Social Problems: Community, Policy, and Social Action 7th Edition Community, Policy, and Social Action 1. A social condition or pattern of behavior that has negative consequences for individuals and our social world is referred to as which of these? *a. social problem b. personal issue c. structural constraint d. human agency
2. A theory is a set of assumptions and propositions used for explanation, prediction, and understanding. *a. True b. False
3. According to your text, social problems can be identified as happening in how many stages? a. two b. three c. four *d. five
4. Applied research has a specific intent to utilize findings for policy implementation. *a. True b. False
5. C. Wright Mills defined the ______ as a small group of political, business, and military elite who exclusively control our society. *a. power elite b. bourgeoisie c. proletariat d. prestige elite
6. Identifying an issue as a social problem is a subjective process. Taking a private trouble and transforming it into a public issue is an example of what stage in this process? *a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4
7. In the first stage of the identification of a social problem, activists, advocates, and victims of the problem feel distrust toward formal organizations. a. True *b. False
8. Quantitative research methods focus on the collection of ______. *a. statistical data b. independent variables c. dependent variables d. social life as people experience it
9. What is the term for the ability to link our own lives and experiences with our social world? a. sociology *b. sociological imagination c. globalization d. socialism
10. Which perspective considers how society is held together by power and coercion for the benefit of those in power? a. functionalist perspective b. symbolic interactionist perspective *c. conflict perspective d. power perspective
11. Which research method traces a sequence of events over time? a. focus groups b. secondary data analysis c. survey research *d. historical and comparative methods
12. Which type of theory focuses on the individual level of analysis of society? a. macro theory *b. micro theory c. meso theory d. anomic theory
13. Which type of theory focuses on the societal level of analysis of society? *a. macro theory b. micro theory c. meso theory d. anomic theory
14. ______ refers to an awareness of an individual's social position in society. *a. Class consciousness b. Class awareness c. Class alienation d. Class subjectivity
15. ______ use their responses to support, educate, and empower individuals and their communities. a. Social researchers *b. Social advocates c. Social interactionists d. Social innovators
16. Carla is conducting a study examining the effect of income on available housing. "Available housing" is the ______. a. null hypothesis *b. dependent variable c. research question d. independent variable
17. Christopher works at a factory doing the same repetitive task all day. He has little interaction with his coworkers, and he never sees the finished product that he helps produce. Drawing from the conflict perspective, what term best describes Christopher's work experience? a. self-awareness b. class consciousness *c. alienation d. human agency
18. Describe how social policy can lead to social change. Using specific examples, describe the role of social advocates and social innovation in facilitating social change.
19. Dr. Bradley is conducting research on the relationship between social class and the likelihood of COVID-19 hospitalization. She finds
that individuals of lower social classes are more likely to be hospitalized due to COVID-19 compared to individuals of higher social classes. What is social class as portrayed in this example? *a. the independent variable b. the dependent variable c. the hypothesis d. a theory
20. Drawing from the symbolic interactionist perspective, what is the self? Give an example of how the self emerges from social interaction.
21. Ethan is a sociology major and his good friend, Robbie is a biology major. Ethan tells Robbie about his first sociology course and explains to Robbie that sociology is a science of our social world. Robbie disagrees, arguing that biology is a "true" science while sociology is not. How could you help Ethan explain to Robbie that sociology is in fact, a science?
22. Explain the four-stage process identified by Spector and Kituse in the identification of a social problem. Provide your own example of a social problem that has followed this four-step process. 23. Kirsten is conducting research on the relationship between media consumption and grades in school. She states that she expects to find that individuals who spend three or more hours on their phones each day will have lower grades in school. This statement is an example of what? *a. hypothesis b. theory c. variable d. applied research
24. The feminist perspective is to patriarchy as the interactionist perspective is to ______. a. anomie *b. symbols c. class consciousness d. proletariat
25. Veronica identified that bullying was a problem at her school. She went to the school board and proposed specific guidelines to help better address the problem. The school adopted the new guidelines and developed a formal anti-bullying program, which resulted in changes to the way the school responded to bullying. What is this scenario an example of?
*a. social policy b. applied research c. class consciousness d. social innovation
26. What might a sociologist say about widespread unemployment? a. It is a personal trouble. *b. It is a public issue. c. It is not a social problem. d. It is not a concern of sociology.
27. Which of these is an example of applied research? a. a study of divorce rates b. a study of predictors of diabetes *c. a study of which programs best address opioid addiction d. a study of hook up culture at colleges
28. A functionalist, concerned about the structure of society, often examines various social ______ of society. *a. institutions b. symbols c. inequalities d. human agency
29. A set of assumptions and propositions used for explanation, prediction, and understanding is defined as which of these? *a. a theory b. a hypothesis c. a macro-level analysis d. a micro-level analysis
30. A social institution is a set of assumptions and propositions that help define the relationship between society and individuals. a. True *b. False
31. According to Karl Marx, conflict based on social class created tensions between which two groups? *a. proletariat and bourgeoisie b. men and women c. Republicans and democrats d. workers and non-workers
32. According to Spector and Kituse's stage model of social problems, the transformation of COVID-19 from private trouble to a public issue is an example of which stage of social problem emergence? *a. stage one b. stage two c. stage three d. stage four
33. According to the text, a social problem has which of these? a. personal and public issues b. structural conditions and human agency *c. objective and subjective realities d. cultural characteristics and globalization
34. According to the text, which of these is a way to confirm that COVID-19 is a real disease that has human and social consequences? a. watch political commentary about the disease on television b. ask family members and friends about their experiences with the disease c. personally experience the disease *d. collect data on the disease from one's community and hospital
35. According to the text, which statement is true for all four sociological perspectives? a. They examine society from the macro level. *b. They highlight how social problems emerge from our social structure or social interaction. c. They underscore the importance of qualitative analysis in understanding our social world. d. They connect the experience of inequality to globalization.
36. Andy is a student and an athlete. These are examples of his statuses. *a. True b. False
37. Anomie can be explained by periods of rapid social change, such as political upheaval. *a. True b. False
38. Beliefs are informal rules of behavior shared by members of a society and rooted in a cultural value system. a. True *b. False
39. Charles Lemert argues that sociology is a thing to be ______. a. studied *b. lived c. discussed d. rejected
40. Damien and his friends are at a barbecue discussing the changes in AIDS over the past few decades. Damien asserts that HIV/AIDS is no longer a significant global health concern because his neighbor is HIV positive and is thriving. Damien's statement is most likely based on which of these? a. objective reality *b. subjective reality c. social constructionism d. sociological imagination
41. Describe Karl Marx's views on conflict and capitalism. According to Marx, what is alienation?
42. Describe the role of feminist perspectives in examining social problems, including oppression and inequality. What leads to the development of feminist theory?
43. Discuss the different research methods: survey research, qualitative methods, historical and comparative methods, and secondary data analysis. How are these methods distinctive from each other? 44. Dr. Johnston, drawing from a conflict perspective, argued that most social problems can be traced back to human agency. a. True *b. False
45. Durkheim argued that during periods of rapid social change when social norms and values are evolving ______ is likely to occur. *a. anomie b. dysfunction c. deviance
d. constructionism
46. Explain how the functionalist perspective examines social problems. How does this perspective differ from the ways in which conflict theories examine society?
47. Feminist theorists would be most likely to explore which of these? a. the proletariat b. anomie c. class consciousness *d. patriarchy
48. For a social condition to be considered a social problem, it must be personally experienced by every individual in a particular society. a. True *b. False
49. For feminists, the patriarchal society where men dominate women and justify their domination within powerful groups is the basis of social problems. *a. True b. False
50. From a conflict perspective, most social problems do not arise from competing interest groups; rather, they emerge out of family issues. a. True *b. False
51. Functionalism uses a macro perspective to examine society. *a. True b. False
52. How does the self emerge from the interaction? *a. We act based on our past experiences and based on what we have come to accept as definitions of each role. b. It is our given nature, and we are born with a natural instinct to interact. c. The self never emerges. d. It is believed everyone is born with a true meaning of self.
53. In the United States in most college classrooms, students will raise their hand when they want to speak and wait to be called on by their professor. This rule of behavior that is shared across classrooms, students, and teachers is an example of what? *a. a norm b. society c. status d. a belief
54. Jean Schroedel and Daniel Jordan examined the allocation of federal funds to four distinct HIV/AIDS groups between 1982 and 1992. The group that received the most funding was labeled as which of these? *a. advantaged b. dependents c. deviants d. contenders
55. Policies and programs that feature an untested approach are typically referred to as theories. a. True *b. False
56. Reforming practices and protocols are sometimes necessary when more information is available. For example, early public health protocols were revised in response to an increased understanding of how COVID-19 is spread and treated. This is an example of what stage in the identification of a social problem? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 *c. stage 3 d. stage 4
57. Secondary data analysis usually involves the analysis of originally collected data. a. True *b. False
58. Social action to address social problems is effective only in the form of laws. a. True *b. False
59. Social problems can have negative consequences for families, our educational system, and the economy. *a. True b. False
60. Social structures can have positive or negative consequences. According to functionalist, Robert Merton, what is the name for the negative consequences? a. malfunctions b. negative functions c. conflict *d. dysfunctions
61. Sociologists are often concerned about the fact that personal choices are constrained by what? a. poor choices *b. social structure c. natural consequences d. individual failures
62. Some social conditions are considered a problem by one group in society but completely ignored by another group. This suggests that social problems are which of these? *a. subjective b. objective c. structural d. imaginary
63. Symbolic interactionism is primarily a macro-level perspective. a. True *b. False
64. The global pandemic is an example of personal trouble. a. True *b. False
65. The social constructionist perspective focuses on how social problems are defined. *a. True b. False
66. The sociological imagination gives us the ability to link our personal lives and experiences with our social world. *a. True b. False
67. This sociological perspective helps explain the fact that there are subjective aspects of social problems. a. conflict theory b. social functionalism *c. social constructionism d. feminism
68. Using a specific example, demonstrate how the sociological imagination can be used to link our personal lives and experiences with our social world.
69. What active role of individuals do Interactionists—more than any other perspective—stress as a factor in creating their social environment? *a. human agency b. human energy c. socialization d. social construction
70. What is a theory? How do theories vary in their level of analysis when examining social problems? Give a specific example demonstrating how theories can help guide social research.
71. What is one way that objective realities of a social problem can be confirmed? *a. collection of data b. personal accounts c. human agency d. subjective observations
72. What is the term for the belief that problems only become real because they were perceived and defined that way? *a. social constructionism b. social problem c. objective reality d. definitional theory
73. Which of these theories takes a micro-level of analysis? a. functionalist theory b. conflict theory c. feminist theory *d. symbolic interactionist theory
74. Which research method is designed to capture social life as participants experience it? *a. qualitative b. quantitative c. survey d. historical and comparative
75. Which stage in the process of identifying an issue as a social problem entails reforming practices and engaging in organizational restructuring? a. transformational b. legitimization *c. conflict d. alternative
76. Which statement best defines secondary data analysis? a. data collected based on responses to a series of questions *b. research that involves working with data that the researcher did not originally design or collect c. research that focuses on one historical period or traces a sequence of events over several years d. data collected in the field by an interviewer
77. Which theorist is associated with the Interactionist Perspective? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. C. Wright Mills *d. George Herbert Mead
78. Which theorist proposed that the function of society is to control individual actions? a. Karl Marx *b. Emile Durkheim c. C. Wright Mills d. George Herbert Mead
79. Who developed the concept of the "Social Construction of Reality"? a. Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim b. Jane Addams and C. Wright Mills *c. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman d. Max Weber and Robert Merton
80. With which of these statements about social problems would Symbolic Interactionists agree? a. Individuals' behaviors that lead to social problems are biological in nature. b. All social problems result from inequality in the social structure. c. All social problems have functions and dysfunctions for society. *d. Objective social problems do not exist; they become real only if they are defined and labeled.
81. According to the text, which of these is a major determinant of one's health and life expectancy? a. zip code b. family structure *c. social class d. ethnicity
82. According to the text, which of these is an important indicator of individual and family access to life chances? a. income *b. wealth c. relative poverty d. educational level
83. According to the text, which racial/ethnic group makes up the largest group of poor individuals in the United States? *a. non-Hispanic whites b. African Americans/Blacks c. Hispanics d. Native Americans
84. According to the textbook, ______ preserves the division between the wealthy and non-wealthy. a. income *b. wealth
c. education level d. social capital
85. According to the textbook, which group is most likely to live in poverty than any other group? a. individuals over the age of 65 b. divorced women *c. children d. single parents
86. Black and Hispanic workers are more than twice as likely as white and Asian workers to be working poor. *a. True b. False
87. Drawing from the conflict perspective, which term refers to the ability to achieve one's goals despite resistance from others? a. prestige b. economic well-being *c. power d. wealth
88. In 2019, which area of the United States has the highest poverty rate? a. West *b. South c. Midwest d. Northeast
89. In the U.S., which demographic group has the highest poverty rate? a. non-Hispanic whites *b. African Americans/Blacks c. Hispanics d. Native Americans
90. In the U.S., which department determines the poverty guidelines? a. Department of Children and Family Services b. Department of Corrections *c. Department of Health and Human Services d. Department of Income and Wealth Maintenance
91. Income is considered the most important indicator of an individual's life chances. a. True *b. False
92. Separate poverty guidelines exist for those living in Alaska and Hawaii versus the rest of the United States. *a. True b. False
93. The U.S. food stamp program is now called the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. *a. True b. False
94. The World Bank estimates that there has been a decline in the poverty rate. *a. True b. False
95. The World Food Bank Association is the nation's largest hungerrelief organization. a. True *b. False
96. The working poor often encounters housing problems. *a. True b. False
97. Wealth is more equally distributed than income. a. True *b. False
98. What is the term for a set of norms, values, and beliefs that encourage and perpetuate poverty? a. poverty guidelines b. relative poverty *c. culture of poverty d. social stratification
99. Which state was the first to implement welfare reform? a. California b. Florida c. West Virginia *d. Wisconsin
100. Combined, Kayla and Mike earn about $300,000 a year. According to the U.S. Census, their combined income would fall into which quintile? a. the first quintile b. the second quintile c. the third quintile *d. the highest quintile
101. Describe some of the social and demographic trends for poverty in 2019 in the United States.
102. Describe the functionalist perspective on social stratification. In what ways is the functionalist perspective similar to the conflict perspective on inequality? In what ways do the perspectives differ?
103. Discuss how poverty plays a role in political decision-making. Why are the poor least likely to control opportunities? What are the issues that you feel are most important to the topic? Discuss how you can affect poverty as an individual in our culture.
104. Discuss the issue of drug testing for welfare recipients. Is drug testing an appropriate action for social aid? Why or why not? What could be the consequences of such a policy? What other issues can affect the solutions and/or the problems related to social welfare?
106. Explain why affordable housing is difficult to obtain for many Americans. What did Matthew's Desmond research uncover about housing in America?
107. How was the poverty threshold developed? Explain some of the limitations of the measure. In your opinion, how could the measure be improved?
108. Identify and describe two consequences of poverty mentioned in the reading.
109. Identify and explain three important developments in U.S. Welfare policy.
110. Laura is interested in how the poor provide necessary services for society such as providing jobs for those who serve them. Laura is examining poverty through the ______ perspective. a. feminist b. interactionist *c. functionalist d. conflict
111. Tim works 35 hours a week at a local factory. He enjoys his job, and it helps provide him and his family with some healthcare benefits. However, recently, even with his job, Tim has found that his income has fallen below the official poverty level. Which term best aligns with Tim's experience? a. absolute poverty b. relatively poor c. working-class *d. working poor
112. Why is wealth considered more important than income in determining economic inequality? How is wealth measured? Describe how wealth can help improve one's life chances.
113. A feminist theorist who analyzes welfare and the media is likely to point out that media and politicians have stereotyped single mothers as abusers of welfare assistance. *a. True b. False
114. According to Domhoff, distributive power is limited to which of these? *a. an elite group of individuals b. the most educated in society c. individuals with strong international political ties d. an inclusive group of diverse individuals
115. According to Matthew Desmond's research on housing, being evicted is associated with ______. a. truancy, grades in school, and educational attainment *b. psychological, social, and economic instability
c. higher risk of housing stability later in life d. more motivation to save money for other economic challenges
116. According to the National Low Income Housing Coalition, there is no state in the United States where a low-income worker can reasonably afford a modest 1- or 2-bedroom rental unit. *a. True b. False
117. According to the text, how is wealth measured? a. payroll deductions and property taxes b. yearly income and number of dependents *c. gross assets and net worth d. property value and vehicle ownership
118. According to the text, most families pay their grocery and electric bills first. a. True *b. False
119. According to the text, which of these was a major reason for an increase in individuals and families using food banks, many of who had never used food banks before? *a. COVID-19 pandemic b. economic inflation c. President Trump's presidency d. decreases in SNAP benefits
120. After a recession ends, poverty is likely to ______. a. stay the same as before the recession b. decrease dramatically c. decrease slightly *d. increase
121. Does the Supplemental Poverty Measure consider which of these factors in lifting families out of poverty? *a. receipt of non-cash benefits such as SNAP and the Earned Income Tax Credit b. the highest level of education in the household c. citizenship status d. how many years someone has lived in their house or apartment
122. Feminist scholars have criticized the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act requirements for making women choose to be stay-at-home mothers. a. True *b. False
123. Food insecurity is ______ in large cities than it is in rural areas. a. the same b. less common *c. more common d. not noticeably measured
124. Food insecurity is higher for which of these groups? *a. single female-headed household b. individuals aged 65 and older c. Asian women d. white men
125. Food stamps cannot be used to buy hygiene products, alcoholic beverages, and vitamins and medicines. *a. True b. False
126. Fraser (1989) argues that there are masculine and feminine welfare programs. The masculine program is associated with which of these? a. the family or household *b. the labor market c. food security d. religious beliefs
127. From a conflict perspective, inequality is systematically created and maintained by those trying to preserve their advantage. *a. True b. False
128. Matthew Desmond's research focused on families experiences with eviction *a. True b. False
129. Most families who leave welfare for work do not earn enough money to afford decent quality housing. *a. True b. False
130. Ownership of saving accounts, property, vehicles, and stocks are examples of ______. *a. wealth b. income c. human agency d. structure
131. People who receive the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act are only able to receive it for 36 months. *a. True b. False
132. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal provided assistance for which of these categories? a. housing relief *b. work relief c. marriage relief d. mental health relief
133. President Johnson's War on Poverty was focused on which of these? a. economic affirmative action in higher education *b. rehabilitation of the poor c. workplace readiness and vocational training d. rehabilitation programs for convicted convicts and addicts
134. Researchers identify that poor living and working conditions can impair health and even shorten life expectancy. *a. True b. False
135. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program provides ______ to individuals and families through periods of unemployment or a crisis. a. training programs
b. job placement *c. temporary assistance d. computers
136. Supporters of the Earned Income Tax Credit benefits argue that the program does what? *a. strengthens family self-sufficiency b. increases reliance on the welfare system c. only benefits single mothers d. fails to help lift children out of poverty
137. The COVID-19 global pandemic has decreased individuals' and families' reliance on food banks to feed their families. a. True *b. False
138. The Earned Income Tax Credit program was specially designed for which of these groups? a. impoverished Americans aged 65 and older b. teenagers c. racial and ethnic minority groups *d. low-income working families
139. The U.S. Census Bureau has employed experimental measures to measure the poverty rate. These measures find that the poverty rate is ______ what has been found with standard poverty rate measures. a. the same as *b. higher than c. lower than d. much more concentrated than
140. The USDA based the poverty threshold on the 1955 Household Food Consumption Survey, which found that families of three or more people spent about ______ of their after-tax income on food. *a. one-third b. one-fourth c. one-half d. two-thirds
141. The ______ is the original federal poverty measure developed by the Social Security Administration and updated each year by the U.S. Census Bureau.
a. income to debt ratio b. USDA c. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) *d. poverty threshold
142. The feminist perspective points out that U.S. welfare policy is shaped by which of these? a. religious beliefs and corporate influence b. religious beliefs and the patriarchal family c. male dominance and corporate influence *d. the patriarchal family and male dominance
143. The term "relative" poverty emphasizes the ______ gap between the richest and poorest Americans. a. decreasing *b. growing c. completely nonexistent d. socially constructed
144. To qualify for the Earned Income Tax Credit program one must be unemployed. a. True *b. False
145. Under the New Deal, ______ programs were the most popular because it was believed that people were being paid for working. a. general relief b. categorical assistance *c. social insurance d. personal responsibility
146. What was the intent of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act? a. helping those who could not help themselves *b. reducing recipients' dependence on government assistance c. ending poverty in the United States d. eliminating racial and employment discrimination
147. Which factor is most important in determining economic inequality? a. race *b. wealth c. economic surplus
d. lifestyle choices
148. Which is statement is true about the poverty threshold? *a. It fails to include foster children or families living in military barracks. b. It is set at twice the cost of the economy food plan. c. It varies by geographic location. d. It was originally based on the consumer price index.
149. Which of these federal acts is classified as the centerpiece of the social welfare system? a. Aid to Families with Dependent Children Act *b. Social Security Act c. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act d. Great Society Act
150. Which of these is a critique of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity reconciliation ACT and its TANF program? a. It fails to account for cultural characteristics associated with inequality. *b. It has been criticized for its treatment of women and their families. c. It devalues the importance of men's role as financial providers. d. It creates inequality between the working poor and low-wage laborers.
151. Which of these programs as part of President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty to rehabilitate the poor? *a. Head Start b. TANF Temporary Assistance for Needy Families c. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act d. Aid to Families with Dependent Children Act
152. Which of these represents the two values that are at the center of the debate regarding welfare policies in the U.S.? *a. the desire to help those in need; the concern that assistance could create dependency b. the desire to only help children; the concern that older Americans also need assistance c. the desire for reform; the concern that change is not necessary
d. the desire to promote categorial assistance; the concern that benefits should not be extended to the unemployed
153. Which of these two perspectives agree that inequality is inevitable in society? a. functionalism and feminism *b. functionalism and conflict perspectives c. feminism and interactionist perspectives d. interactionist and functionalist perspectives
154. Which of these would an Interactionist studying poverty be most interested in? *a. the public's perception of welfare and its recipients b. how poverty helps society operate c. the welfare policies disadvantage the poor d. how the power elite use political action committees to reduce benefits for individuals of lower social classes
155. Which sociological perspective asserts that during periods of economic crisis, the state expands welfare rolls to reduce the likelihood of serious uprising? a. feminist b. interactionist c. functionalist *d. conflict
156. Which statement best describes the term, life chances? a. access provided by social position to goods and services *b. the total value of assets used to enhance one's social standing c. the highest level of education minus student loan debt d. value of the household property and estimated cost of yearly taxes
157. Which statement describes extreme poverty? *a. The minimal amount necessary for a person to fulfill their basic needs. b. An income of approximately $5 a day for a family of four. c. A financial situation in which people fail to achieve a lifestyle enjoyed by the rest of society. d. Individuals and families whose annual household incomes fall below the relative poverty threshold.
158. Which statement is true about children in families in poverty? a. They have higher rates of immunizations than those above the poverty line. b. They have higher rates of dental care than those above the poverty line. c. They are more likely than middle-class families to have a regular health care provider. *d. They are less likely to receive preventative care in general than those above the poverty line.
159. Which theorist argued that social class is multidimensional, comprised of these factors: income, wealth, prestige, and power? a. Emile Durkheim b. Karl Marx *c. Max Weber d. Nancy Moss
160. ______ refers to a situation where some people fall below the average income or lifestyle enjoyed by the rest of society. a. Absolute poverty b. Basic poverty *c. Relative poverty d. Status poverty
161. According to the interactionist perspective, we learn about racial and ethnic categories through our social interactions. *a. True b. False
162. According to the textbook, the Obama administration promised a more ______ approach to address undocumented immigrants. a. unified b. systematic *c. compassionate d. punitive
163. As of 2002, ______ were the nation's largest minority group. a. white Americans *b. Hispanic Americans c. African Americans d. Asian Americans
164. In 2017, the majority of foreign-born in the United States were from which country? a. Canada *b. Mexico c. Russia d. Japan
165. Research suggests that people's ethnic classification is an important factor in the distribution of societal rewards. *a. True b. False
166. Researchers Korgen, Mahon, and Wang argued that college and universities have the potential to ______. a. eliminate microaggressions and implicit bias b. lower norms of equality c. increase hostility and prejudice *d. counter the effects of segregated neighborhood
167. The U.S. Census uses the term ______ to refer to anyone who is not a citizen at birth. a. native b. refugee c. immigrant *d. foreign-born
168. The belief that one's own group values and behaviors are not only right but also superior to others is called ______. a. narcissism b. prejudice c. discrimination *d. ethnocentrism
169. The federal definition of ethnicity is based on guidelines of the ______. a. U.S. Congress b. President's National Security Council c. U.S. Supreme Court *d. Office of Management and Budget
170. The practice of prohibiting or restricting the entry or participation of groups into society is known as ______.
a. segregation b. colonialism *c. exclusion d. expulsion
171. U.S. immigration policy is basically the same as it was when the Immigration Service was established in the late 19th century. a. True *b. False
172. When was the phrase, "Blacks Lives Matter" first used? a. after the shooting death of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin *b. during the 2014 protests in St. Louis c. after the increase in episodes of police brutality against people of color d. after the arrest of the former police officer, Derek Chauvin
173. Which court case ruled that racial segregation in public school was illegal? *a. Brown v. Board of Education b. Davis v. County School Board c. Bolling v. Public Schools of America d. Elliot v. Board of Education
174. Which scholar was one of the first to observe the connection between racism and capitalist-class oppression in the United States? a. Karl Marx b. Robert K. Merton c. Michelle Alexander *d. W.E.B. DuBois
175. Which term refers to the belief that certain racial or ethnic groups are inferior, therefore, discriminatory practices against them are justified? a. ethnocentrism b. domination *c. racism d. racial privilege
176. Amitra is an immigrant who has entered the U.S. without documentation. The U.N. would consider her to be a ______ immigrant.
a. front door b. side door *c. back door d. window
177. An example of individual racism could be avoiding getting on an elevator with a person of a different race. *a. True b. False
178. Anthony is considered a(n) ______ because he is unable to return to his home country because he fears he will be persecuted due to his religious beliefs. a. illegal immigrant *b. refugee c. migrant d. religious activist
179. Describe Black Lives Matter and explain which sociological perspective it is most closely aligned with and why.
180. Describe how colleges and universities can support diversity and inclusion. What approaches do you think would be most successful on your college campus? Why?
