TEST BANK for Social Psychology, 7th Canadian Edition. by Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson and Robi by StudyGuide

Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

1) The task of the psychologist is to A) explore the unconscious. B) understand and predict behaviour. C) explain physiological functioning. D) understand the impact of economic factors. E) predict future events. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) In the introduction to Chapter 1, you read about a number of social phenomena. For example, a university athlete was happy about the barbaric hazing he experienced and 74 people died as a result of their membership in a dangerous cult in a murder-suicide in Quebec. What do these examples have in common? A) They defy explanation. B) They describe socially deviant behavior. C) They reveal the power of social influence. D) They reflect the operation of deliberate persuasion attempts. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

3) Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of the way people's ________ are influenced by the ________ presence of other people. A) thoughts and feelings; real or imagined B) thoughts, feelings, and behaviours; real or imagined C) behaviours; real D) behaviours; imagined E) thoughts and behaviours; imagined Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) Which of the following is an example of a direct persuasion attempt? A) Ramona works hard in school to make her mother proud. B) Jason moves from Calgary to P.E.I. and picks up a Maritimes accent. C) Garin watches a romantic comedy to make his girlfriend happy. D) Marianne thinks of her ex-boyfriend and becomes sad. E) A bully threatens Billy and demands that he hand over his money. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) A political candidate delivers a speech to convince voters that she is not really liberal. B) A parent disciplines his child by taking away her favourite toy. C) Your friends try to persuade you to do something you don’t really want to do. D) An advertising campaign is launched to promote a new soft drink. E) A student is exposed to new ideas in his courses, and rethinks his original attitudes. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

6) From across the room, J.T. sees his mother sigh and he approaches to give her a hug in the hopes of cheering her up. In this case, J.T.'s behaviour is an example of ________ social influence attempt. A) an unintended B) a direct C) an ineffective D) a covert E) an indirect Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

7) What is the general topic of most interest to social psychologists? A) interpersonal relationships B) social influence C) anti-social behaviours D) personality E) attitudes and beliefs Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8) Which of the following is an example of social interpretation OR construal? A) You didn't do well on the test because you stayed up all night cramming. B) You feel guilty because you persuaded your professor to raise your grade on an exam. C) You almost fell asleep at the wheel, so you pull off the road to take a short nap. D) You decide to postpone work because you like to sleep in. E) When you are hungry, you have trouble concentrating. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) imagined events. D) social norms. E) objective reality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) Juan is in love with Carolina and views her temper as an endearing example of her “feistiness.” Her coworkers, however, interpret Carolina’s temper as rude and insensitive. This example illustrates the power of love to influence our A) construals. B) behaviours. C) relationships. D) personality. E) influence attempts. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

11) Which of the following is the best example of a construal? A) whether or not a woman decides to marry B) results of a political poll C) the average age of people who vote for liberal candidates. D) the number of people in the audience of The Jerry Springer Show E) the perceived aggressiveness of girls versus boys Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

12) Sandeep returns home from her first year of university, and is very proud of her GPA. She earned a 3.0 ("B") average. She's unhappily surprised to discover that her parents are disappointed that she didn't perform better. This situation best represents the power of ________ in explaining social behaviour. A) socialization B) interpersonal conflict C) family dynamics D) achievement motivation E) construals Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

13) Johan likes Shawayna and smiles at her every chance he gets. Shawayna wonders why Johanis always smirking at her sarcastically and studiously avoids him. Johan thinks he's being friendly and cannot understand Shawayna's standoffishness; Shawayna thinks Johan is a jerk and cannot figure out why he won't leave her alone. This situation best represents the power of ________ in explaining social behaviour. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) construals B) biases C) beliefs D) social influence E) attitudes Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

14) Social psychologists use the term ________ to describe the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret their social worlds. A) perspective B) construal C) belief D) assumption E) social psychology Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

15) At the end of their first date, Logan said goodnight to Daniel, then quickly walked away. Even though he thought they both had a good time on the date, Daniel started to wonder if Logan’s quick departure meant that he didn’t like him. Another term for Daniel’s interpretation of Logan’s behaviour is A) Counterfactual thinking. B) Continuity bias C) Gestalt D) The accuracy motive E) A construal. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

16) Social psychology is concerned not so much with social situations in any objective sense, but rather with how people are influenced by their ____________ of their social environment. A) attribution B) construal C) justification D) organization Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

17) Julio and Iona are studying to be lawyers. In one of their course assignments, they are asked to predict how jury members will perceive, comprehend, and interpret various pieces of evidence (e.g., eyewitness testimony) presented during a trial. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

The assignment is tapping into their ___________ of the pieces of evidence presented. A) construals B) justification C) analysis D) memory Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

18) Lee Ross describes the idea of “naïve realism” as A) our conviction that we perceive things “as they really are.” B) the scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people. C) the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world. D) the aspect of people’s personalities that make them different from other people. E) the naïve conviction that other people are usually correct in their perceptions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

19) Research by Lee Ross suggests that even when people recognize that others perceive information differently, they persist in thinking that others are biased while they themselves are objective. This illustrates the idea of A) social psychology. B) naïve realism. C) individual differences. D) implicit values. E) conflicting construals. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

20) One application of Ross's idea of naïve realism is to assist the negotiations between Palestinians and Israelis. How would understanding naïve realism potentially help these parties negotiate more successfully? A) They would understand their religious differences and be able to communicate effectively. B) Both sides would understand that their perceptions are biased, and try to be more objective. C) The Palestinians would come to understand the historical occupation of Israel, and leave the West Bank. D) Both sides would understand the role of culture in forming construals, and use conflict resolution skills appropriately. E) Israelis would come to understand the historical perspective of Palestinians, and leave the West Bank. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

21) Kyoung Lae is disagreeing with his colleague about an upcoming business presentation. He is convinced that his colleague’s views are biased and that his own perceptions regarding the presentation are objective and accurate. This situation best relates to the phenomenon of ________________. A) cognitive dissonance B) experimental realism C) naïve realism D) attribution error Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

22) Juanita, a chemistry major, decides to sign up for a social psychology elective. Her mother is not happy with her choice as her mother believes that social psychology is not a science. Juanita tells her mother that those beliefs are unfounded and that one of the distinctive features of social psychology is that it is _____________. A) an experiment-based science B) based on anecdotal evidence C) constantly confirmed by folk wisdom D) based on facts Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

23) Which of the following professionals are most likely to rely on common sense? A) social psychologists B) sociologists C) philosophers D) personality psychologists E) journalists Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

24) Compared to social psychologists, journalists, politicians, and our grandmothers are more likely to rely on ________ to explain social influence. A) public opinion polls B) empirical data C) religious beliefs D) idle speculation E) common sense Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

25) According to the authors of your text, one hazard of relying too heavily on folk wisdom is that A) “common sense” is frequently wrong or oversimplified. B) journalists and other communicators of “common sense” information are hopelessly biased. C) “common sense” is useless to most social psychologists. D) “common sense” is often indistinguishable from folk wisdom. E) “common sense” is only useful for thinking about social interactions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

26) Why is a scientific approach preferable to reliance on folk wisdom and common sense? A) Common sense approaches focus on the situation and not on personality. B) Common sense puts too much emphasis on personality. C) Nothing useful can be learned from journalists, philosophers, or social critics. D) Folk wisdom and common sense are filled with contradictions. E) Science has tested and debunked most folk wisdom. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

27) When Prya and Mohammed returned home after a night on the town, they found their baby crying because her diaper needed to be changed. The babysitter was sitting in front of the television, ignoring the baby's crying. Mohammed and Prya decided that the babysitter was callous and uncaring, and they swore that they would never hire her again. Mohammed and Prya's interpretation of the babysitter's actions was based on A) philosophy. B) bias. C) a deduction. D) scientific methodology. E) common sense. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

28) Consider the following pieces of folk wisdom: "Out of sight, out of mind" versus "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." These statements are an example of the problem that folk wisdom is often A) irrational. B) context-dependent. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) based on personal experience. D) full of contradictory assumptions. E) concerned with assigning blame. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

29) What does philosophy have in common with folk wisdom? Both A) often contain contradictions, and it's difficult to know which explanation is right. B) are often incorrect in their assumptions about social behaviour. C) are often based on social norms. D) often become outdated with rapid societal changes. E) rely often on subjective construals. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

30) Social psychologists differ from journalists in that social psychologists A) assume the worst about human nature. B) analyze quotes from famous people. C) are not concerned with social phenomena. D) are not bound by a code of ethics. E) rely solely on empirical arguments. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

31) Why is it unwise to rely on folk wisdom in explaining human social behaviour? A) The ideas of folk wisdom are not relevant to contemporary society. B) Social psychologists rely too much on folk wisdom. C) Folk wisdom is often wrong or oversimplified. D) People who rely on folk wisdom fail to consider the social environment. E) Folk wisdom requires careful empirical analysis. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) What is the major difference between sociology and social psychology? A) social psychology provides general laws and theories about societies while sociology studies the characteristics that make individuals unique B) sociology studies the processes people have in common with one another that make them susceptible to social influence while social psychology studies the characteristics that make individuals unique C) social psychology studies the psychological processes people have in common with one another that make them susceptible to social influence while sociology studies the characteristics that make individuals unique Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) sociology provides general laws and theories about societies, not individuals while social psychology studies the psychological processes people have in common with one another that make them susceptible to social influence Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

33) According to the text, which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between the way social psychologists approach the study of human behaviour and the approach others take? A) Unlike philosophers, social psychologists study only the observable behaviours of people—not their inner thoughts and feelings. B) Unlike sociologists, social psychologists adopt a scientific approach to the study of people. C) Unlike philosophers, sociologists, and personality psychologists, social psychologists seek to predict human behaviour. D) Unlike personality psychologists, social psychologists are less concerned with individual differences than with the influence of the social situation on behaviour. E) Unlike clinical psychologists, social psychologists focus on the pathological. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

34) Which of the following questions is most likely to be asked by a social psychologist? A) Are some characteristics genetically determined? B) Do some types of people make better leaders than others? C) What situations cause people to behave rudely? D) Are some people more vulnerable to mental disorders? E) Are some kinds of people more susceptible to recruitment into cults? Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

35) Jamal was confused by his sister's relationship with her boyfriend. They just didn't seem to have anything in common. “Oh well,” Jamal decided, “I guess opposites really do attract.” Jamal's explanation is an example of A) philosophy. B) folk wisdom. C) social psychology. D) rationalization. E) sociology. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

36) Social psychologists differ from sociologists in that social psychologists A) focus on studying individuals and the psychological processes they are experiencing. B) always use experiments. C) advocate the use of common sense. D) are reliant on the insights of philosophers. E) are interested in how people are influenced by their social environments. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

37) Social psychologists are most like ________ when they test their hunches about social behaviour. A) physicists B) journalists C) pollsters D) the general public E) philosophers Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

38) One of the tasks of the social psychologist is to A) ignore the notion of human consciousness. B) make educated guesses about specific situations. C) seek agreement with one another. D) use folk wisdom to understand the social world. E) integrate folk wisdom into modern psychology. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

39) When social psychologists want to test their hunches about why people help others, they are most likely to A) ask their grandmothers. B) conduct an experiment. C) read philosophy. D) look at social factors. E) look at what kindergarteners are taught about helping Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

40) A social psychologist is perplexed. Is it true that birds of a feather flock together, or do opposites attract? Confronted with these two contradictory pieces of folk wisdom, what is this social psychologist most likely to do?

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) Conduct an experiment to investigate the different situations in which each bit of common sense holds true. B) Choose the explanation that makes more sense. C) Ask his colleagues for their opinions. D) Administer a questionnaire to see if some types of people fit into one category, while other types fit into the other category. E) Choose a new topic for study. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

41) The social science that focuses on the effect of broad social factors like social class is A) social psychology. B) sociology. C) anthropology. D) philosophy. E) economics. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) Which of the following social phenomena would be of interest to both social psychologists and sociologists? A) The relation between murder and social class. B) The relationship between gender and homicide rates. C) The variation of homicide rates across countries. D) Teaching frustrated people alternatives to aggression. E) The role of competition between groups in increasing aggression. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

43) Consider the following research question: "Have no-fault divorce laws increased the rate of divorce in countries that have them?" This question would most likely be asked by A) a sociologist. B) a social psychologist. C) a personality psychologist. D) a lawyer. E) a philosopher. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

44) Consider the following research question: “How has new computer technology changed the Canadian educational system?” This question is most likely to be asked by Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) a sociologist. B) an anthropologist. C) a personality psychologist. D) a philosopher. E) a social psychologist. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

45) Your roommate left her homework on the couch, where you plan to watch TV. When you move her work, you notice that she is reading an article describing an experiment that investigated the cues people give when they really like someone. You conclude that your roommate is taking a class in A) social psychology. B) philosophy. C) anthropology. D) sociology. E) political science. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

46) Professor Hume has spent the last 10 years studying the interpersonal factors that cause individuals to be aggressive. She is most likely to be A) a sociologist. B) a philosopher. C) an anthropologist. D) an economist. E) a social psychologist. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

47) Both social psychologists and sociologists are interested in aggression. Compared to sociologists, which of the following questions is a social psychologist most likely to ask? A) What is the effect of hand gun laws on homicide rates in different regions? B) Do prisons deter homicide? C) Does increased policing lead to lower homicide rates? D) Are homicide rates higher among members of the lower class? E) When does frustration lead to aggression? Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

1-12

Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Is the capacity to love one of humanity’s greatest achievements? C) Does absence make the heart grow fonder? D) Does attractiveness influence marriage satisfaction? E) Why are marriage rates decreasing in the lower classes? Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

49) Concepts like “institutions,” “sociometric status,” and “social class” are most closely associated with A) psychology. B) sociology. C) social work. D) economics. E) political science. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

50) Professor Forster is a personality psychologist interested in divorce. Which question is she most likely to investigate? A) Why are divorce rates higher among the better educated? B) Are some types of people more likely to divorce than others? C) Do children reduce the odds of divorce? D) Does a national economic crisis influence divorce rates? E) Have the changing roles of women contributed to divorce? Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

51) How might a personality psychologist attempt to explain the mass murder-suicide of the members of the Order of The Solar Temple? A) The group members came from poor socio-economic backgrounds. B) An increasingly complex and mobile society creates confusion and a need to belong to a group at any cost. C) The leaders’ control over their followers increased slowly over time. D) She wouldn't try to explain it; personality psychologists are not interested in murder-suicide. E) People who are characteristically unstable join cults. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) social norms. D) ideas from philosophy. E) individual differences. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

53) Like social psychologists, personality psychologists focus on A) the power of construals to shape human behaviour. B) the cultural context. C) social influence. D) individual differences. E) individuals rather than collectives or institutions. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

54) Unlike social psychologists, personality psychologists are most concerned with A) mental illness. B) how people are like one another. C) the individual as a unit of analysis. D) how people differ from one another. E) subjective experiences. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

55) Sometimes when we encounter behaviour that is unpleasant or unexpected, we assume that something about the person—and not the situation—caused the behaviour. In this sense, we are most like A) philosophers. B) social psychologists. C) anthropologists. D) sociologists. E) personality psychologists. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

56) Consider the following question about human nature: “Are authoritarian personalities more prejudiced than other people?” This question is most likely to be asked by A) a philosopher. B) a social psychologist. C) an anthropologist. D) a personality psychologist. E) a sociologist.

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Chapter 1

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

57) Professor Gomez studies the relationship between introversion and school achievement. Professor Gomez is most likely to be A) a sociologist. B) an anthropologist. C) a philosopher. D) a social psychologist. E) a personality psychologist. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

58) Whereas social psychologists focus on ________, personality psychologists focus on ________. A) groups; individuals B) how people are alike; how people are unique C) societal forces; the individual D) the individual; mental disorders E) how people are unique; how people are alike Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

59) Which of the following is a shortcoming of a personality approach? A) Research has not validated personality concepts like “extraversion” or “defense mechanisms.” B) Personality psychology ignores individual quirks. C) Personality psychologists rely too much on philosophy. D) Personality psychologists don’t use the scientific method. E) Personality psychologists underestimate the power of social influence. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

60) Enrique's server in the restaurant just can't seem to get his order right. Enrique has just read Chapter 1 and wants to avoid making a Fundamental Attribution Error about the server. As a result, Enrique might consider that A) This person isn’t very intelligent.. B) This person may have had a bad morning. C) The server has a problem hearing. D) Our educational system is failing us. E) Human beings are inherently lazy. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy 1-15

Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

61) The tendency we all have to discount situational explanations of behaviour in favour of personality characteristics or traits is called A) the character bias. B) the discounting effect. C) prejudice. D) the blame assignment bias. E) the fundamental attribution error. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

62) Bertina and Manpreet were playing in the den when Manpreet's mother entered the room and scolded them for making a mess. Bertina decided then and there that Manpreet's mother was a grouch. Bertina's inference is an example of A) social cognition. B) self-justification. C) blame assignment bias. D) a self-fulfilling prophecy. E) the fundamental attribution error. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

63) Which of the following people have fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error? A) Tim, who points to a person who fell down and says, "What a clumsy oaf!" B) Sophie, who explains her poor exam performance by pointing out how hard the questions were. C) Don, who attributes his loss in a chess game to bad luck. D) Alex, who explains his girlfriend's tears by saying, "She didn't get enough sleep last night." E) Beatriz, who points to an erratic driver and says, "Look at that! The roads are slick tonight." Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

64) When we commit the fundamental attribution error, we ________ the power of ________. A) overestimate; personality traits B) overestimate; the situation C) ignore; luck D) overestimate; social influence E) underestimate; personality traits Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate 1-16

Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

65) Given the nature of their training, ________ would be least likely to commit the fundamental attribution error? A) social psychologists B) counselling psychologists C) personality psychologists D) sociologists E) clinical psychologists Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

66) Which of the following is a consequence of underestimating the power of social influence? A) We underestimate our intuition. B) We tend to overcomplicate simple situations. C) We become too confident. D) We overestimate our vulnerability to social situations. E) We develop a false sense of security. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) According to the text, to conclude that cult members who commit mass suicide are "weak-minded" people who are particularly susceptible to influence is to A) overestimate the strength of social forces which influence the behaviour of individuals. B) commit the fundamental attribution error. C) accurately identify the most important cause of their behaviour. D) take a primarily sociological approach to understanding these events. E) engage in counterfactual thinking. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

68) How would a social psychologist explain why some parents might fail to protect their children from the harm caused by cult leaders? A) Parents vulnerable to stress or mental illnesses (such as depression) succumb to the influence of cults more than parents without these risk factors. B) The leaders utilize mind control techniques to influence cult members' behaviour. C) Situational factors and social influence techniques overwhelm the parents' resistance and judgment. D) The parents are unfit to care for their children. E) The parents lack the intelligence or education to evaluate the effects of the cult on themselves and their families.

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

69) While driving home from work, Linda sees another driver speeding. An example of a situational attribution would be A) The driver might be rushing a sick pet to the vet. B) The driver is unaware of the speed limit. C) The driver is a selfish jerk. D) The driver must have poor eyesight. E) The driver has an authoritarian personality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

70) According to the text, a problem with committing the fundamental attribution error is that A) it can lead to victim blaming B) it leads people to ignore important things about the personalities of others. C) it overcomplicates simple situations and thus decreases our understanding of the causes of behaviour. D) it may lead you to underestimate your own vulnerability to social influence. E) It makes us ignore how we may impact the situation Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Easy

71) When Brigida plays volleyball with her friends, she is a team player. When she goes bowling with them, she does her best to beat them. These observations suggest that A) Brigida is ambivalent about how she feels about her friends. B) Brigida's personality is unstable. C) Brigida thinks her friends are bad bowlers. D) Brigida is blindly obedient to the rules of the game. E) Brigida is responding to norms as a source of social influence. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

72) According to the text, blaming victims of violence for their plight is an example of A) Confirmation bias. B) The self-esteem approach. C) The fundamental attribution error. D) The general construal error E) The fundamental construal error Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

73) Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) found that people playing the "Wall Street Game" were ________ competitive than people playing the "Community Game." Individual differences in competitiveness and cooperativeness ______________. A) less; did not affect the results. B) more; greatly affected the results. C) less; greatly affected the results. D) less; only moderately affected the results. E) more; did not affect the results. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

74) Recall that Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as either competitive or cooperative to play the same game under one of two names: the "Wall Street Game," or the "Community Game." Also recall that fully twice as many players in the Wall Street Game behaved competitively compared to people who played the Community Game. What do these findings suggest? A) True personality differences do not exist. B) Even minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences. C) All the competitive people ended up in the Wall Street Game group by chance. D) It is not important to study individual differences in personality. E) Social factors are less important than fundamental personality differences. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

75) Assume that Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as cooperative and participants identified as competitive to play a game that was labelled either the "Wall Street Game," or the "Community Game." Further assume that no matter what the game, participants who were identified as competitive behaved more competitively in both groups than did participants who were identified as cooperative. What would these findings suggest? A) Cooperation and competition are based on personality characteristics that sometimes transcend social situations. B) Cooperative participants in the Community Game caused their partners to respond in kind. C) Competitive participants in the Wall Street Game caused their partners to respond in kind. D) Social situations and personality characteristics are equally important. E) Even minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

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"Community Game." Which of the following is a valid conclusion to reach based on the results of that experiment? A) It takes major changes in the social environment to overcome the powerful influence of personality traits such as competitiveness. B) Personality characteristics change from situation to situation. C) Friends and acquaintances were better able to predict the behaviour of these students than were the psychologists. D) Personality differences are not important when it comes to predicting behaviour. E) Even seemingly trivial aspects of the social situation can greatly influence behaviour. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

77) If Professor Sharma defined social situations in terms of their objective physical properties, rather than their subjective properties, he would probably focus on _______ as determining behaviour. A) interpretation B) reinforcement and punishment C) personality characteristics D) emotion E) Gestalt principles Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

78) Albert and Laticia are playing a trivia game at their local hangout. The first question asks them to identify the school of psychology that maintains that to understand human behaviour, people need to consider the reinforcing properties of the environment. What school of psychology is the question referring to? A) Gestalt Psychology B) Cognitive Psychology C) Social Psychology D) Behaviourism Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

79) Social psychologists’ emphasis on construals of social situations has its roots in ________ psychology. A) Gestalt B) personality C) developmental D) behavioural E) cognitive

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Chapter 1

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

80) In trying to make sense of the mass murder-suicide of the members of the Order of the Solar Temple, a Gestaltist would probably A) examine the external rewards and punishments used by the leaders. B) ask about the childhood of the Temple followers. C) ponder the subjective meaning of the act to Temple followers. D) ask about the traumatic events in the lives of Temple followers. E) consult a social psychologist. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

81) Marta left a party feeling very upset. Rather than trying to recall each conversation she had during the party, Marta tried to explain her feelings by reflecting on the party as a whole. The process Marta used resembles the approach used by ________ psychologists. A) behavioural B) health C) social D) personality E) Gestalt Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

82) The whole is different from the sum of its parts. This statement reflects a tenet of ________ psychology. A) behavioural B) functional C) physiological D) Gestalt E) cognitive Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

83) What do social psychologists mean by the expression “subjective situations”? A) The random way in which people impose meaning on stimuli. B) The combination of elements that compose a situation. C) People's tendency to distort their interpretations of social situations. D) The way that situations control people's behaviour. E) The way a situation is interpreted by people. Answer: E Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

84) In their approach to understanding social behaviour, social psychologists are most similar to A) personality psychologists. B) sociologists. C) Gestalt psychologists. D) philosophers. E) psychoanalysts. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

85) Because their intellectual roots lie in Gestalt psychology, social psychologists tend to focus on ________. A) rewards and punishments B) unconscious processing C) personality differences D) people’s subjective interpretations E) the effects of social behaviour Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

86) When Claude goes to give Jean a congratulatory pat on the back after a job well done, she jumps and turns away. Claude has just read Chapter 1, and fancies himself something of a Gestalt psychologist. What is he likely to think about Jean's behaviour? A) Jean must really dislike me. B) Jean must have been abused as a child. C) What's her problem? A pat on the back is a reinforcer. D) Jean must have low self-esteem. E) Jean must have interpreted my gesture differently than I intended. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

87) You have probably heard the expression, “A rose is a rose is a rose.” Who would be most likely to disagree with that expression? A) A Gestalt psychologist. B) A personality psychologist. C) A developmental psychologist. D) A behavioural psychologist. E) An agronomist. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult 1-22

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

88) One of Kurt Lewin's boldest intellectual contributions to social psychology was A) promoting the use of observational methods. B) applying behavioural principles to the topic of social influence. C) applying Gestalt principles to social perception. D) investigating the impact of culture on behaviour. E) reminding social psychologists that objective physical attributes of a social stimulus are important. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

89) The “father” of social psychology, Kurt Lewin, pointed out the importance of understanding how people ________ their social environments. A) manipulate B) structure C) construe D) dismiss E) control Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

90) According to the text, what experience profoundly affected the thinking of Kurt Lewin, ultimately helping to shape social psychology? A) Freud’s development of the psychoanalytic approach B) Pavlov’s experiments regarding classical conditioning C) World War I D) Facing the anti-Semitism that was rampant in Nazi Germany E) John Watson’s experiments with Baby Albert Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

91) Social psychologists believe that the best way to predict how a person will behave is to know something about A) the norms of the culture in which the person lives. B) the person’s childhood. C) the person's socioeconomic status. D) how the person perceives and interprets the social environment. E) the person's enduring traits and dispositions. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

92) Social psychologists have identified two motives that are of primary importance in explaining our thoughts and behaviours. These are the need to ________ and the need to ________. A) be as accurate as possible; feel good about ourselves B) enhance our power; feel good about ourselves C) feel good about ourselves; belong D) be as accurate as possible; maintain social control E) enhance our power; be as accurate as possible Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

93) With which of the following statements would the authors of Chapter 1 be most likely to agree? A) In humans, biological motives are unimportant. B) The motive to enhance self-esteem is the most powerful motive of all. C) Human beings are complex organisms and are influenced by a variety of motives. D) The strongest predictor of behaviour is based in our upbringing. E) The motive to perceive the world accurately is the most powerful motive of all. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

94) Social influence can best be understood by examining the ________ that influence ________. A) stimuli; social behaviour B) punishers; negative outcomes C) rewards; conformity D) motives; people's construals E) situations; the self-fulfilling prophecy Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

95) Jacob was pouring gravy when he dropped the ladle and splattered gravy all over the tablecloth. In order to maintain his self-esteem, Jacob decided that A) spilling the gravy was embarrassing to his family. B) the ladle was slippery and anyone would have dropped it. C) he was a clumsy person. D) he does not like gravy. E) he would be more careful next time. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

96) People often construe the world as they do in order to maintain a favourable image of themselves. This assumption underlies the ________ approach. A) public image B) Gestalt C) accuracy motive D) self-esteem E) self-perception Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

97) When asked why she is always losing things, Marti replies, “I'm not careless. It's just that I have more important things to think about.” This response would be predicted by a social psychologist who advocates ________ approach to understanding human behaviour. A) a social cognition B) a Gestalt C) a developmental D) a self-perception E) a self-esteem Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

98) Given the choice between distorting the world in order to enhance their self-esteem, or viewing the world accurately, people often A) put a slightly different spin on things to feel good about themselves. B) refuse to make a choice and behave erratically. C) choose accuracy and thereby suffer from low self-esteem. D) choose accuracy and maintain self-esteem. E) completely distort reality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

99) Jagmeet's partner of four years just left him. He's hurt, angry, and confused and says to himself, “She never did understand my need for independence.” This explanation for the break-up best reflects which human motive? A) Protecting other people’s self-worth. B) Sacrificing happiness in the interest of accuracy. C) Protecting one’s self-esteem. D) Deserting reality under stress. E) Justifying our suffering. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

100) Bill is viewed by most people he knows as rude, brusque, and completely unconcerned with other people's feelings. He, in contrast, describes himself as efficient and task-oriented. Bill's self-description best reflects the motive to A) justify our troublesome past behaviours. B) justify our failed efforts. C) perceive the world accurately. D) justify other's perceptions. E) succeed at any cost. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

101) What is one likely undesirable consequence of foregoing accuracy in favour of justifying our past behaviours? Justifying past behaviour can A) decrease our self-esteem. B) decrease the probability of learning from past experiences. C) decrease our self-worth. D) cause us to completely distort reality. E) decrease our self-confidence in social situations. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

102) Tom saw a fad weight-loss program advertised on late night television. The ad claimed that deep breathing exercises would speed up metabolism, causing people to lose weight. He mailed a cheque for $99.95. When the plan arrived, Tom rearranged his day so that he could complete the breathing exercises as scheduled. They made him nauseated and dizzy, and before long, Tom's friends began to think that he was “dizzy,” and they started avoiding him. After the end of the ten-week program, Tom got on the scale and saw that he hadn't lost an ounce! Still, he remained enthusiastic and thought, “I may not have lost any weight, but I feel so much healthier!” This situation is best explained by A) the self-fulfilling prophecy. B) delusional thinking. C) self-defeating perceptions. D) the justification of suffering. E) accurate self-perceptions. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

103) Assume that April visits two highly similar graduate programs before she decides which one to attend. At University X, she is wined and dined, and made to feel at home. At University Y, April is asked to give a public talk about her research interests, grilled by prospective advisers, and asked to write a long essay about her qualifications. April decides to attend University Y, where she had a more stressful time. This situation best exemplifies self-justification that arises from Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) accuracy motives. B) positive reinforcement. C) the decision paradox. D) suffering. E) negative reinforcement. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

104) Melodia, Frida, Kathleen, Yu Yan, and Suzanne went mountain climbing. Which one of the women would most appreciate the view from the top of the mountain? A) Kathleen, who enjoyed seeing the different types of trees on the mountain. B) Suzanne, who was surprised at how simple she found the climb. C) Yu Yan, who daydreamed about her husband while she climbed. D) Frida, who pulled a muscle and got scratched by thorns. E) Melodia, who climbed while listening to energetic music on her headphones. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

105) You might have heard the old Groucho Marx quip, “I don’t care to belong to any club that would have me as a member.” From a self-esteem perspective in social psychology, what would be a more accurate—if less humorous—statement? A) I would most want to belong to a club that initially wouldn't have me. B) I wouldn't want to join any club at all. C) I would prefer to be alone. D) I would most want to avoid a club that would have me. E) I would most want to belong to any club that would have me. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

106) Which of the following situations is at odds with the self-esteem approach to understanding human behaviour? A) Geoff fails an exam in his physics course and is mocked by the professor, but decides to stick with the course and work harder. B) Rachel studied for years to pursue a career for which she was poorly suited. She works 60 hours a week in the sleet and hot sun. Still, she says that she is thrilled with her job. C) John absolutely hates the fraternity he pledged. As part of his initiation, he carried bricks up and down stairs, got paddled, wore funny hats, and sang silly songs. D) Susan drives 200 kilometres to buy a dress that most people would call incredibly ugly. She loves it and can't wait to wear it to the next party. E) Jim can't stand his social psychology course, but suffers through the entire semester. At the end of the semester, when he evaluates the course, he gives it high marks. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

107) Social psychological research has convincingly demonstrated that the ________ the initiation to join a group, the ________ the initiates like the group. A) shorter; less B) milder; more C) more severe; less D) longer; more E) more severe; more Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

108) Your text describes the experiences of Dee Brasseur, one of Canada's first female military pilots. Even though she endured harassment, assault, and rape during her military career, she says that she loves the military and would recommend it to anybody. According to the text, her attitude is most likely a consequence of A) her desire to feel good about herself. B) a self-fulfilling prophecy. C) her need to accurately understand the world. D) delusional thinking. E) evolutionary motives. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

109) The core component of the a social cognition approach to social psychology is A) An assumption that people try to view the world as accurately as possible. B) The belief that people are motivated to protect their self-esteem. C) A focus on rewards and punishers. D) The belief that subjective interpretations of events do not matter. E) An assumption that people do not think carefully about their social decisions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

110) Leslie cannot say “no” to anyone. Consequently she takes on too much, and doesn't fulfill her commitments as promptly as she might. Assume that when asked to explain these behaviours, Leslie is motivated to be accurate in her self-perceptions. What would she be most likely to say? A) "You know me. I'm a go-getter who can't stand being bored." B) "I'm just a kind person who doesn't like to let anyone down." C) "I guess I'm a bit of a pushover, and take on more than I can responsibly handle." D) "I work better when I'm under pressure." Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) "I guess you can't teach an old dog new tricks." Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

111) The social cognition approach is based on the notion that humans are often motivated to A) actualize. B) enhance their self-esteem. C) justify their behaviours. D) be accurate in their perceptions and inferences. E) seek out reinforcers and avoid punishers. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

112) Human beings are often motivated to construe themselves and the social world accurately. A ________ approach is based on this assumption. A) social cognition B) self-esteem C) social psychological D) construal E) health psychology Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

113) Social cognition is the study of how people A) interpret the actions of others. B) evaluate the groups to which they belong. C) think about themselves and the social world. D) react to rewards and punishers. E) decide how to act in social settings. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

114) Social psychologist Dr. Smythe assumes that students are motivated to perceive themselves and their social environments accurately. Professor Smythe is most likely A) a developmental researcher. B) a social cognition researcher. C) a personality researcher. D) an incurable optimist. E) a self-esteem researcher. Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

115) The ________ approach portrays humans as akin to sleuths like Sherlock Holmes, who try their best to accurately make sense of the facts. A) esteem enhancement B) self-esteem C) social cognition D) psychoanalytic E) rational-economic Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

116) According to social cognition researchers, we sometimes have difficulty making sense of the social world because we A) choose to ignore the relevant facts. B) ignore simple decisions in favour of complex decisions. C) lack the time and stamina to seek out all the relevant facts. D) do not have the intellectual capacity to understand the relevant facts. E) are inherently flawed in our reasoning. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

117) Juliana eats granola bars and avoids chocolate bars, even though the granola bars contain 50% more fat and 15% more sodium than the chocolate bars. According to a social cognition approach, why might that be? A) Juliana needs to justify paying more for the granola bar. B) Juliana would score low on a test of intelligence. C) Juliana is motivated to convince her friends that she is a healthy person. D) Juliana failed to seek out all the relevant facts about the nutrition value of those snacks. E) Juliana is motivated to see herself as a healthy person. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

118) Which of the following questions would be of most interest to a social cognition researcher? A) Why is the whole different from the sum of its parts? B) Why are people motivated to maintain their self-esteem? C) How does the motive to control the environment influence social behaviours? D) How do punishers prevent future behaviours? E) What factors prevent people from reasoning accurately? Answer: E Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

119) Which of the following is true about social psychologists’ interest in social problems? A) Social problems are too complex to be addressed by social psychologists. B) Interest in social problems has arisen only in the last decade. C) Contemporary social psychologists are not interested in social problems. D) Social problems have been a concern since the beginning of social psychology. E) Generally, social psychologists cannot study social problems. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

120) In an effort to convince more women to get mammograms, few public service ads on television work to scare women into taking advantage of that procedure to detect breast cancer. Instead of focusing on the ravages of cancer, such ads often point to the benefits of early detection and consequent cure. From a social-psychological perspective, this makes sense because A) people are more motivated to prevent a health problem than to detect one. B) messages that evoke fear seldom if ever are successful at influencing behaviour. C) people will not fully watch an ad that evokes fear. D) frightened women might underestimate the odds that they would contract breast cancer. E) when it comes to health, people are more motivated to be accurate than to feel good. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

121) Curtailing the spread of AIDS with scary television ads designed to frighten people into practicing safe sex is unlikely to work because A) viewers may protect their self-esteem by denying that the message is relevant to them. B) it is hard to know whether a given ad is frightening enough. C) the contents of such ads are too controversial, and offend most viewers. D) people are not well informed enough about the disease for the ads to be effective. E) the government will not fund such projects. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

122) After reading Chapter 1, if you were to advise producers of a safe-sex television campaign, what would be the most important thing you would tell them? A) Remember that sometimes people would rather feel good about themselves than be accurate. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) Beware of the fundamental attribution error. C) Be sure to include statistics on the number of new cases of AIDS in Canada. D) Remember to provide complete information and get your facts right. E) AIDS is more likely to be transmitted via intravenous drug use than via sex. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

123) When confronted with fear-inducing messages about AIDS or smoking, people do not always behave rationally and avoid exposure. They sometimes merely deny that the threat exists. The text suggests this is because A) the threat conflicts with their self-fulfilling prophecy. B) of a desire to maintain self-esteem. C) they are too lazy to respond to their construals. D) they are trying to avoid unpleasant cognitions. E) of a desire to be as accurate as possible. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

124) Health Canada intends to put even more graphic images of the effects of smoking on cigarette packages in an effort to deter smokers. With information in Chapter 1, you might advise them that smokers may A) smoke more to relieve the anxiety these images create. B) reduce their fear by engaging in denial. C) improve their health related behaviour in other areas. D) not even notice the images and continue to smoke. E) blame Health Canada for their smoking problems. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

125) Keeping in mind the authors’ discussion of the misplaced approach to AIDS prevention, which of the ad campaigns below is LEAST likely to work? A) Political ads that use humour. B) Ads that use celebrity athletes to endorse athletic shoes. C) Ads that do not elicit any emotion from the viewers. D) Ads that show a fried egg and say, "This is your brain on drugs." E) Pain reliever ads that use charts and graphs. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

126) According to the authors' discussion of research aimed at promoting safe sex in order to prevent HIV/AIDS, which of the following ads is most likely to work? A) An ad that helps people accurately understand the statistics regarding the odds of getting HIV/AIDS from unprotected sex. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) An ad that stops people from engaging in denial about their chances of getting HIV/AIDS. C) An ad that shows people of all ages suffering from HIV/AIDS. D) An ad that shows graphic pictures of someone dying from HIV/AIDS. E) An ad that tries to generate fear of getting HIV/AIDS. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

127) What are construals? What is naïve realism? Discuss how construals and specifically naïve realism would relate to a “real-life” scenario such as a break-up or divorce. Answer: Construals are the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world. Naïve realism refers to the conviction all of us have that we perceive things “as they really are”. During a conflict of any sort, construals and specifically, naïve realism (a special kind of construal) play an important role. In a break up or a divorce, each of the partners assume that they are the ones who are unbiased and that their partner isn’t able to see things accurately. They will believe that their own perceptions of reality should provide the basis for settlement. This occurs despite the fact that both partners likely understand intellectually that the other partner perceives the issues differently. Type: ES

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall and Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

128) What does social psychology have in common with folk wisdom? How does social psychology differ from folk wisdom? Answer: Both perspectives ask and answer questions about human social behaviour. They seek to explain why it is that people think or feel or behave as they do. Compared to social psychology, folk wisdom is often oversimplified in its explanations, is replete with incompatible contradictory explanations, and often blames individuals for their plights. They also differ in the approach to answering questions about human behaviour in that only social psychology uses the scientific method. Type: ES

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

129) What does social psychology have in common with personality psychology and sociology? How does social psychology differ from personality psychology and sociology? Answer: All three disciplines study behaviour. Personality psychologists focus on individual differences, whereas sociologists focus on social and economic forces as the foundation for human behaviour. Social psychologists focus on the individual in a social environment. Type: ES

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy 1-33

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130) Suppose that in a restaurant, a waiter grows impatient with a customer, rolls his eyes, taps his pencil impatiently on his order book, and finally snaps, "I haven't got all day, you know." In what ways would a personality psychologist and a social psychologist attempt to explain such behaviour? Answer: Both personality and social psychologists would use an individual level of analysis rather than a larger, broader level that focuses on economic, political, or historical forces. Personality psychologists, however, would focus on the kinds of characteristics in which people differ; for example, they would focus on enduring characteristics like the hostility or impulsivity of the waiter. In contrast, although social psychologists would also focus on the individual, they would attend to ways in which the waiter is like other people; for example, social psychologists might turn their attention to the waiter's situation and in particular, his construal of the situation with the customer. Type: ES

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

131) What are some of the undesirable consequences that people experience when they underestimate the power of social influence? Answer: First, such a bias often produces a false sense of security when we attribute bizarre or destructive behaviours to something about the people who performed them, and not to the situations to which we ourselves might also be vulnerable. Second, we are more likely to overlook the complexity of the determinants of behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

132) After the Holocaust, many people (including researchers) were quick to point out that there must have been something very “wrong” with all of the people who had either actively participated in the murders or passively allowed the atrocities to happen. That is, that these people had major personality flaws or were just horrible “monsters”. Philip Zimbardo and other researchers who follow a situationist approach argue that it’s more important to understand the contributing situational variables. How does the information found above relate to the fundamental attribution error? Answer: The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behaviour stems from personality traits and to underestimate the role of situational factors. Right after the Holocaust, the people who were quick to point out that these people must have been “monsters” may have been committing the fundamental attribution error. While indeed, many of the perpetrators of and participants in the atrocities would indeed qualify as “monsters”, not all would. If the role of situational variables is ignored, a sense of false security may prevail (e.g., “if no one as bad as Hitler comes along, then this will never happen again”).

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Chapter 1

Type: ES Moderate

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty:

133) Compare the self-esteem approach and the social cognition approach in terms of the motivations assumed to underlie human behaviour. Answer: The self-esteem approach explains human social cognition and human social behaviour with reference to the basic motive to preserve or enhance one’s selfesteem, even at the expense of accuracy. The social cognition approach views humans as motivated to perceive themselves and the world accurately, sometimes at the expense of their self-esteem. Type: ES

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

134) How does the text explain increased liking or attachment to the group after a new recruit has been through an unpleasant hazing or initiation process? Answer: The text suggests that the motive to maintain self-esteem leads to self-justification. That is, the desire to feel good about ourselves leads recruits to justify having allowed themselves to be put through the unpleasant experience. This is achieved by increasing their positive evaluation of the group—the suffering was worthwhile because membership in the group is so valuable. Type: ES

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

135) What is the goal of social psychologists who are concerned with social problems? Answer: Their goal is to apply social-psychological theories, concepts, and research findings to understand and solve destructive real-world problems such as the AIDS epidemic, energy waste, and the relation between television violence and human aggression. Type: ES

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

1) The introduction to Chapter 2 began with descriptions of disagreements over the relation between television violence and aggressive behaviour, and of situations in which people won't intervene to stop violence. Why would authors begin Chapter 2 by describing these phenomena? A) There are competing explanations for both phenomena, and research methods can be used to establish the best explanation. B) These topics address the most difficult issues that social psychologists will ever study. C) Definitive explanations for both phenomena have been provided by socialpsychological research. D) These topics are a good example of what has yet to be studied in social psychology. E) There is more literature on violence and aggression than on any other topic of interest to social psychologists. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: Introduction

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Moderate

2) According to the authors, why are people often wrong in asserting that social psychology only reflects common sense? A) People’s inferences about psychological phenomena are rarely based in fact. B) Common sense is never correct. C) People are largely ignorant about what exactly social psychologists study. D) Most grandmothers’ advice is based on common experience, not scientific evidence. E) So-called common sense findings often make more sense in retrospect than in advance. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

3) In which of the following disciplines are students most likely—by virtue of their experiences—to sigh, “Big deal. I could have predicted that”? A) particle physics B) organic chemistry C) marine biology D) social psychology E) theoretical mathematics Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) After someone commits suicide, many loved ones believe that they should have seen it coming; that they could have predicted it. This is a tragic example of the ____________. A) hindsight bias B) attribution bias Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) self-perception theory D) correspondence bias E) cognitive dissonance theory Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

5) The hindsight bias seems to emerge by age ____ and continues to be alive and well across the lifespan. A) six B) eight C) three D) one E) ten Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

6) In Chapter 2, the authors included a brief quiz about research findings. This quiz was designed to illustrate that A) most research findings directly contradict folk wisdom. B) so-called “obvious” research findings are not all that easy to predict in advance. C) although people are not insightful “physicists,” they are insightful "social psychologists." D) social psychology is really little more than common sense. E) the wording of a quiz can easily be manipulated to trick the reader. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

7) A(n) ______ is an organized set of principles that can be used to explain observed phenomena while a(n) ________ is a testable statement or idea about the relationship between two or more variables. A) hypothesis ; theory B) theory ; hypothesis C) operational definition ; theory D) theory ; operational definition E) correlation ; theory Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Moderate

8) Baljit is investigating whether listening to different types of music while studying impacts student grades. He predicts that students who listen to classical music while

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

studying will outperform students who listen to rock music while studying. Baljit’s prediction is known as a(n) _________. A) hypothesis B) theory C) operational definition D) ethnography E) hindsight bias Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

9) The precise specification of how variables are measured or manipulated in a social psychological experiment is called A) ethnography. B) interjudge reliability. C) random assignment. D) operational definition. E) reliability. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) The Kitty Genovese murder inspired research on bystander apathy. This example illustrates the usefulness of relying on ________ in formulating research hypotheses. A) casual observations of everyday life B) folk wisdom C) common sense D) social-psychological theory E) personal experience Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

11) The _______ led Bibb Latané and John Darley to systematically test the situational factors that influence people’s responses to emergencies. A) Bay of Pigs fiasco B) Iran-Contra affair C) Vietnam War D) Watergate scandal E) murder of Kitty Genovese Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Defining “liking” as the number of times people get together in one week. C) Defining “aggression” as the number of times a child yells at a peer. D) Defining “love” as a unique and special feeling. E) Defining “aggression” as hitting another person. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

13) Professionals like actors, writers, and filmmakers employ observational methods to learn about social situations. What makes their work different from the work of social psychologists? A) Social psychologists are more likely to be participant observers. B) These professionals seldom set out to answer a specific question. C) The situations or events that these professionals observe are not of interest to scientific social psychologists. D) Social psychologists tend to employ a pre-arranged set of criteria to guide their observations. E) These professionals are more interested in individual personality differences than a social psychologist would be. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

14) What makes the observations conducted by social scientists different from the kinds of observations that anyone might make in the course of a day? Social scientists A) will only sample people from their own culture. B) make sure to observe a random sample of people. C) observe and code behaviours according to prearranged criteria. D) always rely on technology (e.g., hidden cameras or tape recorders) to record behaviours. E) make it a point never to interact with the people they are observing. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

15) A researcher has recorded that on the playground, boys are more likely to use physical aggression to get what they want, but girls are more likely to use verbal aggression to get what they want. This researcher most likely employed a(n) ________ research method. A) experimental B) observational C) clinical D) interview E) archival Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Difficulty; Moderate 2-4

Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

16) A social psychologist employing the ________ method of research is most like a video camera. A) experimental B) co-reactive C) archival analysis D) observational E) correlational Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

17) Professor Atkins wonders whether more people go to the gym right after New Year’s. Three times per week during the months of January, March, August, and November, he sits quietly by the door of a local gym and records how many people come in for a workout. Professor Atkins is using A) the observational method. B) obtrusive observation. C) the experimental method. D) archival analysis. E) a correlational design. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

18) Professor Swenson is interested in university students’ reactions to the death of a popular rock star. For two weeks, Professor Swenson spends one hour a day in a popular cafeteria, inconspicuously listening to students, joining in their conversations when the topic of the dead rock star comes up, and recording what the students have to say. Professor Swenson is conducting ________ research. A) interactive experimentation B) ethnographic C) historical D) correlational E) archival Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

19) Which of the following is the best example of the observational method? A) Chris puts a glass to the wall so that he can hear his parents argue. B) Xena sends out a questionnaire to gain information on people’s eating habits. C) Gary stops people on the street to ask them how they voted in the last elections. D) Twyla secretly videotapes guests at her sister's wedding. E) Elaine parks her car near a traffic light and records how many drivers run red lights. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

20) Out of curiosity, you wonder whether some coworkers in your office are more likely than others to use profanity. During the day, each and every time a coworker curses, you write down his or her name, and the words he or she said. Your informal research is most like the ________ research conducted by social psychologists. A) archival B) survey C) correlational D) ethnographic E) experimental Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

21) What is the major difference between ethnography and other kinds of systematic observation used by social scientists? In ethnography A) scientists interact with the people they are observing. B) the people who are observed are paid for their part in the research study. C) scientists randomly assign people to conditions. D) scientists observe anything that seems surprising or interesting. E) scientists record their own behaviours, as well as the behaviours of others. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Difficult

22) Festinger, Riecken, & Schacter's (1956) study of a doomsday cult was conducted using A) archival analysis. B) quasi-experimental methods. C) systematic observation. D) ethnography. E) correlational analysis. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

23) Ethnography is the chief method of ____________________. A) social psychology B) geographers C) cultural anthropology D) clinical psychology E) sociology Answer: C Type: MC LO: 2.2 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

24) Observational research allows a researcher to A) describe the nature of a phenomenon. B) match participants to conditions of an experiment. C) make predictions about one variable based on knowledge of another. D) randomly assign participants to conditions of an experiment. E) make statements about causality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

25) Which of the following is a drawback to the observational method? A) People's behaviours often change when they know they are being observed. B) The observational method requires researchers to interact with their subjects for long periods of time. C) No interesting or important questions can be answered using this method. D) The observational method is statistically unreliable. E) The observational method cannot impact a well-accepted theory. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

26) Your text describes a study in which social psychologists infiltrated a cult who believed that a spaceship would rescue them just before the world would be destroyed. These social psychologists were conducting A) correlational research. B) archival analysis. C) a field experiment. D) a survey. E) observational research. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) The research approach that provides information on the relationship between two variables is called A) unobtrusive observation. B) the experimental method. C) archival analysis. D) the correlational method. E) systematic observation. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

28) Whereas observational research is designed to ________ behaviour, correlational research is designed to ________. A) systematically describe; assess relations between variables B) explain; systematically describe C) explain; assess relations between variables D) systematically describe; determine what causes behaviour E) systematically describe; explain behaviour Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

29) Researchers interested in determining how people's responses to one question can predict their other responses use the A) archival method. B) correlational method. C) descriptive method. D) experimental method. E) observational method. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

30) In what way is archival research most like the systematic observation of ongoing behaviours? Both methods A) are controversial methods of research in social psychology. B) look for relationships between variables. C) rely on the subjective judgments of trained observers. D) make use of specific, well-defined categories for coding. E) make use of random sampling techniques. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

31) _______ research involves systematic examination of the documents or records of a culture. A) Archival B) Quasi-experimental C) Cross-sectional D) Experimental E) Systematic Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) A researcher is interested in how enemies are depicted in times of international conflict. He watches old films and newsreels from the Second World War in which Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

enemy soldiers are depicted as crazed, vicious killers who enjoy torturing people. The researcher is using A) participant observation. B) the correlational method. C) archival analysis. D) an experimental method. E) a quasi-experimental method. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

33) Professor Yarnofsky wonders whether recent acts of airline terrorism have made the public more fearful of airline flight. He secures records of the number of times passengers have cancelled their travel plans within 3 days of flying, and compares the cancellation rates before the last hijacking to cancellation rates after the last hijacking. Professor Yarnofsky has employed a(n) ________ research method. A) correlational B) participant observation C) archival D) systematic observation E) experimental Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

34) A researcher is interested in the changing nature of gender roles in contemporary society. If she were to employ an archival analysis, what would she be most likely to do? A) Participate in the daily activities of a family in which the woman works and the man stays home. B) Observe both men and women in “non-traditional” occupations. C) Interview both male and female doctors to determine how they are treated by colleagues. D) Record how boys and girls are portrayed in children’s books. E) Randomly assign people to “non-traditional” roles and record their behaviour. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

35) According to information from the registrar's office, Lee has discovered that people who achieve higher grades in their last year of high school tend to have higher GPAs in their first year of university. Lee has used a(n) ________ research method. A) observational B) field study C) correlational D) experimental E) participant observation Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

36) In order to examine the prevalence of drug use in several different generations of North Americans, a researcher decides to collect the lyrics from the fifty most popular songs from each decade, from 1940 to 2000, and to code those lyrics for how often drug-related themes were present. Which of the following methods is this researcher using? A) correlational B) archival C) observational D) cross-sectional E) experimental Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

37) Professor Rothman is interested in tracking changes in racial stereotypes in Canada. If he decides to conduct an archival analysis, he should A) record how racialized individuals are portrayed in newspaper cartoons from 1940 to 2000. B) interview multiple generations in families of different race and ethnicities. C) interview one generation of different races and ethnicities. D) record his subjective impressions of the racial stereotypes contained in newspaper humor columns from 1940 to 2000. E) ask his students to watch television every night for a week and tell him what they saw. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

38) What is one of the major advantages of archival research? This research method A) enables researchers to detect changes across time and cultures. B) takes less time than systematic observation. C) can show causal relationships. D) does not require trained observers. E) generates information that is easier to code reliably. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

39) Lauren is interested in researching whether crime rates in Canada changed between 1970 and 1990. To do this, she is accessing public records about crimes that happened during that time. She is using a(n) __________ design. A) archival B) correlational Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) experimental D) cross-sectional E) direct observation Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

40) Research on the impact of media representations of male and female body ideals finds that A) the male muscular ideal shown in fitness magazines has little impact on males’ assessment of their own bodies. B) exposure to media representations of the thin female body type has most impact on females who show little interest in their own body image. C) both genders can suffer emotionally or physically if they are exposed to, and accept, media body ideals. D) the only males who respond to muscular ideals in fitness magazines are those who have low self-esteem. E) exposure to body ideals in the media has greater impact on male ratings of their own body image than on female ratings of their own body image. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

41) Observational research is to describing a behaviour, as correlational research is to A) determining the causes of behaviour. B) manipulating a behaviour. C) explaining a behaviour. D) documenting relations between behaviours. E) understanding a behaviour. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) A researcher is interested in the relation between the number of a person's past sexual partners and the person's decision to have an HIV test. To determine this, the researcher should use the ________ method. A) correlational B) longitudinal C) experimental D) observational E) participant observation Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

43) The correlational method most often makes use of ________ data. A) survey B) experimental C) archival D) ethnographic E) longitudinal Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

44) Are people who are better educated more or less prejudiced than people who have less education? This question is best answered by A) archival analysis. B) correlational research. C) systematic observation. D) participant observation. E) structured interviews. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

45) A survey would be a good investigative tool for a social psychologist to answer which of the following questions? A) How willing are people to help someone needing medical assistance in a shopping mall? B) Do people take longer to pull out of a parking spot if they notice another car is waiting? C) Do people under increased time pressure give less generous donations? D) What is the relationship between people’s assessment of the risks of West Nile virus and their behaviour in preventing it? E) How willing are people to donate money to a well-known charity for disaster relief? Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

46) Assume that instead of conducting experiments, Latané and Darley had used a correlational method to study the relation between the number of bystanders who witness an emergency and how quickly a victim receives help. Assume that the correlational data were compatible with results from experiments: the more bystanders, the longer it took bystanders to help. What type of correlation is this? A) a nonlinear correlation B) a zero correlation C) a positive correlation D) a spurious correlation E) a negative correlation

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

47) Before Jonas Salk discovered a vaccine to prevent polio, people noticed a correlation between outside temperature and the incidence of polio: The warmer the temperature over the course of the year, the more outbreaks of polio. This relationship is an example of a(n) ________ correlation. A) positive B) causal C) illusory D) negative E) spurious Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

48) One of the greatest advantages of surveys is that researchers A) can sample representative segments of the population of interest. B) can show causation. C) can be biased, but still collect objective information. D) need not concern themselves with interjudge reliability. E) can be confident that respondents answered honestly. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

49) The only way to be certain that the results of a survey represent the behaviour of a particular population is to ensure that the respondents are ________ that population. A) randomly selected from B) normally distributed in C) randomly assigned to D) equally distributed in E) matched within Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

50) Professor Hui didn't bring enough course evaluation surveys to class, so he distributed the surveys he had to students at the front half of the lecture hall. By doing this, he gave up one of the biggest advantages of surveys: A) honest reports from respondents. B) random assignment to groups. C) the ability to collect large amounts of data. D) random selection to ensure generalizability. E) questions that are easily understood by respondents.

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Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

51) Imagine that researchers have found a correlation of -.72 between the frequency of disagreements that couples have and how long they stay together. Based on this correlation, would you start arguments with your significant other in order to sustain your relationship? A) No, because although the two may be correlated, causation has not been proved. B) No, because the correlation is positive. C) Yes, because the correlation is positive. D) No, because in your group of friends, the correlation is negative. E) Yes, because the correlation is relatively strong. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

52) Which of the following explanations for the failure of neighbours to come to Kitty

Genovese’s aid best reflects the idea of diffusion of responsibility? A) The cost of intervening was too high, so neighbours didn't help. B) There were so many witnesses that no single person felt responsible to intervene. C) The neighbours did not personally know Kitty Genovese. D) Urban dwellers are especially callous when it comes to giving aid. E) The neighbours did not interpret her cries as an emergency, so they didn’t intervene. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

53) Surveys are instruments most often used by social psychologists who conduct ________ research. A) experimental B) correlational C) descriptive D) observational E) archival Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

55) Tony has been doing research on age and aggression. He has discovered that the older a person gets, the less likely he or she is to aggress against another person. What kind of relationship best describes Tony's findings? A) positive correlation. B) curvilinear correlation. C) zero correlation. D) negative correlation. E) random correlation. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

56) Which of the following pairs of variables are most likely to be positively correlated? A) consumption of fatty foods; risk of heart disease B) income; shoe size C) room temperature; comfort level D) flossing; cavities E) cigarettes smoked; life expectancy Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

57) Which of the following pairs of variables is most likely to be negatively correlated? A) intelligence; exam scores B) amount of practice; quality of performance C) education; income D) calories consumed; weight loss E) effort; success Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

58) A researcher conducted a study and found a high positive correlation between age and income level. In other words, this researcher found that as age ________, income level tends to ________. A) increases; decrease B) increases; stay the same C) decreases; increase D) decreases; stay the same E) increases; increase Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Difficulty: Moderate 2-15

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59) A researcher conducted a survey and found a negative correlation between education and the tendency to resort to violence during disputes. In other words, this researcher found that as education level ________, the tendency to use violence ________. A) increases; also increases B) decreases; also decreases C) increases; remains the same D) increases; decreases E) decreases; remains the same Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

60) Which of the following correlations shows the strongest relation between two variables? A) 0.68 B) -0.19 C) -0.74 D) 0.07 E) 0.00 Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

61) Television programs such as Survivor and Big Brother, in which television cameras record the activities of people as they interact, are most like ________ research in social psychology. A) cross-cultural B) experimental C) observational D) archival E) correlational Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

62) In many respects, the comedy show Just for Laughs Gags, is similar to observational research in social psychology. In what crucial respect is Just for Laughs Gags most different from observational research? A) The people filmed did not provide informed consent. B) The kind of situations that were filmed are not relevant to social psychologists. C) The program intentionally manipulated the situations. D) The observations were not conducted in a controlled, scientific manner. E) The program did not use a random sample of people who confronted strange situations. Answer: D Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Moderate

63) Which of the following is a strong advantage of surveys over other research methods? A) Surveys can determine whether variables are directly or inversely related. B) Surveys are higher in mundane realism. C) Surveys help to establish the causal connections of phenomena evident in everyday life. D) Surveys allow researchers to determine the relationship between variables that are difficult to observe. E) Surveys are higher in external validity. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

64) Social scientists who conduct survey research use a process of random selection to A) allow them to apply the results from their survey sample to the general population. B) allow them to increase the strength of the relationships found. C) allow them to increase the psychological realism of their research. D) allow them to come to causal conclusions on the basis of their survey results. E) allow them to increase the mundane realism of their research. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

65) Based on survey data, the Literary Digest erroneously predicted that Alf Landon would beat Franklin D. Roosevelt in the upcoming presidential election. What cardinal rule of survey methods did the Literary Digest violate? Make sure A) respondents understand the survey. B) you have sampled randomly from the population. C) respondents are given more than one response option. D) responses are made anonymously. E) the survey questions are straightforward. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

66) According to the section in your text about political polling, a big drawback of administering surveys over the phone is A) Phones lines are unreliable. B) You cannot manipulate the independent variable. C) You cannot calculate the correlation coefficient. D) The internal validity is low. E) The sample might not be representative of the whole population because some kinds of people are more likely to have access to phones than others.

