. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 264 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 44. The earliest members of the hominin lineage, dating back to 6-5 mya regularly manufactured stone tools. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 267 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 45. One of the constraints of paleoanthropology is that mounting a concentrated research project costs several hundred thousand dollars. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 271 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 46. Culture is a set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation to the next by nonbiological means. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 266 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 47. Taphonomy is the study of how bones and other materials come to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 48. Although excavations at Olduvai Gorge have yielded abundant archaeological traces, no hominid remains have ever been found there. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 49. The 40Ar/39Ar dating method may be used on very small samples of volcanic rock, including single crystals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 50. A “blank” refers to a stone that has been reduced by flake removal. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 277 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.5 - 5 OTHER: Revised 51. The context is the environmental setting where an archaeological trace is found. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 52. Thermoluminescence dating is a method for dating certain archaeological materials that were heated in the past

and that, upon reheating, release stored energy of radioactive decay as light. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: New 53. Falk’s “radiator theory” was proposed as an explanation of the origins of bipedalism in protohominins. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 282 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 54. First define what makes a hominin a hominin, and then discuss which aspects of your definition can be assessed in the fossil and/or archaeological record. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 264-266 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 55. Define the term mosaic evolution. Discuss three different anatomical or behavioral hominin traits that demonstrate the nature of mosaic evolution. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 264-266 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 56. Name the four essentials of the concluding stages of interpretation in paleoanthropology. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 272 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: New 57. Discuss the science of paleoanthropology and its multidisciplinary approach. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 267-271 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 58. Explain the difference between relative and chronometric dating. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 273-275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 59. Describe potassium-argon dating and all its variations and applications. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 274-275 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 60. Explain paleomagnetism and give examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 276 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 61. Explain the basis of fluorine analysis. What type(s) of material is/are appropriate for fluorine analysis, and how accurately can this method date material? Are there any special limitations to this technique? What is the most famous application of fluorine analysis? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 273-274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 62. Define the term half-life, and discuss how the length of an isotope’s half-life relates to the useful time-range of chronometric dating techniques. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 274 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Pickup 63. Explain how experimental archaeologists analyze ways in which bone is altered by human and natural forces

and what evidence is revealed by this study. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 278-279 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.5 - 5 OTHER: New 64. Compare two different hypotheses that attempt to explain the origins of hominin bipedalism. How secure do you think the evidence is to verify either view? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 279-282 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 65. Explain the biostratigraphy dating technique and how it differs from other methods. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 276 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.4 4 OTHER: Revised Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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66. Discuss Lewis Binford’s position on hominin research. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 268 (A Closer Look) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 67. What is the “radiator theory”? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 282 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 68. Explain the methods used in stone tool technology. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 277-278 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.5 - 5 OTHER: New 69. Describe the human capacity for and our dependence on culture. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 266-267 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.9.2 - 2 OTHER: New 70. Describe why paleoanthropology is necessarily a multidisciplinary science, and discuss the major subdisciplines that contribute to it. ANSWER: Answer not provided 71. Explain what is meant by biocultural evolution, and provide examples of how it might have influenced the development of the earliest cultural behavior in hominins and also simultaneously influenced biological/anatomical changes in them. ANSWER: Answer not provided 72. Explain the importance of accurate dating to human evolution and describe the differences between relative and chronometric (absolute) dating techniques. Give an example of each type discussed in the text. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 10 1. The earliest fossils identifiable as hominins were all from: a. North America. b. Australia. c. Africa. d. Asia. e. Europe. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 288 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. Anatomical changes in hominins that are indicative of habitual bipedal locomotion include a. feet with opposable big toes for grasping. b. shortening and broadening of the pelvis. c. increased length of arms relative to legs. d. increased length of the spine. e. pronounced sagittal crest. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 289 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. Which of the following is NOT the form of locomotion shown by hominins? a. Habitual bipedalism b. Obligate bipedalism c. Knuckle walking d. Brachiating e. Flying ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 292 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. The most important fossils of foot structuring of early hominins come from a. Sterkfontein. b. Laetoli. c. West Turkana. d. East Turkana. e. Fayum. ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 292 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. The oldest possible hominin found to date has been given the genus name a. Australopithecus. b. Sahelanthropus. c. Zinjanthropus. d. Ardipithecus. e. Orrorin. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 294 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 6. Sahelanthropus was discovered in a. South Africa. b. East Africa. c. the Rift Valley. d. Central Africa. e. Asia. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 294 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 7. Sahelanthropus has an unusual combination of characteristics, including a a. small braincase and huge browridges. b. large braincase and huge browridges. c. small braincase and small muscle attachments in the rear of the cranium. d. small vertical face and small browridges. e. large face and small dentition. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 294 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 8. Recently discovered remains from the Tugen Hills, dated to about 6 million years ago have been placed in the genus a. Sahelanthropus. b. Australopithecus. c. Paranthropus. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. Ardipithecus. e. Orrorin. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 294 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 9. The late Miocene remains of various possible hominins, assigned to the genus Ardipithecus, were discovered a. at Hadar. b. at Laetoli. c. in South Africa. d. in the Middle Awash. e. in the Olduvai Gorge. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 294-295 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 10. Which is NOT true about Ardi? a. Its brain size is between 700-730 cm3 . b. It is more than a 50 percent complete skeleton. c. It weighed about 110 lbs and measured about 4 ft. d. It was found in Aramis. e. It was studied for about 15 years. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 296-297 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 11. The fossil skeleton known as “Lucy” belongs to the species a. africanus. b. aethiopicus. c. habilis. d. boisei. e. afarensis. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 299 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 12. Australopithecus afarensis Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. includes the Taung child and Ardi. b. is the oldest hominin discovered to date. c. is the smallest least-studied collection of early hominins. d. is only found in South Africa. e. includes Lucy and a 3-year-old hominin from Dikika. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 301 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 13. Which of the following hominins has the most primitive (ancestral) traits? a. Homo habilis b. Australopithecus africanus c. Australopithecus robustus d. Australopithecus boisei e. Australopithecus afarensis ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 301 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 14. The hominin fossils from Laetoli and Hadar are classified by most researchers as a. Australopithecus africanus. b. Homo afarensis. c. Homo habilis. d. Australopithecus robustus. e. Australopithecus afarensis. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 301 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 15. An important new find of a mostly complete child skeleton belonging to an Australopithecus afarensis was announced in 2006 coming from which site? a. Laetoli b. Hadar c. Dikika d. Taung e. Olduvai ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 303 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 16. What makes afarensis a hominin? a. Efficient bipedalism b. Large brain c. Tool-making ability d. Hybrid characteristics (half human, half ape) e. Complex language ability ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 303-304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 17. Which is NOT true for the recent hominin from Woranso-Mille? a. The partial skeleton included a partial foot. b. It dated to about 3.4 mya. c. It shows a divergent opposable toe and other ape-like features. d. Scientists have assigned it its own species name. e. It shows there were two lineages of A. afarensis. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 18. The oldest Paranthropus fossil a. dated to 1.8 mya. b. was discovered at Hadar. c. is nicknamed the “black skull.” d. was a 50 percent complete skeleton. e. was in the form of foot remains. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 19. Which is true about A. sediba? a. It was found in East Africa. b. It dates at least to 3.9 mya. c. It shows a mix of Australopithecus and Homo features. d. It has a small brain at 320 cm3. e. It was mainly a carnivore. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 309 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 20. A sagittal crest is a. only present in some nonhuman primates. b. a characteristic of some A. afarensis species. c. a raised ridge of bone running along the midline of the cranium for the attachment of muscles. d. not present in any hominin fossils. e. only found in humans today. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 305 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 21. The most immediately obvious feature distinguishing ________ from the australopiths is cranial size a. A. afarensis b. Aegyptopithecus c. Homo Habilis d. A. aftricanus e. Ardipithecus ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 311 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 22. The earliest hominin discovery from Africa and the world was done in a. East Africa. b. the 1920s. c. the 1800s. d. Egypt. e. the 1960s. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 23. The first person to describe and classify an australopithicus fossil was a. Robert Broom. b. Donald Johanson. c. Raymond Dart. d. Mary Leakey. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. Louis Leakey. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 24. The “Taung baby” and other Australopithecus africanus a. were small brained. b. had small teeth. c. were found in North Africa. d. dated to approximately 1.8 mya. e. were probably not bipedal. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 25. The taxonomic designation Raymond Dart assigned to the Taung fossil was a. Australopithecus boisei. b. Australopithecus afarensis. c. Australopithecus africanus. d. Homo habilis. e. Australopithecus robustus. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 26. Australopithecus africanus was also large-toothed but not as extremely so as a. Paranthropus. b. Homo habilis. c. Homo sapians. d. A. sediba. e. A. afarensis ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 27. Even though the cranial capacity estimates of Australipiths are within the range of most modern great apes, their brains were Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. more encephalized. b. much smaller. c. more limited. d. impossible to measure. e. more suited for complex language. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 302 (A Closer Look) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 28. Which characteristics of A. sediba resemble Homo? a. Short fingers and brain reorganization b. Omnivorous diet c. Big brains d. Reduced dentition e. Long arms and short legs ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 309 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 29. The earliest appearance of genus Homo in East Africa may date prior to a. 1 mya. b. 1.8 mya. c. 2 mya. d. 3 mya. e. 2.5 mya. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.3 - 3 OTHER: New 30. By using the designation Homo habilis, Louis Leakey was implying all of these EXCEPT a. there were at least two hominin lineages present at Olduvai Gorge. b. the Homo lineage was distinct from the australopiths. c. that Homo habilis was our ancestor. d. Homo habilis was not a hominin. e. a revision of the classification was necessary. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 310-311 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 31. Regarding the fossil material termed “early Homo,” Leakey guessed was our ancestor a. some scholars think there may actually be more than one species present. b. there is definitely only one species. c. it is certain that one species, Homo habilis, evolved directly into Homo sapiens. d. all the individuals appear to be about the same size. e. there is almost no anatomical variation among in these specimens. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 32. Where did Leakey and his team find the remains of Homo habilis? a. Lake Turkana b. Olduvai Gorge c. Dikika in Ethiopia d. Hadar e. Taung ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 33. The task of interpreting early hominin evolution a. is still not complete. b. does not require a chronological framework. c. does not require assigning taxonomic names to fossil materials. d. contains millions of full skeletons. e. is a fairly simple one. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 34. Which is the first step to fossil research? a. Assigning taxonomic name b. Selecting a site and surveying it c. Excavating and recovering fossils d. Comparing fossil variation e. Cleaning and preparing fossils Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 35. The earliest hominins have varied combinations of features. For example, Sahelanthropus has a. a very small brain size. b. chimpanzee-looking teeth. c. long limbs for bipedalism. d. large complex brain. e. reduced spine. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 315 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 36. Which is NOT true of early hominin species? a. They had restricted ranges. b. They were partially tied to arboreal habitats. c. They had a trend to increase body size. d. They could easily become separated from others. e. They show an accelerated developmental pattern. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 304 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.4 - 4 OTHER: New 37. One of the most significant skeletal modifications due to the shift to bipedalism includes several structural

changes in the foot. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 290-291 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: New 38. Except for the footprints at Laetoli, there is no evidence of early hominin foot structure. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 292 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 39. Most early hominin fossils were restricted to central, South, and East Africa. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 292-293 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 40. Habitual locomotion is seen only in hominins. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 288 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 41. The honing complex is typical of hominins. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 294 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 42. The fossil assigned to the genus and species Sahelanthropus tchadensis is universally agreed to be a hominin. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 294 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 43. Paleoanthropologists estimate at least six genera among the early African fossils. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 294 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 44. A 2.3 million year old Australopithecus africanus child skeleton was found at Dikika. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 45. According to Tim White and colleagues, Ardipithecus was a competent biped. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 296 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 46. Including Lucy, several hundred Homo habilis fossils have been found in Olduvai. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 301 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 47. Paranthropus specimens have a sagittal crest on the top of the skull. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 305 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 48. The best evidence for the origins of the genus Homo comes from East Africa. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 310 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: New 49. Most paleoanthropologists were initially reluctant to accept H. habilis as a valid species distinct from all