181. Discriminatory laws that make it more difficult for Black to own homes is an example of individual racism. a. True *b. False
182. Imagine that your college or university wanted to develop a required course for all students to take on racial and ethnic relations in the United States. The purpose of the course is to help promote inclusivity, diversity, and empathy on campus. Discuss three modules that you think the course should address and explain why you decided to include these particular topics in the course.
183. Jayson and Shanice want to accumulate wealth for their family, and they know that one of the primary means to accumulate wealth, ______, is also a mechanism of inequality between Blacks and Whites in the United States. a. education *b. homeownership
c. access to health insurance d. access to health services
184. Lam was born in the United States and both of his parents immigrated to the U.S. from Vietnam. Lam does not strongly identify with being Vietnamese and therefore, does not self-identify as Vietnamese. Which term best aligns with this example? *a. ethnic attrition b. ethnocentrism c. pluralism d. racialization
185. Taryn was born outside of the United States, but both of her parents are U.S. citizens. The U.S. Census would classify Taryn as ______. *a. native b. international c. immigrant d. foreign-born
186. The Trail of Tears, in which American Indians were forcibly removed from their homes, is an example of ______. a. emigration b. immigration c. exclusion *d. expulsion
187. What does it mean when sociologists say that race is a social construct? Explain three different ways in which race matters throughout society.
188. When feminist theory intersects with multiculturalism, what becomes the focus of analysis? a. race and ethnicity *b. multiple systems of oppression c. interpersonal racism d. the patriarchal structure of society
189. Which individual is considered a 1.5 generation immigrant? a. Li Mei, a 25-year-old engineer whose mother immigrated to the United States before Li Mei was born b. Sujata, a 46-year-old physician's assistant who immigrated to the United States with her husband ten years ago
c. Zahra, a 15-year-old girl who identifies as a multiracial U.S. citizen *d. Sofia, a 9-year-old student at Pinewood Elementary whose parents immigrated to the United States last year to find work
190. According to Omi and Winant, instead of thinking about race as something "objective," we should consider that race is a(n) ______. *a. subjective social, political, and cultural construct b. natural way to understand social structures in society c. biological way to classify different groups of people d. irrelevant part of society
191. According to a national survey of racial disparities in health, most Americans attribute racial differences in poor health outcomes to ______. a. racial disparities *b. poor choices c. social conditions d. biology
192. According to functionalists, assimilation can never lead to social equilibrium. a. True *b. False
193. According to the U.S. Census, the term ______ is used to classify an ethnicity, not a race. a. African American b. Black *c. Hispanic d. Asian
194. According to the text, a diverse faculty can help educational institutions achieve which goal? a. meet diversity quotas b. eliminate structural racism across educational settings *c. increase inclusivity at their institution d. increase exclusivity for all students
195. According to the text, which cultural value is prevalent in Switzerland? *a. pluralism
b. assimilation c. ethnocentrism d. segregation
196. According to the text, which tactic is useful for addressing racial disparities in health? a. affirmative action in healthcare settings *b. increase awareness of the problem c. better health clinics in schools d. increase copays for insured Americans
197. Affirmative action is a policy that was developed to discriminate against certain racial and ethnic groups in higher education. a. True *b. False
198. An ethnic group is best defined as a(n) ______. *a. group of people who have a unique set of cultural traits b. objective, social, and cultural construct c. group of people who can be identified by unique physical characteristics d. the biological gene that distinguishes groups of people based on their DNA
199. Because of affirmative action and other social programs, most African Americans now earn the same as white Americans. a. True *b. False
200. Black feminists focus primarily on how gender and racial oppression combine to create inequality. *a. True b. False
201. Compare and contrast individual racism and institutional racism and give an example of each type.
202. Conflict theorists believe that assimilation is the best way to end racism. a. True *b. False
203. Define race and explain how it differs from ethnicity.
204. Describe why and how affirmation action was created. What do the opponents of affirmative action believe? What do the proponents of affirmative action believe? What does research about affirmation action tell us?
205. Ethnicity refers to a biological understanding that there are physical and religious differences among the human species. a. True *b. False
206. Even when homeownership reached a record high in 2004, which of these statements remained true? *a. racial gaps in homeownership persist b. policies blocked white families from obtaining federal home loans c. affirmative action made it more difficult for some families to obtain houses d. poor rental histories made it difficult for many Americans to purchase homes
207. Explain the patterns of emigration from Mexico since 2007 and identify at least three reasons for these patterns.
208. Feminist theory intersects with ______ through its analysis of multiple systems of oppression, such as race, class, sexual orientation, nation of origin, language, culture, and ethnicity. a. racialization *b. multiculturalism c. pluralism d. ethnic attrition
209. Following the death of George Floyd, cities and states have adopted laws to increase police accountability. *a. True b. False
211. Identify and describe one historical event that slowed the flow of immigrants to the United States during the 20th century.
212. In 2020, the governor of California signed a law that requires all undergraduate students at the California State University system to ______. a. live in the dorms with a student of a different race b. complete an ethnic studies course as a graduation requirement *c. attend a cultural competency training as part of the new student orientation d. sign an agreement that students will not engage in any form of interpersonal racism
213. In a small town in Nebraska, it is a well-known fact that the majority of Black individuals and families live on one side of town and most white individuals and families live on the other side of town. This is an example of ______. *a. segregation b. ethnocentrism c. individual racism d. prejudice
214. In an attempt to redefine racial boundaries, ______ is considered a new racial category. a. racialization *b. multiracial c. pluralistic d. ethnic attrition
215. In which context do students report less discrimination at colleges and universities? a. Affirmative action policies are in place at the university level. *b. Students perceive a stronger institutional commitment to diversity. c. Freshmen students receive a dormitory assignment based on their racial background. d. Zero-tolerance policies are in place to prohibit individuallevel racism.
216. Laws that required segregation of Blacks and whites in public facilities, schools, and transportation were known as ______. a. the Johnson-Reed Act b. the Brown v Board of Education ruling c. the Civil Rights Act *d. Jim Crow laws
217. Most families in the United States have an immigration history. *a. True b. False
218. Presidents W. Bush and Obama both promoted ______. a. more relaxed immigration laws against undocumented immigrants *b. the need for tougher enforcement laws against undocumented immigrants c. compassionate approaches to employers who hired undocumented immigrants d. the need for harsher felony convictions for undocumented immigrants and their children
219. Race is a social construct that plays a part in the way society is organized. *a. True b. False
220. Renee believes that her values as an American are superior to individuals from all other countries. This is an example of ethnocentrism. *a. True b. False
221. Research on racial disparities found that white families had three times as much wealth as Black families. a. True *b. False
222. Schools with high enrollments are associated with ______. a. bigger budgets *b. higher dropout rates c. higher teacher-to-student ratios d. better trained teachers
223. Social scientists reject the biological notions of race, instead favoring an approach that treats race as a(n) ______. a. need b. imperative *c. construct
d. drive
224. The U.S. Census distinguishes between native and foreign-born residents. *a. True b. False
225. The United States prohibited Chinese immigration because of concerns that Chinese laborers would compete with American workers for jobs. This legislation is an example of ______. a. segregation *b. exclusion c. expulsion d. prejudice
226. The recently arrived immigrant population is much less educated than those who arrived in the U.S. 50 years ago. a. True *b. False
227. The term racialized emphasizes the ______. a. objective nature of race b. the discriminatory power of race c. individual level of racism *d. constructed nature of race
228. There has been universal support of the Blacks Lives Matter movement. a. True *b. False
229. There is evidence that white employees benefit from the inclusion of people of color in the workplace. *a. True b. False
230. What are the differences between segregation and exclusion? Explain two different ways that segregation and/or exclusion have affected certain ethnic and racial groups in the United States.
231. Which concept refers to a pattern of racial advantage that is built into our educational system and laws? a. individual racism b. ethnocentrism c. macro-level racism *d. institutional racism
232. Which is true about increased interaction with members of different groups? *a. It promotes civic engagement. b. It promotes racial hostility. c. It eliminates institutional racism. d. It increases assimilation.
233. Which of the following is an example of de facto segregation? a. the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education *b. the economic segregation of schools c. the illegalization of interracial marriage d. Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
234. Which sociological perspective focuses on how the dynamics of racial and ethnic relations divide groups while maintaining a dominant group? a. feminist b. interactionist c. functionalist *d. conflict
235. Which sociological perspective is most likely to address how ethnocentrism and racism maintain social inequality? a. multiculturalist b. interactionist c. functionalist *d. conflict
236. Which sociological perspective views assimilation as the solution to the differences between racial and ethnic groups? *a. functionalist b. feminist c. interactionist d. conflict
237. Which statement describes the outcome of the ban on race-conscious admissions in public schools? *a. There was a decline in racial diversity in undergraduate enrolment. b. There was an increase in racial diversity among graduate student enrolment. c. There was more focus on promoting diversity and inclusion in other ways. d. There were stricter policies prohibiting racial discrimination on college campuses.
238. Which statement describes what the Black Lives Matter (BLM) organization is best known for? a. promoting educational attainment in the black community b. calling for harsher zero-tolerance policies in schools *c. making police violence against unarmed African Americans a national issue d. calling for political accountability for the War on Drugs
239. Which statement is true about the goals of educational programs used to promote diversity? *a. They attempt to eliminate incorrect stereotypes. b. They strive to educate participants on the importance of assimilation. c. They emphasize the need for reparations to eliminate institutional racism. d. They attempt to make participants feel defensive about past behaviors.
240. ______ refers to actions against minority members by individuals. a. Prejudice *b. Individual racism c. Human agency d. Ethnocentrism
241. According to sociologists, gender inequality is a persistent feature of ALL modern societies. *a. True b. False
242. Functionalists argue that gender inequality is inevitable because of the gendered division of labor in the household.
*a. True b. False
243. Gender differences are fundamental distinctions between males and females based on biology. a. True *b. False
244. In our society, very few people are cisgender. a. True *b. False
245. In which century did the U.S. feminist movement begin? a. The 1600s b. The 1700s *c. The 1800s d. The 1900s
246. Men cannot be the victims of sexism. a. True *b. False
247. Men typically place a greater emphasis on the physician-patient relationship than women, choosing primary care over surgical specialties. a. True *b. False
248. Most individuals identify with the sex they were assigned as birth. What term describes this phenomenon? *a. cisgender b. gender binary c. transgender d. heterogender
249. Most sociologists believe gender differences are due to biological differences. a. True *b. False
250. Research indicates that the most common form of female abuse involves physical violence perpetrated by a(n) ______. a. stranger *b. intimate partner c. co-worker d. sex trafficker
251. Sociologists argue that gender differences are a product of ______. a. biological differences b. natural distinctions c. globalization *d. socialization
252. The United States is behind other countries in female representation in a national parliament or congress. *a. True b. False
253. The division of labor is applied both in and out of the home. *a. True b. False
254. The knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and work experience are known as ______. *a. human capital b. cultural capital c. social capital d. economic capital
255. Title IX was passed during which wave of feminism? a. first *b. second c. third d. fourth
256. What does the term "gender" refer to? a. fixed physiological characteristics *b. learned social and cultural characteristics c. an act
d. a psychological characteristic
257. What is the term for people whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned as birth? a. cisgender b. gender binary *c. transgender d. heterogender
258. What is the term for the separation of women into lower-ranking positions and men into higher-ranking positions in the workplace? a. horizontal segregation *b. vertical segregation c. sex-typing d. human capital
259. Which President signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act? a. Bill Clinton b. George W. Bush *c. Barack Obama d. Donald Trump
260. Which U.S. president is responsible for forming the first presidential body focused on gender issues? a. George Bush *b. Bill Clinton c. George W. Bush d. Barack Obama
261. Which wave of feminism is associated with trying to address multiple sources of oppression? a. first b. second *c. third d. fourth
262. ______ is known as the physiological difference between males and females. *a. Sex b. Gender c. Cisgender d. Transgender
263. ______ is the term for the separation of women into non-manual labor sectors and men into manual labor sectors. *a. Horizontal segregation b. Vertical segregation c. Sex typing d. Human capital
264. According to sociological research, which of the following is true regarding Americans' beliefs about the increase in the number of women working outside of the home? *a. It has made it harder for marriages to succeed. b. It has helped lower the divorce rate. c. It has made it harder for men to succeed in the workplace. d. It has lowered nonmarital childbearing.
265. According to sociologists, which is true about masculinity and femininity? a. They are polar opposites. b. They strictly align with binary categories of gender. c. They are no longer defined in relation to each other. *d. They have no meaning separate from the other.
266. According to sociologists, which of these statements is true about the gendered division of labor? a. It was not practical in preindustrial society. *b. It is applied in and out of the home. c. Until recently, it was only applied to the labor market. d. Historically men were primarily responsible for familial roles.
267. According to sociologists, which of these statements is true regarding men and privilege? *a. They serve as the standard by which all are measured. b. Their use of language fails to evolve to recognize new gender categories. c. They are covertly reminded of their gender transgressions. d. They set in motion the production of gender differences and equality.
268. According to the textbook, "People respond to others based on what they believe is expected of them and assume that others will do the same." Drawing from an interactionist perspective, explain how this
statement relates to gender and gender socialization. Describe how gender is reinforced through the socialization process. In your opinion, which social institution has the greatest impact on gender socialization? Why? Use evidence to support your point of view.
269. Blake does not see themselves as a man or woman but also is not transgender. According to the textbook, which term aligns with the way Blake identifies? *a. gender nonconforming b. gender nonbinary c. gender nonspecific d. gender fluid
270. Describe some of the research on occupational sex segregation and discuss some of the consequences associated with sex segregation in the workplace. How might we increase the number of women in traditionally male occupations and the number of men in traditionally female occupations?
271. Erin and Harrison are both employed in the same industry, but Harrison and his male friends have all been promoted to management positions, while Erin and her female friends have not been promoted. What term applies to this phenomenon? a. horizontal segregation b. human capital theory *c. vertical segregation d. occupational sex segregation
272. John believes that Abigail is less capable of leading a group because she is a woman. What term describes John's belief about Abigail? a. gender phobia b. homophobia *c. sexism d. ethnocentrism
273. Researchers identified that during the COVID-19 pandemic, ______ were the majority of those working on the front lines. a. white women *b. women of color c. women aged 65 and older d. women under the age of 30
274. Sharron and Latrice are expecting a baby. They plan to get their family and friends together for a gender reveal party to announce if they are having a boy or girl. According to the interactionist perspective, why is this type of social categorization important? *a. it sets into motion the production of gender difference b. it acknowledges that gender is socially constructed c. it encourages the exploitation of a capitalist system d. it confirms that the baby will follow the heteronormative expectations of gender
275. Which of these statements is true regarding the gender binary? *a. It assumes a hierarchy. b. It describes how sex is biologically constructed. c. It reduces masculinity to a subordinate category. d. It reduces gender to an identity.
276. Which statement is true regarding gender differences and Islamic tradition? *a. Women are relegated to home and family life. b. A strong matriarchal system is strictly enforced. c. Women typically work outside of the home. d. Men are primarily responsible for childrearing and home life.
277. Who is Lilly Ledbetter and why is her case important?
278. ______ perspective argues that true gender equality is possible if women assume positions of power in the economic and political system. a. Interactionist *b. Feminist c. Human capital d. Functionalist
279. According to Wildman and Davis, the characteristics of those who are privileged become the standard of what is "good" and "normal." *a. True b. False
280. According to both conflict and feminist perspectives, gender inequality exists because it is ______. a. natural b. functional *c. beneficial for the group in power
d. defined as unequal and, thus, becomes unequal
281. According to both conflict and feminist perspectives, women's subordinate position in society is linked to which factor? *a. labor participation b. lack of masculinity c. inferior socialization d. biological determinism
282. According to data from the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, which of these is true of gender nonconformity discrimination in the workplace? a. Trans women report fewer events of workplace discrimination than trans men. *b. Multi-racial trans people face increased transphobic discrimination and are more likely to engage in health-harming behaviors. c. Trans people who are viewed as gender nonconforming face less day-to-day discrimination than trans people who are viewed as gender conforming. d. Trans people who are viewed as gender-conforming faces are more likely to engage in health-harming behaviors compared to more gender nonconforming trans people.
283. According to the conflict perspective, capitalism benefits from men's subordinate position in the workforce. a. True *b. False
284. According to the text, in the U.S. a ______ system is enforced among Mormon fundamentalists. a. matriarchal b. generational *c. patriarchal d. prejudicial
285. Colleges and universities receiving federal funding are required under Title IX to respond promptly and effectively to sexual violence against students. *a. True b. False
286. Contemporary feminists see gender as ______.
a. an individual attribute b. a role that people are socialized into *c. a system of social practices d. a biological condition
287. Define horizontal segregation and vertical segregation and provide examples of each. Drawing from the course material, explain why these concepts are important to our understanding of gender inequality in the workplace.
288. Describe how the Fourth wave of feminism built upon the previous waves.
289. Dr. Zimmerman refers to his students as "guys" even though there are both male and female students in his class. No one in the class mentions this as problematic because it seems pretty typical. According to the interactionist perspective, this is an example of male privilege. *a. True b. False
290. Drawing from a conflict perspective, describe the relationship between men, women, and the capitalist system.
291. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, gender inequality is viewed as a ______. a. consequence of patriarchy *b. functional necessity c. dysfunction of society d. product of social interaction
292. From a feminist perspective, a change in gender roles undermines the stability of the family. a. True *b. False
293. Functionalists argue that gender inequality is inevitable. Why? What do functionalists use as evidence to support this argument?
294. Horizontal segregation refers to the separation of women into nonmanual labor and men into manual labor sectors.
*a. True b. False
295. How is intimate partner violence related to women's health? a. Intimate partner violence primarily occurs in low-income neighborhoods where women's health care is lacking. b. Most women who experience intimate partner violence eventually acquire HIV. c. Intimate partner violence typically results in psychological disorders for children who witness it. *d. Women who experience partner violence are more than twice as likely to experience depression as women who do not suffer partner violence.
296. In the medical field, compared to men, women place a greater emphasis on ______. a. surgical specialties *b. physician-patient relationships c. physician-peer relationships d. work-family flexibility
297. Occupational sex segregation is a worldwide phenomenon. *a. True b. False
298. Research suggests that men are typically overrepresented in which type of work? a. emotional labor b. care work *c. instrumental work d. expressive work
299. Research suggests that recently, there has been a large growth of men in occupations such as preschool and kindergarten teachers, administrative assistants, and childcare workers. a. True *b. False
300. Research suggests that women continue to be the majority of workers in which of these occupational sectors? a. construction *b. service work
c. carpentry d. truck driving
301. The United Nations has identified violence against women as one of the key means through which men maintain control over women's agency and sexuality. *a. True b. False
302. The ______ is the most comprehensive federal legislation to address violence again women. *a. Violence Against Women Act b. Family Violence Prevention Act c. Violence Against Intimate Partners Act d. Anti-Domestic Violence Act
303. The fact that women are concentrated in lower-paying service work occupations is known broadly as ______. a. horizontal segregation b. human capital theory c. devaluation of women's work *d. occupational sex segregation
304. Trans people experience worse health outcomes than their cisgender peers. *a. True b. False
305. What is human capital theory and how does it help explain why women earn less than men do in the workforce? Describe why a sociologist may argue that this perspective is problematic.
306. What is the difference between sex and gender? What is the impact of these categories?
307. What is the gender binary? Is it possible to raise boys and girls the same way, to be gender-neutral in the socialization process? Why or why not? Use evidence to support your answer.
308. What is the term for the integration of a gender perspective into every step of a country's policy process?
a. gender equity inclusion b. Title IX c. the Lily Ledbetter Act *d. gender mainstreaming
309. When men and women enter the same professions, they tend to stay on similar tracks. a. True *b. False
310. Which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has yet to be passed? *a. the Equal Rights Amendment b. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 c. the Nineteenth Amendment d. Title IX
311. Which component of Title IX requires that schools demonstrate that the percentage of men and women athletes is about the same as the percentage of men and women students? a. the Brawner test b. the feminist requirement c. the wage gap *d. the proportionality rule
312. Which of the following is true of femicide in the United States? *a. It often involves sexual violence. b. It is comparable to the murder of men. c. It involves the murder of a child by the child's mother. d. It is rapidly increasing.
313. Which of these is true regarding caring or emotional work? a. It is typically considered men's work. *b. It is undervalued in society. c. It is highly valued across most sectors in society. d. It is typically performed by those with the most human capital.
314. Which of these is true regarding the Trump administration and transgender protections? *a. They reversed two transgender protections. b. They called for more inclusive transgender protections.
c. They argued that Title VII provided protections for all LGBTQ people. d. They called for an expansion of Title IX to provide protections for all minority group members.
315. Which of these statements is true regarding the overrepresentation of women of color in low-paid jobs in the frontlines during the COVID19 pandemic? a. Their work is highly valued in society. b. They tend to experience fast career mobility. *c. Their work is consistently undervalued. d. They have transitioned to traditionally male occupations.
316. Which sociological perspective best aligns with the idea that gender inequality is inevitable because of the gendered division of household labor? *a. functionalist b. interactionist c. conflict d. feminist
317. Which theory is associated with the notion that childbirth and child-rearing interrupt women's work experience? a. horizontal segregation *b. human capital theory c. devaluation of women's work d. institutional theory
318. ______ has adopted the process of gender mainstreaming as its main strategy to address inequalities between men and women. *a. The European Union b. Russia c. The United States d. Singapore
319. ______ perspective argues that gender inequality is reflected in language. *a. Interactionist b. Feminist c. Conflict d. Functionalist
320. ______ perspective focuses on the socialization process and beliefs about the differences between men and women. a. Conflict *b. Interactionist c. Feminist d. Functionalist
321. Homophobia is a rational fear or intolerance of homosexuals. a. True *b. False
322. Homosexuality was defined as a mental illness by which association until 1973? a. American Association for Sexuality Studies b. Association for Disorder Classification *c. American Psychiatric Association d. Association of Mental Disorders
323. Homosexuality was explicitly defined as a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders until 1973. *a. True b. False
324. In 2000, Missouri was the first U.S. state to recognize civil unions between same-sex partners. a. True *b. False
325. In the United States, same-sex couples were first counted in the ______ census. a. 1910 b. 1990 c. 2000 *d. 2010
326. LGBTQ is often used to refer to lesbian, gay, biracial, transgender, and questioning individuals as a group. a. True *b. False
327. Massachusetts was the first state to legalize same-sex marriage. *a. True b. False
328. Sexual orientation is defined as the classification of individuals according to their preference for emotional-sexual relationships and lifestyle with persons of the same sex or persons of the opposite sex. *a. True b. False
329. The classification of individuals according to their preference for emotional-sexual relationships is known as ______. *a. sexual orientation b. homosexuality c. heterosexuality d. bisexuality
330. The term, queer refers to individuals whose gender identity is different from the one assigned to them at birth. a. True *b. False
331. The terms homophobia and transphobia can be used interchangeably. a. True *b. False
332. There has been little to no progression of gay rights in the United States or globally since the 1990s. a. True *b. False
333. What is the term for an identity that determines how others view individuals and individuals view themselves? a. minor label *b. master status c. sexual orientation d. a privilege
334. What is the term for an irrational fear or intolerance of people attracted to others of the same sex? a. claustrophobia b. transphobia c. heterophobia *d. homophobia
335. What is the term for the set of privileges or advantages granted to some people because of their heterosexuality? a. sexual discrimination *b. heterosexual privilege c. homophobia d. heterosexism
336. Which country was the first country to establish a constitutional ban against discrimination based on sexual orientation? a. the United States b. France *c. South Africa d. Sweden
337. ______ have been a driving force for creating change in schools and communities. a. Straight allies *b. LGBTQ youth c. LGBTQ administrators and faculty d. LGBTQ community members and activists
338. ______ refers to the privileging of heterosexuality over homosexuality. a. Heterosexism b. Homophobia *c. Heterosexual privilege d. Homosexual privilege
339. A sociologist would likely assert that the rates of mental health problems are higher among homosexual men and women than they are in heterosexual men and women due in part to ______. a. neurohormonal differences between the groups b. genetic differences between the groups *c. social discrimination and cultural stigmatization d. mental health differences between the groups
340. Dani does not identify with traditional norms of sexuality or gender. What term most likely applies to Dani? a. homosexual b. bisexual c. heterosexual *d. queer
341. Discuss the role of student groups in promoting LGBTQ-Friendly schools and campuses.
342. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, discuss how sexuality is controlled by society's norms and values. Discuss how this has changed over time.