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Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) Which of the following questions would be least likely to yield accurate responses? A) Would you ever consider physician-assisted suicide? B) How many cars do you own? C) How many different magazines do you subscribe to? D) In your opinion, who performed better in the last election debate? E) Have you ever been the victim of a violent crime? Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

68) Consider the following survey item: “If you found yourself on an airplane with engine problems, would you...?” Most social psychologists would not include such an item on their survey because most respondents would A) be offended at such a personal question. B) avoid flying in the future, instead opting for trains. C) never have experienced that situation, yielding too small a sample. D) find it difficult to imagine what they would actually do. E) not understand the question. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

69) Before Jonas Salk discovered a vaccine to prevent polio, people noticed a correlation between outside temperature and the incidence of polio. Polio cases tended to occur more in the summer months than in the winter months, and the public assumed that high temperatures alone contributed to infection. As it turned out, there was a positive correlation between temperature and polio outbreaks because polio tended to be contracted in swimming pools and other places where children congregated. This illustrates which of the following? Correlations are A) indicative of a causal relation. B) variable. C) invalid. D) no guarantee of a causal relation. E) unreliable. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

70) Carlos, the president of a fraternity on campus, randomly sampled 500 students, asked them if they belonged to a fraternity or sorority, and asked them about their current GPA. He discovered that the GPAs of those people in fraternities and sororities are higher than those of people who are not involved in the Greek system. Gleefully, he presented his findings to the Dean, saying that being involved in a Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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fraternity or sorority leads to higher grades. What rule of research methods is Carlos breaking? A) Correlation does not equal causation. B) His sample size of 500 is too small to make such a generalization. C) Correlational data do not have internal validity. D) College students are not representative of the whole sample of people in the world. E) Correlational data do not provide any practical information on a topic. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

71) One of the most common errors in the social sciences is A) overgeneralizing research findings. B) selecting a biased sample from the population of interest. C) confusing dependent and independent variables. D) prematurely applying research findings to practical problems. E) assuming that correlation automatically implies causation. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

72) Why is it unwise to conclude that if two variables are correlated, one must have caused the other? A) Rarely are only two variables correlated. B) It is impossible to conclude that two variables are related unless one can measure them perfectly. C) Variables can never be measured with complete accuracy. D) Some unmeasured third variable might be responsible for the relationship between the two. E) Any single variable is bound to have multiple causes. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) Rosenberg and colleagues (1992) conducted a study that found that women who relied on the diaphragm or contraceptive sponges had fewer STDs than women who used condoms. The media jumped to the conclusion that condom use contributes to STDs. Why was this media conclusion inappropriate? A) No such relation between birth control device and STDs exists for men. B) A third variable, like number of sexual partners, might explain the relationship between contraceptive use and STDs. C) The researchers did not have a large enough sample. D) The researchers did not study women who were on the pill. E) The researchers’ sample was too large.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

74) Which of the following is a serious shortcoming of the correlational approach? A) There is always some third variable that accounts for the correlation. B) Causal inferences based on correlational data are risky at best. C) Surveys are often poorly designed, leading to erroneous conclusions. D) It is difficult to generalize the results. E) It is difficult for social psychologists to secure a random sample. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

75) Chapter 2 of the text discusses Tillie the Rainmaker, a woman who believes she has the power to cause rain in drought-stricken areas. According to your text, this belief was probably caused by A) a lack of random assignment. B) a tendency to infer causality from correlational events. C) the lack of precise operational definitions. D) a lack of random selection. E) such behaviours becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

76) Why is the experiment the method of choice for many social psychologists? Experiments A) allow cause-and-effect conclusions. B) ensure random sampling. C) are the only way to test hypotheses. D) are easy to conduct. E) are inexpensive to conduct. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

77) A researcher concludes that frustrating people by giving them a task that is impossible to complete causes them to behave more aggressively. Only ________ warrants this type of conclusion. A) an archival analysis B) experimental research C) participant observation D) observational research E) correlational research Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Difficulty: Easy 2-20

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78) A researcher interested in testing a(n) ________ hypothesis would be most likely to conduct an experiment. A) correlational B) causal C) descriptive D) theoretical E) observational Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

79) Why do the authors refer to the experimental method as the "crown jewel" of socialpsychological research design? Experiments A) are the most efficient research method. B) require fewer participants than other methods. C) have internal validity. D) involve both dependent and independent variables. E) enable researchers to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

80) The experimental method always involves A) psychological realism. B) interrater reliability. C) mundane realism. D) a direct intervention on the part of the researcher. E) one experimental group and one control group. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

81) ________ methods allow a researcher to make a valid cause-and-effect statement about the variables in her study. A) Observational B) Experimental C) Descriptive D) Cross-sectional E) Correlational Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

82) Why didn't Latané and Darley (1968), in their study of bystander intervention in emergencies, use a manipulation more like events in the Kitty Genovese murder?

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A) It was impossible to assign participants on the street to experimental conditions. B) Ethically, it was impossible to expose unwitting participants to such a distressing manipulation. C) The New York City police refused to give the researchers permission to conduct their experiment. D) It was impossible to ensure that the murder sounded identical to all participants. E) It was impossible to have external validity. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

83) Participants in the Latané and Darley (1968) experimental study of the effects of group size on intervention in an emergency utilized A) a staged assault on the experimenter. B) participants' reports of what they would do in an emergency. C) an audiotaped seizure. D) police footage of the Kitty Genovese murder. E) audiotapes of the Kitty Genovese murder. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

84) Assume that you are a participant in Latané and Darley's (1968) experiment examining when people help. You believe that there are four other people participating with you in a discussion, although you are isolated in a booth to ensure privacy. When you are listening to one of the other participants talk, you hear him beginning to have a seizure. According to their results, what are you most likely to do? A) Run out of the booth to find the experimenter for help. B) Anxiously remain in the booth and hope for the best. C) Leave the experiment because of psychological stress. D) Run out of the booth to help the person having the seizure. E) Try yelling through the walls to see if he is all right. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

85) Recall that Latané and Darley observed the number of participants in each experimental condition who left their cubicles to help the alleged victim of a seizure. The ________ was the dependent variable in their experiment. A) severity of the seizure B) number of participants who tried to intervene C) number of participants present during the session D) number of personal problems reported by participants E) length of time participants waited before offering help Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

86) Recall that Latané and Darley observed the number of participants in each experimental condition who left their cubicles to help the alleged victim of a seizure. The ________ was the independent variable in their experiment. A) number of participants who helped B) reaction of the participants C) personal problems discussed D) number of other discussants E) severity of the seizure Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

87) Recall that Latané and Darley (1968) arranged for participants to overhear a seizure during a discussion of personal problems adjusting to college life. Their study was an experiment because A) the taped seizure was actually fake and was identical for everyone. B) the results were analyzed statistically. C) all participants were provided the same opportunity to help. D) they accounted for the third-variable problem. E) participants were randomly assigned to systematically different discussion groups. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

88) The major difference between experiments and other research methods is that experiments involve A) mundane realism and psychological realism. B) both internal and external validity. C) random assignment to conditions and manipulation of the independent variable. D) the use of statistical analysis. E) random assignment and psychological realism. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

89) ________ and ________ are the hallmarks of the experimental method, setting it apart from the observational and correlational methods. A) Factorial designs; dependent variables B) Probability levels; meta-analysis C) Random sampling; control over extraneous variables D) Random assignment; probability levels Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) Control over extraneous variables; random assignment Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

90) Internal validity is to ________ as external validity is to ________. A) generalizability; causality B) minimizing differences; generalizability C) generalizability; control D) causality; minimizing differences E) causality; generalizability Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

91) In a study of group dynamics, participants were placed in groups consisting of either

three or ten people. During the study, group members worked together trying to solve a puzzle. After completing the task, participants reported how satisfied they were with the other members of their group. ________ is the independent variable in this study. A) Gender B) Group size C) The puzzle D) Group dynamics E) Satisfaction Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

92) In a study of frustration and aggression, some participants were exposed to a research assistant who insulted them, and others were exposed to no such insult. Participants were then allowed to recommend whether the research assistant should be fired. Those who were insulted were more likely to retaliate by recommending that the research assistant lose his job. In this experiment, the ________ was the dependent variable. A) participants’ recommendations B) research assistance C) presence or absence of an insult D) difference between the groups E) participants’ condition Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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D) Cause; manipulation E) Cause; effect Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

94) How did Latané and Darley (1968) vary the number of bystanders in their experimental study of the effects of the number of witnesses exposed to an emergency? A) Participants who arrived first were assigned to a large group condition, and those who arrived later were assigned to a small group condition. B) They randomly assigned participants to one of three conditions: a group with four bystanders, a group with two bystanders, or one-on-one discussion group with no bystanders. C) They allowed participants to choose whether to participate in a group or in a one-on-one discussion. D) They asked participants to wait in a hallway alone, or else with a group of others. E) They randomly choose a number of different bystanders for each participant. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

95) Chapter 1 described a study by Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) in which participants played a game in the lab. The game was either called the “Wall Street Game” or the “Community Game.” The researchers then compared how many people chose to play the game co-operatively and how many chose to play competitively. In this experiment, the name of the game was the A) Dependent variable B) Confounding variable C) Extraneous variable D) Independent variable E) Construal variable Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

96) What did Bibb Latané and John Darley (1968) do to ensure the internal validity of their laboratory experiment on the effects of the number of bystanders on participants' responses to an emergency? They A) randomly sampled participants for the study. B) made sure that the groups had the exact same number of men and women. C) let participants choose what experimental condition they wanted to be in. . D) asked participants about their knowledge about epilepsy before beginning the experiment.

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E) assigned participants at random to conditions that were exactly the same except for one key variable. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

97) In their experiment, why did Bibb Latané and John Darley (1968) expose all participants to the same audiotaped seizure? They wanted A) the dependent variable to be the same for all participants. B) the independent variable—the overheard seizure—to be different for different participants. C) to be able to assign participants at random. D) the independent variable to be the same for all participants. E) to control extraneous variables, such as the quality of the fake seizure. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

98) By controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions, an experimenter can achieve high A) interjudge reliability. B) internal validity. C) replicability. D) generalizability. E) p-values. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

99) Suppose that I conduct an experiment on the effects of flattery on compliance. I bring women into the laboratory, tell them they are beautiful, and ask them to lend me $10. I bring men into the laboratory, I don't flatter them, and I ask them to lend me $10. Sure enough, more women than men lend me $10. My conclusion that flattery increases compliance is suspect because A) I failed to randomly select the sample from the population. B) my experiment lacks external validity. C) my experiment lacks internal validity. D) I have not operationally defined my variables. E) my experiment lacks generalizability. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

100) A researcher wants to examine the relation between viewing television violence and behaving aggressively. He has participants decide whether they would prefer to view a violent or a nonviolent film, and subsequently records the number of

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aggressive behaviours they show in a competitive game. The researcher cannot legitimately make a causal statement based on his findings, because the study A) lacks external validity. B) lacks psychological realism. C) is low on mundane realism. D) lacks random assignment. E) has no cover story. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

101) ________ allows researchers to rule out differences among participants as the cause of differences in the dependent variable. A) A factorial design B) Random sampling C) Measuring more than one dependent variable D) Random assignment to condition E) Matching Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

102) Which of the following threatens the internal validity of an experiment? A) Using an independent variable with more than one level. B) Failing to generalize the results outside the lab. C) Failing to assign participants randomly to conditions. D) Failing to use a random sample. E) Using more than one dependent variable. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

103) Which of the following is NOT essential to conducting an internally valid experiment? A) Measurement of the dependent variable. B) Random selection of the sample from the population. C) Keeping everything in the experimental conditions the same except for the independent variable. D) The use of operational definitions. E) Random assignment to condition. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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B) probability level C) correlation D) uncertainty quotient E) chance index Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

105) It is important to know the probability level for a given set of experimental findings because p-values A) greater than .10 indicate that there is no need to replicate the experiment. B) inform experimenters whether their results might have happened by chance. C) alert experimenters to poor dependent variable measures. D) indicate that experimenters have used the correct manipulation of the independent variable. E) inform experimenters about the external validity of their research. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

106) Juan conducted an experiment on whether listening to different types of music affects people’s stress levels. When participants arrived at the lab, they could choose to listen to classical music, folk music, or rock music. After listening for 15 minutes, Juan assessed how stressed his participants were by testing their saliva for stress hormones. The major mistake that Juan made with his research design was A) He did not calculate the p-value. B) He used an observational method when he should have used a correlational method. C) He did not randomly assign his participants to conditions. D) He should have used a field study instead of a lab experiment. E) His independent variable is too complex. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

107) One hazard of using random assignment and controlling extraneous variables in an

experiment is that A) debriefing becomes very cumbersome. B) it is difficult to obtain informed consent from the participants. C) participants often become angry at the deception involved. D) the experimental situation can become quite artificial. E) it is difficult to draw general conclusions. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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108) ________ validity is the extent to which results of a study can be generalized to other situations or other people. A) Causal B) Statistical conclusion C) Internal D) External E) Sampling Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

109) Experimenters who value external validity want their findings to generalize across ________ and ________. A) experiments; time B) people; situations C) people; experiments D) observers; situations E) time; situations Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

110) “Give me a break!” you say to yourself as you read the description of Latané and Darley’s (1968) experiment, “How often in the real world do people on intercoms hear a seizure unfold? How similar is that situation to real life?” You are skeptical about the ________ validity of their experiment. A) construct B) criterion C) external D) internal E) conclusion Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

111) ________ realism refers to the extent to which an experiment triggers the same psychological processes that often occur in everyday life. A) Process B) Situational C) Mundane D) Operational E) Psychological Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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112) Did the participants in Latané and Darley's (1968) bystander intervention experiment think what Kitty Genovese's neighbours thought? Did they feel what her neighbours felt? These questions address the ________ of their experiment. A) psychological realism B) mundane realism C) cover story D) internal validity E) construct validity Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

113) No matter how artificial an experimental situation may at first appear, if participants think, feel, or react the way that people in a real-life situation would react, the experiment has A) low demand characteristics. B) high mundane realism. C) low mundane realism. D) little experimenter bias. E) high psychological realism. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

114) Stanley Milgram is well known for conducting research on obedience to authority because he wanted to understand the behaviour of Nazi soldiers. Participants in his classic 1963 experiment found themselves in the uncomfortable position of being told to administer increasingly strong shocks to a learner every time he made a mistake. Videotapes of the participants showed them laughing hysterically, chainsmoking, sweating, and fidgeting nervously. Based on these videotapes, it is safe to assume that Milgram's experiment was high on A) external validity. B) internal validity. C) experimental control. D) mundane realism. E) psychological realism. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

115) An experiment like Latané and Darley's (1968) demands creativity and ingenuity, and is not easy to conduct. Why didn't Latané and Darley simply describe the hypothesis and procedures to participants and ask them what they would do in that situation? A) It would be too difficult to secure a random sample. B) The simpler alternative study would be low in psychological realism. C) The study would have low internal validity. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) It would be impossible to randomly assign participants in the simpler study. E) They would not be able to use operational definitions. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

116) To avoid the use of deception in his experiment, a researcher tells participants ahead of time that they will be witnessing a staged fight between two people who were actually confederates of the experimenter. By so informing the participants, this researcher has decreased the ________ realism of his experiment. A) psychological B) internal C) mundane D) ethical E) experimental Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

117) A ________ is a description of the purpose of a study that is different from the true purpose. A) consent form B) cover story C) covert agenda D) construal E) debriefing Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

118) Latané and Darley (1968) told participants that they were interested in the kind of problems that college students experience. This explanation is the A) experimental debriefing. B) cover story. C) independent variable. D) dependent variable. E) operational definition. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

119) A credible cover story ensures A) mundane realism. B) psychological realism. C) appropriate dependent variable measures. D) internal validity. E) appropriate independent variable measures. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

120) A psychologist first conducted a study on helping behaviour with a sample of college undergraduates. This psychologist then replicated the study using the same procedure with a different participant sample. If similar results were obtained with both samples, this experimenter has demonstrated A) internal validity. B) population consistency. C) chronological consistency. D) external validity. E) a significant difference. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

121) In reading descriptions of the behaviours of the university students who participated in Latané and Darley's (1968) experiment on bystander intervention, you wonder whether your parents and their friends would behave the same way as those participants from the university. In essence, your question is, "Will these results generalize across ________?" A) situations B) people C) other experiments D) manipulations E) time Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

122) ________ would increase the external validity of experiments, but social psychologists rarely do it. A) Using multiple independent variables B) Administering follow-up questionnaires C) The use of operational definitions D) Random assignment E) Random selection from the population Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

123) Social psychologists seldom address the question of external validity by conducting their experiments on random samples of people from all over. This is because A) human beings are incredibly complex, and social psychologists are content with doing inexact science.

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B) the research methods that social psychologists use cannot be applied to a random sample. C) it is difficult and expensive to get a random sample of people to participate in research. D) social psychology is poorly funded, and experimenters are forced to do inexpensive research. E) experiments capture general psychological processes experienced by people all over. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

124) Conceptually, what distinguishes laboratory from field experiments is A) whether there is a dependent variable. B) whether there is an independent variable. C) where the experiment is conducted. D) the number of participants. E) whether there is random assignment. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

125) A major difference between a field experiment and a laboratory experiment is that A) Mundane realism is higher in a field experiment. B) The levels of the independent variable cannot be controlled by the experimenter. C) The results on the dependent variable are less predictable due to the variable behaviours of participants in a real-life setting. D) Participants are unaware of their involvement in a psychology experiment. E) Psychological realism is lower in a field experiment. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

126) Although field experiments may be high in ________, they often lack ________. A) mundane realism; psychological realism B) external validity; internal validity C) psychological realism; mundane realism D) internal validity; psychological realism E) internal validity; external validity Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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B) random selection and random assignment. C) basic and applied research. D) funding and replication. E) internal and external validity. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

128) When Latané and Darley (1970) later tested the effects of the number of bystanders on whether people intervene in an emergency, they left the laboratory and staged a fake theft at a convenience store. This new study was A) covered in the New York Times. B) just as high in internal validity as their original study. C) low in external validity. D) unsuccessful, demonstrating the low external validity of their lab experiments. E) a field experiment that replicated laboratory results. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

129) There is invariably a trade-off between ________ and ________ in social psychology experiments. A) mundane realism; psychological realism B) validity; reliability C) independent variables; dependent variables D) internal validity; external validity E) psychological realism; reliability Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

130) The notion of “the basic dilemma of the social psychologist” refers to A) whether or not to conduct ethically questionable research. B) the trade-off between internal and external validity. C) the trade-off between correlational and experimental research. D) the trade-off between independent and dependent variables. E) whether or not to use deception in their experiments. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

131) Replications are designed to assure that A) ethical procedures are always followed. B) the original results can be obtained in different populations and in different settings. C) the original study was internally valid. D) the original study was high in psychological realism. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) the original study was high in mundane realism. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

132) Assume that Latané and Darley want to demonstrate the external validity of their 1968 experiment on bystander intervention. To do this, they conduct a study in which participants solve crossword puzzles alone, or in large or small groups. While the participants are working on the puzzles, they overhear a woman fall from a ladder and cry out, “Oh, my leg! I can't move it!” The researchers then observe and record the number of participants who attempt to help. The study described here represents a(n) ________ of the original “seizure” study. A) needless duplication B) encore C) psychological copy D) internal validity check E) replication Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

133) A social psychologist questions whether or not the participants' willingness to help a seizure victim in Latané and Darley's (1968) experiment was influenced by the fact that it was an apparent medical emergency. This researcher wants to run an experiment that is high in external validity. She could best investigate this issue by A) surveying people as to how they respond to different types of intervention situations. B) surveying people as to how they usually respond to medical emergencies. C) replicating the study using different types of medical emergencies. D) reanalyzing the data from the original study. E) replicating the study using different types of emergencies. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

134) A ________ enables researchers to look at a set of studies on the same topic and decide if the effect of an independent variable is reliable. A) correlation coefficient B) meta-analysis C) validity index D) replication E) reliability coefficient Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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135) Suppose a researcher wants to know whether frustration really does cause aggression. She collects a large number of experimental studies that involve both children and adults, and that are conducted both in the laboratory and in the “real world” in both Canada and other cultures. She then conducts a(n) ________ to determine whether there is enough consistency in findings across studies to determine the generalizability of the relation between frustration and aggression. A) meta-analysis B) case study C) archival study D) systematic replication E) direct replication Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

136) What technique will most efficiently determine the generalizability of socialpsychological findings conducted in different situations and with different people? A) A series of replications. B) A conceptual review of the literature. C) A case study analysis. D) A meta-analysis. E) Multiple experiments that use random sampling. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

137) Consider the following (fictitious) conclusion reached by a social psychologist: “After analyzing a sample of over 578 experiments, we have concluded that the question of whether men are more likely than women to help is difficult to answer. Based on the findings of this large number of studies, we have concluded that men are more likely to help when helping demands physical risk or ‘chivalry;’ otherwise, there are no reliable gender differences in helping.” This conclusion about the reliability of the relation between gender and helping was most likely based on A) pure conjecture. B) surveys of researchers. C) meta-analytic techniques. D) correlational research. E) experimental procedures. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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E) observational Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

139) Basic research is to ________ as applied research is to ________. A) correlation; causation B) experiments; surveys C) satisfying intellectual curiosity; solving social problems D) biological sciences; social sciences E) experiments; observational research Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

140) An experimenter conducts a program of research to determine what types of messages are most effective in promoting condom use among adolescents. How would you classify this type of research? A) applied research B) secondary research C) basic research D) descriptive research E) primary research Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

141) Kurt Lewin once wrote, “There is nothing so practical as a good theory.” By that, Lewin was referring to the idea that A) to solve social problems, psychologists must understand the processes that underlie them. B) basic researchers should have a higher status in the field of social psychology. C) basic researchers should not be afraid to conduct applied research aimed at solving social problems. D) applied researchers should have a higher status in the field of social psychology. E) the line between basic and applied researcher is clearer in social psychology than in other sciences. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

142) Cross-cultural research has revealed that A) Western cultures emphasize individualism and independence. B) Westerners are more likely to intervene in an emergency than are people in the East.

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C) North American researchers have historically imposed their own values on other cultures. D) many Eastern cultures have no concept of “emergency.” E) there are few differences between Western and Eastern cultures. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

143) The two main goals of cross-cultural research are to ________ and to ________. A) increase internal validity; replicate questionable findings B) demonstrate human universals; explore cultural differences C) increase external validity; secure unbiased samples D) explore cultural differences; replicate questionable findings E) demonstrate human universals; replicate questionable findings Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

144) In describing the intricacies of cross-cultural research, the authors of your text assert that it’s not as simple as translating one’s materials into an appropriate language, travelling to another culture, and conducting the experiment there. Which of the following statements best captures the role of construals in making cross-cultural research very difficult to do? A) It is very difficult to translate some cover stories and dependent measures into some languages. B) There is variability among people, even within the same culture. C) People in different cultures differ on a number of personal characteristics. D) The experimenter may be culturally biased. E) The same experimental situation can have different meanings in different cultures. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

145) What is one of the main problems faced by researchers who want to test their theories cross-culturally? A) It is difficult to find funding to study culture. B) Basic psychological processes inevitably differ from culture to culture. C) Variables may have to be changed so that their meaning is understood in the same way across cultures. D) Ethical laws often prohibit psychologists from studying phenomena in all cultures. E) There is no evidence that culture affects basic social psychological processes. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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146) If Professor Klein is using EEGs and fMRIs to study social behaviour, she is most

likely to be involved in A) clinical psychology. B) computer science research. C) research on internet social networking. D) cognitive neuroscience. E) social neuroscience. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

147) The study of brain processes is ________ in social psychology ________. A) not relevant; as the focus is on social thoughts, feelings and behaviour B) well developed; and especially used to study cultural differences C) a recent area; called social neuroscience D) used; to carry out applied rather than basic research E) only relevant; for research on anti-social behaviour Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

148) Social neuroscience examines A) social behaviour among neuroscientists. B) the correlation of social information processing and brain activity. C) how social behaviour affects brain development. D) the correlation of social action and motor activity in the brain. E) brain activity in social scientists. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

149) What did researchers at UBC discover when they gave people of East Asian heritage and people of European-Canadian heritage rating scales? A) People of East Asian heritage tend to endorse the midpoints of scales, whereas people of European-Canadian heritage are more likely to endorse the end points. B) People of East Asian heritage tend to endorse the end points of scales, whereas people of European-Canadian heritage are more likely to endorse the midpoints. C) There were no differences between the two groups when it came to their responses to the rating scales. D) People of East Asian heritage did not feel comfortable using rating scales, whereas people of European-Canadian heritage had no problem doing so. E) People of European-Canadian heritage did not feel comfortable using rating scales, whereas people of East Asian heritage had no problem doing so. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

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150) Juanita is investigating the impact that testosterone and estrogen have on social behaviour in teenagers. Specifically, she is looking at aggressive and anti-social behaviours and whether levels of these two hormones impact these types of behaviours. What type of research is Juanita conducting? A) cross-cultural research B) ethnographic research C) social neuroscience research D) humanistic research E) evolutionary research Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

151) Which statement below best captures the major ethical dilemma faced by experimental social psychologists? A) The good of the many often comes at the costs to the few. B) Some people do not enjoy participating in psychological research. C) Research results can be misused by those in power. D) It is necessary to lie to discover the truth. E) What is good science may not be ethical science. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

152) From an ethical perspective, what two goals often collide in social psychological research? On the one hand, social psychologists ________; on the other hand, they ________. A) provide cover stories to disguise their true purposes; debrief participants at the close of the study B) use a limited number of participants in their studies; want to generalize to all people C) are concerned about their participants; want to find interesting results D) want to satisfy their intellectual curiosity; want to respond to real-life problems E) seek to create interesting, both mundane and psychologically realistic, events for participants; don't want to cause participants unnecessary discomfort or harm Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

153) Which of the following is an ethical concern in social psychological research? A) It is often difficult to debrief participants in a study. B) Undoing the effects of a plausible cover story can be difficult. C) Participants are sometimes exposed to upsetting situations. D) Participants must sometimes be discouraged from withdrawing prematurely from the experiment. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) People do not have a choice about the experimental condition to which they are assigned. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

154) A cover story is A) a false description of the purposes of a study. B) an accurate overview of the study for participants. C) the result of experimental findings of interest to the media. D) a way to make sure that an experiment is ethical. E) an explanation provided to participants when the study is over. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

155) Before the experiment begins, the researcher is ethically obligated to A) get permission from the Canadian Psychological Association. B) debrief all participants. C) randomly assign subjects to conditions. D) provide a cover story. E) secure informed consent. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

156) The procedure whereby the researcher explains the nature of the study and participants then decide whether or not to participate is called A) informed consent. B) experimental debriefing. C) experimental review. D) a truthful cover story. E) pre-experimental briefing. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

157) Which of the following is one of the ethical principles that psychologists must follow when using human participants? All participants must be A) contacted six months after the study to assure that no psychological harm resulted. B) compensated in some way for their participation in research. C) informed of the true nature of the study upon arriving at the laboratory. D) informed that they can withdraw from the study at any time. E) over the age of 18. Answer: D Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

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LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

158) If a researcher were to use deception as part of her experimental procedure, when would she explain the purpose of this deception to her participants? A) During the debriefing. B) Immediately preceding the experimental manipulation. C) Before obtaining informed consent. D) After she has analyzed the data. E) Before collecting any dependent measures. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

159) Researchers at the University of Manitoba assessed attitudes toward deception research in 1970 and again in 1990 (Sharpe, Adair & Roese, 1992). The results show that A) participants who were deceived were less likely to agree that deception research was necessary. B) although students did not react negatively to the deception experiments they did show a greater distrust of psychologists. C) attitudes toward deception research were less favourable in the more recent (1990) survey. D) attitudes toward deception research were more favourable in the more recent (1990) survey. E) respondents did not feel negatively about their experiences in either time period. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

160) The central ethical principle that the Canadian Psychological Association has identified is A) Informed consent. B) Respect for dignity of persons. C) Minimizing harm. D) Freedom to withdraw. E) Privacy and confidentiality. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

161) Where do theories come from in social psychology, and how do social psychologists refine them? Answer: Researchers sometimes arrive at hypotheses and theories by reading and thinking about previous theories and research, and sometimes through their own personal observations. Once a researcher arrives at a hypothesis, he or she tests it Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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scientifically (empirically). Depending on whether the hypothesis is supported, researchers might revise their hypotheses, and perhaps even their theories, and subsequent hypotheses are later tested. This process continues to yield a cumulative body of knowledge about human behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

162) Discuss how Latané and Darley became well known for their discovery of the bystander effect and the phenomenon referred to as the diffusion of responsibility that contributes to it. Answer: After Kitty Genovese was attacked and murdered in New York, the New York Times reported that 38 residents had heard her screams for help and that no one did anything to help her. Reporters, commentators, and pundits of all kinds came forward with their personal theories about why the bystanders hadn’t helped. Most people blamed the inaction on the apathy, indifference, and callousness that big-city life breeds. Latané and Darley, young social psychologists teaching at the time, didn’t agree – they believed it would be more important to focus on the social situation in which the neighbours found themselves. They hypothesized that the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely it is that any given individual will intervene (this came to be known as the bystander effect). The reason behind this, they speculated, was diffusion of responsibility. Type: ES

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

163) Compare the goals of researchers who use the observational method, the correlational method, and the experimental method. Provide an example of a question that is best addressed by each method. Answer: The observational method is used to describe a phenomenon, and is often used to test hunches informally or more formally via systematic observation or archival analyses. The correlational method is designed to determine the relation between two phenomena (variables) and is useful in making predictions; observations and surveys are often used in this kind of research. The experimental method is used to determine whether two related phenomena are causally related, and enables researchers not only to make predictions, but also to understand why two variables might be related. (Note: Students generate their own examples.) Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

164) "What is the relation between viewing violence on the one hand, and behaving aggressively on the other hand?" How might an observational researcher, a correlational researcher, and an experimental researcher answer that question? Answer: Observational researchers might systematically observe how much violence children watch on television and how aggressively they behave on the playground or in the classroom; they might also conduct archival research, comparing rape statistics with Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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the availability of violent pornography. Correlational researchers might use surveys to see whether there is a relation between what people watch on television and their self-reports of aggressive behaviours; alternatively, they could survey parents about children’s viewing habits and survey teachers about the children’s behaviours. Minimally, experimental researchers would randomly assign participants to one of two experimental conditions (experimental and control groups) that systematically vary in violent content, and collect dependent measures of participants' aggressive behaviours. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderateto-Difficult

165) Discuss ethnography and how it can be used in social psychology. Answer: Ethnography, a method commonly used in cultural anthropology, is being used much more in contemporary social psychological research. Ethnography is the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions they might have. It is helpful in understanding the richness and complexity of different groups/cultures by observing them in action. As social psychology broadens its focus by studying social behaviour in different cultures, ethnography is increasingly being used to describe different cultures and generate hypotheses about psychological principles. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

166) A developmental psychologist who used the correlational method found that there was a positive correlation between children’s self-esteem and their academic achievement. First, what does a positive correlation mean in this case? Second, how might these results be explained? Answer: A positive correlation in this case means that children with high (low) self-esteem also manifest high (low) academic achievement. Results could be explained in a number of ways: (1) high self-esteem gives children confidence, so they try harder and achieve more; (2) high achievement boosts children's self-confidence and selfesteem; (3) some third variable such as parental involvement or intelligence might cause both self-esteem and achievement to be correlated. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

167) What are some possible advantages and disadvantages associated with using surveys to enhance our understanding of social behaviour? Answer: Although surveys are useful in collecting data about behaviours that cannot easily be observed directly and surveys can afford the prediction of behaviours, the data they generate are correlational data, so unequivocal cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be drawn. In addition, nonrepresentative surveys can yield inaccurate results and conclusions. Also, responses to questions that ask people to predict how they Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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might behave in a hypothetical situation or to explain why they behaved as they did in the past may be very inaccurate. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

168) Provide a hypothesis that can be tested using the experimental method. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in your experiment. Answer: Whatever the hypothesis, the independent variable is the variable that is manipulated; there must be at least two levels of the independent variable for the study to be an experiment. Whatever the hypothesis, the dependent variable is the variable that is measured; it may be an attitude, a feeling, a belief, or a behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

169) Explain the two essential features of internal validity in experimentation. Answer: Ensure that nothing other than the independent variable can affect the dependent variable by controlling all extraneous variables (those that might affect the dependent variable). Ensure that there is random assignment of subjects: that is, all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to each condition of the experiment. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

170) Briefly define psychological realism and provide an example. Answer: Psychological realism in an experiment refers to the extent to which experimental manipulations evoke the same psychological processes in participants that are evoked in the world outside the laboratory; manipulations that are powerful and believable are psychologically real. (Note: Students generate their own examples.) Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

171) Describe two kinds of generalizability that experimental social psychologists can use to enhance the external validity of their experiments. Explain how each kind can be achieved. Answer: They can ensure there is generalizability across situations by increasing psychological realism (the extent to which the psychological processes evoked in the experiment resemble real-life ones). One way to increase psychological realism for participants is to provide a realistic cover story for the experiment. Secondly, they can ensure generalizability across people by using replication of the experiment with different populations, in different settings, or using different methods. Further, meta-analyses, averaging the results of many studies in different contexts, can also indicate if an effect is reliable.

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Type: ES

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

172) What is the basic dilemma in experimental research designs in social psychology? Answer: There is frequently a trade-off between internal and external validity. More specifically, there is a trade-off between (1) having enough experimental control to eliminate extraneous variables and to use random assignment and (2) ensuring that results can be generalized to everyday life. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

173) How do social psychologists who do basic research differ from social psychologists who do applied research? Answer: Basic research is conducted to satisfy scientific and intellectual curiosity; basic researchers seek answers to questions about human behaviour and to understand the fundamental psychological processes behind human behaviour. Applied research is conducted with an eye toward elucidating the sources of, or findi ng solutions to, real-world social problems. Of course, applied researchers should and do rely on basic research findings that provide information on psychological processes and social influence. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

174) What is a meta-analysis? What benefits might conducting a meta-analysis have? How do meta-analyses relate to replication? Answer: A meta-analysis is a statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable. Replication is repeating a study, generally with different participant populations, in different settings, or by using different methods. Meta-analyses can be used to summarize the results of various replications of experiments. Meta-analyses can tell researchers if the effect of an independent variable is actually occurring (i.e., that it is not just due to chance) by investigating the number of replications that have found similar results. Type: ES Moderate

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall and Conceptual

Difficulty:

175) According to the authors, cross-cultural research “...is not a simple matter of traveling to another culture, translating materials into the local language, and replicating the study there.” What factors make conducting cross-cultural research difficult? Answer: First, researchers must make sure that they are not imposing their own viewpoints learned in their own culture onto another culture with which they aren't familiar. Second, they must make sure that the independent and dependent variables are Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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interpreted the same way in different cultures. Third, they need to be aware that there are subtle norms or values in different cultures, and that these may be operating in a new culture, without the researcher's awareness. Type: ES

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

176) Chaewon is enrolled in a fourth year social neuroscience seminar course. Every student is required to come up with a research proposal regarding a topic that interests them. He decides that he wants to study how bullies respond to seeing others in pain. For this to be a social neuroscience proposal, what technique(s) might Chaewon use? Answer: As social neuroscience involves the connection between biological processes and social behaviour, including the study of hormones and behaviour, the immune system, and neurological processes in the brain, Chaewon may select various techniques to investigate his phenomenon of interest. One way could be the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the blood flow in the bullies’ brains. Chaewon could also possibly measure hormonal patterns in the bullies as they are witnessing others in pain. Type: ES

LO: 2.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

177) What happens during a typical post-experimental debriefing? Answer: If any deception was used, the deception and the reasons for it are explained to participants. The experimenter looks for any lingering discomfort and works to eliminate it. The experimenter tells participants about the goals and purposes of the research, so that participation serves an educational function. Experimenters question their participants about their experiences, listen to what they say, and answer any of their questions. Type: ES

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

178) What are the 6 ethical principles of psychologists in the conduct of research in Canada? Discuss briefly. Answer: 1. Respect for dignity of persons. The central ethical principle underlying psychological research is respect for human dignity. This principle forms the foundation for the other principles that follow. 2. Informed consent. As much as possible, the researcher should describe the procedures to participants before they take part in a study and document their agreement to take part in the study as it was described to them. 3. Minimizing harm. Psychologists must take steps to avoid harming their research participants. 4. Freedom to withdraw. Participants must be informed that they are free to withdraw Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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from a study at any point and that there will be no negative consequences for doing so. 5. Privacy and confidentiality. All information obtained from individual participants must be held in strict confidence. 6. Use of deception. Deception may be used only if there are no other viable means of testing a hypothesis and only if a Research Ethics Board rules that it does not put participants at undue risk. After the study, participants must be provided with a full description and explanation of all procedures, in a post-experimental interview called the debriefing. Type: ES

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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1) Chapter 3 began with a description of accident victim Kevin Chappell who suffered brain damage that left him with a severe visual disability. His disability is such that A) he is blind due to damage to the optic nerve. B) he can recognize environmental context but not the objects or people in the scene. C) he can recognize faces but not things. D) he can recognize objects, but cannot read. E) he can recognize things but not faces. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: Introduction Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

2) In Chapter 3, the lesson to be learned from accident victim Kevin Chappell's story is that we can automatically categorize objects and faces A) because of the mere exposure effect. B) which allows us to use our processing capacity for other important things. C) because we are particularly interested in faces and objects. D) because of our strong desire to do so. E) because of cognitive biases that influence our perception. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) ________ refer(s) to the way people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others. A) Counterfactual thinking B) Social cognition C) Automatic thinking D) Schemas E) Decision rules Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) According to the authors, why do people often put their thinking on “automatic pilot”? A) We're inherently flawed in our ability to reason. B) We're more interested in speed than in accuracy when we reason. C) We're motivated to enhance our self-esteem. D) We're not interested in much of the information we take in. E) We're confronted with an overwhelming amount of social information. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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5) When thinking about the film Casablanca, many people erroneously remember the Humphrey Bogart line, "Play it again, Sam." In reality, Bogart never said that line. This example illustrates that memory is A) objective. B) affected by our schemas. C) random. D) regularly false. E) inconsistent with our schemas. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

6) When most people think of the character Captain Kirk from the original Star Trek series, they think of the line, "Beam me up, Scotty!" But that line of dialogue never appeared on the show. This example illustrates that memory is often A) a product of our schemas. B) influenced by our peers. C) more accurate in thinking about real people than about fictitious characters. D) completely random. E) inconsistent with our schemas. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

7) Why do we use schemas? A) Schemas are taught to us in our early childhood. B) Schemas enable us to interpret the world accurately. C) Without schemas, the world would seem inexplicable and confusing. D) Humans are born with schemas. E) Without schemas, we could not be accurate in our judgments. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8) When you meet your new roommate for the first time, he is wearing glasses, listening to classical music, and reading a copy of Dante’s Inferno. You think, “Well, maybe rooming with an intellectual this year will be good for me.” You instantly categorized your roommate as an intellectual on the basis of your __________. A) schemas B) memories C) intuitions D) heuristics E) attributions Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Difficulty: Moderate 3-2

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9) _______ processing is nonconscious, effortless, and unintentional, whereas _______ processing is conscious, effortful, and intentional. A) Biased; accurate B) Automatic; controlled C) Logical; illogical D) Illogical; logical E) Controlled; automatic Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) New professors often have to concentrate very hard to give a lecture, and monitor themselves carefully to make sure they're not talking too fast and that they are using appropriate and clear examples. More seasoned professors don't have to concentrate as much, and can talk clearly and engagingly, reorder their notes, and keep an eye on students all at the same time. This example represents the transition from _______ processing to _______ processing as professors gain experience. A) controlled; automatic B) random; systematic C) automatic; controlled D) unconscious; conscious E) controlled; random Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

11) New students often have to concentrate very hard to take notes in class. They must listen to the lecture, pick out what is important, and focus their attention only on the classroom. As students gain experience, they can more easily identify what is important and what is not, they can often multitask, and they gain a deeper understanding of lectures. This example shows how students move from __________ thinking to __________ thinking as they gain experience in the classroom. A) unconscious; conscious B) random; systematic C) automatic; controlled D) controlled; automatic E) schematic ; accessible Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

12) Psychologists distinguish between two types of cognitive processing. _______ processing is nonconscious and unintentional, whereas _______ processing is conscious and intentional. A) Inefficient; efficient B) Controlled; automatic Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) Automatic; controlled D) Accurate; inaccurate E) efficient; inefficient Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

13) What is a major advantage of processing information automatically? A) Automatic processing is more easily remembered than controlled processing. B) Automatic processing is more easily modified than controlled processing. C) It is easier to learn how to process information automatically. D) We can use our cognitive resources for other more important matters. E) Automatic processing yields more accurate judgments than does controlled processing. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

14) At an outdoor concert, Julian automatically applies his “pot-smoker” schema when

he sees a young man with long hair, sandals, and a Grateful Dead T-shirt. He offers the man a joint, and is arrested by an undercover narcotics officer. From a socialpsychological perspective, what is the moral to this story? A) It is very difficult to ignore atypical information completely. B) It’s never advisable to use schemas in interpreting the social world. C) Efficient information processing often comes at a cost in accuracy. D) Never trust anyone wearing a Grateful Dead T-shirt. E) In everyday life, most people want their experiences to be atypical. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

15) A major problem with schemas is that A) they take a long time to learn. B) they are more often wrong than right. C) their effect cannot be reduced by using controlled thinking. D) they allow us to “fill in the gaps” and interpret ambiguous information. E) they operate automatically, making it difficult for us to know when we’re using them. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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C) Heuristics D) Social cognitions E) Internal attributions Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

17) Mental structures that organize information in our social world are called A) cognitive filters. B) counterfactuals. C) schemas. D) affect blends. E) heuristics. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) Which of the following can be considered good examples of schemas? A) stereotypes B) counterfactuals C) base rate information D) heuristics E) priming Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

19) Which of the following statements about schemas is true? A) Schemas affect the information we notice, but only when we are aware of the schema. B) Schemas affect what we perceive while emotional processes are important for determining what we think about and remember. C) Schemas affect what we notice but not necessarily what we remember. D) Schemas affect the information we notice, think about, and remember. E) Schemas affect what we remember while intensity of stimuli determines what we notice. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

20) Parents seldom spend a lot of time explaining to their children how to ride a bicycle. Instead, they often get a bike with training wheels and let the children learn for themselves how to ride a bike. This is because our understanding about how to ride a bicycle is based on __________. A) automatic thinking, which is difficult to describe to someone else B) controlled thinking that can only be learned by experience C) intuition, which is difficult to express in language that a child can understand Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) personal experience that is not likely to be believed by the child E) semantic knowledge, and children learn very quickly Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

21) In the study by Kunda, Sinclair, and Griffin (1997), participants were told that a person was either a salesperson or an actor and very extroverted. Participants generated descriptions of the person that A) varied according to the occupation of the person. B) did not differ according to the occupation. C) varied depending on the attractiveness of the person. D) were better remembered when consistent with the occupation of the person. E) were similar to the participant’s own personality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

22) Pierre encounters his physics professor working on her laptop computer in a coffee shop. The professor has a stack of physics journals, along with a music CD of a group that Pierre doesn’t recognize on the table. Pierre is most likely to A) assume that the CD is of rap music because that is the kind of music that he likes. B) assume that the CD is of classical music because it is consistent with his schema for physics professors. C) not assume anything about the CD. D) not notice the CD at all because there are too many objects on the table. E) assume that the CD is of rock music because rock music is very popular. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

23) Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder that makes sufferers unable to form new memories. The world is disorienting and incoherent to patients with this disorder, so they often confabulate or invent fictions to A) increase ambiguity. B) help them relate to others. C) reduce ambiguity and feel less unsettled and fearful about the world. D) lose their schemas. E) form new schemas. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

24) Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder more closely associated with abnormal psychology than with social psychology. Why would the authors of your text describe the symptoms of Korsakov's syndrome and provide Oliver Sacks's Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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description of his encounter with a patient suffering from that disease? This discussion illustrates A) the dangers of relying on heuristics to understand medical problems. B) the importance of schemas in helping humans make sense of their experiences. C) the power of schemas to create reality. D) how unreliable our schemas can be. E) the hazards of holding rigid, inflexible schemas. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

25) We are most likely to rely on schemas when the situation we confront is A) well-defined. B) ambiguous. C) forgettable. D) interesting. E) arousing. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

26) Carole has a subtle “Mona Lisa” smile that is much harder to detect than an obvious toothy grin. Assume that before you met Carole, a mutual friend described her as warm and friendly. The first time Carole smiled at you, you would probably conclude that she is A) bored talking to you. B) shy. C) a cool, aloof person. D) very hard to read. E) a friendly person. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

27) The first day of class Maria absolutely loved her new social psychology professor, but Daniel couldn't stand the professor. If their interpretations were influenced by schemas, in all likelihood, Maria had heard ________, whereas Daniel had heard ________. A) nothing about the professor; that the professor was horrible B) that the professor was great; nothing about the professor C) nothing about the professor; that the professor was supposed to be great D) that the professor was great; that the professor was horrible E) that the professor was an introvert; that the professor was an extravert Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Difficulty: Easy 3-7

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

28) Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person, and others that he was a cold person. The visitor then lectured for 20 minutes, and the students later evaluated him. Assume for the moment that students' evaluations and behaviours didn't differ in the two conditions. These findings could suggest that A) the contents of the lecture contradicted the warm versus cold descriptions. B) schemas are influential only in unambiguous situations. C) students didn't have schemas for “warm” and “cold” personalities. D) schemas only affect social processes within peer groups. E) the students did not pay attention to the lecturer. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

29) Michelle has worked on a psychiatric unit for three years. On the way home from work one day, she encounters a man who gestures wildly and talks to himself while he stands at the bus stop. Michelle thinks to herself, “That poor guy must be psychotic. He should be on medication.” This example illustrates that ________ can increase the accessibility of schemas or concepts. A) unusual situations B) random thoughts C) implicit personality theories D) past experience E) norms Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

30) Priming and accessibility have greater impact when we interpret a(n) _______ event. A) explicit B) unusual C) certain D) ambiguous E) improbable Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

31) During the last Canadian election, there was a televised debate among the candidates for Prime Minister. After the debate, supporters of each side thought that their candidate had performed the best in the debate. The supporters’ judgments were probably affected by A) their schemas. B) the hostile media effect. C) a self-fulfilling prophecy. D) the fundamental attribution error. E) the representativeness heuristic. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

32) The main difference between the availability heuristic and accessibility is that availability refers to _______ while accessibility refers to _______. A) information on your mind at any given moment; adjusting an answer according to a starting point. B) the ease or difficulty of bringing a concept to mind; information on your mind at any given moment. C) adjusting an answer according to a starting point; information on your mind at any given moment. D) information your mind at any moment; calculation according to how similar it is to a typical case. E) information on your mind at any moment; the ease or difficulty of bringing a concept to mind. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1 and 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

33) In distinguishing between availability and accessibility we can say that availability is related to _______ while accessibility is related to _______. A) stream of consciousness; making judgments quickly and efficiently B) making judgments quickly and efficiently; stream of consciousness C) resemblance to a typical case; making judgments quickly and efficiently D) stream of consciousness; ease of recall E) ease of recall; stream of consciousness Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1 and 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

34) In general, _______ represent knowledge to which we often apply _______. A) schemas; heuristics B) generalizations; logic C) base rates; personal experience D) personal experiences; base rates E) biases; corrections Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1 and 3.2 Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

35) Jason assumes that redheads are hot-tempered. When asked whether Linda, a redhead, has a quick temper, Jason replies, "My confident prediction is that she is hottempered." Jason has just applied _______ to _______. A) the availability heuristic; the representativeness heuristic B) his schema for redheads; the representativeness heuristic C) the vividness effect; his schema for redheads Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) the availability heuristic; his schemas for redheads E) the representativeness heuristic; his schema for redheads Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1 and 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

36) In most cases, when we encounter a fact that is inconsistent with our schemas, we A) ponder the source of the inconsistency. B) abandon our schemas. C) examine the nature of the inconsistency. D) overlook the inconsistent fact. E) revise our schemas. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

37) Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some college students that their guest instructor was a warm person, and told others that he was a cold person. Students who were told that the guest instructor was a warm person evaluated him more positively and participated more in class discussion than did students who were told that he was cold. The fact that this occurred even though they were only exposed to the guest instructor for a short time supports the idea that schemas are A) impossible to modify. B) generally accurate. C) generally inaccurate. D) universal. E) especially influential when we encounter ambiguous information. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

38) Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some students that a guest instructor was warm, and others that the same guest instructor was cold. Assume that the instructor behaved in a clearly arrogant way, and that he was rated as immodest, no matter what students were told about him at the outset. These findings suggest that A) schemas are specific to the situation in which we find ourselves. B) when we dislike someone, we don't give that person the benefit of the doubt. C) when behaviours are decidedly unambiguous, we rely less on our schemas. D) in tense situations, we seldom rely on our schemas. E) schemas are completely malleable. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

39) Sometimes when forming impressions of others, we are influenced by the schemas that are in the forefront of our mind. When this happens, social psychologists talk about the role of ________ in colouring our impressions of others. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-10

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) the unconscious B) accessibility C) memory D) the fundamental attribution error E) the Korsakov effect Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

40) According to the authors, two ways that traits about others can become accessible are A) automatic activity and past experience. B) priming and attitude retrieval. C) past experience and priming. D) attitude retrieval and automatic activity. E) priming and attitude retrieval. Answer: C Type: MC 41.