australopiths. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 311 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.3 - 3 OTHER: New 50. The first step in interpreting hominin evolutionary patterns is excavating sites and recovering fossil

hominins. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.4 - 4 OTHER: New 51. Most of the early African hominins appear to have been partially tied to arboreal habitats. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 315 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.5 - 5 OTHER: New 52. Describe the find of Sahelanthropus and its characteristics. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 294 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 53. What is the fossil evidence for bipedal locomotion in the early hominins? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 292 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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54. Describe the discovery of Ardipithecus and its characteristics and importance. Give examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 294-298 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 55. Describe the Australopiths and their chracteristics, providing examples of each species from the text. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 299-310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 56. Describe the evidence of “Lucy” and the importance of this find to the study of hominin evolution. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 299-301 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 57. Discuss the recent discovery of A. afarensis at Dikika and its importance. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 58. Where and when were the fossils assigned to Homo habilis found? Give examples of these finds and their importance to the study of hominin evolution. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 310-312 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 59. Explain why evidence of bipedal locomotion is so important in the study of fossil hominins, and describe the basic mechanics of bipedal locomotion. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 288-293 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 60. Discuss what specific features indicate adaptation to bipedal locomotion, giving examples of morphological changes in hominins. ANSWER: Answer not provided Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 288-290 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 61. Discuss the importance of the recent A. afarensis skeleton and foot found at Woranso-Mille. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 62. Describe the genus Paranthropus and its species. Give examples from the textbook. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 305-307 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 63. Describe the discoveries and characteristics of A. africanus. Why was their discovery important? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 307-308 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 64. Explain the importance of the recent discovery of a possible transitional Australopith, A. sediba. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 308-310 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 65. Discuss the adaptive patterns of early African hominins from the data we currently have. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 314-315 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.5 - 5 OTHER: New 66. Explain the complexity of finding and interpreting hominin remains. List the various steps necessary for interpreting hominin evolutionary patterns. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 312-314 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.10.4 - 4 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

67. Give an overview of the adaptive patterns of early African hominins, including an explanation of the features that indicate adaptation to bipedal locomotion and which fossil hominins display these features. ANSWER: Answer not provided 68. Using the information from the previous question, construct your own Plio-Pleistocene hominin phylogeny. Defend your phylogeny. ANSWER: Answer not provided 69. Describe the three major groups of early hominins discussed in this chapter. Specifically, compare and contrast earliest hominins and explain why (or why not) you think they are hominins. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 11 1. All the early hominins were restricted to a. Africa. b. Asia. c. Europe. d. Antarctica. e. America. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. Sometime close to 2 mya something decisive occurred in human evolution; for the first time, hominins expanded widely out of a. Europe. b. America. c. Africa. d. Asia. e. Atlantis. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. There is nearly universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are all members of the genus a. Plesiomorphus. b. Cladisticus. c. Phylogeneticus. d. Homo. e. Hetero. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 4. The early Homo species for which we have the most evidence, both physically and culturally, is called a. Homo geneous. b. Homo rudolfensis. c. Homo australopithecus. d. Homo tensus. e. Homo erectus. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. The discoveries of what we now refer to as Homo erectus go back to the _____ century. a. seventeenth b. sixteenth c. nineteenth d. twentieth e. eighteenth ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. As indicated by the East African specimens, Homo erectus was sexually a. dimorphic. b. inactive. c. oriented. d. amorphic. e. precocious. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 7. Although Homo erectus differs in several respects from both early Homo and Homo sapiens, the most obvious feature is a. femur size. b. arm size. c. cranial size. d. feet size. e. height. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 8. Homo erectus projecting nuchal torus is located directly at the back of the a. skull. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. femur. c. tibia. d. omoplate. e. hand. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 9. The earliest of the East African Homo erectus fossils come from a. Easter Island. b. East Texas. c. East Turkey. d. East Turkana. e. East Texarcana. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 325 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 10. One aspect in which Asian H. erectus differ from East African H. erectus is that fossils found in Asia have ______________ cranial bones. a. well preserved b. fragile c. thin d. thick e. fragmented ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 324 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 11. The other sites from Ethiopia have yielded Homo erectus fossils, the most noteworthy coming from a. Gona and Daka. b. East Turkana and West Turkana. c. Nakuru and Nairobi. d. Shambe and Rumbek. e. Kona and Hilo. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

12. The Gona pelvis is very different from the Nariokotome pelvis and is unusual for its considerable a. weight. b. height. c. depth. d. tightness. e. width. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 13. Which type of tools are characterized by a large proportion of bifacial elements? a. Dmanisi b. Oldowan c. Acheulian d. Australian e. Zhoukoudian ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 330 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 14. The Dmanisi findings suggest that the first hominins to leave Africa carried with them a typical African ____________stone culture. a. Oldowan b. Acheulian c. Chuntaro d. Monrovian e. Oldwoman ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 330 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 15. All the original Homo erectus fossils discovered at Zhoukoudian during the 1920s and 1930s a. are now housed in a museum in Beijing. b. disappeared during World War II. c. are kept in a small museum near Zhoukoudian. d. were destroyed in a fire in the 1970s. e. are available for study at Cambridge University. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 332 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 16. Fossil remains of 40 or more Homo erectus individuals and thousands of artifacts have been found at a. Sangiran. b. Zhoukoudian. c. Olduvai. d. Trinil. e. Lantian. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 332 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 17. Evidence from Zhoukoudian suggests that Homo erectus a. lived there continuously for over 250,000 years. b. were settled agriculturalists. c. intermittently occupied the area. d. built wooden structures. e. kept domesticated animals. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 333 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 18. Of the sites listed below, which one is the Homo erectus site that provides the longest record of habitation? a. Trinil b. Swartkrans c. Zhoukoudian d. West Turkana e. Laetoli ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 331 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 19. Analysis of the stone artifacts from Zhoukoudian indicate that the tools from a. the later stages are large and crudely made. b. the earliest stages are made from flint and fine-grained quartz. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. all stages are identical to each other. d. the later stages are heavier and larger than the previous stage. e. the later stages are small and the tool materials are of better quality than the previous stages. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 333 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 20. More than 100,000 artifacts have been recovered from this vast site, which was occupied intermittently for many thousands of years. a. Budokan county b. Hexian county c. Lantian county d. Zhoukoudian e. Yunxian county ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 21. One of the more important regions outside of the Zhoukoudian, regarding paleoanthropological sites, is a. Yunxian county. b. Linxian county. c. Xindian county. d. Gandu county. e. Xigu county. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 22. Dated to ______________, Lantian is older than Zhoukoudian a. 115 bya b. 115 mya c. 1.5 kya d. 1.15 mya e. 1.15 kya ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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23. The Asian crania from Java and China share many similar features, which could be explained by____________ migration from Java to China perhaps around 1 mya. a. Homo australopithecus b. Homo robustus c. Homo neanderthalensis d. Homo sapiens e. Homo erectus ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 24. Which of the following sites is NOT in China? a. Yunxian b. Hexian c. Latian d. Zhoukoudian e. Dmanisi ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 329 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 25. Bernard Wood has suggested that the name Homo __________be used for the African remains and that Homo erectus be reserved solely for the Asian material. a. habilis b. ergaster c. sapiens d. heidelbergensis e. neanderthalensis ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 336 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 26. The almost complete skeleton of a male Homo erectus with an approximate age at death of 8 years was found at a. Olduvai. b. Lantian. c. West Turkana. d. Zhoukoudian. e. Trinil. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 27. The Nariokotome Homo erectus specimen a. was discovered at Olduvai Gorge. b. is estimated to have been about 65 years old at death. c. is a young female. d. would have reached an adult height of around 5.3 feet. e. was a pigmy. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 28. The most complete Homo erectus skeleton found to date a. is properly known as WT 15000. b. was discovered at West Texarkana. c. is that of an 8-year-old female. d. was discovered at west Somalia. e. is properly known as the “missing link.” ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 29. The recent discovery at the Gona area in Africa a. dates to 700,000 years ago. b. is the first H. erectus female pelvis found. c. includes the remains of over 40 individuals. d. shows signs of cannibalism. e. shows signs of contraception. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 326-327 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 30. The term Homo ergaster a. is sometimes used to refer to African Homo erectus specimens. b. is sometimes used to refer to Asian Homo erectus specimens. c. is fully accepted by all paleoanthropologists. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. was initially proposed by Eugene Dubois. e. is sometimes used to refer to American Homo americanopithecus. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 336 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 31. The Dmanisi site is located in a. Olduvai. b. West Turkana. c. Java. d. Republic of Georgia. e. West Texarkana. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 329 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 32. The fossil remains from Dmanisi a. are essentially indistinguishable from modern Homo sapiens. b. bear some similarities to early Homo specimens from Africa. c. bear some similarities to Homo neanderthalensis specimens. d. have cranial capacities that exceed 1,500 cubic centimeters. e. bear some similarities to Homo heidelbergensis specimens. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 329 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 33. The fossil remains from Dmanisi indicate that a. large brains were required to migrate out of Africa. b. complex stone tools were required to migrate out of Africa. c. large brains were NOT required to migrate out of Africa. d. large brains were required in order to survive. e. large brains were required to do homework. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 330 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 34. Of the hominin sites listed below, which one has the best preserved fossil material for Homo erectus in Europe? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. Gran Dolina (Atapuerca) b. Ceprano c. Ubeidiya d. Boxgrove e. London ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 338 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 35. Bifacially flaked tools characterize the _______ stone tool industry. a. Oldowan b. Acheulian c. Shewlian d. Osteodontokeratic e. Craftsmanian ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 330 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 36. The Acheulian tool industry is NOT found in a. Africa. b. western Europe. c. southwest Asia. d. Southern China. e. America. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 330 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 37. Evidence for animal butchering is a. lacking in Homo erectus sites. b. found only in African Homo erectus sites. c. found only in Asian Homo erectus sites. d. widespread in Homo erectus sites. e. found only at Dmanisi. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 338 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

38. For now, the most comprehensive analyses indicate that the recently discovered hominin species H.

floresiensis evolved on the island of a. Hawaii. b. Easter Island. c. Java. d. Guam. e. Flores. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 343 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.6 - 5 OTHER: New 39. Homo erectus is the first hominin for which we have evidence of wide geographical dispersion. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 40. The discovery of fossils now referred to as Homo erectus began in the nineteenth century. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 320 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 41. Homo erectus was considerably smaller than earlier members of the genus Homo. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.2 - 2 OTHER: New 42. Most Homo erectus specimens have a sagittal keel running along the midline of the skull. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.2 - 2 OTHER: New 43. Given the newest dates for the Ngandong Homo erectus material on Java, it is possible that Homo erectus could have existed contemporaneously with Homo sapiens. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 331 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 44. New evidence from Zhoukoudian Cave has substantiated the long-held notion that Homo erectus used controlled fire. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 334 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 45. Most anthropologists agree that Zhoukoudian Cave was a hearth and a home to Homo erectus. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 334-335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 46. The Asian Homo erectus crania from both China and Java are so different from each other that most researchers have suggested that they be separated into two different species. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 47. An analysis of the WT 15000 specimen suggests it would only have been about 4 feet tall at maturity. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 48. Despite numerous excavations, the only early stone tools that have been found in China are those from Zhoukoudian. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 49. The Acheulian biface or “hand axe” is a basic tool of the Acheulian tradition. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 340 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 50. The Dmanisi hominins reveal that Europeans still had small brains and were also still using Oldowan-style tools. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 341 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 51. The discovery from Daka (Ethiopia) of a young African specimen with Asian traits strengthens the separate-species interpretation of H. ergaster. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 341 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 52. One clear technological trend evident in the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record is that early bifaces are elegantappearing pear-shaped implements, whereas later bifaces are cruder with deep flake-removal scars. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 340 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 53. The new species found on the island of Flores was initially thought to be a contemporary of Homo sapiens. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 343 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.6 - 5 OTHER: New 54. Compare the cranium and brain size of Homo erectus to that of modern Homo sapiens. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 321 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 55. Review the history of Homo erectus discoveries in Java and China (specifically Zhoukoudian). ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 330-335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 56. Although Zhoukoudian is the most famous Homo erectus site in China, there are other sites. Name two of these sites, and give their dates. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 57. Is there any evidence to suggest that Homo erectus evolved outside of Africa? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 328-329 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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58. Is there any evidence to suggest the Zhoukoudian was NOT a hominin habitation site? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 334-335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 59. Describe the fossil evidence found in Spain, and cite differences and similarities with other fossils found in other European countries. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 338-339 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 60. Describe and compare the characteristics of the fossil evidence found at the Dmanisi site with those found in Africa. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 329-330 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 61. Give an overview of the first dispersal of Homo erectus throughout Europe and Asia. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 328-330 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 62. Describe the differences between the Homo erectus remains from East Africa and the Javanese and Chinese

fossils. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 336-337 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: New 63. Describe the main characteristics of WT 15000. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 326 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 64. Cite three important fossil discoveries in Africa, and give details of the findings. ANSWER: Answer not provided Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 325-328 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 65. Describe the findings at Zhoukoudian Cave, and state the different interpretations given by scientists. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 331-335 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 66. Describe the Chinese tools from Middle Pleistocene sites. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 333 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 67. Describe the Acheulian tools, and cite the main differences with Oldowan industry. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 340-341 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 68. Describe the findings on the island of Flores, and give examples of how this new species differed from other