343. Drawing from the conflict perspective, define and provide an example of heterosexual privilege. In what ways have heterosexual privilege influenced legislation?
344. Joi is sexually attracted to both men and women. What term most likely applies to Joi? a. homosexual *b. bisexual c. heterosexual d. queer
345. LGBTQ individuals continue to suffer from discrimination in society in employment. Provide three pieces of evidence for this statement.
346. Nic has exclusive emotional-sexual relationships with persons of the same sex. According to your text's definition of sexual orientation, Nic is most likely ______. *a. homosexual b. bisexual c. heterosexual d. transgender
347. Researchers identified a genetic link to sexuality through comparative studies of ______. *a. identical twins b. fraternal twins
c. biological sisters d. biological brothers
348. Steven, though born a biological male, identifies as female. Based only on the information provided, Steven is ______. a. homosexual b. bisexual c. heterosexual *d. transgender
349. The 1996 Defense of Marriage Act did what? *a. denied federal recognition of same-sex unions b. implemented support for same-sex unions c. defined marriage as a legal union between any two consenting adults d. provided support for state autonomy for marriage laws and rights
350. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits employment discrimination because of sex. Why are gays and lesbians not protected under this act? a. Homosexuality is typically an easily observable characteristic. b. It is sometimes difficult to determine another individual's sex. *c. Sex is interpreted as gender, which means that sexual orientation is not covered. d. The act was designed to protect against gender identity discrimination but not discrimination based on sexual orientation.
351. What is a master status and how is it related to the ways in which interactionists view sexual orientation?
352. Which of these is true of transgender individuals? a. Being transgender is about sexual orientation, not gender. b. All transgender individuals identify as gay. c. Transgender individuals are less prone to social problems as compared to LGB individuals. *d. Transgender individuals may identify as heterosexual, homosexual, or any other sexuality.
353. Which of these is true regarding the way in which sociological perspectives differ from biological and psychological perspectives on sexuality? *a. Sociological perspectives examine structural factors that affect sexual orientation. b. Sociological perspectives tend to focus on individual actors and identities. c. Biological perspectives focus on sexual orientation as a social construct. d. Psychological perspectives on sexuality address structural causes of inequality.
354. Which of these statements aligns with Sigmund Freud's beliefs regarding sexuality? a. Humans are socialized to be homosexual. *b. Humans are innately bisexual. c. Homosexuality is an illness. d. Heterosexuality is the outcome of unresolved trauma.
355. A review of existing studies on workplace discrimination reveals that somewhere between one-quarter and two-thirds of LGBTQ people report losing their jobs or missing promotions because of their sexual orientation. *a. True b. False
356. According to research by Lind (2004), which of these is true regarding gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents and sexual education? *a. They do not have access to sexual education that pertains to their sexual experience. b. They benefit from schools that promote abstinence-only curricula. c. There are inclusive sexual education programs in public schools that focus on the experiences of all types of students. d. They do not have access to "abstinence only" curricula.
357. According to the Human Rights Campaign, which is true about the nature of current LGBTQ protections? a. they are inclusive and protect all Americans *b. they leave millions of people subject to potential discrimination c. they equally protect all people regardless of social class, sexual orientation, and race d. they protect Americans from housing discrimination
358. According to the interactionist perspective, which two identities are merged when one discloses a gay identity? *a. a private sexual identity with a public social identity b. a private social identify with a public sexual identity c. a master status with a minor status d. a status with a role
359. According to the text, the LGBTQ community and its allies have been successful in creating change at which level? *a. institutional b. individual c. family d. cultural
360. According to the text, why is discrimination against gays and lesbians in the workplace more difficult to address? What does research tell us regarding workplace discrimination and the experiences of gays and lesbians?
361. According to the textbook, lesbians and gays are at risk for which of these if they choose to reveal their sexual orientation in the workplace? a. workplace advancement b. diversity committee expectations *c. lower chances of career advancement d. promotion opportunities for those in minority groups
362. According to the textbook, sports associate boys and men with ______. *a. masculine dominance b. heteronormative skills c. instrumental tasks d. expressive tasks
363. According to the textbook, which of these was an outcome of the Defense of Marriage Act? *a. It helped institutionalize heterosexism. b. It helped facilitate protective legislation for gays and lesbians. c. It changed the terminology used to classify families at the federal level. d. It incorporated same-sex families into the U.S. Census for the first time.
364. Amy Lind's study of sexual biases in social welfare policy proposes that ______ stereotypes of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals lead to a lack of social support. a. poverty *b. affluence c. immorality d. liberalism
365. As of 2021, which is true about adoption by single LGBTQ parents and same-sex couples? *a. all states permit it b. nearly half of the states permit it c. it is prohibited in all states except Massachusetts d. it is permitted in all states except Texas
366. Contemporary culture wars are most likely to divide us around ______. a. religion b. race *c. sexuality and gender d. immigration
367. Currently, all states permit adoption by single LGBT parents and same-sex couples *a. True b. False
368. Define sexual orientation and explain the range of sexual orientations that your text covers.
369. Describe how gay rights have progressed in the United States and globally.
370. Discuss the policies surrounding gay and lesbian individuals and the military. What were some of the consequences associated with the DADT policy?
371. Drawing from a functional perspective, families that do not align with society's ideas about sexuality and family life are considered ______.
a. trendy *b. deviant c. natural d. legitimate
372. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, sexuality is controlled by society's norms and values. *a. True b. False
373. Early psychological studies treated homosexuality as a(n) ______. a. inborn trait b. parental mistake *c. mental illness d. biological necessity
374. Federal hate-crime law currently addresses crimes based on race, color, religion, national origin, and sexual orientation. a. True *b. False
375. From the conflict and feminist perspectives, heterosexuals are granted a privileged place in our society. a. True *b. False
376. Functional heterosexuality refers to the set of ideas, institutions, and relationships that define the heterosexual family as the societal norm. a. True *b. False
377. Higher rates of mental health problems among homosexual men and women are due in part to the social discrimination and cultural stigmatization they experience, according to the text. *a. True b. False
378. In September 2000, Utah's Salt Lake City School District Board of Education voted to permit noncurricular student groups to meet on
school grounds, reversing its 1995 decision against the GSA. This decision is described as which of these? a. an essential macro-level change for schools across the U.S. *b. an important milestone in gay rights and civil liberties history c. a clear indicator of the benefits of human capital d. a reminder of how controversial school boards can be in the U.S.
379. In all states, LGBTQ individuals are legally protected from ______. a. denial of credit based on sexual orientation or gender identity b. discrimination in public places *c. hate crimes d. employment discrimination
380. Name and discuss two strategies gay and lesbian youth may use to conceal their sexual orientation from family and friends. Explain why they employ these strategies.
381. One of the outcomes of the Gay-Straight Alliance included ______. a. increased rates of truancy b. lower rates of dropping out of high school *c. decreases in substance abuse d. increased violence at school against gay and lesbian students
382. One's sexual orientation serves as a basis of inequality in contemporary American society. *a. True b. False
383. Research focusing on domestic violence often ______. a. addresses violence between same-sex partners b. highlights solutions to domestic violence through an inclusive lens c. benefits from a "one size fits all" model *d. focuses on violence between heterosexual partners
384. Sexual orientation is covered under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. a. True
*b. False
385. The National Day of Silence in April symbolizes the silencing effect of ______. *a. harassment and discrimination of LGBTQ people in schools b. all victims of intimate partner violence c. discrimination of LGBTQ people in collegiate sports d. hate crimes in all communities
386. The need to "manage a disreputable sexual identity at the workplace" has been called the most persistent problem facing lesbians and gay men. *a. True b. False
387. Under the policy of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," individuals who were known as gay or lesbian were allowed to serve in the U.S. military as long as their commanders were supportive. a. True *b. False
388. What did the Equality Act do? *a. amended civil rights laws and provided anti-discriminatory protections for LGBTQ people b. created state-level hate crime protections for LGBTQ people c. provided marriage equality for LGBTQ people d. created new jobs that focused on inclusivity and diversity on college campuses
389. What impact does Campus Pride have on college students? a. providing more accommodations for college students across the U.S. *b. creating more inclusive LGBTQ friendly colleges and universities c. protecting the religious freedoms of all students d. facilitating Title IX through diversity training and implementation
390. What is the term for counseling and psychotherapy to eliminate sexual desires for members of one's own sex? *a. conversion therapy b. psychoanalysis
c. de-identification therapy d. conceptual sublimation
391. Which U.S. president signed into law the Mychal Judge Act, which allows for federal death benefits to be paid to the same-sex partners of firefighters and police officers who die in the line of duty? a. Woodrow Wilson b. Lyndon B. Johnson c. Bill Clinton *d. George W. Bush
392. Which argument is frequently used to support denying services to LGBTQ people? a. individual rights b. free speech *c. religious freedom d. civil rights
393. Which is true regarding the federal Pension Protection Act? a. An individual's pension cannot be transferred to a same-sex partner. *b. An individual's retirement plan benefit can be transferred to a domestic partner or other non-spouse beneficiaries. c. Same-sex couples receive extra retirement funds for domestic partners. d. The act allows visitation rights for unmarried, heterosexual couples only.
394. Which sociological perspective is likely to examine definitions and stereotypes of LGBT people in society? *a. interactionist b. functionalist c. conflict theorist d. feminists
395. Which sociological perspective is likely to point out that societal norms and values about the heterosexual family control human sexuality? a. conflict *b. functionalist c. interactionist d. feminist
396. Which statement is true about support for same-sex marriages? *a. It varies by demographic characteristics. b. Less than half of Americans say they support same-sex marriage. c. It has decreased since the 1990s and Clinton's DADT policy. d. There are no records or estimations about same-sex marriages support in the U.S.
397. Which term often symbolizes the pursuit of individual rights and self-identification for gay and lesbian persons? a. "going in" b. "on the down low" c. "in the closet" *d. "coming out"
398. Why have studies of domestic violence been critiqued for having a heterosexist bias? *a. because they focus on the subjugation of women by men and ignore violence in same-sex couples b. because they do not allow lesbians to stay in shelters c. because they developed strategies to address violence only in same-sex male couples and not in lesbian couples d. because they stigmatize bisexual couples
399. Why was the Defense of Marriage Act passed? *a. to delegitimize same-sex marriage in states in which it was legal b. to protect the rights of same-sex couples in insurance and employment c. to update the laws surrounding child custody d. to ensure that county clerks provided marriage licenses to same-sex couples
400. ______ perspective is likely to question which social structures maintain heterosexism in society. a. Conflict *b. Functionalist c. Interactionist d. Feminist
401. According to the text, what will happen to the health care needs of people living in China aged 65 and older? a. They will remain steady.
*b. They will increase. c. They will decrease. d. They will remain unpredictable.
402. According to the text, which groups are the most economically vulnerable in our society? a. middle-aged men and women b. older women and their children *c. very young and very old persons d. older divorced men and women
403. Ashley is 22 years old and was laid off from her job in 2020. To save money, she decides that is best if she moves back in with her parents. This is a common trend due to the economic strains from ______. a. disengagement b. the Great Recession *c. the coronavirus outbreak d. modernization
404. China has the largest population of older adults in the world. *a. True b. False
405. In Canada, the program CHOICE has been credited with keeping older people ______. *a. out of long-term care homes b. more comfortable in assisted living facilities c. in contact with extended family members d. out of poverty
406. It is estimated that Americans spend nearly $50 billion per year on anti-aging vitamins, treatments, hormones, and pharmaceutical drugs. *a. True b. False
407. Medicaid is considered the nation's largest health insurance program. a. True *b. False
408. Medicare Part C pays for medically necessary services and supplies. a. True *b. False
409. Men comprise the majority of people aged 65 and older in the United States. a. True *b. False
410. Most older adults throughout the world are frail and dependent on others for care. a. True *b. False
411. Older women have higher rates of poverty than older men. *a. True b. False
412. People aged 65 and over constitute 13 percent of our population yet consume less than 10 percent of total health expenditures. a. True *b. False
413. People born between 1946 and 1964 belong to the generation known as ______. a. Millennials b. Gen-X c. Gen-Z *d. Baby boomers
414. Social Security was first enacted with what act? a. The United States Older Americans Act of 1945 *b. The Social Security Act of 1935 c. The Economic Security Act of 1935 d. The Public Aging Act of 1954
415. The Age Discrimination Employment Act of 1967 prevents employers from discriminating against which age group?
a. 15–18-year-olds b. 20–45-year-olds *c. 40–64-year-olds d. workers above 65
416. The Age Discrimination Employment Act of 1967 protects all employees from discrimination regardless of their age. a. True *b. False
417. The most economically vulnerable groups in our society are the young and the old. *a. True b. False
418. The world's population is aging. *a. True b. False
419. What is the most prevalent chronic disease of people aged 65 and older? *a. arthritis b. dementia c. diabetes d. heart disease
420. Which of these is the nation's largest health insurance program? *a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. Social Security d. HealthPlus
421. Which of these is used to describe the increase in the number of older individuals in populations? *a. population aging b. demography c. age composition d. population density
422. Which of these terms refers to a group of people born during a particular period who experience common life events during the same historical period? *a. cohort b. demography c. population aging d. age composition
423. Which term refers to the study of the size, composition, and distribution of populations? *a. demography b. gerontology c. functionalism d. modernization
424. Which theory examines how age-related roles are socially defined and expected? *a. interactionist theory b. functionalist theory c. conflict theory d. feminist theory
425. Which world region has the lowest percentage of people aged 65 or older in the world? *a. Africa b. Asia c. Europe d. Latin America and the Caribbean
426. Describe how the four aspects of modernization lower the status of older people.
427. Describe some of the patterns associated with older people and politics in America.
428. Explain how the process of population aging can be influenced by birth cohorts.
429. In the United States, research indicates that poverty rates among people aged 65 and older vary by gender. Describe some of the economic trends associated with aging based on gender. Additionally, drawing from feminist theory, give one example of why we may see this difference.
430. In the year 2034, what will Americans aged 65 or older do for the first time? a. have access to social security *b. outnumber the children under age 18 c. transform resource allocation d. signal the need for changes in health care
431. Medical and technical advances and improved access to health care are associated with which trend? a. redistribution of aging populations b. population decline *c. improvements in life expectancy d. the decline in the population's median age
432. Melissa is 64 years old and works at a high-demand marketing firm. She is older than most of her colleagues and has found that due to her age, she is often discredited and stereotyped as less capable than her younger peers. Which term best fits with Melissa's work experience? *a. stigma b. double standards c. disengagement d. discrimination
433. Nan has just turned 55. She is planning to retire from her teaching job so that she can spend time traveling. She believes a new faculty member will contribute fresh ideas to the department she has served in for years. Which of these applies best to Nan? a. modernization theory of aging *b. disengagement theory c. the double standard of aging theory d. ageism
434. Nancy is recently widowed and is nearing retirement. She is concerned about her financial future as she ages. What two programs have been proven as effective anti-poverty programs that support financial independence for people over 65 years of age? *a. Social Security and Medicare b. Medicaid A and Medicaid B c. Social Support Plan and SNAP d. WIC and National Domestic Workers Alliance (NDWA)
435. Noah is from Sweden and is looking forward to his retirement in the next five years. As he prepares for this new phase in his life, he calculates his pension. What will his pension be based on? a. the median age of retirement in Sweden b. the median time spent in the labor market c. average personal yearly financial contributions *d. average life expectancy at the time of retirement
436. According to an interactionist, as we age, the social definition of our ______ can lead to stigma and ageism. a. personalities *b. role expectations c. norms d. intellectual capabilities
437. According to the double standard of aging theory, it is harder for younger people to age than for older people to age. a. True *b. False
438. According to the feminist perspective, the standards of aging for men and women are different in U.S. culture. Men tend to be judged by what they can do, while women's identity tends to be associated with what attribute? a. work ethic b. compassion *c. beauty d. values
439. According to the text, ______ marks a sharp distinction between two groups. a. stereotyping b. discrimination c. prejudice *d. ageism
440. According to the text, which of these is a critique of disengagement theory? a. It fails to acknowledge that older people are powerful. *b. It wrongly assumes that all people aged 65 and over disengage from their former lives. c. It wrongly assumes that the status of older people declines only with industrialization.
d. It focuses on women's aging and neglects the aging of men.
441. According to the text, which of these is a stereotype about older voters? *a. They are willing to put their needs ahead of the needs of other age groups. b. They tend to put the needs of other age groups ahead of their own needs. c. They are misinformed about current politics. d. They are not interested in participating in local and national elections.
442. Age is both biological and sociological. Explain the sociological dimensions of age by addressing formal and informal age norms. Provide your own examples of at least two formal and informal norms for different stages during the life course.
443. American voters aged 65 and older have a significant impact on shaping candidates' behavior. *a. True b. False
444. Chronic illness is equally dispersed throughout the lifespan across all age groups. a. True *b. False
445. Compare and contrast the functionalist, conflict/feminist, and interactionist explanations for social problems or issues associated with aging. Which do you find most convincing and why? Use evidence to support your point of view.
446. Compared to older men, older women's identity is more closely associated with their ______. *a. personal appearance b. work ethic c. role as parents d. role in the labor market
447. Demographers predict that over the next two decades, Asia and Latin America's population of people aged 65 and older will more than double in size due to which of the following reasons?
a. high levels of immigration and low levels of population stability *b. high fertility and low mortality rates c. low birth rates and high death rates d. poor access to health care and increased urbanization
448. Describe ways in which ageism can damage the self-concepts of older people.
449. In 2003, the U.S. Congress passed the Medicare reform law, which included what for the first time? *a. prescription drug benefit b. coverage gap for disabled Americans c. benefits for people over 65 years of age with dependents d. extended relief for older Veterans
450. In China, ______ is often an important source of financial and caregiving support for the elderly. *a. extended families b. government resources c. friends d. assisted living facilities
451. In a comparative study of young adults in the United States and Germany, which was found to be true? *a. Compared to men, women from both countries were more concerned about age-related physical changes. b. German women were more positive about age-related physical changes than women from the United States. c. Men from both countries perceived women to face more agerelated physical changes than themselves. d. Compared to Germans, Americans were more pessimistic about finding contentment in old age.
452. In the United States, when older women are portrayed in the media, their characters tend to be associated with which of these? a. motherhood *b. negative stereotypes c. physical attractiveness d. employment status
453. In their study of older women's employment agency placements in Auckland, New Zealand, Jocelyn Handy and Doreen Davy found which of these?
a. Women of ages 40–60 were often fired from their jobs because of their inability to manage work and family concerns. b. Women of ages 40–60 were promoted faster than their younger counterparts. *c. Women of ages 40–60 were often placed in low-paid, lowskilled temporary positions. d. Women of ages 40–60 were unlikely to seek jobs.
454. Medicare has encouraged the use of older volunteers as health coaches and advocates to help families navigate through the health care system. *a. True b. False
455. Modernization theory of aging is closely linked to which of these theories? a. feminist theory b. interactionist theory c. functionalist theory *d. conflict theory
456. Name and describe the four factors that have contributed to the growth of older populations throughout the world.
457. Name and explain the two antipoverty programs that support financial independence for older people.
458. Retirement has been described as a "three-legged stool" that is comprised of what three things? a. Social Security, private pensions, and individual savings and/or investments b. Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security *c. Medicare, SNAP, and WIC d. Private pensions, Medicare, and Disability Insurance
459. Retirement is the final form of disengagement. a. True *b. False
461. South Dakota is the state with the highest median age. a. True
*b. False
462. The Baby Boomer generation is an example of a cohort. *a. True b. False
463. The feminist perspective is likely to point out that aging is associated with which of these? a. stigma *b. double standards c. disengagement d. self-fulfilling prophecy
464. The life course perspective examines human life from age 18 to 75. a. True *b. False
465. The measure that allows researchers to identify the age where half the population is older, and half the population is younger is referred to as ______ age. a. mean *b. median c. modal d. demographic
466. Today, in the United States, the traditional nursing model is considered financially viable and medically justified. a. True *b. False
467. Using specific examples, illustrate how the standards of U.S. culture create more problems for women compared to men as they become older.
468. What are the four aspects of modernization that lower the status of older people? *a. technology, education, economic technology, and urbanization b. qualifications, reliability, work ethic, and time management c. social mobility, technological literacy, punctuality, and soft skills
d. emotional separation, cultural competency, people skills, and advanced training
469. When people live longer, which of these happens to the average age of the population? a. decreases *b. increases c. remains stable d. slightly decreases then increases overtime
470. Which group has the highest risk of mortality? a. older adults *b. newborns and infants c. teenage boys d. young women
471. Which of these describes a boomeranger? a. An older adult who moves into their adult child's home for care. b. A teenager who moves out of the house and then returns home. *c. A young adult who leaves home for college but returns after graduation. d. A divorced adult who moves back in with their parents who are aged 68.
472. Which of these laws prohibits employers from discriminating based on age? a. Ageism Act of 1970 *b. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 c. Title IV d. Title IX
473. Which of these statements is true regarding the Canadian public pension system? *a. It combines income protection with policies that promote flexibility. b. It protects generational wealth and protects against wage disparities. c. It combines personal investment funds and savings accounts. d. It fluctuates based on the market value of retirement funds.
474. Which of these statements is true regarding when the Social Security system was established in the United States?
a. People aged 65 and older made up approximately 35% of the population. b. People aged 65 and older constituted about 10% of the population. *c. The life expectancy was about 50 years of age. d. Over 1 trillion dollars was estimated to be paid to beneficiaries that year.
475. Which perspective argues that age maintains the stability of society by providing a set of roles and expectations for each particular age group or for a particular life stage? a. feminist b. interactionist *c. functionalist d. conflict
476. Which perspective argues that the status of people aged 65 or older declines because the labor market values technological expertise more than life experience? a. feminist theory b. functionalist theory c. interactionist theory *d. modernization theory of aging
477. Which program supports unemployment insurance, aid to dependent children, and state grants to provide medical care? a. Medicare b. Medicaid *c. Social Security d. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
478. Which statement is true when it comes to older Americans and politics? *a. Their voting patterns are diverse. b. Their interest in politics declines with age. c. Their voting patterns are cohesive. d. Their knowledge about political issues is limited.
479. Which term best describes the current public pension system in the United States and most of Europe? a. earn-tax-credit system b. save-now-pay-later system c. pay-when-you-can system
*d. pay-as-you-go system
480. Yvonne is an 80-year-old retired woman who needs to see her doctor for a routine physical exam. Which program will most likely help pay some of her doctor visit costs? a. Social Security b. Unemployment Insurance c. Medicare Part A *d. Medicare Part B
481. A household is a social unit based on kinship relations. a. True *b. False
482. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, which is the largest family form? a. unmarried couples with children *b. married couples without children c. divorced couples with children d. married couples with children
483. According to the functionalist perspective, ______ serves as a child's primary group. *a. the family b. educational setting c. religious organizations d. peers
484. Adults with at least a bachelor's degree are less likely to be living with a spouse or partner. *a. True b. False
485. Almost half of the adult cohabiters are within 18–24 years of age. *a. True b. False
486. Compared to the U.S., in South Korea, the number of births to unmarried women is which of these? a. more
*b. less c. similar d. increasing more rapidly
487. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, the family confers ______. a. academic ability b. developmental milestones *c. social status and class d. athletic potential
488. In the United States, ______ families are often seen as the ideal family. *a. nuclear b. extended c. single-parent d. remarried
489. Most families in the United States consist of a mother, a father, and their biological children. a. True *b. False
490. Non-traditional families are often blamed for increases in drug abuse, delinquency, illiteracy, and crime in society. *a. True b. False
491. Project Harmony in Omaha, Nebraska serves children who are victims of abuse and their non-abusing family members. *a. True b. False
492. The Office on Violence Against Women offers a series of program and policy technical papers for individuals, leaders, and communities to support their efforts to end violence against women. *a. True b. False
493. The U.S. birthrate for teenagers (aged 15–19 years) is the highest in the developed world.
*a. True b. False
494. The feminist theory examines ______ within the family. *a. power b. individual attitudes c. socialization d. decision-making patterns
495. The rate of divorce for older adults has decreased significantly in recent years. a. True *b. False
496. There is a persistent belief that nontraditional families threaten the integrity of the family as an institution. *a. True b. False
497. When were no-fault divorces introduced? a. 1940s *b. 1970s c. 1990s d. 2005
498. Which federal office handles legal and policy issues regarding violence against women? a. U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency *b. Office of Violence Against Women c. Project Harmony d. The Women's Center and Shelter
499. Which term refers to sexual partners who are not legally married to one another but reside in the same household? a. long-term partnerships b. alternative relationships *c. cohabiting d. common-law marriage
500. ______ perspective best aligns with the examination of the family through words, symbols, and meanings. a. Conflict b. Feminist c. Functionalist *d. Interactionist
501. ______ refers to the promotion of heterosexual, married, monogamous, white, and upper-middle-class norms. a. Human capital b. Social agency c. Social constructionist *d. Heteronormativity
502. According to Gubernskaya, the increase in nontraditionalism is associated with ______. a. a decreased focus on educational attainment *b. a shift towards individualism c. less pressure to be successful in the workplace d. an increase in generational family pressure to maintain religious traditions
503. According to the functionalist perspective, which of these is true regarding the current functions of families? *a. The family is expected to socialize children and provide affection and companionship. b. The family is no longer the primary agent of socialization for children. c. Grandparents have taken over many of the primary functions of childrearing. d. Working parents are often unable to provide socialization for their children.