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

According to the authors of your text, what are the three reasons that schemas become accessible? A) Chronic accessibility due to experience; a current goal; priming B) Priming; recent experiences; current goals C) Chronic accessibility due to experience; priming; base rate information D) Priming; chronic accessibility due to experience; non-applicable information E) Recent experiences; heuristics ; priming

Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

42) Sometimes traits are chronically accessible due to past experience. Other times, traits are accessible for more arbitrary reasons, such as what we're currently thinking about. Social psychologists use the term ________ to describe the latter case. A) attributions B) implicit personality theories C) priming D) social retrieval E) accessibility Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

43) Alice goes to see a rerun of Jaws (a movie about a vicious shark) a few days before she takes off to Florida on spring break. On break, she finds that she is now too nervous to spend much time actually in the water, since she is convinced that Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-11

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

anything she sees in the water is a shark. Her heightened sensitivity is due to __________. A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) priming C) anchoring and adjustment D) representativeness E) judgmental heuristics Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

44) Linnea and Latrice have just left the movie theatre after watching Thelma and Louise, a film that chronicles the misadventures of two close friends, one a rape survivor and the other the wife of a piggish husband; they kill a man in self-defense and run from the law. At the end of the movie, Thelma and Louise chose to drive off a cliff rather than surrender to the men who have been pursuing them. As Linnea and Latrice walk through the lobby, every man they encounter looks loutish and threatening to them. This example illustrates the power of ________ in shaping our implicit personality theories. A) personal experience B) personality heuristics C) schematic norms D) priming E) cultural norms Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

45) Melodia, a second-grade student, just finished going over her spelling list for the week. The list contained many adjectives that reflected positive emotions (e.g., happy, elated, delighted). As Melodia gazes out the window, she sees her sister Karin come running up to the house. If Melodia is like many of the participants in an experiment by Tory Higgins and his colleagues (1977), and if Melodia's construal is a function of priming, what is she most likely to think? A) "Mom told Karin not to run." B) "The neighbours must think Karin's crazy." C) "Why is Karin so scared?" D) "Karin must have something great to tell us." E) "I hope Karin is okay." Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

46) Some participants in a study by Tory Higgins and his colleagues (1977) memorized “positive” trait adjectives (e.g., adventurous, neat); others memorized “negative” adjectives (e.g., reckless, disrespectful). All participants then read an ambiguous description of a person named Donald and formed an impression of him. Some, but Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-12

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

not all, negative adjectives led to negative interpretations of Donald's actions, and some, but not all, positive adjectives led to positive interpretations of those same actions. These results suggest that thoughts must be both _______ and _______ before they influence our impressions. A) vivid; applicable B) applicable; vivid C) widely shared; vivid D) accessible; widely shared E) accessible; applicable Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

47) Based on the 2010 study by Callan and colleagues, which of the following responses would be expected if you had been subliminally primed with a legal term (such as “judge” or “lawyer”)? A) You would be more likely to worry about expenses. B) You would show more opposition to government policies that were unfavourable to you. C) You would show less competitiveness in games. D) You would be more likely to interpret an ambiguous scenario as having cooperative qualities. E) You would be more likely to follow the rules of the road when driving. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

48) You have spent a lot of the weekend watching prosocial shows with your young niece. These shows have displayed a great deal of helping behaviour. The next day, you see a person walking down the street, judge them to be in need of help, and ask them if you can help them find their destination. The notion of helping people was ________ by the prosocial television shows, and became accessible in this situation. A) primed B) clarified C) validated D) reinforced E) biased Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

49) The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs because we often A) work to revise our schemas when necessary. B) deliberately distort reality to support our schemas. C) abandon our schemas when we're under pressure. D) act based on our schemas. E) ignore base-rate information. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

50) In a controlled experiment, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) informed grade school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers") would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year. In reality, the "bloomers" were chosen randomly by the researchers, and were no smarter than any of the other students. Which of the following best describes the results of this study? At the end of the year, A) both bloomers and non-bloomers improved more on IQ tests than was expected. B) there were no IQ differences between bloomers and non-bloomers, but the bloomers were more interested in school. C) non-bloomers improved more on an IQ test than did bloomers. D) bloomers and non-bloomers performed equally well on an IQ test. E) bloomers improved more on an IQ test than did non-bloomers. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

51) Which of the following is NOT a step in the self-fulfilling prophecy? A) Your behaviour toward someone influences their behaviour toward you. B) The person you have an expectation about actually behaves in a manner that confirms your expectation. C) Your expectation of someone influences your interpretation of their behaviour. D) You see the other person’s behaviour as proof that your expectation was correct. E) Your expectation of someone influences how you behave toward them. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

52) Recall that Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968) informed grade school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers") would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year. Also recall that students labelled "bloomers" actually showed greater increases on IQ tests, compared to students who were not labelled "bloomers." These differences occurred because teachers A) distracted "non-bloomers" by providing them too much personal attention. B) spent significantly more time interacting with "bloomers." C) decided to devote their attention to the students with the most promise. D) challenged "bloomers" more and gave them more and better feedback. E) ignored "non-bloomers." Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

3-14

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

53) You have just arrived for your first year of university, but your roommate, Leah, is nowhere to be found. Your next-door neighbour, Tim, tells you that he’s met Leah, and that she’s really shy and introverted. If you wanted to counteract the selffulfilling prophecy, what might you do when you meet Leah? A) Try to get her to talk about fun social activities she did in high school. B) Ask her if she is an introvert. C) Be quiet and shy yourself, so as not to intimidate her. D) Ask her what books she's read lately. E) Ask her if she likes to spend a lot of time alone. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

54) Self-fulfilling prophecies most often are a result of A) inadvertent and unconscious influences of individuals’ schemas. B) deliberate attempts by people to confirm their schemas. C) deliberate attempts to treat people in an unbiased manner. D) the immediate situation. E) priming. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

55) Warren believes that Kurt is an outgoing, gregarious person. "How many parties did you go to this weekend?" Warren asks Kurt. "Tell me about all of the fun and crazy things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues. Although Kurt is usually rather quiet and reserved, he responds to Warren in an outgoing, friendly manner. This is an example of A) a self-fulfilling prophecy. B) false memory. C) the perseverance effect. D) the primacy effect. E) reconstructive memory. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

56) What have a number of research studies on the self-fulfilling prophecy revealed? A) Schema-confirming behaviours are conscious and deliberate. B) Self-fulfilling prophecies are the result of unconscious, inadvertent processes. C) Self-fulfilling prophecies are a result of our desire to "be right." D) Because their job is to assess performance, educators are especially susceptible to the self-fulfilling prophecy. E) Self-fulfilling prophecies cannot have any real impact on our behaviour. Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-15

Chapter 3

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

57) People often talk about girls’ relatively poor academic performance on standardized tests compared to boys’ performance on those tests. Based on the research presented in Module 3.1 of this chapter, these gender differences may be due in part to __________. A) the gender bias that pervades standardized tests B) biological differences in the ways males and females process information C) girls’ and young women’s “fear of success” schemas D) the power of teachers’ self-fulfilling prophecies E) favouritism on the part of teachers Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

58) The process by which bodily sensations activate mental structures is called A) Embodied cognition B) Heuristic thinking C) Schematic cognition D) The self-fulfilling prophecy E) Priming Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

59) Williams and Bargh (2008) asked participants to hold either a cup of hot coffee or a cup of iced coffee. Compared to those who held the iced coffee, the participants who held the hot coffee A) were more likely to underestimate the amount of time they spent holding the cup. B) were less likely to put the cup down quickly. C) were more likely to overestimate the amount of time they spent holding the cup. D) thought that a stranger was friendlier. E) predicted that their friends’ marriages would last longer. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

60) Jana wants to know if people are more likely to judge someone else as being trustworthy if they are told to stand with their arms open wide than if they are standing with their arms crossed. She thinks that this will prime participants’ schemas for openness or being closed off such that people primed with openness will be emotionally open to trust others. Jana is studying A) the representativeness heuristic. B) embodied cognition. C) the availability heuristic. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-16

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) holistic and analytic thinking styles. E) controlled social cognition. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

61) Research on embodied cognition suggests that A) our beliefs about others can affect their behaviour. B) the conscious mind always overrides the unconscious mind. C) we make judgments based on how easily information is brought to mind. D) bodily sensations can activate schemas and affect our judgments unconsciously. E) we classify something based on how similar it is to a typical case. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

62) What did David Kille and colleagues (2013) find when they had participants fill out questionnaires either sitting on a wobbly chair and writing on a wobbly table or sitting on a stable chair with a stable table? A) Participants with the stable furniture thought that other people were less likely to lie. B) Participants with the wobbly furniture were more likely to fill out the questionnaires quickly. C) All participants valued stability in their own partners equally. D) Participants with the stable furniture rated other participants as more boring. E) Participants with the wobbly furniture thought that well-known couples’ marriages were less likely to last. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

63) In trying to decide which of two classmates is smarter, you use the rule, "the faster people talk, the smarter they are," and you choose the classmate who talks faster. You have applied a _______ to decide who is smarter. A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) fundamental attribution C) decoding bias D) correspondence bias E) judgmental heuristic Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

3-17

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) tend to avoid the use of heuristics. C) use judgmental heuristics to make decisions quickly and efficiently. D) attempt to apply old schemas, which often lead to faulty decisions. E) exhaustively search our memories for all relevant information in order to ensure the correct decision. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

65) The shortcuts or “rules of thumb” that people use to make judgments and decisions quickly and efficiently are called A) judgmental heuristics. B) functional cognitions. C) cultural truisms. D) structural equations. E) rationalizations. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

66) According to the text, which of the following statements about judgmental heuristics is false? A) They are examples of automatic rather than controlled processing. B) They are often beneficial because they help us make decisions when dealing with large amounts of ambiguous information. C) They usually lead us to make faulty decisions. D) They are a type of mental shortcut. E) They allow us to make judgments quickly and efficiently. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) People are most likely to use judgmental heuristics when A) they have all of the relevant facts. B) they must make a simple “yes-no” decision. C) they are motivated to seek out all relevant facts. D) a lot rides on making the correct decision. E) pre-existing schemas are inappropriate. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

68) Your roommate is interested in dating Carlotta, a woman you know from a history class. Your roommate asks if you think Carlotta is generally a considerate person. You remember how Carlotta lent you her notes when you missed class last week, and tell your roommate you think Carlotta is very considerate. In making your judgment, you have relied upon the _______ heuristic. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-18

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) anchoring and adjustment B) availability C) representativeness D) descriptive E) base rate Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

69) Reasoning based on the ease with which we can bring something to mind involves the use of the _______ heuristic. A) representativeness B) availability C) confirmatory D) counterfactual E) base rate Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

70) Why do people often fall prey to the availability heuristic and draw incorrect inferences? A) What looks like the typical case may not be representative of the typical case. B) People are far better at making inferences about themselves than about others. C) People wrongly assume that correlation implies causation. D) What is easily brought to mind may not be typical of the big picture. E) People often ignore base rates. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

71) Recall Dr. Robert Marion, who was the first physician to correctly diagnose a 9-yearold girl with a rare disease. He explains that “doctors are just like everyone else. We go to the movies, watch TV, read newspapers and novels. If we happen to see a patient who has symptoms of a rare disease that was featured on the previous night's 'Movie of the Week,' we're more likely to consider that condition when making a diagnosis." In essence, Dr. Marion is describing the _______ heuristic. A) representativeness B) primacy C) nonbiased D) counterfactual E) availability Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

3-19

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

72) Recall that Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues (1991) asked some participants to think of 6 times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of 12 times they had behaved assertively, and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were. Participants who tried to generate 6 examples of assertive behaviours rated themselves as more assertive than did participants who tried to generate 12 examples. Why? A) Participants asked to think of 12 examples didn't have time to complete the experimental task. B) Participants who could generate 12 examples were really more assertive, or else they couldn't come up with the examples. C) Participants who were asked to generate 6 examples were more likely to use the representativeness heuristic. D) Participants asked to generate 6 examples could do so more easily than participants who were asked to generate 12. E) Participants asked to generate 12 examples could do so just as easily as participants who were asked to generate 6. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) Recall that Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues (1991) asked some participants to think of 6 times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of 12 times they had behaved assertively, and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were. The findings were that A) those assigned to generate 6 examples rated themselves most assertive due to the availability heuristic. B) those assigned to generate 12 examples rated themselves most assertive due to the availability heuristic. C) those assigned to give 12 items rated themselves more assertive due to the influence of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. D) assertive people were more likely to generate 12 examples. E) the groups rated themselves equally in assertiveness due to the influence of the representativeness heuristic. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

74) Your roommate questions how charitable you really are. She says to you, “Give me just one example of the last time you gave money to a homeless person.” Odds are that her challenge will convince you that you really are a generous person. Based on research by Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues (1991), why is that? A) It's easy to bring to mind one example that supports your self-schema. B) It's easier to think of “factuals” than “counterfactuals.” C) Your roommate activated your “generosity” schema. D) You will believe that you donated more money than the average person. E) Homeless people are representative of people who need our help. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

75) A teenager wants to borrow the family car to go to an out-of-town concert. Her parents resist the idea. The teenager in question is most likely to view her parents as stubborn and unreasonable when they say to her, A) “Tell us again what you would do if the car broke down.” B) “Give us one reason why we shouldn't worry ourselves to death.” C) “How many other friends are going with you?” D) “Give us five reasons why you should be allowed to borrow the car.” E) “Give us ten reasons you should be allowed to borrow the car.” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

76) Most people, when asked, guess that more people die from grisly accidents than from strokes. This is probably due to the greater number of accidental deaths reported in the media, and thus, due to A) the availability heuristic. B) the base rate fallacy. C) upward counterfactual thinking. D) the representativeness heuristic. E) downward counterfactual thinking. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

77) The _______ heuristic refers to the mental shortcut whereby people classify a person or thing based on how similar it appears to the typical case. A) base-rate B) representativeness C) anchoring and adjustment D) availability E) counterfactual Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

78) If I tell you that someone I know is a man who has a beard, drinks wine, and likes to read poetry, and you guess that he is more likely to be a classics professor than a construction worker, you are A) paying too much attention to base rate information. B) being misled by the availability heuristic. C) probably correct. D) falling victim to the representativeness heuristic. E) probably not familiar with classics professors. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-21

Chapter 3

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

79) Although there are only a few runners on your college track team, you see a woman on campus who has the physique of a runner. You decide that she’s a member of the track team. Your conclusion is based on A) the availability heuristic. B) the base rate fallacy. C) base rate information. D) biased sampling. E) the representativeness heuristic. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

80) When confronted with “H H H H T T T T T T” as a summary of the results of a series of 10 flips of a coin, most people will view that series as “less random” than a summary of results that looks like “H H T H T T H T H T,” even though the odds of a “head” on the next toss is 50/50 in each case. Why? Their estimates have been biased by A) counterfactual thinking. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) downward counterfactual thinking. E) anchoring and insufficient adjustment. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

81) A particular company employs 100 people; 80 are lawyers; and 20 are engineers. Alberto, an employee at the company, is quiet, enjoys puzzles, and carries a calculator. Most people, when asked whether Alberto is a lawyer or an engineer, will guess that he is an engineer. People are using the _______ heuristic to make this potentially faulty guess. A) representativeness B) availability C) anchoring and adjustment D) base rate E) counterfactual Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

82) When asked to guess whether Mark is from Winnipeg or Toronto, you guess Toronto because more people live in Toronto. You have used _______ in making your decision. A) the availability heuristic Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) base rate information C) the representativeness heuristic D) counterfactual thinking E) anchoring and adjustment Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

83) If accurate judgments are our goal, we should use base rate information instead of the representativeness heuristic when A) base rates are high. B) we have a wealth of information about the person in question. C) base rates are low. D) we don’t have a lot of specific information about the person in question. E) the decision is a complicated one. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

84) When people classify a stimulus based on how similar it appears to the typical case, they are using the _______ heuristic. A) correspondence B) availability C) representativeness D) exemplar E) hindsight Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

85) Marvin flips a coin 5 times, and gets 5 “heads” in a row. Now Marvin thinks he is almost sure to get a “tails” on the next flip. According to the text, Marvin A) is guilty of biased sampling. B) is correct. C) needs to attend school more. D) is falling victim to the availability bias. E) is making an error due to the representativeness heuristic. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

86) Because a rhino horn looks something like an erect penis, some people believe that crushed rhino horn is an aphrodisiac. A couple decides to try it to spice up their sex life. Their decision is most like A) the representativeness heuristic. B) the noncommon effects heuristic. C) the correspondence bias. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) the availability heuristic. E) counterfactual thinking. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

87) "If it walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck..." This expression best captures the essence of the A) base rate fallacy. B) correspondence heuristic. C) fundamental attribution error. D) availability heuristic. E) representativeness heuristic. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

88) Which specific mental shortcut does the text suggest causes the Barnum effect? A) the judgmental heuristic B) the availability heuristic C) the base rate information D) the representativeness heuristic E) the cocktail party phenomenon Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

89) Adele is from France, where rabbits are eaten regularly. She can tell you the most tender part of the rabbit, how long to cook one, and how big a rabbit you would need to feed five people. Marsha is from Canada, where rabbits are pets, and bring coloured eggs to children in the spring. She hasn't a clue about how to cook one, even if she wanted to. This example best illustrates A) the representativeness heuristic. B) that rabbits are ambiguous stimuli. C) individual differences in the contents of schemas. D) the universality of schemas. E) the cultural determinants of schemas. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

90) One of the authors of your text supervised an honours student from China who attended a curling championship in Winnipeg. The student was very amused to see people paying so much money to watch “a couple of guys mopping the floor.” This story suggests that A) many schemas are common to different cultures. B) some cultures do not use schematic processing. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) priming affects everyone, regardless of culture. D) the use of schemas is a human universal, no matter what the culture. E) schemas are affected by one’s native culture. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

91) Iain is from Australia, where people drive on the left-hand side of the road. When he moved to Canada, his accident rate was higher than any of his friends'. Why might this be? A) Driving schemas differ between Canada and Australia. B) There is less traffic in Australia. C) Iain had no schema for driving behaviours. D) They don't have Driver Education courses in Australia. E) There is no speed limit in Australia. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

92) Why do schemas differ from culture to culture? A) Cultures differ in terms of what is important and relevant to the people who live in them. B) In some cultures, it is more important to make quick decisions. C) Life is simpler in non-industrialized cultures, making schemas less important. D) A good memory is more important in some cultures than in others. E) Survival is more difficult in nomadic cultures, making schemas more important. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

93) You've rented the movie Sophie's Choice. There is a scene in which Sophie, a recent immigrant from Poland, is both surprised and amused that Americans have so many words for the concept "fast." She reports that in Polish, there is only one word. You've just read Chapter 3 (Social Cognition), and a friend asks you why the cultures differ in that regard. What would you say? A) Americans are generally better educated than Poles. B) Polish has different roots than does English. C) Poles don't have well-developed schemas for the concept "fast." D) English has borrowed more words from foreign languages than Polish has. E) Poles have a relatively limited vocabulary compared to Americans. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

3-25

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

94) When Frederic Bartlett (1932) interviewed both a Scotsman and a Bantu herdsman about the particulars of a cattle transaction, the Scot _______, whereas the Bantu herdsman _______. A) guessed; said that he couldn't remember B) remembered the faces of the traders; remembered the colour of the cattle C) erroneously recalled that sheep were traded; accurately recalled that oxen and cattle were traded D) consulted his notes; recalled details from memory E) guessed; remembered the colour of the cattle Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

95) Recall that Frederic Bartlett (1932) interviewed both a Scotsman and a Bantu herdsman about the particulars of a cattle transaction. The Bantu herdsman recited from memory many details, but the Scot had to consult his notes. If this difference were the result of the cultural influence on schemas, the Scot would be more likely to notice and remember the _______ than would the Bantu herdsman. A) songs sung at his daughter's wedding B) number on a basketball player's shirt C) day his father died D) specific plaid pattern on a man's shirt E) colour of the cattle Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

96) Compared to those in Western cultures, those in East Asian cultures have a more ________ style of thinking. A) analytic B) automatic C) controlled D) schematic E) holistic Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

97) Among the features of an analytic thinking style is A) a focus on objects. B) a focus on context. C) concern with the relationship between objects. D) greater cortical activity when paying attention to objects. E) efficient information searching strategies. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Difficulty: Easy 3-26

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

98) Holistic thinking is to ________ as analytic thinking is to ________. A) automatic; controlled B) priming; heuristics C) linear; circular D) context; object E) inefficient; efficient Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

99) Richard and his friend Henry are watching a movie. Henry’s background is East Asian Canadian while Richard’s background is European Canadian. Based on research in Chapter 3, which aspects of the movie is Richard likely to notice more than Henry? A) Background interaction between movie extras. B) Details of the hero’s appearance. C) The scenery through which the hero is travelling. D) The storyline of the movie. E) The credits at the end of the movie. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

100) Researchers Miyamoto, Nisbett, and Masuda compared photographs of city scenes in the U.S. and Japan. They found that, on average, city scenes in Japan contained more __________. A) businesses and advertisements B) people and residences C) objects and information D) buildings and concrete E) landmarks Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

101) Several studies conducted by Nisbett and his colleagues involved showing participants two similar pictures and asking them to find the differences between them. Nisbett and his colleagues found a(n) __________ difference in how participants described the differences. A) gender B) cultural C) age D) socioeconomic status E) temporal Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-27

Chapter 3

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall and Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

102) Nao was raised in Japan and is walking around downtown Vancouver. Based on results from Nisbett’s studies on cultural differences in thinking styles, which of the following would Nao be most likely to notice relative to people raised in Canada? A) The number of people B) The advertisements C) The number of homeless people D) How the buildings are arranged relative to one another E) The weather Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

103) According to research by Dijksterhuis (2004), participants who had to choose among four different apartments in a short period of time made the best choice when A) the researcher asked the participant to choose immediately the apartment that they thought was the best. B) the researcher asked the participant to think carefully about the apartments for three minutes and then make a choice. C) the researcher asked participants to go with their “gut feeling”. D) the researcher asked participants to reach consensus. E) the researcher gave the participants a distracting task for three minutes and then asked them to make a decision. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

104) So much research has been dedicated to automatic thinking because A) it often leads us to make mistakes with important decisions. B) it allows us to think deliberately about the social environment. C) automatic thinking takes over from controlled thinking when unusual events occur. D) it is pervasive and dominates much of people’s mental life. E) it helps researchers understand counterfactual thinking. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

3-28

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) precede automatic processing. E) provide a check on automatic processing. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

106) Which of the following is TRUE about research on free will? A) People rarely overestimate the amount of control they have over their behavior. B) Sometimes people underestimate the amount of control they have over their behavior. C) Studies have shown that people have free will over almost everything they do. D) The more people believe in free will, the more likely they are to engage in immoral actions such as cheating. E) It’s more important that people have free will than believe they have it. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

107) In short, counterfactual thinking can be described as A) mentally reconstructing the past by imagining what could have been. B) one of the most rational responses to an undesirable outcome. C) putting a positive spin on things to enhance self-esteem. D) thinking about how things couldn't have turned out differently. E) avoiding thinking of things that may damage self-esteem. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

108) You stayed up all night cramming for an examination and didn't do as well as you had hoped. "If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night’s rest, I'd have done much better," you think to yourself. You have just engaged in A) counterfactual thinking. B) self-justification. C) wish fulfillment. D) the hindsight bias. E) unrealistic fantasy. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

109) When Jana was chiding herself for losing her favourite necklace and reciting a list of all the things she could have done to prevent the loss, her grandmother said, “Now, Jana. Don't cry over spilled milk.” In essence, Jana's grandmother was advising her to A) avoid the hindsight bias. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-29

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) use base rates rather than the representativeness heuristic. C) avoid the self-fulfilling prophecy. D) stop engaging in counterfactual thinking. E) adjust her judgment farther away from the anchor. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

110) Assume that the winning lottery ticket was purchased at the convenience store just around the corner from your house. According to research on counterfactual thinking, you would probably feel worse than if the winning ticket had been purchased in another city, because A) it would be easy to imagine all the wonderful things you could do with the prize. B) you would assume that the local winner is similar to you. C) you could easily remember what it was like to struggle to make every penny count. D) you would be reminded of your loss whenever you see the store. E) you could think back on a dozen opportunities that you had to buy the winning ticket, but didn't. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

111) Tom and Julius are both in line for a movie, but it sells out before either of them can get tickets. Tom is the last person in line, but Julius is directly behind the person who got the last ticket. Based on the idea of counterfactual reasoning, why will Julius be more upset than Tom? A) Julius got there earlier than Tom did, so he felt he deserved to see the movie. B) Julius wanted to see the movie more than Tom did. C) Julius may have let someone stand in line in front of him. D) Julius won't be more upset than Tom. E) It was easier for Julius to imagine how he could have gotten a ticket. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

112) Bolanle and Sara both had their wallets stolen out of their shopping carts at the grocery store. Bolanle always keeps her wallet in her cart when she shops. Sara, however, usually keeps her wallet in a purse, which she holds close to her at all times. The day Sara had her wallet stolen she’d been in a hurry and had just grabbed her wallet and dumped it into the cart. Who would experience more counterfactual thoughts after the theft, Bolanle or Sara? A) Neither would experience counterfactual thinking. B) Bolanle. C) Both would experience about the same amount of counterfactual thinking. D) It is impossible to say. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-30

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Sara. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

113) You were supposed to make an important presentation at work, but you overslept and the bus was late, so you missed the meeting. If you are able to generate many ways in which to “undo” this terrible outcome you are likely to experience _______ emotional reaction. A) a mild B) a strong C) an incapacitating D) no E) an irrational Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

114) Of the following, the use of _______ is most likely to have negative emotional consequences. A) the representativeness heuristic B) the availability heuristic C) counterfactual thinking D) the base rate fallacy E) anchoring and adjustment heuristic Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

115) It is _______ to miss a bus by five minutes than to miss it by an hour because _______. A) more distressing; images of the people waiting for you are more available in memory B) less distressing; you feel good that you almost made it C) more distressing; it’s easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus D) less distressing; it’s easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus E) less distressing; you don't have to wait as long for the next bus Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

116) Based on your reading of Chapter 3 (Social Cognition), who would you predict would be more frustrated: Katarzyna, who missed an "A" by one point, or Sakura, who missed an "A" by five points? A) Katarzyna, because she and Sakura studied together. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-31

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Katarzyna, because it's easier for her to imagine getting one more test item right. C) Sakura, because she knew how close Katarzyna was to an "A." D) Sakura, because she and Katarzyna studied together. E) Sakura, because it's harder for her to imagine an alternative outcome. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

117) Recall that Christopher Davis and his colleagues (1995) interviewed people who had suffered the loss of a spouse or child. They found that the more ____________, the more distress the survivors reported. A) recent B) unpreventable the deaths were perceived to be C) easily they could imagine how the death could have been prevented D) vivid the survivors’ memories of the death E) violent the cause of death Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

118) Recall Victoria Medvec and her colleagues’ (1995) study of the emotions experienced by Olympic athletes who won bronze and silver medals. If silver medallists out-performed bronze medallists, why were they less happy? A) There is a positive correlation between talent and competitiveness. B) It was easier for silver medallists to imagine winning the gold medal, whereas bronze medallists could imagine not winning a medal at all. C) Bronze medallists were grateful simply to have the opportunity to compete. D) Silver medallists had their sights set on gold, as do most “favoured” competitors. E) Bronze medallists did not think they were going to win anything. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

119) Feeling lonely and sorry for himself, Pierre moans, “If only I hadn't gotten drunk and made a fool of myself on my date with Mary, she and I would now be happily married.” According to the text, Pierre is engaging in A) ironic processing. B) counterfactual thinking. C) delusions of adequacy. D) self-improvement. E) wishful thinking. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Difficulty: Easy 3-32

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

120) Counterfactual thinking is A) unrealistic. B) conscious and effortful. C) voluntary and intentional. D) realistic. E) unconscious. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

121) Getting trapped in one’s thoughts about unpleasant events and an inability to move on from them is a risk of A) the accessibility heuristic. B) counterfactual thinking. C) the availability heuristic. D) the self-fulfilling prophecy. E) the representativeness heuristic. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

122) Which metaphor best represents the view of people as good, but not infallible, thinkers? A) Social thinkers are cognitive misers. B) Social thinkers are flawed scientists. C) Social thinkers are biased tacticians. D) Social thinkers are accurate statisticians. E) Social thinkers are practical theorists. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

123) You and your friend have a big assignment due today in your English class. You ask how your friend’s paper turned out, and he mentions that he hasn't yet gotten around to writing it. Shocked, you ask him what he's going to tell the professor. He replies, "Oh, it won't be a problem. All female professors are pushovers; she'll let me turn the paper in next week." You tell your friend that you don't think all female professors are pushovers, but he doesn't seem worried. His conviction that his reasoning is correct is called the A) overconfidence barrier. B) motivational effect. C) arrogance barrier. D) perseverance effect. E) testosterone effect. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Difficulty: Easy 3-33

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

124) Marius doesn't often experience the overconfidence barrier because he A) is a physician. B) has taken two courses in research design and statistics that focused on application of course material. C) is a law school student. D) has been a victim of discrimination. E) is an older person. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

125) After seeing the movie Fargo, Craig firmly believes that Minnesotans are the goofiest people in the United States. You believe that Minnesotans are no goofier than people any place else, and you would like to get Craig to change his judgment. To do this, you might A) tell him to stop being irrational. B) ask him to watch the film again. C) tell him that he needs a law school course. D) ask him to consider the opposite point of view. E) ask him to think more carefully about his judgment. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

126) According to research conducted by Richard Nisbett and his colleagues (1983, 1986, 1987), how might you improve your social reasoning? Take a(n) _______ course. A) history B) economics C) chemistry D) statistics E) biology Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

127) Why might taking a statistics course help your social judgments become more complex and accurate? Such a course teaches the skills needed by a(n) A) scientist. B) social worker. C) cognitive miser. D) motivated tactician. E) accurate tactician. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Difficulty: Difficult 3-34

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

128) Of the following examples, which one demonstrates a common barrier to improving human thinking? A) Krystal is a person who carefully examines every decision using controlled thinking. B) Jokan is a person who balances how often he uses automatic and controlled thinking when considering decisions. C) Ben is a person who is often too optimistic about the accuracy of his judgments. D) Miguel is a person who is realistic about his thinking but lacks confidence in his decisions. E) Shoji is a person who sometimes relies on heuristics when faced with problems. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

129) What is automatic thinking, and in what sense does the use of schemas and heuristics reflect automatic processing? Answer: Automatic thinking involves thinking that is non-conscious, unintentional, involuntary, and relatively effortless. Because schemas are often activated without awareness and without intent, they often serve as a guide to automatic thinking. Heuristics, too, are often used automatically, unconsciously, and unintentionally, and thus reflect automatic thinking. Type: ES

LO: 3.1 and 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

130) A friend of yours, a skeptic about social-psychological research, says to you, "All this talk about cognitive shortcomings. Social psychologists set people up to look dumb. People are much better at social reasoning than social psychologists give them credit for." You've just read Chapter 3 on social cognition. What would you say? Answer: People probably fall somewhere between the unthinking automatic pilot and the exhaustive rational scientist. On the one hand, schemas and heuristics can be very useful. They allow us to make decisions quickly and efficiently so that we can focus our mental resources on other things. On the other hand, a large number of studies have shown that we are far from infallible social thinkers, and the results are consequential. People are probably best described as flawed scientists, using logic yet sometimes influenced by preconceived ideas that shape the nature of our investigation or conclusions. Type: ES

LO: 3.1 and 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

3-35

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Schemas are cognitive structures that we use to organize our knowledge of the social world; they often take the form of themes, subjects, or scripts. Schemas are adaptive in categorizing information, in providing continuity, and in helping us relate new experiences to old experiences. They enable us to minimize cognitive effort. They are especially useful when we encounter ambiguous information, for they give us a cognitive structure with which to interpret the confusing information. Type: ES

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3-36

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

132) Explain the relation between schemas and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Provide a concrete example of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Answer: People sometimes use their erroneous schemas to guide their own behaviours. Their schema-generated behaviours, in turn, cause other people to behave in ways that support these initially incorrect schemas. (Note: Students provide their own example; they should identify both an incorrect schema and the ways in which perceivers’ behaviours change the behaviours of others.) Type: ES

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

133) According to the authors of your text, priming is an automatic and nonconscious process. When you watch TV and movies, you are often exposed to examples of advertisers attempting to prime you to buy their products. Give a recent example and be sure to include in your answer how it represents priming. Answer: Student can give any answer that describes an actor drinking a brand of pop, water, juice, etc. On the table or behind actors there are also often products. The answer should include how the example is priming; that is increasing the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept. Type: ES

LO: 3.1

Skill: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

134) Define each of the following mental shortcuts and explain why each may be inaccurate: (1) the availability heuristic, and (2) the representativeness heuristic. Answer: The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut whereby people base their judgments on the ease with which they can bring something to mind; unfortunately, what comes most readily to mind may not be typical, due to limited experience or biased memory processes. The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut whereby people classify something based on how well it represents the typical case; unfortunately, people often underutilize base rate information in favour of deciding how typical an individual case is of the overall category. Type: ES

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

135) How do cultural differences in thinking styles affect what we notice in the environment? Describe one study that demonstrates different patterns of attention as a function of culture. Answer: East Asians show a holistic thinking style in which the focus is on the overall context and the relationships between objects within that context. Westerners show an analytic thinking style in which the focus is on objects and their properties, regardless of context. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-37

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Student could describe either one of the following studies: Masuda and Nisbett, p. 70 – cultural differences in noticing context and objects Masuda and colleagues, p. 71– cultural differences in finding targets in informationrich contexts Type: ES

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

136) Your roommate is a case study in faulty and biased social thinking. You've just read Chapter 3, and you notice his inappropriate use of schemas and judgmental heuristics. How might you combat these troublesome tendencies? Answer: You might combat his overconfidence barrier, making him a little more humble in his assessments of his own cognitive prowess; more specifically, you might ask him to consider the opposite point of view—to consider how things might have come out otherwise. You might recommend that he take a college or university course in statistics or the scientific method or that he pursue graduate work in psychology. Type: ES

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

137) Controlled processes such as counterfactual thinking can have their benefits and drawbacks. First, discuss what is meant by the term “counterfactual thinking,” then explain how this phenomenon can be beneficial and how it can be detrimental. Answer: Counterfactual thinking is the process of mentally redoing the past. Sometimes this may be done by going through a series of “what if” scenarios to mentally determine how to correct a previous mistake. Counterfactual thinking can be beneficial if people use it as a means to learn from their mistakes and to do better in the future. However, it can be detrimental if people get caught in a cycle of rumination, in which they focus on the negative aspects of their mistakes. Rumination has been linked to depression, suggesting that counterfactual thinking may lead to depression if people focus only on the mistake. Type: ES

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

1) According to the authors, it is not easy to understand and explain other people’s behaviour because A) other people work to hide their motivations and intentions. B) we only have access to observable behaviours. C) we overestimate the effect that the situation has on social behaviour. D) social behaviour is often random. E) social behaviour is often performed without conscious awareness. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: Introduction

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) According to the authors, why are reality TV shows like the Amazing Race Canada of interest to viewers from a social psychological perspective? A) They provide a valuable lesson about how you should not trust people's verbal statements. B) Reality TV allows psychologists a cost-effective way to study causal relationships. C) They provide an interesting and convenient way to test one’s theories of social perception. D) Unlike real life, it is easy to see what people’s true motivations are. E) It is possible to determine if people are lying to one another. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: Introduction

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

3) Professor Axelrod is interested in how others interpret the appearance and behaviours of attractive versus unattractive people. Professor Axelrod is most likely to be interested in A) personality theory. B) attribution theory. C) lie detection. D) social encoding. E) social perception. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: Introduction

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

4) _______ is defined as how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them. A) Social encoding B) Covariation C) Social perception D) Attribution theory E) Social inference

4-4

Chapter 4

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: Introduction

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

5) The way people communicate intentionally or unintentionally without words is called A) body language. B) proxemics. C) nonverbal communication. D) emotional responsiveness. E) self-presentation. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

6) Sheila fancies herself an extravert. She smiles a lot and gestures dramatically as she talks. This example best illustrates the use of nonverbal behaviour to A) convey attitudes. B) express emotions. C) contradict personal beliefs. D) facilitate verbal communication. E) communicate personality traits. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

7) Eva and her roommate haven’t been getting along lately. Every time Eva enters the room, her roommate looks away and turns her body so that her back is to Eva. This example best illustrates the use of nonverbal behaviour to A) express emotion. B) facilitate verbal communication. C) contradict verbal communication. D) convey attitudes. E) communicate personality traits. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

8) Consider the following quote from Ralph Waldo Emerson (1860): “An eye can threaten like a loaded and levelled gun, or can insult like hissing or kicking; or, in its altered mood, by beams of kindness, it can make the heart dance with joy.” Emerson was most likely referring to _______ using nonverbal communication. A) inhibiting verbal communication B) conveying attitudes C) communicating one’s personality traits D) contradicting the spoken word E) facilitating verbal communication

4-4

Chapter 4

Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

9) On your birthday, you arrive home and are overjoyed to find a large bouquet of flowers from your best friend. Your eyes grow wide and a broad smile crosses your face. You laugh in delight. This example best illustrates _______ as a primary use of nonverbal behaviour. A) expressing emotion B) universality C) communicating one's personality traits D) facilitating verbal communication E) conveying attitudes Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

10) Padma is on the phone when her roommate enters the room. Padma signals to her roommate to be quiet by pointing to the phone, shaking her head, and placing a raised index finger in front of her mouth. This example illustrates the use of nonverbal communication to _______ verbal communication. A) contradict B) duplicate C) expand D) substitute for E) augment Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

11) When people communicate using nonverbal behaviour, they typically use A) multiple channels. B) their eyes. C) their mouth. D) their hands. E) their tone of voice. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

12) Which of the following statements is true about nonverbal communication? A) nonverbal communication does not play a role in eliciting empathy B) nonverbal cues serve only one function in communication – to express emotions. C) we are not able to easily mimic other people’s facial expressions D) the tendency to mimic other people’s facial expressions may reflect empathy E) nonverbal communication is intentional Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

4-4

Chapter 4

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

13) Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from research about gender differences in nonverbal behaviour? A) Females are more likely than males to mimic other people’s smiles. B) It is easier to detect angry expressions on male faces than on female faces. C) Subjects were more accurate in detecting happy expressions on female faces than on male faces. D) A smile is often decoded as pride, especially on a male face. E) The costs of decoding facial expressions inaccurately will depend on the gender of encoder and decoder. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

14) Research by Wicker et al. (2003) investigated the role of mirror neurons in the emotion of disgust. What was the main finding? A) feeling disgusted oneself and observing someone else’s facial expression of disgust activates the same brain region B) feeling disgusted oneself activates a completely different region of the brain than observing someone else’s facial expression of disgust C) people do not have the capacity for empathy when it comes to nonverbal communication D) the capacity for empathy does not seem to be related to the brain; it appears to be completely learned E) mirror neurons do not seem to be involved when it comes to empathy Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

15) Naturalist Charles Darwin (1872) argued that nonverbal behaviours began as _______ and then became _______. A) physiological responses; culture-specific. B) evolutionary adaptations; communicative. C) physiological responses; evolutionarily adaptive. D) species-specific; culture-specific. E) culture-specific; physiological responses. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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C) emit; encode. D) encode; decode. E) decode; emit. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

17) Charles Darwin’s interest in _______ led him to believe that facial expressions are _______. A) anthropology; culture-specific. B) evolution; species-specific. C) learning; culture-specific. D) culture; culture-specific. E) anthropology; species-specific. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) The six major facial expressions discussed in the text are widely considered to be A) universal. B) developmentally determined. C) primate-specific. D) variable across culture. E) culture-specific. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

19) Naturalist Charles Darwin (1872) asserted that facial expressions are A) gender-specific. B) species-specific. C) feeling-specific. D) culture-specific. E) emotion-specific. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

20) Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen (1971) demonstrated that Fore tribespeople from a preliterate culture in New Guinea were able to decode facial expressions of Westerners and encode emotion easily interpretable by Westerners. Their findings suggest that Darwin was A) right—facial expressions are species-specific. B) right—facial expressions are gender-specific. C) wrong—facial expressions are culture-specific. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) right—facial expressions are culture-specific. E) wrong—facial expressions are universal among humans. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

21) _______ is to species-specific as _______ are to culture-specific. A) Gaze; nonverbal behaviours B) Personal space; verbal behaviours C) Facial expression; emblems D) Verbal behaviour; nonverbal behaviours E) Gaze; emblems Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

22) Facial expressions are _______, whereas emblems are _______. A) universal; species-specific B) species-specific; culture-specific C) encoding; decoding D) nonverbal behaviour; verbal behaviour E) verbal behaviour; encoding Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

23) Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen (1971) collected convincing evidence that facial expressions are universal. In their research, they studied A) a preliterate tribe in an isolated part of New Guinea. B) facial expressions on five different continents. C) infants before they learned to talk. D) blind people who smile, even though they have never seen a smile. E) deaf culture. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

24) Identify the six universal facial emotions originally proposed by Ekman. A) happiness, anger, sadness, fear, embarrassment, and surprise B) happiness, anger, sadness, shame, fear, and interest C) happiness, humour, sadness, disgust, fear, and anger D) happiness, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and surprise E) happiness, anger, fear, contempt, embarrassment, and interest Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Difficulty: Difficult 4-4

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25) According to research presented in the text, which of the following is true regarding the ability of humans to recognize the emotional expressions of others? A) Emotional expressions cannot be masked or concealed. B) If the expression on someone’s face doesn’t match the social situation that produced the expression, people will generally believe that the emotion the person is really feeling corresponds to their facial expression and not to the social situation. C) One’s interpretation of a person’s facial expression can be influenced by the facial expressions of others present in the situation. D) Across culture, people are generally not very accurate at recognizing emotional expression. E) People are more accurate at identifying emotions when they have to label the expression themselves, as opposed to choosing from a list of labels that has been provided to them. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

26) The text presents a study by Masuda and his colleagues (2008) in which researchers compared how participants perceived a central character when the surrounding characters in a picture either matched or did not match the central character’s facial expression. What were they examining in this study? A) whether differences in thinking style translate into differences in perception of facial expressions B) whether differences in culture lead to differences in the accuracy of facial expression interpretation C) whether cultural differences have an impact on the way people express emotion through facial expressions D) whether gender differences in interpretation of facial expressions are larger than cultural differences E) whether there are gender differences in the extent to which context has an impact on the perception of facial expressions Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

27) The text presents a study by Masuda and his colleagues (2008) that compared how participants perceived a central character when the surrounding characters in a picture either matched or did not match the central character’s facial expression. Which group of participants spent more time looking at people in the periphery? A) people from a Western culture B) people from an Eastern culture C) people from a European culture D) women more than men E) men more than women Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

28) The text presents a study by Masuda and his colleagues (2008) that examined cultural differences in social perception. They compared how participants perceived a central character when the surrounding characters in a picture either matched or did not match the central character’s facial expression. What implications does this study have for the idea of analytic and holistic thinking styles? A) It implies that holistic thinking styles are better than analytic ones. B) It implies that analytic thinking styles are more primitive than holistic ones. C) It implies that holistic thinking leads people to more carefully consider social context. D) It implies that analytic thinking is erroneous in social contexts. E) It implies that analytic thinking leads people to take account of more information in a social setting. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

29) Research on cultural differences in nonverbal behaviour (Masuda et al., 2008) found that when interpreting the facial expressions of a central figure American subjects were influenced by A) the facial expressions of the surrounding group of people only. B) the facial expression of the central figure only. C) the facial expressions of both the central figure and the surrounding group of people. D) both the facial expressions of the surrounding group of people and the mood of the landscape. E) a more ‘panoramic’ view of the scene compared to Japanese subjects. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

30) _______ are culture-specific norms that dictate what kinds of emotional expression are allowed. A) Nonverbal rules B) Display rules C) Expressive norms D) External rules E) Encoding rules Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

31) Based on research in Chapter 4 of the text, which of the following cultures is LEAST likely to discourage displays of anger in facial expressions. A) Japanese B) Chinese C) American D) Indian E) Korean Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) People in Japan seldom smile widely when they are happy, whereas people in North America are encouraged to smile often. This cultural difference reflects the power of _______ to influence nonverbal communication. A) encoding B) politeness norms C) display rules D) emblems E) European speakers Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Easy

33) Zeinab won’t make eye contact with you. In North American culture, this lack of eye contact is interpreted as a sign of __________. A) deception B) unhappiness C) sadness D) happiness E) pride Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

34) Who will be more likely to display fewer emotions? A) Logan, from Canada B) Oliver, from Great Britain C) Michael, from the United States D) Itsuki, from Japan E) Mick, from Australia Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) dictate whether to encode or decode a given expression. B) signal whether we should be able to determine if someone is being truthful. C) signal whether we should pay attention to verbal or nonverbal behaviours. D) suggest that culture is also important. E) dictate that we should hide our embarrassment. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

36) Shontel’s family is hosting a Japanese exchange student, Yukiko, at their home for a year. Shontel notices that Yukiko hides her smile behind her hands. After reading Chapter 4 (Social Perception), Shontel learns that Yukiko hides her smile because A) in Japan, smiles signal feelings of superiority. B) Japanese norms discourage Japanese women from showing broad smiles. C) she is extremely uncomfortable. D) Japanese norms discourage men and women from smiling. E) she wants to conform to American display rules. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

37) According to the text, which of the following is NOT a display rule that governs the expression of emotions? A) In Canada, it is less appropriate for a man to cry at a sad movie than for a woman. B) In Japan, it is inappropriate for a woman to smile widely. C) In Japan, it is appropriate to smile and laugh when you are experiencing a negative emotion. D) In India, it is inappropriate to express strong feelings of anger in public. E) In India, it is appropriate to express strong negative emotions in public. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

38) Not only do display rules make it difficult to decode what someone is feeling by observing his or her face, but people also frequently display A) facial masking. B) affect blends. C) facial ambivalence. D) emblems. E) nonverbal masking. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

39) _______ refers to a facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion and another part of the face registers a different emotion. A) Dissembling B) Nonverbal fracture C) Deception D) Affect blend E) Ambivalence display Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

40) People frequently display affect blends. This means that A) their emotional expression doesn’t match the situation they are in B) one part of their face registers one emotion while another part registers a different emotion C) they are unable to properly display emotion D) their emotional expression doesn’t match the mood they’re actually in E) they display emotion in a way that is not acceptable to their culture Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

41) Your best friend comes by to let you know he just landed his dream acting job in Los Angeles. You feel excited for him, and yet you are sad that he will be leaving. These different emotions show on your face. The expression on your face is known as __________. A) a frown. B) confusion C) an emotional mix D) an affect blend E) social perception Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

42) Sarah, a student at a Canadian university, has just arrived in Bolivia for a study year abroad. When meeting her host parents, she notices that they stand very close to her as they speak. She feels uncomfortable until she realizes that A) she was just self-conscious. B) their emblem use differs from her own. C) she is just nervous about her trip. D) they have different cultural norms concerning the use of space. E) social roles are different in Latin America. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Difficulty: Easy 4-4

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

43) Gestures that have a clear meaning within a culture, but which may not be universally understood, are called A) universality displays. B) encoded displays. C) display rules. D) emblems. E) decoded displays. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

44) On a visit to Australia, former President George H.W. Bush offended the Australians when he flashed the two-fingered peace sign to a crowd. This is an example of how the use of _______, which vary from culture to culture, may lead to confusion or conflict if used outside of the user's culture. A) emblems, B) display rules, C) encoded displays, D) political gaffe, E) paralanguage, Answer: A Type: MC 45)

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

The “hand purse” gesture means “good” or “slow down” in some cultures. In North American culture, it doesn’t have a clear meaning; therefore, it is a(n) __________. A) display rule B) decoded display C) encoded display D) emblem E) universal expression Answer: D Type: MC

46)

LO: 4.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

Judy forms a circle with her thumb and forefinger to communicate to her sister that everything is okay. Although in North America this is a common gesture, it may be interpreted differently elsewhere in the world. What kind of gesture is this? A) Display rule B) Emblem C) Hand-purse D) Universal Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) Symbolic Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

47) Research shows that we form initial impressions of others based solely on their facial appearance in _______________. A) about five seconds B) less than 100 milliseconds C) about 2 minutes D) less than 2 milliseconds E) about 10 seconds Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

48) Rule and colleagues found that after brief glances of photographs of men’s and women’s faces, A) people were unable to judge their gender identification very accurately B) people were able to judge their gender identification at above-chance levels of accuracy C) people were unable to accurately judge their sexual orientation D) people were able to judge their sexual orientation at above-chance levels of accuracy E) people are not good judges of sexual orientation or social class Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

49) Bjornsdottir and Rule (2017) investigated the accuracy of people’s judgments regarding social class and found that A) participants were not able to easily identify another person’s social class after brief glances at photographs B) participants were able to identify another person’s social class, but they had to carefully study the photograph for a few minutes C) participants were able to identify another person’s social class at above-chance levels, even after only a brief glance at photographs D) participants’ ability to identify another person’s social class after a brief glimpse of a photograph depended on the participant’s race E) participants’ ability to identify another person’s social class after a brief glimpse of a photograph depended on their age Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

50) Research by Cogsdill et al. (2014) found that the tendency to infer what people are like based solely on facial appearance emerges as early as _____ A) 3 years of age B) 5 months of age C) 18 months of age D) 2 years of age E) 5 years of age Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

51) Emre has a baby face. Noam just met him. What is Noam likely to think about Emre? A) “He’s a very warm and naïve person.” B) “He’s a very outgoing and stubborn person.” C) “He’s a very mature and responsible person.” D) “He’s a very independent and talkative person.” E) “He’s a very trustworthy and mature person” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

52) Jordanka has big eyes, a small chin and nose, and a high forehead. Her new employer is most likely to believe she is __________. A) extraverted and outgoing B) confident bordering on rude C) calculating and scheming D) naïve and submissive E) mature and independent Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

53) The research done on Canadian politicians showed that the candidate perceived to be __________ was most likely to be voted into office. A) happy B) warm C) powerful D) threatening E) ambitious Answer: C Type: MC LO: 4.2 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 54) The study presented in your text where participants were asked to look at pictures and judge the sexual orientation of the individual in the picture demonstrated that __________.

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A) only those pictures of above average attractiveness were able to be accurately judged B) people performed above chance at judging sexual orientation C) there is no evidence of the ability to judge sexual orientation D) judgements regarding sexual orientation are hard to empirically test E) judgements regarding sexual orientation depend on race Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

55) Galina is described to you as a “computer nerd.” Based on this, you assume she is socially awkward, introverted, unpopular, and obsessed with anything related to technology. This information makes up your __________. A) personality B) schema C) thin-slice D) display rule E) emblems Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

56) Seeing pictures of physically attractive celebrities and models, many people in Canada assume that these people are also intelligent, kind, or wealthy. Such assumptions illustrate a schema held widely in North American culture that __________. A) what is beautiful is good B) beauty is in the eye of the beholder C) beauty is only skin deep D) one should beware of that which is too beautiful E) beauty has no drawbacks Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

57) Monique and Jacques are very physically attractive. In Canada, most people would think they are also __________. A) kind and intelligent B) unhelpful and ambitious C) sophisticated and worldly D) selfish and conceited E) honest and ambitious Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

58) Based on the findings from Canadian research discussed in module 4.2, if you were to look at photographs of various people, who would you view in the most positive light? A) a man who is looking down and to the right B) a woman who is looking up and to the right C) a man with his hair parted on the left D) a man with his hair parted on the right E) a woman who is looking up and to the left Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.2

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

59) An implicit personality theory is a type of A) cultural role. B) category. C) schema. D) gender role. E) stereotype. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

60) When we make inferences about someone’s personality based on what we already know about some characteristics, we are using a(n) A) blank-filling procedure. B) inferential statistic. C) implicit heuristic. D) meta-analysis. E) implicit personality theory. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

61) Computer nerds are widely held to be socially awkward, introverted, unpopular, and obsessed with anything related to technology. This description represents a(n) A) subjective inference. B) constructive reality. C) implicit personality theory. D) idiosyncratic schema. E) personality heuristic. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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62) Political commentator and humorist Molly Ivens made “Bubba” famous. Bubba is a loud, beer-drinking, swaggering man, simple in his tastes and thinking. This constellation of Bubba traits represents a(n) A) personality type. B) implicit personality theory. C) subjective inference. D) causal attribution. E) personality trait. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

63) Curt Hoffman, Ivy Lau, and David Johnson (1986) provided native English-speakers and Chinese-English bilinguals with descriptions of people who fit either an artistic type or a shi gú type. English-speakers filled in gaps in the descriptions with inferences about the artistic type, but not about the shi gú type. In contrast, bilinguals who read the descriptions in English filled in blanks for the artistic type, but not the shi gú type, and bilinguals who read the descriptions in Chinese filled in the blanks for the shi gú type, but not the artistic type. These results suggest that A) Chinese speakers rely more on nonverbal behaviours than English speakers. B) Westerners are cognitive misers, whereas Easterners are not. C) English speakers rely more on implicit personality theories than do Chinese speakers. D) language and culture shape our implicit personality theories. E) not all cultures use implicit personality theories. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

64) Ben’s first impression of Juan is that Juan is kind and friendly. Ben decides that Juan must also be smart and compassionate. Ben’s assumption is an example of A) the distinctiveness effect. B) an implicit personality theory. C) the self-serving bias. D) a defensive attribution. E) belief in a just world. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

65) Iona is 18 years old and in her first year of college. She works a part-time job at a local restaurant. Iona has done well in her courses thus far, maintaining a 3.8 GPA. Iona has high self-esteem. After reading this information about Iona, what are people likely to also say about her? A) That she is extraverted and emotionally stable B) That she is introverted and emotionally unstable Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) That she is warm and introverted D) That she is shy and emotionally unstable E) That she is introverted and unintelligent Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

66) Williams et al. (1992) investigated the link between implicit personality theories and condom use. They found that A) student participants do not use implicit personality theories in their condom use decisions B) student participants believed that if their partner was from a larger city, they didn’t need to use condoms C) student participants believed that if their partner dressed provocatively, they didn’t need to use condoms D) if student participants knew and liked their partner, they didn’t think they needed to use condoms E) if student participants didn’t really know their partners, they knew they should use condoms Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) Who is least likely to assume that an attractive person possesses desirable personality traits? A) Liangsi, a Chinese student who is not highly involved in his Chinese community B) Omar, a Canadian student who is highly involved in his University chess club C) Yue Fen, a Chinese student who is highly involved in her Chinese community D) Johanna, an Australian student who is participating in a student exchange program in China E) Emerson, a Canadian student who earns tuition money through a part-time modelling job Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

68) _______ theory provides a description of how people explain the causes of their own and other’s behaviour. A) Implicit personality B) Causal identification C) Dispositional D) Attribution E) Contagion Answer: D Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 4

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

69) In interviewing a new employee, you find that they won’t shake your hand, they don’t make eye contact with you, and they speak so quietly you can barely hear them. In determining the reason for their behaviour, you are most likely to __________. A) develop a schema B) use a judgmental heuristic C) make an attribution D) apply an implicit personality theory E) utilize display rules Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

70) In trying to make sense of the social world, people are much like amateur scientists. This observation is most compatible with Fritz Heider’s (1958) classic scholarly work on A) implicit personality theories. B) causal attributions. C) correspondent inferences. D) common sense psychology. E) cultural interpretation. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

71) From the point of view of Fritz Heider’s (1958) “naive” or “common sense” psychology, people are much like _______ in trying to understand others’ behaviour. A) amateur scientists B) computers C) social psychologists D) physicists E) cognitive misers Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

72) “Ahmed’s bicycle was stolen yesterday,” Jason said, “and that’s why he’s so cranky today.” Jason has just used a(n) _______ to explain the cause of Ahmed's behaviour. A) external referent B) external attribution C) internal attribution D) internal referent Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) personal referent Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

73) “Ellen is always crabby and tense, and that’s why she’s acting so impatient today,” Simone remarked. Simone has just used a(n) _______ attribution to explain the cause of Ellen's impatience. A) situational B) external C) inferential D) internal E) referential Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

74) _______ attribution is to PERSON as _______ attribution is to SITUATION. A) Internal; correspondent B) Extrinsic; intrinsic C) Individual; collective D) Internal; external E) Intrinsic; extrinsic Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

75) When we make note of an actor’s personality, attitudes, values, or character, we are forming a(n) A) speculative attribution. B) external attribution. C) causal speculation. D) internal attribution. E) implicit personality theory. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

76) Norenzayan and Lee (2010) found that __________ is/are associated with making fate attributions. A) race and education B) culture and religion C) only religion D) only culture E) only education

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

77) Research on married couples found that couples who are happy in their marriages make very different attributions for their partners’ behaviours than couples who are unhappy. Specifically, couples in happy marriages make ________, while couples in unhappy marriages make ________. A) external attributions for their partners’ behaviour; internal attributions for their partners’ behaviour. B) internal attributions for their partners’ behaviour; external attributions for their partners’ behaviour. C) external attributions for negative behaviour and internal attributions for positive behaviour; internal attributions for negative behaviour and external for positive. D) internal attributions for negative behaviour and external attributions for positive behaviour; external attributions for negative behaviour and internal for positive. E) internal attributions for negative behaviour and internal attributions for positive behaviour; external attributions for negative behaviour and external for positive. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

78) Based on research on attributions of married couples, consider the following couple: Dean claims that every time Erica does something kind it is just because she wants to impress his mother, and every time she does something rude he says it is because she is a mean person. What kind of relationship are they most likely to have? A) They are a very satisfied and happy couple. B) They are a very dissatisfied and troubled couple. C) There is no way to judge based on attributions. D) It depends on the gender roles of the society they live in. E) They have a competitive relationship, due to Dean’s self-serving bias. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

79) According to the research on married couples, a spouse in an unhappy marriage is most likely to make which of the following attributions? A) My partner was irritable because he is under stress. B) My wife helped with my work because she is considerate. C) My husband forgot my birthday because he is so over-worked at the moment. D) My partner didn’t notice my new dress because he loves me whatever I wear. E) My wife bought me a gift because she wanted to impress our friends. Answer: E Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 4

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

80) Don is running late for work, and arrives ten minutes late. Which of the following represents an internal attribution that his supervisor would make? A) “I’m sure you just couldn’t find a parking spot—it’s okay.” B) “You probably overslept again because you’re so lazy.” C) “You probably got delayed by a train.” D) “You probably just had trouble getting your kids up and out the door.” E) “I heard the buses were running late today” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

81) Kelley's (1967) covariation model focuses on how people A) combine situational and cultural information. B) decide whether to make an internal or an external attribution. C) use information to revise their causal schemas. D) combine information to make a noncorrespondent inference. E) revise their causal inferences in the face of contrary evidence. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

82) The attributional perspective that addresses behaviours that occur over time, place and different actors and targets is the A) fundamental attribution model. B) covariation model. C) dissonance model. D) perceptual salience model. E) social perception model. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

83) The other day Ricardo was in the coffee shop and Terry looked him right in the eye and gave him a big smile. For an instant Ricardo thought that perhaps Terry was attracted to him, but then he concluded, “Terry always looks people in the eye and smiles at them.” According to Kelley’s covariation model, Ricardo’s conclusion is an example of A) how a lifetime of rejection can produce bitterness and pessimism. B) low consistency. C) high distinctiveness. D) low distinctiveness. E) high consistency. Answer: D Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 4

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

84) Hana usually doesn’t like movies with violent scenes, but she saw Pulp Fiction, a violent movie, five times and loved it. Everyone else, including critics, also really liked Pulp Fiction. In this example, distinctiveness is _______ and consensus is _______. A) low; high B) low; low C) high; high D) high; low E) low only; high or low Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

85) Hana usually doesn’t like movies with violent scenes, but she saw Pulp Fiction, a violent movie, five times and loved it. Everyone else also really liked Pulp Fiction. After reading Chapter 4, how would you explain why Hana saw Pulp Fiction so many times? A) She’s in love with Samuel L. Jackson. B) Pulp Fiction must be a good movie. C) Although Hana doesn’t like the violence, she appreciates good dialogue. D) Hana actually enjoys movies with violent scenes. E) Violence is making a comeback in Hollywood. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

86) When distinctiveness is _______, consensus is _______, and consistency is high, people are likely to make an external attribution. A) high or low; low only B) high; high C) high; low D) low; high E) low; low Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

87) Jacquie tells me that the latest album by Strapping Young Lad is fantastic. It is her favourite album and I should definitely buy it as soon as possible. Which of the following sets of attributional information constitute the best evidence that the album is actually good, and isn’t just due to the fact that sometimes Jacquie is weird? A) Low consensus/Low distinctiveness/Low consistency B) Low consensus/High distinctiveness/Low consistency C) Low consensus/High distinctiveness/High consistency Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) High consensus/High distinctiveness/High consistency E) High consensus/Low distinctiveness/High consistency Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

88) Rafael has always hated mathematics courses. However, he likes most other courses at the university. Most other students also tend to avoid math courses whenever possible. Given this information about consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus, most people would make a(n) _______ attribution for Rafael’s attitude. A) external B) situational C) personal D) internal E) biased Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

89) Simon laughed long and hard when he saw his mother slip and fall. Neither his sister nor his father laughed when they saw her fall. Simon has seen both his mother and other people fall before, but didn't laugh then. According to Kelley’s covariation model, observers privy to this information are likely to assume that A) the weather makes people behave strangely. B) there must have been something peculiar about this particular incident that made Simon laugh. C) Simon doesn’t like his mother very much. D) Simon’s mother looked ridiculous when she fell. E) Simon is under stress and not himself. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

90) According to Kelley’s covariation model, when consistency is low, people make A) situational attributions. B) external attributions as long as consensus is high. C) internal attributions as long as distinctiveness is low. D) personal attributions as long as distinctiveness is low. E) internal attributions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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C) consistency information is relatively unimportant. D) the fundamental attribution error is the exception, not the rule. E) people make attributions in a rational, logical way. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

92) According to the textbook authors, which of the following statements is NOT one of the recent refinements of Kelley’s covariation theory? A) People are predisposed to make external attributions if situational factors are evident. B) If they do not have information about all three dimensions, people use the information they do have and proceed with the attributional process. C) People don’t always have the relevant information they need on all three dimensions. D) People make inferences about missing data if they don’t have information on all three dimensions. E) People rely much more on consistency and distinctiveness information than they do on consensus. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

93) Which of the following statements represents updated findings on Kelley’s covariation model? A) People are likely to make situational attributions when consensus is low and distinctiveness is high. B) Due to the fact that people make up missing information, they are invariably wrong in their attributions. C) People rely more on consensus and consistency information than they do on distinctiveness. D) People rely more on consensus information than on either distinctiveness or consistency information. E) People rely more on consistency and distinctiveness information than they do on consensus information. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

94) Kelley’s contribution to attribution theory concerns how we A) develop causal theories about the influences on our feelings and behaviour. B) gain a better understanding of our own behaviour. C) examine multiple instances of behaviour in determining whether to make internal or external attributions. D) overestimate the role of internal factors and underestimate the role of situational factors in making attributions. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) make decisions under conditions of uncertainty. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

95) _______ information addresses the extent to which the same person responds similarly to different stimuli. A) Consensus B) Discrimination C) Distinctiveness D) Stable E) Consistency Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

96) When observers consider the extent to which different people respond in the same way toward a given stimulus, they are using _______ information. A) commonality B) consensus C) consistency D) stable E) distinctiveness Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

97) _______ information addresses the extent to which an actor behaves in a similar way in response to a stimulus across time and circumstances. A) Uniformity B) Consensus C) Distinctiveness D) Stable E) Consistency Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

98) When people make attributions, research has suggested, they rely less on consensus information than the covariation model suggests, and rely more heavily on __________. A) consistency and distinctiveness B) consistency and additivity C) distinctiveness and ambiguity D) additivity and circumstances E) consistency and covariation Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 4

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

99) When people do not have the information they need to make attributions, how does that impact Kelley’s covariation model? A) People will not make attributions according to Kelley’s covariation model. B) People successfully fill in the holes of their knowledge and still follow Kelley’s covariation model. C) People will not make any attributions if they lack information. D) People will use more contextual cues and still follow Kelley’s covariation model. E) It doesn’t have an impact at all Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

100) If people do not have all three types of information necessary (according to the covariation model), what do they do in order to make attributions? A) They ignore the information they already have and rely totally on schemas. B) They use the information they have and rely on the opinions of others for the rest. C) They use the information they have and make inferences about missing information. D) They ignore the information they have and rely on judgmental heuristics. E) They won’t make an attribution at all. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

101) What kind of attributions do people most often make about others? A) situational B) inferential C) relevant D) internal E) external Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

102) After watching a television report about people who pay too much for their cars when they are subjected to “high pressure” sales tactics, you conclude that those people are particularly weak and gullible. According to the text, your conclusion is an example of all of the following EXCEPT Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) the correspondence bias. B) a dispositional attribution. C) an internal attribution. D) a situational attribution. E) the fundamental attribution error. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

103) After the tragic, accidental death of Diana, Princess of Wales, public sorrow was mixed with criticism of the Royal Family, whose absence from the public stage was noted. The Queen, Prince Charles, and others were referred to as aloof and uncaring. This historical example illustrates the A) use of self-serving attributions. B) covariation model of attribution. C) hindsight bias. D) use of consistency information. E) fundamental attribution error. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

104) People who commit the fundamental attribution error are most like A) personality psychologists. B) social psychologists. C) clinical psychologists. D) experimental psychologists. E) sociologists. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

105) Thomas is constantly searching for employment, but has yet to be hired. While Thomas is outside in the unemployment line, a woman yells at him as she drives by, “Get a job, you lazy bum!” Her assumption about Thomas is an example of the A) primary attributional fault. B) cognitive failure error. C) principal retribution inaccuracy. D) fundamental intervention error. E) fundamental attribution error. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

106) After managing to make it to the final five players on Survivor, a low profile (and somewhat underrated contestant) named Sam expresses loyalty to one player but then votes against him at Tribal Council. If you assume that Sam is a manipulative liar this means that you have probably A) demonstrated the misinformation effect. B) fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error. C) displayed self-serving attributions. D) overestimated the situational constraints on Sam’s behaviour. E) excused Sam’s lying behaviour. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

107) The tendency to assume that human behaviour is caused by the kind of person who enacts it was labelled by Lee Ross (1977) as “the fundamental attribution error” because it is A) a frequent occurrence, even when there are clear situational forces that could affect behaviour. B) culture-specific. C) species-specific. D) one of the first attribution theories. E) acquired so early in life. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

108) When people commit the fundamental attribution error, they tend to A) overestimate the situational constraints on people’s behaviour. B) underestimate the direct causes of people’s behaviour. C) underestimate the situational constraints on people’s behaviour. D) rely on situational information only and disregard personality variables. E) overestimate the proximal causes of people’s behaviour. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

109) Even when participants in an experiment, conducted by E.E. Jones and Victor Harris (1967), were told that people were assigned to write an essay sympathetic to Cuba’s Fidel Castro, they still were willing to assume that the essay reflected the writer’s true “pro-Castro” attitudes. These findings illustrate A) the covariation effect. B) the power of distinctiveness information. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) judgmental heuristics. E) the power of consistency information.