Homo species. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 342-344 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.11.6 - 5 OTHER: New 69. Discuss the recently published early dates for Homo erectus in Java and their implication for the evolution and dispersal of Homo erectus. ANSWER: Answer not provided 70. What have scientists been able to ascertain about the Homo erectus lifestyle at Zhoukoudian? Be sure to include any disagreements within the scientific community. What is the nature of the evidence? ANSWER: Answer not provided 71. Discuss the fossil finds at Dmanisi in terms of their morphology and in terms of the information they provide about the dispersal of hominins out of Africa. ANSWER: Answer not provided 72. Compare the cranial capacity, cranial and postcranial morphology, stature, and cultural behavior (including the types Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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of stone tools they used) of Homo erectus to that of earlier hominins, including early Homo. ANSWER: Answer not provided 73. What suggestions have been made regarding the hunting capabilities of Homo erectus? How have these views changed in recent years and why? Discuss the limitations of these types of archaeological inferences. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 12 1. The Middle Pleistocene is dated between a. 125,000 to 10,000 ya. b. 10,000 ya to present times. c. 780,000 to 125,000 ya. d. 900,000 to 750,000 ya. e. 25,000 to 10,000 ya. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 348 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. The earliest member of our own species are frequently referred to as a. premodern humans. b. anatomically modern humans. c. postmodern humans. d. prehistoric humans. e. primitive humans. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 348 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 3. Which is NOT true about the Pleistocene? a. It is also known as the Ice Age. b. It is marked by massive advances and retreats of glaciations. c. It was characterized by at least 15 major and 50 minor glacial advances in Europe. d. During interglacials, there is an increased in rainfall. e. During glacial periods, there is an increase in rainfall. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 348 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. Compared to Homo erectus, the cranium of premodern Homo sapiens, has a(n) a. less vertical forehead. b. more angled occipital region. c. smaller than average cranial capacity. d. more angled back of the skull. e. increased brain size. ANSWER: e Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 350 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. Premodern Homo sapien fossils are found in a. North America. b. Europe and elsewhere in the Old World. c. Australia only. d. South America. e. Antarctica. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 349 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. Some premodern Homo sapiens and Homo erectus specimens share traits such as a. a large face. b. the lack of a supraorbital torus. c. the presence of a chin. d. thin cranial bones. e. high forehead ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 350 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 7. Fossils from Africa and Europe from ______ are placed within H. heidelbergensis. a. 850,000 ya to 200,000 ya b. 300,000 ya to 100,000 ya c. 125,000 ya to 75,000 ya d. 990,000 ya to 600,000 ya e. 500 ya to 150 ya ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 350 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 8. In Africa, premodern Homo sapiens fossils have been found in all of the following EXCEPT a. Ethiopia. b. South Africa. c. Zambia. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. Egypt. e. Tanzania. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 351-352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 9. In Africa, early premodern Homo sapiens appeared around a. 200,000 ya. b. 400,000 ya. c. 100,000 ya. d. 600,000 ya. e. 35,000 ya. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 351 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 10. Which of the following premodern Homo sapiens crania shows possible evidence of cannibalism in the form of cut marks? a. Broken Hill b. Tabun c. Bodo d. La Chapelle e. Swanscombe ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 351 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 11. In Europe, premodern Homo sapiens fossil sites include all of the following EXCEPT a. Swanscombe. b. Steinheim. c. Laetoli. d. Gran Dolina. e. Arago. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 352-353 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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12. Which of the following sites, dated to approximately 500,000-400,000 years ago, has yielded a sample representing about 28 premodern Homo sapiens individuals? a. Ehringsdorf b. Atapuerca c. Steinheim d. Swanscombe e. Petralona ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 352-353 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 13. In Asia, premodern human fossils sites include a. Bodo. b. Atapuerca. c. Jinniushan. d. Arago. e. Swanscombe. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 356 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 14. Which is true about the Spanish site Sima de los Huesos? a. It dates back to 800,000 years. b. It is made up of only male remains. c. It contains more than 80 percent of all Middle Pleistocene hominin remains. d. It was a collection of Neandertal remains. e. It contained over 100 individuals, most of them family members. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 353 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 15. H. heidelbergensis from _______ is hypothesized to have evolved into H. sapiens. a. Europe b. Asia c. North America d. South America e. Africa ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 16. During the Middle Pleistocene, premodern Homo sapiens invented the _____ technique. a. Acheulean b. Levallois c. Mousterian d. Chatelperronean e. Oldowan ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 357 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.5 - 3 OTHER: Revised 17. Where does the best evidence of Middle Pleistocene human-controlled fire come from? a. China b. Western Europe c. Eastern Europe d. South Africa e. East Africa ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 358 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.5 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 18. During the Middle Pleistocene, there is evidence that temporary shelters were built by a. Australopithecus. b. premodern Homo sapiens. c. Paranthropus. d. Homo erectus. e. Homo habilis. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 358 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.5 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 19. Neandertals are classified in the text as a. Australopithecus neanderthalensis. b. H. heidelbergensis. c. H. erectus neanderthalensis. d. H. sapiens neanderthalensis. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. Ardipithecus neanderthalensis. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 358-359 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 20. The majority of Neandertal fossils have been found in a. South America. b. Asia. c. India. d. Africa. e. Europe. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 359 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 21. The evolutionary roots of Neandertals reach as far back as ________ years ago. a. 100,000 b. 400,000 c. 65,000 d. 10,000 e. 130,000 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 359 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 22. Neandertal brain size a. was smaller, on average, than that of modern humans. b. was larger, on average, than that of modern humans. c. was smaller, on average, than that of Homo erectus. d. averaged about 2,500 cm3. e. averaged about 1,100 cm3. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 360 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 23. The average Neandertal was a. more robust than modern humans. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. tall and gracile. c. less robust than modern humans. d. very small-brained. e. hunched down. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 360 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 24. Neandertal crania are a. large, long, low, and bulging at the sides. b. absent of browridges. c. a rounded, smooth occipital area like that seen in modern humans. d. a vertical forehead like that seen in modern humans. e. small and flat. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 360 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 25. Some Neandertal physical characteristics may have arisen as adaptations to a ______ environment. a. humid b. hot c. cold d. tropical e. high altitude ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 360 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 26. Where have Neandertal skeletal remains NOT been found (in Europe)? a. Spain b. France c. Croatia d. Germany e. Italy ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 360-364 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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27. The La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton a. is a Neandertal. b. was probably not a deliberate burial. c. is that of an older female. d. was that of a young boy. e. is a premodern human. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 360 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 28. The French Neandertal site of St. Césaire dates to _______ years ago. a. 75,000 b. 50,000 c. 100,000 d. 35,000 e. 65,000 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 363 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 29. The Neandertal site in northern Spain, El Sidrón, a. dates to approximately 130,000ya. b. uncovered fragmented remains of 28 individuals. c. demonstrates evidence of warfare. d. shows hybridization. e. shows that the males were related and may serve as evidence of patrilocal mating. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 363 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 30. There is some evidence to suggest all of the following about Neandertals EXCEPT that they a. were compassionate. b. buried their dead. c. were capable of symbolic behavior. d. used Mousterian tools. e. used bows and arrows for long-distance hunting. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 367-372 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 31. The Neandertal site in Croatia, which has one of the oldest intentional burials, is a. La Chapelle-aux-Saints. b. Krapina. c. Shanidar. d. Arago Cave. e. Broken Hill. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 363 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 32. Neandertal remains from southern Siberia a. date to 50,000 to 37,000 ya. b. showed evidence of cannibalism. c. contained a patrilocal family lifestyle. d. contained a very sick and old male. e. had extensive tools made of bone. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 366 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 33. Shanidar Cave is located in a. Israel. b. France. c. Germany. d. Croatia. e. Iraq. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 366 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 34. In Israel important discoveries at Tabun and Kebara include all of the following EXCEPT a. a 120,000-year-old female skeleton. b. the most complete Neanderthal pelvis. c. a hyoid bone identical to H. sapiens. d. four well-preserved spears. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. the burial of a large male. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 365 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 35. The skeleton of a 30- to 45-year-old male with a healed fracture to the face, right arm, and right leg was found at the site of a. Amud. b. Shanidar. c. Tabun. d. Qafzeh. e. Krapina. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 366 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 36. The stone tool technology most often associated with the Neandertals is termed a. Acheulian. b. Mousterian. c. Levallios. d. Magdalenian. e. Oldowan. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 367 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 37. The Mousterian stone tool tradition a. was developed by Homo erectus. b. is associated with Neandertals only. c. is found in Asia only. d. is found in Western Europe only. e. is associated with the cultural period of the Middle Paleolithic. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 367 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 38. Neandertal subsistence was based on Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. hunting using spear throwers. b. hunting large mammals. c. intense agriculture. d. horticulturalism. e. herding domesticated animals. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 39. Compared to the Upper Paleolithic modern humans, Neanderthal a. burials are more complex, usually containing hundreds of tools. b. burials usually contain several individuals, precisely oriented relative to each other. c. tools are usually more sophisticated. d. tools are made of materials transported (traded) over long distances. e. burials go back at least 90,000 years at Tabun. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 40. Neandertal art consists of a. large painted depictions found in caves. b. elaborately carved full-sized sculptures. c. use of pigment and jewelry. d. “Venus” figurines. e. stylized architectural settlements. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 369 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 41. The first evidence of deliberate burial of the dead is associated with a. Homo erectus. b. Homo habilis. c. Neandertals. d. early premodern Homo sapiens from Africa. e. anatomically modern Homo sapiens. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 370-371 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