504. According to the textbook, which is true about public attitudes about marriage and childbearing in the U.S.? *a. They are shifting away from traditional ideals. b. There has been an increase in traditional ideals. c. Most young adults believe you should be married before having children. d. Few couples desire to get married for fear of divorce.
505. Discuss how a conflict theorist views the family. In your opinion, what are the strengths of the conflict perspective in relation to
understanding the family? What are its limitations? Use evidence to support your answer.
506. Discuss the changing definition of family and how it is supported or not supported by social institutions. What are some of the changes in the family in recent years and how have they been received? What reasoning is used to avoid change?
507. Discuss what the research tells us about teen pregnancy rates in the United States. What are the reasons the rate is so high compared to other developed countries? What are the consequences of this high birth rate?
508. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, describe how the family serves important functions in society. Additionally, explain how these functions have changed over time. In your opinion, what are the most important functions that the family serves? Why?
509. Drawing from feminist and conflict perspectives, women's work inside the home is ______. a. visible and well-compensated *b. invisible and uncompensated c. valued and rewarded d. demanding and instrumental
510. Drawing from sociological research, describe trends associated with cohabitation in the U.S. Additionally, explain how cohabitation affects marriage.
511. Drawing from sociological research, which of these statements is true about trends related to the family? a. The most common family form is two parents and two biological children. *b. The percentage of families composed of married couples with children has declined. c. Family diversity has declined over the past two decades. d. The number of children being raised by single parents has declined in recent years.
512. Explain how feminist theorists view domestic violence. Describe how bringing awareness to the diversity of domestic violence has helped broader society's understanding of this social issue.
513. How do functionalists view problems that affect the family?
*a. They lead to other problems in society. b. They are typically isolated incidents. c. Family problems are private issues. d. They often call for outside interventions.
514. How do sociologists view social problems related to the family? *a. They emerge from the social structure and society's response to family forms. b. They are related to the decline in integrity of the family as an institution. c. They are associated with individual-level problems, such as drug abuse and crime. d. They emerge from couples rushing into marriage and having children.
515. How does the family relate to other social institutions? a. It is an independent social institution. *b. It is inextricably linked to the rest of society. c. It only works in concert with religious organizations. d. It solely depends on the government for support.
516. In order to eliminate domestic violence against women, a feminist would propose ______. *a. changes to the structures of gender inequality b. more accountability for individual actions c. better resources for perpetrators and victims d. increased governmental spending for child and family services
517. Jessica and her husband have two children together, and their family of four resides with her husband's parents. Sociologists would refer to this type of living arrangement as an example of a(n) ______ family. a. generational *b. extended c. traditional d. residential
518. Research by Gubernskaya found that which group of individuals had less-traditional views about marriage and children? a. divorced females with at least two biological children b. single, older, religious males with a high-school education c. married couples who owned their own business and had no children
*d. never-married, educated, employed, and secularized women
519. Which of these statements best aligns with a conflict perspective on the family? a. The family is a structure of equality where all members have opportunities to grow. *b. The family is a system of inequality where conflict is normal. c. The family is comprised of networks where extended families help resolve conflicts. d. The traditional family structure tends to only serve the needs of women with children.
520. Which of these statements is true regarding the share of adults living without a spouse or partner? *a. Men are less likely than women to be unpartnered. b. Women without a bachelor's degree are the least likely to be partnered. c. White adults are more likely to be unpartnered than any other racial/ethnic group. d. Asian adults are the most likely to be unpartnered than any other racial/ethnic group.
521. According to Powell and colleagues' research on what constitutes the family, most Americans did what? *a. agreed that the presence of a child in the home constitutes a family b. disagreed whether children being present in the homemade a family c. identified that single mothers should not be considered a family d. agreed that married couples with no children were not a true family
522. According to the U.S. Census, which group of children are more likely to live in a grandparent's household with or without a parent present? *a. white b. African American c. Hispanic d. Asian
523. According to the textbook, Koreans' discussions on unmarried motherhood have focused on which of these?
*a. how to eradicate the "evil" of unmarried motherhood that threatens the patriarchy b. ways to provide better resources for unmarried mothers and their children c. mechanisms to find husbands for women who can help provide financial support d. ways to provide more access to birth control and sex education for youth
524. According to the textbook, ______ were condemned in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. a. male-headed households *b. female-headed households c. divorced couples d. individuals who had dropped out of high school
525. According to the textbook, which of these is true regarding children living with grandparents compared to children living with one or two parents? *a. they are more likely to live in poverty b. they are less likely to have behavioral problems c. they are more likely to attend private school d. they are less likely to attend Head Start
526. According to theorist, Friedrich Engels, the family was considered a ______ for women. *a. source of enslavement b. form of empowerment c. form of emotional labor d. secondary function
527. Both the functionalist perspective and interactionist perspective suggest that to resolve problems in the family, there is a need for structural change. a. True *b. False
528. Compare and contrast abuse and neglect. Discuss some of the consequences associated with child abuse and neglect.
529. Conflict theorists argue that conflict can derive from economic or power inequalities between spouses or family members. *a. True
b. False
530. Conflict theory maintains that conflicts between spouses or family members derive from ______ inequalities. a. religious *b. economic c. political d. educational
531. Conflict theory maintains that the family upholds ______. *a. a system of male social and economic domination b. a privileged way of life for members of nuclear families c. a model where work outside the home is invisible and devalued d. a process where socialization occurs without interference from other institutions
532. Describe some of the trends of divorce in the U.S. What have sociologists discovered about the immediate and long-term effects of divorce on children?
533. Discuss what research tells us the juggling act between meeting the demands of work and family life. Also, explain the challenges for working-class parents.
534. Does research suggest which of these is true regarding the original functions of the family? a. They continue to be maintained by the family. *b. They have been taken over by other social institutions. c. These functions are no longer necessary. d. They are now considered secondary and less important.
535. Drawing from a feminist perspective, familial inequality emerges from ______. a. inappropriate role definitions b. lack of traditional values in the society *c. a patriarchal family structure d. biological inequalities between men and women
536. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, the family helps define who we are and how we find our place in society. *a. True b. False
537. Drawing from an interactionist perspective, why do single-parent families become a social problem in our society? *a. They deviate from the definition of a "normal" family. b. They utilize too many governmental resources. c. They do not give children the best opportunities for advancement. d. They fail to adhere to the power structure of society.
538. Drawing from sociological research, which of the following is true regarding cohabitation and marriage? a. Most cohabiting relationships lead to marriage. *b. Cohabitations may serve as alternative forms of marriage. c. Cohabitation serves a higher level of commitment than marriage. d. Most cohabiting relationships end in divorce.
539. Families should be a safe space for all members, but we know that this is not always the case. Explain what research tells us about the ways in which domestic violence affects maternal parenting behavior.
540. Feminist theorists acknowledge the diversity of the domestic violence experience. *a. True b. False
541. Feminist theory suggests that domestic violence against women is linked to ______. a. anger issues b. substance abuse *c. the economy d. a cycle of abuse
542. From the interactionist perspective, we create and maintain our definition of a family through ______. a. endogamy b. egalitarianism c. patriarchy *d. social interaction
543. Functionalists believe that the family, as the most important social institution, operates autonomously from other social institutions in society. a. True *b. False
544. Most women experience a substantial increase in household income following a divorce. a. True *b. False
545. Research consistently finds that families of the past were better and happier than modern families are. a. True *b. False
546. Research suggests that earlier sexual activity is the primary cause of high birth rates among U.S. teens as compared to their European counterparts. a. True *b. False
547. Responses to domestic violence can be characterized as having a distinct ______ approach. a. American b. individual c. punitive *d. community
548. Sam and Alex are divorcing. Which action can they take to make sure their three children are least affected by the divorce? a. One of them should reduce their socioeconomic resources to help the children adapt to reality. b. One of them should remarry within one year to show the children a happy relationship. c. Both parents should make sure that traditional sex roles within the household are maintained after the separation. *d. Both parents should maintain a positive relationship with the children.
549. The increase in cohabitation has coincided with an increase in ______.
a. teenage pregnancy b. dropping out of high school *c. unmarried childbearing d. grandparents raising their grandchildren
550. The increasing diversity of American families calls for ______. *a. broadening of policy agendas beyond traditional family forms b. policies to help promote marriage initiatives c. exclusive definitions of the family that follow traditional family values d. more educational resources to caution youth about the dangers of single parenthood
551. There is no comprehensive national reporting system for abandoned babies in the United States. *a. True b. False
552. Today's grandparents are more likely to have their grandchildren living with them than the grandparents of thirty years ago. *a. True b. False
553. Trends show that ______ have increased during the past three decades. a. individuals living with relatives b. married couples *c. other family households d. married couples with children
554. Unwed motherhood is still heavily stigmatized in ______. a. Sweden b. the United States *c. South Korea d. Norway
555. Which of these is true of American work and family balance? a. Compared with families in other countries, American dual worker families work shorter weeks. b. Fathers tend to spend their time with children doing caregiving activities.
c. Mothers tend to spend their time with children doing interactive activities. *d. In order to spend more time with their children, mothers will reduce their time for personal and leisure time.
556. Which of these is true of divorce? a. Women experience an increase in household income after marriage. b. College-educated couples have the highest rates of divorce. c. The U.S. has a lower divorce rate than the European Union. *d. The U.S. divorce rate has remained stable in recent years.
557. Which of these is true of teen pregnancy? a. Teens provided with free or subsidized condoms have higher birth rates. b. Teen birth rates have increased since 2007. c. White adolescent females have the highest birth rates of all racial and ethnic groups. *d. Asian or Pacific Islanders have the lowest birth rates of all racial and ethnic groups.
558. _____ has been consistently linked to family violence. a. High education level b. Social diversity *c. Social stress d. Social capital
559. ______ parenting has been found to lead to fewer behavioral problems for children whose parents are divorced. a. Single b. Parallel *c. Cod. Mother-only
560. ______ perspective argues that the family is the most vital social institution in our society. a. Conflict b. Feminist c. Social constructionist *d. Functionalist
561. According to the 2019 Campus Climate Survey, more than half of which students experienced some sort of harassing behavior?
*a. undergraduate women b. undergraduate men c. graduate women d. graduate men
562. According to the text, each president after Reagan referred to himself as the ______. a. "Great American Leader" b. "Equality President" *c. "Education President" d. "Education Reform Leader"
563. According to the text, which of these is a consequence of the sexual harassment of students? *a. difficulties with school performance b. problems at home c. issues with peers during extracurricular activities d. lower levels of respect for teachers and other authority figures
564. Charter schools are public schools of choice that operate free from most state laws and local school board policies. *a. True b. False
565. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, which term refers to the intended goals or consequences of the activities within an institution? *a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. human capital d. personal development
566. Education has a set of both manifest and latent functions. *a. True b. False
567. Education has little control over the timing of individuals' entry into the workforce. a. True *b. False
568. Head Start is the largest early childhood program in the U.S. *a. True b. False
569. Many adults in the United States suffer from true illiteracy. a. True *b. False
570. Research suggests that female students are more likely than male students to experience sexual harassment in high school. *a. True b. False
571. What is the name for the set of college and career standards for English language arts/literacy and math for all kindergarten through 12th-grade students in the United States that have been adopted in 41 states? a. Shared Curriculum b. America Standards *c. Common Core d. U.S. Facts First
572. What is the term for cultural skills and knowledge passed on to youth by their parents and through their social and economic position? a. cultural capital *b. social capital c. cultural competence d. organizational capital
573. Which racial or ethnic group has the highest proportion of college graduates at the bachelor's level? a. Native Americans *b. Asians c. Hispanics d. non-Hispanic whites
574. According to Saporito and Lareau (1999), the one consistent finding on school choice is which of these? a. Everyone involved is benefited.
*b. Students from poorer families or with less-educated parents are less likely to apply or participate in public choice school programs than middle-class families. c. Students from poorer families or with less-educated parents are more likely to apply or participate in public choice school programs than middle-class families. d. Students from poorer families or with less-educated parents are just as likely to apply or participate in public choice school programs than middle-class families.
575. According to researchers, how has the SAT contributed to the perpetuation of class inequalities?
576. Briefly explain the importance of social capital in the U.S. educational system.
577. David is interested in researching how the phenomenon of tracking influences the interactions between college and work-bound students in extracurricular events. Which sociological perspective is most compatible with his research interest? a. functionalism *b. interactionism c. conflict d. feminist
578. Define manifest and latent functions and provide examples of each.
579. Describe some of the findings regarding the relationship between social class, student achievement, and educational outcomes. Give two reasons why we tend to see disparities in education based on social class.
580. Describe the history of educational reform in the U.S. Discuss some of the issues in education that the reforms have attempted to address.
581. Discuss some of the findings on gender inequalities within the educational system. How have gender biases and stereotypes affected girls and women in education?
582. From a global perspective, discuss the problem of basic literacy. Describe what it means to have basic literacy skills. Explain some of the consequences associated with having lower levels of literacy.
583. How were learning and education impacted during the COVID-19 global pandemic? Which demographic groups were disproportionately negatively impacted? Explain your answer.
584. Identify the two primary purposes of the Safe Schools Improvement Act and the Student Non-Discrimination Act and describe requirements and target audiences.
585. Keesha, a high school senior, keeps receiving unwelcome comments on how she looks from Aaron, another high school student. Aaron also shares lockers with Keesha, and he "accidentally" physically bumps into her every day between classes. Keesha avoids her locker and has missed school several times just to avoid Aaron. Keesha's experience with Aaron likely constitutes which of these? a. bullying *b. sexual harassment c. labeling d. flirting
586. What is tracking in relation to education? Is it a policy that benefits all students? Why or why not?
587. A 1918 government report suggested that which of these was one of the potential sources of the public education crisis? *a. poorly educated teachers b. the decline of religious institutions c. the increase in stay-at-home parents d. the poor economy
588. A Department of Health and Human Services 2002–2005 study found that low-income 3-and 4-year-old children enrolled in Head Start showed ______ in pre-reading, pre-writing, and vocabulary skills as compared to non-Head Start children. a. a slight loss b. significant gains *c. small to moderate gains d. no measurable gains or losses
589. According to UNESCO, which of these is associated with literacy disparities? a. religious affiliation *b. gender c. political affiliation d. personality
590. According to an interactionist perspective, the interactions between teachers and students reinforce which of these? *a. the structure and inequalities of the classroom and the educational system b. gender inequalities in the workplace and society as a whole c. human agency and individuals' abilities to make choices about their interactions d. social capital and the willingness of teachers to become a part of students' social networks
591. According to the interactionist perspective gender bias and stereotypes work to alienate girls early in their educational experience. *a. True b. False
592. According to the text, combined, which of these contribute to the creation of gender inequality on college campuses? a. social capital and cultural capital b. human agency and social networks *c. structural factors and interpersonal dynamics d. teacher communication and interpersonal reinforcement
593. According to the text, many researchers argue that tracking is responsible for which of these? a. teacher effectiveness in working with diverse groups of students b. better learning outcomes for college-bound and work bound students c. poor learning outcomes for all types of students *d. the persistent achievement gap between white and Asian students and Black and Latino students
594. According to the text, the intersection of ethnicity/race and ______ largely contributes to disparities in educational outcomes. *a. poverty b. family structure c. cultural capital d. human agency
595. According to the text, there is a growing concentration of lowerand working-class students attending ______.
a. private colleges *b. community colleges c. public four-year colleges and universities d. online colleges
596. According to the text, which of the following is a critique of the Common Core State Standards? a. They dictate the standards for local school boards. b. They force students to memorize facts. *c. They fail to consider differences in student learning. d. They include too much information about diversity and not enough about commonly shared ideas.
597. According to the text, which of these is a service that schools often provide for parents? *a. adult education or parenting classes b. stress and anger management classes c. social services d. mental health services
598. According to the text, which of these is true about advocates of tracking? *a. they argue that tracking increases educational effectiveness b. they suggest that tracking allows students to develop their skills more naturally c. they tend to provide large donations to schools to fund tracking systems d. they argue that tracking increases a better-prepared workforce
599. An organizational child is one who has been taught creativity and individuality in the educational system. a. True *b. False
600. Boys tend to be called on more than girls and receive more of their teacher's time. This can perpetuate gender inequality in the classroom. This phenomenon is named which of these? a. gender socialization *b. hidden curriculum c. glass ceiling d. cultural capital
601. Critics of school choice argue that the provisions will only work if there are schools to choose from within a district and if there was room for students in these schools. *a. True b. False
602. Does research suggest that which of these statements is true regarding the effects of teacher math anxiety on student math anxiety? *a. Students tend to model themselves after adults of the same sex. b. Students tend to be anxious about math if their peers exhibit anxiety about math. c. Male students are more likely to be anxious about math than female students. d. Female students tend to be more successful in math if they are taught by a male teacher.
603. Drawing from a conflict perspective, educational inequality is created by which of these? *a. public school systems that rely on property taxes b. private school systems that rely on parental donations c. public school systems that rely on federal funds d. private school systems that rely on social networks for donations
604. Following the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling, de facto school segregation no longer exists across the United States. *a. True b. False
605. Functionalists argue that the education system has taken over the functions of other social institutions. *a. True b. False
606. Functionalists argue that the educational system is responsible for so many functions that it struggles with its primary task, which is what? *a. to educate the young b. to provide emotional support for families in times of need c. to teach society's morals and values d. to help families access other services
607. George W. Bush's administration was responsible for which educational act? a. Educate America Act *b. No Child Left Behind c. Educational Goals for America d. Child and Education Wellness Act
608. In their 1992 report, the American Association of University Women called on local communities and schools to promote programs that encourage and support girls studying which of these? *a. science, technology, engineering, and mathematics b. science, sociology, engineering, and mathematics c. science, technology, psychology, and mathematics d. business, technology, engineering, and mathematics
609. Income and residential segregation have led to which of these? *a. greater differentiation in school qualities between rich and low-income neighborhoods b. less differentiation in the availability of resources between public and private schools c. fewer available teachers to work at public, private, and charter schools d. stricter federal testing guidelines for low-income neighborhoods
610. Most LGBTQ students who are harassed or assaulted in school report the incident to school staff or administrators. a. True *b. False
611. Myra and David Sadker researched gender and classroom dynamics. Their original 1994 research project showed which of these? a. Boys received less praise, corrections, and feedback than girls in school. *b. Girls received less attention than boys in school. c. Boys received less attention than girls in school. d. Girls and boys received about the same amount of attention, praise, correction, and feedback in school.
612. Nicole Ansell (2008) found that educational systems view children as ______ since schools are preparing students for work.
a. "human beings" b. "human doings" *c. "human becomings" d. "human potentials"
613. Opponents of tracking argue that tracking is a form of what? a. cultural capital b. social capital *c. institutional discrimination d. gender bias
614. Parents and children have two options when it comes to choosing an educational route: the public school system or private, religious-based schools. a. True *b. False
615. Persistent academic achievement gaps remain between Black, Hispanic, and Native American students and their white and Asian peers. *a. True b. False
616. Pierre Bourdieu (1977) argues that children from upper-and middleclass families are advantaged in the educational system due to their possession of which of these? a. money *b. cultural capital c. political capital d. prestige
617. Pre–K schools in the United States are compulsory. a. True *b. False
618. Research by the Public Agenda Organization found that the number one reason students gave for dropping out of college is which of these? a. feeling bored b. difficulty fitting in *c. needing to work to make money d. inability to keep up with the academic rigor of classes
619. Research clearly shows that charter and magnet schools do a better job than other types of schools overall. a. True *b. False
620. Research suggests that education is distributed unequally by social class. *a. True b. False
621. Since the 1980s, American students routinely perform better on standardized tests than comparable countries. a. True *b. False
622. Studies indicate that most girls and women learn best in a cooperative, rather than competitive, learning activities. *a. True b. False
623. The 1983 National Commission on Excellence in education report, A Nation at Risk, critiqued the American Education system for its inability to produce a skilled American workforce. *a. True b. False
624. The global pandemic due to COVID-19 shed light on the fact that many students do not have reliable internet access at home, while other students do. This disparity is an example of which term? a. cultural capital *b. digital divide c. digital literacy d. distance learning divide
625. The problem that students will fail because they are expected to do so best aligns with which term? a. institutional discrimination *b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. cultural capital d. human agency
626. What happens to a charter school that fails to meet its goals? a. It loses federal funding. b. It becomes a public school. c. It must siphon money from other area public schools. *d. It cannot be renewed under its charter.
627. When Meredith Phillips (2011) examined the socioeconomic differences in how parents spend their time with children, she found that high-income children spend about 1,300 more hours in ______ between birth and six years of age than low-income children. a. daycare b. religious settings c. public libraries *d. novel places
628. Which administration was responsible for initiating the current call for educational reform? *a. President Ronald Regan's b. President George W. Bush's c. President Barak Obama's d. President Donald Trump's
629. Which of the following educational reform acts endorsed the concept of school choice and charter schools? *a. No Child Left Behind Act b. National Defense Education Act c. Nation at Risk Act d. Goals 2000 Educate America Act
630. Which of the following educational reform acts introduced the concept of "standards-based reform" at the state and community levels? a. No Child Left Behind Act b. National Defense Education Act c. Nation at Risk Act *d. Goals 2000 Educate America Act
631. Which of the following is a component of the most effective school-based violence prevention programs? *a. parental involvement b. school–community partnerships c. pet therapy d. behavior modification
632. Which of these is a latent function of education? a. learning b. socialization *c. public babysitting d. personal development
633. Which of these is a primary predictor of student achievement? *a. socioeconomic status b. attitude c. outcome-based testing scores d. amount of time spent studying
634. Which sociological perspective is concerned that schools often indoctrinate students in the U.S. in Western bureaucratic ideology? a. functionalism b. interactionism *c. conflict d. feminist
635. Which sociological perspective suggests that education establishes and protects social networks by ensuring that individuals with similar educational backgrounds can form romantic partnerships? a. conflict perspective *b. functionalist perspective c. interactionist perspective d. feminist perspective
636. Which statement is true about the gender gap in education? a. Women are the majority of students enrolled in STEM majors while men are more likely to choose liberal arts. b. Men continue to enroll in college in higher numbers than women. *c. Women are more likely than men to complete college preparatory curriculum in high school. d. Men are more likely than women to immediately enroll in college.