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Chapter 4

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

110) Gagné and colleagues (2008) asked subjects to rate the extent to which a positive evaluation about themselves from an attractive single person reflected that person’s true opinion. The researchers also varied whether the positive evaluation was constrained (compelled by the researchers) or unconstrained (not influenced by the researchers). Which subjects took account of constraint in making their ratings? A) subjects who were currently in a dating relationship B) subjects who disliked the attractive person C) subjects who had low self-esteem D) subjects who had low self-esteem and were currently in a dating relationship E) subjects who had high self-esteem and were currently in a dating relationship Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

111) Gagné and colleagues (2008) asked subjects to rate the extent to which a positive evaluation about themselves from an attractive single person reflected that person’s true opinion. The researchers also varied whether the positive evaluation was constrained (compelled by the researchers) or unconstrained (not influenced by the researchers). Which kind of attribution did most subjects make for the attractive person’s evaluation in the constrained condition? A) dispositional B) situational C) external D) self-effacing E) defensive Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

112) At the party, Juanita overheard her friend say to Zhang, “Be nice to Juanita! She’s had a fight with her boyfriend and is feeling a bit low.” Later Zhang remarked to Juanita that she looked “so lovely tonight.” Based on research by Gagné and colleagues, would Juanita believe that Zhang was expressing his true opinion? A) probably, because of the actor/observer difference B) probably, because she has low self-esteem at the moment C) probably not, because she has low self-esteem at the moment and is dating someone else D) probably not, because of the correspondence bias and her high self-esteem E) probably, because Juanita has been attracted to Zhang for many months Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

113) According to Fritz Heider (1958), people more likely to make internal rather than external attributions because they are A) motivated to make self-serving attributions. B) perceptually focused on the person and not the situation. C) perceptually focused on the situation and not the person. D) usually empathetic. E) motivated to draw causal inferences as quickly as possible. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

114) Daniel Gilbert and Patrick Malone (1995) have pointed out that we often fall prey to the fundamental attribution error because A) we seldom, if ever, know how actors interpret information about the situation. B) although there are taxonomies of people, there are no taxonomies of situations. C) understanding current behaviour is of no help in predicting future behaviour. D) we tend to overestimate situational constraints. E) we seldom, if ever, have consensus information. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

115) One reason that people make the fundamental attribution error is that they A) use the anchoring/adjustment heuristic, whereas observers use the availability heuristic. B) do not have access to any situational information. C) are more biased than objective observers. D) have more distinctiveness and consistency information than observers. E) have more consensus information than observers. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

116) Althea doesn’t talk much on her first date with Sean. Sean assumes that is because she’s shy. She isn’t shy. Althea is quiet because she has recently had a root canal and it still hurts to move her mouth. This example best illustrates that differential _______ can be a source of actor/observer differences in attributions. A) perceptual salience B) availability of information C) expectation D) distinctiveness E) priming Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

117) Shelley Taylor and Susan Fiske (1975) conducted a clever experiment in which a group of participants observed a scripted conversation between two male confederates. Some could see both of the men; others could see the face of only one man or the other. When asked questions about the two confederates (e.g., who had taken the lead in the conversation), participants who had a clear view of both men thought they were equally influential, whereas those who faced one or the other thought that the man whose face they saw was more influential. These results demonstrated that A) explaining the fundamental attribution error to people makes them resistant to it. B) the salience of perceptual stimuli can help explain how the fundamental attribution error occurs. C) the fundamental attribution error applies to others, but not to ourselves. D) there is no way to make people resistant to the fundamental attribution error. E) people typically go through two steps in making attributions. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

118) Based on research in Chapter 4, you would expect that the effect of increasing perceptual salience of an individual on attribution is to A) increase the likelihood of the correspondence bias but decrease the likelihood of the fundamental attribution error. B) increase the likelihood of external attribution and, thus, decrease the likelihood of the correspondence bias. C) increase the gap between the actor and observer in the actor/observer difference. D) increase the likelihood of internal attribution and, thus, increase the likelihood of the correspondence bias. E) decrease the likelihood of the correspondence bias and increase the likelihood of the fundamental attribution error. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

119) In research by Lassiter and colleagues (2007), when were judges and police officers who had been shown a videotaped confession by a suspect more likely to evaluate the confession as ‘voluntary’? A) when the videotape focused on the interrogator only B) when the videotape focused on the suspect only C) when the videotape focused equally on the interrogator and the suspect D) when the videotape showed others observing the suspect E) when the videotape showed others observing the interrogator Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Difficulty: Easy 4-4

Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

120) The fundamental attribution error is also known as the __________. A) partner difference B) self-serving bias C) correspondence bias D) matching bias E) covariation bias Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

121) In a study by Lassiter and his colleagues (2007), judges and police officers viewed tapes of interrogations and were asked to evaluate the extent of ‘voluntariness’ of a confession. The focus of these tapes was varied. In which condition were judges and police officers most likely to show the correspondence bias in their evaluations? A) when the tape showed only the detective B) when the tape showed only the suspect C) when the tape showed both the detective and suspect D) when the tape only had sound E) when the tape showed only the interrogation room, not the detective or the suspect Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

122) A study by Lassiter and his colleagues (2007) found that when judges and police officers viewed tapes of interrogations, they were more likely to find the confession of a suspect voluntary when the camera focused only on the suspect. Why? A) They could read his expressions of guilt more clearly. B) They could see how nervous the suspect was. C) The perceptual salience of the suspect triggered a defensive bias. D) They failed to see how the suspect was persuaded. E) The perceptual salience of the suspect triggered the correspondence bias. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

123) Based on a study by Lassiter and his colleagues (2007) examining how judges and police officers viewed tapes of interrogations, if you were going to be interrogated by a detective, you would NOT want the camera pointed A) at the wall. B) at both you and the detective. C) at observers in the next room. D) at the detective only. E) at you only. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 4

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

124) The fundamental attribution error is due in part to A) heuristic cues. B) perceptual salience. C) schematic interference. D) the false consensus effect. E) gender. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

125) Sebastian sits in the front row in economics class. Mark sits behind him. One day, an argument starts between Mark and the professor. When asked who he thought was responsible for the argument, who will Sebastian say is more responsible for the argument? A) The professor B) Mark C) Both Mark and the professor equally D) Neither Mark nor the professor E) It will depend on the content of the argument Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

126) What are the two steps in making attributions? A) First we make an external attribution, and then we adjust the attribution by considering the situation the person was in. B) First we make a self-serving attribution, and then we consider our possible biases. C) First we make an internal attribution, and then we adjust the attribution by considering the situation the person was in. D) First we make an internal attribution, and then we consider the personality of the person. E) First we consider distinctiveness, and then we adjust our attribution based on consensus. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

127) Why do we sometimes skip the second step in making attributions? A) The first step usually leads to highly accurate attributions, so there is no need to move on to the second step most of the time. B) Information about consensus and consistency are usually enough to make attributions; distinctiveness is not that helpful. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) Our attributions are based primarily on distinctiveness. Adding in consensus and consistency usually does not increase the accuracy of attributions. D) We may lack the time, energy, and motivation to consider revising our initial attributions. E) Situational forces are too powerful and tend to dominate the attributional process. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

128) When people are motivated to reach an accurate judgment, or are suspicious of a person (suspecting lying or ulterior motives, for instance), they are more likely to engage in the __________ of the two-step process of attributions. A) automatic process B) first step C) entirety D) second step E) third step Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

129) The fundamental attributional error occurs more often in _______ cultures. A) Eastern B) Western C) interdependent D) Asian E) collectivist Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

130) A number of researchers have found that participants from Asian cultures are less likely than participants from Western cultures to commit the fundamental attribution error and make self-serving attributions. These findings suggest that A) values can influence attribution processes. B) experimental stimuli were poorly translated. C) Western cultures are more advanced than Eastern cultures. D) Eastern cultures are more advanced than Western cultures. E) it is relatively easy to teach people to reason more logically. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

131) You are on a balcony in Hong Kong reading the morning newspaper and you notice a headline about a double murder that took place in the city overnight. A suspect is in custody. Which of the following headlines is most likely to accompany the story? A) Deviant Criminal Commits Murder B) Homicidal Maniac Stalks Innocents C) Bloodthirsty Mobster Takes Revenge D) Dispute Over Gambling Debt Ends in Murder E) Crazed Murderer Slays Two Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

132) Consider the following headline: “Evil Empire Masses Troops on Border.” In which of the following newspapers would you be most likely to encounter such a headline? A) The Toronto Star B) The Hong Kong Press C) The Beijing Tattler D) The Bombay Observer E) The Calcutta Courier Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

133) Why do the authors of your text refer to the actor/observer difference as an interesting twist on the fundamental attribution error? A) Observers who see the world through actors’ eyes are susceptible to the fundamental attribution error. B) When we take the perspective of actors, we are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error. C) Our perspectives as actors versus observers influence the extent to which we commit the fundamental attribution error. D) Actors, are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error in explaining their failures than observers are. E) Both actors and observers are equally likely to commit the fundamental attribution error. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

134) The actor/observer difference is the tendency to see other people’s behaviour as _______, while making _______ attributions about our own behaviour. A) situational; unstable B) situational; stable C) unstable; stable D) unstable; dispositional E) dispositional; situational Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 4

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

135) René exhibits the actor/observer difference when she says, A) “Sally is angry over her grades, but I think she’s overreacting.” B) “Sally is mad because of her grades, but I’m just plain mean.” C) “Sally is sad over her grades, but I’m angry because I got a bad grade.” D) “Sally is angry because her grade was not fair, I’m upset because I did not study enough.” E) “Sally is just plain mean, but I’m irritable because I got a bad grade.” Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

136) Raúl and Ramona are bowling. Ramona watches as she waits for her turn, and when Raúl is up, he rolls the ball right into the gutter. Raúl is likely to think, _______. Whereas Ramona is likely to think, _______. A) “they need to wax these alleys.”; “he always was a little clumsy.” B) “I’ve got to practice more.”; “he must have forgotten his glasses.” C) “I’m a poor bowler.”; “he is just having a bad day. Something must be on his mind.” D) “I’ve never been any good at bowling.”; “he must have slipped.” E) “these shoes are just too tight.”; “he couldn’t see the line.” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

137) The actor/observer pattern of attributions does not manifest itself when actors explain their own successes. Why? A) Actors are often motivated to maintain or restore their self-esteem. B) In the interest of getting along, observers are likely to give actors the benefit of the doubt. C) Actors are often socially motivated to appear humble and self-deprecating. D) Actors are most concerned about the feelings of others. E) Actors are concerned about the stability of attributions, but observers are not. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

138) According to cross-cultural research by Choi and Nisbett (1998), which of the following statements concerning American and Korean attributions about themselves versus others is true? A) Americans are more likely to make situational attributions for themselves while Koreans are more likely to make dispositional attributions for themselves. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) Americans are more likely to make dispositional attributions for themselves while Koreans are more likely to make situational attributions for themselves. C) Americans are more likely to make situational attributions for others while Koreans are more likely to make dispositional attributions for others. D) Americans are more likely to make dispositional attributions for others while Koreans are more likely to make situational attributions for others. E) Americans and Koreans are both very likely to make dispositional attributions for themselves. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

139) Ryan (an American student) and Kim (an exchange student from Korea) are waiting in the medical clinic reception area. A father rushes in carrying his 3-year-old child in his arms and demands an appointment for his child. As the receptionist tries to explain that the clinic is closing soon and there are no more appointments available for this evening, the father becomes increasingly agitated. According to research by Choi and Nisbett (1998) on cross-cultural differences in the actor/observer effect, what attributions about the father’s behaviour would be predicted for Ryan and Kim? A) Ryan and Kim will be equally likely to describe the father as aggressive. B) Kim will be more likely to describe the father as aggressive while Ryan will describe his behaviour as stressed. C) Ryan will be more likely to describe the father as aggressive while Kim will describe his behaviour as stressed. D) Ryan and Kim will be equally likely to describe the father as stressed. E) Ryan and Kim will be equally likely to describe the father’s behaviour as inappropriate. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult (must infer that stress is due to external forces)

140) When we make self-serving attributions, we tend to attribute our successes to _______ factors and our failures to _______ factors. A) unstable; stable B) external; consistent C) inconsistent; consistent D) uncontrollable; controllable E) internal; external Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 4

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

141) After losing a Little League softball game against the Tigers, what is the coach of the losing Rockets likely to say? A) “Our practice is just not paying off.” B) “The Tigers team stinks, but we stink more.” C) “Boy, those Tigers have never played better than they did today.” D) “Bobby and Rick were just way off their form today.” E) “We just weren't motivated to do what it took today.” Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

142) According to the text, which of the following is true regarding self-serving attributions by athletes? A) More experienced athletes are more likely than less experienced athletes to take personal responsibility for poor performance. B) Athletes in team sports are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than athletes in individual sports. C) Players are more likely than coaches to make self-serving attributions following a loss. D) Athletes in team sports are more likely to blame losses on external factors than solo athletes. E) Less skilled athletes are less likely to make self-serving attributions than more skilled athletes. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

143) Scott Roesch and Jame Amirkham (1997) studied attributions for success and failure in athletes. Based on their findings, which of the following athletes would be most likely to make an external attribution for losing? A) John, a novice tennis player B) Wayne, a veteran hockey player whose skills have deteriorated due to injuries C) Karim, a rookie (i.e., new player) on the Toronto Raptors D) Joe, a 10-year veteran of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers football team E) Bill, a professional baseball player on a team with a poor record Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

144) Which of the following was presented in the text as a possible reason why athletes attribute wins to their own behaviour and losses to external factors? A) Self-serving attributions are partly due to the values that we are taught in Western culture. B) Engaging in self-serving attributions is motivated by a need to protect one's self-esteem.

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C) The operation of judgmental heuristics leads to a tendency to engage in selfserving attributions. D) The behaviours in a winning effort are more perceptually salient than those in a losing effort. E) Athletes are particularly likely to commit the fundamental attribution error. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

145) During the Cold War, American students told that an American ice-breaker had saved a group of trapped whales attributed the crew's behaviour to positive motives. Students told that a Soviet ice-breaker had saved the whales made negative attributions, such as, “they saved the whales so that they could slaughter them and eat them later.” According to your text, the motives behind this kind of attributional bias also account for the finding that A) Hindus living in India were more likely than Americans living in the United States to make situational explanations for their friends’ behaviour. B) Canadian students said that they were less likely to get AIDS than the average student, but Japanese students said that bad things were more likely to happen to them than to the average student. C) athletes and coaches often attribute successes to their own behaviour and losses to external factors. D) American students assumed the author of a pro-Castro essay really had proCastro attitudes, even when told that the author had no choice about what position to take in the essay. E) Americans students believe they are less likely to achieve higher grades than their peers, but Canadian students believe they are more likely to achieve higher grades than their peers. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

146) In ________ culture, not only is the self-serving bias less prevalent, but people commonly show an opposite pattern of attribution. A) Canadian B) New Zealand C) Korean D) Eastern European E) African Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

147) You are having a foreign student from Japan stay at your house for a few months and are trying to prepare mentally for his visit by remembering material you have

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learned about cognitive differences between cultures. Based on Chapter 4 in the text, which non-Western pattern of attribution might you expect from this student? A) attributing failure to external factors B) frequent use of defensive attribution C) a high belief in a just world D) attributing success to internal factors and failure to external factors E) attributing success to external factors and failure to internal factors Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

148) Those from Asian cultures such as Japan and Korea, show a pattern of attribution that is the OPPOSITE of A) defensive attribution. B) internal attribution. C) belief in a just world. D) the self-serving bias. E) the actor/observer difference. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

149) Ming is from China and Tyrone is from Canada. Both participate in an experiment in which they take a test, are given feedback and told that they did very well, and then asked to make attributions for their performance. Based on cross-cultural research on the self-serving bias, you would expect that A) both Ming and Tyrone will say that they succeeded due to their high ability. B) Ming, but not Tyrone, will say that he succeeded due to his high ability. C) Tyrone, but not Ming, will say he succeeded due to his high ability. D) both Ming and Tyrone will say that they succeeded because the test was easy. E) Tyrone, but not Ming, will say that he succeeded because the test was easy. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

150) The self-serving bias is likely to be the strongest in A) Japan. B) Australia. C) India. D) the Pacific Islands. E) China. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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151) According to recent research, why does culture influence our tendency to make selfserving attributions? A) Cultures vary in the extent to which interdependence are valued. B) Collectivist cultures seldom have any unusual or anti-social actions to explain. C) Western cultures value team players more than Eastern cultures. D) Our culture determines how we understand emotion. E) Collectivist cultures do not have schemas for cause. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

152) Ross and Sicoly (1979) asked students working on a group project to report their memories for both their own contributions and the contributions of other group members. They found that students remembered their own contributions very well, but had poorer recall of other group members’ contributions. This study is an example of A) self-serving attributions. B) the actor/observer effect. C) hindsight bias. D) the fundamental attribution error. E) the representativeness heuristic. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

153) Ross and Sicoly (1979) asked students working on a group project to report their memories for both their own contributions and the contributions of other group members. They found that students remembered their own contributions very well, but had poorer recall of other group members’ contributions. Based on what you know about how culture affects the self-serving bias, what might you expect if the study was conducted in Japan? A) Japanese students would remember more of their own contributions than the original participants did. B) Japanese students would have perfect recall for the contributions of other group members. C) Japanese students would remember even less information about the other group members’ contributions than the original participants did. D) Japanese students would remember the same amount of information about the other group members’ contributions as the original participants did. E) Japanese students would remember more about the other group members’ contributions than the original participants did. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

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154) If an American and a Korean student are both given feedback that they have done poorly at a task, who would be more likely to blame him- or herself for the failure? A) The American, because of a belief in a just world. B) The American, because honesty is an essential cultural value. C) The Korean, because false modesty is encouraged in the culture. D) The Korean, because self-criticism is an important “glue” in the culture. E) The American, because of defensiveness relative to others. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

155) Because the knowledge that we are mortal and that bad things can happen to us is very difficult to accept, we often make _______ attributions. A) fundamental B) defensive C) personal D) internal E) egoistic Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

156) Explanations for our behaviour that help us avoid feelings of vulnerability or mortality are called A) belief justifications. B) just-world hypotheses. C) relief management. D) perceptual balances. E) defensive attributions. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

157) Belief in a just world is best characterized as a form of A) actor/observer difference. B) self-serving bias. C) perceptual bias. D) fundamental attribution error. E) defensive attribution. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

158) Despite a belief in a just world, some tragedies or misfortunes are undeniable reminders that bad things can and do happen. According to Melvin Lerner (1980), to deal with these unsettling reminders we often Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) convince ourselves that bad things happen only to bad people. B) avoid trying to hear about further tragedies or misfortunes. C) decrease our conviction in the power of fate. D) adjust our beliefs about the controllability of events. E) look on the bright side, and work to find something positive in what would appear to be negative events. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

159) Blaming the victim of rape, abuse, or other misfortunes is most closely related to A) belief in a just world. B) distinctiveness information. C) self-fulfilling prophecy. D) self-serving bias E) hindsight bias. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

160) The belief in a just world is a _______ that helps people _______. A) defensive attribution; explain away their failures. B) correspondence attribution; maintain a positive self-concept. C) fundamental attribution error; protect their self-esteem. D) biased attribution; excuse their failures. E) defensive attribution; view life as safe, orderly, and predictable. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

161) Several researchers have found that rape victims are often seen as causing their rapes, and that battered women are often held responsible for their abuse. These findings best represent A) belief in a just world. B) the correspondence bias. C) unrealistic optimism. D) the power of distinctiveness information. E) the fundamental attribution error. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

162) Why is belief in a just world a defensive belief? A) We can convince ourselves that we are safe from misfortunes. B) We can explain away our past mistakes. C) We can help avoid future misfortunes. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) We can convince ourselves that we are superior. E) We can avoid blame for factors beyond our control. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

163) According to recent research by Hafer (2000), victim blaming is increased when people’s thoughts are directed towards planning for their future. This is related to A) the belief in a just world. B) the actor/observer difference. C) the self-serving bias. D) implicit personality theory. E) covariation theory. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

164) Although Westerners have an expression for a bohemian or artistic type, the Chinese do not. This suggests that A) contents of implicit personality theories are culture-specific. B) the Chinese are more likely to fall prey to the fundamental attribution error. C) the Chinese have no concepts for “creative,” “temperamental,” or “unconventional.” D) the Cultural Revolution discouraged pursuit of the arts in China. E) Westerners are more likely than those in the East to fill in the blanks when forming impressions of others. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

165) Nonverbal behaviours—facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, posture, touch, adjusting physical distance—serve many useful functions in communication. Your text describes four primary uses of nonverbal behaviours. Briefly describe three. Answer: Nonverbal behaviours can be used to express emotions (e.g., facial expressions of joy or anger). Nonverbal behaviours can be used to express attitudes (e.g., a smile or forward leaning posture to say “I like you,” or a frown to say “I don’t like what you said.”). Nonverbal behaviours can be used to communicate something about our personality or how we see ourselves (e.g., animated gestures, varied voice inflection, or energetic movements to communicate “I’m an outgoing person.”). Nonverbal behaviour may elicit empathy (e.g., we mimic others’ facial expressions, like happiness, sadness, and disgust, because of the mirror neuron system). Nonverbal cues can be offered as a substitute for a verbal message (e.g., OK sign, drawing a finger across your throat). Type: ES

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

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166) How have researchers collected evidence that there are six major human emotions conveyed via facial expressions? Answer: Researchers such as Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen (1971) have conducted a series of cross-cultural studies, the most famous of which are the studies they conducted in an isolated part of New Guinea, where inhabitants had never seen Westerners. The New Guineans were able to match Western facial expressions with stories associated with various emotions. When the people in New Guinea posed facial expressions for photographs, Westerners could also recognize the emotions they portrayed. These studies provide convincing support for the assertion that there are six universally encoded and decoded facial expressions of emotions. Type: ES

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

167) Imagine travelling to a country where you don’t speak the native language. You just had a great meal. You don’t want to be misunderstood, so how can you communicate to your host that the meal was great, and that you’re happy? What should you not do given that you’re in a different culture? Answer: In this case, smiling, which is a universal facial expression, will indicate happiness. The use of hand symbols or gestures should be avoided due to the fact that hand symbols and gestures (e.g., the “thumbs-up” or “ok” sign) are not universal (they can be emblems and their use is more culturally specific). Type: ES

LO: 4.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

168) What are three challenges in decoding facial expressions, as presented in your text? Answer: The first challenge is the occurrence of affect blends. Sometimes people are showing more than one emotion, which can be confusing. The second challenge is that some aspects of the same facial expression can have different implications based on context and other cues. Lastly, there are display rules for various cultures that may interfere with decoding. Type: ES

LO: 4.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

169) What things contribute to a first impression and how quickly are first impressions formed? Answer: We form first impressions of other people based on their facial structure, possessions, attire, body posture, and a variety of other cues. This process begins within milliseconds of meeting the person. Research has shown that we form Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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initial impressions of others based solely on their facial appearance in less than 100 milliseconds. Type: ES 170)

LO: 4.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

Chapter 4 discusses various research findings regarding first impressions and the tendency for people to infer what people are like based solely on facial appearance. Discuss some of these research findings. Answer: People tend to use a few observations of a person as a starting point, and then use schemas to create a fuller understanding of what the person is like. Research shows that this tendency to infer what people are like based solely on facial appearance emerges as early as 3 years of age. People who have “baby faces” tend to be perceived as having childlike traits (e.g., naïve, warm, and submissive) In Western culture, research findings support the existence of the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype (the belief and expectation that people with physical beauty will also have a whole host of other wonderful qualities). For example, when Dion and Dion (1987) showed visitors to the Ontario Science Centre photographs of attractive and unattractive individuals, more positive qualities (e.g., kind, considerate, sincere) were attributed to the attractive individuals. Participants also predicted that attractive individuals would even experience more successes in life. Research also shows that our impressions are also influenced by seemingly trivial factors such as facial hair; men with beards are seen as more trustworthy than men who are clean shaven. Finally, Frimer and Sinclair (2016) found that when participants were shown photographs, the people who were looking up and to the right in the photographs were given the highest ratings on positive attributes and were seen as more morally heroic. Type: ES

LO: 4.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

171) What are implicit personality theories? What are some of the negative consequences of the formation of these theories? Answer: An implicit personality theory is a type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together. For example, many people believe that if someone is kind, he or she will be generous as well. These implicit personality theories can lead us astray and can be damaging to people with certain characteristics, such as shyness or low self-esteem. For example, Cameron et al. (2016) found that when a person was described as having low self-

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esteem, participants reported less liking and expected less future success for them than when the same person was described as having high self-esteem. Implicit personality theories can also lead to risky behaviour such as failure to protect oneself from STIs in sexual situations. Williams et al. (1992) found that if people knew their partner and liked them, they assumed that they couldn’t possibly have AIDS (terminology used in the research at the time). If they didn’t know their partner, they relied on superficial characteristics, such as the person’s age, how they dressed, or even whether the person was from a large city versus a small town. Type: ES

LO: 4.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

172) Research findings indicate that implicit personality theories are strongly tied to culture. Discuss some of these research findings. Answer: Dion et al. (1990) investigated whether physical attractiveness stereotyping might be less likely to occur in collectivist cultures (e.g., China) where social judgments are more likely to be based on group-related attributes than on characteristics of the individual. They found that Chinese students who were highly involved in Toronto’s Chinese community – who, therefore, were probably more collectivist – were less likely than students who were not as involved in the Chinese community to assume that an attractive person possessed desirable personality traits. Hoffman et al. (1986) found that people formed impressions of characters in stories that were consistent with the implicit personality theory contained in their language. For example, when Chinese–English bilinguals read stories about people in English, they were likely to form impressions consistent with a Western implicit theory, the artistic personality. When Chinese–English bilingual participants read the same stories in Chinese, they were likely to form impressions consistent with a Chinese implicit theory, the shi gú personality. Type: ES

LO: 4.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

173) In Heider’s attribution theory, attributions are dichotomous—that is, there are two possible attributions a person can make about another’s behaviour. Describe both of these types of attributions, and then provide an example of each type of attribution one could make about why someone is running late for a meeting. Answer: In Heider’s model, people can make either internal or external attributions. Internal attributions are inferences that behaviour is due to something about the person such as attitude, character, or personality. External attributions are inferences that behaviour is due to something about the situation. Examples of internal attributions should be something about the person running late him- or herself, such as: they are lazy and oversleep a lot; they are careless; they took too long getting ready; they are inconsiderate. Examples of external attributions should be something outside of the person, such as: delayed by a train; bus or Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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train was late; lots of traffic; got pulled over; stopped by a supervisor; had to deal with a sick child; car trouble. Type: ES

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

174) What are consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness information, and how do they combine to yield internal, external, and situational attributions? Give an example. Answer: Kelley postulated that people use three kinds of information to decide whether the cause of an event is internal or external to the person. Consistency information is information about how a person reacts to a stimulus over time; consensus information is information about how other people react to the stimulus; and distinctiveness information is information about how a person reacts to other similar stimuli. When consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness are all high, people tend to make an external attribution to the stimulus. For example, presume that Nell, a student, falls asleep in class. If she falls asleep in class every session (high consistency), if other students also fall asleep in the class (high consensus), and if she does not fall asleep in her other classes (high distinctiveness), one would conclude that she falls asleep because the class is boring. If, however, consistency is high but consensus and distinctiveness are low (she always falls asleep, but no one else does and she falls asleep in all of her other classes), one would conclude that there’s something about Nell that is making her fall asleep. Finally, when consistency is low (Nell only falls asleep once, or occasionally), a situational attribution is made: there must have been something about the particular situation (e.g., she pulled an all-nighter the previous evening) that led to her falling asleep. Type: ES

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall and Apply

Skill: Moderate

175) Making attributions about others’ behaviours is a multistep process. How many steps are involved? What attribution do people tend to initially make, and when would individuals proceed past the initial step? Answer: Making attributions is a two-step process where individuals initially make internal attributions. Only with time, effort, and a notion that the person is deceitful or suspicious do individuals usually take into account external factors and how they influence individuals’ behaviours. Type: ES

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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It is called the fundamental attribution error because it is a tendency to make personal or internal attributions for others’ behaviours (i.e., to infer that their behaviour corresponds to/matches their personality), and is so prevalent in our society. A number of factors contribute to our tendency to commit the fundamental attribution error. For example, a fundamental schema most of us use is that the person and not the situation is a cause of behaviours; the actor is the perceptually salient figure and the situation is the ground. Further, we often fail to adjust for the influence of situational factors when making the two-step process of attribution. Those from collectivistic cultures are more likely to make this adjustment and, therefore, less likely to make the fundamental attribution error. Type: ES

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

177) Cross cultural research has found that common attributional biases shown in the West are less common in East Asian cultures. Briefly describe TWO attributional biases for which there are cultural differences and explain the non-Western pattern shown in research. Answer: Students can use any two of the following three biases: 1) The correspondence bias (or fundamental attribution error) is our tendency to attribute other people’s behaviour to internal, dispositional factors and to therefore underestimate the impact of external, situational factors. Research shows that in East Asian cultures people are more likely to make external attributions for others’ behaviour, particularly if researchers make situational factors more salient. 2) The actor/observer difference is the tendency, when observing other people’s behaviour, to make internal attributions, while making external attributions for our own behaviour. Research shows that Koreans will make external attributions for other’s behaviour more than Americans, while showing the same pattern as Americans in explaining their own behaviour, i.e., also making external attributions. 3) The self-serving bias is when we explain our own successes as due to internal factors and our own failures as due to external factors. Research has shown that East Asians often make the opposite pattern of attributions; that is, internal attributions for failure and external attributions for success. Self-criticism has been called an important “glue” holding groups together in Japan and Korea. Type: ES

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

178) What are self-serving attributions and why do people make them? Answer: Self-serving attributions are deviations from the typical actor/observer difference whereby observers make situational attributions for their own behaviours, but personal attributions for others' behaviour. More specifically, self-serving attributions involve making external attributions (e.g., bad luck, task difficulty) for our own failure and internal attributions (e.g., ability) for our own success. People make self-serving attributions to maintain self-esteem whenever possible, even if that means putting a slightly different spin on reality. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Note that the key thing is that self-serving bias makes the distinction between success and failure, whereas the actor/observer is a more general pattern (i.e., situational attributions for our own behaviour and dispositional attributions for others’ behaviour). Type: ES

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

179) Recall the cross-cultural differences in the self-serving bias between Eastern and Western cultures. Describe the differences, and provide an example of how someone in China might attribute a failure compared to someone from Canada. Answer: In Eastern cultures, people tend to make more internal attributions about their failures, but external attributions about their successes. It is just the opposite in Western cultures, such that people tend to make more internal attributions about their successes, but more situational attributions about their failures. These are examples of internal attributions a Chinese person is likely to make about failure: I was lazy, I am not very smart, or I didn’t try very hard. A Canadian would more likely to make external attributions for failure, such as the following examples: I didn’t have time to do a good job, other people were distracting me, or I was sick. Type: ES

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

180) Why and how does a belief in a just world often lead to victim blaming? Describe the belief in a just world and explain why it occurs and how this belief can have negative consequences for the victims of crime. Answer: The belief in a just world is form of defensive attribution in which people assume that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people. This kind of thinking reduces our sense of threat from random negative events and makes the world seem a safer place. This can have negative consequences for the victims of crime because those who have this belief will tend to think that the victim must have deserved his or her fate, or contributed to their own victimization in some way. Type: ES

LO: 4.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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1) Barbara replies to her therapist, “How do I see myself? Well, I’m socially anxious, insecure, relatively intelligent, and terribly shy.” Barbara's response reflects her A) self-concept. B) executive function. C) stream of consciousness. D) looking glass self. E) feelings of low self-worth. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

2) Assume that when exposed to a mirror, chimpanzees will use the mirror to aid in grooming (e.g., to pick food from their teeth) and to entertain themselves by making faces. The chimps’ behaviour before the mirror would suggest that A) great apes have a sense of self. B) mammals have a sense of self. C) some animals engage in introspection. D) like humans, mammals are self-aware. E) many animals are curious and social. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) Gordon Gallup (1977) briefly anesthetized chimpanzees and painted an odourless red dye on their heads. When they awoke and looked in the mirror, the chimps immediately reached to touch their brows and ears where the dye was. These findings suggest that chimps A) are capable of developing a sense of self-esteem. B) have a complex, multifaceted sense of self. C) possess a self-concept much like a human. D) develop a sense of self-recognition comparable to that of two-year-old humans. E) are capable of complex thought. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Moderate

4) Which of the following would be most likely to reach to touch a spot of red dye when seeing his or her reflection in a mirror? A) an adult rhesus monkey B) an adult chimpanzee C) a six-month-old human infant D) a one-year-old human infant E) an infant gorilla

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Answer: B Type: MC

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LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

5) During a nap, six-month-old Haley has a red dot painted on her forehead. When she awakes, researchers place her in front of a mirror. Which of the following responses is LEAST likely to happen when Haley looks into the mirror? A) Haley reaches up to her forehead to touch the red dot that has appeared there. B) Haley turns around to look for her mom. C) Haley reaches out to touch the baby sitting in front of her. D) Haley drops her head and begins playing with her toes. E) Haley will smile at the reflection. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

6) Jose decides to play a joke on his younger brother Rafael. He puts a dot of paint on Rafael’s nose when he is sleeping. If Rafael wakes up and tries to wipe it off after looking in the mirror, which of the following is most likely true about Rafael’s age? A) Rafael is 12 months old B) Rafael is 8 months old C) Rafael is 15 months old D) Rafael is 24 months old E) Rafael is 4 months old Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

7) Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out _______ and gradually becomes _______ with increasing age. A) extremely negative; more positive B) concrete; more abstract and complex C) extremely positive; more realistic D) socially focused; individually focused E) individually focused; socially focused Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8) Consider the following self-description: “I have blue eyes and brown hair. I have two sisters. I hate vegetables, but I love ice cream.” Such a self-description was most likely provided by the typical A) eight-year old child. B) adult. C) high school student. D) two-year old child. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) college student. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

9) Molly is eighteen years old and has an eight-year-old brother, Joe. If they are both asked to answer the question “Who am I?” Molly is likely to answer it in __________ terms than Joe. A) more concrete B) less concrete C) more physical D) less abstract E) less complex Answer: B Type: MC LO: 5.1 Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate 10) When asked “Who am I?”, Lorelei responds “I am an extravert, a cautious person, a spiritual person, an only child, and someone who is passionate about politics.” In contrast, when asked the same question, Johan responds “I am strong, I have brown eyes and brown hair, and I’m tall.” Which of the following is most likely to be true? A) Lorelei is 17 years old ; Johan is 9 years old B) Lorelei is 9 years old ; Johan is 17 years old C) Lorelei is 9 years old ; Johan is 12 years old D) Lorelei is 13 years old ; Johan is 13 years old E) Lorelei is 15 years old ; Johan is 20 years old Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

11) Ziva Kunda and colleagues told participants in one of their studies that research shows that the trait of introversion is associated with professional success; others were told that extraversion is associated with success. Participants were then asked to list behaviours they had performed that were relevant to the dimension of introversion/extraversion. What did Kunda and colleagues find? A) Participants were unable to remember any related behaviours B) Participants who were led to believe that introversion was related to success were more likely to remember extraverted behaviours they had performed C) Participants who were led to believe that extraversion was related to success were more likely to remember extraverted behaviours they had performed D) Participants who were led to believe that extraversion was related to success were more likely to remember introverted behaviours they had performed E) There were no differences in reported behaviours between the participants who were led to believe that introversion was related to success and those led to believe that extraversion was related to success. Answer: C Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

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LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

12) In the middle of a social psychology lecture, Faroud hears his professor say, “it is the extent to which knowledge about the self is stable and clearly and consistently defined.” What was Faroud’s professor discussing? A) Attribution theory B) Self schemas C) The self-fulfilling prophecy D) Self-concept clarity E) Self-knowledge Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

13) According to the research by Jennifer Campbell and her colleagues, people low in self-concept clarity A) carefully consider the variables that may be impacting how they feel. B) are less likely to engage in positive forms of self-focus such as reflection. C) attempt to make internal attributions to explain their behaviour. D) frequently engage in introspection. E) often ask their close friends about what to do. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

14) According to information presented in the text, people who are low in self-concept clarity are A) more self-confident and aware of their internal states. B) more likely to experience both positive and negative emotions. C) more likely to be neurotic and have low self-esteem. D) more likely to engage in self-analysis. E) often narcissistic and self-centered. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

15) Which of the following is true about people with a clear sense of self? A) They are more likely to experience depression B) They are more likely to engage in self-handicapping C) They are more likely to believe that happiness is achieved externally D) They tend to spend more time engaging in self-analysis and rumination E) They tend to have higher life satisfaction Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

16) “My happiness depends on the happiness of those around me” and “I enjoy being unique and different from others in many respects” are two items from a scale designed to measure individual differences in __________. A) self-esteem B) cooperation and competition C) private and public self-consciousness D) independence and interdependence E) self-awareness and deindividuation Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

17) The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by the culture in which we grow up. For example, in Western cultures people tend to have a(n) _______ view of the self, whereas in non-Western cultures people tend to have a(n) _______ view of the self. A) intrinsic; extrinsic B) extrinsic; intrinsic C) interdependent; independent D) independent; interdependent E) clear; poorly defined Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) Whereas North Americans have a proverb, “The squeaky wheel gets the grease,” Japanese have a proverb that states “The nail that stands out gets pounded down.” These two different proverbs mirror social-psychological research that has demonstrated that people in Asian cultures A) do not consider social interaction important. B) do not hold differentiated self-concepts. C) are more likely to defer to authority than North Americans. D) have a more interdependent concept of self than North Americans. E) are more authoritarian than Americans. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

19) When asked to finish a sentence beginning “I am...,” respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention _______, because they grew up in a(n) _______ culture. A) actual self; authoritarian B) the ideal self; authoritarian C) the ideal self; less oppressive Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) group membership; interdependent E) the outer self; interdependent Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

20) Consider the following self-description: “It is important to me to make others happy. I work hard to cooperate with others and seldom get into arguments. My friends are more important to me than my professional success.” A(n) _______ is most likely to have provided such a self-description. A) teacher living in Berlin, Germany B) professor living in Regina, Saskatchewan C) writer living in Paris, France D) manager living in Cleveland, Ohio E) executive living in Tokyo, Japan Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

21) Heather lives in Western Canada. Her best friend Amelie lives in Eastern Canada. Given the research findings discussed in Chapter 5, which of the following statements is most likely to be true about Heather and Amelie? A) Heather is more likely to have a more independent self view than Amelie B) Amelie is more likely to have a more independent self view than Heather C) Heather is more likely to give her child a conventional name than Amelie D) Amelie is more likely to give her child a unique name than Heather E) Heather is more likely to have a more interdependent self view than Amelie Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

22) Francois’ and his partner are about to welcome a baby. They spent months thinking about baby names, trying to come up with something unique and unconventional. Given the research findings discussed in Chapter 5, which of the following statements is likely to be true about Francois and his partner? A) They live in Eastern Canada B) They have interdependent self views C) They live in Western Canada D) They live in an older area of Canada E) They live in an older area of the United States Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

23) “My close relationships are an important reflection of who I am” and “when I think of myself, I often think of my close friends and family also” are two items from a scale which was designed to measure individual differences in A) self-esteem and competition. B) relational interdependence. C) self-esteem. D) private and public self-consciousness. E) cooperation and competition. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

24) According to the text, research on self-concept that has asked participants to complete the sentence, “I am....” has revealed that A) across all cultures, women are more likely to describe themselves in relational terms, such as, “I am a good friend.” B) whether or not gender differences in self-concept are found in a particular culture depends on whether or not the culture is collectivist or individualistic. C) compared to men, women in all cultures place a higher value on trust and respect in intimate relationships. D) generally, there are no gender differences in responses across all cultures. E) in all cultures, men are more likely to describe themselves in terms of individual attributes, such as “I am responsible.” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

25) In North America, women are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves and men to have an independent view of themselves. These gender differences suggest A) our sense of self is determined by biological factors. B) gender, like culture, can influence our sense of ourselves. C) there is little overlap in the psychological makeup of men and women. D) women in North America have the same sense of self as people living in Eastern cultures. E) gender has little impact on our sense of self. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

26) If you are a person who gives a great deal of priority to close relationships as part of your sense of self, then you probably score high on measures of A) relational interdependence. B) self monitoring. C) collective interdependence. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) gender differences. E) self-concept clarity. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) According to Gabriel and Gardner’s (1999) research on collective versus relational interdependence, which of the following discussions of emotional events is most likely? A) Steve talks about the time he and his team won the provincial curling championship. B) Tara talks about how she and her graduating class were affected by a 6-week teachers’ strike. C) Erin describes how she and her fellow hockey fans felt after her team’s Stanley Cup win. D) William describes how he felt after a major car accident. E) Daniel talks about how he and his younger brother reacted when their 52-yearold dad died of a heart attack. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

28) _______ refers to the process of looking inward and examining our thoughts, feelings, and motives. A) Self-enhancement B) Self-awareness C) Self-examination D) Self-efficacy E) Introspection Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

29) According to the authors of your text, introspection is not a useful source of information about the self because people A) are driven by unconscious self-enhancing motives. B) are quite accurate in understanding their own behaviours. C) cannot be at once the observer and the object observed. D) actually spend very little time thinking about themselves. E) know that introspection uses up valuable cognitive resources. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

engaging in? a. Self-awareness b. Self-conceptualization c. Introspection d. Meditation e. Self-handicapping Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

31) When we are in a state of _______, we evaluate or compare our current behaviour against our internal standards and values. A) self-centredness, B) self-awareness, C) distraction, D) self-perception, E) self-focus, Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) Jake and Zeke are standing at the counter of the convenience store, and Jake, who has just failed his psychology exam, is animatedly telling Zeke that the exam was unfair and that his professor is unreasonable. As he takes his change, Jake sees his image on the security camera. This causes him to wonder whether he actually studied enough for the exam. Jake’s self-scrutiny in this situation would be predicted by A) self-perception theory. B) self-esteem theory. C) self-disclosure theory. D) self-awareness theory. E) self-verification theory. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

33) It is Halloween, but you don’t want to be running back and forth to answer the door. To avoid any “tricks,” you decide to leave a large container of candy on the porch. You’ve just read Chapter 5 and you have a hunch about how to keep greedy trick-ortreaters from taking more than their fair share of the candy. You decide to A) set up a tape-recorder of Barney the Dinosaur singing “I love you, you love me....” B) install a one-way mirror to catch and punish offenders, and to make an example of them. C) place a large mirror behind the candy, so that children can see themselves as they approach.

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D) place a picture of the Wicked Witch of the West behind the candy, to warn them what will happen if they take too much. E) place a sign beside the candy politely asking each trick-or-treater to have only one piece of candy. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

34) According to self-awareness theory, under which of the following circumstances would an individual be most highly motivated to avoid self-awareness? A) while reading an engaging novel B) while helping a friend with her homework C) after giving a successful presentation D) while watching an interesting documentary on television E) directly after receiving a low grade on an important test Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

35) As Tiffany brushes her teeth, she’s thinking about a fight she had the night before with her best friend. She lost her temper and screamed and cursed. Tiffany becomes self-aware when she catches her reflection in the bathroom mirror. She feels uncomfortable, thinking about her behaviour. According to self-awareness theory, what is Tiffany most likely to do? A) call her friend to apologize B) distract herself by scouring the sink C) decide to ignore her friend D) punish herself by refusing to floss E) justify her actions by blaming her friend Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

36) If a self-awareness theorist were to design a department store that would discourage shoplifting, what would he or she do? A) provide rewards to shoppers who report shoplifters B) post signs that say, “Shoplifters will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law” C) place mirrors near merchandise that is likely to be stolen D) lower prices on the merchandise E) hire more undercover security Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

37) According to self-awareness theory, how might therapists help clients learn more about themselves? Therapists might A) repeat back to clients what the clients have said. B) use a sliding scale, but make every client pay something for therapy. C) challenge self-serving statements to make clients more self-aware. D) arrange the room so that clients can see themselves in the mirror. E) hypnotize the subject and allow them to speak freely. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

38) From the perspective of self-awareness theory, alcohol abuse, binge eating, and suicide are alike in that they A) enable people who feel guilty to punish themselves. B) are coping mechanisms used by people with low self-esteem. C) make long-term self-focus impossible. D) provide temporary or permanent relief from unpleasant self-awareness. E) make self-focus aversive or unpleasant. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

39) Jason and Kurt return to their residence after participating in a debating tournament. After viewing their results, Jason was disappointed in his ranking and realized he could have scored higher if he had spent more time preparing. Kurt was pleased with his results and felt that his preparation and effort paid off. Both have to complete paperwork for applications and travel subsidies due tomorrow for their next competition. According to recent research by Moskalenko and Heine on the consequences of self-awareness, what behaviour would be most probable for Jason and Kurt? A) Jason goes to his room to meditate and Kurt goes to his room to complete his paperwork. B) Both Kurt and Jason are strongly motivated to relax in the T.V. lounge. C) Kurt goes to his room to complete the paperwork and Jason goes to the lounge to watch T.V. D) Both Kurt and Jason go to their rooms to complete their paperwork. E) Jason goes to his room to complete the paperwork and Kurt goes to the lounge to watch T.V. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

40) The authors of your text discussed a study where American and Japanese students were asked questions about their actual and their ideal selves. Participants were either in front of a mirror or not. What were the results of the study?

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) All participants rated their actual selves closer to their ideal selves when talking to a friend. B) All participants rated their actual selves closer to their ideal selves when in front of a mirror. C) The mirror influence Japanese students’ ratings, but not those of American students. D) The mirror influenced American students’ ratings, but not those of Japanese students. E) All participants rated the gap between their actual and ideal selves as having increased when in front of a mirror. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

41) In a study conducted by Heine and his colleagues (2008) in which participants completed questions about actual/ideal self discrepancies, _____________ reported similar levels of discrepancy regardless of whether they were in front of a mirror or not. A) American participants B) females C) Japanese participants D) males E) those high in independence Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) The authors of your text suggest that East Asians’ self-awareness tends to be influenced less by the presence of mirrors or video cameras than Westerners because A) they pay less attention to contextual cues. B) they only pay attention to social cues, not physical ones. C) they tend to be more chronically self-aware. D) they pay greater attention to inner feelings. E) they are less concerned with their appearance. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

43) Heine and his colleagues (2008) compared East Asian and Western participants in levels of actual/ideal self-discrepancy when they were seated in front of a mirror to complete a questionnaire. Based on the results of this study, who would you expect to be most self-aware, regardless of whether they were in front of a mirror? A) Susan, a British woman B) Tom, a Canadian man C) Yoshi, a Japanese man D) Anna, an Australian woman Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Brad, an American man Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

44) Based on cross-cultural research, your textbook authors reach the conclusion that Westerners’ sense of self derives from ________, while East Asians’ sense of self derives from ________. A) looking in the mirror; watching television. B) cultural training; personal experience. C) other people; private experience. D) watching television; looking in the mirror. E) private experience; other people. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

45) The text concludes that, in terms of self-awareness, East Asians have a(n) ________ perspective whereas Westerners have a(n) ________ perspective. A) positive; negative B) outsider; insider C) submissive; dominant D) concrete; abstract E) absolute; relative Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

46) In a study by Heine and colleagues, when placed in front of a mirror Canadian students were ________ likely to cheat, while Japanese students were ________ likely to cheat, compared to when there was no mirror present. A) more; less B) less; more C) less; equally D) equally; less E) more; equally Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

47) Compared to being placed in front of a mirror, when Japanese students were NOT in front of a mirror they were A) more likely to cheat. B) more dissatisfied with themselves. C) less dissatisfied with themselves. D) equally likely to cheat. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) less likely to cheat. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

48) One evening after work, Barbara arrives home in a very bad mood. Noticing this, her husband, James, asks her why she seems so angry and upset. Barbara hadn’t thought about her mood before James mentioned it, and now she thinks hard about what caused her to be so sullen. She decides that it was because she was hungry and tired and she tells James so. According to theories on introspection, Barbara is _______ her behaviour. A) denying B) making an excuse for C) overjustifying D) attempting to discount E) constructing a causal theory about Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

49) According to the authors of your text, feelings like love or sadness are often difficult to explain because A) humans are motivated to take other’s feelings into account. B) environment stimuli override internal signals. C) humans are incredibly self-serving. D) they are frequently the result of social interactions. E) we are unaware of many of our basic mental processes. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

50) Tim Wilson, Pat Laser, and Julie Stone (1982) asked participants to keep journals of their daily moods and of other variables, such as the weather and how much sleep they got the night before. When asked, many participants reported the amount of sleep the night before was correlated with their moods. When information recorded in the journals was subjected to more systematic statistical analysis, it was found that amount of sleep was not related to participants’ self-reported moods. This is most likely because participants A) under-reported the amount of sleep they actually got. B) were in a bad mood from having to keep the journal. C) were distracted (e.g., by loud noise) when they wrote in their journals. D) relied on causal theories about the relation between mood and sleep. E) did not keep accurate journals. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Difficulty: Easy 5-14

Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

51) The authors of your text described a study in which university students kept track of their moods in daily diaries. The results of this study suggest that A) introspection is an unreliable source of data. B) people have a great deal of difficulty constructing plausible explanations for their moods. C) people can fairly accurately identify the causes of their moods. D) people can accurately predict how their moods will influence their behaviour. E) if you expect something to influence your mood, your expectation will become “self-fulfilled.” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

52) Self-perception theory argues that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states A) through introspection. B) by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs. C) altering our self-schema. D) by observing the behaviour of others in the same situation. E) carefully considering all the variables involved. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

53) According to self-perception theory, if you are not sure how much you like classical music, you are likely to A) engage in introspection. B) observe your own behaviour to figure it out. C) observe how much your friends like classical music. D) make a decision based on other people’s opinions of classical music. E) seek confirmation of your self-concept. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

54) Rosa feels depressed. Although she had hoped to graduate at the head of her class, her current GPA makes that impossible now. This example best illustrates what happens when A) the actual self falls short when we compare ourselves with others. B) we possess unrealistically high self-esteem. C) the actual self falls short of the ideal self. D) we set our aspirations too high. E) we fall short of our goals.

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

55) _______ theory posits that when our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous, we infer our internal states by observing our own behaviours and the situation in which they occur. A) Self-enhancement B) Introspection C) Self-perception D) Impression management E) Self-verification Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

56) A basic tenet of self-perception theory is that we infer our feelings from our behaviour when A) the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are clear. B) the reasons for our attitudes or feelings are ambiguous. C) we think about how others perceive us. D) we are in a negative mood state. E) we can easily identify external reasons for our feelings. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

57) Self-perception theory argues that when our attitudes or feelings aren’t clear, we often infer them by observing A) how other people are behaving. B) how we feel. C) our own behaviour. D) our emotional reactions. E) others’ reactions to us. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

58) Lisa is most likely to conclude that she likes classical music when A) she cannot pick up other stations on her car radio. B) she has preset her car radio to a classical music station. C) the car radio is broken, stuck on the classical music station, and she cannot change stations. D) her husband chooses the stations on the car radio. E) she takes a free classical music sampler from a record store. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Difficulty: Easy 5-16

Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

59) According to self-perception theory (Bem, 1972), we infer the kind of person we are and what our attitudes are by A) carefully considering our emotions. B) engaging in introspection about the reasons for our behaviours. C) looking to others to see how they respond to us. D) observing our own behaviours, just as we would observe other’s. E) comparing our behaviours to our internal values and standards. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

60) When asked to explain our own behaviours, self-perception processes are more likely to operate when our feelings are _______ and when we _______. A) clear; list the reasons for those feelings. B) clear; freely chose our behaviour. C) weak or unclear; freely chose our behaviour. D) weak or unclear; list the reasons for those feelings. E) clear; engage in introspection. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

61) While completing a personality test, Craig comes to an item that asks him if he sees himself as shy and introverted. Craig reflects on some of his recent behaviour. He reasons that since he generally does not talk much in class discussions and tends to avoid large parties, he must be shy and introverted. Which of the following strategies for self-knowledge is Craig using? A) self-presentation B) self-awareness C) self-perception D) self-verification E) self-monitoring Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

62) Daryl Bem (1972) argues that people are most likely to engage in self-perception when their feelings are _______ and they cannot make a(n) _______ attribution for their behaviour. A) specific; internal B) specific; causal C) specific; external D) vague; external E) vague; internal

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Chapter 5

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

63) According to the tenets of self-perception theory, which of the following audience members would report that he or she really loved the taping of The Late Show with David Letterman? A) Debra, whose friends nudged her to get her to applaud B) Tim, who sat right in front of the flashing “applause” sign C) Frank, who received free tickets D) Julie, who could see that Dave was looking at her E) André, whose hands stung from clapping so much Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

64) Simone runs simply because it gives her pleasure to exercise outside and to leave her daily worries behind as she works up a sweat. In this instance, Simone is _______ to run. A) intrinsically motivated B) generating a reason C) justifying her desire D) extrinsically motivated E) causally motivated Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

65) _______ refers to the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it, not because we expect external rewards. A) Intrinsic motivation B) Hedonic motivation C) The overjustification effect D) Extrinsic motivation E) Reward motivation Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

66) _______ refers to the desire to undertake an activity because of external rewards, not because we find it interesting or enjoyable. A) Social comparison B) Extrinsic motivation C) Intrinsic motivation D) Internal motivation E) Compliance

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Chapter 5

Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

67) When athletes and academics are highly intrinsically motivated it affects attitude and behaviour by A) decreasing enjoyment but increasing performance. B) decreasing enjoyment and decreasing persistence. C) increasing enjoyment and increasing persistence. D) decreasing enjoyment but increasing persistence. E) increasing enjoyment but decreasing persistence. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

68) Applied research shows that having a greater amount of intrinsic motivation, as opposed to extrinsic motivation, is associated with all of the following except A) competitive swimmers’ persistence. B) high-school students staying longer in school. C) environmental activism. D) quality of relationships. E) reliance on rewards such as money or praise. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

69) Persistence, skill development, and willingness to deal with problems is improved when people are A) high in intrinsic motivation for engaging in the activity. B) high in extrinsic motivation for engaging in the activity. C) recipients of task-contingent rewards. D) denied performance-contingent rewards. E) denied task-contingent rewards. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

70) Maurice had always gotten a lot of satisfaction from caring for his brothers and sisters when they were sick. A few months ago, Maurice’s father convinced him to take a job at a hospital as a nurse’s aid so that he could earn money doing what he enjoyed. Now that Maurice has been working at the hospital for awhile, he no longer enjoys caring for sick people as much as he did before he took the job. One reason for Maurice’s attitude change may be that the job has undermined his _______ for helping others. A) causal motivation B) intrinsic motivation C) extrinsic motivation Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) internal justification E) external justification Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

71) The principal of a local elementary school plans to implement a “Reading for Cash” program, in which children would be given cash rewards for reading. Before investing in this plan, the principal asks for your assessment. Because ___________, you would probably tell her that the program would not be an effective way to increase interest in reading. A) cash rewards tend to increase performance on a task B) any forms of encouragement tend to reduce intrinsic motivation C) external rewards tend to reduce any inherent intrinsic interest D) intrinsic interests tend to weaken over time regardless of incentives E) external rewards tend to increase any inherent intrinsic interest Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

72) Intrinsic motivation is to _______ as extrinsic motivation is to _______. A) self-perception; introspection. B) introspection; self-perception. C) overjustification; underjustification. D) internal interest; external reward. E) self-perception; overjustification effect. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) You assume that Franklin is intrinsically motivated to write a course paper because A) he seems to savour immersing himself in writing. B) it is a requirement to pass the course. C) he wants his professor to write him a letter of recommendation. D) it will increase his chances of making the Dean’s List. E) it will help him get a good job. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

74) According to the research findings discussed in Chapter 5, which of the following is true regarding intrinsic motivation? A) Intrinsic motivation has been found to be associated with depression in Chinese teenagers, but not Canadian teenagers

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B) Partners who are motivated to be in a relationship to obtain external benefits (e.g., social acceptance) are more likely to view relationship problems as “challenges” rather than “hassles” C) Extrinsic motivation in the domain of sexuality is associated with positive sexual health and well-being D) When goal pursuits are internally motivated, people are less likely to experience an “action crisis” E) When goal pursuits are externally motivated, people perceive fewer obstacles and are better able to resist temptation Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

75) Which of the following is most likely to INCREASE intrinsic motivation? A) performance-contingent rewards B) large incentives C) task-contingent rewards D) introspection E) self-perception processes Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

76) According to the authors of your text, _______ explains why providing young children with large rewards for reading (e.g., money or prizes) might actually backfire and convince them that they don’t really like reading as much as they thought at first. A) intrinsic motivation theory B) self-perception processes C) extrinsic motivation theory D) reason generating attitude change E) the overjustification effect Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

77) According to the authors of your text, extrinsic rewards are most likely to DIMINISH intrinsic motivation when A) extrinsic motivation was initially high. B) rewards are given at random. C) intrinsic motivation was initially high. D) rewards are performance-contingent. E) rewards are given on a fixed-ratio schedule. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

78) A parent hands her children a dollar each for helping to rake leaves and also says, “And wasn’t it great, all of us pitching in together, helping each other?” By reminding her children that the task was also enjoyable, she is working to A) avoid the overjustification effect. B) enhance leaf-raking performance. C) enhance their extrinsic motivation. D) undermine their intrinsic motivation. E) produce the overjustification effect. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

79) Based on the information in your text about intrinsic motivation, who would be most likely to lose their enthusiasm for reading if a “Read for Cash” program were implemented in their school? A) Someone who does not like to read very much on his or her own B) Boys would be more likely than girls to lose their motivation C) Good students D) Children who enjoy reading to begin with E) Children whose parents read to them every night Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

80) Performance-contingent rewards depend on how well people perform the task. This type of reward A) is more likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards. B) is less likely to decrease interest in a task than task-contingent rewards. C) is subject to the over-justification effect. D) leads to self-enhancement. E) is an important part of social comparison theory. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

81) Performance-contingent rewards are a type of A) self-verification. B) intrinsic reward. C) over-justification. D) task-contingent reward. E) extrinsic reward. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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A) Grades are an example of task-contingent rewards B) There are no drawbacks to the use of performance-contingent rewards C) Performance-contingent rewards can lead to worse performance than taskcontingent rewards in certain situations D) Performance-contingent rewards always lead to better performance than taskcontingent rewards E) Task-contingent rewards are rewards that depend on how well people perform the task Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

83) Elsa’s mother gives her a treat every time she does her math homework, even if it’s done incorrectly. Olaf’s mother gives him a treat only if he does his math homework correctly. Which of the following statements is true? A) Elsa is receiving performance-contingent rewards while Olaf is receiving taskcontingent rewards. B) Elsa is receiving task-contingent rewards while Olaf is receiving performancecontingent rewards. C) Elsa and Olaf are both receiving task-contingent rewards. D) Elsa and Olaf are both receiving performance-contingent rewards. E) Elsa is more likely to be motivated to do math in the future than Olaf. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

84) Which of the following ways of understanding ourselves is social? A) Keeping a diary to record our behaviours. B) Using introspection to infer our attitudes. C) Attending to other people’s opinions of us. D) Making attributions to explain the causes of our behaviours. E) Observing our own behaviours to decide how we feel. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

85) Our self-concept based on how we appear to others is called A) looking-glass self. B) comparative self. C) introspected self. D) socially-adjusted self. E) projected self. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 5