42. Sixteen of twenty of the best documented Neandertal burials include a. “Venus” figurines. b. stone tools. c. atlatl, bows, and arrows. d. individuals placed in a flexed position. e. many sacrificed family members. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 372 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 43. Neandertal DNA evidence from Europe gives dates between a. 50,000 and 32,000 ya. b. 20,000 and 10,000 ya. c. 80,000 and 50,000 ya. d. 130,000 and 80,000 ya. e. 32,000 and 20,000 ya. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 372 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 44. The genetic analysis of Neandertal fossils indicates they were found in all these areas EXCEPT a. China. b. France. c. New Guinea. d. Germany. e. Africa. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 373 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 45. Which is true about the “Denisovans”? a. They were from Central Europe. b. They may be a different branch of recent human evolution. c. They are the predecessors of Neandertals. d. They are closely related to all H. sapiens. e. They share about 4-5 percent of genes with Europeans. ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 378 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 46. The main effect of fluctuating climates in Africa during the Pleistocene was to change rainfall patterns. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 348 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 47. Homo heidelbergensis refers to finds from China dating to between 850,000 and 200,000 years ago. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 350 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 48. African premodern humans show a mixture of primitive and more derived traits. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 351 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 49. Chinese archaeologists point out that Chinese premodern H. sapiens specimens show no indication of genetic continuity with modern H. sapiens from China. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 353 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 50. The Gran Dolina human remains are definitely NOT from Homo erectus. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 51. An interesting fact regarding the site called the Sima de los Huesos is that it contains more than 80 percent of all Middle Pleistocene hominin remains in the world. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 353 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 52. The premodern human fossils from Africa and Europe are more similar to each other than they are to the hominins from Asia. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 356 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 53. Chinese paleoanthropologists argue that modern Chinese evolved from a separate H. erectus lineage. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 353 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 54. Bone, a high-quality tool material, was widely used throughout the Middle Pleistocene. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 357 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.5 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 55. The average Neandertal brain size was 1,520 cm3. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 360 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 56. The El Sidrón site in Spain is dated to 49,000 ya and contains remains of 12 individuals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 363 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 57. The Chatelperronian tool industry is associated with Neandertals and may be the product of cultural diffusion from modern H. sapiens. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 364 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 58. In the Shanidar Cave of Iraq, fieldworkers found 10 individuals, 3 of which were deliberately buried. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 366 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 59. Neandertals were advanced in their use of spear throwers for long-distance hunting. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.5 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 60. The prevailing consensus is that Neandertals were capable of articulate speech. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 369 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.5 - 3 OTHER: New 61. Genetic studies have been able to extract mtDNA as well as nuclear DNA of Neandertals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 373 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 62. Middle Pleistocene hominins are a very homogenous group, and it is easy to get a clear evolutionary picture

of these hominins. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 376 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: New 63. Neandertal DNA is very different compared to modern human DNA. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 373 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.6 - 6 OTHER: New 64. Explain the climatic changes and conditions during the Pleistocene and the dispersal of Middle Pleistocene hominins. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 348-349 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 65. Describe the terminology and comparison of Middle Pleistocene hominins. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 350 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.1 - 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

66. Describe, explain, and give examples of the premodern humans from Africa. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 351-352 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 67. Describe, explain, and give examples of the premodern humans from Europe. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 352-353 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 68. Describe, explain, and give examples of the premodern humans from Asia. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 353-356 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 69. Discuss the general characteristics of Neandertals; include specific examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 358-360 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 70. Describe, explain, and give examples of the Neandertal remains found in Europe. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 360-364 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 71. Describe, explain, and give examples of the Neandertal remains found in Asia. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 365-367 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 72. Describe and give examples of the culture of Neandertals, include a discussion of technology, subsistence, speech, burials, etc. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 367-372 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.5 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 73. What is known of Mousterian technology, and why is it not limited to Neandertals? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 367-368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.5 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 74. Describe the new discovery at Denisova Cave, explaining its importance to human evolution. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 366-367 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 75. Describe the injuries and pathologies evident in the Shanidar I skeleton. What, if anything, does this tell us about Neandertal lifestyle and/or cultural behavior? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 366 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 76. Explain the results of molecular tests done through the study of Neandertal DNA. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 372-375 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 77. Describe and explain the different approaches to classification, the lumpers vs. splitters discussed in the book, and give examples and strengths and weaknesses of each approach. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 367-368 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 78. Why do some paleoanthropologists classify Neandertals as Homo neanderthalensis? What are the biological and phylogenetic implications of this designation? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 377-378 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.12.7 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 79. Describe the general time frame when earlier premodern humans (mostly classified as Homo heidelbergensis) lived and in what areas of the world they have been found. ANSWER: Answer not provided OTHER: Pickup 80. Describe the time frame during which Neandertals lived and where their remains have been found. ANSWER: Answer not provided OTHER: Pickup 81. Explain what the information from the whole genome sequencing of Neandertals tells us and why this is important. ANSWER: Answer not provided OTHER: Pickup 82. Discuss the evolutionary trends in the genus Homo. Start with the transition from early Homo to Homo erectus and end with the Neandertals. Be sure to include the temporal and geographic distributions of the various species of Homo. ANSWER: Answer not provided OTHER: Pickup 83. Construct two plausible alternate phylogenies for the genus Homo. Next, defend each of the phylogenies. ANSWER: Answer not provided OTHER: Pickup

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CHAPTER 13 1. At some time, probably close to ______________, the first Homo sapiens evolved in Africa. a. 200,000 ya b. 1,500,000 ya c. 50,000 ya d. 500,000 ya e. 5,000,000 ya ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 384 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. African populations of _______________ are the most likely ancestors of the earliest modern Homo sapiens. a. H. heidelbergensis b. H. erectus c. H. ergaster d. H. habilis e. H. neanderthalensis ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 384 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. According to the Complete Replacement Model, anatomically modern Homo sapiens first appeared in Africa a. and dispersed to Europe where they interbred with local premodern H. sapiens populations. b. and migrated to other areas, completely displacing all premodern H. sapiens populations without interbreeding with them. c. remained there while premodern populations elsewhere evolved more slowly. d. around 500,000 years ago. e. yet were completely replaced by Neandertals. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 386-387 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a model to explain the origin of modern Homo sapiens? a. An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where indigenous premodern populations were replaced b. An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where both interbreeding and replacement occurred c. Several origins in different areas where modern forms evolved from local populations d. Separate origins in Africa and Australia with migrations from both these areas to displace all other populations Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. Neandertals and Denisovans mix having given rise to H. sapiens ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 385-389 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. According to Partial Replacement Models, modern humans first appeared in Africa a. and interbred with premodern populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them. b. and remained there until modern humans from Asia displaced them. c. about 500,000 years ago. d. but were later displaced by European Neandertals. e. gave rise to several subspecies in Africa, Europe, and Asia. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 387-389 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. What is the theory proposed by Relethford called? a. Mostly out of Africa b. Complete replacement c. Partial replacement d. Regional e. Complete ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 387 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 7. The Regional Continuity Model of modern Homo sapiens origins proposes that a. modern humans appeared solely in Africa. b. premodern populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa all evolved into modern Homo sapiens. c. there was no gene flow between premodern populations from different regions of the Old World. d. gene mixing was low if there was any at all. e. all H. sapiens came from Africa. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 385 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 8. According to the Regional Continuity Model, ________ prevented local populations of premodern Homo sapiens from becoming separate species. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. founder’s effect b. gene flow c. displacement by African Homo sapiens d. mitochondrial DNA e. genetic drift ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 385 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 9. Although there is not complete agreement, current evidence indicates that the earliest anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils are from a. China. b. India. c. Germany. d. France. e. Africa. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 389 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 10. The earliest anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils from Africa have been dated to about a. 100,000-70,000 ya. b. 200,000-150,000 ya. c. 195,000-80,000 ya. d. 35,000 ya. e. 65,000 ya. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 389 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 11. The Herto remains are a. from South Africa. b. include the most complete adult cranium. c. considered to be Neandertals. d. considered to be Ardipithecus. e. also called Cro-Magnon. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 392 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 12. The analysis of the Herto remains indicate they are a. most similar to Australopithecus. b. indistinguishable from modern Homo sapiens. c. most similar to late Homo erectus from China. d. Near-modern and titled Homo sapiens idaltu. e. Hybrid Neandertal and Sapiens ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 13. Early modern Homo sapiens remains have been found at _____ in Israel. a. Kow Swamp b. Herto c. Qafzeh d. Lake Mungo e. Omo ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 14. The Skh l site in Israel is dated to approximately ________ years ago. a. 150,000 b. 75,000 c. 200,000 d. 115,000 e. 40,000 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 394 (At a Glance) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 15. Which of the following is NOT one of the seven anatomically modern human localities in China? a. Upper Cave b. Tianyuan Cave c. Border Cave d. Ordos Cave e. None of these Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 16. One of the earliest anatomically modern H. sapiens in Central Europe came from which site? a. Cro-Magnon b. Tabun c. Katanda d. Osa Cave e. Lake Mungo ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 396-397 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 17. Which of these are two important sites in Central Europe? a. Mladec and Oase Cave b. Tabun and Qafzeh c. Qafzeh and Skh l d. Border Cave and Vindija e. Cro-Magnon and Aurignacian ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 396-397 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 18. _______ is a site in France dated to 28,000 years ago. Fossil material from this site became the archetype for Upper Paleolithic Europeans. a. Skh l b. La Chapelle-aux-Saints c. Cro-Magnon d. Qafzeh e. Zhoukoudian ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 399 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 19. Which is true about the Portuguese site Abrigo do Lagar Velho? a. It had an 8-year-old child skeleton that is 70 percent complete. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. It provides the best evidence of ostensible interbreeding with Neandertals. c. It provides the best evidence of cannibalism. d. It was discovered in 1868. e. It contained the oldest sample of jewelry. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 399 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 20. The most significant H. sapiens fossil locality in China is a. Border Cave. b. Tianyuan Cave. c. Cro-Magnon Cave. d. Lake Mungo. e. Qafzeh. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 21. The skeletal remains from _______ date to about 40,000 years ago. a. Upper Cave b. Zhoukoudian c. Lake Mungo d. Border Cave e. Ordos ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 22. Fossils from _______ suggest that people lived there around 14,000 to 9,000 ya. a. Lake Mungo b. Border Cave c. Ordos d. Kow Cave e. Khoukoudian ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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23. Archaeological sites in Australia have been dated as early as __________ years ago. a. 85,000 b. 30,000 c. 75,000 d. 55,000 e. 95,000 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 24. Lake Mungo remains have been dated at approximately a. 30,000-25,000 ya. b. 200,000 ya. c. 5,000 ya. d. 500,000 ya. e. 70,000-50,000 ya. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 25. Which is NOT true about the Kow Swamp remains? a. They are more robust than the Lake Mungo remains. b. They are less robust than the Lake Mungo remains. c. They are from Australia. d. They suggest that people lived there between 14,000 and 9,000 ya. e. They display certain archaic cranial traits. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 26. The Upper Paleolithic a. began at the onset of the Pleistocene. b. is a cultural period attributed primarily to Neandertals. c. is characterized by the invention of iron tools. d. began about 150,000 years ago. e. is the cultural period that began in Western Europe approx. 40,000 ya. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 400 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 27. The Upper Paleolithic culture period is divided into categories based on stone tool technologies. These include all except a. Solutrean. b. Magdalenian. c. Aurignacian. d. Oldowan e. Gravettian ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 400 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 28. During the last glaciation in Eurasia a. human habitation was impossible. b. the entire area was permanently covered with ice-sheets. c. a warming trend at about 30,000 ya partially melted the glacial ice. d. hunting was impossible because there were no animals in the region. e. none of these is correct ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 400 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 29. During the Upper Paleolithic, humans in Eurasia relied heavily on a. deep sea fishing. b. hunting. c. small-scale farming. d. large-scale agriculture. e. domesticated animals. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 400 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 30. The atlatl is a. a type of projectile point. b. used for starting fires. c. used to increase the distance of a spear throw. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. a drill. e. used for fishing. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 401 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 31. Technological changes typical of the Upper Paleolithic include a. the use of sling shots and bolas. b. the increased use of bone, ivory, and antler. c. the use of metal. d. smelting iron. e. discovery of gun powder. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 401 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Revised 32. Upper Paleolithic peoples made symbolic depictions on all of these EXCEPT a. cave walls. b. rock faces (carved). c. fired clay. d. bone and antler. e. their bodies in the form of tattoos. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 402-403 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 33. Types of Upper Paleolithic art include all EXCEPT a. engravings. b. cave paintings. c. sculptured figurines. d. complex clothes. e. flutes made of bone. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 403-404 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 34. Lascaux and Altamira Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. are well known Neandertal sites. b. are 20,000-year-old campsites. c. contain evidence of butchered mammoths. d. are famous for their numerous cave bear skulls. e. are famous for their elaborate cave paintings. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 404-405 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 35. The cave paintings in the Grotte Chauvet a. are relatively crude and primitive. b. mostly depict landscapes. c. mostly depict female humans. d. date to about 10,000 ya. e. have many images, including dots, stenciled handprints, and hundreds of animal representations. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 405 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 36. Which is not true about Upper Paleolithic cave paintings? a. They are found in France and Spain. b. They may have served as “encoded information” passed from generation to generation. c. They were painted mostly during the last glacial maximum. d. They are the first samples of pornography. e. They were done as early as 35,000 ya. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 405 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 37. Early rock art from Africa may be as old as ________ years. a. 12,000 b. 58,000 c. 100,000 d. 28,000 e. 40,000 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 405 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Revised