637. Which term best encompasses these behaviors: aggression, harassment, property crimes, threats, and physical assault? a. cyberbullying *b. school violence
c. sexual harassment d. school shootings
638. Which term refers to the risk of confirming in oneself a characteristic that is part of a negative stereotype about one's group? a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. stereotype bias c. situational danger *d. stereotype threat
639. Which theory focuses on how the educational systems perpetuate social and economic inequalities? *a. conflict theory b. interactionist theory c. functionalist theory d. feminist theory
640. While the U.S. spends more on education than other high-income countries, our ______ scores are average in a world comparison. a. math b. science *c. literacy d. humanities
641. A sweatshop is a workplace that violates more than one federal or state labor law. *a. True b. False
642. According to the functionalist perspective, work does what? *a. serves specific functions in society b. facilitates change and growth in society c. contributes to racial and ethnic inequality d. serves as a means to alienate groups of individuals
643. An economic shift toward service and information occupations is known as ______. a. industrial revolution *b. service revolution c. technological revolution d. green revolution
644. During the Industrial Revolution, family production was replaced with ______. *a. market production b. bartering c. hunting and gathering activities d. collective living
645. Foreign-born workers are overrepresented in low-paying occupations. *a. True b. False
646. Historically, ______ have served as bargaining agents for workers. *a. labor unions b. human resources c. diversity committees d. workplace advocates
647. In ______ societies, economic production was primarily based on family agriculture and hunting or gathering activities. *a. agrarian b. industrial c. revolutionary d. modern
648. Male workers are particularly vulnerable in the global economy a. True *b. False
649. Since the late 1960s, the U.S. economy has shifted from a manufacturing to a service-based economy *a. True b. False
650. The service revolution is an economy dominated by education and health-based occupations. a. True *b. False
651. The terms unemployment and underemployment can be used interchangeably. a. True *b. False
652. The widespread, systematic disinvestment in our nation's manufacturing and production capacities is known as the Industrial Revolution. a. True *b. False
653. Unemployment and underemployment are both measured by the U.S. Department of Labor. a. True *b. False
654. Unions have shifted their strategy in obtaining members. Which of these groups have they targeted? a. construction workers b. high school students *c. service and public sector workers d. miners
655. What has been described as the "best umbrella in this historic economic storm and the best preparation for the economy that is emerging in recovery"? a. a high school education b. vocational training *c. a college degree d. workforce experience
656. What is the term for the type of employment that is characterized by insufficient pay, mismatched skill levels, and fewer working hours than desired? *a. underemployment b. unemployment c. part-time employment d. sweatshop employment
657. Which president created the U.S. Department of Labor? a. Franklin D. Roosevelt
b. Theodore Roosevelt c. Harry S. Truman *d. William H. Taft
658. Women entered the workforce in record numbers during ______. a. World War I b. women's liberation movement of the early 1970s c. Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s *d. World War II
659. ______ refers to the widespread, systematic disinvestment in our nation's manufacturing and production capacities. a. The industrial revolution *b. Deindustrialization c. The service revolution d. Deinstitutionalization
660. ______ work emerged in the 2000s and is built upon a sharing economy. *a. Gig b. Service c. Manufacturing d. White-collar
661. According to Max Weber, what would workers lose in exchange for the efficiency and predictability of bureaucracy? a. wages b. masculinity c. norms *d. individual freedoms
662. Barbara Ehrenreich's research discovered what regarding how individuals survive on minimum wage? a. individuals engaged in illegal work on their off days *b. many needed to work two jobs or seven days a week c. families pooled their resources and went without basic necessities d. individuals joined unions at their places of work
663. Describe how the gendered division of labor contributes to gender inequality in pay. According to sociologists, why do women tend to earn less than men?
664. Describe trends associated with labor union membership. Drawing from the course material, explain the new strategies U.S. unions have used to recruit new members. Have these new methods been effective in the recruitment of new members? Why or why not?
665. Discuss how the industrial revolution, service revolution, and deindustrialization have changed the nature of work in the United States. Describe some of the consequences associated with deindustrialization.
666. Drawing from a conflict perspective, discuss what happened to Miwa Sado, and how her experience points to a larger problem in Japan.
666. Drawing from a conflict perspective, discuss what happened to Miwa Sado, and how her experience points to a larger problem in Japan.
668. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, what is scientific management? Describe Frederick W. Taylor's analysis that revolutionized industrial work in the 19th and 20th centuries.
669. During World War II, women's work in heavy industry jobs was important because ______. a. women were the only people who had the skills to work these jobs *b. they held an important symbolic value c. they were less dangerous than other jobs primarily held by women d. they were the first racially integrated jobs in the U.S.
670. Faculty in your major is concerned that it is being labeled as the "easy major." Which perspective would be interested in analyzing this process? a. functionalist *b. interactionist c. feminist d. conflict
672. When there is a loss of manufacturing jobs in a city, which typically happens? a. There tends to be new growth in technology-based jobs. b. Manufacturing jobs tend to be replaced by health and education-based jobs.
*c. Jobs are often replaced with unstable, low-paying jobs or no jobs at all. d. Prior manufacturing jobs tend to be replaced with new manufacturing opportunities.
673. Which of these statements is true about women workers after World War II? *a. Many women were forced back to their homes. b. Most women remained heavy in industry jobs. c. The majority of women in the workforce transitioned into college. d. Most women retained their positions in male-dominated occupations.
674. Which of these statements is true regarding the majority of women in the workforce in 1940? *a. They were working out of economic necessity. b. They were employed in white-collar, administrative jobs. c. They were working for self-fulfillment and to develop a sense of self. d. They were employed in the fields of education and healthcare.
675. Which phenomenon is responsible for both creating a world market for labor and for creating winners and losers in that world market? *a. globalization b. deindustrialization c. living wage reform d. scientific management
676. Yi works in a factory that pays $2 per hour. Her co-workers have developed vision and breathing problems from the workplace and her supervisor often yells at her and her co-workers. Which of these terms from your text would best describe Yi's workplace? a. a toxic environment b. a deindustrialized worksite c. a scientifically managed operation *d. a sweatshop
677. According to research by Fox and Hesse-Biber (1984), a "typical working woman" can be described as a ______. *a. working mother working in a retail, clerical, or service occupation b. a single woman working for self-fulfillment and personal growth
c. married woman working in child development and early education d. mother of three working in leisure and hospitality occupations
678. According to the textbook, ______ is an outcome of deskilling. a. helping employees develop transferable skills quickly and easily *b. limiting job prospects for employees c. eliminating training for the employer d. difficulties training new workers
679. According to the textbook, in the U.S. there has been a decline in ______. a. information technology *b. production c. human services d. customer services
680. According to the textbook, to remain vital and relevant, unions needed to develop multilevel strategies and use new skills. *a. True b. False
681. According to the textbook, which is true about men and women workers? a. In most developed countries, men and women earn equally. *b. There is no country in the world where women make the same as or more than men. c. In the U.S., women workers outearn men in the educational sector. d. In the U.S., men earn more than women due to their higher levels of performance.
682. Because of the growth of ______, it takes fewer people to produce the same amount of goods. *a. technology b. the service industry c. industrialization d. offshoring
683. Coal mining is an inherently dangerous occupation, but data has not tracked the number of deaths and injuries related to this industry a. True
*b. False
684. Compared to native-born workers, foreign-born workers are more likely to be ______. *a. male b. older c. more educated d. more skilled
685. Conflict theory maintains that heightened levels of control and routinization increase ______. *a. worker alienation b. worker trainability c. employer retention d. employee-management relations
686. Data regarding the number of gig workers are easy to find because there is an annual survey that tracks the growth of this sector. a. True *b. False
687. Define globalization and describe how it has changed the nature of work and economic activity. In your opinion (informed by evidence), is globalization a negative or positive force as it related to work and the economy? Be sure you cite evidence from the text to back up your opinion.
688. Deskilling refers to ______. *a. systematic reconstruction of jobs, so they require fewer skills b. the ability to teach difficult skills to low-skilled workers c. the structural change that called for less education among American workers d. the shift from white-collar work to blue-collar labor.
689. Discuss how World War II changed the workforce in the United States.
690. Efforts to increase the minimum wage are supported by unions and poverty organizations which argue that doing so will help the nation's working poor and low-income families. *a. True
b. False
691. Explain and give examples of gig work. What are some of the benefits of this type of work?
692. Explain how immigration has contributed to change in the U.S. workforce. What are some of the characteristics of foreign-born workers, and what types of jobs do they typically hold?
693. Globalization has transformed the nature of the economic activity. *a. True b. False
694. Immigrants tend to settle in regions with ______. a. low levels of racial diversity b. a large technology-based industry c. increased levels of growth in health and service sectors *d. perceived economic opportunities
695. In a study of nurses' perceptions of patients and resultant nursepatient communication, researchers Byrne and Heyman found that nurses defined ______ as valuable and satisfying. a. work with patients who needed minimal care *b. work with patients who needed major care c. interactions with patient's friends who came to visit patients who needed major care d. interactions with patient's families
696. Job stress rarely leads to illness, injury, or job failure if workers are following safety protocols. a. True *b. False
697. Karl Marx argued that capitalism is a system ______. a. where workers are rewarded for their hard work b. that socially connects workers according to their field of work *c. that leads to worker alienation and exploitation d. that allocates power according to one's relationship to education
698. Karl Marx believed that power is determined by one's relationship to ______. *a. the means of production b. education c. political office d. status at work
699. Long periods of unemployment are associated with increased rates of suicide and domestic violence. *a. True b. False
700. Many of the worker benefits advocated by early labor unions are now mandated through federal, state, and local labor laws. *a. True b. False
701. One of the benefits of globalization is that skilled workers are threatened by the unfair competition of low-cost sweatshops. a. True *b. False
702. Structural explanations for pay differences between men and women include ______. a. natural biological differences *b. differential socialization and training c. stronger work ethic among some workers d. cultural attitudes towards breadwinning
703. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 made it illegal for employers to do what? *a. consider pregnancy in employment decisions b. allow mothers to take extended leave after giving birth c. prohibit breastfeeding/nursing in the workplace d. disclose women's pregnancy to coworkers
704. The ______ perspective suggests that work serves as an important social structure because we become stratified according to our occupation. a. conflict b. interactionist
c. feminist *d. functionalist
705. Though employers report positive attitudes toward people with disabilities, actual hiring rates reveal that employers are concerned about the perceived costs of accommodations and the possibility of other workers demanding special consideration themselves. *a. True b. False
706. Though opponents claim that higher living wages will hurt the local economy, research has not confirmed these negative consequences. *a. True b. False
707. Unions tend to have a strong orientation toward social justice, which appeals to their new members. *a. True b. False
708. What does it mean that the 2007-2009 recession was characterized as a "mancession"?
709. What happened for the first time in the U.S. in 2010, following the aftermath of the Great Recession? a. Black men outnumbered white men in high-level, corporate positions. *b. Women outnumbered men in the workplace. c. Married women outnumbered single women in the workplace. d. Women without college degrees outearned women with college degrees.
710. Which groups of individuals tend to have the highest rates of labor force nonparticipation? a. non-Hispanic whites and Asians *b. Puerto Ricans and Blacks c. Asians and Blacks d. Cubans and non-Hispanic whites
711. Which groups tend to have the highest rates of underemployment rates?
*a. younger individuals without a college degree b. older individuals near retirement c. non-Hispanic whites with less than a high school diploma d. Black and Hispanic individuals with a college degree
712. Which of these have feminist theorists critiqued about the Family Medical Leave Act? a. It assumes that men can afford to take leave. b. It assumes that all women want children. c. It perpetuates stereotypes that men are the primary caregivers. *d. It perpetuates stereotypes that women are dependent on men as providers.
713. Which of these is true regarding how U.S. unions shifted their membership strategy? *a. They rebuilt membership in sectors dominated by female, immigrant, and minority workers. b. They focused on the U.S. manufacturing sector, which was dominated by blue-collar workers. c. They focused on the needs of working parents in white-collar positions. d. They rebuilt membership by addressing the needs of telecommuters in service industries.
714. Which of these statements reflects the labor force participation rates of older Americans? *a. They have consistently increased. b. They have consistently decreased. c. They have remained steady. d. They have been pushed out of the workforce at an increasing rate.
715. Which organization defines job stress as the harmful emotional or physical responses that occur when one's job characteristics do not match with the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker? a. Department of Labor b. Department of Commerce *c. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health d. Department of Health and Human Services
716. Which statement is true regarding gig workers? *a. They can be classified as independent contractors or temporary workers.
b. Their work is not taxable. c. Their services are not needed in large cities and urban areas. d. Men are typically paid less for these services than women.
717. With which of these would Frederick W. Taylor agree? a. Efficiency will dehumanize employees. b. Efficiency is more profitable for workers than owners. *c. Efficiency will be enhanced if workers receive bonuses. d. Efficiency will decrease worker individuality.
718. ______ perspective examines norms in the workplace and how workers interact with their peers. a. Functionalist *b. Interactionist c. Feminist d. Conflict
719. ______ perspective points out that women and men are segregated into different occupational categories in the workforce. a. Functionalist b. Interactionist *c. Feminist d. Conflict
720. ______ refers to when jobs and plants have been transferred to other countries. *a. Offshoring b. Deindustrialization c. Emigration d. Industrialization
721. According to the textbook, in the 1960s, menopause was considered a ______ disease. *a. deficiency b. social c. chronic d. psychosomatic
722. Community health centers are based on neighborhood health clinics first established during the War on Poverty in the 1960s. *a. True b. False
723. In the early 2000s, a woman could expect to give birth to four children. a. True *b. False
724. The Children's Health Insurance Program plan pays for regular checkups and emergency room visits only. a. True *b. False
725. The first state to act on healthcare reform was ______. a. Massachusetts b. West Virginia *c. Hawaii d. Montana
726. The first state to provide healthcare to all of its residents was ______. *a. Massachusetts b. West Virginia c. Hawaii d. Montana
727. The incidence of death in a population is known as ______. *a. mortality b. fecundity c. fertility d. morbidity
728. The primary sources of COVID-19 public health guidance in the United States were the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). *a. True b. False
729. The sociology of health and illness includes which field of study? a. public sociology b. applied sociology *c. epidemiology
d. gerontology
730. The textbook states that the leading causes of death vary considerably by ______. a. gender b. ethnicity *c. age d. political affiliation
731. The three leading causes of death for women and men are identical. *a. True b. False
732. What are the three primary measures of health status? *a. fertility, mortality, and morbidity b. diet, exercise, and sleep patterns c. weight, height, and muscle mass d. demography, access to medical care, and insurance affordability
733. Which concept explains the process through which a condition or behavior becomes defined as a medical problem? *a. medicalization b. medical socialization c. diagnoses d. conceptualization
734. Which measure is considered a basic indicator of the well-being of a population? a. fecundity *b. infant mortality c. epidemiology d. fertility
735. Which of these statements best describes the field of epidemiology? a. The ongoing discovery of infectious diseases caused by viruses. b. The study of the relationship between human agency, injury, and sickness. c. The investigation into the cause of death focuses on individual-related health behaviors and choices.
*d. The study of the patterns in sickness, injury, and death, and the sociological factors that shape them.
736. Which president signed the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) expansion bill which raised the number of children covered under CHIP? a. Gerald Ford b. Ronald Reagan c. George W. Bush *d. Barack Obama
737. Which sociologist conducted the first true epidemiological analysis? *a. Émile Durkheim b. C. Wright Mills c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber
738. While women live longer than men, women experience higher rates of nonfatal chronic conditions. *a. True b. False
739. ______ is one of the leading causes of death among U.S. infants. *a. Sudden infant death syndrome b. High birth rate c. High blood pressure d. Genetic birth syndrome
740. ______ refers to the social experience and consequences of having a disease. a. Morbidity *b. Illness c. Sickness d. Infection
741. Émile Durkheim treated ______ as a social fact to study. a. infant mortality *b. suicide c. homicide d. diabetes
742. Define a community-based health center and explain its benefits. Provide one example of a community-based health center described in the chapter.
743. Define a future-oriented individual. How does this term relate to health care?
744. Describe similarities and differences between men's and women's health outcomes. Drawing from research cited in the textbook, describe some of the factors that contribute to gender differences in health outcomes.
745. Describe the parts of the sick role as outlined by Talcott Parsons. How does the sick role provide a link between functionalism and conflict theory?
746. Drawing from Magnus and Mick's (2000) research, who is most likely to be recruited for medical schools in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain? a. An international student whose parents or relations were medical professionals. b. A student from a middle-class family whose parents or relations were medical professionals. *c. A student from a high-income family whose parents or relations were medical professionals. d. A student from a single-parent family whose parents or relations were medical professionals.
747. Explain the differences between incidence rate and prevalence rate. Drawing from course material describe how epidemiologists use each rate to better understand various types of health problems.
748. Jess is ill and has missed several days of classes. She has been drinking plenty of fluids and has scheduled an appointment with her physician. What would a functionalist likely observe about Jess? *a. Jess is playing the sick role. b. Jess will be treated differently by her doctor because she is a woman. c. Jess learned that feeling unwell is a matter to consult with a medical doctor. d. Jess will have to pay money to maintain her health in a capitalist system of healthcare.
749. Sasha is seven months pregnant. She maintains regular appointments with her obstetrician and is preparing for childbirth at the regional hospital. According to the feminist perspective, who controls Sasha's diagnosis and treatment? a. Sasha b. her baby c. the state government *d. the obstetrician
750. Which individual would be most likely to receive more information from their physician about his or her diagnosis? *a. a 36-year-old male college professor b. a 29-year-old female convenience store clerk c. a 75-year-old retired male attorney d. a 53-year-old female electrical engineer
751. Which of the following statements is true about the field of epidemiology? *a. Epidemiologists have successfully increased public awareness about the risk factors associated with death and illness. b. Research shows that epidemiologists are often swayed by governmental agencies and politicians. c. Historically, epidemiologists have had little influence over informing the public about risk factors associated with death and illness. d. Epidemiologists are especially concerned with individual-level perceptions about disease and illness because perceptions influence behaviors.
752. Which statement is true about gender and the medical field? a. Male physicians tend to work fewer hours than women. b. Male physicians tend to choose general practice over specialty fields. c. Female physicians tend to select specialty fields. *d. Female physicians tend to earn less than male physicians.
753. A year before the full implementation of the ACA insurance mandate, researchers found that surveyed Americans reported which of these was the primary reason for not being insured? *a. couldn't afford coverage b. had to spend their money on prescription medicines, not insurance c. didn't see insurance as necessary d. had lost their job that provided insurance
754. According to Parsons, the doctor has the ultimate power to diagnose your condition and to tell you that you're "really" sick. *a. True b. False
755. According to Reid (2009), what are the four separate systems of health care in the United States? List and describe each system.
756. According to research by Chen, Oster, and Williams (2016), postneonatal mortality rates varied across ______ in the United States. *a. socioeconomic groups b. racial groups c. family structure d. marital status
757. According to symbolic interactionism when people contract a disease, they rely upon which source for making decisions about their behavior? a. the government b. sociological studies *c. cultural and personal meanings d. the latest medical consensus among doctors
758. According to the interactionist perspective, illness has a legitimate place in society. a. True *b. False
759. According to the textbook, fertility is determined by ______ factors. *a. biological and social b. sociological and psychological c. psychological and demographic d. primary and secondary
760. According to the textbook, in the United States, the leading causes of death are ______. *a. chronic conditions b. infectious diseases c. intentional injuries d. Alzheimer's disease
761. According to the textbook, innovations in medicine, in the form of infertility treatments, have made childbirth possible for women who once considered it impossible. *a. True b. False
762. According to the textbook, which of these statements is true of community-based health centers? a. They were dissolved following an executive order from the Donald Trump administration. *b. They increase access to health care for the poor, racial and ethnic minorities, and other underserved populations. c. They are operated by the federal government. d. Costs are covered through private insurance.
763. Among Americans aged 65 and older, mortality caused by chronic diseases is most prevalent. *a. True b. False
764. Compared to men, women typically ______. a. die more frequently from stroke b. commit suicide at higher rates *c. live about five years longer d. have shorter but more satisfying lives
765. Compared to other Americans, wealthy individuals had early access to COVID-19 testing. *a. True b. False
766. Conflict theorists define health care as a(n) ______. a. right *b. commodity c. necessity d. innovation
767. Conflict theorists identify how patterns of health and illness are related to systematic inequalities.
*a. True b. False
768. Define medicalization and describe how the process of menopause has been medicalized.
769. Describe the field of epidemiology. How have epidemiologists contributed to society? Additionally, describe the three primary measures of health status that epidemiologists use.
770. Describe the first true epidemiological analysis. Who conducted the study? What were the findings?
771. Drawing from research cited in the textbook, describe health disparities by race or ethnicity. How does racial and ethnic discrimination contribute to negative health outcomes experienced by minority groups?
772. During the COVID-19 pandemic, ______ were the first responders in their communities. a. private hospitals b. general practitioners *c. HRSA centers d. nurses and CNAs
773. Epidemiologists do not focus on individuals; instead, their focus is on ______. a. attitudes and behaviors b. perceptions and beliefs *c. communities and populations d. access to resources and inequality
774. Epidemiologists track the incidence rate, which is the number of prior cases within a population over the number of new cases of the entire population. a. True *b. False
775. Functionalists note that the practice of medicine has shifted. In what way? *a. It has changed from a general practitioner to a specialist model.
b. It has changed from a medical to a psychosocial model. c. It has changed from a specialist to a general practitioner model. d. It has changed from a psychosocial to a medical model.
776. How does life expectancy in the United States compare to other high-income countries? *a. It is shorter. b. It is longer. c. It is the world standard. d. The data is highly variable.
777. In 2007, research indicated that which factor contributed to well over half of all U.S. bankruptcies? a. substance abuse treatment programs b. credit card debt *c. illnesses and medical bills d. student loan debt
778. In 2018, the highest infant mortality rate was for ______ mothers in the United States. *a. non-Hispanic Black b. non-Hispanic white c. Hispanic d. Asian
779. Research indicates that education might be a more important correlate to good health than is one's occupation or income. *a. True b. False
780. The 1910 Flexner Report resulted in higher medical standards but also limited access to medical education and care. *a. True b. False
781. The Children's Health Insurance Program is designed for which children? a. children who are disabled b. children of government employees *c. children of working parents and grandparents d. children of refugees and immigrants
782. The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) was adopted in 1997 as an amendment to the Social Security Act, Title XXI. *a. True b. False
783. The conflict perspective acknowledges how illness is created and sustained according to a set of shared social beliefs or definitions a. True *b. False
784. The infant mortality rate is higher in which country than in other developed countries? a. Russia *b. the United States c. Japan d. Austria
785. The leading cause of death among college-age Americans is ______. a. homicide b. infectious diseases c. intentional injuries *d. unintentional injuries
786. The number of deaths per 100,000 people is also referred to as ______. *a. crude death rate b. fecundity rate c. morbidity rate d. tipping point rate
787. The societal shift from a general practitioner to a specialist model decreased ______. a. health care costs b. the quality of health care c. the types of health care available *d. general access to health care services
788. The three leading causes of death among U.S. infants were congenital birth defects, low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
*a. True b. False
789. Tikkan and Abrams (2020) found that compared to other high-income countries, Americans are more likely to use more ______. *a. expensive procedures and technologies b. web-based searches to obtain medical information c. free clinics and emergency room visits d. fitness equipment and dietary supplements
790. To control drug costs for their residents, several states have offered innovative cost-control models such as the Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly program (PACE). PACE is financed largely from ______. a. local property taxes b. county sales taxes c. federal income taxes *d. state lottery proceeds
791. U.S. laws prohibit the importation of drugs from other countries into the United States unless their safety is certified by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. *a. True b. False
792. What did Corallo and Tolbert (2020) conclude about community health centers? *a. They will continue to play a vital role in providing access to care for communities disproportionately affected by COVID-19. b. They will become irrelevant as insurance plans and policies become more affordable for working Americans. c. They will continue to play an important role in affluent communities where access to healthcare is difficult to find. d. They will continue serving children and youth who do not have insurance or are covered by Medicare.
793. What is the mission for the Erie Family Health Center based in Chicago, IL? *a. Health care is a right, not a privilege. b. Health care is a privilege, not a right. c. Health care should be affordable for all Americans. d. All Americans deserve health insurance.
794. When controlled for differences in hours worked and years of experience, the gender gap in physician earnings continues. *a. True b. False
795. Which of these natural conditions has undergone the process of medicalization? a. diabetes b. heart disease *c. menopause d. HIV
796. Which of these statements is true about infant mortality? a. It is measured by the rate of birth divided by the rate of death for any given population. *b. It is considered a basic indicator of the well-being of a population. c. It is the highest among non-Hispanic white mothers. d. It is the lowest among mothers with prior health conditions.
797. Which statement is true about health care in the United States? *a. Rich people get better healthcare than poor people. b. Medical doctors who are women outnumber men at a ratio of two to one. c. People with health insurance avoid financial struggles related to medical bills. d. Prescription drugs are relatively cheaper and less regulated than in other countries.