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

86) In a study described in the text, Baldwin and his colleagues found that graduate students rated their own work more negatively if they were first exposed to a picture of the scowling face of the program director than if they were first exposed to a picture of a smiling colleague. According to the researchers, this occurred because A) the picture distracted the students during the rating task. B) the picture caused increased physiological arousal, which, in the case of the picture of the scowling program director, was labelled as fear or anxiety. C) the picture students were exposed to primed a certain internal audience. D) the picture of the scowling program director made the students more selfaware. E) the picture students were exposed to determined whether they engaged in either upward or downward social comparison. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

87) Which of the following findings is explained by the “looking-glass self” theory of self-concept formation? A) When we are unsure about our attitudes or feelings, we infer them by observing our behaviour and the situations in which they occur. B) Students are less likely to cheat on a test when they can see their faces in a mirror. C) After experiencing a failure, people in a reflective state may cheer themselves up by remembering positive events. D) People are less likely to steal if there is a camera focused on them. E) Catholic women rated themselves more negatively after reading a sexually explicit passage if they had first been exposed to a picture of the Pope than if the picture was of an unfamiliar smiling man. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

88) Which of the following statements is true regarding the looking glass self? A) If we are reminded of a significant person in our lives who seems critical or disapproving, we will tend to see ourselves as possessing positive characteristics to make ourselves feel better. B) In research studies, students who were exposed to scowling faces of their program directors subsequently evaluated their research ideas more positively than did those exposed to a friendly face. C) In research studies, female students who had previously imagined older family members rated a magazine story about a woman’s permissive sexual behaviour as more enjoyable than women who had imagined their university friends. D) In research studies, practicing Catholic women who were exposed to the disapproving countenance of the pope rated themselves more negatively than did those who were exposed to the disapproving face of an unfamiliar man.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Who we are does not seem to be determined by the internal audience we have in mind. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

89) _______ posits that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people. A) Social comparison theory B) Self-verification theory C) Self-perception theory D) Esteem enhancement theory E) The notion of the looking glass self Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

90) When there are no objective criteria to measure achievement, people often rely on _______ to evaluate how well they performed. A) cognitive appraisal processes B) attribution of arousal C) social comparison D) introspection E) self-perception Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

91) In order to gauge whether he had studied long enough for his psychology exam, Markus phoned two of his classmates to ask them how long they had spent reviewing material. Markus is engaging in A) social comparison. B) impression management. C) self-verification. D) a self-protective behaviour. E) self-handicapping. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

92) The cornerstone of Leon Festinger’s (1954) social comparison theory is that people A) may examine their opinions and abilities by evaluating themselves relative to others. B) prefer subjective feedback to objective feedback. C) are motivated to see themselves in the most positive light. D) only accept feedback that helps maintain self-esteem. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) prefer to compare themselves to others more talented or accomplished than they are. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

93) According to social psychology research findings, when we engage in social comparison, we are most likely to compare ourselves to A) experts. B) people who perform poorly on the task. C) similar others. D) whomever is physically closest to us. E) dissimilar others. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

94) Mariana wonders whether she has the potential to become a first-rate social psychologist. To assess her potential, she would most likely compare herself to A) Leon Festinger. B) other university students she knows. C) her parents. D) famous social psychologists whose research she has read. E) other psychology majors she knows. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

95) What approach suggests that we all have a limited amount of energy to devote to selfcontrol and that using up this energy on one task reduces the amount of self-control that can be used for another task? A) Self-verification model B) Thought regulation model C) Self-inhibitory generation model D) Self-regulatory resource model E) Resource limitation model Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

96) Jana’s New Year’s resolution is to train to run a 10km race. She has been doing great, getting up to go on a run at 7am five days a week, including this morning. When she’s headed to work after her run, she gets to the subway station and finds that there is a service disruption. She will have to wait 15 minutes for the next train. Based on the self-control approach, what is most likely to happen? A) Jana will sigh, then start reading the book that she brought. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) Jana will decide that a walk would be nice and leave the station. C) Jana will grumble about the train being late and snap at the person who accidentally steps on her foot. D) When she’s on the train, Jana will offer her seat to a senior citizen who gets on at the next stop. E) Jana will enjoy some healthy snacks. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

97) Of the following examples, who is LEAST likely to be successful in implementing self-control? A) Guiliana, who is on a diet and has cleared all snack foods from her house B) Ariel, who is trying to stop smoking and has decided to stay away from her friends who are smokers for a few months C) Bobbi, who is on a diet and has formulated a clear plan to get to her goals and avoid temptations D) Kim, who is wanting to diet but has decided that just facing whatever temptations come along is better than making a plan E) Ricardo, who is trying to stop biting his nails and has decided to treat himself to a manicure each week to help break the habit Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

98) Thought suppression is much like self-control in that they both __________. A) can only be done by adults B) take up mental resources C) are ironic processes D) impair accurate social cognition E) are automatic processes Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

99) According to research on social comparison, elderly people feel more life satisfaction when A) they compare themselves with those who are more physically able. B) they believe that others have had fewer regrets in life. C) reminding themselves that others are worse off than they are. D) they think about all the good things in the world. E) remembering their own younger years. Answer: C Type: MC

LO:5.4

Difficulty: Easy 5-27

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100) Which of the following people is engaging in upward social comparison? A) Walter, who decides to exercise more after his friends tell him that he has gained weight B) Jermaine, who checks the distribution of scores on his final examination C) Daniel, who feels better when he realizes that rich people pay a lot more in taxes than he does D) Chet, who checks his stopwatch and vows to run faster next time E) Toni, who reads William Faulkner and Flannery O’Connor to assess her own writing skills Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

101) Gus went golfing last week and shot a score of 85, the best score he has ever shot after years of playing. At work the next day he tells his close friend Arnie about his achievement. Arnie tells Gus that he also went golfing yesterday and shot a score of 72, which is quite a bit better than Gus’ score. According to the research on social comparison processes presented in the text, A) Gus will be highly motivated to outperform Arnie on any task related to golf. B) the next time Gus and Arnie golf together, Gus will probably hit Arnie with a 5-iron the minute his back is turned. C) Gus will be inspired by Arnie’s achievement to practice even harder and become a better player. D) Gus will become less satisfied with his performance and his motivation to practice will probably be decreased. E) the next time Gus and Arnie golf together Gus will say that he has been too sick to practice, so that he has a handy excuse for losing. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

102) Upward social comparison is to _______ as downward social comparison is to _______. A) lower self-esteem; higher self-esteem. B) self-enhancement.; striving. C) neutral emotions; positive emotions. D) positive emotions; negative emotions. E) self-enhancement; negative emotions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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C) make external attributions. D) use downward social comparison. E) seek self-awareness. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

104) Joanne Wood, Shelley Taylor, and Rosemary Lichtman (1985) found that in order to feel more optimistic about their own futures, cancer patients engage in A) introspection. B) impression management. C) reconstructive memory. D) upward social comparison. E) downward social comparison. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

105) In which of the following circumstances would we generally feel worse after social comparison? A) if our ideal self was compared to a very successful person B) if our usual self was compared to an inspiring person C) if our current self was compared to our past self D) if our usual self was compared to a our current self E) if our usual self was compared to an unsuccessful person Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

106) Wilson and Ross have shown that comparing our past self with our current self is A) a useful technique for boosting self-esteem. B) a poor technique for impression management. C) useful for introspection and self-awareness. D) useful for impression management. E) a useful technique for recall of autobiographical memories. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty:Easy

107) Which person is making a downward social comparison? A) Alana, who lost one leg in an accident, comparing herself to the driver, who was not injured B) David, who loses his job but gets a severance package with six months’ salary, comparing himself to a colleague at another company who lost his job and received nine months’ severance C) Stefano, who compares his driving skills with those of a professional driver Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) Marty, who compares his coordination after being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis with that which he had before the disease started progressing E) Iona, who compares her medical knowledge after graduating from medical school with that from her time in high school Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

108) Which subjects in Tiggeman & Polivy’s (2010) study of the effects of social comparison had the LEAST dissatisfaction with their bodies and LEAST negative mood? A) subjects who had compared their appearance with that of a thin model B) subjects who had compared their intelligence with that of a thin model C) subjects who had compared their height with that of a tall model D) subjects who had compared their morality with that of a thin model E) subjects who had compared their appearance with a slim television actress Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

109) Which of the following statements about social comparison is true? A) Engaging in upward social comparisons can lead to both positive feelings and negative feelings about ourselves B) Exposure to social media contributes to higher self-esteem and life satisfaction C) When people want to feel better about themselves, they’ll tend to engage in upward social comparisons D) When employees engage in upward comparison, they are more likely to have greater job satisfaction and commitment E) If someone thinks about a time they behaved badly in a relationship, they’ll tend to focus on all of the negatives about their current relationships Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty; Moderate

110) Which of the following statements about relationship social comparisons is true? A) Research has shown that the effects of upward and downward comparisons are actually the same when it comes to relationship social comparisons B) Exposure to “perfect” relationships on social media makes all people feel worse about their own relationships C) Exposure to “rocky” relationships on social media makes people focus on the negative aspects of their own relationships D) Only women who were low in self-esteem felt worse about their own relationship when they were exposed to a “perfect” relationship on social media

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E) Although we tend to engage in social comparisons in most areas of our lives, we typically don’t engage in such comparisons in our relationships Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

111) Based on the research findings discussed in Chapter 5, who is more likely to be motivated by positive role models (in contrast to negative role models)? A) Kyoung Lae, a South Korean university student B) Rachel, a Canadian university student C) Yue Fan, a Chinese university student D) Mako, a Japanese university student E) Tram, a Vietnamese university student Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

112) ______________ posits that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors the extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others. A) Self-Awareness Theory B) The Looking Glass Self C) Self-Perception Theory D) Self-Verification Theory E) Sociometer Theory Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

113) According to sociometer theory, “chronic” self-esteem refers to ________________ whereas “state” self-esteem refers to ________________. A) the self-esteem we get from relationships with acquaintances; the self-esteem we get from relationships with close friends B) how much we generally feel accepted or rejected; our current feelings of acceptance or rejection in a particular relationship or social situation C) the self-esteem we get from relationships with close friends; the self-esteem we get from relationships with acquaintances D) our current feelings of acceptance or rejection in a particular relationship or social situation; how much we generally feel accepted or rejected E) the self-esteem we get based on whether we are achieving long-term goals; the self-esteem we get from whether we are achieving short-term goals Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

114) Bonnie has generally low self-esteem. According to Danu Anthony Stinson’s research on sociometer theory, she will be most willing to join a new social group if Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) someone in the group tells her that they have heard she has many good qualities and the group expects they will like her. B) the group has a reputation for being unwelcoming. C) someone in the group tells her that they are unlikely to accept her as a member of the group and she should find someone else to be friends with. D) someone in the group tells her that they have heard she is a good person and that they will probably become friends after they have taken the time to get to know each other. E) the group has a reputation for being warm and accepting. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

115) Holding unrealistically positive views of oneself is called A) self-affirmation. B) self-verification. C) self-completion. D) self-esteem. E) self-enhancement. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

116) Surveys of Canadian university students show a tendency for students to think they are _______ most other students. A) worse off than B) better than C) equal to D) worse than E) stronger than Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

117) Which of the following statements is correct? A) Research has shown that Canadian students display a false consensus effect – they believed that many other students also shared the same strengths B) Research has shown that the more we distort reality to paint a flattering picture of ourselves, the lower our self-esteem C) Research has shown that elderly people who self-enhanced in the domain of physical activity reported lower life satisfaction than those who did not D) Research has not been able to demonstrate cross-cultural differences in selfenhancement E) Research has shown that college and university students tend to view themselves as better than the average student

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Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

118) Research comparing self-esteem in Canadian versus Eastern Asian cultures finds that A) Canadian and Chinese students rate themselves more positively than their peers; Japanese students rate themselves more negatively. B) Canadian, Japanese, and Chinese students all rate themselves less positively than their peers. C) Canadian, Japanese, and Chinese students all rate themselves more positively than their peers. D) Canadian students rate themselves more negatively than their peers; Chinese and Japanese students rate themselves more positively. E) Canadian students rate themselves more positively than their peers; Chinese and Japanese students rate themselves more negatively. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

119) According to the textbook, self-enhancement is A) universal. B) more common in collectivistic cultures. C) largely a phenomenon of individualistic cultures. D) more common among women than men. E) negatively related to psychosocial adjustment. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

120) Heine, Takata, and Lehman (2000) found that failure feedback A) did not affect Canadian students’ positive evaluations of their math skills, but led to self-effacement among Japanese students.. B) led Canadians to engage in upward social comparison, and Japanese students to engage in downward social comparison. C) led Japanese and Canadian students to engage in downward social comparison equally. D) led Canadian students to feel worse about their performance, but did not affect Japanese students’ feelings about their math skills. E) made Japanese and Canadian students feel better about their math skills. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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121) Self-enhancement among individuals from Asian cultures A) doesn’t seem to occur. B) happens when speaking about themselves. C) happens when speaking about their families but not themselves. D) happens when speaking about themselves and their families. E) happens when speaking about their themselves and only close family members. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

122) Ken is a Chinese-Canadian graduate student who has lived in Canada for 10 years. He is given a questionnaire on aspects of the self similar to one used by Ross, Xun, and Wilson (2002). What is the most likely outcome? Ken is _______ when answering the questionnaire in Chinese and _______ when answering in English. A) self-effacing; self-effacing B) self-enhancing; self-aware C) self-effacing; self-enhancing D) self-enhancing; self enhancing E) self-enhancing; self-effacing Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

123) According to the text, research has shown that the tendency to hold a negative view of oneself that is common in collectivist, interdependent cultures is established at a relatively young age. What grade level did Kwok and Lytton (1996) find this tendency in? A) Grade 4 B) Grade 8 C) Grade 12 D) Grade 10 E) Grade 6 Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

124) Based on the research findings discussed in Chapter 5, which of the following statements about self-enhancement is true? A) It is clear; North Americans self-enhance whereas East Asians engage in selfeffacement B) North American students rate their positive qualities as more important than their negative qualities; East Asians also did the same thing, but to a lesser degree C) East Asian students rate their negative qualities as more important than their positive qualities; North American students did the opposite D) Japanese participants and Canadian participants self-enhanced to the same degree when under cognitive load Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) When under cognitive load, Canadian participants actually self-enhanced less than Japanaese participants Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

125) Which of the following theories posits that people may go to great lengths to confirm negative self-views? A) self-verification theory B) self-completion theory C) self-awareness theory D) self-affirmation theory E) self-discrepancy theory Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

126) _______ theory holds that people have a need to seek confirmation of their selfconcepts, even at the expense of self-enhancement. A) Self-verification B) Self-awareness C) Self-completion D) Self-affirmation E) Self-justification Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

127) Kate knows that she isn’t as organized as she’d like to be. One day, Jim, a guy she’s been dating for a number of months, says to her, “Wow, Kate. You always seem to have it all together. You’re so organized!” What theory explains why Kate would be unhappy about Jim’s statement? A) self-evaluation maintenance theory B) self-affirmation theory C) cognitive dissonance theory D) self-perception theory E) self-verification theory Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

128) People strive to uphold their negative self-beliefs only when they A) have high self-esteem. B) are uncertain of those beliefs. C) are highly certain of those beliefs. D) become self-protective, and self-justification is inevitable. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) are focused on maintaining the self-esteem of close friends and family. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

129) According to self-verification theory, the need to self-verify will dominate our behaviour when A) we are uncertain of our self-beliefs. B) we are highly certain of our self-beliefs. C) the consequences of being improperly evaluated are great. D) our evaluator is someone we don’t know very well. E) we feel we can improve our abilities. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

130) According to Swann and colleagues, whether we want to have accurate, rather than positive, feedback depends on: A) the dimension on which we are being evaluated and the nature of the relationship we have with the person doing the evaluating B) what type of mood we are in and how much we like the person who is evaluating us C) the social situation we are in during the evaluation and how important the domain we are being evaluated in is to us D) our self-esteem and how much we have self-enhanced in the past E) our self-concept clarity and our expectations Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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131) Most of us conceive of the self as an inherent part of who we are, constant, coherent, and stable. Still, social psychologists view the self as constructed over time. Briefly describe how early life experiences, culture, and gender influence this development or construction of our sense of self. Answer: Our sense of self originates around the age of two years and gradually develops and changes as we age, starting as relatively concrete (e.g., physical characteristics) and becoming more and more abstract (e.g., our thoughts and feelings). Culture also influences our sense of self. In independent Western cultures, our sense of self is individualistic, focusing on our own thoughts, feelings, and actions; in interdependent Eastern cultures, our sense of self is more relational, focusing on how one’s self is influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others. Gender also affects our sense of self. In North America, women are more likely to have an interdependent view of the self, whereas men are more likely to have an independent view. In collectivist cultures both men and women have interdependent or relational views of the self. Type: ES

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

132) There is evidence that suggests that there are cultural differences in how people view themselves. Describe, using an example, how people from collectivist cultures tend to view themselves, and how people from individualist cultures tend to view themselves. Answer: People from collectivist cultures tend to have a more interdependent sense of self. For example, they see themselves in terms of their relationships, and make decisions based on what is best for these relationships. A specific example would be deciding to become a physician to bring esteem and honour to your family rather than pursuing a career as a musician, which you may personally desire, but would not benefit your family as much. People from individualist cultures tend to have an independent sense of self. They see themselves in terms of their own personal goals and beliefs. An example of this sense of self would be the decision to marry someone you love, even if your family does not approve. You would be basing your decision on what you want, rather than what that may mean for your relationships with others. Type: ES

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

133) Using research discussed in chapter 5, briefly discuss how schemas can bias memory processes. Answer: Ziva Kunda and colleagues found that our desire to see ourselves in a positive light can influence which of our past actions we are most likely to remember. In one of their studies, participants were told that research shows that the trait of introversion is associated with professional success; others were told that extraversion is associated with success. All participants were then asked to list behaviours they had performed that were Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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relevant to the dimension of introversion/extraversion. Those who were led to believe that introversion was associated with success were more likely to remember introverted, rather than extraverted, behaviours they had performed. The opposite was true for those who were led to believe that extraversion was associated with success (Sanitioso et al., 1990). According to the researchers, when people are motivated to see themselves as possessing a desired quality or trait, they conduct a selective memory search for examples of past behaviours consistent with that trait. Peters and Gawronski (2011) later found that when we are asked to remember times when we behaved as extraverts or are led to believe that it is superior to be extraverted, we incorporate this trait into our self-concept. If we are recalling introverted behaviours or are led to believe that introversion is a superior trait, we are more likely to start seeing ourselves as introverts. Type: ES

LO: 5.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

134) Briefly describe the tenets of self-awareness theory and explain some cognitive and behavioural consequences of self-awareness. Answer: Self-awareness theory posits that when we focus on ourselves, we evaluate and compare our current behaviour against our personal values and standards. When we can bring our behaviours into line with our internal values, we will. When, however, we do not or cannot bring our behaviours into line with our internal standards, we will experience discomfort, and stop being self-aware as quickly as possible (e.g., turning away from a mirror, watching television, or even escaping the self via drugs or suicide). Type: ES

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty; Easy

135) You are sitting at the mall, gossiping with a friend about a mutual acquaintance. You suddenly catch sight of yourself on a security camera. According to selfawareness theory, what is likely to happen in this case? Answer: You will become self-aware when you see your image. You will then become aware of your internal values and standards, and will become aware of the extent to which gossiping about an acquaintance is compatible with your values. If you decide that gossiping is not compatible with your values, self-awareness will make you feel uncomfortable. If you do not stop gossiping, you will seek a way to reduce your self-awareness, perhaps by leaving that spot. Type: ES

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

136) Briefly discuss cultural differences in self-awareness Answer: East Asians are more likely to have an outsider perspective on the self, viewing themselves through the eyes of other people. People who grow up in Western cultures are more likely to have an insider perspective on the self, focusing on their own private experiences without considering how other people see them. Another Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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way of saying this is that East Asians may be in a chronic state of selfawareness because they are more likely to be seeing themselves through the eyes of other people. Type: ES

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

137) Describe how a self-perception theorist would explain how you come to decide whether you really like your new roommate. Answer: A self-perception theorist would first note that self-perception processes operate when we are unsure of our initial feelings or attitudes towards something new. When we are unsure about how we really feel, we will look to the environment and to our own behaviour to decide. For example, we may reflect on our behaviour the last time we were around our roommate. Did we laugh? Did we do any favours for her? Did we compliment her? We would also look to the situation to determine whether situational factors (e.g., rewards) might have influenced our behaviours. If so, we might decide that it was the situation and not our true feelings that influenced our behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

138) When Linda was a child, her friends at school all earned a lot of money if their grades were good. Linda went to her parents and asked that she be given money for good report cards. Her parents agreed. She would earn a nickel for every “A” and a dollar if she earned “all A’s.” Her friends, of course, were offered much more money for good grades. Using self-perception theory and the overjustification effect, explain why Linda’s parents might have offered her such meager monetary rewards for academic success. Answer: Self-perception theory posits that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we look to our own behaviours and to the environment to decide how we feel. This example is a special case of working to increase intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation to learn and excel. Linda’s parents were careful not to provide excessive external rewards because such rewards might convince Linda that the reason she was working hard in school was to earn money. Instead, they provided meager rewards so that Linda would come to believe that she worked hard in school because she liked it and viewed it as worthwhile; in other words, she would become intrinsically motivated to succeed. Type: ES

LO: 5.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

139) Discuss some of the benefits of intrinsic motivation Answer: Intrinsic motivation has been found to have many positive effects. First, research has snown that intrinsic motivation was positively correlated with persistence among competitive swimmers and with maintaining interest in repetitive figureCopyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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skating tasks. Similarly, it has also been found to be correlated with continuing one’s membership in wellness centres. Academically, it has been linked with higher grades, other indices of school achievement, language learning, remaining in school, and having higher career expectations after university. Intrinsic motivation has also been correlated with positive social behaviours such as environmental activism and engaging in pro-environmental behaviours. Finally, intrinsic motivation has also been shown to benefit our personal and relational well-being. Type: ES

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

140) Many social psychologists assert that much of our sense of self arises from our interactions with our observations of others—in effect, the self is social. How does Leon Festinger’s social comparison theory fit this conceptualization of self? Answer: Social comparison theory posits that we are motivated to evaluate ourselves, our attitudes, and our abilities. Sometimes the nonsocial environment doesn’t provide enough information (i.e., objective criteria) to afford these evaluations. When this happens, we often turn to others to evaluate our own abilities—we engage in social comparison. We are most likely to compare ourselves to others when there are no objective standards and when we are unsure of some self-aspects. We are likely to compare ourselves with others who are similar to ourselves on the attribute or dimension in question. Type: ES

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

141) Francesca is a devout Catholic. She just finished writing a paper on the Catholic Church and behaviours/attitudes that the Catholic Church disapproves of. Her roommate has just turned on the TV and is watching a TV show with sexually explicit scenes. Using research from chapter 5 on the looking glass self, discuss how this may impact Francesca’s view of herself. Be sure to briefly discuss the applicable research. Answer: Baldwin and colleagues primed a sense of self as Catholic among Catholic women through subliminal exposure to a picture of then Pope John Paul II looking disapproving. Other participants were exposed to the scowling face of a man who was unfamiliar to them. All participants then read the same sexually permissive passage. Practising Catholic women who were exposed to the disapproving countenance of the pope rated themselves more negatively than did those who were exposed to the disapproving face of an unfamiliar male. Given this finding, it makes sense to guess that Francesca will likely rate herself more negatively as a result of being “primed” by her essay topic and then seeing the sexually explicit scenes. Type: ES

LO: 5.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

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Answer: Research evidence says that practising self-control improves the ability to use it in the future. So, if first-year students start now with exercising some control, they will get better at it as time goes on. Second, because self-control takes energy, be sure to do things to recharge the batteries after periods of exerting control. Finally, have a plan. Make a commitment to oneself and plan for responses to temptations ahead of the arrival of the situation. Type: ES

LO: 5.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

143) Describe the differences between downward and upward social comparison. How do they influence our sense of self? Answer: Downward social comparison is the process whereby we compare ourselves with people who are worse than we are on a particular trait or ability. Upward social comparison is the process whereby we compare ourselves with people who are better than we are on a particular trait or ability. Downward social comparison can make people feel more satisfied with their life, while upwards social comparison can make us feel bad and incompetent compared to others, but can also have positive effects and motivate us to pursue our dreams if we feel like we can achieve the level of performance that the other person has. Type: ES

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

144) Josie has just been diagnosed with cancer. According to the information presented in your text, first state what upward social comparisons and downward social comparisons are, then explain what Josie would gain by making an upward and a downward social comparison. Answer: An upward social comparison is when a person compares him or herself with someone better than they are: perhaps an expert. Downward social comparisons are when a person compares him or herself with someone worse than they are, and is more likely in cancer patients. Josie may make upward social comparisons against cancer survivors as a way of learning strategies to cope with and survive cancer. She may be inspired by their stories. Josie would make downward social comparisons against people with more advanced stages of cancer than she has— or even people who died from cancer—in order to enhance her sense of self and feel better about her situation. Type: ES

LO: 5.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

145) Mariola’s 12-year-old daughter is begging her to let her have a social media presence. Using the research regarding upward social comparison in chapter 5, provide Mariola with information she may want to consider. Answer: Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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People tend to post their best “selfies” on Instagram or other social media platforms. Moreover, these images have often been curated using various apps that enhance one’s appearance (e.g., whitening teeth, slimming the body, enlarging the eyes, adding height, etc.) What are the effects on people who view these perfect posts? For women in particular, seeing other people’s ideal images tends to promote a “compare and despair” attitude. Indeed, evidence is mounting that exposure to other people’s idealized images contributes to lower state self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, and other negative outcomes such as depression and dissatisfaction with life Type: ES

LO: 5.4

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

146) Discuss briefly cultural differences in social comparison. Answer The kinds of social comparisons people make and the reasons for engaging in social comparison differ by culture. For example, Lockwood and colleagues found that European Canadians were more likely to be motivated by positive role models (e.g., a student who had experienced academic successes) whereas Asian Canadians were more likely to be motivated by negative role models (e.g., a student who had experienced academic failures). The researchers suggest that people from collectivist cultures are more concerned with avoiding failure than with achieving success, whereas just the opposite is true in individualist cultures. There is also evidence that people from collectivist cultures seek selfimprovement to a greater extent than do those from individualist cultures, and this too affects the kind of social comparison information that is sought. For example, White and Lehman (2005) found that Asian Canadians were more likely than European Canadians to choose to compare their performance with that of someone who did better than they did on a task (upward social comparison), rather than comparing themselves with a person who did worse than they did (downward social comparison). In other words, unlike European Canadians, Asian Canadians did not capitalize on an opportunit to get a self-esteem boost but, rather, used social comparison information to identify areas for self-improvement. Type: ES

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

147) What is the Sociometer Theory? Discuss briefly research by Stinson and colleagues on the sociometer theory and self-esteem. Answer The sociometer theory states that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors the extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others. Based on the theory, Stinson and colleagues predicted that people who are chronically low in self-esteem would be reluctant to initiate social interactions because of fear of rejection. In contrast, people who are high in self-esteem believe that they are generally valued and accepted, and therefore should be eager to pursue social experiences. In one of their experiments billed as a study on group dynamics, people with high and low self-esteem filled out a questionnaire describing Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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themselves. People who were low in self-esteem were willing to join the group only when they received feedback that the group had seen their questionnaire and perceived them as having socially valued traits (e.g., popularity). People who were high in self-esteem were willing to join the group regardless of the kind of feedback they received or whether they received any feedback at all. Type: ES

LO: 5.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

148) Is self-enhancement culturally specific? Remember to define self-enhancement and summarize research exploring cultural differences in this tendency. Answer: Research shows that a tendency to self-enhance, to have an unrealistically positive view of the self, is largely shown in individualistic, Western cultures. In East Asian cultures there is a greater tendency to show self-effacement and self-criticism. People from Asian cultures tend to evaluate themselves lower than their peers on many dimensions of comparison, score lower than North Americans on measures of self-esteem, and are quicker to accept feedback about failure than feedback about success. This cultural difference does not appear to be due merely to a selfpresentation bias on the part of East Asians. Type: ES

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

149) What is self-enhancement? Do we actually tend to engage in self-enhancement and does it really make us feel better about ourselves? Discuss research from chapter 5 in your answer. Answer: Self-enhancement is an unrealistically positive view of oneself. Research confirms that we really do paint quite a flattering picture of ourselves. For example, Heine and Lehman (1999) found that participants tended to view themselves as better than the average student. In research along the same lines, Jennifer Campbell (1986) found that students showed a false uniqueness effect—they believed that many other students shared their weaknesses but that they were unique in their strengths. Similarly, researchers at Simon Fraser University have found that people tend to rate themselves as happier, more intelligent, more ethical, and even as having stronger emotional reactions than those around them (McFarland & Miller, 1990; Miller & McFarland, 1987). Engaging in this kind of unrealistic thinking actually make us feel better about ourselves, according to Paulhus and colleagues. The more we distort reality to paint a flattering picture of ourselves, the higher our self-esteem. Similarly, in research conducted by Bailis and colleagues, it was found that elderly people who self-enhanced in the domain of physical activity (e.g., saw themselves as more active and energetic than their peers) reported higher life satisfaction than those who did not. Type: ES

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Answer: Self-verification theory suggests that we are motivated to know the truth about ourselves, even if that truth is verification of our own negative self-concept. This is because that will help to maintain a coherent self-concept over time and it may be threatening if others have (what we think of as) an unrealistically high expectations of us that we cannot meet. However, the tendency to seek self-verification over self-enhancement does depend on the dimension of the self that is being evaluated and our relationship with the evaluator. We prefer enhancement of the dimension of the self that is most relevant or important to the relationship with the evaluator (e.g., physical attractiveness in a dating relationship), but accuracy on other dimensions. Type: ES

LO: 5.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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1) The introduction to Chapter 6 describes the strange logic manifested by members of the Solar Temple Cult, who thought the world was about to be destroyed by fire and that the only salvation was to take a “death voyage” by ritualized suicide to the star Sirius where they would be reborn. In total, 74 people died in these cult suicides. This chapter introduction was written to demonstrate that A) people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their actions or beliefs. B) scientists, like many of us, are fascinated with the macabre, gruesome aspects of life. C) cult members are often brainwashed so that they behave irrationally. D) cult members usually have a very weak sense of self. E) pleasant, smart, reasonable people are seldom drawn to cults. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) Most social psychologists concur that attitudes consist of A) behavioural intentions. B) cognitions. C) evaluations. D) emotions. E) feelings. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) The _______ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _______ component is to knowledge and beliefs. A) evaluative; behavioural B) affective; behavioural C) cognitive; behavioural D) affective; cognitive E) evaluative; cognitive Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) Attitudes are viewed by social psychologists as evaluative, in that they A) are based on personal feelings and values. B) are based mostly on environmental data. C) consist of positive or negative reactions to something. D) are based on objective facts. E) reflect fleeting feelings. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Difficulty: Easy 6-1

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5) Consider the lyrics to Smokey Robinson’s song, “You’ve Really Got a Hold on Me”: “I don’t like you, but I love you. Seems that I’m always thinking of you. You treat me badly, I love you madly. You’ve really got a hold on me.” The sentiments reflected in these lyrics best capture the _______ component of the singer’s attitude. A) dissonant B) behavioural C) ambivalent D) affective E) cognitive Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

6) It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific politicians. Nonetheless, these people hold very strong opinions about them. This pattern of findings suggests that people’s attitudes toward politicians may be largely A) affectively based. B) behaviourally based. C) cognitively based. D) ambivalent. E) undifferentiated. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

7) André is not at all familiar with a particular candidate’s stand on the issues or with his proposed policies, but André likes “his” candidate and plans to vote for him anyway. This example illustrates that people’s attitudes toward politicians are often A) cognitively based. B) behaviourally based. C) affectively based. D) based on a logical examination of qualifications for office. E) classically conditioned. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

8) Miguel recaptures the freedom of his youth when he test-drives the new Volkswagen “bug.” He feels 25 years younger and remembers cruising the Toronto Beaches in his old 1970 bug when he was in college. He decides to purchase that new VW model. Miguel’s positive attitude toward the car is primarily driven by A) an affective component. B) a behavioural component. C) operant conditioning. D) a cognitive component. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) classical conditioning. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

9) In all likelihood, attitudes toward _______ are affectively based and stem from _______. A) instant coffee; instrumental conditioning B) the death penalty; people’s values C) abortion; a logical examination of the facts D) toilet paper; a logical examination of the facts E) cleaning products; people’s values Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) Why are affectively based attitudes so resistant to logical persuasive attempts to change them? A) Affectively based attitudes are rooted in counterfactual thinking. B) Affectively based attitudes are acquired by automatic processes. C) Affectively based attitudes are the result of the same illogical source. D) Affectively based attitudes are often linked to values, which are difficult to change. E) Affectively based attitudes are governed by knowledge of the issues. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

11) Although affectively based attitudes can be derived from a number of different sources, they are alike in that they tend to be A) based on rational arguments. B) based on rational examination of relevant information. C) linked to deeply held values. D) unrelated to past experience. E) logically organized. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

12) Cognitively based attitude is to _______ as _______ attitude is to emotion. A) evaluation; value-based B) appraising an object; affectively based C) evaluation; behaviourally based D) social values; affectively based E) values; affectively based

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

13) Rachel recently tried sushi for the first time. Now, she finds herself eating it regularly. Since she eats it all the time, she decides that sushi must be her favourite meal. Rachel’s attitude toward sushi is a(n) _______ attitude. A) cognitively based B) decision-based C) value-based D) behaviourally based E) affectively based Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

14) Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) “I’d like to get rid of this car because it’s always in the shop” represents an affectively based attitude. B) “I hate all politicians because they represent pure evil” represents a cognitively based attitude. C) “I guess I like junk food, because I’m always eating it” represents a behaviourally based attitude. D) “I like country music because I always have it on in my car” represents an affectively based attitude. E) “I like my toaster because you can toast four pieces of bread at one time” reflects a behaviourally based attitude. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

15) Lisa is studying attitudes towards former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. She finds that in general most people have very negative attitudes about Mulroney and she wants to understand why people hold these attitudes and what can be done about them. If she wants to know your true attitude towards Mulroney and she can only ask you one question, which question should she ask? A) Do you think Brian Mulroney is good-looking? B) Do most of your friends like or dislike Brian Mulroney? C) Did Brian Mulroney’s policies agree or disagree with your values? D) Do you like or dislike Brian Mulroney? E) How would you feel if Brian Mulroney dated your sister? Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

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B) peripheral C) central D) affective E) causal Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

17) _______ attitudes are based primarily on people’s beliefs about properties of attitude objects. A) Cognitively based B) Emotionally based C) Evaluatively based D) Affectively based E) Intention-based Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) The function of cognitively based attitudes is A) choosing behaviour. B) decision-making. C) object appraisal. D) the use of logic. E) emotion-focused. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

19) Kenneth believes that Funny-O’s cereal is good because it has no sugar, it contains all of the recommended vitamins and minerals, and it has no artificial flavours. Kenneth's attitude toward Funny-O’s is a(n) A) affectively based attitude. B) cognitively based attitude. C) emotionally based attitude. D) undifferentiated attitude. E) behaviourally based attitude. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

20) At the new-car dealership, Josh asks the saleswoman a number of questions: “How good is the gas mileage on this model? What does Consumer Reports say about this make and model? Does this car hold its resale value?” The _______ component of Josh’s attitude toward the car was most likely to inform his questions. A) dissonant Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) affective C) cognitive D) behavioural E) emotional Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

21) Daryl Bem’s self-perception theory suggests that we form attitudes about an object based more on our _______ toward that object than our _______ toward that object. A) behaviour; thoughts and feelings B) personal thoughts; public display C) beliefs; past experience D) thoughts and feelings; behaviour E) social group’s behaviour; own behaviour Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

22) Which of the following is most closely related to the notion of behaviourally based attitudes? A) self-perception theory B) cognitive dissonance theory C) the elaboration likelihood model D) the Yale Attitude Change approach E) self-persuasion theory Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

23) Self-perception processes are most likely to yield a behaviourally based attitude when A) initial behaviours are coerced. B) initial attitudes are ambiguous. C) there are multiple explanations for a behaviour. D) initial attitudes are strong. E) there is not a choice in behaviour. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

24) Explicit attitudes are _________, while implicit attitudes are __________. A) public statements; private beliefs. B) in conscious awareness; involuntary and sometimes unconscious. C) affectively based; usually cognitively based. D) involuntary; voluntary. E) behaviourally based; affectively based. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

25) Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude? A) when Tracy checks off her opinion on a survey questionnaire B) when Randi experiences a flash of discomfort around her lesbian friends C) when Sarah sees Schindler’s List and concludes that it is anti-Semitic D) when Jodi, who is white, marries Percy, who is black E) when Taylor thinks about which movie is her favourite Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

26) Explicit attitudes influence our behaviour when ________, while implicit attitudes influence our behaviour when ________. A) we are monitoring our behaviour; we are not monitoring our behaviour. B) we are not monitoring our behaviour; we are monitoring our behaviour. C) we make public statements; we consider our private beliefs. D) our behaviour is nonverbal; our behaviour is verbal. E) we feel positive; we feel negative. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

27) People tend to be less aware of their _________ attitudes, which are more likely to influence behaviours they are not monitoring. A) explicit B) cognitively based C) implicit D) self-perceived E) behaviourally based Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

28) Research has found that explicit attitudes are rooted in ________ whereas implicit attitudes are rooted in ________. A) emotions; sensations. B) childhood experience; current events. C) positive experience; negative experience. D) negative experience; positive experience. E) recent experience; childhood experience. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Difficulty: Easy 6-7

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29) Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as A) behaviourally based attitude is to cognitively based attitude. B) controlled behaviour is to unconscious behaviour. C) affect is to evaluation. D) self-perception theory is to the IAT. E) affectively based attitude is to behaviourally based attitude. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

30) Complete the following analogy about attitudes: implicit is to ________ as explicit is to ________. A) childhood; recent. B) current; future. C) controlled; cognitive. D) automatic; non-conscious. E) voluntary; involuntary. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

31) When are people’s explicit and implicit attitudes positively correlated according to research by Gawronski & LeBel (2008)? A) When they are asked to focus on cognition about the attitude. B) When they are asked to list reasons they prefer and attitude object. C) When they are asked to reflect on their feelings about an attitude object. D) When they are asked to think about their childhood. E) When they are asked to think about recent experiences. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) It can be difficult to assess implicit attitudes. Nonetheless, a number of techniques exist, including A) the Implicit Association Test (IAT). B) surveys. C) structured interviews. D) observation of controllable behaviours. E) questionnaires. Answer: A Type: MC LO: 6.1 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 33) Lenoir is taking a test to see if she’s prejudiced toward elderly people. Because it’s difficult to assess her implicit attitudes, she’s most likely __________. A) completing the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) completing a survey or questionnaire C) having a structured interview D) reporting about her controllable behaviours E) completing an implicit measure regarding her controllable behaviours Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

34) Using research findings discussed in Chapter 6, who is likely to feel much worse about themselves when they receive negative feedback? A) Julio, who has low explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem B) Jordana, who has low explicit self-esteem and high implicit self-esteem C) Zeneith, who has high explicit self-esteem and high implicit self-esteem D) Gerald, who has high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem E) Liam, who has moderate explicit self-esteem and moderate implicit self-esteem Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

35) In the 1930s, when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States, Richard LaPiere (1934) had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself and his Chinese travelling companions. Surprised, LaPiere later sent letters to the establishments they visited, asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome. More than 90% of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate Chinese visitors. This study is noteworthy because it suggested that A) contact with people against whom we are prejudiced can actually reduce prejudice. B) the link between attitudes and behaviours is often tenuous/fragile. C) reports of prejudice in the United States were largely incorrect. D) hypocrisy is more common than many of us would like to think. E) rational persuasive appeals reduce prejudice. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2 Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Recall

36) In the 1930s, when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States, Richard LaPiere (1934) had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself and his Chinese travelling companions. Surprised, LaPiere later sent letters to the establishments they visited, asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome. More than 90% of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate Chinese visitors. Although LaPiere’s study suggests that there is a weak link between attitudes and behaviour, his results should be interpreted with caution. Why? A) LaPiere’s sample of proprietors was not randomly selected. B) LaPiere exerted too much control over extraneous variables.

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C) More systematic research later revealed that there is generally a strong relation between attitudes and behaviour. D) Proprietors’ attitudes might have changed between LaPiere’s visit and the time he sent the letters. E) Prejudice has generally declined in the United States since the 1930s. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

37) Which of the following is true regarding LaPiere’s famous study regarding the link between attitudes and behaviour? A) It was not a controlled experiment and it has not been replicated B) One of the criticisms of the study is that the proprietors who answered his letter were the same people who had served him and his friends C) He found consistency between people’s attitudes and behaviours D) One of the criticisms of the study is that people’s attitudes could never have changed in the months that passed between the time they served the Chinese couple and the time they received the letter E) Subsequent studies have reinforced LaPiere’s findings; people’s attitudes are often poor predictors of their behaviour Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

38) Attitude accessibility refers to __________. A) the ability to remember the last time you thought of that object B) the association between the object and an evaluation of it C) the ability to evaluate an object quickly without being able to ask questions D) the degree of experience people have with an object E) whether the attitude is positive or negative Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

39) Social psychologists have found that attitudes do predict behaviour, but only under certain specifiable conditions. One key factor is knowing whether the behaviour in question is __________. A) positive or negative B) spontaneous or deliberate C) easy or difficult D) a current or future behaviour E) affectively or cognitively based Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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40) What type of attitudes best predict spontaneous behaviour? A) Highly accessible attitudes B) Emotion-based attitudes C) Cognition-based attitudes D) Weak attitudes E) Less accessible attitudes Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

41) Why are highly accessible attitudes more likely to predict spontaneous behaviours than are less accessible attitudes? A) People are more likely to be thinking of accessible attitudes when they are called on to act. B) Emotion-based attitudes are both more accessible and more likely to influence behaviours. C) People with accessible attitudes are more likely to be influenced by arbitrary aspects of the situation. D) Spontaneous behaviours are more reliably linked with affectively based attitudes E) Actually, attitude accessibility does not influence the link between attitudes and behaviors. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

42) If you stand in the checkout line of any discount store, you’ll see a very odd assortment of items on display: disposable razors, batteries, ballpoint pens, playing cards, trail mix, USB drives, and so on. Retailers call these items “impulse buys,” meaning that although people may not come to the store looking for cards, pens, or trail mix, when they see them near the checkout, they’ll buy them. An attitude researcher might say that people buy these items because __________. A) consumers’ attitudes toward such utilitarian items are emotionally based B) these items reflect people’s social identity concerns, so they will deliberate quickly about whether to purchase them C) attitudes toward these items may be highly accessible D) intentions are relatively unimportant when people engage in deliberative behaviours like purchases E) they get bored while waiting in line and picking up these items is a way to stay occupied Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

43) Raymond’s attitude is more likely to be highly accessible if he has __________ the attitude object. A) thought in more depth about B) more firsthand experience with C) a neutral perspective about D) only read about E) no experience with Answer: B Type: MC 44)

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

__________ is to predicting spontaneous behaviour as __________ is to predicting deliberative behaviour. A) Attitude accessibility; intention B) Affect; cognition C) Dissonance reduction; self-perception D) Utility; social identity E) Cognition; Experience

Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

45) Which of the following statements is true about attitudes, accessibility, experience, and spontaneous behaviour? A) Attitudes will predict spontaneous behaviours only when the attitudes are not easily accessible B) The more direct experience people have with an attitude object, the more accessible their attitude will be; the more accessible it is, the more likely it is that the attitude will predict spontaneous behaviour C) The less direct experience people have with an attitude object, the more accessible their attitude will be; the more accessible it is, the more likely it is that the attitude will predict spontaneous behaviour D) When it comes to less spontaneous behaviour, accessibility of the attitude is much more important E) The more direct experience people have with an attitude object, the less accessible their attitude will be; the less accessible it is, the more likely it is that the attitude will predict spontaneous behaviour Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

46) According to the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), the best predictor of riding a roller coaster would be A) one’s intention to ride the roller coaster. B) one’s fear of heights. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) the number of other people waiting in line. D) one’s attitude toward amusement parks. E) what one has heard about the ride from people who have already been on it. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

47) The _______ holds that the best predictors of deliberate behaviours are the person’s attitudes toward those specific behaviours, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. A) heuristic-systematic model B) self-presentation model C) Yale persuasion approach D) elaboration likelihood model E) theory of planned behaviour Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

48) Your best friend Nina may or may not visit New York this weekend. According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein’s (1980) theory of planned behaviour, what information would be most useful in helping you predict whether Nina will actually travel to New York? A) Nina’s past travel behaviour B) Nina’s intention to visit New York C) Nina’s intention to get away this weekend D) Nina’s attitude about travelling E) Nina’s attitude toward New York Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

49) According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein’s (1980) theory of planned behaviour, the best predictor of people’s behaviour is A) their assumption about how others will evaluate their behaviour. B) their intention to behave in a certain way. C) whether the behaviour is spontaneous or planned. D) the social situation. E) whether the behaviour has been performed in the past. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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B) emotion C) perceived control D) subjective norms E) intentions Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

51) According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein’s (1980) theory of reasoned action, the best predictors of behavioural intentions are A) past behaviour and cognitive beliefs. B) emotional evaluations and cognitive beliefs. C) attitudes towards behavioural norms, beliefs about the behaviour, and perceived behavioural control. D) attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. E) attitudes towards the situation, subjective perceptions, and perceived behavioural norms. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

52) Andrew Davidson and James Jaccard (1979) studied the relation between women’s attitudes and their use of the birth control pill. These researchers found that the best predictor of whether women were using the birth control pill two years after reporting their attitudes was their A) belief about their partners’ attitudes towards the pill. B) attitudes towards adoption. C) attitudes towards abortion. D) attitude towards using birth control pills during the two-year period. E) attitude towards unwanted pregnancy. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

53) Richard LaPiere (1934) found a discrepancy between proprietors’ reported attitudes towards accommodating Chinese and their willingness to provide services to a Chinese couple who accompanied him on his travels. According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the discrepancy between proprietors’ attitudes and actual behaviours might have been reduced had LaPiere written and asked them, A) “Would you serve dinner to a Chinese couple accompanied by an American professor?” B) “Would you say that you have a positive attitude toward Asian visitors to the United States?” C) “How many Asian employees work at your establishment?”

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D) “On a 1-to-5 scale, how do you feel about Chinese visitors to the United States?” E) “Would you let members of the Chinese race eat at your restaurant?” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

54) Based on the theory of planned behaviour, who is most likely to follow through on the intention to buy new tires? A) Bob, whose friends think it is important for his safety B) Richie, whose parents put safety first and who will lend him the money C) Gill, who has just received a raise and has been advised to buy them by a coworker D) Nora, who holds a positive attitude toward Goodyear E) Michelle, who is confident that she can afford them Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

55) You will be more likely to apply to law school if the people you care most about think that you should. This is an example of A) the influence of subjective experience on attitude strength. B) the influence of subjective norms on behavioural intentions. C) the influence of perceived control on attitude strength. D) the influence of attitude specificity on intentions. E) the influence of perceived control on behaviour. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

56) Even though Mario dislikes roller coasters, he may decide to take a ride because his best friend really wants him to ride the new Tidal Wave. This example shows the importance of _______ on our behavioural decisions. A) the situation B) the reciprocity norm C) altruism D) subjective norms E) persuasive communication Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

57) The concept of subjective norms refers to people’s A) evaluations of the reasonableness of their attitudes. B) evaluations of the attitudes of others. C) intentions to use their attitudes to guide their behaviours. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) perceptions of the rules or expectations that guide social behaviour. E) beliefs about what important others will think of their behaviour. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

58) The concept of _______ refers to people’s beliefs about how those they care about will view a behaviour in question. A) judgmental norms B) social convention C) normative evaluations D) reciprocity norms E) subjective norms Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

59) Before Jane schedules an appointment to undergo plastic surgery, she asks herself, “What will my husband Ted think about me getting a breast enlargement?” This example reflects the power of _______ to influence intentions and behaviours. A) subjective norms B) deliberations C) specific attitudes D) hindsight analysis E) perspective-taking Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

60) The concept of _______ refers to the ease with which people believe that they can perform a behaviour in question. A) illusions of invulnerability B) illusory correlations C) subjective norms D) behavioural intentions E) perceived behavioural control Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

61) Eva’s friends and her husband think that it’s important that she get a mammogram at her next annual check-up. Eva believes that it will be relatively easy for her to make time in her schedule for that extra procedure. Thus, Eva has every intention of getting a mammogram as part of her annual check-up. This example best reflects the power of _______ and _______ respectively, to influence behavioural intentions and subsequent behaviours. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) subjective norms; affectively based attitudes B) subjective norms; perceived behavioural control C) specific attitudes; deliberative attitudes D) deliberative attitudes; subjective norms E) specific attitudes; perceived behavioural control Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

62) Norman and colleagues (2010) used the theory of planned behaviour to predict subjects’ behavioural intentions towards those with mental illness. They examined two components of the theory only. Their results provided support for the theory of planned behaviour when they found that ________ predicted subjects’ behavioural intentions. A) both specific attitudes and emotional responses B) both subjective norms and emotional responses C) both specific attitudes and subjective norms D) both subjective norms and expectations E) both expectations and emotional responses Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

63) In an attempt to understand why people text and drive, Chen et al. (2016) turned to the theory of planned behaviour. What did they find? A) In order to persuade people not to text while driving, interventions really only need focus on changing the drivers’ attitudes B) None of the participants felt it was okay to engage in distracted driving C) Although some of the participants felt it was okay to engage in distracted driving, they believed that other people don’t engage in these behaviours D) Participants who felt it was okay to engage in distracted driving, who believed that most drivers around them engage in distracted driving, and believed they can drive well while distracted reported the greatest frequency of engaging in distracted driving behaviours E) Participants would felt it was okay to engage in distracted driving, who believed that most drivers around them engage in distracted driving, and believed that they weren’t very good at driving distracted reported the greatest frequency of engaging in distracted driving behaviours Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

64) Hosking and colleagues (2009) examined cultural differences in predictors of behavioural intentions to quit smoking. The factor that was more predictive of Westerners’ intentions than Southeast Asians’ intentions was A) personal attitudes towards smoking. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) social norms about smoking. C) perceived control. D) internal affect. E) cultural attitudes towards self-improvement. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

65) Many young people have a positive attitude towards condom use, yet fail to use them. A theory that can help sort out the factors that influence this discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour is called the A) elaboration likelihood model. B) attitude strength model. C) theory of planned behaviour. D) Yale attitude change approach. E) peripheral route persuasion model. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

66) Sometimes people don’t use condoms because they are too embarrassed to buy them at the drug store. According to the text, this is an example of the influence of A) perceived behavioural control. B) behavioural intentions. C) attitude accessibility. D) subjective norms. E) situational constraints. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

67) One night Emily meets Don in a bar and they decide to go back to his place and have sex. Emily has a condom in her purse and wants to ask Don to use it, but is afraid that if she does he will think she is promiscuous (easy). According to the text, this is an example of the influence of A) subjective experience. B) subjective norms. C) perceived behavioural control. D) intentions. E) social stigma. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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68) Guilianna doesn’t feel comfortable talking about sex or anything related to it. She finds it really difficult to bring up the topic of using condoms with her partner. According to the text, this is an example of A) subjective experience B) subjective norms C) perceived behavioural control D) behavioural intentions E) social stigma Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

69) According to the research on behavioural intentions discussed in Chapter 6, which of the following factors might affect people’s intentions to use condoms? A) Mood and alcohol intoxication B) Self-esteem and confidence C) Social stigma and subjective experience D) Weight and age E) Physical attractiveness and social stigma Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

70) Next week, you’re going to give a lecture to the psychology club about the Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion. What will be your three main topics? A) The source; the nature of the communication; the nature of the audience B) The source; the need for cognition; the implicit attitudes of the audience C) The source; the nature of the communication; the route of processing (central/peripheral) D) The personality of the audience; the nature of the message; the social status of the speaker E) The age of the speaker; the nature of the source; and the self-esteem of the audience Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

71) The Yale Attitude Change approach focused on a number of factors that influence the success of a persuasive message. Which of the following best exemplifies source variables as one of those factors? A) one-sided versus two-sided messages B) high versus low quality argument C) visual versus auditory messages D) expert versus novice speakers E) long versus short appeals

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Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

72) According to the Yale Attitude Change approach, _______ speakers are more persuasive than their opposites. A) extroverted B) friendly C) attractive D) novice E) young Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) Persuasion from the perspective of “who says what to whom” is best associated with the A) self-perception model. B) Yale attitude change approach. C) elaboration likelihood model. D) heuristic-systematic model of persuasion. E) use of the central route to persuasion. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

74) Yoshi lives in a city that does not have a recreation centre. City council is about to have a meeting to consider building one in the city. Yoshi feels very strongly that the city should build a recreation centre and has decided to speak at the meeting. When he arrives, he finds that only one other person has signed up to speak, and that this person will be arguing against building the recreation centre. Yoshi and the other debater must decide the order of speakers. Based on what you know about the Yale Attitude Change Approach, what option would be best for Yoshi to persuade the city council to vote for the recreation centre? A) The speeches will be given back to back with no break, but there will be a delay before the council makes a decision. Yoshi asks to go first. B) The speeches will be given back to back with no break, but there will be a delay before the council makes a decision. Yoshi asks to go second. C) There will be a break between the two speeches, and the council will decide right after the second speech. Yoshi asks to go first. D) There will be a break between the two speeches, and there will be a delay before the council makes a decision. Yoshi asks to go first. E) The order of speakers doesn’t matter. The only important thing is that Yoshi presents a stronger argument than the other speaker.

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Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

75) Who is the most likely to change his or her mind after hearing persuasive communication? A) Lupe, who is 36, is not distracted, and heard an argument from an attractive expert. B) George, who is 22, not distracted, and heard an argument that presented both sides of the debate positively. C) Susan, who is 27, has high self-esteem, and heard a speaker present a two-sided argument, but then refuted the arguments on the other side. D) Alex, who is 24, is distracted, and heard a two-sidedargument from an attractive expert. E) Tyrone, who is 15, is not distracted, and heard an argument from an attractive person who does not know very much about the topic. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

76) Based on the discussion of the Yale Attitude Change Approach, which of the following statements is true regarding the nature of the communication? A) People are more persuaded by messages that do not seem to be designed to influence them B) It is generally better to present a one-sided communication than a two-sided communication C) If speeches are to be given back to back and there will be a delay before people have to make up their minds, there tends to be a recency effect D) Attractive people persuade people more than unattractive people E) Credible speakers persuade people more than those who appear to be less credible Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

77) Zeeshan is running as a political candidate in his riding and has to prepare a speech. Using the discussion of the Yale Attitude Change Approach regarding the nature of the audience, what advice would you give him? A) He should make sure the audience is not distracted during his speech B) He should try to figure out the cultural backgrounds of the audience members before hand because cultural differences have been found for which argument types are the most persuasive C) He should make sure the audience members know he is trying to persuade them D) He should make sure he gives his speech before the other political candidates E) He should provide a one sided message only Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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78) When people listen carefully to a persuasive communication and think about the arguments, they are using the _______ route to persuasion. A) direct B) heuristic C) peripheral D) indirect E) central Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

79) When people don’t attend carefully to the substance of a persuasive communication, but instead pay attention to irrelevant cues, they are using the _______ route to persuasion. A) central B) indirect C) peripheral D) direct E) systematic Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

80) The central route to persuasion is to _______ as the peripheral route is to _______. A) heuristic processing; systematic processing B) logical arguments; surface characteristics C) attractiveness of the speaker; argument quality D) attitude change; no attitude change E) ability; motivation Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

81) According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, people who _______ are most likely to take the _______ route to persuasion. A) are not interested in the issue; central B) are motivated to pay attention; central C) do not pay close attention; central D) are motivated to pay attention; peripheral E) do not care about the issue; central Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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82) When people have both the motivation and ability to attend to a persuasive communication, they are more likely to use the _______ route to persuasion. A) relevant B) direct C) central D) heuristic E) peripheral Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

83) Who is more likely to use the central route to persuasion when attending to a communication about health insurance reform? A) Raúl, who has little interest in public policy issues B) Tammy, who is doing her homework as she watches Meet The Press C) Rachel, who has never had any health problems D) James, who is undergoing extensive treatments after his auto accident E) Justé, who can only just hear the communication because of noise in the room Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

84) According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, you are more likely to be influenced by the central route when you are A) impressed with the speaker’s credentials and manner. B) not invested in the topic at hand. C) not interested in the topic at hand. D) willing and able to give your full attention to the message. E) preoccupied with other matters. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

85) Imagine that you are listening to a political candidate. Which of the following scenarios would result in the most attitude change in the direction of the candidate’s position? A) The arguments are strong, but you don’t regard the candidate as expert in the area, which is also not particularly relevant to you. B) You care deeply about the issue and the speaker is very attractive, but he presents a superficial argument. C) The topic is not very important to you and you are captivated by the candidate’s dazzling smile. D) You find the candidate unattractive and the arguments are weak, but the topic is highly relevant to you. E) The arguments are low in quality, but there are a lot of them, and the issue is one about which you care deeply. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

86) A cigarette company wants to create a positive image by launching a campaign to decrease smoking among the young. This kind of tactic, termed ‘hypocritical’ by your text, will be most effective if the audience for the campaign is A) smoking. B) among the older generation C) processing the information systematically D) familiar with that particular cigarette company E) under cognitive load. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

87) People who base their attitudes on careful analysis of the arguments rather than the characteristics of the person delivering the argument are A) more likely to maintain the attitude over time, but less likely to behave consistently with this attitude. B) more like to maintain the attitude over time and more likely to behave consistently with this attitude. C) no more likely to maintain the attitude over time or behave consistently with this attitude. D) likely to change their minds over time. E) sensitive to counter-persuasion. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

88) “Don’t bother me with the so-called facts,” asserts your Uncle Joe. “If it’s good enough for Stephen Harper, it’s good enough for me.” Which of the following statements about your Uncle Joe is most likely true? A) He will use central route processing when listening to Harper speak. B) He will process Harper’s messages systematically. C) He will note inconsistencies in Harper’s arguments. D) He will continue to hold enduring attitudes toward Harper policies and behave consistently with those attitudes. E) He will pay less attention to what Harper says and more attention to how he says it. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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89) As a persuasive communicator, your goal is to influence the opinions of your audience. You are most likely to benefit from an audience that is slightly distracted when A) you are not an acknowledged expert on the topic. B) your arguments are strong. C) your arguments are rather weak. D) your audience holds a weak attitude toward the issue. E) you have a cold. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

90) Who is most likely to remember the prominent writer of an editorial advocating the abolishment of mandatory minimum sentencing for drug offenses, but to forget the arguments in that editorial? A) Bob, who is a lawyer representing drug offenders B) Jane, who is in jail for a drug charge C) Orrin, who has jetlag from his quick trip back and forth from Vancouver D) Harvey, who smokes marijuana E) Linda, who organizes drug education in schools Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

91) You have agreed to make a speech in front of the Student Union building to convince students of the necessity of tuition increases. You haven’t had a lot of time to rehearse your arguments, and you know if you had another two days you could construct and deliver a more logical, well-reasoned persuasive message. In order to increase the odds that the audience will be persuaded by your less-than-ideal speech, you should _______ to ensure that the audience processes your message _______. A) convince them that the issue is relevant to them; peripherally. B) persuade your friends to move through the crowd, heckling to distract them; centrally. C) convince them of what they stand to gain if tuition increases are enacted; heuristically. D) speak on the side of the building where noisy construction is underway; peripherally. E) be sure to speak clearly and make sure that they can focus on you; centrally. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

92) Your friend asks you to pick her up from her social psychology lecture. From outside the classroom, you can hear the instructor discussing persuasion and various theories about attitudes and attitude change. You then hear, “it’s a theory explaining that there

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

are two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: the central route and the peripheral route.” What theory is the instructor talking about? A) The Yale Attitude Change Approach B) The Elaboration Likelihood Model C) The Theory of Planned Behaviour D) The ABC model of attitudes E) Cognitive Dissonance Theory Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

93) Kai voted for the first time in the 2019 elections. He was very motivated to understand campaign issues and to make an informed choice at the polls. He read the newspapers and watched the television debates between the candidates. Motivated and informed when he watched the debates, Kai was most likely to pay attention to __________. A) how stiff the different candidates appeared on camera B) the candidates’ disagreements on education issues C) the candidates’ relaxed delivery D) the candidates’ rude interruptions E) how well the candidates were dressed Answer: B Type: MC

LO:6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

94) Your parents choose to purchase life insurance because it is advertised by Alex Trebek. After all, he is a really smart guy and they trust him to lead them to a good product. They are basing their choice of this insurance on the __________. A) central route of persuasion B) use of subjective norms C) peripheral route of persuasion D) implicit route of persuasion E) systematic route of persuasion Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

95) You work for an advertising agency. You have been assigned to come up with an advertising campaign for a new brand of designer water, which in reality is standard city reservoir water in a fancy bottle. In this case, you are best off using the __________ route, because __________. A) central; you have strong arguments for why your product is superior B) central; your audience is going to be highly motivated C) peripheral; you do not have strong arguments for why your product is superior D) peripheral; your audience is going to be low in the need for cognition Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) peripheral; your audience will care greatly Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

96) Public service ads often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change unhealthy behaviours. If fear appeals are used, it is crucial to provide the audience with _______ to increase the likelihood of behaviour change. A) mortality and morbidity statistics B) real world examples C) specific recommendations for how to reduce the unhealthy behaviour D) specific, detailed information about the consequences of continuing the unhealthy behaviour E) as much fear-evoking information as possible Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

97) Fear-arousing communications are most likely to result in attitude change when A) they are sufficiently strong to induce perceptions of threat. B) people think that attending to a message will reduce the fear. C) people process fear appeals peripherally. D) the messages are found to be shocking. E) people are in a good mood and the message takes them by surprise. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

98) For those who are most threatened by a fear-arousing message, the addition of ________ can be effective in creating attitude change and preventing an audience from turning their attention away. A) real-life examples B) frightening and graphic images C) soothing music D) humour E) attractive and colourful images Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

99) You’ve just learned that your younger brother has begun having sex. You are concerned about his health and the health of his partner. Because abstinence doesn’t seem reasonable to expect, you have decided to have a serious talk with him. What is the best thing to do?