38. If the early dates for bone tools found at Katanda are correct, then a. this technology dates to about 1.5 million years ago. b. African cultural innovations must have lagged behind those of Europe. c. this technology dates to about 100,000 years ago. d. Africa may rival many European Upper Paleolithic innovations, as early as 80,000 ya. e. this shows European H. sapiens habitation of the site. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 406 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 39. Which of the following is NOT true about Blombos Cave? a. It includes remarkable bone tools. b. Fragments date to 72,000 ya. c. It includes beads. d. It includes several “Venus” figurines. e. It includes decorated ocher fragments. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 405 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 40. Which African site contained traces of compound adhesives made from red ocher and plant gum used to haft stone tools to handles? a. Sibudu Caves b. Blombos Cave c. Katada Cave d. Pinnacle Point e. Lascaux ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 406 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 41. The transition between premodern and anatomically modern forms of humans may have occurred as early as 500,000 years ago in Africa. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 384 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 42. The two replacement models are the partial Replacement and Regional Continuity models. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 385-389 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 43. The earliest anatomically modern human specimen comes from Omo Kibish (Ethiopia) dating approximately 195,000 ya. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 389 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 44. The Herto fossils are placed in the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: New 45. The multiregional continuity model suggests that local populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued their indigenous evolutionary development from premodern Middle Pleistocene forms to anatomically modern humans. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 385 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: New 46. The fossils from Mlade , in the Czech Republic, are dated to approximately 31,000 ya. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 397 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 47. The morphology of the child’s skeleton from Abrigo do Lagar Velho in Portugal has been cited as support for the Complete Replacement Model. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 399 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 48. There are five early anatomical modern human localities in China. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 394 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: New 49. Recent genetic evidence indicates that all native Australians are descendants of a single migration about 50,000 ya. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 50. The last stage of the Upper Paleolithic period is known as the Magdalenian. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 400 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 51. The Upper Paleolithic saw not much in the way of technological innovation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 401 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: New 52. A burin is an example of a type of atlatl or spear thrower. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 402 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: New 53. By mapping the Neandertal nuclear genome, scientists discovered that some populations living today still retain some Neandertal genes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 387 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 54. Examples of what are thought to be the earliest musical instruments were found at Geissenklösterle Cave in Germany. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 403 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: New 55. The best-known sample and oldest individuals of H. sapiens in Western Europe were found at Cro-Magnon. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 397 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 56. Describe the main points of the Complete Replacement Model. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 386-387 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

57. Describe the main points of Partial Replacement Models. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 387-388 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 58. Describe the main points of the Regional Continuity Model. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 385 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 59. Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in Africa. List and describe the specimens found there. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 389-392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 60. Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in the Near East. List and describe the specimens found there. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 392-393 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 61. Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in Asia. List and describe the specimens found there. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 394-396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 62. Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in Australia. List and describe the specimens found there. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 396 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 63. Discuss the earliest discoveries of modern humans in Central Europe. List and describe the specimens found there. ANSWER: Answer not provided Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 396-397 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 64. What are some of the conclusions that can be drawn from the Herto fossil findings? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 392 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: New 65. Explain the importance of the discovery of the child’s skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho relative to the debate on modern human origins. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 399 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 66. List the five different stone tool industries of the Upper Paleolithic period. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 400 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: New 67. Describe the European technology and art in the Upper Paleolithic period and give examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 400-405 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 68. Which stage of the Upper Paleolithic saw the most advances in technology? Give examples of the technology. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 401-403 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 OTHER: New 69. Describe the African technology and art in the Upper Paleolithic period and give examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 405-406 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.3 - 3 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

70. Define the term “portable art.” When and where do we find it? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 400-405 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.13.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 71. Review the evidence for the earliest appearance of modern human morphology throughout the Old World. ANSWER: Answer not provided 72. Using your knowledge of the fossil record and the genetic evidence, which model of modern human origins is best supported by the current data? ANSWER: Answer not provided 73. What were the environmental and climatic conditions from 40,000 ya to 10,000 ya in Eurasia? How did these factors influence the technological and cultural innovations of Upper Paleolithic humans? ANSWER: Answer not provided 74. Describe the major geographical areas and general dating of the key early fossil evidence of modern humans. ANSWER: Answer not provided 75. Discuss the cultural developments that characterize the Upper Paleolithic as well as contemporaneous cultures in other parts of the world (e.g., Africa) and contrast these with cultural/technological practices of earlier periods. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 14 1. Categorizing people on the basis of skin color a. is mostly a twentieth century phenomenon. b. has been practiced only by Western Europeans. c. is a valid approach to racial taxonomy. d. has a long history and has been practiced by many peoples. e. began with Christopher Columbus. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. The first scientific attempt to classify humans based on biological variation was by a. Christopher Columbus. b. the ancient Egyptians. c. J. F. Blumenbach. d. C. Linnaeus. e. Chaka Zulu. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. Concerning deterministic views, evolutionary biologist _____________remarked that “all American culture heroes embraced racial attitudes that would embarrass public-school mythmakers.” a. Benjamin Franklin b. Thomas Jefferson c. Charles Darwin d. Peter Grant e. Stephen J. Gould ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 413 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. The false belief that there is a relationship between physical traits and certain behavioral traits such as intelligence and morals is called a. eugenics. b. monogenism. c. polygenism. d. biological determinism. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. homeostasis. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 413 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. The philosophy of “race improvement” through the forced sterilization of some groups and the encouraged reproduction of others is termed a. eugenics. b. genetics. c. monogenism. d. polygenism. e. polytheism ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 413 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. The person responsible for popularizing eugenics among nineteenth-century Europeans was a. Charles Darwin. b. Georges Cuvier. c. Charles Lyell. d. Francis Galton. e. Thomas Jefferson. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 413 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 7. The eugenics movement a. formed the basis for notions of racial purity in Nazi Germany. b. was popular throughout the 1990s. c. is now a credited view of racial purity. d. was promoted by Eugene O’Neill. e. is a popular dance style. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 413 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 8. A polytypic species Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. is one that has no phenotypic variability. b. has never been observed in nature. c. is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of NO MORE THAN three traits. d. is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of ONE OR MORE traits. e. is the result of inbreeding. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 413 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 9. The term ________ was proposed in the early 1950s to avoid the more emotionally charged term race. a. populations b. nationality c. ethnicity d. species e. locality ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 416 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: New 10. The application of evolutionary principles to the study of human variation a. reinforced traditional views of races as fixed biological entities that do not change. b. allowed scientists to ignore the adaptive significance of most traits. c. allowed scientists to divide the human species precisely into well-defined races. d. helped replace earlier views based solely on observed phenotypes. e. has been of little value for understanding human variation. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 416 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 11. The modern biological usage of the term race a. has precise definitions agreed upon by all anthropologists. b. refers to the geographically patterned phenotypic variation within a species. c. refers only to skin color. d. refers only to I.Q. e. refers to a person’s nationality. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 416 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 12. Racial traits aren’t the only phenotypic expressions that contribute to social identity. __________ are also critically important. a. Skin and eyes color b. Hair and nose c. ABO blood and sickle cell type d. Height and weight e. Sex and age ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 416 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 13. The characteristics that have traditionally been used to define races a. are the product of Mendelian inheritance. b. easily draw distinct boundaries between populations. c. do not vary within groups. d. are polygenic. e. can easily be altered ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 417 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 14. A balanced polymorphism discussed in the text is a. lactose intolerance. b. the A, B, and O alleles. c. the HbS allele. d. malaria. e. dengue. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 431 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 15. Which of the following is a polymorphic trait in most human populations? a. ABO blood type b. ADN macrosatellites c. PNS Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. DHL e. HTC ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 419 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 16. The frequency of the O allele is almost 100 percent in a. Northern Europeans. b. Chinese. c. Eurasians. d. African blacks. e. South American Indians. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 419 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 17. The frequencies of the A, B and O alleles a. are the same in all populations. b. vary between populations. c. are definitely NOT affected by natural selection. d. have never been measured for different populations. e. are definitely NOT affected by genetic drift. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 397 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 INTR.JURM.18.14.5 - 5 OTHER: New 18. Some atypical frequencies of HLA alleles of certain populations in Australia and New Guinea is likely due

to a. genetic drift. b. copy number variants. c. founder effect. d. SNPs. e. eugenics. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 420 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: New Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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19. The ________ system is involved in the immune response. a. Xg b. Rh c. MN d. ABO e. HLA ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 420 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 20. Current evidence suggests that certain HLA antigens appear to function to a. resist malaria. b. cause sickle-cell anemia. c. cause malaria. d. cause HIV. e. cause hepatitis B. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 420 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 21. A recent study called the 1000 Genomes Project identified between ________ gene variants associated with