798. ______ is an example of a biological factor related to fertility. a. Roles b. Cultural values c. Ideal family size *d. Health
799. ______ is an example of a social factor related to fertility. a. Age b. Health c. Nutrition *d. Values
800. ______ measures the frequency of long-term or chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, asthma, or HIV. a. Incidence rates *b. Prevalence rates c. Mortality rates d. Fecundity rates
801. According to Miller (2002), the most corrosive influence of media conglomerates was their impact on ______. *a. journalism b. social media c. newspapers d. sports coverage
802. According to the textbook, ______ was considered one of the biggest news stories of the late 20th century. *a. the death of Princess Diana b. the death of Mother Theresa c. the conviction of bomber, Timothy McVeigh d. the suicide of Heaven's Gate cult members
803. According to the textbook, recently, the ______ has emerged as a political tool for communication and organization. a. newspaper b. free public library *c. Internet d. evening news
804. Activist groups, such as Blacks Live Matter rely on ______ for recruitment and mobilization. a. group texts *b. social media c. fundraising platforms d. live news coverage
805. As the fourth estate, what is the role of journalism? a. entertain the country b. advocate for social change *c. serve as a watchdog on government activities d. identify social problems
806. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, what is one of the dysfunctions of social media? *a. terrorist groups can use it to publicize their grievances and capabilities b. stay-at-home mothers can find support from other women c. youth can learn about social problems and forms of inequality d. college students can become involved in various organizations with a click of a button
807. Functionalists examine the ______ between the media and other social institutions. a. institutional inequalities b. meaning c. inherent conflict *d. structural relationship
808. Gans (1979) argued that the news is usually about ______. a. "anyone" b. "unknowns" *c. "knowns" d. "upcoming trendsetters"
809. Households with a bachelor's degree or higher are more likely to have access to computers and the Internet than those with lower levels of educational attainment. *a. True b. False
810. In 2017, which country emerged as a widespread promulgator of propaganda in the U.S. 2016 election? a. China *b. Russia c. France d. Iran
811. Journalism is referred to as the ______ estate. *a. fourth b. minority c. most powerful d. leading
812. Mainly because of income differentials, the Internet is beyond the reach of global citizens. *a. True b. False
813. One of the consequences of increasing media consolidation is that ______ broadcasting has declined. *a. minority-owned b. men-owned c. American-owned d. internationally-owned
814. One result of the decline in print newspapers is more coverage of specialty beats like science and religion. a. True *b. False
815. Socially and politically, social media make our world ______. a. bigger b. less accessible *c. smaller d. more intimidating
816. The digital divide is a global phenomenon. *a. True b. False
817. The first American printing press arrived in Virginia in 1645. a. True *b. False
818. The mass media provides people with a sense of connection that few other social institutions can offer. a. True *b. False
819. What does it mean that journalism is the fourth estate?
820. Which company settled Federal Trade Commission charges in 2011 for violating the privacy agreement with their customers? a. Instagram b. Twitter c. My Space *d. Facebook
821. ______ refers to the ability to access and analyze media messages. *a. Media literacy b. Media consumption c. Collective literacy d. Critical reasoning
822. A study of English and Spanish news coverage of immigration in the U.S. revealed that what was responsible for differing coverage? *a. audience preferences and newspaper profit motives b. newspaper profit motives and geographical location c. audience preferences and geographical location d. current events analysis and audience preferences
823. A study of the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing revealed that repeated exposure to media coverage of it was related to ______ among non-Boston residents. a. higher levels of empathy *b. higher levels of acute stress c. higher levels of fear of terrorism d. higher levels of anger at foreigners
824. According to conflict theorists, the media frames its messages in such a way that it will ______. a. benefit the majority of its viewers b. belittle its viewers' opinions c. clarify issues for its viewers *d. support the ruling elite
825. According to research by Epstein (1981), the news is ______. *a. the result of decisions made with a news organization b. the product of chance events c. the product of liberal takeover d. the result of decisions made by journalists
826. According to research by Lazarus and Mora (2000), ______ is a barrier for underserved communities. a. access to reading material *b. lack of information at a basic literacy level c. stereotypical advertising d. too much local information and not enough national information
827. According to research by Lazarus and Mora (2000), if communities wanted to increase the likelihood of underserved communities being able to access technology that is useful for them, which of these should they do? a. provide more coverage of national news b. provide more documents in English c. provide more information about more expensive housing so that underserved communities can find better places to live *d. provide websites that reflect diverse cultural heritages and practices
828. According to research by Shor and colleagues (2015), what is one of the consequences of media visibility and beliefs about gender? *a. the media may reinforce long-standing gender status beliefs b. white men tend to be featured more positively in both televisions shows and movies c. the media tend to represent Black and Hispanic women in caring-taking roles d. white women are often portrayed negatively in various forms of media
829. According to research, regular exposure to stereotypical gender roles on television is associated with ______. a. more inclusive views on masculine and feminine roles *b. more stereotypical beliefs about masculine and feminine characteristics c. more positive perceptions on discriminatory behaviors against women d. a better understanding of how the gendered division of labor serves society
830. According to the textbook, live media events, such as the Olympics, Super Bowl, and award shows have the potential to do what? *a. build a sense of community b. protest social injustices c. provide entertainment for individuals who may be isolated due to COVID-19 d. establish a collective conscious
831. Compared to Spanish-language news media, English-language news media were more likely to focus on what? *a. negative aspects of immigration b. position aspects of immigration c. conflicting opinions on immigration d. liberal agendas on immigration
832. Define impression management as theorized by Erving Goffman. How does impression management apply to social media? On balance, do you think that social media allows for less or more impression management? Why? Be sure to provide evidence for your opinion
833. Postman (1989) argues that the popular media culture ______ the educational system in the United States. a. enhances b. compliments *c. undermines d. generally does not effect
834. The first major overhaul of the original 1934 act, the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was seen as a way to ______. a. discourage broadcasting of indecent materials b. encourage media corporate mergers *c. encourage competition in the communications industry d. discourage consumers from switching telephone companies
835. What does research tell us about the ways in which communication technology (CT) has changed Americans' connections to work? In your own experiences, how has communication technology affected your work experiences or experiences as a college student?
836. What is media literacy and how does it relate to digital literacy? Drawing from research cited in the textbook, discuss why each is important.
837. What is the goal of feminist theorists in their understanding of media? a. explore how the power elite continue to maintain their control of media b. examine the functions and dysfunctions of social media c. test the relationship between media consumption and various social outcomes
*d. analyze how the media represent and devalue women and minorities
838. What role did Facebook and Twitter play during the 2011 protests in Tahrir Square, Egypt? a. confusing Egyptians while police moved in *b. unifying protestors c. misinforming the international community about the real issues d. distracting Egyptians to what was really going on
839. According to a functionalist perspective, the media are shaped by ______. *a. social and economic conditions b. the powerful elite c. cultural norms d. individual-level perceptions
840. According to research by Stolger and Weiland (2020), ______ is the foundation of an effective response to the outbreak of an infectious disease. *a. clear information b. availability of sufficient supplies c. timely medical response d. direct guidance
841. According to the text, mass media organizations identify which of the following as important determinants of newsworthiness? *a. proximity and deviation b. excitement and impact level c. pertinent and excitement d. deviation and pertinence
842. According to the textbook, which of these statements is true about media literacy? a. Media literacy is mostly aimed at teaching peers as they can provide the most effective intervention to reduce the effects of violence on children. b. Media literacy is about shifting attention from active consumption to passive consumption. c. Internationally speaking, the United States has been on the cutting edge of media literacy. *d. Media literacy is important for the development of democracy and active citizenship.
843. Analyze two potential negative outcomes associated with increasing consolidation of media ownership.
844. As an independent agency, the FCC oversees violations of local laws and policies and reports directly to state governors. a. True *b. False
845. Barner (1999) found in an analysis of children's programming that women were typically portrayed in ______. a. positive stereotypes *b. passive roles c. active roles d. dominant positions
846. Communication technology use during the non-work time has been negatively correlated to an employee's workload and career ambitions a. True *b. False
847. Creating a favorable image of oneself for the benefit of others is called ______. a. image manipulation b. impression steering *c. impression management d. image management
848. David Altheide argues that ______ is persuasive in American society and much of it is produced through messages presented by the news media. a. prejudice b. loyalty c. passiveness *d. fear
849. Describe how the interactionist perspective examines and analyzes the media.
850. Despite evidence that Americans have a comparative advantage in regard to diseases, accidents, nutrition, medical care, and life expectancy, American women and men perceive themselves to be at greater
risk than do their counterparts elsewhere and express fears about this, in part, due to media coverage. *a. True b. False
851. Do functionalists argue that the media have the potential to link which of the following? a. power structures and social institutions b. men and women *c. individuals and communities d. the powerful elite and low-income communities
852. Drawing from a feminist perspective, explain what research tells us about gender and the media.
853. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, describe some of the dysfunctions of the media.
854. Drawing from and citing research discussed in the textbook, how does social media affect teenagers?
855. Drawing from conflict theory, the media serves the interest of ______. a. consumers and content creators b. women and minority groups *c. interlocking state and corporate powers d. non-profit organizations
856. During the pandemic, the readership of local new sites increased as readers wanted to learn how COVID-19 was affecting their hometowns. *a. True b. False
857. Durkheim used the term, ______ to describe the set of shared norms and beliefs in society. a. human agency b. social capital *c. collective consciousness d. alienation
858. In a 2014 study, Wright and colleagues discovered that as the number of outside-of-work hours increased via communication technology, perceptions of work versus life conflict increased. *a. True b. False
859. Media literacy involves shifting one's role from passive receiver to ______ of media. a. passive enthusiast *b. active critical receiver c. intentional recipient d. reflexive evaluator
860. Net neutrality means that the Internet protects free speech on the Internet. a. True *b. False
861. Public health studies have been unable to document the link between television viewing and poor physical health among children and adults. a. True *b. False
862. Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was established by the Communications Act of 2001. a. True *b. False
863. Research suggests communication technology has significantly changed our connection to work. *a. True b. False
864. Social media has made it easier for individuals to practice impression management. a. True *b. False
865. Sociologists White, Stuart, and Morrisey (2020) found that news coverage on victims is typically equal in the U.S. a. True *b. False
866. Studies of how women are represented in the media reveal which of these? a. Women athletes are featured for their athletic prowess. b. Women politicians are featured for their economic and national security knowledge. c. Children's programming often features women in non-traditional gendered roles. *d. Women who challenge traditional gender roles are often sexualized.
867. The Federal Communications Commission was established by ______. a. the Department of Justice in 1957 *b. the Communications Act of 1934 c. the Department of Commerce in 1962 d. the Telecommunications Act of 1946
868. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 increased ______. a. competition *b. cooperation between media giants c. free speech d. diverse characters on television
869. The collaboration between which two groups were described as a significant change in efforts to stop misinformation about COVID-19? a. CNN and the Associated Press *b. WHO and media platforms c. National Public Radio and MSNBC d. CBS News and conservative news programming
870. The digital divide is best described as a symptom of ______. *a. social inequality b. extensive media usage c. corporate control d. attention deficit disorder
871. The fundamental principle in American media is to attract an audience to sell to advertisers.
*a. True b. False
872. The interactionist perspective of the media focuses on ______. a. media objectivity b. media's use of power *c. media's symbols and messages d. media's functions
873. The mass media play a large role in shaping public agendas by influencing what people think about social problems. *a. True b. False
874. The workplace has become America's primary greedy institution. *a. True b. False
875. Trust in the media is a significant problem. According to research cited in the text, which of these are people most likely to say they trust? *a. local media b. national media c. blogs d. Twitter
876. What is one of the goals of the Committee to Protect Journalists? a. decrease censorship of the media internationally *b. defend the rights of journalists to report the news without fear of reprisal c. defend the rights of the public to hear all sides of the news d. increase political coverage to show the experiences of marginalized groups
877. What is the digital divide? Drawing from research cited in the text, why do you think sociologists argue that it is problematic for society?
878. What was one of the consequences regarding the public and false information about COVID-19?
*a. it undermined efforts to get people to wear face masks b. it promoted the importance of people wearing face masks c. it promoted efforts to get people to stay at home when necessary d. it encouraged medical health providers to limit the vaccines available to the public
879. What was one of the first initiatives for the Project for Excellence in Journalism? a. increase liberal media *b. raise the standards of American journalism c. decrease censorship of American journalism d. increase the diversity of content creators on TikTok
880. When asked what was the most helpful media source to learn about the 2016 presidential election, surveyed Americans identified which of the following as their most preferred source? *a. cable news b. social media c. local television d. local newspapers
881. According to the text, despite public health warnings that this is bad for one's health, since 1991, which behavior has been on the rise among teenagers? a. opioid addiction *b. cigarette smoking c. marijuana use d. binge drinking
882. According to the text, in 2016, this was the most used tobacco product among high school students. a. chewing tobacco b. cigarettes *c. e-cigarettes d. cigars
883. Adolescence is a critical risk period for the initiation of substance abuse. *a. True b. False
884. Biological and psychological theories suggest that drug abuse is based on which of the following? *a. an individual b. cultural groups c. society as a whole d. structural issues
885. California was the first state to decriminalize the possession and personal use of small amounts of drugs. *a. True b. False
886. Drug enforcement usually targets what type of neighborhoods? a. middle-class b. suburban c. rural *d. urban
887. Interactionists argue that powerful politicians have made intentional decisions regarding which drugs should be considered illegal and which ones should not. a. True *b. False
888. The Community Anti-Drug Collations of America (CADCA) serves more than 5,000 antidrug coalitions in 30 countries. *a. True b. False
889. The physical or psychological dependence on a drug or medication is known as which of these? a. drug abuse b. drug rehabilitation *c. drug addiction d. drug codependency
890. The use of any drug or medication for a reason other than which it was intended or in a manner or in quantities other than directed which can lead to clinically significant impairment or distress is referred to as which of these? *a. drug abuse
b. drug rehabilitation c. drug addiction d. drug codependency
891. What is the major active chemical in marijuana? a. cannabis b. SAMHA c. ketamine *d. THC
892. Which individual is using an illicit drug? a. Liz, who smokes a pack of cigarettes per day b. Shay, who drinks a six-pack of beer every night c. Jack, who smokes cigars on special occasions *d. Tess, who takes Ketamine at a rave party
893. Which of these drugs kills more people worldwide than all other drugs combined? a. alcohol *b. tobacco c. marijuana d. opioids
894. Which of these is the most used illicit drug? a. cigarettes b. morphine *c. marijuana d. alcohol
895. Which statement about e-cigarettes is true? *a. They arrived for sale on the U.S. market in 2003. b. They are considered a healthy alternative to traditional cigarettes. c. They contain a less addictive form of nicotine. d. The "e" designates how they are for educational use.
896. Women have faced discrimination when they have tried to receive treatment for addiction. *a. True b. False
897. Aaron checked himself into what is a considered a "traditional" treatment program to address his opioid addiction. Traditional treatment programs tend to focus on what? a. structural issues surrounding addiction *b. individuals and their addiction c. accessibility and environment d. family problems and trauma-informed care
898. Annie has insufficient resources to deal with a number of demanding situations that are arising at her place of work. As a result, she has started to drink every night. Functionalists might say that Annie is suffering from which of these? a. role conflict b. role confusion *c. role strain d. role anomie
899. Catherine and Jessica are close friends who both entered a longterm drug treatment program. Catherine successfully completed four months of treatment. Jessica checked herself out of rehab after two months in the program. Research suggests that Catherine is more likely to do what than Jessica? *a. have better outcomes b. relapse six months after leaving the program c. transition to a half-way house d. lose her employment due to her long-term absence
900. Describe community approaches to drug prevention and treatment. Has this approach been successful? Use evidence to support your point of view.
901. Describe how differential association explains drug use. How has the label of "abusers" influenced certain groups within society?
902. Does research suggest that which of these is true of drug addiction and treatment in the United States? a. Treatment is common as over three-quarters of those who need treatment receive it. b. Traditional treatment programs focus on treating families, not individuals. c. The immediate goal of treatment is abstinence. *d. Treatment works to reduce drug intake and drug-related crimes.
903. Drawing from a feminist perspective, describe how women's experiences with drug abuse has been historically similar or different than men's experiences.
904. Drawing from a functionalist perspective, describe how cultural norms surrounding excessive drinking is determined by and is the product of the college environment. Additionally, discuss how role strain could be an issue among college students that contributes to alcohol use and abuse.
905. Identify, compare and contrast two of the four sociological perspectives as to how they understand and explain the causes and solutions for drug and alcohol problems in the United States. Which of the perspectives that you selected do you find most useful in understanding this social problem and why?
906. Tommy is 22 years old and is a student-athlete. He attends college more than ten hours away from his hometown in Arkansas. Tommy lives on campus and enjoys socializing with his teammates, friends, and other fraternity members on the weekends. Compared to other college students, these demographic and social factors suggest that Tommy may be more likely to engage in what type of behavior? *a. binge drinking b. chronic alcoholism c. illicit drug use d. opioid addiction
907. Tyler is a freshman in college, and he consumes multiple alcoholic drinks at least five times a week. He does not think he has a problem with alcohol because he is under the impression that most college students drink about the same amount of alcohol that he does. Tyler's belief about excessive drinking and college students is an example of which of these? *a. cultural norm b. biosocial perspective c. behavioral disorder d. human agency
908. What is the War on Drugs? How has it influenced U.S. history? Additionally, describe how drug policy in the United States, including the War on Drugs has been fueled by racial, ethnic, and economic antagonism.
909. Which of the following is a common element of NIDA, the ONDCP, and the NIAAA?
*a. They are all federally funded programs. b. They were all signed into law by President Obama. c. They have all advocated for the legalization of drugs. d. They all target drug use among young people.
910. Which of these is true of The Fair Sentencing Act? a. It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton. *b. It reduces the sentencing disparity in the amounts of powder cocaine and cracks cocaine required for the imposition of mandatory minimum sentences. c. It cannot be retroactively applied to cases that were sentenced before the act was signed. d. It was abolished by Executive Order under the administration of Donald Trump.
911. Which of these is true of the Drug Free Communities Act? a. It was intended to increase substance abuse reduction among the elderly. b. It is directed by the Department of Justice. *c. It currently supports more than 700 coalitions of participants, community agencies, law enforcement, and other stakeholders. d. International groups have been unable to adapt this specifically U.S.-focused program because it relies heavily on the norm of individualism.
912. Which of these is true of workplace strategies around drug treatment and prevention? a. All employers are legally required to have drug-free workplaces. *b. Drug testing in the workplace has been litigated as a challenge to employees' right to privacy. c. Drug-free workplaces have little to no effect on the use of drugs in the workplace. d. Peer support groups are the most common ways that employers manage drug use in the workplace.
913. Which statement is true of Employee Assistance Programs (EAPS)? *a. They are the most common intervention used in the workplace to prevent and treat drug abuse. b. They are least common intervention used in the workplace to prevent and treat drug abuse. c. They are often abused by employees to obtain extended periods of time off from work. d. They tend to be more stigmatizing than community-based programs with similar outcomes.
914. According to the findings of MacDonald, Wells, and Wild (1999), the presence of a drinking subculture at work is the strongest risk factor for alcohol and drug use. *a. True b. False
915. According to the text, when middle or upper-class individuals engage in drug use, it is viewed as a(n) _______, but when lower-class individuals use drugs, it is viewed as a crime. *a. personal crisis b. public issue c. moral failing d. misdemeanor
916. All employers of more than five employees are required by law to have drug-free workplace programs. a. True *b. False
917. Ashley typically consumes alcohol on the weekends with her friends or if she's celebrating a special occasion. She feels like this is acceptable because it aligns with how often her friends drink alcohol. Which term describes what Ashley uses to determine the appropriate use of alcohol? *a. social norms b. peer guidelines c. CDC recommendations d. moderation values
918. Colleges play an important role in the prevention of drug use. *a. True b. False
919. Conflict theorists argue that no one uses alcohol or drugs without learning to use a drug in a way which will produce real effects. a. True *b. False
920. Cross-cultural studies indicate that there is no variation in the way people expect to behave when they consume alcoholic beverages.
a. True *b. False
921. Data suggest that the dramatic increase in women's imprisonment is primarily due to which of these? a. lack of childcare b. accessibility of cocaine c. gender equality *d. the War on Drugs
922. Describe some of the workplace characteristics that are associated with employee drinking and drug use. What have U.S. workplaces done to address substance use and abuse among their workers?
923. Describe the four symptoms associated with alcoholism. How does alcohol consumption differ by individual characteristics, cultural factors, and structural factors?
924. Dr. Hollis argues that his patient's addiction to alcohol is largely due to the fact that his patient's mother is an alcoholic. Most likely, Dr. Hollis is drawing from which types of theories to explain his patient's addiction to alcohol? *a. biological and psychological theories b. social-psychological and structural theories c. conflict and feminist theories d. interactionist and intersectional theories
925. Drug addiction is a treatable disorder with those who stay in treatment longer than three months having better outcomes than those who undergo shorter treatments. *a. True b. False
926. Explain the difference between legalization and decriminalization. Discuss the pros and cons of both. Where do you stand and why?
927. From a sociological perspective, which is a concern with biological and psychological theories of drug abuse? a. They are too vague and therefore, unreliable in sociological research. b. They cannot help us understand drug abuse from an individual level. c. They do not offer effective treatment strategies.
*d. They cannot explain the social or structural determinants of drug abuse.
928. Identify and briefly describe the two forms of individual treatment. Which treatment option tends to be more effective?
929. In 2017, President Trump declared a public health emergency to address which type of drug use? a. stimulants *b. opioids c. depressants d. hallucinogens
930. In a comparative study of smokers and nonsmokers, adolescents who smoked were found to have which of these? *a. more academic problems b. larger support systems c. more friends who don't smoke d. more workplace problems
931. In the United States, ______ is the most important preventable cause of cancer. a. alcohol use *b. cigarette smoking c. vaping d. intravenous drug use
932. In the United States, the prevalence of smoking is highest among which of these groups? a. African Americans *b. Native Americans and Alaska natives c. Hispanics d. whites
933. Infrequently drinking a large quantity of alcohol in a short period is called which of these? a. toxic alcohol consumption *b. episodic high-risk drinking c. black-out drinking d. high-density drinking
934. Leana's society is undergoing a rapid cultural change as technology has replaced traditional craft and religious activities. Which theorist would predict that this will lead to a change in social norms, which may also influence deviant behaviors? *a. Émile Durkheim b. C. Wright Mills c. Edwin Sutherland d. Howard Becker
935. MacDonald, Wells, and Wild (1999) found that problem drinking or drug use was linked to which of these? *a. drinking subculture at work b. degree of autonomy at work c. gender relations at work d. work-family conflict
936. Of the workers below, which has the highest rate of illicit drug use and heavy drinking? *a. construction workers b. bartenders c. food service staff d. sales personnel
937. One form of drug treatment, medication therapy often involves family counseling sessions and psychotherapy. a. True *b. False
938. One persistent societal myth maintains that as a group, Native Americans have problems handling alcohol. However, research indicates that a factor such as ______ may explain high rates of alcohol-related problems in this population. a. differential association *b. demography c. biology d. role strain
939. Opponents of drug legalization argue that drug users are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and criminal activity. *a. True b. False
940. Research indicates that ______ are about ten times more likely than other groups of women to be reported to civil authorities for drug use. a. Asian American women b. Native American women c. Hispanic women *d. African American women
941. Stricter ______ has increased the number of men and women serving time in prison for drug-related offenses. a. local laws *b. federal policies c. zero-tolerance campus policies d. state-level drug mandates
942. The National Institute on Drug Abuse was established in 1984 as the federal office for research, treatment, and data collection on the nature of drug dependency. a. True *b. False
943. The Netherlands defines drug abuse as a phenomenon to be punished rather than treated. a. True *b. False
944. The Trump administration requested $26 billion dollars for drug prevention, treatment, law enforcement and incarceration for 2018. *a. True b. False
945. The U.S. medical and public health community is strongly supportive of drug legalization. a. True *b. False
946. The belief that a person's addiction to drugs is genetic or inherited best aligns with biological and psychological theories on drug abuse. *a. True b. False
947. The stigma of opioid use in the United States differs depending on one's gender, race, and social class. *a. True b. False
948. This age category has the highest prevalence of binge drinking. a. 14 to 17 *b. 18 to 25 c. 26 to 32 d. 45 and older
949. Tougher drug laws have placed the issue of drug abuse in the hands of medical and public health officials. a. True *b. False
950. What is the term for entirely removing drugs from the control of the law? *a. legalization b. decriminalization c. harm-reduction d. mainstreaming
951. What is the term for keeping drug penalties in place but reducing their severity? a. legalization *b. decriminalization c. harm-reduction d. mainstreaming
952. Which class of drugs is used to reduce pain and includes both legally prescribed drugs and illegal drugs? a. stimulants *b. opioids c. depressants d. hallucinogens
953. Which of the following groups has the lowest drinking rate in the United States?
*a. Asian and Black b. American Indian and white c. white and Black d. Asian and white
954. Which of these factors put women at higher risk of alcoholism? a. gender socialization *b. sexual abuse during childhood or adulthood c. the social role of wife d. the social role of mother
955. Which of these is a major source of indoor air contaminants and has been linked to lung cancer and cardiovascular disease? *a. secondhand smoke b. vaping c. passive pollution d. e-cigarettes
956. Which of these theories would say that we learn to use and misuse drugs following the norms and behaviors of our peer group? a. role strain theory b. labeling theory *c. differential association d. control theory
957. Which perspective notes that certain individuals and groups who use drugs are labeled, and this label shapes how society responds to them? *a. interactionism b. conflict c. functionalism d. feminism
958. Which perspective would be likely to point out the importance of considering how society responds to and labels people who use certain types of drugs? a. functionalist *b. interactionist c. feminist d. conflict
959. Which theory might point out that drug testing is likely to punish the poor?
a. interactionist theories *b. conflict theories c. functionalist theories d. feminist theories
960. Which theory suggests that society provides us with norms, which help people determine the appropriate use of alcohol and drugs? a. conflict perspective b. feminist theory *c. functionalist perspective d. interactional theory
961. According to the textbook, which type of crime includes force or the threat of force against others? *a. violent b. aggressive c. life-threatening d. aggravated
962. Cutting school or buying and consuming alcohol is referred to as which of these? a. juvenile first-degree offense *b. juvenile status offense c. juvenile delinquency offense d. juvenile criminal offense
963. Larceny, arson, and motor vehicle theft are considered which type of crime? *a. violent b. property c. aggravated d. second-degree crime
964. More women are going to prison because the female crime rate is at an all-time high. a. True *b. False
965. Research suggests that males are more likely to be victimized by a stranger, while women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know.