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A) Instill enough fear into him to get his attention and then explain where to get condoms and how to use them. B) Describe in vivid detail the ravages of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases to scare him into safe sex practices. C) Instill enough fear in him to get his attention and then give him a condom. D) Talk to him about the odds that he will contract the disease and discuss national statistics about AIDS. E) Buy him a book about responsible sex at the local bookstore and mark the appropriate pages with a condom. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

100) “I like sex, but not enough to die for it,” says a young woman in an ad designed to persuade people to use condoms if they are sexually active. Why might this approach be ineffective? A) If people are in a bad mood when they see the ad, they won't pay attention. B) If people are sexually active, the ad will be low in personal relevance. C) If people are too frightened, they won't think rationally about the issue. D) If people are not sexually active, they will think the ad does not directly apply to them. E) If people are not sexually active, the ad will put them in a bad mood. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

101) Howard Leventhal and his colleagues (1967) showed one group of smokers a film depicting the ravages of lung cancer, gave another group of smokers a pamphlet with instructions on how to quit smoking, and exposed a third group to both the film and the pamphlets. People in the last group reduced their smoking significantly more than people in the other two groups because A) they were relatively light smokers. B) fear was aroused and they were provided with a means to reduce that fear. C) prior to the study they reported more failed attempts to quit. D) they were given more information on the health risks of smoking. E) the combination increased their confidence in their ability to quit. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

102) Howard Leventhal and his colleagues (Leventhal, Watts, & Pagano, 1967) showed some smokers a graphic film about lung cancer and gave them a pamphlet with instructions on how to quit. Other smokers received either the pamphlet alone or watched only the film. After three months, those smokers who received only the pamphlet with instructions were smoking significantly more than those who both saw the film and received the pamphlet. Why? Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) Fear, like other negative moods, encourages people to pay attention to the message. B) Fear cannot produce attitude change. C) Information alone is not sufficient if people are not motivated to use it. D) The pamphlet did not induce enough fear. E) A message must be relevant to people if they are to pay attention to it. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

103) Your best friend has just begun smoking. You are concerned for her health and decide to have a talk with her about her choices. What is the best way for you to approach this conversation? A) Buy a self-help book from the bookstore that discusses overall strategies to live a healthy life B) Provide enough description of the dangers of smoking to get her attention, and then provide her with information about the Quitline, which helps people stop smoking C) Provide her with vivid pictures of lung disease and mouth cancers to show her what will happen to her D) Provide her with statistical information that makes it obvious she is going to die if she keeps smoking E) Tell her stories of people you know who have died from smoking Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

104) Which of the following represents the utilitarian aspect of an attitude object, such as a consumer product? A) the image portrayed in a perfume ad B) who the spokesperson is for a home grill C) the humour contained in a greeting card D) the flattering appearance of a pair of jeans E) the gas mileage of a car Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

105) According to research by Sharon Shavitt (1990), consumers’ attitudes toward social identity products are _______ based because they are informed by _______. A) cognitively; logical appraisals of the product. B) affectively; values and the self-concept. C) behaviourally; past product purchases. D) cognitively; social identity concerns. E) behviourally; values.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 6.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

106) Advertisers will be most successful in influencing our attitudes and behaviours if they A) can ensure that consumers will pay attention to their ads. B) present logical arguments in support of their products. C) tailor their strategies to the basis of consumers’ attitudes. D) distract consumers to encourage central processing. E) utilize subliminal messages. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

107) According to research by Sang-pil Han and Sharon Shavitt (1994), are there cultural differences in the kinds of attitudes people hold about the same consumer product? A) Yes. Ads that focus on individuality and self-improvement work better in Western cultures than in Asian cultures. B) Yes. Ads that focus on emotions and values work better in Asian cultures than in the United States. C) No. There are no significant cultural differences. D) Yes. People in Asian cultures are less consumer-oriented than people in the United States. E) Yes. People in Asian cultures are more receptive to ads for utilitarian products. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

108) Which of the following ad slogans for an automobile would be more effective in Tokyo than in Toronto? A) The Penguin: Be Unique B) The Mystic: Comfort for Your Family C) The Cobra: They’ll Eat Your Dust D) The Lyric: Drive to a Different Tune E) The Astor: A Sign That You've Made It Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

109) Sang-pil Han and Sharon Shavitt showed Americans and Koreans advertisements that stressed either independence or interdependence. They found that _______ were persuaded most by ads that stressed _______. A) Koreans; logical arguments. B) Americans; interdependence. C) Americans; independence. D) Americans; emotional appeals. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) Koreans; independence. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

110) _______ refers to words or pictures that are not consciously perceived, but that allegedly influence judgments, attitudes, and behaviours. A) Subconscious perception B) Paranormal stimuli C) Subliminal messages D) Subnormal priming E) Subcortical messages Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

111) Why should we be skeptical about advertisers’ claims that subliminal advertisements work? A) People often see or hear so-called subliminal messages that aren't there. B) Subliminal advertisements only work on a small segment of the population. C) Advertisers seldom, if ever, use controlled studies to support their claims. D) Advertisers rely more on people’s self-reports than on their actual purchasing patterns. E) Many auditory and visual stimuli are not subliminal at all and can be consciously perceived. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

112) Anthony Greenwald and his colleagues (1991) provided participants with audiotapes that contained subliminal messages to improve memory or to raise self-esteem. After participants had listened to the tapes, the researchers assessed their memory or selfesteem. Greenwald and his colleagues found that subliminal messages A) did nothing more than relax participants, improving their performance on memory tasks. B) increased memory, and this increase in memory lead to increases in selfesteem. C) did nothing to enhance memory or increase self-esteem. D) increased self-esteem, but did not improve memory. E) worked to enhance memory or self-esteem only when participants thought they worked. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

113) Tram downloads and listens to MP3s to help her quit smoking. She cannot consciously detect any anti-smoking messages. Chances are that the messages are __________. A) implicit B) subliminal C) not there at all D) superliminal E) sublingual Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

114) _______ is the process of making people resistant or immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of arguments against their position. A) Counter-attitudinal priming B) Subliminal priming C) Attitude inoculation D) Psychological reactance E) Preemptive exposure Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

115) Attitude inoculation is the process of making people immune to persuasion attempts by A) exposing them to arguments against their position. B) encouraging them to feel positive about the position that they hold. C) exposing them to arguments in support of their position. D) encouraging them to pay attention to the quality of the persuasion attempts. E) encouraging them to keep an open mind. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

116) Politicians often preface their remarks with such statements as “I know that my opponent will try to tell you that I'm weak on crime.” This strategy is an example of A) use of the peripheral route to persuasion. B) use of the central route to persuasion. C) attitude inoculation. D) low self-esteem. E) fear-based persuasion. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

117) Attitude inoculation is a way to A) increase resistance to attitude change. B) make fear-arousing messages more persuasive. C) ensure audience attention. D) bring attitudes into line with values. E) induce people to use heuristic processing. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

118) You want to have a talk with your younger sister about the dangers of drugs. You begin the discussion by saying, “Now, your friends are probably going to tell you that only people with problems to begin with get into trouble with drugs and that you’re a chicken if you don’t get high with them, but....” You have just used _______ to persuade her to avoid experimenting with drugs. A) a fear-based appeal B) attitude accessibility C) a peripheral route argument D) a one-sided argument E) attitude inoculation Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

119) A public service ad on television shows a young boy resisting the attempts of someone off camera to persuade him to accept drugs. The boy resists each and every enticement (e.g., “It’ll make you fly!” or “Come on, this one’s free!”). The camera then pans back and the boy’s father hugs him and says, “Good job, son!” This ad illustrates the use of _______ to increase resistance to attitude change. A) psychological reactance B) two-sided arguments C) one-sided arguments D) attitude inoculation E) fear appeals Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

120) Why, according to the textbook, does attitude inoculation work to increase resistance to subsequent persuasion attempts? A) Attitude inoculation generates psychological reactance, so people ignore subsequent messages. B) Attitude inoculation encourages people to think about the issues and to generate counterarguments. C) Attitude inoculation raises self-esteem, and thus makes people less vulnerable to later persuasion attempts. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) Attitude inoculation increases fear, and thus makes people less responsive to logical arguments. E) Attitude inoculation increases cognitive load, and thus makes people unable to think critically Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

121) Why does product placement appear to be effective in increasing sales of a product? A) The product becomes associated with something “cool.” B) When a product is shown in a movie, the excitement from the movie is attributed to the product. C) People’s defences are down because they do not realize that someone is trying to influence them. D) People wish to construct a social identity that matches what they see in movies and on TV. E) Because people do not find product placement objectionable and are open to being influenced through media. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

122) One way to reduce the effectiveness of product placement as a method of persuasion is A) to ensure that the products are already popular. B) to show so many products that people will be too overwhelmed to change their attitudes. C) to ensure that products are only placed in the periphery of the scene so they are less noticeable. D) to warn people that an attempt at persuasion is coming. E) to ensure that the products are part of the central action of the scene so that people are aware that this is an attempt to persuade them. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

123) Which of the following statements is true regarding product placement? A) Studies have found that the more often children in Grades 5 to 8 had seen movies in which adults smoked cigarettes, the less positive were their attitudes toward smoking B) Only 20% of respondents in a study conducted in Canada and the UK felt that product placement in films is more objectionable than traditional television commercials C) Several studies have found that warning people about an upcoming attempt to change their attitudes makes them less susceptible to that attempt D) When people are forewarned, they don’t analyze content as carefully and as a result, will be greatly influenced by the product placement Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) Children are no more vulnerable to product placement than are adults Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

124) Hai has been taking expensive beta-carotene supplements for years, because he believes they will reduce his risk of cancer. Hai has just learned that a well-controlled study published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine showed that beta-carotene supplements do not reduce cancer risk. Hai is probably experiencing A) the rationalization trap. B) cognitive dissonance. C) self-discrepancy. D) self-delusion. E) self-affirmation. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

125) Susan carefully rinses her mouth with an unpleasant-tasting mouthwash every day. One day, Susan reads an article reporting credible dental research that suggests that mouthwash is completely ineffective and that mouthwash may even be related to tooth decay. The discomfort that Susan experiences in response to this article is called A) self-deception. B) insufficient justification. C) self-justification. D) cognitive dissonance. E) self-discrepancy. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

126) Stefano has a diet high in saturated fats and cholesterol. Assume that he has read that new scientific evidence confirms that a diet high in fat and cholesterol leads to heart disease and colon cancer. If Stefano were to reduce cognitive dissonance by adding new cognitions in support of his behaviour, he would think, A) “I think I will add salad to my diet.” B) “I eat what my grandpa ate, and he lived to be 87!” C) “Gee, I think next week I’ll stick to fish and chicken.” D) “I bet they didn’t use a true experiment and a random sample.” E) “Like everyone else, scientists are slaves to what’s fashionable.” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 6

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) ignoring negative cognitions. B) pretending they did not perform a particular behaviour. C) adding new cognitions that are consistent with their behaviour. D) decreasing their arousal. E) reducing their total number of cognitions. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

128) “Live fast and die young, that’s what I always say,” Rosie pronounces, as she opens another cigarette pack.. Rosie knows that her smoking habit is unhealthy and harmful, of course. To reduce her dissonance, Rosie is A) adding a cognition that is consonant with her problem behaviour. B) changing a problem cognition to make it more consonant with her behaviour. C) engaging in chain smoking to distract her from the knowledge her habit is unhealthy. D) engaging in self-affirmation to combat cognitive dissonance. E) changing her behaviour to bring it in line with her cognitions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

129) You’ve recently read that eating avocados, which you love, is bad for your health. To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this news, you would most likely A) reread the article more carefully. B) consume a larger quantity of avocados. C) question the validity of the research and the integrity of the authors. D) look for more articles on avocados. E) tell all of your friends about the findings. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

130) A tobacco grower says, “I’m not the only one growing it. If I stop, someone else will be there.” Assuming that the man was experiencing dissonance from the fact that he was making his living from a crop that is bad for people’s health, he appears to be reducing this dissonance by __________. A) changing his behaviour B) changing his cognitions C) adding new cognitions D) self-affirmation in an unrelated domain E) changing his attitudes Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 6

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

131) According to the authors, every time we make a decision, we experience some amount of dissonance. Why? A) The rejected alternative is seldom completely positive. B) After people invest effort, they are motivated to second-guess themselves. C) People seldom seek out objective information before decision-making. D) People often make the wrong decision. E) The chosen alternative is seldom completely positive. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

132) _______ refers to the dissonance aroused after we have chosen between two or more alternatives. A) Decisional anxiety B) Justification of effort C) Post-decision dissonance D) Decisional regret E) Insufficient justification Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

133) Chloe debated for a long time about whether to take a psychology or a sociology course, both of which looked interesting. She finally chose the psychology course. Now, because she is experiencing _______, she raves about the psychology course to her friends. A) a justification of effort B) a threat to self-evaluation maintenance C) a threat to self-esteem D) post-decision dissonance E) insufficient justification Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

134) Ying just purchased a rather expensive wrist watch. She had debated for weeks about the merits of two different styles before making her final decision. It’s now likely that Ying will A) wish that she purchased the other watch. B) emphasize all of the positive aspects of the chosen watch. C) continue to check the newspaper to monitor sales for the watch she opted not to buy. D) return the chosen watch and exchange it for the other watch. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) continue looking at other styles of watches in case she can find one she likes better. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

135) Jack Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances and then allowed them to choose one of those appliances as a gift. Twenty minutes later, all women re-rated the same appliances, including the one they chose. Women tended to rate the alternatives they rejected lower than they had originally, and to rate their chosen appliance more positively. These results suggest that people A) experience more dissonance when their decisions implicate their self-concepts as rational and reasonable. B) reduce dissonance by overestimating differences between chosen and unchosen alternatives. C) are more likely to experience cognitive dissonance when decisions are irrevocable. D) are irrational in their evaluations. E) seldom collect enough information before making decisions. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

136) Jack Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances and then allowed them to choose one of those appliances as a gift. Twenty minutes later, all women re-rated the same appliances, including the one they chose. According to his findings, which of the following (fictitious) participants would rate the toaster lower than she had originally? A) Beth, who was originally unsure which appliance to choose, but eventually chose the toaster B) Maude, who rated the toaster lowest at the outset C) Edith, who loves toast and jelly, and chose the toaster D) June, who chose the waffle iron instead E) Donna, who felt pressured to select the iron Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

137) Maria is on a limited budget and can only afford to download one album from iTunes. She really likes two in particular: one by Beyonce and one by Lady Gaga. When she listens to the Beyonce album she bought, she cannot imagine why she ever considered downloading Lady Gaga. This is because A) Beyonce music reminds Maria of her childhood B) she really enjoys the Beyonce album C) Maria has to justify buying an album, given her limited budget D) Maria was motivated to reduce her post-decision dissonance Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Maria wasn’t sure about iTunes’ return policy Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

138) Why do people often experience post decision dissonance? A) Almost every alternative has both an upside and a downside, and this makes people feel uncomfortable. B) People fear that indecision will be evaluated negatively by others. C) People tend to find most decisions difficult. D) People are motivated to believe in a just world. E) It’s easier to value an option we’ve chosen than to disparage an option we've rejected. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

139) Anita spent two months trying to decide whether to buy a PC or a Mac.She finally decided on a Mac. Now Anita most likely A) tries to convince all her friends to buy PCs. B) asks her friends how they feel about PCs. C) wishes she'd bought the PC. D) is certain she made the right decision. E) still thinks PCs and Macs are equally good computers. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

140) In general, the more _______ a decision between alternatives, the _______ the postdecision dissonance. A) difficult; less B) permanent; greater C) freer; less D) revocable; greater E) trivial; greater Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

141) All things being equal, it would generate the most dissonance to decide which of two A) computers to buy. B) apartments to rent. C) people to marry. D) classes to take. E) desserts to order. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 6

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

142) Why would a race track of all places be an excellent place to conduct research on post-decision dissonance? A) The odds are against inexperienced bettors, but experienced bettors are more likely to win money than to lose it. B) It's a place where the consequences of both permanent and impermanent decisions can be systematically studied. C) Trainers, owners, and jockeys have invested a lot of time and effort to breed and train a winner. D) A lot of people go to watch the races, but not everyone believes that betting is moral. E) It is a large random sample of people. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

143) Researchers (Knox & Inkster, 1968) visited a race track and interviewed people betting on the horses, both before and after they had placed their bets. They found that _______ were more confident in their betting decisions because _______. A) people who were waiting to place large bets; they reported more experience. B) people who were waiting to place small bets; they stood to lose less. C) people who had already placed their bets; their bets changed the odds. D) people who had placed small $2 bets; they stood to lose less. E) people who had already placed their bets; they couldn’t change their minds. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

144) People who had already placed their $2 bets were more confident than people who were waiting in line to place their bets (Knox & Inkster, 1968). These findings suggest that decisions that are _______ generate more cognitive dissonance than decisions that are not. A) final B) trivial C) coerced D) difficult E) important Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

145) After filing your ballot for an election, you are more convinced than you were before filing the ballot that you voted for the best candidate. This example illustrates Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 6

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

the idea that when decisions are _______ individuals engage in a greater amount of dissonance reduction. A) unchangeable B) ambiguous C) imminent D) difficult E) simple Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

146) Jill is a devout Catholic who believes that the use of birth control is wrong. However, Jill becomes involved in a relationship and together she and her partner decide to practice birth control. Jill will probably A) now hold a more negative attitude toward birth control. B) denounce the Pope and leave the Catholic church. C) feel motivated to leave the relationship. D) now hold a more positive attitude toward birth control. E) exhibit no change in her attitude toward birth control. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

147) According to results of dissonance studies, who is more likely to believe that lying is truly a heinous, unconscionable, and unforgivable act? A) Mark, who was tempted to lie, but told the truth instead B) Julius, who knew he should tell the truth, but lied instead C) Francis, who lies on occasion, but feels he can justify it D) Dan, who has always told the truth E) Bill, who lies quite often Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

148) Based on information from the authors of your text about cognitive dissonance and immoral behaviour, which of the following people would be most likely to be lenient in judging those who have an extramarital affair? A) Sarah, who is not married B) Jessie, who cheated on her husband long ago, but didn’t get caught C) Laura, who is faithful to her husband D) Candy, who is engaged to be married but has had many boyfriends E) Elinor, who is highly religious Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 6

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

149) Judson Mills (1958) had elementary school children compete for attractive prizes. The children could cheat to win the prizes, but they didn’t know that the experimenter would be assured of detecting the cheaters. Some children cheated, and others did not. The next day, A) those who didn’t cheat earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about cheating. B) when they were offered a large inducement to cheat, most students cheated. C) those who had cheated earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about cheating. D) none of the students endorsed cheating as acceptable. E) almost all of the students felt that cheating was acceptable in this situation. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

150) After reducing postdecision dissonance, people are more likely to rate the chosen and unchosen alternatives as __________. A) being very similar, with about equal strengths and weaknesses B) having an equal number of strengths, but the chosen alternative as having fewer weaknesses C) being more dissimilar, such that the chosen alternative is much more desirable than the unchosen one D) being similar in terms of weaknesses, but the chosen alternative has more strengths E) being more dissimilar, such that the chosen alternative is less desirable than the unchosen one Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

151) The Pattersons bought their TV from a store with a thirty-day return policy, and the Kims bought the same TV from a different store with a policy that “All Sales Are Final!” Based on what the text reports about cognitive dissonance, which family is more likely to be satisfied with their TV? A) The Pattersons B) The Kims C) They will be equally happy D) The Pattersons, but only if they paid less than the Kims E) The Kims for the first few hours after the purchase, but then the Pattersons Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 6

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

152) _______ refers to the tendency for people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain. A) Post-decision dissonance B) Post-effort justification C) Insufficient justification D) Justification of effort E) Minimal justification Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

153) Elliot Aronson and Judson Mills (1959) performed an experiment in which college women were invited to join a discussion group about sex. In order to join the group, participants had to undergo either a severe initiation, a mild initiation, or no initiation. Which of the following best describes this study's findings? Women who underwent _______ initiation enjoyed the discussion the _______. A) a severe; most. B) a mild; most. C) more than one; least. D) no; most. E) a severe; least. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

154) You have worked extremely hard to attain a goal, but soon realize that the goal is not as exciting as you expected. You will probably A) exaggerate the positive qualities of the goal in order to justify your effort. B) carefully analyze the reasons why you worked so hard to attain the goal. C) exaggerate the negative qualities of the goal in order to attain sympathy. D) warn others that the goal is not a very attractive one. E) deny that you ever believed that the goal was exciting. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

155) You have just undergone a three-week initiation process to become a member of a fraternity. During the initiation, you were made to do such things as shave your head, run naked through the cafeteria, and sing obnoxious fraternity songs during your classes. You now consider the fraternity the best thing that’s ever happened to you and are convinced that your fraternity brothers are friends for life. Your attitude toward your fraternity is probably influenced by A) justification of effort. B) post-decision dissonance. C) the overjustification effect. D) insufficient punishment. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) flawed cognitions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

156) Who is most likely to enjoy a boring and lackluster rock-n-roll concert performed by washed-up 50-something “has beens”? A) Rod, who used to work as a soundman for the band B) Paul, who won the tickets in a radio trivia quiz C) Keith, who got the tickets for his birthday from his Aunt Bertha D) Mick, who waited in line all night for tickets E) John, who has never seen the band perform live before Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

157) In the aftermath of dissonant behaviour, people often cite something outside themselves as a reason or explanation for engaging in that behaviour. This kind of explanation is known as A) the overjustification effect. B) post-decision regret. C) external justification. D) post-decision justification E) internal justification. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

158) Your friend Jamie shows you the gift she bought for her mother’s birthday. It’s an atrociously ugly fake marble statue of an angel, with the saccharine words “My Mother’s An Angel” sloppily lettered on the bottom. Jamie asks you what you think, and because her feelings are easily hurt, to spare her, you say, “It’s wonderful! Maybe I’ll get one for my mom!” In this case, you _______ experience dissonance because there is _______ justification for your action. A) will not; sufficient internal B) will; sufficient external C) will; not D) will not; sufficient external E) will; sufficient internal Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 6

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) the values are important to us. B) we engaged in the behaviour voluntarily. C) the beliefs are integral to our self-concepts. D) we can point to external justifications for our behaviour. E) no one observed the inconsistent behaviour. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

160) In the aftermath of dissonant behaviour, people often change something about themselves as a means of reducing cognitive dissonance. This is known as A) external justification. B) behaviour modification. C) internal justification. D) postdecision regret. E) the overjustification effect. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

161) According to the tenets of dissonance theory, when we cannot find sufficient external justification for acts such as saying something we don’t truly believe, we will most likely A) seek out dissonance. B) increase the number of dishonest deeds we do. C) deny what we said. D) stop thinking about what we said. E) seek internal justifications. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

162) Which of the following social psychology concepts is most closely related to the expression, “Saying is believing”? A) counter-attitudinal behaviour B) post-decision regret C) anchoring and adjusting D) justification of effort E) illusion of choice Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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B) Christiane, who changes her attitude to bring it in line with an undesirable behaviour C) Denise, who reconciles herself to the discomfort that dissonance produces D) Michelle, who points to the fact that she was coerced into an undesirable behaviour E) Blaine, who views his boss as the cause of his behaviour Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

164) When people state publicly an opinion that is at odds with their own private attitudes, they sometimes shift their private opinion to be more in line with the opinion they stated publically. This is called A) justification of effort. B) seeking external justifications. C) counter-attitudinal behaviour. D) seeking situational justifications. E) dissonance reduction. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

165) Two weeks after making a public statement at odds with his previous positions, which politician is most likely to report that he sticks by his most recent (contradictory) statement? A) a candidate who was far behind in the polls and had to shift tactics B) a candidate who couldn’t quite figure out why he contradicted himself C) a candidate who was “cornered” by demonstrators D) a candidate who had to fall in line with the views of his political party E) a candidate who spoke at a $1,000 a plate fund-raiser Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

166) People are unlikely to change their attitude after saying something they don’t truly believe if there is _______ for the lie. A) insufficient justification B) a small cash reward C) insufficient rationalization D) internal justification E) external justification Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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167) Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell another person that a boring, tedious task was really fun and interesting. The results of their experiment demonstrated that A) most people will not lie regardless of the reward. B) minimal external justification can lead to attitude change. C) people often refuse to say in public what they privately believe. D) attitude-discrepant acts will only change internal attitudes when there is little or no external justification. E) when people experience dissonance, they work to justify their effort. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

168) Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell someone else that a tedious, boring task was really interesting. Participants paid _______ modified their original attitudes because they had _______ for lying. A) $20; minimal external justification B) $20; little internal justification C) $20; an abundance of external justification D) $1; little external justification E) $1; little internal justification Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

169) Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the downsides of affirmative action, whereas Carol is offered only $2 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action. Assuming that their attitudes were similarly positive at the outset, which of the following results would you expect? A) both women would be somewhat less opposed to affirmative action B) both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action C) Carol would be less favourable than Vera toward affirmative action D) Carol and Vera would be equally favourable toward affirmative action E) Vera would be less favourable than Carol toward affirmative action Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

170) Recall that in experiments conducted by Mike Leippe and Donna Eisenstadt (1994, 1998), white college students agreed to write essays in favour of doubling funds for minority student scholarships, even though that policy would reduce funds available for majority students. What happened? A) Participants who were initially prejudiced did not change their attitudes, but non-prejudiced participants did.

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B) Participants convinced themselves that they supported the policy of expanding aid to minority students. C) Participants changed their attitudes about the policy, but not about minority students. D) Participants who were prejudiced refused to write the essays. E) Participants showed increased prejudice towards minority students. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

171) In experiments conducted by Leippe and Eisenstadt (1994, 1998), when white participants experienced dissonance after writing essays in favour of doubling scholarship funds for minority students, how did many of them relieve the dissonance? A) by showing support of racist organizations B) by showing lower prejudicial attitudes C) by later telling the experimenter they didn’t really believe in what they’d written D) by seeking to befriend and date minorities E) by denying that they had ever written the essays Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty; Easy

172) According to your authors, threats of severe punishment ultimately teach people A) to avoid getting caught. B) to distrust authority. C) that crime doesn't pay. D) to obey the rules. E) that severe punishment is the best way to modify behaviour. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

173) According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to control behaviours? A) Severe punishment models inappropriate behaviour that is then learned. B) Severe punishment serves as an external justification for behaviour change. C) Severe punishment is difficult to administer. D) Severe punishment undermines intrinsic motivation. E) Severe punishment leads to frustration. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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174) According to the principle of insufficient punishment, which of the following parental techniques should be most effective in changing a child’s behaviour permanently (i.e., even behaviour that occurs in the absence of the parent)? A) threat of severe punishment B) threat of mild punishment C) occasional mild punishment D) ignoring the child’s troublesome behaviour E) severe punishment Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

175) According to dissonance theorists, the practice of threatening mild punishment works because it arouses _______ cognitive dissonance and therefore causes _______. A) little; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act B) much; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act C) no; little if any frustration D) no; avoidance of the punishment E) much; avoidance of the punishment Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

176) Elliot Aronson and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1963) designed experiments to measure cognitive dissonance in preschoolers. The researchers presented the children with an attractive toy and then threatened them with either mild punishment or severe punishment if they played with the toy. Their results suggest that A) preschoolers are too young to experience cognitive dissonance. B) the children in the severe punishment condition found the toy less attractive than the children in the mild punishment condition. C) the children did not differ in their attraction to the forbidden toy. D) cognitive dissonance theory is useless to shape children’s attitudes and behaviours. E) the children in the mild punishment condition found the toy less attractive than the children in the severe punishment condition. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

177) Participants in an experiment conducted by Keith Davis and E.E. Jones (1960) were induced to provide hurtful feedback to another person (actually a confederate, of course). After providing such mean assessments of his performance, participants then evaluated him privately. After providing an unsolicited criticism, these participants' evaluations of the confederate were _______ because the _______. A) more negative; victim did not stand up for himself after the insults. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) more positive; participants regretted having hurt an innocent victim. C) more positive; participants wanted to assuage their guilty feelings. D) more positive; victim did not stand up for himself after the insults. E) more negative; participants convinced themselves that the victim deserved it. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

178) According to cognitive dissonance theory, soldiers may reduce their guilt about killing innocent civilians during wartime by A) killing more enemy soldiers. B) dehumanizing their victims. C) going into therapy. D) telling themselves that the war is almost over. E) introspecting on what they have done. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

179) Assume that in experiments conducted by Elliot Aronson and his colleagues (1991, 1994), Sally was randomly assigned to write and deliver a pro-condom speech to be shown to high school students. She also listed all the times she found it awkward or impossible to use condoms in her sexual encounters. After completing these tasks, Sally reduced her dissonance by reporting a greater willingness to use condoms in her future sexual activities. Why? A) She felt a threat to her self-esteem and it was the only way to engage in selfverification. B) She changed her attitude to convince the experimenters to destroy her videotape. C) She was embarrassed by the tasks and wanted to please the experimenters. D) She had more information about the risks of unprotected sex. E) She felt like a hypocrite and changed her attitudes to reduce the dissonance. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

180) Elliot Aronson and his colleagues (1991, 1994) asked college students either to compose a persuasive message advocating the use of condoms, or to compose and deliver their message in front of a video camera. In addition, half of the participants in each group were made mindful of the times that they didn’t use condoms. After completing these tasks, participants were allowed to purchase condoms at a low price. What is the significance of their findings from this experiment? A) They demonstrated that although dissonance can bring about attitude change, behaviours are not affected.

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B) They demonstrated that in some conditions, fear and anxiety can actually encourage condom use. C) They demonstrated that dissonance may not have a strong impact on attitude change, but behaviours may still be affected. D) They demonstrated that before people will use condoms, they must experience dissonance. E) They demonstrated that dissonance created by feelings of hypocrisy can change both attitudes and behaviours. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

181) According to the authors of your text, the arousal of dissonance by having individuals make statements that run against their behaviours and then reminding them of this inconsistency is A) cognitive assonance. B) effort justification. C) rationalization. D) hypocrisy induction. E) internal justification. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

182) In a study by Peterson, Haynes, and Olson (2008), smokers with __________ were particularly likely to respond to hypocrisy induction by actually quitting smoking. A) fewer years of smoking B) fewer health problems C) low self-esteem D) greater dislike of cigarettes E) high self-esteem Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

183) Megan is always reminding her son Andrew not to talk with his mouth full. One morning, Andrew reminds her not to talk with her mouth full. This situation most resembles __________. A) the Ben Franklin effect B) cognitive dissonance C) the hypocrisy induction paradigm D) justification of effort E) external justification Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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184) Self-affirmation theory posits that A) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by focusing on their competence on a dimension unrelated to the threat. B) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by engaging in self-justifications. C) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by focusing on their competence pertaining to the threat. D) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by ignoring the threat. E) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by carefully considering their options. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

185) Derek is an overeater and is morbidly obese. In a conversation with a friend, he pronounces, “I may overeat, but no one can tell a joke like I can.” Derek is using __________ to reduce his dissonance. A) self-fulfillment B) self-evaluation C) self-affirmation D) justification theory E) internal justification Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

186) A number of researchers have found that people from __________ cultures are less likely to engage in obvious attempts to reduce cognitive dissonance. A) industrialized B) independent C) primitive D) interdependent E) individualist Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

187) Yuriko, a Japanese student, and Jill, a Canadian student, have both participated in an experiment in which they were asked—and agreed—to write a counterattitudinal essay. According to findings on dissonance reduction across cultures, who is more likely to engage in dissonance reduction? A) Yuriko B) Jill C) Both Yuriko and Jill are likely to engage in cognitive dissonance reduction. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) Neither Yuriko nor Jill is likely to engage in cognitive dissonance reduction. E) It depends on the essay topic Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 6.6

skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

188) Hoshino-Browne and colleagues (2005) examined the role of two different types of self-affirmation in reducing dissonance – either an independent self-affirmation or an interdependent self-affirmation. What did they find? A) An interdependent self-affirmation diminished the need for dissonance reduction among European Canadians while an independent self-affirmation diminished the need for dissonance reduction among East Asians B) An independent self-affirmation diminished the need for dissonance reduction among European Canadians while an interdependent self-affirmation diminished the need for dissonance reduction among East Asians C) Both independent and interdependent self-affirmations were ineffective for bicultural participants D) For self-affirmation to protect people from engaging in dissonance reduction, one does not need to affirm a culturally valued trait E) There were no differences between the two different types of self-affirmation in reducing dissonance Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

189) Dissonance theory helps us understand the apparently irrational behaviour of cult members, such as those in the Solar Temple, who committed mass suicide. Which of the following tends to increase dissonance and hence the extreme dissonancereducing commitment to the cult or cause and the beliefs of the leaders? A) The gaining of money and possessions B) Making other friends and forming relationships outside the cult C) The negative self-concepts of many people who join cults D) Sacrificing possessions and friends E) The external justifications that exist when one joins a cult Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

190) In addition to the pull of charismatic leaders, the social support of fellow cult members, and the isolation of cult members from dissenting viewpoints, why else do cult members behave as they do? A) They are people of low intelligence. B) The leaders are authoritarian and the followers are unintelligent. C) The members usually are suicidal and depressed. D) There is a high degree of cognitive dissonance in members’ minds. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) They don’t have enough money to support themselves Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

191) In general, what is an attitude? Provide an example of an attitude toward some person or thing and identify the affective, cognitive, and behavioural components of that attitude. Answer: An attitude is viewed by most social psychologists as an enduring positive or negative evaluation of a person, object, or idea. [Note: Any example will do so long as the example involves an enduring positive or negative evaluation. An affective component must address emotional reactions or feelings such as fear, excitement, pleasure, distrust; a cognitive component must address beliefs about or knowledge we hold about the target of the attitude; a behavioural component must address how an actor behaves in response to the target of the attitude.] Type: ES

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

192) An attitude can exist at two levels: implicit and explicit. Define an attitude at each level and explain the distinctions between the two. Answer: Explicit attitudes are conscious and can easily be reported. Implicit attitudes are involuntary, uncontrollable, and nonconscious. These types of attitudes are different in that one is easily detectable and the other is not. Both can influence behaviour, but usually implicit attitudes influence behaviours people do not try to control, such as showing nervousness around an outgroup member. Type: ES

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

193) What three components make up an attitude? Define these three components. Which one of the three best relates to Daryl Bem’s Self-Perception Theory (discussed in Chapter 5) and why? Answer: An attitude is made up of three components: An affective component, consisting of emotional reations toward the attitude object; a cognitive component, consisting of thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object; and a behavioural component, consisting of actions of observable behaviour toward the attitude object. Of these three, the behavioural component best relates to the self-perception theory, which states that when people don’t know how they feel about something, they will look at their past behaviour to determine their attitudes. Behaviourally-based attitudes stem from people’s observations of how they behave toward an attitude object. Type: ES

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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194) Discuss the relationship between explicit self-esteem and implicit self-esteem. Answer: Generally when we talk about self-esteem, we are referring to explicit self-esteem (you could engage in self-report regarding your self-esteem). However, self-esteem can also be assessed at the implicit level – whether you feel good or bad about yourself at nonconscious level. Explicit and implicit self-esteem are not correlated with each other. If someone feels bad about themselves at a conscious level, they may actually feel good about themselves at a nonconscious level. Type: ES

LO: 6.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy to Moderate

195) Describe Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory of planned behaviour as it relates to the power of attitudes to predict deliberative behaviours. Answer: The theory of planned behaviour posits that intentions are the best predictors of behaviours. Behavioural intentions are, in turn, influenced by three additional factors: our attitudes toward the specific behaviour in question, our perceptions of how other people we care about will view the behaviour in question (subjective norms), and our perception of how well we can control the behaviour in question (perceived behaviour control). We are more likely to intend to act on our attitudes— and thus to behave in line with those attitudes—when we hold a positive attitude toward the specific behaviour in question (as opposed to the general attitude domain), when we believe that people important to us will view the behaviour positively, and when we believe the behaviour is something that we can successfully control. Type: ES

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

196) When will attitudes predict spontaneous behaviours? Discuss briefly Answer: Attitudes will predict spontaneous behaviours only when they are highly accessible to people. When knowledge is accessible, it is at the forefront of our minds. When accessibility is high, your attitude comes to mind whenever you think about or see the attitude object. When accessibility is low, your attitude comes to mind more slowly. It follows that highly accessible attitudes will be more likely to predict spontaneous behaviours because people are more likely to be thinking about the attitude when they are called upon to act. When it comes to accessibility, the degree of experience people have behaving with the attitude object matters. The more direct experience people have with an attitude object, the more accessible their attitude will be; the more accessible it is, the more likely the spontaneous behaviour will be consistent with that attitude. Type: ES

LO: 6.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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change. Identify and describe these three parts of the model. Then state the major criticism of this model. Answer: The three components are: aspects of the source (level of expertise, for instance); aspects of the communication (for instance, the strength of the argument); and aspects of the audience (for instance, are they high in the need for cognition). The main criticism of this model is that there is little evidence to tell when or how sources may be more important than message characteristics or audience characteristics. Type: ES 198)

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

Briefly compare the classic Yale Attitude Change approach of Hovland and his colleagues with more contemporary approaches such as Petty and Cacioppo’s (1986) elaboration likelihood model. Answer: In essence, the Yale approach focused on “who says what to whom,” focusing on the source of the communication, message characteristics, and the nature of the audience. Although this approach identified situational determinants of attitude change, contemporary researchers have turned their attention to the processes by which attitude change occurs. Models such as the elaboration likelihood model focus on how audience members process persuasive messages, and thus tell us what kinds of messages will be more effective and when. Type: ES

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

199) Describe when people are more likely to use the central route to persuasion and when they are more likely to use the peripheral route. Also describe what will make an appeal more persuasive if one is using each route. Answer: People are more likely to use the central route (to attend to, think about, and elaborate on messages’ contents) when they have the ability and motivation to attend. They are also more likely to use the central route when they are not distracted or tired, and when the issue is important to them. People are more likely to use the peripheral route (to pay more attention to peripheral cues) when they lack the ability or motivation to attend to the message. They are also more likely to use the peripheral route when the message is hard to comprehend, when they are tired or distracted, or when the issue is not important to them. When people use the central route, argument quality is especially important; when people use the peripheral route, irrelevant factors as communicator attractiveness, message length, or communicator status become more important. Type: ES

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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200) Imagine you want to change someone’s attitude on what car to purchase. Describe how you would form your arguments if you wanted to use central routes of persuasion. Then describe how you could form your arguments using peripheral routes of persuasion. Which type of persuasion would lead to long-lasting attitude change? Answer: You can persuade someone using central routes by providing factual information such as how efficient the car is, how safe it is according to the ratings, the car’s reliability ratings, or how much utility the car would bring. On the other hand, peripheral routes of persuasion would emphasize how beautiful the car is, who else drives the car, or in which country it was produced. This type of information is less relevant to evaluating how good a car purchase would be relative to the reasons given in the central route of persuasion. According to the text, using central routes of persuasion lead to longer-lasting attitude change relative to peripheral routes of persuasion. This may be due to the fact that individuals using central routes of information processing are actually paying attention to and processing messages. Therefore, the opinions they form would have a strong foundation and be memorable. Type: ES

LO: 6.3

Skill: applied

Difficulty: Moderate

201) Do fear-arousing messages work? A social psychologist would probably say, “It depends.” Describe what it depends on. Answer: It depends on how much fear is aroused. If fear is strong enough to motivate people to attend (e.g., films about lung cancer shown to smokers), people will attend and process message contents centrally, so strong arguments will work well. If, however, too much fear is induced, people will grow defensive and will not attend or process the arguments, so few, if any, messages of any kind will work. It also depends on whether the message contains useful information. Fear-arousing messages can work well when they are accompanied by information that explains to the audience what to do to avoid a fear-arousing outcome (e.g., providing information on how to quit smoking). Also humour can offset the fear and prevent recipients avoiding the message, thus, making it more acceptable. Type: ES

LO: 6.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

202) You work for an advertising agency that has just assumed an account to market the latest technology (e.g., a new tablet or smartphone). Your goal, of course, is to design a television and print campaign to persuade your audience to hold positive attitudes toward the product. How would you tailor your advertisements to fit people’s attitude-types? Answer: First, you have to consider the basis of people’s attitudes toward such products. Are their attitudes based primarily on emotions or on cognitions? With the latest Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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technology there is probably some of both bases for people’s attitudes. If their attitudes are based primarily on emotions, you would want to design an ad that makes them feel good about the product; you might use upbeat music or interesting images, or appeal to their feelings or values. If their attitudes are based primarily on cognitions, then you would be wise to focus more on the contents of the message itself. You might provide “logical” information about the ways in your product is better than other products (e.g., less expensive, higher quality, etc.). In this case you might want to combine both utilitarian information and appeal to the audiences emotions with the ‘cool’ factor in your product. [The exact content can vary, but answers should consider both affectively and cognitively based advertisements.] Type: ES

LO: 6.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

203) According to the authors of your text, culture can play a role in the design and effectiveness of advertisements. Explain research showing that culture can play both of these roles in persuasion. Answer: Culture can influence what types of ads work most effectively. Specifically, research has shown that in interdependent cultures, ads that emphasize that a product will benefit one’s social group and/or family tend to be more successful, but in cultures that emphasize independence, ads that emphasize independence and goal attainment tend to be more successful. Further, analysis of existing advertising in Western and East Asian cultures tends to emphasize values that appeal to each culture: individuality and self-improvement in Western cultures and family and concerns for others in East Asian cultures. Type: ES

LO: 6.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

204) Discuss the kinds of effects that subliminal presentation of stimuli have in the laboratory and what the implications are for real-world applications such as subliminal advertising. Answer: Evidence from strictly controlled laboratory experiments shows that attitudes can indeed be subject to some subliminal influence. For example, in one of these studies, participants in the experimental condition were subliminally primed with words such as dry and thirsty. Participants in a control condition were subliminally exposed to neutral words. Later, those in the experimental group were more persuaded by an advertisement for “Superquencher” drinks than those in the control group.Despite the evidence of subliminal effects, we shouldn’t be worried about advertisers being able to use these in the real world for two reasons: (1) the effects occur only under highly controlled conditions which are unlikely to be replicated in the real world, and (2) the effects shown are only subtle influences on neutral stimuli; there is no evidence that subliminal messages ever override people’s conscious wishes and desires. Type: ES

LO: 6.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate 6-58

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You’re convinced that if your self-esteem were only higher, you would achieve more in your work and be happier in your life. Should you purchase an audiotape containing subliminal messages to raise your self-esteem? Why or why not? Answer: Although subliminal visual images can affect attitudes in the laboratory, there is no scientific evidence that subliminal messages influence attitudes or behaviours in everyday life. Although researchers found that participants given tapes to enhance self-esteem or memory thought that the tapes worked, objective measures of self-esteem and memory failed to demonstrate any differences between experimental conditions. You would do better to spend your $29.95 on something else. Type: ES

LO: 6.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

206) You strongly suspect that your younger brother is no longer a virgin, so you want to persuade him to use condoms each and every time he has sex. How would you use McGuire’s (1964) concept of attitude inoculation and the work on resisting peer pressure to make your younger brother immune to later attempts to persuade him to engage in risky sexual activities? Answer: Attitude inoculation involves exposing people to small doses of arguments counter to their initial attitudes, like a vaccination against disease. In this case, you would expose your brother to weak versions of arguments that he might hear later from his peers (e.g., condoms look stupid, or condoms ruin the sensation of sex), and encourage him to refute those arguments (“I can enjoy the feeling of sex a lot more if I don’t have to worry about illnesses or getting you pregnant”). In addition, you might give him some practice role-playing and show him ways to combat these pressures. This should make him more immune to more powerful persuasive messages later. Type: ES

LO: 6.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

207) Your friends don’t seem concerned that their daughter, who is in Grade 5, is watching a lot of movies and TV shows with young teenagers who are smoking and drinking alcohol. Using what you’ve learned about product placement, construct a discussion you might want to have with your friends about their daughter’s media usage. Answer: Companies pay the makers of television shows and movies to incorporate their product into the script (known as product placement). One reason why it is so successful is that people do not realize that someone is trying to influence their attitudes and behaviour. If their daughter is watching young teenagers drink beer and smoke, she’s likely more interested in the movie or TV show itself and not on the fact that someone is trying to influence her attitudes. In fact, children are especially vulnerable. One research study in particular found that the more often children in Grades 5 to 8 had seen movies in which adults smoked cigarettes, the more positive were their attitudes toward smoking. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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You can also give your friends good news – that it isn’t too late. Researchers have found that telling people that a radio program they were listening to had been paid for by a particular brand that was featured on the show caused them to evaluate the product and the radio show more negatively. In addition, several studies have found that warning people about an upcoming attempt to change their attitudes makes them less susceptible to that attempt. Thus, telling your friends that it would be a good idea to talk to their daughter about product placement would definitely be recommended. Type: ES

LO: 6.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

208) What is cognitive dissonance theory posit? Be sure to address what dissonance is, how and when it arises, and what people do to reduce it. Answer: Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of discomfort we experience when our behaviour is inconsistent with our attitudes, or when we hold two conflicting attitudes. To reduce dissonance, we can change our cognitions to justify our behaviours or bring our two cognitions into line with one another, or we can add new cognitions that are consonant with our behaviours or other cognitions. Type: ES

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

209) Jessica thinks of herself as a health-conscious person. As she is eating a steak one evening, she sees a news report that consuming red meat increases the risk of breast cancer by over 50 percent! At this moment, she is experiencing a large amount of cognitive dissonance. State the three ways people can reduce dissonance, and apply these techniques to Jessica’s dissonance; that is, give an example of each of the three dissonance-reduction techniques Jessica could use. Answer: The three ways of reducing dissonance are: changing the behaviour to be consistent with the cognition; changing at least one cognition to justify the behaviour; and justifying the behaviour by adding more cognitions. Jessica could change her behaviour by ceasing her consumption of all red meat. Alternatively, she could view her behaviour as healthy because beef contains protein and iron. Finally, she could add the cognition that her family has no history of any type of cancer, and a long history of longevity. Type: ES

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

210) Why would a dissonance theorist joke that no decisions feel like good ones, so we have to convince ourselves that they are? Answer: There are seldom any decisions in which the chosen alternative is completely positive and the rejected alternative is completely negative. There are typically downsides to the chosen alternative and upsides to the rejected alternative. Choosing Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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something with downsides and rejecting something with upsides generates postdecision dissonance. We work to reduce this dissonance by convincing ourselves that the chosen alternative is better than it was before we made the decision and that the rejected alternative is worse than it was before we made the decision. These distortions are more common when decisions are permanent. Type: ES

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

211) Dissonance theorists might assert that just as we suffer for the things we like, we also convince ourselves that we like the things for which we suffer. Use concepts related to the justification of effort to explain this statement. Answer: It is threatening to our self-concepts as reasonable people to work hard in pursuit of a worthless goal. To invest effort for nothing arouses dissonance and we reduce our dissonance by convincing ourselves that our goal was worthwhile. We have no external justification for our effort, so we construct an internal justification by convincing ourselves that our effort was worth it. Thus, although sometimes we invest a considerable amount of effort in pursuit of things that are important to us, other times we convince ourselves after the fact that things for which we have suffered are important, in the interest of reducing dissonance through selfjustification. Type: ES

LO: 6.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

212) Carl and Roger both had similar attitudes about cheating on a partner. However, both were faced with similar situations where they could have cheated on their partners. Now, Carl thinks that cheating is the worst offence one can make in a relationship, whereas Roger thinks that most people would cheat if they were faced with the situation. Explain what could have occurred, both socially and psychologically, that could produce such diverse positions from individuals who shared a similar stance. Answer: Cognitive dissonance could be responsible for the change in attitude in both Carl and Roger. Although they started out at similar points, Carl may have been tempted but chose not to cheat in that situation. The temptation to cheat and his decision not to could have created dissonance. To reduce dissonance, he could have changed his beliefs to bring them more into line with his behaviour. Because he did not cheat, he thinks that cheating is morally wrong (even more so than he did before he was in the situation). On the other hand, Roger, faced with a similar situation, decided to cheat, and this behaviour also caused dissonance. Thus, to reduce dissonance, Roger also changed his beliefs, but in the opposite direction. He now believes that cheating is not very bad and that others would have chosen to take the same course of action he took in the situation. Type: ES

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 6

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

213) Your friend teaches preschool, and there is one little boy in her class who is giving her problems. He constantly misbehaves, throwing toys, threatening other children, and sometimes even physically attacking them. So far, her stern punishment has stopped his destructive behaviour when she's there, but when she leaves the room or when a substitute fills in, he’s back to his old ways. You suggest that she use dissonance to change his behaviour permanently. What would you tell her? Answer: When she punishes him sternly, she may change his behaviour in positive ways, but he doesn’t have sufficient internal justification for behaving well. That’s why he tends to act up when she’s not there to administer punishment. If she really wants to change his behaviour over the long haul, she should remove the external justification for behaving appropriately and encourage him to develop an internal justification for his positive behaviour. Thus, mild threat of punishment is likely to work, so long as the threat is just sufficient enough to stop his problematic behaviour, but not so strong that he has an external justification for behaving appropriately. In the absence of sufficient external justification, he will convince himself through internal justifications that he likes or wants to behave in positive, prosocial ways. Type: ES

LO: 6.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

6-62

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

1) In social psychology, the change in behaviour resulting from the real or imagined presence of others is known as A) independence. B) obedience. C) conformity. D) cooperation. E) interdependence. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) Alejandro is walking down the road when he notices others around him looking up. He looks up as well to see what they’re looking at. This is an example of _________. A) conformity B) obedience C) interdependence D) cooperation E) compliance Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

3) According to your text, the way we understand the concept of “conformity” is shaped by A) our cultural value for individualism. B) social psychologists. C) internal pressures. D) gender differences. E) personality differences. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) North American culture stresses the importance of being independent, thinking for yourself, and standing up for yourself. This suggests that North American attitudes toward conformity are A) generally positive. B) personality dependent. C) interdependent. D) situation-specific. E) generally negative. Answer: E Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

5) Cultural norms in North America place a great deal of emphasis on A) conformity. B) cooperation. C) obedience to authority. D) group unanimity E) individuality. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

6) Kim is downloading music off a new website that showcases tunes from up-andcoming artists. The website also lets Kim see which songs other people have downloaded. Which tunes is Kim most likely to listen to and download? A) the songs that had appealing titles B) the songs that were posted most recently C) the songs no-one else has downloaded yet D) the songs that are in the particular genre that Kim likes E) the songs that had been downloaded the most Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

7) In ambiguous situations, we are sometimes influenced by others’ attitudes or behaviours, and bring our own attitudes or behaviours into line with theirs because we believe that their interpretation of the situation is more accurate than ours. This type of conformity arises from A) intentional social influence. B) voluntary obedience. C) informational social influence. D) normative social influence. E) unintentional social influence. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8) It is Libby’s first day in college. When she enters the lecture hall, she notices that other students are sitting quietly toward the back of the hall, glancing through their textbooks, and pulling out pens and notebooks. Unsure how to behave, Libby takes a seat at the back of the room and decides to do the same. This is an example of A) situational interdependence. B) situational uncertainty. C) unintentional social influence. D) informational social influence. E) normative social influence. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

9) Victor goes to a fancy French restaurant. There are utensils on the table that he’s never even seen before, and more spoons and forks than he’s ever seen on one table. Eager to dine in an appropriate and sophisticated way, Victor secretly watches other diners to see what they do. This is an example of A) informational social influence. B) normative social influence. C) unintentional social influence. D) situational interdependence. E) normative conformity. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

10) When we conform to others’ behaviours or attitudes because we believe that their interpretations of an ambiguous situation are more accurate than ours, _______ has occurred. A) informational social influence B) educated conformity C) unintentional social influence D) normative social influence E) intended social influence Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

11) Informational social influence occurs because A) others can reward or punish us for nonconformity. B) social norms encourage cooperation. C) individuals need to maintain self-esteem. D) individuals have a need to belong and be liked. E) others’ behaviours serve as cues in ambiguous situations. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

12) You are a little confused about how to address your new boss. Even though you are told that your new supervisor’s name is Charlie Rose, you have noticed that everyone in at work calls him “Boss.” You, too, decide to start calling your supervisor “Boss.” This decision is a product of A) compliance with authority. B) normative social influence. C) private acceptance. D) obedience. E) informational social influence. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

13) Your niece Caitlin is deathly afraid of glass elevators. You have just read chapter 7 and have decided to use informational social influence to convince Caitlin that there is no need to be afraid to ride in glass elevators. How would you apply the concept of informational social influence in this situation? A) Get Caitlin’s friends to ride a glass elevator and ask them to smile and wave to you both as they ascend. B) Remind Caitlin how irrational her fear is. C) Tell Caitlin that her friends will call her “scaredy-cat” if she doesn’t get in the elevator. D) Shove Caitlin into a glass elevator, push the “penthouse” button, and tell her not to cry. E) Give Caitlin a big hug every time she is willing to approach a glass elevator. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

14) Why would Muzafer Sherif, a social psychologist, choose the autokinetic effect (a perceptual illusion) to study social conformity? A) He wanted participants to feel pressure to obey his instructions. B) He wanted to construct a situation that was ambiguous. C) He wanted to use a dark room to foster a sense of cohesion in the group. D) He wanted to study the influence of perceptions on social behaviour. E) He wanted to study how willing people were to harm another person. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

15) It could be argued that participants in Muzafer Sherif’s (1936) study converged in their estimates of the amount of movement of a point of light because they were avoiding public embarrassment or social censure from other participants. Sherif demonstrated that this was unlikely when he found similar results A) when participants completed the task with their friends. B) when participants later completed the task again alone. C) two years later. D) when a different set of participants responded in the same way to the same stimuli. E) when participants completed an auditory task in groups. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

16) When participants were first placed in a dark room alone and asked to estimate the apparent movement of a point of light, individuals became consistent in their own Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

7-4

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

estimates, and these estimates differed greatly from participant to participant. When participants made the same estimates in a group setting, their estimates converged. According to Muzafer Sherif (1936), why did this happen? A) Conformity occurs when people feel anonymous in a group. B) Conformity occurs when people can use anonymity to control others. C) Conformity occurs when people feel uncomfortable and insecure. D) Conformity occurs when people are in an unambiguous situation. E) Conformity occurs when people can use others’ behaviours as cues for what's right in an ambiguous situation. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

17) Rachel is attending Catholic mass for the first time with her best friend Maria. Rachel is unfamiliar with when to sit, when to kneel, or when to stand, and doesn’t know when to respond to what the priest says and when to remain silent. When it is time for parishioners to receive Communion, Rachel looks quizzically to Maria, who silently shakes her head. Rachel remains seated while the rest of the congregation files toward the altar. This situation best exemplifies A) informational social influence. B) the power of cultural norms. C) public social acceptance. D) a crisis of conversion. E) normative social influence. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

18) Little Lizzie takes a tumble and bumps her head. As she sits and ponders whether to scream or get up and keep on running, her mother approaches, scoops Lizzie up into her arms, and cries out, “Poor, poor Baby! Oh my gosh! Are you okay?” In response, Lizzie screws up her face and wails. Why did Lizzie respond as she did? A) Her mother’s empathy increased the extremity of Lizzie’s pain. B) The situation was at first ambiguous to Lizzie, who used her mother’s response as a cue. C) Lizzie knew that if she cried, her mother would give her a cookie. D) Lizzie feared that her mother would punish her for running in the house and sought sympathy. E) Lizzie had a delayed pain response. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

19) In the nineteenth century, audience members who knew the opera intimately served as “claques,” or experts who signaled others in the audience when to applaud, or as “bisseurs,” who signaled when to call for encores. These experts served as a source of _______ for otheraudience members who weren’t as familiar with opera. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) irritation B) contagion C) normative social influence D) public compliance E) informational social influence Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