disease. a. 10 and 25 b. 25 and 50 c. 50 and 100 d. 75 and 125 e. 5 and 35 ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 423 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: New 22. According to the population geneticist R. D. Lewontin, a. human races have specific genetic markers. b. about 94 percent of human genetic variation is found WITHIN major population groups. c. geographical and local races account for about 85 percent of human variation. d. there’s no biological value in the further study of geographical populations. e. there is great biological value in the study of floating populations. ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 424 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 23. The areas in the DNA that contain repeated segments are a. termed macrosatellites. b. termed SNPs. c. the basis for DNA fingerprinting. d. SCM (self-cloning mechanisms). e. unoriginal traits. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 421 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 24. Geographical, ecological, and social factors influence a. solipsism. b. celibacy. c. DNA. d. sexogamy. e. mate choice. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 425 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 25. The gene pool concept a. refers to the total complement of genes shared by non-reproductive members of a population. b. is no longer used by modern anthropologists. c. refers to the total complement of genes shared by reproductive members of a population. d. refers to the total complement of mutations shared by reproductive members of a population. e. refers to any type of genetic mutation. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 425 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 26. Endogamy refers to a. mating outside of a group. b. marrying but not mating inside of a group. c. advantageous traits that evolve in a population over time. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. disadvantageous traits that evolve in a population over time. e. marrying/mating within the group. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 425 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 27. A group of interbreeding individuals that shares a common gene pool is a a. group of species. b. population. c. polytypic species. d. race. e. clinal distribution. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 425 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 28. Population geneticists use the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation to determine a. whether evolution is occurring at all loci throughout the genome simultaneously. b. whether evolution is occurring at a given locus. c. the mode of inheritance of Mendelian traits. d. whether a particular trait is polygenic. e. whether a particular trait is polygamous. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 425 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: New 29. The Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium formula assumes that a. the population under study is infinitely large. b. there is constant mutation of alleles in the population under study. c. the population under study is very small. d. natural selection is very active. e. a great gene flow activity takes place. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 30. If the observed allele frequencies in a population differ significantly from those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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equilibrium theory, then a. the population is in genetic equilibrium. b. evolution is not occurring. c. mutations have stopped occurring. d. the population is a breeding isolate. e. evolution is occurring. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 31. Which of the following statements explains why a population must be infinitely large in order to be in genetic equilibrium? a. There are no mutations in large populations. b. Small populations have higher rates of mutation than do large populations. c. Natural selection cannot act on large populations. d. Mating must be random in large populations. e. Large populations are less likely to have chance changes in allele frequencies. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 32. If mating is random, then a. mate choice is based on social factors such as religion or level of education. b. mate choice is biased. c. mating is promiscuous. d. any female has an equal chance of mating with any male. e. mating must be monogamous. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 33. Under idealized Hardy-Weinberg conditions, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. No new alleles will be added to a population’s gene pool. b. No alleles will be removed from a population’s gene pool. c. There will be no change in allele frequencies in a population over time. d. There are no molecular changes in the gametes. e. Mutation rates will increase with each generation. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 34. In the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium formula, p is the a. frequency of the recessive allele. b. mutation rate. c. frequency of heterozygotes. d. frequency of the dominant allele. e. frequency of the dormant allele. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 428 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 35. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium formula, if p = 0.25, then q must equal ________. a. 0.50 b. 0.25 c. 0.35 d. 0.60 e. 0.75 ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 36. According to the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium formula, if the frequency of q is 0.4, then the frequency of p in the population should be a. 1.0. b. 0.36. c. 0.16. d. 0.48. e. 0.6. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 37. According to the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium formula, the value of q is the a. frequency of dominant alleles. b. frequency of recessive alleles. c. total number of alleles. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. total number of population genetics. e. result of the Hardy-Weinberg problem. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 38. According to the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium formula, the value of p is the a. frequency of dominant alleles. b. frequency of recessive alleles. c. total number of alleles. d. total number of population genetics. e. result of the Hardy-Weinberg problem. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 39. Which of the following is FALSE about lactose intolerance? a. It results from the lack of lactase. b. It has a genetic basis. c. It is a good example of biocultural evolution. d. It can be influenced by the environment. e. It is a psychosomatic illness of the somatoform-disorder type. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 432-433 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 40. _______ is an example of biocultural evolution. a. Variations in body mass index b. The relationship between lactase deficiency and cultural practices c. Variations in head shape d. The worldwide distribution of ABO allele frequencies e. Alcoholism ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 432-433 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 41. John Blumenbach was the first European scientist to classify humans into races. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 42. Francis Galton, Darwin’s cousin, originated the eugenics approach to “race improvement.” a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 413 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 43. The term race currently has only biological connotations and is without any social significance. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 416 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 44. The term ethnicity was originally proposed in order to avoid the emotional baggage associated with the term race. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 416 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 45. Forensic anthropologists must deal with the race concept because they are asked by law enforcement agencies to identify an individual’s race from skeletal remains. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 417 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 46. The ABO alleles have no variance among humans. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 419 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: New 47. Single nucleotide changes or point mutations never occur in non-protein-coding portions of DNA. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 421 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: New 48. Breeding isolates are groups that are clearly separated geographically and/or socially from other breeding groups. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 425 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 49. If the expected frequencies of genotypes calculated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium formula do NOT differ significantly from those measured in the population being studied, then evolution is clearly occurring. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 50. Inbreeding is a form of random mating. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 430 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 51. The risk of genetic defects among the offspring of first-cousin marriages is no higher than that of the general Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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population. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 430 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 52. A genetic trait is considered a polymorphism if the locus governing that trait has two or more alleles. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 419 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 53. Biocultural evolution influences the ways in which humans adapt to environmental challenges. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 412 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 54. Evidence has suggested a simple dominant mode of inheritance for lactase persistence in adults. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 432 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 55. Lactose intolerance, which involves an individual’s ability to digest milk, is another example of human biocultural evolution. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 432 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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56. What does it mean when one states that humans are members of the same polytypic species? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 413 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 57. Contrast the concept of race as it is currently employed with racism. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 415-418 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 58. Explain the concept of biological determinism and how it can lead to such things as slavery and eugenics. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 413 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.1 - 1 OTHER: New 59. Describe the various meanings the word race has had since the 1500s. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 415-418 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: New 60. What polymorphisms exist at the DNA level? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 421-425 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 61. How are the concepts of population, gene pool, and breeding isolates related to each other? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 425-428 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 62. Write the equation for the Hardy-Weinberg theory of genetic equilibrium and list four of the five assumptions that must be met in an idealized population at equilibrium. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 426 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 63. If the frequency of the recessive allele in a population is 0.3, what is the frequency of the dominant allele? Now, use the Hardy-Weinberg formula to calculate the expected genotypic frequencies. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 426-430 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 64. The frequency of the recessive allele in a population is 0.4 and the observed genotypic frequencies are 0.75 for the homozygous dominants, 0.15 for the heterozygotes, and 0.1 for homozygous recessives. Is this population evolving? Show your work. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 426-430 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 65. What is the physiological mechanism of lactose intolerance? Why is the ability to digest milk sugars an example of biocultural evolution? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 432-433 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 66. Describe the philosophy of racial purity during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 414-415 (A Closer Look) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 67. Describe the genetic polymorphisms used to study human variation ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 419-425 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 68. Describe the new findings through DNA analysis about ancient human migrations. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 422-423 (A Closer Look) Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 69. Explain how the evolutionary interactions affect the frequency of the sickle-cell allele. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 431-432 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 70. Describe the benefits of incest avoidance among vertebrates. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 431 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 71. Explain why sickle-cell anemia has recently become an important genetic factor in human populations. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 431 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.5 - 5 OTHER: New 72. Describe the term “breeding isolates” and give an example. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 425 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.14.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 73. Define the term race. How does the modern use of race differ from the nineteenth-century use of race? ANSWER: Answer not provided 74. What have population geneticists discovered about human polymorphisms of the DNA? ANSWER: Answer not provided 75. Use your knowledge of genetics to explain why inbreeding tends to increase homozygosity. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 15 1. Adaptation is a. seen only in nonhuman animals. b. the same as acclimatization. c. always temporary. d. a genetic adjustment to environmental conditions. e. a birth defect. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 438 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. Biological systems are balanced systems maintained by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for both external and internal changes. Such a balanced system is in a. hypoxia. b. homeostasis. c. heterostasis. d. acclimatization. e. polystasis. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 438 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. Acclimatization refers to a. long-term adaptations of species to certain environmental conditions. b. an individual’s short-term physiological responses to the environment. c. the appearance of a new species. d. slow genetic changes in populations. e. migration. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 438-439 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. Which of the following contributes most to skin color? a. Hemoglobin b. Melanin c. Carotene d. Vitamin D e. Cold weather Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 440 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. Which of the following absorbs ultraviolet radiation? a. Carotene b. Hemoglobin c. Vitamin D d. Melanin e. Melanocytes ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 440 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. Melanocytes a. are cells that produce carotene. b. cause skin cancer. c. only occur in dark-skinned individuals. d. absorb ultraviolet radiation. e. produce melanin. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 440 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 7. Ultraviolet radiation can be an important factor in selection for increased melanin production because UV radiation can cause a. rickets. b. albinism. c. skin cancer. d. the destruction of foliage. e. drought. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 440 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 8. Dark skin is advantageous in the tropics because it a. protects from frostbite. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. protects from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. c. helps prevent rickets. d. promotes vitamin D synthesis. e. increases the skin’s exposure to ultraviolet radiation. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 440-441 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 9. Rickets is caused by a. overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. b. too much vitamin D. c. an insufficient amount of melanin. d. too few melanocytes. e. insufficient amounts of vitamin D. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 442 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 10. Studies have shown that UV radiation rapidly depletes ______, which plays a crucial role in neural tube development of the embryo. a. melanin b. melanocytes c. carotene d. folate e. omega 3 ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 441 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 11. The folate hypothesis a. contradicts the importance of the relationship between UV radiation and skin cancer. b. purports to explain why dark skin is advantageous in high UV environments. c. CANNOT explain why dark skin is advantageous in high UV environments. d. explains why dark-skinned individuals often have rickets. e. explains why leaves fall in autumn. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 441 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Pickup

12. The vitamin D hypothesis a. helps explain why dark-skinned populations are found near the equator. b. has never been challenged. c. cannot explain why light skin may be adaptive in low UV environments. d. remains the primary hypothesis explaining why skin color lightened as populations moved out of Africa. e. helped Pasteur to discover the process of homogenization ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 442 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 13. Sweating a. is a uniquely human ability. b. has no detrimental effects. c. is NOT an effective means of dissipating heat. d. permits cooling through evaporation. e. is an ability that varies from one human population to another. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 445 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 14. Mechanisms for radiating body heat include a. increased production of red blood cells. b. vasodilation. c. vasoconstriction. d. increased activity levels. e. increased metabolic rate. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 445 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 15. Vasodilation a. reduces heat loss at the skin’s surface. b. can be caused by exposure to cold temperatures and can be inhibited by some drugs, even alcohol. c. is the widening or opening up of capillaries, which in turn increases blood flow to the skin. d. reduces libido. e. is a myth. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 445 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 16. Bergmann’s rule a. states that a linear body with long arms and legs is optimal for cold climates. b. concerns the relationship between climate and shape and size of appendages. c. states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold climates. d. is based upon the principle that as arms increase in length, there is a corresponding increase in surface area. e. is based on the principle that heat is retained at the body surface. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 446 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 17. Physiological methods of either producing or retaining body heat include a. shivering. b. a reduced metabolic rate. c. vasodilation. d. avoiding physical activity. e. sweating. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 448 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 18. Hypoxia a. is the reduced availability of oxygen. b. occurs at lower altitudes because the atmosphere contains less oxygen at sea level. c. exerts no stress on humans. d. is a problem for people living at sea level. e. is closely related to dyslexia. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 449 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 19. Stresses imposed by living at high altitudes include a. reduced availability of oxygen. b. reduced exposure to cold and wind. c. greater nutritional base. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. greater availability of oxygen. e. deficiency of red blood cells. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 449 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 20. Which is true of populations living at high altitudes compared to those living at sea level? a. Low birth weights are more frequent at high altitudes. b. Low birth weights are more frequent at low altitudes. c. People produce fewer red blood cells at high altitudes. d. Growth and maturation occur more rapidly at high altitudes. e. Chest and lung size are reduced at higher altitudes. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 449 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 21. Infectious diseases a. affect only children and infants. b. are associated with aging. c. are always fatal. d. have had no evolutionary effects on humans. e. are caused by microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 451 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 22. Fleas and mosquitoes sometimes transmit disease pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from one individual to another. Such agents (fleas and mosquitoes) are called a. pathogens. b. vectors. c. pandemics. d. endemics. e. adjacents ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 451 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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23. When a disease is continuously present in a population, it is said to be a. pandemic. b. chronic. c. epidemic. d. lethal. e. endemic. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 452 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 24. HIV attacks a. all cells in the body. b. liver cells. c. red blood cells. d. T4 cells. e. T6 cells. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 453 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 25. Which of the following provides the best-documented example of the evolutionary role of infectious disease in humans? a. Bubonic plague b. Malaria c. Tuberculosis d. Smallpox e. Influenza ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 452-453 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 26. AIDS is caused by a. mosquito bites. b. a bacterium. c. a mutation on a cell’s receptor site. d. a virus. e. poor living conditions. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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REFERENCES: 453 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 27. Recent evidence does NOT suggest that a. HIV is closely related to SIV. b. HIV was initially transmitted to humans from primates with a similar disease. c. HIV has two main forms, HIV-1 and HIV-2. d. SIV has a long evolutionary history in monkeys. e. HIV is not as harmful as we used to believe. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 453 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 28. ________ provides the best-documented example of evolution and adaptation in a pathogen. a. Tuberculosis b. Cholera c. AIDS d. Malaria e. HIV ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 453 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 29. Skeletal biologists who study disease and trauma in prehistoric remains are called a. zoologists. b. primatologists. c. anthropologists. d. paleopathologists. e. medical historians. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 458 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 30. ___________ is the most common category of pathological conditions found in prehistoric remains. a. Gastrointestinal disease b. Heart disease c. Impotence d. Dental disease Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. Mental disease ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 458 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 31. One “marker” of an agricultural lifestyle is the high frequency of a. smallpox. b. country concerts. c. caries. d. cholera. e. AIDS. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 458 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 32. Paleopathologists also study trauma, which is found most typically in the form of a. caries. b. arthritis. c. unhealed fractures. d. healed fractures. e. tendonitis. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 458 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 33. Skeletal biologists are very much interested in learning how prehistoric peoples behaved and how numerous behaviors influenced their health. In the last two decades, many skeletal experts have identified this approach with the term a. bioarchaeology. b. bioanarchy. c. prehistoric biology. d. paleobiology. e. paleoanthrobiology. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 461 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 34. ___________and nitrogen isotope analyses of human bone provide the most information about diet. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. Unstable carbon b. Stable ozone c. Stable argon d. Stable carbon e. Unstable argon ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 462 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 35. Three different types of skeletal changes popular with bioarchaeologists attempting to reconstruct prehistoric