*a. True b. False
966. The Uniform Crime Report is published by the which of these? a. Central Intelligence Agency b. Bureau of Justice *c. Federal Bureau of Investigation d. Bureau of Justice Statistics
967. The United States incarcerates more people for drug offenses than any other country. *a. True b. False
968. The risk of death by international homicide has been declining. *a. True b. False
969. The term, white-collar crime was first used by Robert K. Merton. a. True *b. False
970. Victor Rios argued that labeling creates criminality and which of these? a. increased inequality b. the needs of the poor c. threatens the powerful *d. perpetuates criminalization
971. When women commit crimes they are more likely to do so with other women. a. True *b. False
972. Which country has the highest number of female detainees? a. Russia b. Brazil c. Thailand *d. the United States
973. Which of these statements is true regarding how sociologist, Austin Turk explained criminality? a. an act is not inherently criminal; society defines it that way *b. crime is determined by situational variations, not individual choices c. confrontation with negative action or stimuli results in crime d. criminal actions occur when norms are unable to regulate behaviors
974. Which term refers to more serious acts of deviance, which follow the social response to primary deviance? *a. secondary deviance b. fundamental deviance c. critical deviance d. subordinate deviance
975. According to the text, no crime is distributed randomly throughout the population. Explain how crime varies across key demographic dimensions, including race/ethnicity. Why should we be cautious when interpreting trends associated with demographic factors and crime?
976. Compare the conflict perspective and the feminist perspective. Drawing from the feminist perspective, explain the surge in women's incarceration.
977. Crime rates are declining but prison rates are increasing. Explain this phenomenon and discuss the phenomenon of unequal imprisonment in the United States.
978. Describe how the functionalist perspective emerged and was further developed to explain criminal behavior. Which functionalist perspective is most comprehensive in explaining criminal behavior? Use evidence to support your answer.
980. Describe the differences between traditional policing and new methods of policing. Which methods do you think are most effective and why? If you were going to make recommendations to a police department that has a high rate of excessive force, what would you suggest to address this problem? Use evidence to support your answer.
981. Describe the three different sources of data that are typically used to estimate the nature and extent of crime in the United States. In your answer, identify the strengths and limitations of each of the sources.
982. Differentiate between a juvenile delinquent and a juvenile status offender and explain how social bonds and social control theory applies to juvenile delinquency.
983. Discuss the death penalty in the U.S. Include in your answer issues of deterrence and racial disparities. What is your opinion on the use of the death penalty in the U.S.?
984. Identify and explain three types of crime discussed in the textbook. Which type of crime do you think is most consequential for society? Use evidence to support your point of view.
985. Noah wants to have a big house and a brand-new car. He is unable to find a job, so he sells drugs to afford these items. Robert Merton would say that Noah is using which of these modes of adaptation? a. restitution b. retreatism *c. innovation d. conformity
986. What becomes evident when the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victimization Survey are compared? *a. The number of crimes committed is higher than the number of crimes reported. b. The number of crimes committed is lower than the number of crimes reported. c. The Crime clock is the most accurate way of collecting data. d. The Uniform Crime Report is a more accurate way of collecting data.
987. #SayHerName is an organization developed by the Office of Violence Prevention. a. True *b. False
988. A conflict theorist would say that the purpose of law enforcement is which of these? a. protect society against crime *b. protect the interests and power of the dominant class. c. maintain social control. d. define our cultural value on crime.
989. According to Agnew, which of these is one of the types of socialpsychological sources of strain? a. society's inability to provide sets of norms to regulate behaviors *b. the failure to achieve positively valued outcomes c. exclusion of emotional ties to external bonds d. lack of acceptance of conventional values and beliefs
990. According to Merton's strain theory, people adapt to life in anomic situations and adapt to society's goals and means. *a. True b. False
991. According to Robert K. Merton, a person who agrees with cultural goals and the institutional means to achieve them exemplifies which of these modes of adaptation? a. restitution b. retreatism c. innovation *d. conformity
992. According to Travis Hirschi, society controls our behavior through which four elements? *a. attachments, commitment, involvement, and beliefs b. schools, families, religion, and the economy c. the micro, meso, eco, and macro-systems of society d. valued outcomes, desired stimuli, confrontation, and situational variations
993. According to labeling theory, it is not the criminal act that is important, but it is the audience that labels the person or acts as "criminal" that is important. *a. True b. False
994. According to researchers Wilson, Sampson, and Wilson, structural disadvantage contributes to which of these? *a. higher levels of crime and victimization in Black communities b. higher levels of crime and victimization in poor, rural settings c. lower levels of crime and victimization in population-dense neighbors
d. lower levels of crime and victimization in economically disadvantage areas
995. According to the conflict perspective, criminal justice decisions are based on which of these ideas? *a. they sanction offenders based on minority group membership b. they are imposed on members of the higher class by those with the most power c. they are assigned to those who fail to meet expectations linked to conventional beliefs d. they are fair and based on objective standards of the law
996. According to the textbook, patriarchal power relations push women into criminal behavior through which of these? *a. victimization b. economic equality c. status acceptance d. traditional ideas
997. According to the textbook, traditional models of policing emphasized high visibility and the use of force. *a. True b. False
998. According to the textbook, which factors played a part in the increasing call to defund police departments? *a. institutional racism and police violence b. interpersonal racism and racial profiling c. gender discrimination in hiring and lack of police accountability d. implicit bias and prejudicial policing practices
999. According to the textbook, which of these statements best reflects one of the differences between biological theories and sociological theories addressing crime? *a. Sociological theories highlight how larger social forces contribute to crime. b. Biological theories focus on how low levels of social capital are linked to crime c. Biological theories address neighborhood composition and crime rates. d. Sociological theories focus on distinct physical features and crime.
1000. According to your text, compared to men, women in prison are more likely to ______. a. be serving a second or third sentence b. be childless *c. have a history of sexual abuse and trauma d. suffer from schizophrenia
1001. According to your text, which of these groups is most likely to trust the police? *a. whites b. Black youth c. Hispanics d. women
1002. After the murder of George Floyd, the Minnesota Legislature took which action? a. restrict police use of force for all traffic stops b. increased surveillance for traffic stops c. increased backup when the public is present during police interactions *d. restrict police use of chokeholds and neck restraints
1003. Because of the rise in juvenile crime, most countries collect systematic data on juvenile delinquency. a. True *b. False
1004. Conflict theorists argue that police behavior, including the use of force, reflects which of these? a. poor training *b. deeply rooted social divisions c. economic equity d. instinctive defensive protocols
1005. Conflict theorists argue that the criminal justice system is intentionally unequal. *a. True b. False
1006. Corporate fraud is the highest priority of the FBI's Financial Crimes Section.
*a. True b. False
1007. Drawing from a conflict perspective, problems tend to emerge when groups of individuals are disadvantaged by the criminal justice system. *a. True b. False
1008. Freda Adler's "liberation" approach to women's crime argues that as gender equality increases which of these happen? *a. Women are more likely to commit crimes. b. Men are more likely to commit crimes. c. Women are less likely to commit crimes. d. Men are less likely to commit crimes.
1009. Globally, intimate violence is primarily committed against ______. a. men b. individuals aged 65 and older *c. women d. children
1010. How did Robert Agnew expand Merton's strain theory explaining crime? *a. incorporating multiple individuals and structural sources of strain b. considering how norms regulate behaviors c. addressing attachments to others d. acknowledging expectations linked with conventional activities and beliefs
1011. In order to help with police reform, sociologists call for better data on police contacts. *a. True b. False
1012. In the U.S., the risk of being killed by the police is highest for white men. a. True *b. False
1013. Michelle Alexander compared the U.S. mass incarceration to Jim Crow Laws. *a. True b. False
1014. Police officers are more likely to find drugs or weapons in possession of white drivers rather than black drivers. *a. True b. False
1015. Robert K. Merton and others who worked with his assumptions believed that criminal activity would decline if which of these happened? a. racism decreased *b. economic conditions improved c. sexism decreased d. laws became more punitive
1016. Scholars argue that criminal activity would most likely increase if economic conditions improved. a. True *b. False
1017. Sociologist Edwin Lemert proposed that deviance is ______. *a. a process b. rare in society c. a symptom of a larger cultural problem d. an adaptation to economic challenges
1018. The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Crime Clock is a graphic display of which of these? a. non-violent crimes *b. how often specific offenses are committed c. the most likely time of day an offense might occur d. demographics of who commits crimes
1019. The Internet Crime Complaint Center handles complaints about which of these? *a. identity theft b. white-collar crimes
c. cyberbullying d. civil crimes
1020. The National Incident-Based Reporting System collects data on offenders and victims. *a. True b. False
1021. The Uniform Crime Report summarizes which of these categories of crime? *a. index and non-index crimes b. felonies and misdemeanors c. violent, property, and juvenile crimes d. white-collar, blue-collar, and index crimes
1022. This theory points out the importance of how the "audience" responds to a person who commits a crime or to the crime itself. a. social control theory b. strain theory *c. labeling theory d. feminist theory
1023. Victimization is higher for which of these groups? a. the rich b. whites c. married people *d. central city residents
1024. Which concept did Robert K. Merton take from Émile Durkheim to develop Merton's strain theory? a. innovation *b. anomie c. patriarchy d. labeling
1025. Which crime is estimated to cost taxpayers more than all other types of crimes? a. white-collar crime b. juvenile delinquency c. violent crime *d. property crime
1026. Which is true regarding recommendations made by the American Public Health Association (2020) on preventing gun violence? *a. prevention includes identifying risk factors associated with gun violence b. preventative measures include less access to the impact of interventions by the NRA c. prevention includes laws banning assault weapons for individuals under age 25 d. preventative measures include less marketing of guns to children and adolescents
1027. Which of the following is TRUE of the youth of color and the juvenile justice system? *a. They are more likely to be arrested than white youth. b. They are less likely to be arrested than white youth. c. They are arrested at the same rates as white youth. d. They are more likely to be exonerated than white youth.
1028. Which of the following is a critique of biopsychological theories of crime? a. They fail to address inherent criminal characteristics. b. They fail to explain neuro-physical (brain lesions, brain dysfunctions) characteristics related to violence and criminality *c. They fail to explain why crime rates vary between urban and rural areas, different neighborhoods, or social or economic groups. d. They fail to address how crime is determined by individual characteristics or predispositions to crime.
1029. Which of these explains the increase in women's incarceration? a. Women are committing more crimes. b. Female juveniles are committing more felonies. *c. The current legal system encourages a tough-on-crime stance for men and women. d. Men are committing fewer crimes.
1030. Which of these groups has the lowest rate of victimization? a. white males b. Black males *c. white females d. Black females
1031. Which of these is a critique of the Uniform Crime Report and the National Incident-Based Reporting System? a. They exclude minorities. b. They focus too much on certain types of crimes. *c. They focus only on reported crimes. d. They exaggerate the amount of crime.
1032. Which of these is a non-index crime? a. arson *b. petty theft c. assault d. burglary
1033. Which of these is an interactionist likely to say is a cause of deviance or criminal behavior? a. the exploitation of working-class people b. patriarchy c. a lack of social control *d. a learned behavior
1034. Which of these is true regarding youth who are strongly bonded to conventional roles models, such as their teachers or coaches? *a. They are least likely to engage in delinquent behaviors. b. They are more likely to commit status offenses. c. They are least likely to be cleared by law enforcement for property crimes. d. They are more likely to drop out of high school.
1035. Which of these sociologists believed that crime is normal and inevitable? a. Robert K. Merton *b. Émile Durkheim c. Travis Hirschi d. Freda Adler
1036. Which of these statements is true regarding intimate partner violence? *a. These crimes are highly underreported. b. These crime rates are inflated because of false reports. c. These crimes rarely happen in developed parts of the world. d. Compared to other countries, the rate of intimate partner violence is highest among women in the United States.
1037. Which statement is consistent with the research on capital punishment? *a. Capital punishment has no deterrent effect on committing murder. b. States with the death penalty have murder rates significantly lower than states without the death penalty. c. The death penalty is most effective when applied to nonviolent offenders. d. Capital punishment has been found to prevent crime in all countries except the United States.
1038. Which statement is true about the relationship between police and juvenile defenders? *a. Law enforcement is more likely to offer a warning to a juvenile than an adult. b. Law enforcement is more likely to offer a warning to women than juvenile offenders who are male. c. Law enforcement is more likely to interrogate juveniles for information about adult offenders. d. Law enforcement is more likely to use force against juveniles than other groups.
1039. Which term refers to the use of race or ethnicity by law enforcement as a basis of judgment for criminal suspicion? *a. racial profiling b. unconscious discrimination c. implicit bias d. microaggressions
1040. Which theorist suggested that sets of norms and laws regulate society's behaviors? *a. Émile Durkheim b. Travis Hirschi c. Robert Agnew d. Robert Merton
1041. According to the text, which country is among the world's most polluted places? a. China b. Canada c. Syria *d. Russia
1042. According to the text, which of these is an integral part of the ecosystem? *a. human beings b. cultural values c. norms d. interpersonal interactions
1043. An abandoned or underused industrial or commercial property is known as which of these? a. a pollutant b. a "love canal" c. a hazardous waste site *d. a brownfield
1044. Global warming is part of climate change. *a. True b. False
1045. Green schools refer to schools that only use recycled paper products in all classrooms. a. True *b. False
1046. Research suggests that people of color are often exposed to more environmental risks compared to white individuals. This is an example of which of these terms? *a. environmental racism b. ecological racism c. natural resource racism d. structural disadvantage racism
1047. The first wave of environmental groups focused their efforts on which of these? *a. conservation b. fighting pollution c. green spaces d. policy
1048. The world's ______ population grew more than five times between the years 1950 to 2014. *a. urban
b. rural c. suburban d. developing
1049. Which field considers the interactions between our physical and natural environment, and our social organizations and behavior? a. applied sociology b. public sociology *c. environmental sociology d. psychosocial sociology
1050. Which is the largest designated wilderness area in the United States? a. Yellowstone, MT *b. Wrangell-St. Elias, AK c. Pelican Island, FL d. Shenandoah, VA.
1051. Which is the smallest designated wilderness area in the United States? a. Yellowstone, MT b. Wrangell-St. Elias, AK *c. Pelican Island, FL d. Shenandoah, VA.
1052. Which of the following environmental organizations is credited with being the first to play an important role in American politics? a. National Audubon Society b. National Parks and Conservation Association c. National Wildlife Federation *d. Sierra Club
1053. Which of these terms refers to air pollution formed when nitrogen oxides emitted from electric power plants and automobiles react with organic compounds in the presence of sunlight and heat? a. smog b. ozone-level pollution c. global warming *d. climate change
1054. Which term refers to the consequences of the combination of fossil fuels and particulate matter?
a. environmental pollution b. global warming c. climate change *d. air pollution
1055. Which theoretical perspective addresses how environmental problems are created and defined? a. labeling theory *b. interactionist perspective c. conflict theory d. functionalist perspective
1056. Compare and contrast two of the four theoretical perspectives on the environment and give examples of their areas of concentration. Which perspective do you find most useful and why?
1057. Consider climate change and poor air quality. Describe how these problems can be attributed to human behavior.
1058. Describe Biosphere 2. What were the results of this experiment and what important lesson did we learn from this experiment?
1059. Describe how federal, state, and local governments have each contributed to environmental protection efforts. In your opinion, which level has been most effective? Use evidence to support your answer.
1060. Describe the environmental justice movement and explain three to four areas of major impact.
1061. Describe the problems of global urbanization and population growth. How does this problem affect individuals, nations, and the world?
1062. Describe the ways in which the capitalist economic system leads to pollution. How could natural capitalism help address this issue? Use evidence to support your answer.
1063. Explain how different U.S. presidential administrations have addressed (or failed to address) issues surrounding climate change and other environmental problems.
1064. How did modern environmental justice emerge? Use specific examples to explain how it can be used to fight against social injustice.
1065. What is environmental racism and how has it contributed to the unfair treatment of people of color in the United States?
1066. A sociological perspective can help us acknowledge that human activities contribute to the deterioration in the quality of the environment and the impact it has on people. *a. True b. False
1067. According to Robert Bullard (1999), the most important factor in determining whether an individual drinks dirty water or lives next to a toxic site is which of these? *a. race b. gender c. educational level d. religion
1068. According to ecofeminist Cynthia Hamilton (1994), activist women in environmental movements are motivated by a need to do which of these? a. bring attention to male domination *b. protect their home and children c. be heard d. destroy patriarchy
1069. According to the World Health Organization, 3 in 10 people worldwide do not have access to safe drinking water. *a. True b. False
1070. According to the conflict perspective, which of these is the primary source of over polluting our natural world? a. individuals b. large families *c. the economic system d. the educational system
1071. According to the functionalist perspective, which of these is destabilizing our ecosystem? a. technological advances *b. industrial modes of production c. increases in immigration d. reconstruction of natural resources
1072. According to the text, successes in land conservation and wilderness protection are because of which of these? a. local practices b. state policies c. regional policies *d. federal policies
1073. According to the text, which of these is a consequence of climate change? *a. forced migration b. a deregulated economy c. lower sea levels d. redistribution of access to water
1074. According to the textbook, which movement is based on the principle that all individuals and communities are entitled to equal protection of environmental and public health laws and regulations? a. ecological system justice b. climate change justice c. green party justice *d. environmental justice
1075. As a result of ______, the Environmental Protection Agency created a Superfund to clean hazardous waste sites. a. the Dakota Pipeline b. the biosphere *c. Love Canal d. WHO reports
1076. Davies argued that the capitalist system encourages pollution because which of these are considered "free resources"? *a. air and water b. land and trees c. coal and oil d. forests and fisheries
1077. Efforts in land conservation and wilderness protection seem to be successful largely because of federal protection policies. *a. True b. False
1078. Environmental problems are caused by unintentional or implicit behaviors of humans. a. True *b. False
1079. Extreme weather, such as heavy rainfall has been linked to which of these? a. cooler temperatures globally *b. a warmer world c. increased industrialization d. more fluid regional climates
1080. Few Americans will tolerate occasional inconveniences for the benefit of a developed industrial economy. a. True *b. False
1081. From a conflict perspective, environmental problems are created by humans competing for power, income, and their own interests. *a. True b. False
1082. Functionalists would agree with the argument that agricultural and industrial modes of production can be dysfunctional for our ecosystems. *a. True b. False
1083. Gen Z adults report the highest levels of "environmentally conscious ways of living." a. True *b. False
1084. In the United States, the transportation system uses less fossil fuel than our food system. a. True *b. False
1085. Intentional efforts to exploit nature have resulted in which of these? *a. environmental problems b. lower amounts of greenhouse gases c. new avenues for collecting freshwater d. technological advances in the absorption of carbon dioxide
1086. Modern industrialization does which of these? *a. uses more resources to make few people more productive b. uses fewer resources to increase productivity c. improves waste elimination and influences the Earth's climate d. requires little attention from foreign elements to the natural environment
1087. Polluters target individuals and groups with the most power. a. True *b. False
1088. Recycling has environmental benefits at every stage in the life cycle of a consumer product. *a. True b. False
1089. Social constructionists believe that environmental problems do not really exist, but rather they are only what people say they are. a. True *b. False
1090. The Brownfields Economic Revitalization Act which authorized $250 million annually to assist with cleanup and restoration of Brownfields was signed by which president? a. Barak Obama b. Bill Clinton *c. George W. Bush d. Ronald Reagan
1091. The National Wilderness Preservation System sets aside land for preservation while also allowing and supporting recreational activities on that land. a. True *b. False
1092. The Sierra Club is an example of a second-wave environmental group. a. True *b. False
1093. The environmental movement has been credited as one of the few movements that have changed society. *a. True b. False
1094. The going rise in the global average temperature near the Earth's surface is referred to as which of these? a. climate change *b. global warming c. environmental change d. ecosystem variations
1095. The government's first response to the environment was directed at sustainability goals. a. True *b. False
1096. The pursuit of economic development has resulted in a more stable and flourishing natural environment. a. True *b. False
1097. The second wave of environmental groups that emerged during the 1960s and 1970s focused their efforts on which of these? a. conservation b. fighting pollution c. green spaces *d. policy
1098. The social constructionist perspective helps us better understand which of these? a. how structural disadvantage contributes to climate change *b. how environmental concerns vary over time c. how the intersection of race and gender leads to environmental racism d. how lack of resources contributes to environmental problems
1099. The state of the environment is influenced by cultural values and attitudes toward the environment. *a. True b. False
1100. This organization, established in 1970, is charged with providing leadership in the nation's environmental science, research, education, and assessment offices. a. the National Science Foundation b. Veteran's Affairs *c. the Environmental Protection Agency d. the Department of Justice
1101. Where is the largest dead zone in the United States? *a. the Gulf of Mexico b. the Hudson River c. the Chesapeake Bay d. the Great Lakes
1102. Which U.S. president joined 195 nations to sign the Paris Climate Accord which made a commitment to lowering greenhouse gas emissions? a. Donald Trump b. George W. Bush *c. Barack Obama d. Bill Clinton
1103. Which U.S. president withdrew from the Paris Climate Accord, which made a commitment to lowering greenhouse gas emissions? *a. Donald Trump b. George W. Bush c. Barack Obama d. Bill Clinton
1104. Which change did the Environmental Protection Agency implement in the 1980s? *a. It began to focus on pollution management. b. It shifted concerns to the cleanup of disasters. c. It became the world's leading expert in air quality. d. It abandoned regulating corporations.
1105. Which group is an example of a new environmental interest group? a. the National Audubon Society b. the National Wildlife Federation c. the National Parks Conservation Association *d. the Environmental Policy Institute
1106. Which of the following illustrates a difference between grassroots environmental movements and national environmental organizations? a. Most national organizations are led by inexperienced but passionate leaders. b. National organizations usually emphasize environmental justice. *c. Grassroots organizations usually consist of working-class participants, people of color, and women. d. Most grassroots organizations confront problems through direct action and acts of civil disobedience.
1107. Which of the following is a groundwater source? a. rivers *b. underground aquifers c. streams d. municipal water
1108. Which of these groups is most vulnerable to the health consequences associated with smoggy air? a. pregnant women *b. people with respiratory diseases c. people with chronic illnesses d. adolescents
1109. Which of these is associated with the creation of the modern environmental justice movement? a. Standing Rock Pipeline b. Hurricane Maria *c. Love Canal
d. Deepwater Horizon
1110. Which of these is true of Biosphere 2? a. It was a three-acre, glass-enclosed ecosystem designed to test the effect of pollutants. b. It showed that humans were capable of creating human-made substitutions for essential natural resources. *c. Its $200 million dollar budget was not sufficient to carry out its mission. d. It was designed in the 1960s and continued to be usable through 2010.
1111. Which of these is true of state and local environmental responses? a. States have been unwilling to work in compacts to address environmental issues. b. Cities have embraced sustainability goals, but they are unwilling to address environmentally responsible planning and consumption. c. Los Angeles and Boston have been singled out for their environmental vision and leadership. *d. Thirty-five states and Puerto Rico have completed or implemented action plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions or enhancing greenhouse gas capture.
1112. Which of these is true of the effect of climate change on households? a. Poor households are less vulnerable to climate change than more affluent households. b. Poor and affluent households are equally vulnerable to climate change. *c. Poor households are more vulnerable to climate change than more affluent households. d. Neither poor nor affluent households will feel the effect of climate change as climate change is felt at the individual level.
1113. Which president created and expanded the most national monuments? a. Donald Trump b. George W. Bush *c. Barack Obama d. Bill Clinton
1114. Which statement is true regarding President George W. Bush's first term as president?
a. he downplayed the problem of climate change *b. he emphasized the problem of climate change c. he announced that the U.S. would support the Kyoto Protocol d. he developed new regulations for the Kyoto regulations
1115. Which term aligns with the issue of consistent increases in wind speed over time? *a. climate change b. global warming c. environmental change d. ecosystem variations
1116. Which term refers to the awareness of the economic value of nature? a. social capitalism *b. natural capitalism c. democratic capitalism d. green party capitalism
1117. Which theoretical perspective examines the entire system and its components to understand environmental problems? *a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. feminist perspective d. interactionist perspective
1118. Which two countries have the highest fossil fuel CO2 emissions worldwide? a. India and China *b. China and the United States c. Japan and China d. the United States and India
1119. Why is the Endangered Species Act of 1973 so controversial? a. because it protects large, predatory animals *b. because it preserves the interests of the species above economic and human interests c. because it permits human recreational activities such as boating, logging, and motorized sports d. because it damages delicate ecosystems of rare plants and wildlife
1120. Why was President George W. Bush's lack of support for the Kyoto Protocol significant to climate change? a. It resulted in regulations that were too burdensome for the U.S. industry. *b. It meant the U.S. was not part of a treaty that limited the emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels. c. It meant the U.S. was not part of a treaty that would have prevented natural disasters, such as earthquakes and tsunamis. d. It resulted in the global acknowledgment of a changing environment.