20) People are most susceptible to informational social influence when A) they have low self-esteem. B) they want to be liked by the group. C) the situation is ambiguous. D) they have no allies in the group. E) there is a charismatic leader. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

21) Where is the example labelled with the correct type of social influence? A) Informational social influence: Steve really wants to hang out with the popular kids in school. He notices that they all dress mostly in black and shave the sides of their heads. Since Steve really wants to fit in, he buys some new black clothes and gets a haircut to match. B) Informational social influence: Anna is beginning her new job and is not quite sure how to dress. To figure out what is appropriate, she looks at what the other employees are wearing and chooses her outfits to dress like them. C) Normative social influence: Janet enjoys reading and art, so she spends a lot of the time at the library and at art galleries. D) Normative social influence: Mischa is attending the symphony for the first time. During a break in the music, she is ready to begin applauding. She looks around and sees that nobody else is about to clap. She decides to sit quietly like everyone else. E) Informational social influence: Miguel’s friends all decide to try out for the wrestling team at school. He’s not really interested in wrestling, but decides to try out for the team anyway so that he can still be a part of the group. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

22) The decision about whether to conform to informational social influence is an important one because A) we gain an unjustified belief in a just world when we conform. B) we risk social punishment if we do not conform. C) we stand to gain social rewards like approval if we do conform. D) both our interpretation of reality and our behaviours are affected. E) we are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error if we conform. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

23) _______ conformity is to the desire to be right as _______ conformity is to the desire to be liked. A) Informational; normative B) Mindless; normative C) Normative; informational D) Normative; mindless E) Informational; mindless Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

24) Normative social influence is to informational social influence as _______ is to _______. A) private acceptance; public compliance. B) knowledge; acceptance. C) public compliance; private acceptance. D) the foot-in-the-door technique; the door-in-the-face technique. E) the door-in-the-face technique; the foot-in-the-door technique. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

25) Three friends decide to go to a Toronto Blue Jays baseball game. Lorilee is an avid baseball fan and has Jays season tickets. Mako has never seen a baseball game before and knows nothing about the sport. Tomas has gone to games periodically, but isn’t a big fan. When the middle of the 7th inning comes around, Lorilee jumps to her feet for the 7th inning stretch. Mako looks at her, unsure as to what to do, and then stands up as well. Tomas decides to stay seated until Lorilee gives him a dirty look, at which point he grumbles and stands. Mako stood up due to __________, whereas Tomas stood up due to ____________. A) informational social influence; contagion. B) normative social influence; contagion. C) informational social influence; normative social influence. D) contagion; informational social influence. E) normative social influence; informational social influence. Answer: C Type: MC

Page Ref: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

26) Muzafer Sherif (1936) placed participants in a dark room and asked them to estimate the movement of a dot of light projected on a screen. This study of the autokinetic effect demonstrated the power of Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

7-7

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) informational social influence. B) the situation. C) conversion. D) normative social influence. E) obedience to authority. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) Why would Muzafer Sherif (1936) study conformity by projecting a light on the wall of a darkened room? A) Because of the autokinetic effect, he created an ambiguous stimulus. B) He wondered whether sensory deprivation made people more susceptible to conformity pressures. C) He wanted a stimulus that was not ambiguous. D) He didn't want participants to see and therefore influence one another. E) He wanted to study the effects of anonymity on people’s conformity. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

28) An important feature of informational social influence is that it often leads to A) private acceptance. B) obedience. C) decreased self-esteem. D) public compliance. E) normative pressures. Answer: A Type: MC

LO:7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

29) Which of the following phenomena is most likely to result in private acceptance of an idea or behaviour? A) situational social influence B) normative social influence C) informational social influence D) mass psychogenic illness E) contagion Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

30) Not all members of the radio audience of the Orson Welles’ War of the Worlds broadcast discussed in the text panicked immediately. Indeed, some didn’t panic until they saw the looks of concern and worry on the faces of their loved ones who were also listening to the program. This example illustrates that contagion A) can result from informational social influence. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) is especially likely when people are motivated to make independent decisions. C) can result when cultural norms reinforce people’s most likely responses. D) only applies to people who tend to be gullible. E) occurs primarily because humans are by nature irrational creatures. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

31) When it comes to informational social influence processes, we are more likely to conform with experts’ ideas and behaviours than with nonexperts’ because A) experts convey clearer expectations of obedience. B) expertise is associated with social status and power. C) social norms dictate that experts should be obeyed. D) experts are viewed as more valuable sources of information. E) experts are almost always correct. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) You are on a flight from New York to Vancouver. Somewhere over the Rocky Mountains, the plane begins to dip and rise abruptly. The ride is getting more and more bumpy. You’re concerned and wonder if something is seriously wrong with the plane. To whom (or what) are you most likely to turn to clarify this extreme and ambiguous situation? A) the passenger next to you who seems to be calm B) the cockpit crew C) the information pamphlet in front of your seat D) the passengers in first class E) the passenger next to you who seems to be afraid Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

33) The role of experts on social influence processes is credited in relation to the discovery that A) professors rarely share the same view as the top students in their classes. B) students’ views on social issues tend to reflect the views of their professors. C) students’ attitudes on social issues change to gain approval from professors. D) professors’ views tend to moderate over the course of their teaching career. E) students are motivated to take the views opposite to those expressed by their professors. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

34) Using information from the text, who is more likely to conform due to informational social influence? A) Siobhan, who is experiencing severe turbulence and the flight crew is nowhere to be seen B) Joel, who is a first responder, and is on the scene of a car crash C) Winnie, who hears the fire alarm in her building going off, and is unsure as to whether there is an actual emergency D) Aline, who is a lifeguard watching others swim E) Mohammed, who is a sociology professor lecturing about social issues Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

35) Roger Buehler and Dale Griffin (1994) had participants interpret an ambiguous newspaper report about the shooting of a suspect by police. Participants were then told that others had assigned 75% of the blame for the tragedy to the police and 25% to the suspect. Some participants conformed to others’ interpretations, while other participants did not. All participants then read the story again and provided a second interpretation of events. Results demonstrated that participants who initially conformed with other participants’ versions of events _______, whereas those who initially refused to conform with other participants’ versions _______. A) changed their interpretations to bring them into line with others’; changed their interpretations to deviate more from others’. B) later deviated from others’ interpretations; changed their interpretations to bring them into line with others’ interpretations. C) changed their interpretations in a negative direction; changed their interpretations in a positive direction. D) changed their interpretations in a positive direction; changed their interpretations in a negative direction. E) did not change their interpretations; changed their interpretations to bring them into line with others’. Answer: A Type: MC

LO:7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

36) You’re the only one in your class to have taken a social psychology course. Thus, you are the only one to refuse to conform to you classmates’ consensus that it is appropriate for salespeople to pay closer attention to African-American shoppers than to European-American shoppers. Now that you have refused to conform to their views, you A) reconsider your arguments for your views. B) experience cognitive dissonance and change your attitude to be more tolerant of the practice. C) soften your views and come up with examples in which the practice is acceptable. D) have been vindicated and your views remain the same as before. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) become even more convinced than before that such a practice is discriminatory. Answer: E Type: MC

LO:7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

37) The authors of your text discuss Canada’s opioid crisis and the fact that young people’s first exposure to drugs is often at a party or when they are with a group of friends. They also mention that young people are more likely to engage in risky behaviours such as illicit drug use if their group of friends do the same. Which of the following is the best social psychological approach to explain such dangerous behaviour? A) the power of normative social influence B) the power of informational social influence C) these teens have “excitement seeking” personalities D) these are usually delinquent teens using this activity for gang initiations E) the power of obedience to authority figures Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

38) If a teenager starts to smoke cigarettes in order to look “cool” and fit in with her friends, it is an example of _______ at work. A) obedience B) the foot-in-the-door technique C) mindless conformity D) normative social influence E) informational social influence Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

39) In essence, normative social influence arises from humans’ fundamental A) selfishness, which must be kept in check. B) need for companionship, affection, and acceptance. C) tendency to be obedient. D) need for accurate perceptions and beliefs about a confusing world. E) desire to submit to knowledgeable authorities. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

40) When people conform in attitudes or behaviours in order to be accepted and liked by others, social psychologists say that _______ has occurred. A) social approval B) contagion C) social acceptance Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) normative social influence E) informational social influence Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

41) Imagine that you are attending a new high school and would like to make friends. On the first day of school, you observe that all of the students in your homeroom are crumpling paper into balls and throwing them on the floor. You begin to do the same. You have conformed to the group’s behaviour due to A) informational social influence. B) your low self-esteem. C) normative social influence. D) obedience to authority. E) mindless conformity. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

42) Going along with the crowd (e.g., swallowing goldfish, taking ecstasy, train-surfing) to avoid social censure is an example of A) social impact. B) obedience. C) social dominance. D) informational social influence. E) normative social influence. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty:Easy

43) The concept of social norms refers to A) implicit or explicit rules a group has for acceptable beliefs, values, or behaviour. B) legal sanctions in response to deviant behaviour. C) social sanctions in response to deviant behaviour. D) social practices designed to promote cooperation in a group. E) the most common beliefs, values, or behaviour in a group of people. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

44) “Jeer pressure” is related to which of the following concepts? A) expert advice B) private acceptance C) ambiguity of the situation D) contagion E) normative social influence Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty:Easy

45) According to the results of Janes and Olson’s (2000) study on the effects of rejection on peer conformity, who would be the most likely to comply with a peer group directive to engage in illegal behaviour? A) Sean, who is the group leader and wants the others to go along with the suggestion B) Adam, who has a new girlfriend and is anxious to spend time with her C) John, who is hanging out with the group for the first time D) William, who is also a member of a separate peer group that does not engage in illegal behaviour E) Sam, who just observed another group member being ridiculed by the group leaders Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

46) Solomon Asch (1951, 1956) embarked on a series of studies in which participants were asked to estimate the lengths of lines that clearly differed in length. Asch originally undertook these experiments to A) challenge the prevailing view that humans are inherently motivated to be accurate in their perceptions. B) systematically replicate the earlier “autokinetic effect” studies of Muzafer Sherif, using different ambiguous stimuli. C) show that in unambiguous situations, people will behave in reasonable, rational ways. D) demonstrate how poor people tend to perform on tasks in groups. E) demonstrate that in ambiguous situations, people would rather be “liked” than “right.” Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

47) In a series of experiments, why did Solomon Asch (1951, 1956) ask participants to judge the lengths of lines, which were clearly different from one another? A) Asch believed that Muzafer Sherif’s experiments were fatally flawed. B) Asch wanted to study conformity in unambiguous situations. C) Asch believed that people would conform in their judgments. D) Asch wanted to study conformity in ambiguous situations. E) Asch wanted to study obedience in a lab setting. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Difficulty: Moderate 7-13

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

48) Solomon Asch (1951, 1956) asked participants to estimate the lengths of lines. In response to the incorrect answers of others, some participants actually denied what their eyes saw. These studies provide evidence of A) informational social influence. B) obedience. C) contagion. D) normative social influence. E) private acceptance. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

49) What is the moral or the take-home message of Solomon Asch’s (1951, 1956, 1957) series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths A) not to look like fools in front of others. B) to interpret ambiguous stimuli. C) to assert their independence. D) to convince others of their points of view. E) to please people on whom they depend. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

50) In a variation of his standard experiment, Solomon Asch (1957) found that when participants could write their responses on a piece of paper, conformity dropped dramatically. This finding indicates that participants exhibited _______, not _______ during the standard experiment. A) private acceptance; public compliance B) logical reasoning; mindless conformity C) public compliance; private acceptance D) obedience; acceptance E) mindless conformity; logical reasoning Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty:Easy

51) Pierre joins the other concert-goers in giving the symphony a standing ovation, even though he thought the performance was merely adequate. The next morning, Pierre confides to his girlfriend that the performance was “satisfactory, but not overwhelming.” In joining the standing ovation, Pierre displayed what kind of conformity? A) mindless conformity B) obedience C) public compliance without private acceptance D) private acceptance E) social deviance Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

52) Normative social influence often results in _______ but not _______. A) individuation; total independence. B) private compliance; public acceptance. C) private acceptance; public compliance. D) total independence; individuation. E) public compliance; private acceptance. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: recall

Difficulty: Easy

53) Gregory Berns and his colleagues (2005) had participants complete a variation of the Asch experiment while in an fMRI scanner. Participants made some of their judgments without knowing what other participants had answered, and made the rest of their judgments after being told that other participants had unanimously chosen either the right answer or the wrong answer. They found that the areas of the brain dedicated to vision and perception were activated _____________ and the areas of the brain associated with negative emotions and modulating social behaviour were activated ____________________. A) during all trials; when they disagreed with the group and gave the correct answer B) during all the trials; whenever they were provided with information about the other participants’ answers C) when participants answered alone; whenever they were provided with information about the other participants’ answers D) when participants answered alone and when they conformed to the group’s wrong answers; when they disagreed with the group and gave the correct answer E) whenever they were provided with information about the other participants’ answers; when they answered alone Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

54) Gregory Berns and his colleagues (2005) found that the parts of the brain dedicated to vision and perception were activated when participants completed the Asch line task alone and when they conformed to the group’s wrong answer, but that this area of the brain was not activated when they chose to defy the group and give the right answer. Instead, when participants did not conform, areas of the brain associated with negative emotions and modulating social behaviour were activated. What conclusion did they draw from this result? A) Informational social influence occurs because people feel negative emotions when they go against the group. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

7-15

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Normative social influence is associated with activation of the vision and perception centres of the brain. C) Informational social influence is associated with activation of the vision and perception centres of the brain. D) Both normative and informational influence occur because people feel negative emotions when they go against the group. E) Normative social influence occurs because people feel negative emotions when they go against the group. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

55) In a series of studies by Solomon Asch (1951, 1956), when participants judged the lengths of lines alone rather than in a group of confederates, their judgments were accurate about 99% of the time. Still, when other participants made judgments in a group of people who gave the wrong answers, they too, reported incorrect judgments. These findings suggest that A) people will distort reality to avoid punishment or social censure. B) normative social influence was at work. C) people are easily distracted in a group setting. D) experts exert informational social influence in ambiguous situations. E) informational social influence happens, even in unambiguous situations. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

56) Oxana signs up for an experiment as part of her first year psychology course. During the experiment, she undergoes a functional magnetic resonance imaging procedure during a test of conformity. Her fMRI shows that areas of the brain associated with negative emotions and modulating social behaviour were activated. What likely happened during this experiment to produce this result? A) Oxana had chosen to go against the group and did not conform B) Oxana was answering alone C) Oxana had conformed due to normative influence D) Oxana was upset she signed up for the experiment E) Oxana had conformed due to informational influence Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

57) Amanda is assigned to a group to take a quiz (which actually doesn’t count towards the course grade). For one of the questions, she is certain the correct answer is C, but the rest of her group all says the answer is A. Based on information about the Asch line studies, how would Amanda be likely to respond? A) She would firmly state her case for answer C. B) She would easily be persuaded that the actual answer is A. C) She would go along with the group, but still believe C is correct. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) She would ask for a new group. E) She would refuse to talk to her group members Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

58) According to Bibb Latané’s social impact theory (1981), the likelihood that people will conform to social influence pressures depends on three variables: A) conformity, obedience, and social pressure. B) norms, values, and social practices. C) pressure, resistance, and interdependence. D) strength, immediacy, and number. E) anonymity, situational ambiguity, and norms. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

59) Which situation below best exemplifies the tenet of social impact theory that strength is directly related to conformity? A) When Adam is with his “slacker” friends he doesn’t take school seriously; when he’s at home alone, he studies for hours on end. B) When Jason’s friends use subtle influence attempts, he conforms; when they use coercive tactics, he resists them. C) One-on-one, Melissa will talk a lot, but when she’s in a group she’s very quiet. D) When eating with strangers, Suzie will talk with her mouth full, but not when eating with her friends. E) When Belinda is with her hard partying friends she tends to be loud and outgoing, but when she is with her parents she tends to be quiet and reserved. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

60) Marcia values the opinions and desires of both her parents and her close friends. When she’s with her parents, she finds herself agreeing with them. When she’s with her friends, she finds herself agreeing with them, even though they sometimes disagree with her parents. This example represents the influence of Bibb Latané’s (1981) concept of _______ on normative conformity. A) number B) pressure C) immediacy D) power E) strength Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Difficulty: Easy 7-17

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

61) If you wanted to resist an influence attempt, social impact theory (Latané, 1981) suggests that you should A) ensure that the group members evaluate you favourably. B) increase the distance between yourself and the group. C) spend as much time as possible with the group. D) ensure that the group is unanimous. E) repeatedly think about how important the group is to your life. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

62) Which of the following is NOT a variable considered by social impact theory? A) how close in time other group members are to you B) the expertise of other group members C) how important the group is to you D) how many people are in the group you are in E) how close in space other group members are to you Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

63) Teenagers are often more susceptible to influence attempts from peers than from their parents. This is because peers become more important to teenagers than their parents are. This example represents the influence of Bibb Latané’s (1981) concept of _______ on normative conformity. A) strength B) age C) immediacy D) pressure E) number Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3 Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

64) Bibb Latané’s (1981) social impact theory is useful to social psychologists who study conformity because its tenets A) are easily quantifiable. B) identify the costs of refusal to conform to norms. C) identify variables that make a source more influential. D) predict characteristics of people most likely to resist conformity pressures. E) predict when conformity is adaptive and when it's not. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) a group of 2 acquaintances versus a group of 10 acquaintances B) being with a friend right now or meeting a friend one month from now. C) friends versus strangers D) yielding to informational influence versus yielding to normative influence E) living with your family versus living 100 miles away Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

66) According to Latané’s (1981) social impact theory, Katy will binge eat with her sorority sisters because A) she is uncomfortable being a member of a sorority. B) her sorority sisters are immediate and the sorority is very important to her. C) she wants to be thin and accepted by others. D) she is predisposed to binge eating. E) she is in an ambiguous situation and so follows what others do around her. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

67) In his line judgment studies, Solomon Asch (1955) discovered that as the number of unanimously incorrect confederates exceeded four, increasing numbers of such confederates had little additional effect on participants’ conformity. These findings lend support to which of the following assumptions of social impact theory? A) As immediacy decreases, conformity decreases. B) Conformity pressures peak. C) As impact increases, conformity increases. D) An increase in strength will inevitably lead to an increase in conformity. E) Ironically, as strength increases, conformity decreases. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

68) Suppose you wanted your friend Nick to agree to join the Save the Seals campaign, a campaign that most of your other friends support. You should invite Nick to a meeting consisting of A) two other friends of Nick who support Save the Seals. B) four other friends of Nick who support Save the Seals. C) two friends of Nick who support Save the Seals and two friends of Nick who do not support Save the Seals. D) seven friends of Nick who support Save the Seals, and three friends of Nick who do not support Save the Seals. E) people Nick does not know who have strong support for Save the Seals. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Difficulty: Easy 7-19

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

69) According to Bibb Latané’s (1981) social impact theory, people are most likely to conform when A) the group has a wide variety of opinions. B) group size reaches four or five. C) the group is small. D) the group is dispersed throughout a wide area. E) the group is diverse. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

70) Tafarodi and colleagues (2002) asked Chinese Canadian women at the University of Toronto to rate paintings after they were exposed to ratings supposedly given by the majority group and their minority cultural group. Participants who completed the ratings in front of a mirror showed more conformity to the majority group ratings than those without the mirror. We can conclude from the results of this study that A) concerns about body image can influence people’s perceptions of attractiveness. B) informational social influence is stronger when people are self-conscious. C) reminding people of their minority status can increase resistance to normative social influence. D) identity can be manipulated by exposing people to their mirror image. E) motivation to conform is strengthened if people are attracted to a group but reminded that they don’t quite fit in. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

71) Jane’s softball team is planning to steal the other team’s mascot—a baby goat. Jane does not want to participate in such a scheme. Which of the following situations would make it more likely that Jane will refuse to help her team steal the goat? A) Another member of the team decides not to participate. B) The group is important to Jane. C) Jane has many friends on the team. D) The situation is ambiguous. E) Jane has built up “favourability credits.” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

72) When Solomon Asch (1955) conducted an experiment in which six confederates gave the wrong judgment about the lengths of lines and in which a seventh confederate gave the correct judgment, participants’ normative conformity dropped drastically. These findings support the importance of _______ in producing conformity. A) a unanimous group B) authority C) normative pressures Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) immediacy E) strength Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) When confederates in Asch’s experiment all gave the same wrong answer, people conformed on an average of _________ of the trials. In Asch’s variation where one confederate punctured the unanimity of the group, giving the correct answer, people conformed on an average of _________ of the trials. A) 6 ; 32 B) 56 ; 10 C) 32 ; 6 D) 10 ; 56 E) 25 ; 25 Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

74) Results of a meta-analysis conducted by Alice Eagly and Linda Carli (1981), which combined data from over 21,000 research participants in all kinds of conformity studies, have revealed that when it comes to conformity, A) men are actually more easily influenced than women. B) women are only slightly more “influenceable” than men. C) women appear more conforming in experiments, but men appear more conforming in surveys. D) there is no gender difference in the extent to which people are influenced. E) men appear more conforming in experiments, but women appear more conforming in surveys. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty:Easy

75) According to research by Alice Eagly (1987), when men and women _______, gender differences in conformity virtually disappear. A) respond in private as opposed to in public B) respond to their friends’ attempts to influence them C) are in leadership positions D) have high self-esteem E) experience psychological reactance Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

76) In public situations, women are more conforming than men. In private situations, men and women are comparably conforming. According to Alice Eagly (1987), this pattern of results can be explained by Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

7-21

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) the different concepts men and women hold of themselves. B) the fact that men are more publicly self-aware than women. C) the different social roles men and women are taught in our society. D) sex differences in the tendency to behave aggressively. E) the fact that women are more publicly self-aware than men. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

77) Alice Eagly and Linda Carli (1981) found that compared to female researchers, male researchers are more likely to find that female participants are more conforming than male participants. Although these findings are controversial, the authors suggest that A) women are more likely to fulfill the expectations of a high-status male experimenter. B) female experimenters make female participants more aware of sex role expectations. C) male researchers are more likely to display experimenter bias. D) male and female experimenters are often biased in the stimulus materials they use. E) male researchers give off subtle cues that influence women’s behaviours. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

78) Persuasive messages about _______ are most likely to cause male participants to appear more conforming than female participants. A) the feasibility of solar powered cars B) whether declining batting averages are statistical artifacts C) the importance of good leadership skills D) the importance of communication in relationships E) the dangers of steroids in athletic competitions Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

79) Persuasive arguments about _______ are most likely to cause female participants to appear less conforming than male participants. A) the importance of emotional self-disclosure B) the consequences of three-point shots in basketball C) the choice of household pets D) the advantages of multi-year athletic contracts E) the importance of physical fitness Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Difficulty: Easy 7-22

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

80) Which of the following statements regarding conformity is TRUE, according to information presented in your text? A) Conformity is more highly valued in farming cultures than in those that rely on hunting and fishing. B) A group of 8 people exerts about twice the pressure to conform on an individual as a group of 4 people. C) There is usually less pressure to conform in highly cohesive groups because group members are more understanding of each other and tolerant of disagreement. D) An individual who holds unpopular social beliefs usually feels stronger and more able to resist pressure to conform if she believes she is the only one who knows the truth. E) Conformity is highly valued in countries like Canada. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

81) Rod Bond and Peter Smith (1996) conducted a meta-analysis of 133 Asch line judgment studies conducted in 17 countries. They found that conformity was higher in _______ cultures because normative social influence _______. A) industrialized cultures; norms are more widely shared. B) individualistic cultures; conformity prevents conflict. C) collectivistic cultures; promotes harmony. D) agricultural cultures; survival depends on cooperation. E) elderly cultures; were stronger in prior decades. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

82) Cross-cultural replications of Solomon Asch’s original (1951) conformity studies (in which participants gave public judgments of the lengths of lines), have revealed that A) people’s conformity in these situations varies depending on the culture in which they were reared. B) implicit conformity pressures vary from culture to culture, but explicit pressures do not. C) cultures differ in the extent to which private acceptance follows from public compliance. D) explicit conformity pressures vary from culture to culture, but implicit pressures do not. E) because humans are a social species, normative conformity pressures are universal. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Difficulty: Easy 7-23

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

83) Cross-cultural studies on the Asch line-judgment task suggest that _______ cultures value _______ social influence because it promotes social harmony. A) collectivist; normative B) individualist; informational C) normative; individualistic D) individualist; normative E) collectivist; informational Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

84) Stelzl and Seligman (2009) examined whether people with dual national identities associate different values with each of those identities. Students who were of Southeast or East Asian descent were asked to rate the importance of a number of values to themselves as Canadians and as Asians. What did the researchers find? A) There were no differences found in the ratings B) When rating the values in terms of their identity as Asians, conformity was ranked first C) When rating the values in terms of their identity as Canadians, conformity was ranked near the top D) There were significant differences in the ratings of values of first- and secondgeneration immigrants E) Degree of acculturation to Canada seemed to have a large impact on rating of values Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

85) Recall the cross-cultural conformity research conducted by J.W. Berry (1967) and others. When a group member conforms to others’ opinions, who is most likely to respond particularly positively? A) a member of an African cattle-raising society B) a member of an African farming society C) a member of an Inuit fishing society D) a member of a Norwegian community E) a member of an South American agricultural society. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

86) In recent research, Murray and colleagues (2011) found that the level of conformity in a culture was ________ related to ________. A) positively; the level of pathogens in the country. B) negatively; the level of pathogens in the country. C) positively; the prevalence of hunting in the culture. D) positively; the level of acculturation to Western values. E) negatively; identification with an Asian collectivist culture. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

87) Martin and Randal (2009) found that people in a New Zealand art gallery contributed greater amounts when the transparent donation box was previously stacked with large bills rather than small bills and change. This study demonstrated A) the consequences of private acceptance. B) the consequences of informational social influence. C) the consequences of cognitive dissonance. D) the consequences of normative social influence. E) the importance of immediacy in normative social influence. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

88) When a member of a group violates a norm, others will first _______ him or her, and then eventually _______. A) reject; accept them back to the group. B) try to persuade him or her to conform; reject him or her. C) reject; try to persuade him or her to rejoin the group. D) decrease persuasive communication; increase persuasive communication. E) use humor to persuade him or her to conform; use logic. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

89) The norm in your large psychology class is that students will remain quiet enough for others to hear the professor and one another during lectures and discussions. When you talk loudly to the person next to you and violate the “respect for others” norm, like the deviant in Stanley Schachter’s “Johnny Rocco” study, you can expect that your classmates will first A) ask you to be quiet. B) ignore you. C) be indifferent towards your violation of the social norm.. D) immediately alert the professor. E) tell you to sit someplace else during the next class meeting. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

90) In the “Johnny Rocco” studies conducted by Schachter (1951), he found that when a confederate stubbornly deviated from the opinion of the rest of the group, the confederate was then more likely to __________. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) be voted as the leader B) be suspected of playing the role of a confederate in the study C) be voted out of the group D) experience a large amount of cognitive dissonance E) want to stop the experiment Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

91) Imagine that you are on the Olympics Planning Committee. Nine out of ten of the committee members hold the same opinions. However, one member, Laura, consistently deviates from the group’s opinion. How is your group most likely to act toward Laura to bring her in line with the group’s opinion? A) The group will immediately punish Laura to force her to change her opinion. B) The group will first increase communication with Laura. When that doesn’t work, the group will ignore and punish Laura. C) The group will ignore Laura and refuse to communicate with her. If this tactic fails, the group will punish Laura. D) The group will hold Laura in high regard for voicing her opinion. E) The group will nominate Laura to be the chair of the committee. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty:Easy

92) What did Canadian Forces Master Seaman Biden, who spoke out against the Military’s use of an outdated Anthrax virus, have in common with the deviant accomplice in Stanley Schacter’s “Johnny Rocco” study? A) They both were forced to leave the group. B) They both were convinced to join the group majority. C) They both were successful in redefining in-group membership. D) They both were punished by group members by being assigned boring, tedious tasks. E) They both were able to convince the rest of the group to join their arguments. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

93) Bassili (2003) conducted a series of studies in which University of Toronto students were telephoned and asked about their attitudes on various issues. A computer recorded how long it took them to respond to each question. What was found? A) Participants were likely to lie about their attitudes B) When participants believed their attitude was in a minority position, they took less time to give their response than when they believed their attitude was held by the majority of U of T students

7-26

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) When participants believed their attitude was held by the majority of U of T students, they took less time to give their response than when they believed their attitude was in a minority position D) There were no response time differences found; when participants believed their attitude was held by the majority of U of T students, it took the same amount of time for them to answer as it did when they believed their attitude was in a minority position E) Students did not feel comfortable reporting their attitudes that they believed would be in a minority position, and thus, would not participate Answer: C Type: MC

LO; 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

94) Joe is usually very agreeable, and goes along with his friends’ plans. Tonight, however, he tells his friends that he does not want to go with them to crash a party. Joe’s friends accept his refusal to join them, because Joe usually goes along with the group. This is because Joe has A) above average social skills. B) social power. C) high self-esteem. D) minority influence. E) earned the right to deviate occasionally due to his past conformity. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

95) Women’s attempts to achieve the culturally ideal body through excessive dieting is an example of A) normative social influence. B) informational social influence. C) cultural impact theory D) public acceptance. E) social impact theory. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

96) Judith Anderson and her colleagues (1992) analyzed what people in 54 cultures considered to be the ideal female body: a heavy body, a body of moderate weight, or a slender body. They found that in cultures where _______, the _______ body was preferred. A) food supplies were unreliable; heavy B) food supplies were plentiful; heavy C) women were oppressed; slender D) Western magazines were available; slender Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) food supplies were unreliable; moderate Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

97) According to Judith Anderson and her colleagues (1992), why would a heavy female body be preferred in cultures where food supplies were scarce or unreliable? A) In these cultures, physical fitness is impossible to attain, and therefore not associated with attractiveness. B) In these cultures, heavy women are perceived as more powerful. C) In these cultures, the media have not made inroads into the popular culture. D) In these cultures, women are not subservient to men. E) In these cultures, heavy women would be perceived as healthy and fertile. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

98) Brett Silverstein and colleagues (1986) conducted an archival analysis of photographs of women appearing in Vogue and Ladies Home Journal from 1901 to 1981. These researchers found that A) there were remarkable changes in standards of beauty in North America during the twentieth century. B) there have never been greater pressures for women to be thin than during the 1970s. C) there have never been greater pressures for women to be thin than during the 1960s. D) in contrast to women in other countries, women in North America have consistently aspired to “lean” and “thin.” E) foreign issues of these magazines contained photos of more buxom (i.e., voluptuous and heavy) women. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

99) Brett Silverstein and colleagues (1986) conducted an archival analysis of photographs of women appearing in Vogue and Ladies Home Journal from 1901 to 1981. These researchers found that standards of female beauty in North America fluctuated over time. These findings reveal the power of _______ to shape physical appearance. A) inadequate food supplies B) normative social influence C) conductive influence D) adequate food supplies E) informational social influence Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Difficulty: Easy 7-28

Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

100) According to the authors of your text, in North America the sociocultural pressure for thinness in women and for a muscular physique for men is a potentially threatening form of _______ social influence. A) informational B) media-generated C) sexist D) gender-based E) normative Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

101) According to information presented in your text, which of the following statements regarding social definitions of the “ideal” body is FALSE? A) Because the self-concepts of men are based more on performance than appearance, when young men may fail to meet cultural standards regarding the ideal body, they are unlikely to suffer lowered self-esteem as a result. B) Research has found that women may have a distorted perception of the size of their body especially if they have been exposed to media images of thin women. C) Over the course of the twentieth century, the culturally-defined ideal body for women in North America has become thinner. D) The ideal body type for both men and women has fluctuated throughout the past 80 years. E) In countries with unreliable food resources the culturally-defined ideal body for women is heavier than it is in North America where food is more plentiful. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

102) We can conclude from an analysis of G.I. Joe action figures (Pope and colleagues, 1999) that cultural ideals of the attractive male body have undergone which of the following type of changes? A) Men’s body image ideals have changed toward an exaggerated emphasis on muscle development. B) Men’s body image ideals have shown similar changes to women’s with intense emphasis on slimness. C) Men’s body image ideals have traditionally been focused on military images. D) Men’s body image ideals have shown far more change than body image ideals for women. E) Men’s body image ideals have shown far less change than body image ideals for women. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

103) Changes in depictions of men’s and women’s bodies in the media demonstrate changes in ________ social influence, and changes in perceptions of one’s own actual and ideal body demonstrate ________ social influence. A) informational; informational B) informational; normative C) normative; informational D) normative; normative E) descriptive; injunctive Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

104) In a study by Pope and his colleagues (2000), men were asked to alter a computer image of a male body to accurately depict their own, to depict their ideal body, and the type of body they thought women preferred. Results from this study suggest that men saw their bodies accurately, but A) the body type that they thought women preferred was much more muscular than their own. B) they thought women were disgusted by a male body of their type. C) they chose an ideal body that was less muscular than their own. D) they chose an ideal body that was taller than their own. E) they thought that their own body type was the kind that women preferred. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

105) Joe has a fairly average body for a man and wants women to be attracted to him physically. Joe is most likely to (wrongly) think that women are attracted to A) very tall men only. B) a specific “type.” C) muscular men. D) the average male body. E) men with small feet. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

106) Strahan and colleagues (2008) exposed male and female high school students to interventions that pointed out how distorted and unrealistic the body ideals in media were and emphasized the risks of try to conform to these ideals. Following these interventions, ________ participants showed ________ in the extent to which their self-esteem was based on appearance. A) only male; an increase B) only female; a decrease C) both male and female; a decrease D) only male; a decrease E) only female; an increase Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

107) Different research findings regarding the relationship between media consumption and bodily concerns are discussed in Chapter 7. Which of the following statements about these findings is accurate? A) Men’s bodily concerns don’t seem to be impacted by media consumption B) Male-oriented magazines such as Maxim often present average male bodies C) While men do seem to be impacted by media consumption, they don’t typically develop disordered eating like females do D) When it comes to the relationship between media consumption and bodily concerns, normative social influence seems to be operating on boys and men as well as on girls and women E) Although men do seem to be moderately impacted by consumption of maleoriented magazines such as Maxim, they typically won’t engage in crash dieting and the use of risky substances like females do Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

108) Mark is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada. He just joined a Welfare Reform Committee made up of nine Liberals. Mark holds a minority opinion on this issue. If Mark wants his opinion to influence the group’s final recommendations, he should A) express a consistent, unwavering viewpoint. B) remain quiet to avoid upsetting the group. C) adjust his opinion to better fit the opinion of the majority. D) express his opinion, but voice the Liberal viewpoint from time to time as well. E) express his opinion once and then remain quiet. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

109) The key to _______ is _______. A) social influence; conformity. B) nonconformity; minority influence. C) obedience; information. D) conformity; information. E) minority influence; consistency. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.3

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) aggressive arguments. D) public compliance. E) normative social influence. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

111) Felicia is initially the only member of the jury who believes that the defendant is innocent. After hearing and debating Felicia’s arguments, the jury unanimously declares the defendant not guilty. The jurors’ decision will most likely be characterized by A) contagion. B) private acceptance. C) public compliance without private acceptance. D) public conversion. E) obedience Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

112) Majorities tend to rely on _______, whereas minorities tend to rely on _______. A) normative social influence; idiosyncrasy credits. B) informational social influence; conversion. C) informational social influence; normative social influence. D) normative social influence; informational social influence. E) conversion; informational social influence. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

113) Majority influence is to _______ as minority influence is to _______. A) informational power; normative power. B) norms; values. C) values; norms. D) public compliance; private acceptance. E) private acceptance; public compliance. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

114) Social psychologists use the term _______ to describe behaviour change in response to a direct request from another person. A) repression B) obedience C) compliance D) concession E) conformity Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: C Type: MC

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LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

115) “Hello. I’m asking for donations to the Save the Mollusk Foundation. Would you please donate $400?” This solicitor is using the _______ technique. A) the foot-in-the-door B) lowballing C) the door-in-the-face D) the high-numbers-first E) the door-on-the-foot Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

116) Assume that you are canvassing a neighbourhood to collect donations to the Save the Amazon Fund. You would be using the door-in-the-face technique if you first _______ and then _______. A) described the fund; asked for a donation. B) said “Every penny counts”; asked for $10. C) asked for a small donation of time; asked for $100 D) complimented the potential donor; asked for a small donation. E) asked for $500; asked for $10. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

117) When Robert Cialdini and his colleagues (1975) first asked participants to commit to a two-year volunteer stint at a juvenile detention centre, those who refused that initial request were more likely than others to agree to take problem adolescents on a two-hour trip to the zoo. Why? A) Participants felt guilty for refusing the large initial request. B) Participants wanted to reciprocate the experimenter’s cooperation. C) Participants wanted to reward the experimenter for his persistence. D) Participants experienced psychological reactance to the first large request. E) Participants wanted to help the juvenile detention centre. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

118) In 1975, Cialdini and colleagues asked college students to spend two hours chaperoning a group of children on a field trip to the zoo. Only __________ agreed to this request. However, after first asking another group of college students to volunteer every week, for a minimum of two years, approximately __________ agreed to the second request to chaperone the zoo trip because of the door-in-the-face technique. A) 50 percent; 17 percent Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) 17 percent; 100 percent C) 100 percent; 50 percent D) 17 percent; 50 percent E) 30 percent; 80 percent Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

119) One disadvantage of the door-in-the-face technique is that A) conformity is likely to be short-lived. B) extreme requests often generate suspicions. C) it has a low rate of success. D) those who comply expect continuing reciprocation. E) psychological reactance is often generated. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

120) Mr. Anderson needs someone to work the very undesirable Canada Day shift in his restaurant. If he uses the door-in-the-face technique, how should he approach his staff? A) Ask someone to work every Sunday for the next three months, then ask that person to work July 1st instead B) Ask someone to work July 1st and then ask if they can also work the following three days C) Ask someone to work a few extra minutes today, then ask the person to work July 1st D) Ask someone to work July 1st because he (Mr. Anderson) is also working that day E) Ask someone to work July 2nd, but then at the last minute tell them they have to work the 1st as well Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

121) The _______ technique refers to a way of inducing compliance by first presenting people with a small request and then a larger request. A) foot-in-the-door B) forced obedience C) door-in-the-face D) lowballing E) reciprocal obligation Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

122) Suppose you want to get people to donate money to the Heart and Stroke Foundation on a regular basis. Which of the following strategies would be most effective? A) Ask people to donate ten dollars, and when they refuse, ask if they would consider donating a dollar. B) Ask people to donate when they are in a good mood. C) Ask people to donate over and over again, until they wearily decide to donate ten dollars. D) Ask people to donate money in the middle of an engrossing sporting event. E) Ask people to donate a dollar, and then next time, ask them to donate ten dollars. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

123) The foot-in-the-door technique works because it triggers A) guilt and a desire to restore self-esteem. B) a change in self-perception. C) obedience to authority. D) the reciprocity norm. E) a positive mood state Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

124) Julio was asked to wear a button that said “Drive Safely.” Fred was asked to wear a button that said “Save the Whales.” Luisa was asked to give $100 to the “Drivers Safety Fund.” Maria was not asked to do anything. According to the foot-in-thedoor theory, who would be more likely to agree to put a huge "Drive Carefully" sign in his or her front yard? A) Luisa, because she will be more likely to comply with a small request than a large request B) Julio or Fred would be equally because they both complied with a "small" favour, and will now feel obligated to do a "large" favour C) Julio, because he now thinks of himself as a person who believes in the issue of safe driving D) Maria, because she has not already “paid her dues” by wearing a button E) Maria, because she would experience guilt for her lack of participation Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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their yards. They were very successful in getting people to agree if __________. A) they just asked the homeowners to put up the large sign B) they asked 2 weeks after getting the homeowners to put a small sign in the window C) they asked homeowners to pick up litter in the community first D) they told homeowners to conserve energy E) they told the homeowners they’d pay them Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

126) Paul spent Saturday picking up litter on a nearby beach with the biology club. At the end of a very long, hot day, one of the other members asked him to come with the group that evening to catch some invasive lizards as part of a science project. Paul hates lizards. Paul is more likely to agree to the second request now, after spending the day picking up litter, because of __________. A) the door-in-the-face technique B) informational social influence C) the foot-in-the-door technique D) idiosyncrasy credits E) lowballing Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: applied

Difficulty: Moderate

127) The term _______ refers to a practice whereby a salesperson initially accepts a customer’s offer, but then claims an error and quotes the customer a higher price. A) highrolling B) bait-and-switch C) door-in-the-face D) horse-trading E) lowballing Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

128) Carla has just written out a cheque for $13,000 to pay for her new car. Although the salesperson had initially accepted her cheque, she is now told that there was a mistake and that the final total should really be $14,250. Carla writes another cheque for $1250 to cover the difference so that she can drive out with her new car. Carla has just fallen prey to a questionable sales practice called A) “keep ’em guessing.” B) foot-in-the-door. C) “lowballing.” D) the “dissonance game.” E) “bait and switch.” Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: C Type: MC

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LO: 7.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

129) When unscrupulous salespeople use lowballing as a means of selling cars, they take advantage of buyers’ illusions that their decision to buy a particular car was A) freely chosen. B) irrevocable. C) coerced. D) difficult to make. E) easy to make. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

130) Reverse psychology is achieving compliance through A) raising the price after a customer has agreed to purchase a product. B) beginning with a large request then backing down to a smaller request when the first one is refused. C) strategically getting someone to contradict you. D) misleading a person into thinking you want one thing when actually you want another. E) beginning with a small request which, if complied with, is followed by a larger request Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

131) The most common everyday instances of reverse psychology or strategic selfanticonformity found by MacDonald and colleagues (2011) were when it was used it to A) elicit attitudinal change. B) gain monetary advantages. C) elicit behavioural change. D) gain emotional reassurance from another. E) annoy a person you dislike. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

132) After they have been dating for a month, Ari suddenly says to Anna, “You don’t really need me in your life do you?” Anna responds, “Oh! But I do need you, very much!” Which technique of compliance has Ari just used? A) reverse conformity B) lowballing C) door-in-the-face technique D) foot-in-the-door technique Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) strategic self-anticonformity Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

133) According to the text, lowballing works for at least three reasons. Which of the following is one of those reasons? A) There is an illusion of revocability created B) The commitment the person makes triggers the anticipation of an exciting event C) It is easy to implement D) There is an illusion of scarcity created E) People buying cars don’t usually educate themselves about the prices before going to buy one Answer: B Type: MC

LO; 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

134) Surveys of students, adults, and psychiatrists asked the respondents to predict what percentage of people would go all the way to 450 volts in Milgram's experiments. The respondents A) correctly predicted that only a small minority of about 20% would obey. B) correctly predicted that the majority would comply. C) incorrectly predicted that only a minority of about 20% would obey. D) incorrectly predicted that only a very small percentage would obey. E) correctly predicted that only a small minority of about 10% would obey. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

135) Which was NOT one of the instructions (prods) used by the experimenter to encourage obedience by the participants in Milgram's experiments. A) “Please continue.” B) “The experiment requires that you continue.” C) “You must continue until the experiment is completed.” D) “It is absolutely essential that you continue.” E) “You have no other choice; you must go on.” Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

136) In all likelihood, participants in Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments conducted in the 1960s and 1970s were willing to administer increasingly severe shocks to a confederate learner because they were concerned that the experimenter would be disappointed or perhaps even angry with them. Such concerns reflect the power of _______ to induce obedience to authority. A) the reciprocity norm Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) mindless conformity C) normative social influence D) shame E) informational social influence Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

137) Burger’s (2009) replication of Milgram’s studies on obedience to authority suggests that compared with people in the 1970s, people in today are _____________ authority. A) less likely to obey B) just as likely to obey C) more likely to obey D) not at all inclined to obey E) more prepared to distrust Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

138) In Burger’s (2009) replication of Milgram’s studies on obedience to authority, he included both men and women (as did Milgram in some of his). Which of the following is true about the gender differences Burger found? A) Men were more obedient than women. B) Women were more obedient than men. C) Men were more obedient, but only if the experimenter giving instructions was also a man. D) There were no significant gender differences, just as in Milgram’s studies. E) Women were more obedient, but only if the experimenter giving instructions was a man. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

139) Which of the following variations of Stanley Milgram’s (1963) original obedience experiment provides the strongest evidence of the operation of normative conformity when participants administer electric shocks to a confederate learner? A) Participants are less likely to obey when they believe that the learner will have a chance to “teach” them later. B) When the participants are in the same room as the learner, they obey less. C) Older participants are less likely to obey than are younger participants. D) When another (confederate) participant refuses to continue, participants obey less. E) Participants are more likely to obey if they are given rewards. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Difficulty: Easy 7-39

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140) Which of the following types of conformity pressures induced most of the participants in Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies (Milgram, 1974) to deliver escalating and life-threatening shocks to an innocent learner? A) informational influence B) both informational and normative social influence C) mindless conformity D) blind conformity E) normative influence Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

141) Recall that Stanley Milgram conducted a variation on his original obedience experiment. In this variation, there were two confederates in addition to the participant. When the participant threw the switch at 150 volts, one of the confederates refused to continue, even though the experimenter commanded that they do so. In this variation, only about 10% (compared to about 65% in the original study) went to the highest shock level. This experimental variation demonstrated the power of _______ in eliciting obedience. A) normative social influence B) the lowballing technique C) the door-in-the-face effect D) a non-unanimous majority E) informational social influence Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

142) Given the role of informational and normative social influence processes in contributing to participants’ willingness to shock a confederate learner (e.g., Milgram, 1974), which of the following situations would yield the least obedience? A) Before leaving the room, two experimenters disagree on instructions before finally telling participants to take their time and choose their own shock levels. B) The experimenter tells the participant they must continue, but do not explain why. C) The experimenter tells participants that the learner will later be allowed to administer shocks to them. D) The experimenter administers shocks to himself to demonstrate that the shocks are not lethal. E) The experimenter tells participants that the best teacher will be awarded a prize at the conclusion of the experiment. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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143) It is likely that participants in Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments conducted in the 1960s and 1970s were willing to administer increasingly severe shocks to a confederate learner because when confronted with a confusing, unfamiliar, and upsetting situation, they would turn to the experimenter for cues as to how to proceed. This speculation in essence identifies _______ as a source of participants' destructive obedience. A) social norms B) latent sadism C) normative social influence D) informational social influence E) sociopathology Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

144) In an alternative version of his original experiment, Stanley Milgram had the experimenter leave the room after telling participants that they could deliver whatever level of shock they chose. After the experimenter left the room, a confederate suggested that the participant increase shock by one level each time the learner made a mistake. In this variation, only about 20% (compared to about 65% in the original study) went to the highest shock level. This experimental variation demonstrated the power of _______ in eliciting obedience. A) informational social influence B) normative social influence C) peer influence D) the door-in-the-face effect E) contagion Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

145) Starting in 1992, a series of hoax phone calls were made over a period of approximately 12 years to various restaurants and grocery stores in the United States. A call to a McDonald’s resulted in an employee being strip searched, because the manager believed the caller was a police officer. This story introduces the idea that people will do extraordinary things to direct requests. Most importantly, people will make choices against their beliefs when faced with one of the strongest forms of social influence, known as __________. A) conformity to social norms B) ostracizing C) propaganda D) obedience to authority E) compliance Answer: D Type: MC

LO; 7.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy 7-41

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146) In alternative versions of his original experiments, Stanley Milgram collected data that indicated informational social influence as a source of participants’ destructive obedience. More specifically, Milgram found that A) participants who were instructed to place the learner’s hand on a shock plate refused to administer severe shocks. B) participants administered less severe shocks when the experimenter left the room and a (confederate) co-teacher gave the instructions to continue. C) culture plays a key role in how likely the participant was to administer the full range of shocks. D) when the experimenter volunteered to flip the switches, participants were less likely to administer severe shocks. E) when the learner complained of a heart condition, participants were less likely to shock him. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

147) In an alternative version of his original experiment, Stanley Milgram used two experimenters who began to disagree with each other when the participants administered 150 volts and the learner began to complain. In this variation, participants refused to continue. According to the authors of your text, this variation demonstrates the importance of _______ in influencing obedience. A) the door-in-the-face effect B) unanimous normative influence C) peer acceptance D) clear informational influence E) the foot-in-the-door effect Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

148) Participants in Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments found themselves caught between two norms: “obey legitimate authorities” and “do not inflict needless harm.” According to the text, why was it especially difficult for participants to abandon the “obey authority” norm in favour of the “do no harm” norm? A) The experimenter was in the same room and was a more salient normative stimulus than was the learner. B) Participants were concerned they would lose the rewards they were promised for participating if they did not continue. C) Task distractions and the fast pace made it difficult to decide that the “obey authority” norm was no longer appropriate. D) Many participants had served in the military and had internalized the “obey authority” norm. E) Participants were more concerned about how the experimenter would evaluate them than with how the learner would. Answer: C Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

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LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

149) Mika Haritos-Fatouros (1988) conducted interviews with former torturers of prisoners who were incarcerated in Greece during the late 1960s. Haritos-Fatouros found that prison authorities A) employed a version of the lowballing technique to induce compliance. B) made a twisted version of the reciprocity norm salient to the guards. C) made effective use of the door-in-the-face technique in turning ordinary guards into torturers. D) cited Stanley Milgram’s experiments as the inspiration for their obedienceinducing efforts. E) used an incremental approach similar to the foot-in-the-door technique and Stanley Milgram’s experimental procedures. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

150) Execution teams who work at prisons tend to deny personal responsibility for the executions and state that they are just following orders. Such justifications for taking a human life illustrate that when people obey authority they can __________. A) internally justify their actions B) externally justify their actions C) control the situation psychologically D) influence others to do so as well E) experience reciprocity Answer: B Type: MC Moderate

LO: 7.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty:

151) In Milgram’s “obedience to authority"study, people were asked to increase the shocks they administered in very small increments. This aspect of those experiments increased the total shock that people administered by capitalizing on A) the increase in certainty that is produced by informational social influence. B) people's fear of authority figures. C) the gradually escalating effects of the door-in-the-face technique. D) the increasing fear of rejection that results from normative social influence. E) the process of self-justification and the reduction of cognitive dissonance. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

152) Even though the authors point to a number of situational variables that contributed to the destructive obedience of Stanley Milgram’s participants (e.g., normative and informational conformity pressures, conflicting norms), it might still be argued that people have lurking deep within them sadistic tendencies that can easily be elicited Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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by situational variables. What experimental findings by Milgram call this “personal attribution” into question? A) When the learner was introduced as a minister, participants gave lower shocks. B) When the learner was introduced as a prison inmate, participants gave higher shocks. C) There are cultural differences in the amount of shock participants administer. D) Violent prisoners administered lower shocks than non-prisoner participants. E) When participants could chose the level of shock, the vast majority administered very low levels. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

153) According to Dominic Packer (2008), at which point in the Milgram experiment is the participant most likely to disobey authority? A) when the learner moans in pain B) when the participant learns that he has to administer electrical shocks to the learner C) when the learner asks to be released from the experiment D) when the learner mentions his heart condition E) when the learner is no longer responding Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

154) Students who had watched the film of Milgram’s obedience study showed an increase in ________ especially if they were ________. A) moral reasoning; female. B) nonconformity; males. C) reactance; female. D) moral reasoning; male. E) nonconformity; female. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

155) Using information from Chapter 7, discuss briefly cultural differences in conformity. Be sure to mention the work done by Vorauer and Miller (1997) in your answer. Answer: North American culture stresses the importance of not conforming. This is part of living in an individualist culture—one that emphasizes being independent, thinking for yourself, and standing up for yourself. We want to be perceived as people who make up our own minds—not as spineless, weak conformists. As a result, we maintain the belief that our behaviour is not influenced by others, even when reality suggests otherwise. This phenomenon was illustrated in a program of research by Jacquie Vorauer and Dale Miller Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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(1997). They asked students at the University of Manitoba to rate how satisfied they felt with their intellectual abilities. Before making their ratings, they were allowed to see the same ratings supposedly given by another student. Were participants influenced by the other student’s responses? Yes, they were. Specifically, if the other student provided a positive self-assessment, participants also evaluated themselves positively—more so than if the other student had provided a negative self-assessment. Most importantly, participants were not aware that they had been influenced by the other student’s responses. The bottom line is that we probably conform a lot more than we realize (or want to admit). Type: ES

LO: 7.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

156) Muzafer Sherif (1936) used the autokinetic effect to measure participants’ estimates of the apparent movement of a stationary spot of light. In what sense did Sherif’s findings illustrate informational social influence? Answer: There was no objectively “right” or “wrong” answer about how much the light was moving. There are great individual differences in people’s estimates of the apparent movements. Sherif put participants in a dark room with other participants. As each individual participant made estimates, those estimates served as information to other participants about the movement of the light. Over time this shared information yielded group norms in estimates. The room was dark, so participants could not see others or be seen, so normative pressures were minimized. In addition, group norms developed, and were used later by lone participants who made individual estimates. This suggests that informational conformity was in operation, not normative conformity. Type: ES

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

157) How does conformity to normative social influence differ from conformity to informational social influence? Answer: Whereas informational conformity arises from a need to be “right” and arrive at an accurate construal of an ambiguous situation, normative conformity arises from a need to be “liked” and accepted by other people. Informational conformity is typically longer lasting, because it often yields private acceptance of information or group norms; normative conformity typically only results in public compliance, not private acceptance. Finally, informational conformity is most likely to occur in ambiguous situations, whereas normative social influence can occur in almost any situation, including those in which what is “right” is perfectly clear. Type: ES

LO: 7.2 and 7.3

Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate

158) The text discussed informational social influence and normative social influence. First, describe the two types of social influence and give a real-life example of each. Be sure to clearly explain how your example demonstrates that particular Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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type of social influence. Answer: Informational social influence occurs when individuals are looking to others to provide them with information about an ambiguous situation or stimulus. Because individuals in these types of situations are uncertain about the situation, they are more likely to internalize the information, which would lead to private acceptance. An example of this would be when students take down notes because they see other students writing something down. This is an example of informational social influence because the individuals are looking to others to decide when it is appropriate or necessary to behave in a specific way. On the other hand, normative social influence occurs when individuals want to be accepted. This type of social influence is more likely to lead to public compliance rather than private acceptance. For example, if a group of friends endorsed a particular candidate during a discussion around a table, a single individual at the table may publicly go along with the majority opinion because he or she wants to be liked and accepted. However, in the actual voting booth, the individual may still vote for his or her favoured candidate. Type: ES Moderate

LO: 7.2 and 7.3

Skill: Recall and applied

Difficulty:

159) Informational social influence does not always produce conformity, but informational conformity is more likely in some situations than in others. What factors increase conformity to informational social influence? Answer: The most crucial variable is how ambiguous a situation is. The more uncertain we are of the appropriate construal or the appropriate course of action, the more we will yield to informational social influence. Crisis situations—in part because they are ambiguous, and in part because they call for immediate action—are other situations that increase informational conformity. And finally, especially in ambiguous situations or during crises, we often turn to experts as a source of information on what's going on and what we should do. Type: ES

LO: 7.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

160) Informational social influence does not always produce conformity, but informational conformity is more likely in some situations than in others. What factors increase conformity to informational social influence? Answer: The most crucial variable is how ambiguous a situation is. The more uncertain we are of the appropriate construal or the appropriate course of action, the more we will yield to informational social influence. Crisis situations—in part because they are ambiguous and in part because they call for immediate action—are other situations that increase informational conformity. And finally, especially in ambiguous situations or during crises, we often turn to experts as a source of information on what’s going on and what we should do. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: ES

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LO: 7.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

161) In what kinds of situations are people most likely to yield to normative social influence pressures? Use social impact theory in your answer, and discuss gender and culture. Answer: According to social impact theory, three main factors are important in determining when people conform to normative social influence: strength, immediacy, and number. People are more likely to conform when the group is very important to them (strength), when members of the group are close to you in space and time during the influence attempt (immediacy), and the number of members in the group. The increase in social pressure from a greater number of group members seems to peak at around four people; Asch (1955) found that after this, adding more group members does not appear to increase rates of conformity. Also, people are more likely to conform when the group is unanimous. Even one dissenter can reduce rates of conformity. Finally, both gender and culture can affect conformity to normative social influence. There is some evidence that women are slightly more conforming than men. However, this may be an experimental artifact due to the use of materials with which men are more familiar. In general, those in collectivist cultures showed higher rates of conformity in the Asch paradigm than those in individualist cultures. Further, members of interdependent agricultural societies are more conforming than members of more independent hunting and fishing societies. Type: ES

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

162) Describe a situation when you were the “odd man out.” That is, you were the nonconformist. Did your experience resemble the “Johnny Rocco” study results? If so, how? If not, why not? Be sure to use vocabulary from the chapter and be specific. Answer: [Students’ description of the experience should include degree of communication and how they were treated by the group. There should be a compelling explanation if they choose “why not.”] Type: ES

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

163) How might normative social influence have beneficial consequences? Use the discussion regarding pro-environmental behaviours in Chapter 7 to answer this question. Answer: Normative social influence also has been used to promote pro-environmental behaviours. For example, Goldstein, Cialdini, and Griskevicius (2008) tested Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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whether normative social influence could be used to encourage hotel patrons to reuse their towels, given the lack of success with the standard hotel management technique of posting signs to “reuse your bath towels and save energy.” The researchers placed signs in hotel bathrooms that conveyed social normative information (“Almost 75 percent of guests who are asked to participate in our new resource savings program do help by using the towels more than once”). A significantly greater number of guests reused their towels in this condition, compared to those who received a standard “help save the environment” appeal. In a study along the same lines, Jessica Nolan and colleagues (2008) gave a sample of California residents information urging them to conserve electrical energy in their homes. The household members received one of four messages: three of these presented basic reasons to conserve (to protect the environment, to benefit society, or to save money), and the fourth contained a message designed to invoke conformity to social norms (participants were told that the majority of their neighbours conserved electrical energy). The researchers then measured actual energy usage from the homes’ electrical meters. They found that the normative message, containing information about the behaviour of their neighbours, caused people to conserve significantly more energy than did the other three messages (Nolan et al., 2008). Interestingly, the participants in this study believed that the message about their neighbours had little effect on them, especially compared to participants who received information regarding preserving the environment or saving money. Type: ES

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

164) Explain how normative conformity can contribute to body image problems in women and men. Answer: The media create a wide consensus among men and women alike about what is attractive. Analysis of magazines and GI Joe dolls, for example, has shown that what is considered the ideal body has shifted considerably over time. For young women in North America today, the ideal is to be very thin. The pressure to be thin is correlated with body dissatisfaction, which can lead to eating disorders. Men's ideal body image has also undergone changes as shown by changes in action figure dolls that have become much more muscular over time. Men are now showing a preference for a more muscular body type than they have before and believe that women find that attractive, while in fact women’s preference is for a more normal body type. Men are therefore susceptible to normative influence to obtain their ideal body type through intense exercise, crash diets, and steroid use. Type: ES