activity patterns are a. osteoarthritis, entheses, and caries. b. entheses, osteoarthritis, and bone geometry. c. bone geometry, osteoarthritis, and fractures. d. bone geometry, entheses, and bone cancer. e. entheses, osteoarthritis, and fractures. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 461 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: New 36. Adaptations refer to short-term physiological responses to stress. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 438 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 37. Developmental acclimatization occurs in high-altitude natives during growth and development. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 449 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 38. The most interesting fact about human skin color is that there appears to be no adaptive significance whatsoever to population-level variations in skin color. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 439 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 39. Of the three types of skin cells found in the epidermis, only melanocytes are susceptible to cancerous changes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 446 (A Closer Look) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 40. BCCs and SCCs tend to appear in middle age long after underlying genetic damage that occurred during childhood and adolescence. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 446-447 (A Closer Look) LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 41. Bergmann’s rule concerns the shape of the body, especially the appendages. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 446 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 42. Hypoxia results from reduced barometric pressure. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 449 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 43. The prevalence of preeclampsia in women living at elevations over 10,000 feet is higher than those living at

lower elevations. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 449 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: New 44. An endemic disease is more likely to occur in small bands of hunter-gatherers. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 452 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.2 - 2 OTHER: New 45. Zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans by contact with contaminated water. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 452 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.2 - 2 OTHER: New 46. It is possible that during its long history, smallpox may have altered the frequency of the ABO blood types

by selecting against the A allele. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 454 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.2 - 2 OTHER: New 47. The oldest evidence of human infection by HIV is an HIV-positive blood sample taken from a West African patient in 1959. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 456 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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48. Mortality due to infectious diseases has decreased in recent years in the United States. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 457 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: New 49. Many physical anthropologists concentrate on the study of human skeletons found in prehistoric archaeological contexts. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 458 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 50. Metabolic diseases such as rickets are most severe when they affect children during development. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 459 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 51. Skeletal biologists are limited to studying the mechanics of skeletal changes caused by physical activity. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 461 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: New 52. Define homeostasis. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 438 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 53. Give detailed examples of temporary and developmental acclimatization in human populations. ANSWER: Answer not provided Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 438-439 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 54. What are neural tube defects, and how might they affect reproductive fitness? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 441 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 55. What is the physiological role of vitamin D? What are the dietary and nondietary sources of Vitamin D? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 442-443 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 56. What are the various physiological mechanisms for reducing heat stress? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 445-448 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 57. Define vasoconstriction, and describe its role in the human physiological response to cold. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 448-449 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 58. Discuss two physiological challenges faced by populations that live at high altitudes. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 449-450 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 59. What is the nature of the evidence suggesting that HIV was initially transmitted to humans from nonhuman primates? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 445-456 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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60. What does the term zoonotic disease mean? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 452 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 61. Your text indicates that HIV provides the best-documented example of evolution and adaptation of a pathogen. Why is this so? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 455-456 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 62. Explain how making the move from a nomadic hunting lifestyle to a more sedentary community lifestyle

increased the opportunity for diseases to become endemic and more widespread. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 451-452 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.2 - 2 OTHER: New 63. Discuss the relation of dental caries and the emergence of agriculture ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 458 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 64. Name and describe one of the most infectious diseases that paleopathologists have been able to document in prehistoric remains. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 458-459 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 65. Explain how bioarchaeology can help us reconstruct activity patterns of ancient peoples. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 461-462 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 66. Describe the different techniques used by skeletal biologists to determine the type of diets of our ancestors. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 462-463 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.15.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 67. What is the adaptive value of dark skin tones in equatorial regions such as Africa? If all humans are ultimately from Africa, what hypothesis has been offered to explain why skin tones lightened as humans came to occupy more northern latitudes? ANSWER: Answer not provided 68. Outline the general principles of Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules. Can we use these rules to explain human phenotypic variation at the level of the population? Support your answer with examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided 69. How did the adoption of a settled lifestyle affect patterns of infectious disease in human populations? ANSWER: Answer not provided 70. Discuss three factors that are contributing to the reemergence of infectious diseases that used to be close to extinction. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 16 1. Origin of food production a. began approximately 5,000 ya. b. slowed down the pace of cultural change. c. began approximately 10,000 ya. d. has caused biological change to be accelerated. e. has caused technological advances to stop. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 469 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. Which of these does NOT reflect the interaction of environment and genes? a. Intelligence b. Body shape c. Growth d. Height e. Albinism ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 469 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 3. Our evolved biology may not be matched well with our contemporary lives, resulting in ______ than

compared to our recent ancestors. a. better health and longer lives b. poorer health and shorter lives c. poorer health but longer lives d. better health but shorter lives e. no change in health or life span ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 468 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.1 - 1 OTHER: New 4. In humans, there is a second major growth spurt after birth that occurs during a. old age. b. infancy. c. adolescence. d. juvenile stage. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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e. conception. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 482 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 5. Life history theory a. seeks to answer why humans evolved as bipeds. b. does NOT have an evolutionary perspective. c. seeks to understand the impact of natural selection on life cycles. d. explores only sexual dimorphism. e. begins with the premise that there is only a certain amount of energy available for growth,

maintenance of life, and reproduction. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 477-478 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 6. For humans, approximately what percent of adult brain size is completed by the time of birth? a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent e. 100 percent ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 479 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 7. Great apes and women in foraging societies nurse their infants for approximately how many years? a. 1-2 b. 2-3 c. 3-4 d. 5-6 e. 6-7 ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 480 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 8. The human preagricultural diet was Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. high in fats and low in carbohydrates. b. high in fats and animal proteins. c. low in fats and high in animal proteins. d. low in complex carbohydrates and calcium. e. high in fat and sodium. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 470 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 9. Nutrients needed for growth, development, and body maintenance include all EXCEPT a. alcohol. b. proteins. c. carbohydrates. d. lipids. e. vitamins and minerals. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 470 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 10. The “new” foods types that came along with agriculture and animal domestication include all EXCEPT a. dairy products. b. wheat. c. fruits. d. barley. e. rice. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 471-472 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 11. The crush of billions of people almost completely dependent on cereal grains mean millions face all of the following EXCEPT a. obesity. b. malnutrition. c. undernutrition. d. starvation. e. food inequality. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 473 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 12. The instructions that determine which genes are expressed in cells and how they are expressed are called a. menarche. b. menopause. c. senescence. d. pleiotropic. e. epigenome. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 475 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 13. All of the following are endocrine glands responsible for producing hormones in the body EXCEPT the a. thyroid. b. ovaries. c. pituitary. d. sweat glands. e. testes. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 475 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: New 14. Which field studies changes in phenotype that are not related to DNA? a. Epigenetics b. Epigenomes c. Evolutionary medicine d. Life history e. Bioarchaeology ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 475 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: New 15. Two hormones that are important in growth and development include _____ and growth hormone. a. insulin b. cortisol c. pancreas d. hypothalamus e. melanin Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 476 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.2 - 2 OTHER: Revised 16. The disorder that is clearly linked to dietary and lifestyle behaviors, such as decreased activity levels and an increased consumption of fats and refined carbohydrates, is a. HIV. b. SIV. c. malaria. d. smallpox. e. diabetes. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 472-473 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 17. Human babies are about ____ of their mother’s size at birth. a. 6 percent b. 8 percent c. 3 percent d. 10 percent e. 5 percent ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 479 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: New 18. A female’s first menstruation is known as a. menopause. b. menarche. c. andropause. d. adrenarche. e. cyclopause. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 478 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 19. Though it may give a rise in status in non-Western societies, _____ is viewed negatively in the West. a. menarche Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. menopause c. adolescence d. life cycle e. homosexuality ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 478 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 20. A woman who never becomes pregnant may have as many as _____ cycles between menarche and menopause. a. 200 b. 400 c. 1,000 d. 600 e. 100 ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 477 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 21. For most women in the world, menopause begins around the age of a. 50. b. 35. c. 40. d. 25. e. 65. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 478 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 22. Infancy is the period of nursing, and in humans it typically lasts about a. 4 years. b. 3 years. c. 6 months. d. 1 year. e. 2 years. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 480 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

New

23. Human milk is extremely low in fats and a. carbohydrates. b. minerals. c. vitamins. d. protein. e. glucose. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 480 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: New 24. The time between weaning and puberty is called a. infancy. b. adolescence. c. childhood. d. menarche. e. senescence. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 481 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: New 25. Why do human females have such a long period during which they can no longer reproduce? a. Women lack libido in comparison to men. b. Women are biologically “programmed” to live 12-15 years beyond the birth of their child. c. Women need men to keep their infants fed. d. Women are not attractive after reproductive age. e. Women are more aggressive after reproductive age. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 483 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 26. What is the estimated maximum life span for humans? a. 50 yrs. b. 80 yrs. c. 35 yrs. d. 100 yrs. e. 120 yrs. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 484 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 27. The decline in physiological function usually associated with aging is called a. menarche. b. menopause. c. senescence. d. puberty. e. epigenome. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 484 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 28. The “grandmother hypothesis” proposes to explain the a. age of onset of menopause. b. age of puberty for males. c. age of onset of menarche. d. existence of menarche. e. love for grandmothers universally. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 483 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 29. In some societies, old age is often correlated with all of the following EXCEPT a. wisdom. b. knowledge. c. independence. d. new freedoms. e. higher status. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 484 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: New 30. _______ genes have multiple effects at different times in the life span or under different conditions. a. Ontogenetic b. Telomere Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. Pleiotropic d. Hidden e. Dominant ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 484 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 31. One hypothesis that proposes to explain senescence notes that cells that divide throughout the life course have shortened DNA sequences at the end of the chromosomes. This is referred to as the ______ hypothesis. a. hadromere b. carsonomere c. telomere d. intron e. grandmother ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 485 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 32. Before the AIDS epidemic in Africa, Zimbabweans had a life expectancy of 61 years. But by 2000, this figure dropped to a. 35. b. 45. c. 60. d. 55. e. 40. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 486 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: Revised 33. Changes in telomere length have also been implicated in a. cancers. b. weight gain. c. stunt stature. d. blindness. e. weight loss. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 485 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

Revised

34. Due to AIDS, many African nations have seen life expectancy drop to the low a. 20s. b. 30s. c. 40s. d. 50s. e. 60s. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 486 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: Revised 35. Whether we will become a different species in the future a. is not a question we can easily answer. b. is a question that anthropologists have considered. c. is certain; we will all have big heads, big eyes, and four fingers on each hand. d. does not depend on the future course of evolution. e. is almost certain to occur in 100 years. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 487 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 36. Biological change occurs fast, whereas cultural change tends to be slow. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 469 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 37. In the United States, the primary determinant of health and nutrition is socioeconomic status. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 469 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 38. In humans, growth begins at conception and ends at weaning. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 469 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 39. Nutrition has an effect ONLY on the prenatal period of the human life cycle. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 470 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 40. At birth, the human brain is only about 50 percent of its adult size. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 479 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Revised 41. The contemporary diet typical of industrialized societies is basically unchanged from preagricultural diets. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 470 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 42. Both nutritional deficiencies and excesses can cause health problems and interfere with childhood growth. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 473 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 43. Lifestyle factors, such as smoking and diet, are far more important than the effects of genes on the aging process. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 486 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 44. Throughout the world, men have higher life expectancies than women. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 486 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 45. Human infants born today can survive and grow without breast milk. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 480 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: New 46. Early life events have no impact on the age of menopause. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 482 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: New 47. One of the leading causes of death in the United States is infectious disease. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 484 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: New 48. The maximum life span potential, estimated to be about 120 years, has probably not changed in the last

several thousand years. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 484 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: New 49. Anticancer mechanisms operating in early life may have opposite effects in later life. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 485 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: New 50. One of the most significant legacies from our evolutionary history is our biological and behavioral flexibility. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 487 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.6 - 6 OTHER: Pickup 51. Socioeconomic and political concerns have no effects on our species today. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 487 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.6 - 6 OTHER: New 52. What are the effects of biocultural evolution on the individual? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 469 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 53. Explain how the biological and behavioral characteristics that in the past contributed to adaptation may be

maladaptive today and give examples. ANSWER: DIFFICULTY:

Answer not provided Conceptual

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REFERENCES: 472-474 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: New 54. Explain how diet and nutrition can impact human growth at every stage of the life cycle. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 469-470 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: New 55. Describe and contrast human diet prior to 10,000 ya and today. Discuss its effects on humans. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 469-472 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 56. How did the development of agriculture and animal domestication affect human health? ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 470-471 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: New 57. Describe epigenomes and their effect on growth and development in humans. Give examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 475-477 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 58. Explain the way in which genes affect growth and development through their effects on hormones. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 475-477 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.3 - 3 OTHER: Revise 59. Describe the life history theory and its function in human evolution. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 477-478 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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60. Describe the life cycles of pregnancy, birth, and infancy. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 478-481 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 61. Explain and give examples of the importance and benefits of breastfeeding in humans. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 480-481 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 62. Discuss the life cycle of childhood and the reasons why it is unusually long in humans. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 481 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 63. Explain the onset of reproductive functioning in humans. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 481-482 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: Pickup 64. Explain menopause and the theories for its possible function in female humans. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 459-461 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.4 - 4 OTHER: New 65. Explain how we are still evolving and adapting in today’s modern age. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 487 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.6 - 6 OTHER: New 66. Define senescence, and discuss one of the hypotheses that attempt to explain it. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 484-487 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.16.5 - 5 OTHER: Pickup 67. Explain the nutritional effects on growth, development, and later-life health. ANSWER: Answer not provided 68. Why do human females have such a long period of time during which they can no longer reproduce? ANSWER: Answer not provided 69. Discuss the three proposals for why humans age. ANSWER: Answer not provided 70. Compare the environmental conditions under which humans evolved with the environments in which we live today. ANSWER: Answer not provided 71. Explain the proposal that human biology that evolved under dietary conditions of the past may be mismatched with the foods we consume today, resulting in a number of diseases and disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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CHAPTER 17 1. Modern humans beings are the result of a. biocultural evolution. b. accidental fertility. c. genetic engineering. d. Cartesian philosophy. e. planned parenthood. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 491 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 2. _________ and _________ have allowed us to adapt beyond our biological limits. a. Climatic change, extinction of species b. Hunting, agriculture c. Pollution, habitat loss d. Ozone, methane gas e. Culture, technology ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 492 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 3. The overwhelming consensus among climate scientists is that global warming is occurring and a. it is a cyclical phenomenon. b. human activities are the cause. c. glaciation will correct it. d. it is sensationalized by the media. e. we should not worry. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 492 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 4. The future of much of life as we know it will be decided in the next a. glaciation. b. one thousand years. c. few decades. d. earthquake. e. presidential term. ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 492 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 5. If we see life ultimately as a competition among reproducing organisms, ______ are the winners hands down. a. algae b. bacteria c. fungi d. viruses e. bonobos ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 492 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 6. Scientists estimate that around 10,000 year ago, only about _____ people inhabited the earth. a. 5 billion b. 5 trillion c. 5 thousand d. 5 million e. zero (earth was created 6,000 years ago) ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 493 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 7. Today we add one billion people to the world’s population approximately every 13 years, which comes out to about ________ people an hour. a. 9,000 b. 200,000 c. 90,000 d. 2,000 e. 900 ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 493 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 8. A 2009 study estimated that 48 percent of the world’s population survives on less than ______ per day (Population Reference Bureau, 2009). a. $100 b. $2,000 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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c. $50 d. $250 e. $2 ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 493 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 9. Human impact on local environments increases dramatically as soon as people began to live in a. apartment complexes. b. free unions. c. permanent settlements. d. the woods. e. mobile homes. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 493 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 10. Millions of people in Pakistan were affected by flooding in 2010 and 2011 that resulted in part from ______ and dam construction. a. deforestation b. mining c. excessive fishing d. demographic implosion e. bad plumbing ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 494 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 11. __________ warmed the earth by trapping heat. a. Ultraviolet rays b. Greenhouse gases c. Infrared rays d. Solar panels e. Polar caskets ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 494 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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12. ________ is the most significant contributor to global warming. We currently release 35 billion tons of this substance into the atmosphere every year. a. Oxygen b. Nitrogen c. Methane d. Hydrogen e. Carbon dioxide ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 494-495 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 13. The study of ______ shows that there is significantly more carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere than at any time in the last 800,000 years. a. ice core data b. earth’s electromagnetic field c. aurora borealis analyses d. coral reefs e. ocean temperatures ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 495 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 14. The least amount of ice that is present in the arctic in one year is called a. sea ice maximum. b. sea ice minimum. c. sea ice average. d. ice age. e. reverse glaciation. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 497 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Revised 15. Without sea ice in the summer, _____ and several other species that depend on it may very well become extinct in the foreseeable future. a. grizzly bears b. arctic cats c. gentoo penguins d. polar bears e. emperor penguins Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 497 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 16. The overwhelming consensus among climate scientists points directly to “human-driven” global change, especially due to a. induced photosynthesis. b. production of fluorocarbons. c. burning of fossil fuels. d. lack of emission regulations. e. the high number of clunkers on the streets. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 498 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 17. In the arctic, the greatest amount of sea ice that is present in one year is called a. sea ice minimum. b. sea ice average. c. ice age. d. sea ice maximum. e. reverse glaciation. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 497 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 18. The global dangers to ecosystems from _______ are potentially as great as global warming, so much so in fact that some marine biologists have termed it “the other CO2 problem.” a. ocean concentration b. ocean acidification c. ozone extermination d. fluorocarbon production e. water evaporation ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 498-499 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 19. According to biologist Stephen Palumbi (2001), humans are the world's Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. greatest creation. b. weakest evolutionary force. c. greatest evolutionary force. d. greatest devolutionary force. e. greatest threat. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 500 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 20. There have been at least how many mass extinctions over the course of 570 million years? a. 15 b. 2 c. 7 d. 20 e. 12 ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 500 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: New 21. Even massive geological events and mass extinctions did not wreak the havoc that may result from modern human a. philosophy. b. relations. c. warfare. d. technology. e. religion. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 500 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 22. A third major extinction event is occurring now, and according to some scientists, it may have begun in the late Pleistocene or early a. Holocene. b. Cambrian. c. Ordovician. d. Jurassic. e. Miocene. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 500 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 23. For at least the past 15,000 years, human activities such as hunting and clearing land for cultivation, have taken their toll on a. human species. b. nonhuman species. c. nonhuman primates. d. mammals. e. alien species. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 501 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 24. In most cases the most important cause of extinction is a. sterilization. b. urbanization. c. consumerism. d. habitat reduction. e. habitat expansion. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 501 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 25. An extension of the convention on biological diversity took place in October 2012 (Nagoya, Japan) and was organized by a. G-20. b. OPEC. c. United Nations. d. United States. e. G-5. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 501-502 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 26. It is likely that human technology and lifestyles are responsible for the deadly nature of some of the so-called new diseases that have arisen in recent decades, such as a. poliomyelitis. b. leprosy. c. scurvy. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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d. smallpox. e. HIV/AIDS. ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 502-503 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 27. _____ is perhaps the best known insecticide to have altered the course of a species evolution. a. Nicotine b. DDT c. Pyrethrum d. Ryanoids e. Windex ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 503 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 28. The use of DDT proved disastrous to many bird species, including a. the dodo bird. b. chickens. c. bald eagles. d. ostriches. e. turkeys. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 503 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 29. The average American uses an estimated______ times the resources consumed by the average resident of Bangladesh. a. 400 b. 200 c. 40 d. 20 e. 4,000 ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 504 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 30. According E. O. Wilson, in order for every person on the planet to be able to reach the same level of consumption as Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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in the United States, ________additional planet earths would be required. a. 10 b. 8 c. 6 d. 2 e. 4 ANSWER: e DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 505 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 31. It is common knowledge among economists that as income and education increase, family size a. remains unchanged. b. decreases. c. doubles. d. increases. e. splits. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 505 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 32. One of the best strategies for reducing family size, and thus world population, is to educate a. boys and girls. b. boys and men. c. elder men. d. girls and women. e. elder women. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 505 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 33. Costa Rica has been able to preserve much of its forest and wildlife by developing a. soccer skills. b. ecotourism. c. urban settlements. d. diplomacy. e. a better army. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 505 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 34. Habitat destruction and ______ often go hand in hand. a. war b. activism c. poverty d. evolution e. survival ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 505 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 35. Annually since 2005, leaders from both developing countries and developed countries have come together to

discuss ways to reduce a. hunger. b. disease. c. war. d. population. e. global poverty. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 505 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.3 - 3 OTHER: New 36. About 70 percent of Americans believe that human activity is causing the climate to change. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 497 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: New 37. Since 2001, we have seen 15 out of the 16 warmest years on record. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 496 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: New Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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38. Sea ice minimum is the least amount of ice that is present in the arctic in one year. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 497 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 39. Sea ice maximum is the greatest amount of ice that is present in Antarctica in one year. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 497 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 40. As temperatures continue to rise, the weather will become more stabilized. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 498 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: New 41. Holocene is the most recent epoch of the Cenozoic. Following the Pleistocene, it is estimated to have begun 10,000 years ago. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 500 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 42. Modern human beings are the result of biocultural evolution. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 491 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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43. The loss of biodiversity is of no real concern. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 501 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: New 44. Only by working together can nations and individuals hope to develop solutions to the world’s problems. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 505 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 45. The degree of international cooperation shown at the 2010 conference on biodiversity is a hopeful development that could be a foundation for slowing species extinctions and maintaining natural habitats. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 505 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.3 - 3 OTHER: Pickup 46. Culture has become an unintentional transformer of the environment. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 503 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.3 - 3 OTHER: New 47. The United States alone produces 5-10 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions that end up in the atmosphere. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 504 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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48. Recent studies show that DDT is harmless for bird species. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 503 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 49. Habitat loss of nonhuman species is not a direct result of human activity. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Factual REFERENCES: 501 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 50. CO2 emissions cause ocean acidification that adversely affects ocean ecosystems. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 499 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 51. Explain why modern human beings are the result of biocultural evolution. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 491-492 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 52. Explain the role polar ice has had in climate change research and the impact of melting sea ice can have on

the climate and the species that depend on it. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 496-497 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: New 53. Explain the dangers of global climate change and the main factors that promote it. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 494-495 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 54. Explain the global changes to ecosystems from ocean acidification and the meaning of the phrase, “the other CO2 problem.” ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 498-499 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 55. Explain why biologist Stephen Palumbi refers to humans as “the greatest evolutionary force.” ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 500 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 56. Explain how habitat loss is a major threat to biodiversity and why we should be concerned with a loss of

biodiversity. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 501-502 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: New 57. Describe the accelerated evolutionary process for hundreds of bacteria due to human activity. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 502-503 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.1 - 1 OTHER: Pickup 58. Explain why much of the responsibility for the world’s problems discussed in this chapter rests squarely on

the shoulders of the industrialized West. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 502-503 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.2 - 2 OTHER: Pickup 59. Discuss how governments and society in general can, if not reverse, at least mitigate the harm inflicted on the planet. ANSWER: Answer not provided DIFFICULTY: Conceptual REFERENCES: 505 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INTR.JURM.18.17.3 - 3 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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OTHER:

New

60. Explain why some scientists are suggesting a new geological era, the anthropocene. ANSWER: Answer not provided 61. Describe the impact of antibiotics in the evolutionary processes of many microorganisms. ANSWER: Answer not provided 62. By observing from an optimistic perspective, describe the joint efforts of governments, population, and altruist wealthy people to mitigate the harm inflicted on our planet. ANSWER: Answer not provided

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