1121. According to Cunningham (2004), which country was "born of violence and revolution"? *a. United States b. Latin America c. Russia d. India
1122. According to the functionalist perspective, war creates social stability. *a. True b. False
1123. According to the text, economic sanctions applied to which country since 1960 failed to destabilize their government? a. India b. Syria c. Russia *d. Cuba
1124. According to the text, which group of individuals often experiences the psychological tolls of war? *a. soldiers involved in the battle b. politicians involved in the decision-making process of war c. spouses and children of soldiers involved in the battle d. civilians with prior mental health diagnoses
1125. Civil wars typically occur in developing countries and are fought by small, poorly trained armed forces. *a. True b. False
1126. Domestic terrorist groups are found more often in which of these? *a. democracies b. authoritarian states c. dictatorships d. small countries
1127. Economic sanctions can increase suffering and death among civilians. *a. True b. False
1128. Evidence cited in your text suggests that military retaliation is an effective deterrent to terrorism. a. True *b. False
1129. In 2001, Congress passed which law that established a separate counterterrorism fund and expanded government authority to gather and share evidence? a. Anti-Terrorist Act b. Big Brother Surveillance Act *c. Patriot Act d. United States Unity Act
1130. The Mexican War was justified under which of these principles? a. slavery b. latent determinism *c. manifest destiny d. humanitarianism
1131. The United States has used diplomacy, economic sanctions, and military force as ways to reduce the risk of war and conflict. *a. True b. False
1132. The first war of the twenty-first century was the U.S. war against Iraq and Afghanistan. *a. True b. False
1133. The mass destruction of ecosystems is referred to as genocide. a. True *b. False
1134. The types of activities terrorists engage in changed dramatically over the past 20 years. *a. True b. False
1135. These are aimed at sustaining the group and its activities by securing financial support, gaining media attention, and boosting group morale. *a. process goals b. outcomes goals c. purposeful goals d. sustaining goals
1136. Which of these countries is among those banned from entering the United States from President Trump's 2017 executive order? a. Russia b. Romania *c. Syria d. China
1137. Which of these involves armed conflict between two or more states or military forces? a. dictatorship *b. war c. terrorism d. structural violence
1138. Which perspective suggests that war is primarily a male activity that enhances the position of males in society? a. social construction theory b. functionalist theory c. interactionism theory *d. feminist theory
1139. Which term refers to overthrowing the existing government or political structure?
a. civil war b. terrorist act c. political movement *d. revolution
1140. Which war is sometimes referred to as the bloodiest battle fought on U.S. soil? a. American Revolution *b. Civil War c. Mexican War d. World War II
1141. A functionalist would identify which of these is a difference between war and terrorism? a. War is always violent, whereas terrorism is not. b. Terrorism creates social stability, whereas war creates social instability. *c. In war, there are clear social norms and boundaries. In terrorism, there are not. d. Terrorism provides a safety valve, where war is immediate.
1142. A policymaker argues that military retaliation is a necessary response to terrorism. How would a social scientist advise this elected official with the latest data?
1143. An environmental activist in a metropolitan area of approximately 100,000 people is trying to stop the environmental harm from a military base in the area. Automotive waste from the military base in the form of fuel, tires, grease, oil is contaminating freshwater. A grassroots campaign brought many people together, and even the mayor and city council wanted to change. Why will the efforts of the local activists and community leaders fail in this case? a. Environmental issues are regulated at the state level. *b. Military production is exempt from environmental protection legislation. c. A civil suit against the military base is necessary to begin the process of restoration. d. Water is not a protected resource according to the Environmental Protection Agency.
1144. Define and explain the term ecocide, its relationship to war, and its consequences. Give two examples.
1145. Describe how functionalists view war. According to this perspective, how do social structure contribute to conflict?
1146. Describe what is meant by the term soft-power approach. How can it be used in foreign policy? What are the benefits of this approach? What are the negative consequences associated with using this tactic in times of crisis?
1147. Drawing from an interactionist perspective, describe how labels contribute to social messages surrounding war and conflict.
1148. Emma believes that war provides some important benefits to society, such as stimulating the economy and providing jobs for people associated with the military. Which perspective are Emma's viewpoints best aligned with? *a. functionalism b. interactionism c. feminism d. conflict
1149. Explain how the feminist perspective views women's role in the war. According to the text, what is meant by the feminine approach to war?
1150. Identify two characteristics of war that cause war-related trauma for veterans. Explain what types of trauma veterans are likely to suffer.
1151. James is running for public office on a platform of making America safe again from terrorists. A sociologist would call his platform part of which of these? a. politics of war *b. politics of fear c. politics of terrorism d. soft power approach
1152. What is meant by politics of fear? How can this form of politics be used to achieve certain goals? What are the consequences of this approach? Use evidence to support your answer.
1153. A soft-power approach is built on ideologies surrounding distain for globalization and nation-building projects. a. True *b. False
1154. According to Christopher Harmon (2000), what is the most important component of an enhanced effort against foreign-supported terrorism? *a. political will b. victory in war c. change in direction d. new laws
1155. According to the text, in the United States, which group has a tradition of involvement in peace movements? a. feminists *b. college students c. young men d. libertarians
1156. According to the text, terrorism can affect change in which two political areas? *a. distribution of political power and government policies b. re-election processes and institutional structures c. macro-level democracy and individual-level voting patterns d. foreign policies and local elections
1157. According to the text, war provides a "safety valve" function. What does this mean? *a. War gives marginalized and oppressed groups of people a means to express their anger. b. The political nature of war means it can be stopped at any time under the right leadership. c. Conflict during a war is only as powerful as the most oppressed groups within society. d. War provides the ability for new leadership to emerge for terrorist groups.
1158. According to the text, which company exemplifies the dangers of the military-industrial complex? a. Wal-Mart *b. Halliburton c. Facebook d. Starbucks
1159. According to the text, which government, or type of government, has committed the most extreme acts of terror?
a. United States b. Canadian *c. Islamic d. Syrian
1160. According to the text, which is TRUE about politicide? *a. It is part of a civil war where specific groups are targeted because of their political beliefs. b. It is a terrorist act that focuses on powerful groups that are in control of economic resources. c. It is the systematic targeting of religious groups during a civil war whose beliefs do not align with most of the population. d. It is a terrorist act that has been declared by the political leadership.
1161. According to the text, which of these is true about civil wars? *a. They are often fought by small, poorly trained armed forces. b. They typically involve large, major military forces. c. They rarely target civilians. d. They are likely to be fought by extensively trained military forces.
1162. After implementing support, education, and training programs and improving accountability, sexual assault in the military declined. *a. True b. False
1163. Briefly explain the military-industrial complex. Which president first cautioned the nation about this and why? Were his cautions justified? Why or why not?
1164. Economic sanctions may worsen which of these? a. employee relations *b. educational attainment c. religious cohesiveness d. ethnic inclusiveness
1165. Explain the differences between genocide and politicide, giving an example of each.
1166. Feminist antimilitarism groups have their foundations during the Vietnam War when they were spurred by the energy of second-wave feminism.
a. True *b. False
1167. For interactionists, terrorism is a word with intrinsically negative connotations. *a. True b. False
1168. In 2007, federal investigators alleged that Halliburton was responsible for over $2 billion in contractor waste and overcharging in Iraq. *a. True b. False
1169. In 2021, which group was designated by the Canadian government as a terrorist organization? a. Aryan Nation *b. Proud Boys c. TEA Party d. Brotherhood Nation
1170. In July 2017, United Nations delegates from 122 countries voted in favor of the Treaty of the Prohibition of Nuclear weapons. Which of these is TRUE of that treaty? a. The United States was one of three countries to ratify it, giving it the power to move forward. b. The treaty was designed to immediately eliminate nuclear weapons across the world. *c. The United States, Russia, and North Korea all boycotted the meetings. d. The treaty allowed countries to continue to create nuclear weapons, but not to test them.
1171. In terms of the number killed, international terrorism poses far greater of a threat than do other forms of political violence. a. True *b. False
1172. In the United States, nonviolent approaches, including which of these have been used to punish countries that violated U.S. laws? a. educational sanctions
b. governmental sanctions *c. economic sanctions d. religious sanctions
1173. Jacob is researching the history of American wars, and his focus is on the social messages and meaning of war and conflict. Which perspective best aligns with his research? a. feminist theory *b. interactionist perspective c. conflict perspective d. functionalist theory
1174. Mental health experts have identified which disorder is a common after-effect of war? a. alcohol abuse disorder b. bipolar disorder *c. posttraumatic stress disorder d. depressive disorder
1175. Military action is based on which of these ideas? *a. The most effective way to defeat an enemy is the destruction of the enemy's transport systems, industrial centers, and cities. b. War is designed to spark political upheaval and enhance the democratic process. c. Military action is centered on humanitarian intervention and peaceful interventions. d. War facilitates transitional government, economic change, and political action.
1176. More than half of the general U.S. population will experience PTSD symptoms in their lifetimes. a. True *b. False
1178. Revolution and war are terms that can be used interchangeably. a. True *b. False
1179. Terrorism has the strongest impact on large, heterogeneous societies. a. True *b. False
1180. The conflict perspective views war as which of these? a. natural b. symbolic *c. a product of oppression d. a socially stabilizing force
1181. The most commonly applied form of U.S. sanctions against noncompliant countries is economic sanctions in the form of trade embargos and termination of development assistance. *a. True b. False
1182. The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives is known as which of these? a. crime b. sanctions c. war *d. terrorism
1183. U.S. sanctions were used against Cuba in 1990 to force its withdrawal from Kuwait and Serbia. a. True *b. False
1184. Where did the United States explode the first nuclear bomb? *a. Alamogordo, New Mexico b. Hiroshima, Japan c. Beijing, China d. Mexico City, Mexico
1185. Which agency was formed after the terrorist attacks of 9/11? a. Department of Defense b. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement *c. Department of Homeland Security d. Federal Emergency Management Agency
1186. Which definition best describes outcome goals in relation to terrorism?
*a. Outcome goals are the group's stated political ends. b. Outcome goals are aimed at sustaining the progress made by the group. c. Outcome goals facilitate social change as they are driven by social force. d. Outcome goals tend to gain media attention and boost group morale.
1187. Which of the following examples illustrates the political impact of terrorism in the United States? a. the creation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation *b. the creation of the Department of Homeland Security c. the expansion of research funding for the study of ecocide d. the expansion of programs to address the problem of mass incarceration
1188. Which of the following is one of Paul Pillar's elements of terrorism? *a. Terrorism is a premeditated act. b. Terrorism is non-purposeful. c. Terrorism is usually carried out by typical citizens d. Terrorism does not always include the threat of violence.
1189. Which of these can be used to signal displeasure with a country's behavior or action? *a. sanctions b. withdrawal c. economic weakening d. accumulation of weapons
1190. Which of these is among the most conflict-prone countries? a. Russia b. China *c. India d. the United States
1191. Which of these is considered the worst domestic terrorist attack in U.S. history? *a. the attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building b. the World Trade Center attacks c. the Columbine school shootings d. the Boston Marathon bombing
1192. Which of these presidents cautioned the nation about the military-industrial complex? a. Harry Truman b. Ronald Reagan c. Lyndon Johnson *d. Dwight Eisenhower
1193. Which organization authorized the use of coercive interrogation tactics including sleep deprivation and humiliation to obtain information from detainees who were suspected terrorists? a. Orange Extremists b. National Counterterrorism Center *c. Central Intelligence Agency d. Southern Poverty Law Center
1194. Which peace tradition involves the ideal of a distinctive role for women on the issue of peace and female unity across national boundaries? a. feminist fundamentalism b. anti-conscriptions *c. feminist antimilitarism d. internationalism
1195. Which sociological perspective tries to understand how our conceptions of war and conflict shape the political and diplomatic responses that we pursue? a. functionalism *b. interactionism c. feminism d. conflict
1196. Which term best aligns with the fact that one of the by-products of war is the mass destruction of ecosystems? a. environmental genocide *b. ecocide c. macro-systems d. climate change
1197. Which term describes President Obama's approach to diplomacy? a. hard line *b. soft-power c. coercive
d. military
1198. Which term describes the idea that a women's first responsibility is to her family? *a. caretaking woman b. matriarchal woman c. feminine woman d. invisible labor woman
1199. Which term refers to the systematic targeting of ethnic or religious groups as part of a civil war? a. politicide b. racial wars *c. genocide d. terrorism
1200. Which three countries have fought the most international armed conflicts since the end of World War II? a. Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia b. Iraq, the United States, the United Kingdom *c. the United Kingdom, France, Russia d. the United States, the United Kingdom, China
1201. According to John Wilson (1973), there are how many types of social movements? a. two b. three *c. four d. five
1202. According to the text, ______ have affirmed their commitment to social action. a. religious organizations b. women's organizations *c. college students d. public health officials
1203. According to the text, successful revolutions are rare and dramatic. Which of these countries is an example of an early revolution? *a. France b. India
c. Spain d. Chile
1204. According to the text, the Blacks Lives Matter movement is an example of an instrumental movement because it seeks to do which of these? a. change individuals' behaviors b. change individual-level perceptions and beliefs *c. change the structure of society d. change cultural beliefs about inequality
1205. According to the text, the women's movement established a clear record of what kind of change? a. structural b. organizational c. educational *d. cultural
1206. According to the text, which term describes simply "liking" something on Facebook as a form of activism? a. laziness *b. slacktivism c. political apathy d. reformative digital action
1207. According to the text, which types of societies are more likely to develop racial social movements? *a. those with racial divisions b. those with racial cohesiveness c. those with poor leadership d. those with unequal access to housing
1208. Cognitive liberation refers to the recognition of one's situation as unjust. *a. True b. False
1209. Research reveals that the federal government is the only effective agent of social change. a. True *b. False
1210. Social movements tend to lose momentum when they develop symbols and a sense of community. a. True *b. False
1211. Social movements typically arise from which of these? a. stable social context *b. changing social order c. political processes d. economic improvements
1212. Successful reforms generate change in these three areas: culture, new organizations, and social policy. *a. True b. False
1213. Successful social movements rarely begin with individual efforts. a. True *b. False
1214. The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was formed in 1960. *a. True b. False
1215. The most important U.S. reform movements in the first half of the twentieth century focused on grievances related to social class. *a. True b. False
1216. What is the term for sociology that promotes a dialogue outside the academy with a variety of public audiences? a. sociological imagination b. applied sociology *c. public sociology d. sociology of social movements
1217. Which type of movements focuses on facilitating social change by working within the existing system?
*a. reform b. revolutionary c. radical d. reorganizational
1218. Which type of social movement attempts to change individual to individuals' behaviors? *a. expressive b. instrumental c. alternative d. structural
1219. Who reminds us of the most valuable lesson in sociology: "Sociology … is different for all because each must find a way to live in a world that threatens even while it provides. Grace is never cheap. In the end, what remains is that we all have a stake in the world. Like it or not, life is always life together. Social living is the courage to accept what we cannot change in order to do what can be done about the rest"? a. C. Wright Mills b. Karl Marx *c. Charles Lemert d. Michael Burawoy
1220. Briefly describe the criteria for cognitive liberation and explain how you see a recent social movement (such as Black Lives Matter or #MeToo) incorporating cognitive liberation.
1221. Describe an issue that you care about that could be related to a social problem. Explain what causes it, who it impacts, and what the impact is. Discuss the steps involved in effecting change around this problem and explain the actions you are willing and able to take in order to make a difference.
1222. Describe what the textbook author means by this statement, "For reform movements, the relationship between desired and actual change varies." Give an example of a movement where desired and actual change varied. In your opinion, was this movement successful (even though desired and actual change varied)? Why or why not?
1223. Dr. Branson seeks to bring sociology outside of the classroom and get the community more involved in social change. What is this an example of? a. conflict theory
b. structural change c. sociological imagination *d. public sociology
1224. Jessica is involved in the development of a club that will be used to fight against racial profiling in her neighborhood. This is an example of reform in what area? a. micro-level society *b. new organizations or institutions c. beliefs and perceptions d. social policy and legislation
1225. Nikki, a sophomore in college, is hesitant to join a national organization or participate in a protest or rally, but she wants to find a way to address racial injustice in her community. What does the textbook author suggest she does? *a. join other college students to become personally involved in the community b. write a letter to the college president that outlines her concerns c. start her own national organization d. become involved with social media campaigns
1226. Successful reform movements generate change in three areas. What are they? Describe a reform movement and identify evidence of change in all three of these areas.
1227. The second step in getting involved in social change on college campuses includes which of these? a. join national organizations *b. explore opportunities for service on campus c. incorporate new habits to facilitate change in student housing d. participate in confrontational tactics to get other students' attention
1228. Thinking like a sociologist and drawing from the textbook chapter, what could you say to someone who argued that individual efforts are not enough to facilitate social change?
1229. Thomas is a senior in college and is majoring in professional writing. He enjoys crafting informational and persuasive essays about social inequality. Thomas is interested in using his passion for writing to contribute to the Black Lives Matter newsletter that is published on campus. This is an example of which step in getting involved in social action?
*a. do what you enjoy doing and find the right connection b. get out of your confront zone to help others c. help others get involved in social change d. advance change through individual-level action
1230. A social movement intended to change the structure of the society, itself, is called which of these? a. expressive *b. instrumental c. reformative d. revolutionary
1231. A social movement intended to create limited social change by working in the society, itself, is called which of these? a. expressive b. instrumental *c. reformative d. revolutionary
1232. According to Karl Marx, establishing a critical consciousness leads to which of these? a. evolution b. reform *c. revolution d. collapse
1233. According to resource mobilization theory, no social movement can succeed without resources. *a. True b. False
1234. According to the text regarding new social movements, individuals tend to act on behalf of which of these? a. their own interests b. their family interests *c. groups who cannot act on their own d. groups who are actively involved in social change
1235. According to the text, being a "good citizen" varies by which of these? a. social class
*b. political ideology c. demographic characteristics d. education level
1236. According to the text, change doesn't happen automatically; what does it begin with? a. personal troubles b. social agency c. social issues *d. individual action
1238. According to the text, the murder of George Floyd can be considered a ______ which globally reignited the call for racial justice. a. structural event *b. precipitating event c. countermovement d. micro-level event
1239. According to the text, there is evidence that problems surrounding crime and drug abuse have been minimized because of effective social policies and solutions. *a. True b. False
1240. According to the textbook, which of the following is most responsible for social change in early human history? *a. trial and error b. social movements c. revolutions d. technology
1241. Changes that occur in a group's identities and everyday life refer to cultural change. *a. True b. False
1242. Cognitive liberation is similar to which of these sociological concepts? *a. class consciousness b. anomie c. sociological imagination
d. labeling
1243. Compare and contrast reform movements and revolutionary social movements. Provide one example of each.
1244. Describe and give two specific examples of the role college students or young adults have played in addressing social problems, leading to significant social change.
1245. Describe the differences between new social movements and early social movements. Which do you think were more effective? Why?
1246. History shows that successful revolutions are common. a. True *b. False
1247. How are social movements regarded in the American political landscape? a. Military coups are viewed as an easier way to take power in some states. b. They are seen as enemies of the state and face prosecution. *c. They are seen as rational attempts by excluding groups to advance their political interests. d. Freedom of speech does not protect people who wish to change laws or disrupt society.
1248. In UCLA's survey of college first-year students, over half said they had spoken up about a cause. *a. True b. False
1249. In order to be successful, your text indicates that social movements often change three areas. Which of these is one of those areas? a. religious beliefs b. educational practices c. nutritional behaviors *d. cultural beliefs
1250. New movements are framed around concerns about what? a. educational inequality
*b. cultural and community rights c. religious freedom and structural rights d. neighborhood autonomy from the government
1251. New social movements first appeared in which context? a. immigration protests in the early 1990s *b. radical feminist movements in the late 1960s c. extremist anti-abortion protests in the late 1990s d. climate change social movements during the 1980s
1252. One characteristic of the "new" social movements is that they try to work with formal organizations much more than did past social movements. a. True *b. False
1253. Public sociology is interdisciplinary in nature, meaning that it promotes dialogue between academic disciplines. a. True *b. False
1254. Reform in which area focuses on educating people and changing individuals' beliefs and behaviors? *a. culture b. social institutions c. organizational structure d. legislation
1255. Reform movements are most likely to work outside of the existing system to bring social change. a. True *b. False
1256. Relative deprivation by itself is enough to create a social movement. a. True *b. False
1257. Relative deprivation theory has been used to explain protests in the 1960s regarding which of these?
*a. social and economic gaps between Black and white Americans b. climate change and environmental protection policies c. dumping of hazardous wastes into river waters d. women's rights and employee fair labor acts
1258. Social movements are classified based on two characteristics: the scope of the intended change and how much change is desired. *a. True b. False
1259. Social movements are classified by which of these factors? a. number of people involved, and the economic resources available b. buy-in level from others and adaptability of the larger society c. scope of the intended change and adaptability of the larger society *d. scope of the intended change and how much change is intended
1260. Social movements may influence future initiatives by altering the structure of political support. *a. True b. False
1261. Social movements that focus on cultural issues rather than economic issues or political power are referred to as which of these? a. revolutionary movements b. reform movement *c. identity movements d. institutional movements
1262. Sociologist Michael Burawoy asserts that sociology should seek to do which of these? a. stress the role of governmental policies in creating inequality b. public adherence to sociological principles *c. take sociological ideas into the community, extending beyond academia d. address only objective public issues
1263. Successful reform movements generate change in what three areas? a. individual, human agency, and structure
b. education, religion, and healthcare *c. culture, institutions, and social policy d. gender, race, and sexual orientation
1264. The Civil Rights Movement is considered the first worldwide postmodern uprising. a. True *b. False
1265. The Civil Rights Movement was based on what ideology? *a. racism was the source of restricted opportunities for minorities b. racism was most consequential when experienced at the individual level c. racism was a natural part of society that lead to racial divisions d. racism was the source of interpersonal conflict between social classes
1266. The most important reform movements in the first half of the 20th century in the United States focused on which of these? a. grievances related to religion *b. grievances related to social class c. grievances related to civil rights d. grievances related to ethnic/racial movements
1267. The political process model emphasizes the relationship between a favorable structure of political opportunities and which of these? a. a charismatic leader b. a small influential group *c. a mobilized social movement d. social media
1268. The political process model stresses the relationship between subcultural groups in society that come together to facilitate legislative change. a. True *b. False
1269. The recognition that one's situation is unjust is called which of these? a. collective consciousness
*b. cognitive liberation c. a social movement d. anomie
1270. What are people experiencing when they expect that society will treat them one way and they perceive that they are not getting what they expected? a. absolute deprivation b. resource mobilization *c. relative deprivation d. cognitive liberation
1271. What is public sociology? Describe how public sociology can help produce social change.
1272. What is relative deprivation? Describe how it can be used to explain social movements.
1273. Which of these has been described as the first worldwide postmodern movement? a. Black Lives Matter b. #MeToo c. Arab Spring *d. Occupy Wall Street
1274. Which of these is the largest organization of feminist activists in the United States? *a. National Organization of Women b. Feminist Majority Foundation c. The National Women's Law Center d. The National Women's Political Caucus
1275. Which of these is true about relative deprivation? a. alone it is enough to create widespread social change *b. alone it is not enough to create a social movement c. alone it tends to develop an additive social movement d. alone it creates an avenue for slacktivism
1276. Which of these is true of new social movements? a. They are focused on economic issues. b. Their members act in their own interests, rather than in the interest of others.
c. They are associated with large-scale, formal organizations. *d. Their members are associated with a new middle class of younger, social, and cultural specialists.
1277. Which of these statements best reflects the reason that many scholars are interested in social movements? *a. Scholars believe that movements represent an important force for social change. b. Scholars are often pressured to become involved in movements on campuses. c. There are monetary benefits for scholars involved in social movements. d. Social movements are limited in their ability to promote change beyond college campuses.
1278. Which of these theories emphasizes the distinctive features of recent social movements including different ideologies and distrust of formal organizations? *a. new social movements theory b. reform social movements theory c. revolutionary social movements theory d. instrumental movement theory
1279. Which theory argues that a social movement requires skills in the form of leadership, talent, knowledge, and organizational infrastructure to be successful? a. absolute deprivation theory *b. resource mobilization theory c. political process model d. cognitive liberation theory
1280. ______ can shape individual attitudes and define public issues. *a. Social movements b. Social reforms c. Revolutionary change d. Progressive reform