LO: 7.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

165) In a conversation before class, you find that you are the only person in your group to favour tuition increases. The other five students with whom you are talking strongly Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 7

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oppose tuition increases. What might you do to persuade them of your point of view? What form of social influence would you rely on? Answer: Typically, normative influence is used by majorities to bring minority group members into line with the majority opinion. Because you are a decided minority on this issue, you must rely on informational social influence. The key is to present your case consistently, being careful not to waver between two different view points on the issue. In the face of a consistent and unwavering minority view, members of the majority have been known to sit up and take notice when the minority uses informational social influence to present them with new unexpected information that encourages them to examine the issue more carefully. Type: ES

LO: 7.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

166) Tina has just been asked to donate $100 to the Canadian Cancer Society. When she tells the phone solicitor that she can’t really afford $100 right now, the person on the other end of the line says, “Oh, that's okay. We’ll take anything that you feel you can afford.” Tina agrees to send a check for $10. What social influence attempt was used in this situation? Be sure to mention how and why this form of influence often works. Answer: The door-in-the-face technique was used by the Canadian Cancer Society solicitor, who first made a request for a large donation, which the solicitor expected Tina to decline. When Tina declined, the solicitor came back with a much smaller request. The door-in-the-face technique often works by taking advantage of the reciprocity norm. In this case, the solicitor backed down from the initial request and Tina in turn felt obligated to reciprocate by donating something to the Canadian Cancer Society. Type: ES

LO: 7.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

167) When Jonathan Freedman and Scott Fraser (1966) approached homeowners and asked them to place a large “Drive Carefully” sign in their yards, only 17% agreed. In contrast, nearly 60% of those homeowners who had previously signed a petition in favour of safe driving agreed to put the large “Drive Carefully” sign in their yards. What successful influence technique did Freedman and Fraser use and why did it work? Answer: They used the foot-in-the-door technique, which is a way to induce people to comply with a request. First, people are presented with a relatively small request (in this case, signing a petition) to which they are expected to acquiesce. Then they are presented with a larger or more costly request (in this case, putting an ugly sign in their yards), to which they often acquiesce. The door-in-the-face technique relies on triggering a change in self-perception, whereby people come to see themselves as the kind of person who values whatever cause they first agree to, or come to see themselves as the kind of person who helps others. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: ES

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

168) What is compliance? Describe the three major compliance techniques discussed in chapter 7. Provide an example of each from your own life. Answer: Compliance is a change in behaviour in response to a direct request from another person. The Door-in-the-Face technique is a technique to get people to comply with a request whereby people are presented first with a large request, which they are expected to refuse, and then with a smaller, more reasonable request, to which it is hoped they will acquiesce. The Foot-in-the-Door Technique is a technique to get people to comply with a request, whereby people are presented first with a small request, to which they are expected to acquiesce, followed by a larger request, to which it is hoped they will also acquiesce. Finally, lowballing is an unscrupulous strategy whereby a salesperson induces a customer to agree to purchase a product at a very low cost, and then subsequently raises the price; frequently, the customer will still make the purchase at the inflated price. Students can provide any example they wish, as long as their examples go along with the definitions and they explain how the examples represent the three techniques. For example, a student might write that they wanted enough money to get a meal from a restaurant, so they first asked their parents for a few dollars for a drink and when their parents obliged, they asked for more money for a full meal (foot-in-the-door). Type: ES

LO: 7.4

Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

169) Explain how both normative and informational social influence worked to convince Stanley Milgram’s (1974) participants to deliver powerful shocks to a hapless learner. How did replications of the original study demonstrate the role of normative and informational influence? Answer: The experimenter wore the mantel of scientific authority in the original study. It is likely that normative influence operated when participants feared that they would anger, hurt, or disappoint the experimenter when they refused. In a variation of the original study, when two confederates refused to continue (at 150 volts and 200 volts, respectively) despite the experimenter's stern instructions, participants also decided to resist. Informational influence was also operating. Odds are that the experimental situation was novel and confusing to participants, so they relied on the experimenter’s behaviour to help them define the situation. Because he did not seem concerned about the learner, participants became convinced that they were not doing anything too harmful, so they obeyed. In a variation of the original study, the experimenter did not insist on escalating shocks and left the room. When a confederate (allegedly a fellow participant) suggested the original procedures, participants refused to administer severe shocks. This suggests that participants were less likely to use a “nonexpert” to help them define the situation. Type: ES

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 7

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

170) Explain what two conflicting norms operated in Stanley Milgram’s (1963, 1974) classic obedience experiments. Also explain why one norm was more likely to be obeyed than the other. Answer: Participants were caught between two conflicting norms. On one hand, it is wrong to inflict needless pain on an undeserving victim, and on the other hand, it is right to obey authority figures. At the beginning of the experiment—when shocks were mild and the learner did not complain or fall silent—it was relatively easy to follow the “obey authority” norm. As the learner’s pain and protests grew stronger, it became hard to abandon that norm for the alternative “do no harm” norm. First, the experiment was fast paced (participants didn’t have time to think about their values and the other norm) and second, participants were asked to deliver shocks in small increments (which made each previous shock a kind of justification for subsequent shocks). Type: ES

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

171) Will people readily obey authority figures simply because they are in a position of authority? Discuss the study by Conway and Schaller (2005) to answer this question. Answer: Recent research conducted at the University of British Columbia confirms that people are less likely to obey when they perceive that the authority figure is actually not an expert. For example, in one study, participants were presented with a scenario in which they were employees having to choose between two computer network systems. Participants in the nonexpert condition were told that the boss did not know anything about computers; those in the expert condition were told that the boss had an advanced degree in computer networking. In both conditions, the boss issued a command to vote for one of the systems under consideration. Those who believed the boss did not have expertise were less likely to obey this order (even when told that the other employees all went along with it) than those who were told he had competence in this area. Type: ES

LO: 7.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 8

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1) _______ exists when three or more people are interdependent and need to rely on one another to achieve their needs or goals. A) A group B) A collective C) A minimal group D) Social roles E) A social loafer Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) When social psychologists define a group as a collection of interdependent people, they mean that A) members’ needs and goals cause them to influence one another. B) there is seldom interpersonal conflict in social groups. C) minimal groups often evolve into social groups. D) the group members interact with one another. E) members of groups have relatively little impact on one another. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) Families, church or synagogue congregations, student organizations, and sports teams can be conceived of as groups because A) they are part of our evolutionary and cultural heritage as humans. B) they are typically composed of more than ten members. C) they are typically composed of more than two members. D) they are relatively stable collections of individuals who share the same goals. E) individual members interact with one another and influence one another. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) In groups, interdependence is reflected in A) working towards a common goal. B) communicating with one another. C) influencing and being influenced. D) group conflict. E) finding alternatives to conflict. Answer: C Type: MC 5)

LO: 8.1

8-1

Chapter 8

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Martia, a member of a social service group, makes a convincing argument for the group to expand their services to include children. C) Glinida tells her mother she needs to update her wardrobe, unsuccessfully. D) The president of the university passes a new policy requiring new students to complete an orientation week at the university. E) Passengers on a plane go to the luggage carousel to pick up their luggage Answer: B Type: MC

LO:8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

6) Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary (1995) argue that the need to belong to groups is present in all societies because A) the Industrial Revolution brought about increased specialization in the workforce. B) hunting and farming have been replaced by business and technology. C) interaction with many people is unavoidable. D) cultural norms everywhere dictate that people cooperate. E) group membership has conferred evolutionary advantages to humans. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

7) Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the function of group membership? A) Bonding in groups conveys an evolutionary advantage. B) Groups convey behavioural expectations through social roles. C) Groups can motivate people to be involved in social change. D) Groups can define social identity and influence future aspirations. E) Groups improve task performance and productivity. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8) According to research, social groups tend to range in size from two or three members to several dozen members. Why is this? A) If groups were larger it would be impossible to interact with other members. B) If a group becomes too large conflict within the group becomes unavoidable. C) It would be difficult for members to find more people who are similar to them. D) It is too difficult to arrive at normative consensus when groups grow too large. E) The larger the social group, the greater the likelihood of destructive conflict. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8-2

Chapter 8

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

9) Which of the following collections of people best represents the social-psychological concept of a social group? A) deliberating members of a 12-person jury B) personnel employed at a large corporation C) students in a large lecture course D) undergraduates enrolled at a large public university E) fans at a hockey game. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

10) Katie is the goalie of her university varsity hockey team. As the goalie, Katie knows that she is expected to seem calm, cool, and collected on the ice so that the rest of the team is comfortable depending on her to stop the puck. These expectations are her A) way of exerting normative influence on the team. B) social norm. C) social role. D) way of exerting informational influence on the team. E) gender role. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

11) Tyrone is the president of his college residence hall and he is therefore expected to act in a respectable, dignified manner when he attends campus functions. What social psychological phenomenon does this illustrate? A) a loss of personal identity B) expectation consistency pressure C) conformity D) a social role E) a group representativeness assumption Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

12) Shared group expectations about how particular group members are expected to behave are called A) expectancy effects. B) collective standards. C) social roles. D) norms. E) group effects. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8-3

Chapter 8

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

13) “We will not talk about other members behind their backs and we will never divulge one another’s secrets to anyone, inside or outside this group.” The preceding statement reflects A) well defined roles. B) a consensual proscription. C) a group norm. D) a subordinate goal. E) a superordinate goal. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

14) Rashida refuses to follow important social norms of her group. She will likely be __________. A) viewed as a rebel, and hold that niche in the group B) made the leader C) shunned by the other group members D) allowed to behave however she wants to E) automatically kicked out of the group Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

15) Whereas _______ specify how all group members should behave, _______ specify how individuals in particular positions should behave. A) roles; norms B) rules; roles C) rules; norms D) norms; rules E) norms; roles Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

16) How do norms differ from roles? Norms _______, whereas roles _______. A) are specific; are general. B) apply to small groups; apply to large groups. C) apply to all group members; apply to specific group members. D) apply to large groups; apply to small groups. E) are expectations; are requirements. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 8

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

17) One advantage of social roles is that they make individuals’ rights and responsibilities clear for group members. One disadvantage of such roles, however, is that they A) are not as powerful as norms in guiding behaviours. B) may not share a universal understanding among group members. C) are assigned arbitrarily. D) are less fair than norms and are therefore more harmful. E) can lead people to lose their own personal identity. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) Sometimes when professors ask students to break up into small groups to discuss an issue, answer a question, or solve a problem, students roll their eyes and complain that it’s the professor’s job to teach them. This resistance to cooperative learning activities is probably a result of A) psychological reactance. B) students’ expectations about the “professor” role. C) social loafing pressures. D) deindividuation processes. E) social facilitation. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

19) Which of the following is the important lesson to be learned from Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment in which university students played the roles of guards and prisoners. A) Personality variables often have a much stronger impact on behaviour than situational variables. B) People who are by nature authoritarian and abusive prefer jobs like being a prison guard. C) The feeling of being crowded that results from the presence of other people can lead to prison violence. D) The behaviours associated with certain roles can overwhelm one’s personal identity and sense of decency. E) People who have strong moral convictions are less likely to become abusive than weak, passive people. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

20) In the Stanford Prison Study conducted by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues (1973), guards became increasingly sadistic and prisoners became increasingly submissive and withdrawn, all in under a week. Results of this (aborted) study suggest that Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 8

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) social roles can be very powerful. B) humans are inherently aggressive and will “act out” in the appropriate situation. C) interdependence can be reduced in powerful situations. D) people who have authoritarian personalities do not make good prisoners. E) norms in the real world are often adopted in artificial settings. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

21) Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues established a mock prison in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford University. How did they decide which participants would assume the role of “prisoner” and which would assume the role of “guard”? A) People were assigned at random to each role. B) Aggressive people tended to volunteer for the role of guard. C) The experimenters used personality tests to assign participants to roles. D) Participants who had spent time in jail refused to be prisoners. E) Because of safety concerns, aggressive people were assigned to the role of prisoner. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

22) According to the authors of your text book, one cost of roles is that individuals can lose their personal identities as individuals. A second cost is that A) leaders can become intolerant and inflexible. B) roles can make group tasks more difficult. C) role demands are seldom well specified. D) expectations can lower the opportunities that are available to some people. E) roles often lead to incorrect decisions. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

23) In India, women were traditionally permitted to occupy only the roles of mother, wife, agricultural labourer, or domestic worker. A social psychologist would likely assert that which of these is an example of a cost of social roles? A) Roles often are imposed by the powerful. B) Roles often have cultural implications. C) Roles often bring about deindividuation. D) Roles often limit what opportunities are available to some people. E) Roles often apply to those who are less powerful. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

8-6

Chapter 8

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

24) Which of the following statements is true regarding gender roles? A) Role expectations in Canada haven’t changed over the years B) The majority of women now work in stereotypically male-oriented occupations C) More men in Canada have a university degree or certificate than women D) 65% of women between the ages of 25 and 54 are employed outside the home E) In 2019, the average woman in Canada made 84 cents for every dollar earned by a man Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

25) Croft et al. (2014) hypothesized that children’s observations of how their parents divide household tasks might affect the children’s future career goals. What did they find? A) When mothers endorsed traditional gender roles in the domestic and work domains, daughters were more likely to report being interested in working outside the home B) When fathers endorsed traditional gender roles in the domestic and work domains, all children were more likely to report being interested in working outside the home C) When mothers endorsed egalitarian gender roles in the domestic and work domains, all children were more likely to endorse traditional gender roles D) When fathers endorsed egalitarian gender roles in the domestic domain, daughters were more likely to report being interested in working outside the home and having a less stereotypical occupation E) When mothers endorsed egalitarian gender roles in the domestic and work domains, sons were more likely to endorse traditional gender roles Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

26) The term for group qualities that promote liking between members and bind members together is A) group cohesiveness. B) social roles. C) relation-oriented leadership. D) group norms. E) social facilitation. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) The more cohesive a group is, the more likely it is to A) retain members, involve members in activities, and recruit similar members. B) constrain members, lead members, and recruit similar members. C) involve members, polarize members, and lead members. D) evaluate members, reject members, and pressure members. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) pressure members, organize members in activities, and rejects leadership. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

28) The Wednesday Night Social Club has several couples that have been with the group for more than a decade. They all get along well and all of the members like each other. They meet every week for a different social activity often at each other’s homes. Frequent activities include potluck and card games. Two new couples in the same age group who have moved into the neighbourhood have attended recently. This group shows evidence of A) transactive memory. B) cohesiveness. C) continuity. D) consensus. E) strong leadership. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

29) When is high cohesiveness likely to be a problem for a group? A) when the group’s purpose is primarily social B) when the group is encountering stressful times C) when the group is working on a task that requires close cooperation between members D) when the group members are of different social status E) when the group’s task is to solve a problem Answer: E Type: MC

LO:8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

30) A high level of group cohesiveness would be LEAST beneficial to which of the following groups? A) members of a simple living group who have a monthly potluck B) members of a military unit carrying out a complicated maneuver C) members of a political campaign team developing a strategy D) members of a theatre troupe giving nightly performances E) members of a sorority holding a fundraiser Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

31) What is the primary benefit of having diversity within a group? A) Different perspectives lead to improved problem solving. B) It leads to more liking of other group members. C) It helps group members to know what to expect from each other. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) The personal identities and personalities are less likely to get lost. E) Diversity predicts group cohesiveness. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

32) Why do group members tend to be homogeneous? A) Many groups attract people who are similar and groups tend to operate in ways that encourage similarity in the members. B) Many groups attract people who are similar and the membership of most groups never changes. C) Anyone who deviates from the group is immediately removed. D) New members are screened carefully to make sure they will “fit in.” E) Because the norms dictate they be homogeneous. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

33) You are asked to provide a talk about the composition and function of groups. Aligned with your text, what will be the topics you cover in your talk? A) social norms, social roles, diversity, and cohesiveness B) self-definition, self-identity, self-esteem, self-integrity C) decision-making, problem solving, project management D) social norms, self-esteem, cohesiveness, problem-solving E) diversity, cohesiveness, self-esteem, interdependence Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

34) In order for social facilitation to occur, the minimum requirement is the A) presence of those with whom one is interacting. B) concern about how others will evaluate us. C) interdependence of actor and audience. D) feedback from at least one other person. E) mere presence of others. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

35) Jamal studied long and hard for his psychology exam, has mastered the material, and can answer any question that anyone poses. When he enters the classroom on the day of the examination, the room is more crowded than it's been all term. In this situation, Jamal should A) move to a quiet room to take the exam alone. B) request to make the exam a conjunctive task performed in groups. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 8

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C) move to the front of the lecture hall where he will not be able to see the crowd behind him. D) request to make the exam an additive task performed in groups. E) remain in the crowded classroom to take the exam. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

36) The presence of others will facilitate performance for A) Janine, who is leading a difficult group discussion. B) Jasmine, who gives a dress rehearsal of a long speech that is not completely memorized. C) Arthur, who performs his first heart surgery with interns looking on. D) Lola, who is learning a new gymnastics routine with her team. E) Tim, who is washing his car as his neighbours watch. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

37) Adele has never driven a car with a standard transmission before. That is, she’s never had to decide when to shift gears, push in the clutch, or stop suddenly when the car is in gear. She’s just bought a car with standard transmission and wants to practice driving it before she takes it onto the highway. What should she do? A) have people in the car who are experienced drivers B) buckle her seat belt C) take her best friend along to provide instructions and support D) have a group of friends follow along behind her to help pull her out of a ditch if something goes wrong E) drive the car alone and circle a large parking lot a few times Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

38) Dozens of social psychological experiments on the topic of social facilitation have employed everything from people to birds, ants, and cockroaches. Which of the following is the one consistent finding has emerged from these many studies? A) Simple tasks are more arousing than difficult tasks. B) Simplicity is the most dominant response in the presence of others. C) The presence of others enhances performance the most on difficult tasks. D) The presence of others enhances performance on simple tasks. E) Simple tasks are unaffected by the presence of others, but complex tasks are. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8-10

Chapter 8

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) individual efforts cannot be assessed. B) the task is simple and well-learned. C) the task is difficult and the individual efforts can be assessed. D) the presence of others relaxes you. E) the task is difficult and involving. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 242

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

40) Robert Zajonc and his colleagues (1969) employed the lowly cockroach in their studies of social facilitation. In the presence of other cockroaches, roaches would run faster down a straight-away to escape a bright light than they would alone, but took longer in the presence of a cockroach audience when the escape route was more complicated (e.g., when they had to run a maze). These findings support the idea that A) the presence of other members of a species improves performance on a welllearned response. B) cockroaches differ from humans in their response to other members of their species. C) the presence of other members of a species impedes performance on a welllearned response. D) cockroaches respond better than humans in the presence of other members of their species. E) members of even the most lowly species experience evaluation apprehension. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

41) When people or roaches undertake a difficult task, the presence of others _______ performance; whereas when they undertake a simple task, the presence of others _______ performance. A) has no effect on; enhances B) diminishes; has no effect on C) enhances; impairs D) impairs; enhances E) enhances; has no effect on Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) According to the definition presented in the text, which of the following is an example of social facilitation? A) Hinton laughs louder at a comedian when he is the member of a live audience than when he watches the comedian on the television at home. B) Sanjay has mastered the material in his psychology course, but fails the exam in a crowded room.

8-11

Chapter 8

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) Amy, a novice golfer, performs especially poorly when she plays in a charity tournament with lots of people watching her. D) Bill, who tries bowling for the first time with his friends, rolls a near perfect game. E) Matthew, an inexperienced actor, gives a wonderful portrayal of Hamlet in front of a large audience. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

43) _______ refers to the tendency of people to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when others are present. A) Contagion performance B) Social loafing C) Social facilitation D) Deindividuation E) Contingent performance Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

44) In order to predict whether the presence of others will help or hinder performance, one needs two pieces of information, whether _______ and whether _______. A) individual performance can be evaluated; arousal is high or low. B) group performance can be evaluated; the group has a strong leader. C) arousal is present; one holds individualistic or collectivist values. D) individual performance can be evaluated; the task is simple or complex. E) arousal is high or low; the others are friends or strangers. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

45) Sometimes famous performers have horrible final rehearsals in empty auditoriums prior to a big performance, yet they end up having wonderful performances in front of audiences. Why would the presence of others improve performance on a well-rehearsed task, such as a musical performance? A) They are performing for money. B) They experience cognitive dissonance. C) They aim to impress the critics. D) They are aroused. E) They have better acoustics when others are in the auditorium. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

8-12

Chapter 8

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

46) Both social facilitation and social loafing are manifestations of the influence that the presence of others has on our behaviours. These phenomena differ, however, in that presence of others _______ in social facilitation situations and _______ in social loafing situations. A) enhances performance on complex tasks; impairs performance on complex tasks B) decreases arousal; impairs performance on complex tasks C) impairs performance on simple tasks; impairs performance on complex tasks D) increases arousal; decreases arousal E) decreases arousal; increases arousal Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

47) You are a member of a group of five people whose task it is to address and stuff 1,000 envelopes for mailing. Research on _______ suggests that it would be better to give each person 200 envelopes to address and stuff the envelopes alone, whereas research on _______ suggests that it would be better to have everyone work on the task together in the same room. A) contagion; social loafing B) social loafing; deindividuation C) deindividuation; social loafing D) social facilitation; social loafing E) social loafing; social facilitation Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

48) _______ is the key to social facilitation effects, whereas _______ is the key to social loafing effects. A) Evaluation; arousal B) Relaxation; evaluation apprehension C) Arousal; relaxation D) Evaluation; deindividuation E) Relaxation; arousal Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

49) Mitch is about to provide expert testimony in court about the scientific research on false confessions. The judge, the lawyers, the jury, and many spectators in the courtroom will be listening to what he has to say. Fortunately, he has prepared a lot for the trial, and has given expert testimony many times before. Because of ______________, the presence of the audience is likely to make Mitch perform ____________ if he was videotaping himself giving testimony alone at home. A) social facilitation; better than Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) social loafing; better than C) social loafing; worse than D) social facilitation; worse than E) social facilitation; the same as Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

50) Robert Zajonc (1965) wrote an influential article in which he posited a theoretical explanation for the social facilitation effect. Elegantly simple, this explanation included what two steps? A) the presence of others is distracting → distractions make it more difficult to perform B) actors are concerned about evaluation → the most dominant response is activated C) performance of difficult tasks is arousing → arousal impedes performance D) the presence of others is arousing → arousal enhances performance E) the presence of others causes arousal → arousal makes it easier to do simple things and harder to do difficult or new things Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

51) Assume that you are playing pool at the student union when a group of people surround the table to watch you play. If you are _______ player, you would play _______ because of the arousing effects of their presence. A) a poor; better than you have in the past B) a mediocre; better than before C) an excellent; about the same D) an excellent; worse than usual E) an excellent; better than before Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

52) One explanation for why the presence of others leads to arousal is that in the presence of members of our own species, we become alert, vigilant, and mildly aroused. The beauty of this explanation is that it explains A) why people become concerned about how they are evaluated. B) the causes and consequences of social loafing. C) the causes of groupthink. D) why other sources of arousal such as flashing lights have a similar effect. E) the results of studies with both humans and cockroaches. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Difficulty: Easy 8-14

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53) Which of the following explanations for social facilitation applies to humans but NOT to cockroaches? A) Humans are aroused at the prospect of evaluation. B) Humans are more likely to perform well on a simple task when aroused. C) Humans are more likely to perform their dominant response when aroused. D) Humans are distracted by a number of stimuli, including members of their own species. E) Humans are alert and aroused in the presence of other members of their species. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

54) A number of social psychologists have speculated on why the presence of others should lead to arousal. They have developed three explanatory theories. One is that arousal increases vigilance. Another is that arousal is distracting. Third, arousal A) increases self-awareness. B) makes us apprehensive about being evaluated. C) makes us anxious. D) decreases response latencies. E) releases stress hormones. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

55) According to the authors, there are three theories that can explain the role of arousal in social facilitation. Which of the following best represents the three theories? A) Others make us alert; apprehension about being evaluated; and others are distracting B) Others distract us; we do not want to violate a norm by doing something wrong; we are more alert around others C) People are no more distracting than anything else; anything else can also provide visual distraction; distraction from easy tasks is unlikely to impact performance D) Easy tasks are made difficult if too much thought is devoted to the task; distraction from tasks positively impacts performance; we are less alert when distracted by others E) Other people make it easier for us to do difficult tasks; distraction can have a negative impact; and we don’t want to upset others Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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56) If you wanted to determine whether evaluation apprehension or simple arousal accounts for social facilitation in humans, which of the following studies would you conduct? A) Hang around a health club, either with or without headphones and an ipad that you are either focused or not focused on; measure how much people are exerting themselves. B) Ask people to solve easy or difficult crossword puzzles, either alone or with their friends; measure how long it takes them to solve the puzzles. C) Conduct either a complicated or simple survey, by phone or in person; measure how long it takes people to answer the questions. D) Ask people to participate in an archery exercise, either with friends or with strangers; count the number of bull’s-eyes they make. E) Ask people how they feel in a crowded classroom before a difficult exam. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

57) Robert Baron (1986) has found that flashing lights can cause the same social facilitation effects as the presence of other people. These findings support the idea that _______ is the source of arousal that enhances performance on simple tasks. A) increased vigilance B) reactance C) distraction D) stress E) evaluation apprehension Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

58) The evaluation apprehension explanation for the source of arousal that produces social facilitation posits that _______ leads to increased arousal, and thus enhanced performance on simple tasks. A) the mere presence of others B) the presence of others who might judge us C) vigilance and divided attention D) anything that causes anxiety E) a social distraction such as a loud party Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

59) New Ph.D.’s who apply for jobs often report that they give better job talks in front of the hiring committee members whom they may never see again than they do during dress rehearsals for their supportive colleagues and professors before they leave for their interviews. These reports provide anecdotal evidence that A) the presence of others rarely enhances performance. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) the distraction of being in a new place serves as a source of arousal. C) evaluation apprehension may be a source of social facilitation. D) the presence of others facilitates social behaviours. E) if performance is to be enhanced, arousal must be optimal. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

60) One reason why the presence of others is arousing is that it can be __________, which is a very cognitive explanation as to why people tend to perform worse at more difficult tasks in the presence of others. A) enlightening B) stimulating C) joyous D) distracting E) frightening Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

61) _______ refers to the tendency of people to do worse on simple tasks and better on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and when their individual performance cannot be evaluated. A) Social accountability B) Social inhibition C) Social facilitation D) Social loafing E) Social norms Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

62) Joint class projects, voting in elections, and singing in unison are all examples of group activities that are likely to be affected by A) groupthink. B) social facilitation. C) social loafing. D) evaluation apprehension. E) deindividuation. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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B) a team of computer scientists works on different sections of code to locate and correct errors in a program. C) a group is performing a task on which they will be individually evaluated. D) a team of volunteers stuffs envelopes for a large mailing. E) candidates for city council engage in a public debate. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

64) The resident assistant of a campus residence hall notices that when a team of five students is assigned to bathroom duty, the bathrooms are not as well cleaned as when only one student is assigned to clean them. What phenomenon does this example illustrate? A) social facilitation B) group decline C) social inhibition D) social loafing E) a minimal group paradigm Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

65) Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in social loafing? A) Phoebe, who works with her classmates on a difficult group assignment B) Troy, who has to write the forward of a novel he did not write C) Tim, who washes a car with his friends D) Danny, who struggles alone with a difficult calculus problem E) Amanda, who sits alone in her office, licking stamps and placing them on envelopes Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

66) Social loafing is likely to impair performance _______ and to enhance performance _______. A) on complex tasks; when we’re with others. B) on simple tasks; on complex tasks. C) when we’re alone; when we’re with others. D) when we’re with others; when we’re alone. E) on complex tasks; on simple tasks. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

67) Group or team learning activities are becoming more common in the university setting and professors often assign students to work in groups. Given what you know Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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about social loafing, what advice would you give a professor who is considering using group learning activities? A) For simple assignments, it’s better to assign a group grade. B) Beware of social loafing. It’s always better to have students work alone if you want them to do well. C) Make sure that the groups of students are cohesive and appoint their own leader. D) For simple assignments, it’s better to assign individual grades to students. E) Make sure that the groups are not too small. It’s better to have more students relying on one another. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

68) In social loafing, why is an individual’s performance on a task undertaken with others better on complex tasks than on simple tasks? A) There is less evaluation apprehension associated with simple tasks. B) It actually depends on how the task will be evaluated. C) When people become members of a group, they experience positive affect. D) When people realize that their performance cannot be monitored or evaluated, they relax. E) When people become members of a group, they are motivated to impress others. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

69) From what you know of social loafing, if subjects were asked to solve either simple or complex computer mazes, and were told either that their individual performances would be evaluated, or that their scores would be averaged with other participants’ scores. When participants thought their scores would be averaged with another’s, their performance would be expected to be _______ because they _______. A) better on difficult mazes; were more motivated. B) better on difficult mazes; were relaxed. C) better on simple mazes; were relaxed. D) worse on simple tasks; were aroused. E) better on difficult mazes; were aroused. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

70) You are a member of a group of five people whose task it is to address and stuff 1,000 envelopes for mailing. Research on __________ suggests that it would be better to give each person 200 envelopes to address alone, whereas research on __________ suggests that it would be better to have everyone work on the task Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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together in the same room. A) deindividuation; social loafing B) social loafing; deindividuation C) social loafing; social facilitation D) social facilitation; social loafing E) social facilitation; deindividuation Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

71) Steven Karau and Kipling Williams (1993) reviewed more than 150 studies on social loafing and found that the tendency to loaf is stronger in men than in women. Why is this true, according to the authors of your text? A) Men typically occupy positions of higher status than women. B) Women’s tasks are typically more complex than typical male tasks. C) Women are higher than men in relational interdependence. D) Men have more power than women and can therefore induce women to do more work. E) Women tend to feel more self-conscious in group. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

72) Many Asian cultures are collectivistic—they tend to place a greater emphasis on the welfare of the group than on the individual. Conversely, Western cultures tend to stress individual performance more than that of the group. A reasonable hypothesis would be that the social loafing effect is A) stronger in collectivist cultures. B) slightly stronger in collectivist cultures, but still more dependent on individual personality differences. C) stronger in Western culture. D) almost nonexistent in collectivist cultures. E) unaffected by cultural norms. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) All other things being equal, _______ from _______ cultures would be most likely to engage in social loafing. A) women; Western B) women; Asian C) men; Western D) men and women; Asian E) men; Asian

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

74) Professor Lee has long used group projects in her courses. The groups have always performed extraordinarily well, and students seem to learn a great deal from such projects. Having just taken a new job at a different college in a new country, Dr. Lee finds that the group projects are of considerably lower quality. What might you conclude given the work of Karau and Williams (1993)? A) Professor Lee used to teach at a college in North America, but now teaches at a college in Asia B) Professor Lee used to teach at an ivy league school, but now teaches at a community college. C) Professor Lee used to teach at a men’s college, but is now teaching at a women’s college. D) Professor Lee used to teach at a community college, but now teaches in the ivy league. E) Professor Lee used to teach at a college in Asia, but now teaches at a college in North America Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: applied

Difficulty: Moderate

75) In order to predict whether the presence of others will help or hinder performance, one needs two pieces of information: whether __________ and whether __________. A) individual performance can be evaluated; the task is simple or complex B) arousal is present; one holds individualistic or collectivistic values C) arousal is high or low; the others are friends or strangers D) individual performance can be evaluated; arousal is high or low E) individual performance can be evaluated; group members are distracted Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

76) _______ refers to the loosening of normal behavioural constraints when people are in a crowd, leading to increases in impulsive and deviant acts. A) Collective contagion B) Social facilitation C) Deindividuation D) Social loafing E) Collective anonymity Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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77) Consider the following destructive acts: soccer fans bludgeoning one another, hockey fans starting fist fights, and concertgoers trampling one another to death to secure good seats . All of these are examples of the dangerous effects of A) anti-social contagion. B) group hysteria C) anti-social anonymity. D) deindividuation. E) hysterical contagion. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

78) Deindividuation is defined as the feeling of anonymity that often leads to A) contagion. B) prosocial behaviours. C) impulsive deviant acts. D) social loafing. E) social facilitation Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

79) There is a powerful scene in the classic film To Kill a Mockingbird. Atticus Finch, a small town lawyer, is on the courthouse steps standing guard over Tom Robinson, an African-American prisoner who he is defending. A mob of townspeople and local farmers approaches the courthouse, demanding that Atticus turn over Robinson; they are intent on administering their own form of vigilante justice. Suddenly, Atticus’s young daughter Scout steps forward. She doesn’t understand what’s about to happen, and begins to address people in the crowd, “Hey, Mr. Cunningham. How’s your boy? I like Walter, but I haven't seen him in awhile.” As Scout innocently addresses a number of individuals in the crowd, they begin to leave one-by-one, until the whole lynch mob is disbanded. This classic movie scene best illustrates which social psychological phenomenon? A) social facilitation B) diffusion of responsibility C) the bystander effect D) social loafing E) deindividuation Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

80) Consider the following anti-social acts: European soccer fans sometimes attack and bludgeon players and other fans, in the U.S. mobs of whites would lynch AfricanAmericans, and in Canada a young man was beaten to death by a group of disguised youths. What do these situations have in common? Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) They reflect mass actions caused by relative deprivation. B) They demonstrate the tragedies sometimes caused by anonymity. C) They represent the downside of social facilitation. D) They reflect extreme examples of social loafing. E) They represent an unexpected hazard of group cohesion. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

81) Brian Mullen’s (1986) analysis of newspaper accounts revealed that the larger the lynch mob, the more savagely the mobs murdered their victims. Robert Watson’s (1973) cross-cultural study revealed that warriors wearing face or body paint were more likely to torture or kill captives than warriors who wore no “war paint.” These findings suggest that one reason why mobs often commit heinous acts is that the individuals involved A) experience a reduction in self-esteem and lose sight of their moral standards. B) become more self-aware and act on their feelings of rage and frustration. C) fall prey to social facilitation effects when they become aroused. D) feel anonymous and thus less accountable for their actions. E) fall prey to social loafing effects when they become aroused. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

82) Joe has just read chapter 8 on group processes and is now relaxing, watching football with his girlfriend. She finally understands the concept of “downs” and “turnovers,” and moves on to other questions. “If football is a team sport, how come they have the players’ names on their uniforms?” she asks Joe. Assuming that the material in chapter 8 is still accessible in his memory, Joe wonders, A) “Maybe to keep them from playing too mean and dirty.” B) “Maybe to help sort the laundry.” C) “Maybe so the announcer knows who made the play.” D) “Maybe to make it easier for the quarterback to spot the receivers.” E) “Maybe so individual players can be recognized by the fans.” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

83) Which is NOT a reason that deindividuation could lead to impulsive or destructive acts? A) When others are present, or when you are wearing a uniform, there is a lower chance that any individual can be identified and blamed. B) Self-awareness is reduced, and this shifts attention away from individuals’ internal moral standards. C) Deindividuation leads people to be more likely to obey the group’s norms.

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D) Deindividuation always increases physiological arousal and, consequently, aggressiveness. E) When people are following group norms, they are less likely to follow other norms, like the norm that it is wrong to hurt others. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

84) For Halloween, Jeff wears a sheet and goes to a party as a ghost. How is this costume likely to influence his behaviour? A) He will be more likely to monitor his own behaviour. B) He will feel less like himself, causing him to reaffirm his own moral standards. C) He will feel less personally accountable for his behaviour. D) He will feel self-conscious and be less likely to interact with others. E) He will focus more attention on himself, causing greater self-awareness. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

85) Deindividuation A) often has the same effects as social facilitation. B) always results in negative behaviours. C) results in people feeling that there is little chance that they will be caught for behaving badly. D) increases self-awareness, but greatly reduces a person’s feelings of accountability for his or her behaviour. E) can be reduced by inducing people to pay attention to the people around them. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

86) Most social psychologists agree that which of the following are two causes of deindividuation? A) people become frustrated and people pay less attention to their environment B) people feel less accountable and people pay less attention to their moral standards C) people pay less attention to their environment and people feel anonymous in a group D) people become frustrated and people feel less accountable for acting on their frustration E) people feel less accountable and people use others to shoulder the blame Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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87) One reason that deindividuation often leads to impulsive or destructive behaviours is that the presence of many other people can reduce self-awareness, thus making people A) feel less accountable for their actions. B) feel less accountable for the actions of the group. C) forget their internal values or moral standards. D) less likely to contribute to group decisions. E) feel more frustrated, which increases the impulse towards aggression. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

88) Based on what the authors of your text state about the effects of deindividuation, which of the following people would be the most likely to shoplift? A) Lisa, who sees that she is being monitored by a surveillance camera B) Reginald, who is trying on an outfit, looking in the mirror C) Jane, who is shopping with her best friend D) Diana, who is wandering through a crowded marketplace E) Anja, who is by herself at a candy store Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

89) Recently, a major newspaper had to temporarily shut down its blog because of numerous anonymous posts that were highly offensive, much more offensive than any signed letter or posting. What is the best explanation as to why these online contributions were more offensive than signed letters? A) Being online led to a sense of deindividuation. B) It is customary to be rude on the Internet. C) It is a sign of the times, not due to the technology. D) People who write in to newspapers tend to be more aggressive by nature to begin with. E) Blogs tend to attract negative comments more than any other media. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

90) Why is it important to study how effectively groups make decisions? A) to keep social psychologists employed B) because many important decisions are made by groups such as juries C) because many people wrongly assume that individuals are better at decisionmaking D) to understand how individuals can improve to make decisions as well as groups do E) because there really isn’t any research on the topic Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

91) _______ is defined as any aspect of group interaction that impedes good problemsolving. A) Social facilitation B) Collective obstacles C) Communicative friction D) Process loss E) Social loafing Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

92) Adam is part of a group organized to increase blood donations in a local community. As a social psychologist, Adam has a relevant background in persuasion tactics, but his group members fail to realize the important contributions he could make. This scenario is an example of A) a task orientation to problem solving. B) poor leadership. C) process loss. D) intragroup conflict. E) goal misdirection Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

93) Ellen and Gene had a disagreement before an important meeting and carried their argument into the meeting. They wouldn’t listen to one another and were highly critical of each other’s contributions. This example best illustrates A) affective spillover. B) intragroup conflict C) disjunctive styles. D) antagonistic task performance. E) process loss. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

94) Normative conformity pressures can impair performance of a group in a problemsolving task because A) only shared information is discussed. B) social loafing is encouraged. C) the weakest members of the group generally attempt to contribute the most. D) such conformity interferes with risk-taking tendencies. E) expert members are discouraged from disagreeing with others.

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Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

95) In one condition of an experiment conducted by Gerald Stasser (Stasser & Titus, 1985), all group members had access to the same information, and in another condition, members had unique information that other group members didn’t know. In the second (unshared information) condition, the group made a worse decision than in the first (shared information) condition. This occurred because groups A) often engage in social loafing. B) seldom can agree on who is most expert. C) avoid differences of opinion, given conformity pressures. D) often ignore dissenting opinions. E) focus discussion on the information that all members know. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

96) Members of a jury all took slightly different notes of the testimony they heard. When they get together, everyone has written information about the physical description of the assailant, one wrote down the defendant’s alibi, three people wrote details of the crime, and four other people wrote information about the credibility of the eyewitnesses. Based on how groups tend to share information (as presented in your text), which piece of information will the jury be MOST likely to spend the most time discussing? A) the physical description of the assailant B) the defendant’s alibi C) the details of the crime D) the credibility of the eyewitnesses E) they will discuss all of the information Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

97) One way to deal with process loss and therefore enable the group to come up with correct solution to a problem is A) to work towards integrative solutions. B) to make sure that all members pool the available information. C) to have a charismatic leader D) for all members to criticize each other’s ideas. E) for all members take turns at a leadership role. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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B) they seek consensus. C) the leader is charismatic. D) their task is additive. E) the leader is relationship-oriented. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

99) According to Irving Janis (1972, 1982), groupthink occurs when groups value _______ over _______. A) strong leadership; weak leadership. B) cohesiveness and solidarity; a realistic consideration of the facts. C) invulnerability; accuracy. D) efficiency; a common goal. E) as many alternatives as possible; a common goal. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

100) Which of the following is NOT an antecedent of groupthink? A) high cohesiveness B) group isolation C) social roles D) directive leader E) high stress Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

101) The phenomenon of groupthink is most likely to occur when a group is under stress, highly _______, and when the leader is very _______. A) diplomatic; cohesive. B) cohesive; directive. C) motivated; relationship-oriented. D) cohesive; diplomatic. E) motivated; feared. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

102) Which of the following statements is true about groupthink? A) The group keeps changing its mind in response to outside pressures. B) “Esprit de corps” (morale) tends to be low. C) The leader tends to be process oriented. D) High group cohesiveness is necessary for groupthink, but other conditions are also required. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) The group feels vulnerable and indecisive about its options. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

103) When groupthink occurs, there is extreme pressure to conform to the cohesive group; thus, people who may privately hold dissenting views tend to keep quiet, creating the __________. A) mindguard B) illusion of unanimity C) illusion of invulnerability D) transactive memory E) stereotyped views of the outgroup Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

104) It is alleged that crew members of the Titanic didn’t pass on iceberg warnings to the captain. This would be an example of ________ in the theory of groupthink. A) self-censorship B) belief in the moral correctness of the group C) illusion of unanimity D) group isolation E) mindguards Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

105) Jennifer is the leader of a college student group whose goal is to steal the mascot of a rival university the week before the big football game. In planning the heist, Jennifer should _______ to prevent groupthink and ensure that her group is successful in devising the best possible plan. A) take a strong directive role as their leader B) seek the opinions of trustworthy nongroup members C) ensure that all members of the group are completely committed D) assess group members’ opinions frequently using show-of-hand voting E) create a unified, cohesive membership to devise strategies together Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

106) In order to avoid the phenomenon of groupthink, the leader of a group should A) form subgroups that discuss the problem separately. B) state his or her opinions forcefully. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) discourage the input of opinions from those outside the group. D) discourage group dissent. E) encourage the importance of group cohesiveness. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

107) Which of the following statements regarding groupthink is true? A) Groupthink can occur even when antecedents are missing B) For groupthink to occur, there cannot be a directive leader in charge C) Defective decision making is substantially less common than the original theory assumed D) Groupthink typically leads to better decisions E) For groupthink to occur, the group cannot be isolated from contrary opinions Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Modera

108) Compared to individuals deciding alone, members of groups tend to make decisions that are A) less stable. B) more extreme. C) less risky. D) more accurate. E) more conservative. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

109) _______ refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of their individual members. A) Negotiation B) Groupthink C) The risky shift D) Contagion E) Group polarization Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

110) Early studies of group decision-making demonstrated that groups made riskier decisions than individuals do. The concept of “risky shift” was born. Later studies, however, revealed that group decisions are not necessarily more risky than individual decisions; instead, they are more extreme. The concept of _______ was born. A) decisional instability B) group polarization Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) culture-value theory D) social loafing E) extremity shift Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

111) Members of the school board were tentatively considering a proposal to institute the wearing of uniforms in the elementary and middle school grades. After their last meeting, they are now strongly in favour of the proposal. This illustrates the phenomenon known as __________. A) groupthink B) group polarization C) deindividuation D) social facilitation E) social comparison Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

112) Nan had pretty much made up her mind before a group discussion. During the discussion, however, she thinks to herself, “I think I’ll hang back and see how the others feel about it. I don’t want them to think I'm nuts or anything.” Nan’s thoughts best reflect the _______ interpretation of group polarization. A) social loafing B) social comparison C) persuasive arguments D) deviance avoidance E) accuracy motive Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

113) Group discussion often pushes people’s initial individual decisions to the extreme, yielding group polarization. According to the persuasive arguments interpretation, this is because A) individuals work to maintain the self-esteem of the rest of the group members. B) others bring up perspectives or issues that the individual hadn’t considered. C) individuals bolster their initial beliefs when they make their case to others. D) individuals are motivated to be accepted by other members of the group. E) individuals work to reduce the dissonance aroused when other people disagree with them. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Difficulty: Moderate 8-31

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114) Two different interpretations have been proposed to explain group polarization. The persuasive arguments interpretation is to _______ as the social comparison interpretation is to _______. A) groupthink; adaptive decision-making. B) task-oriented leader; relationship-oriented leader. C) risky shift; conservative shift. D) gaining information; being liked. E) relationship-oriented leader; task-oriented leader. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

115) According to a social comparison interpretation, group polarization tends to occur because individuals can present themselves in a more _______ light by taking slightly more _______ positions than the norm of the group. A) positive; extreme B) positive; conservative C) positive; cautious D) negative; extreme E) negative; risky Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

116) Juan Carlo was initially moderately in favour of a proposal to build a city bike path. At a meeting, he learns that not only will the path provide recreational opportunities and allow for some decrease in traffic, but that in towns with paths, the crime rate tends to go down and businesses along the path do better. He is now strongly in favour of the proposal. The theory that best explains his change of opinion is the __________ theory. A) persuasive arguments B) social comparison C) culture-value D) groupthink E) social facilitation Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

117) The Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire (CDQ) is often used in research on individual versus group decision-making. This instrument is designed to A) measure individuals’ propensity to take risks in social situations. B) prevent groupthink in highly cohesive groups. C) enable group members to record their reactions to discussions. D) identify the most appropriate leader for the task at hand. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) prevent social loafing. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

118) Bradley and colleagues (2002) followed Canadian Forces officer candidates over a five-year period. Which of the following personality variables did they find to be predictive of good leadership in the armed forces? A) flexibility B) process orientation C) intelligence D) charisma E) They found little relationship between personality variables and leadership ability. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

119) Proponents of the _______ theory of leadership assume that certain key personality traits (e.g., decisiveness, intelligence, compassion) make someone a good leader. A) democratic B) autocratic C) situational D) contingency E) great person Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

120) “Who would make a great prime minister? Someone who is uncompromisingly true to their values, assertive, intelligent, articulate, courageous, and passionate, that’s who.” The previous quote reflects the application of the _______ theory of leadership. A) democratic B) contingency C) autocratic D) great person E) culture-value Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

121) “Mario is decisive, assertive, and yet will consider different points of view before making a decision. He would make an excellent chair of this committee.” The previous quote reflects the application of the _______ theory of leadership. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) culture-value B) great person C) contingency D) democratic E) contingency Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

122) Which of the following has NOT been identified as a common characteristic of leaders, according to research presented in the text? A) Leaders tend to be more intelligent than non-leaders. B) Leaders tend to be more socially-skilled than non-leaders. C) Leaders tend to be more extroverted than non-leaders. D) Leaders tend to be more ruthless than non-leaders. E) Leaders tend to be more open to new experiences than non-leaders. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

123) Suedfeld and colleagues identified _______ as related to leadership ability among Canadian prime ministers and leaders. A) persuasiveness B) prolific writing C) task orientation D) integrative complexity E) dominance Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

124) Which of the following statements is true regarding integrative complexity? A) It has not been found to be correlated with great leadership B) It is the ability to recognize only one perspective on an issue C) It appears to be correlated with greatness among Canadian prime ministers and other leaders D) It is negatively correlated with intelligence E) It only seems to be important with female leadership Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: moderate

125) __________ leaders set clear, short-term goals and reward followers who meet them; __________ leaders inspire followers to focus on common long-term goals. A) Transactional; communal Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) Task-oriented; relationship-oriented C) Transactional; transformational D) Transformational; relational E) Relationship-oriented; task oriented Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

126) Raj is a manager who effectively motivates his employees to complete their shortterm projects in a timely manner without sacrificing quality. Raj always rewards the employees who meet these goals. Raj has a__________ leadership style. A) paternalistic B) transactional C) relationship-oriented D) transformational E) communal Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

127) Ann is a leader who inspires her employees to look at the broad, long-term goals of her company. She is able to get her employees to find a common goal and she really thinks outside of the box. Ann’s leadership style is best described as A) transformational. B) task-oriented. C) relationship-oriented. D) transactional. E) communal. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

128) According to recent research conducted with students at the University of Ottawa, _________________ is a more important contributor to transformational leadership than is personality. A) intelligence B) morality C) having the time to dedicate to people D) authoritarianism E) being in a supportive environment Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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A) uses a transactional leadership style. B) uses a transformational leadership style. C) uses the right leadership style for the situation. D) uses a task-oriented or relationship-oriented leadership style, depending on the gender of the employee. E) breaks through the glass ceiling but avoids the glass cliff. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

130) With regard to leadership, most social psychologists would agree that A) in large part, some people are born to be leaders. B) personal characteristics are irrelevant to good leadership. C) good leadership is a function of the situation and personal characteristics. D) the specific situation determines the success of leaders. E) people concerned with the emotional well-being of their followers are better leaders. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

131) Most social psychologists would agree that A) ironically, the best leaders are those who do not see themselves as influential. B) intelligent people make the best leaders, so long as they are open-minded. C) those who seek power and influence are never good leaders. D) the most effective leaders are those who seek power and influence. E) it is difficult to predict who will make a good leader based on personal attributes alone. Answer: E Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 132) Research by Suedfeld and colleagues indicates that truly great leaders A) show a decrease in integrative complexity in a crisis. B) show recovery in integrative complexity in a crisis. C) show an increase in integrative complexity in a crisis. D) demonstrate that integrative complexity is irrelevant in a crisis. E) show stable integrative complexity in a crisis. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

133) Lester B. Pearson’s handling of the Suez crisis in 1956 earned him the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. His integrative complexity was later studied through the coding of speeches he made during that time. What was found? A) His integrative complexity decreased during the Suez crisis and then returned to its usual level once the crisis had ended. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) His integrative complexity increased during the Suez crisis and then returned to its usual level once the crisis had ended. C) His integrative complexity never wavered. D) His integrative complexity decreased during the Suez crisis and then never returned to its usual level once the crisis had ended E) His integrative complexity was high the entire time, only decreasing when the UN got involved. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

134) Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership assumed that there are two kinds of leaders: _______ and _______ leaders. A) task-oriented; relationship-oriented B) democratic-oriented; autocratic-oriented C) future-oriented; present-oriented D) autocratic-oriented; orthodox E) orthodox; unorthodox Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

135) A(n) _______ leader is more concerned with getting the job done than with the feelings of and relationships between workers. A) democratic B) autonomous C) goal-oriented D) control-oriented E) task-oriented Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

136) A(n) _______ leader is primarily concerned with workers’ feelings and relationships with one another. A) relationship-oriented B) contingency C) emotion-oriented D) goal-oriented E) collectivistic Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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137) According to Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership, in _______ situations, the leader has good relationships with subordinates, is perceived as powerful, and directs structured and well-defined tasks. A) autocratic B) ambiguous C) low control D) contingent E) high control Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

138) According to Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership, in _______ situations, the leader has poor relationships with subordinates and directs tasks that are not clearly defined. A) contingent B) despotic C) low control D) all E) high control Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

139) Marsha has been promoted to the supervisor position in her company. She has had a good working relationship with her subordinates, they all highly respect her, and the goals for her team have been clearly defined by the company. In order to be an effective leader in this situation, Marsha should focus on A) maintaining close interpersonal ties with her subordinates. B) the accomplishment of the team’s assigned tasks. C) maintaining group solidarity. D) casting the team accomplishments as personal victories. E) cultivating certain key characteristics, such as self-confidence. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

140) The president of the Noodle Dome Charitable Trust has just resigned in disgrace, leaving the workings of the organization pretty much on track, but also leaving a large number of employees angry and upset. Bolstered by his previous successes in turning things around, Fred has stepped in to fill the president’s role. Fred should adopt a _______ of leadership in this case. A) task-oriented style B) contingency style C) relationship-oriented style D) disjunctive-oriented style Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) autocratic Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

141) Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership posits that “moderate control” situations call for a relationship-oriented leader. By this he means that a relationship-oriented leader is needed when A) productivity is acceptable, but interpersonal friction is occurring. B) confusion and chaos halt productivity. C) poor working conditions cause low staff morale. D) workers have moderate control over conditions of employment. E) there is task ambiguity. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

142) A _______ leader would be most effective in dealing with mean-spirited inter-office competition and employee pettiness in an organization that is otherwise productive. A) relationship-oriented B) contingency-oriented C) disjunctive task D) charismatic E) task-oriented Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

143) James manages a team of employees for a company that is highly organized, well controlled, and high in employee satisfaction. In this situation, there is a greater need for a _______ leader than a _______ leader. A) feminine; masculine B) feminine; task-oriented C) masculine; task-oriented D) task-oriented; relationship-oriented E) relationship-oriented; task-oriented Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

144) Which of the following statements is true regarding the contingency theory of leadership? A) It only seems to explain high-control work situations B) It has been supported in studies of numerous types of leaders C) It has been criticized as being not comprehensive enough D) It states that there are three main types of leaders Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) It argues that there are certain personality traits that are better suited for leadership positions Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

145) A leadership style that is warm, helpful, kind, and concerned with the welfare of others is ________, while a leadership style that is assertive, controlling, independent, dominant and self-confident is ________. A) independent; dependent. B) dependent; independent. C) agentic; communal. D) communal; agentic. E) transformational; task oriented. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

146) According to your textbook, all of the following are true with respect to women and leadership EXCEPT A) if women conform to expectations of how they “should” behave, they are not seen as having leadership potential; if they become leaders and act in an agentic fashion, they are seen as not acting how a woman “should.” B) women are even harsher towards other women who act counter to the feminine role than men are. C) prejudice toward women leaders appears to be lessening over time. D) there is growing recognition that effective leaders of either sex must be able to act in both an agentic and a communal fashion. E) when in a leadership position, women tend to be appointed to lead departments that are in crisis, increasing the probability that they will fail. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

147) When women are chosen for leadership positions over units or departments in crisis, A) this is referred to as breaking the glass cliff, because women are now in leadership positions. B) this is referred to as the glass cliff, because the chance of any leader failing in such a position is higher. C) this is breaking the glass ceiling, because the chance of any leader failing in such a position is lower. D) this is referred to as the glass ceiling, because men are denied leadership positions. E) this is referred to as the glass cliff, because success is difficult but leads to high rewards.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

148) According to the authors of your text, women in leadership positions are in a double bind. If they conform to social expectations about how to behave and are warm and communal, they may be seen as having low leadership potential, then, when they are given the opportunity to lead and they ______________, they are perceived negatively. A) turn it down to raise their children B) beat men for managerial positions C) act in agentic, assertive ways D) have at least a bachelor’s degree E) fail to be transformational Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

149) Assume that Pat has been appointed the team leader on a new software development project. If Pat is a(n) __________ and uses a(n) __________ leadership style, Pat is likely to be evaluated negatively. A) man; communal B) woman; agentic C) autocratic leader; interpersonal D) interpersonal leader; masculine E) man; agentic Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

150) Dr. Garrett is Chris’s supervisor at work. If Dr. Garrett is a transformational leader, under what conditions is Chris most likely to give Dr. Garrett an unfavourable evaluation? If Dr. Garrett is _______ and Chris is _______. A) male; female. B) male; male. C) female; male. D) male or female; female. E) female; female. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

151) In Calgary, Rick Eden and his wife Larrisa Reimann sell coffee using an honour system – people can help themselves and leave their money in the little red box. In your text, this is cited as an example of a(n) A) tit-for-tat strategy. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) integrative solution. C) prisoner’s dilemma. D) negotiating tactic. E) social dilemma. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

152) Which of the following is a “social dilemma” as defined by your text? A) Fred must decide between buying himself a present or contributing his money toward a family vacation. B) Beatrice has to choose between going to a movie with a friend or staying home to prepare for a presentation. C) A country is in the middle of a civil war between forces that support a dictator and forces that advocate free elections. D) Lisa has six close friends, but is told by her mother than she can only invite four friends to her birthday party.. E) Mary must choose between going to the dance with Eric or going with Tom. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

153) A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual, if chosen by most people, has harmful effects on everyone is called A) tit-for-tat strategy. B) the commons dilemma. C) forced choice. D) a social dilemma. E) an integrative solution. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

154) The Prisoner’s Dilemma game is an excellent vehicle for studying social conflicts in the laboratory because A) researchers can systematically vary the strategies participants use. B) there are clear winners and clear losers, and thus reliable dependent variable measures. C) there is one and only one right answer to the problem. D) people’s actions in the game seem to mirror many conflicts in real life. E) the variables of the game are clearly defined. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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155) The key to success in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game is to A) respond randomly. B) negotiate with one’s partner. C) trust one’s partner. D) withdraw when one’s partner chooses a competitive response. E) be aggressive. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

156) Under certain conditions, people will choose the cooperative option when playing the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. For example, when a player _______, that player will be more likely to play cooperatively. A) begins competitively and switches to cooperative responses B) resolves the public good dilemma C) expects to interact with his or her partner in the future D) begins cooperatively and switches to competitive responses E) punishes his or her partner after a competitive response Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

157) Barclay and Raihani (2016) examined whether decisions to cooperate in prisoner’s dilemma kinds of situations are influenced by whether you are stuck with a “bad” (uncooperative) partner or have the option of switching to a new partner. What did they find? A) Cooperation was lowest when people had the option of leaving a bad partner and switching to someone new B) There were no differences in the decisions to cooperate, regardless of the situation participants were in C) Cooperation was highest when people had the option of leaving a bad partner and switching to someone new D) People stuck with an uncooperative partner generally chose to not punish them because they would lose money to do so E) Punishment lead bad partners to become more cooperative; it was an effective way to increase cooperation Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

158) When it comes to social dilemmas such as the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game, the titfor-tat strategy A) employs consistent responses, independent of the partner’s response. B) is likely to elicit competitive responses from a partner. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) involves secret verbal communications with one’s partner. D) tends to lead to losses for both partners. E) is a means of increasing cooperation. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

159) Marcia and Juan are playing the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Marcia decides to pay attention to whether Juan decides to cooperate or compete, and choose whatever option Juan chose in the next round that they play. Marcia has selected a _____________ strategy in the game. A) rat-a-tat B) threat C) tit-for-tat D) integrative E) negotiation Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

160) During a psychology experiment, Chad and Wilma are asked to compete in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. As shown below, Wilma goes first, and after four rounds, the results are as follows: Wilma: cooperate defect defect cooperate Chad: defect defect cooperate cooperate As revealed in the pattern of responses above, Wilma is probably using a _______ strategy. A) random response B) passive response C) adversarial response D) tit-for-tat E) dominant response Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

161) Research on social dilemmas by Kiyonari and Barclay (2008) found that cooperators were ____________________ free loaders. A) treated better than B) viewed more positively than C) viewed more negatively than D) treated the same as E) treated worse than

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

162) Morton Deutsch and Robert Krauss (1960, 1962) found that cooperation between adversaries is most likely to occur when A) only one side has the power to make threats. B) neither side is able to make a threat. C) both sides can communicate and only one side can make a threat D) both sides are able to make threats. E) communication is required. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

163) The Trucking Game (Deutsch & Krauss, 1960, 1962) puts participants in a conflict situation. Each participant wants to get his or her truck to the destination as quickly as possible. Morton Deutsch and Robert Krauss introduced a novel twist. They sometimes gave one participant a gate with which to threaten an opponent. At other times, they gave both participants such a gate, and still other times, neither participant had a gate with which to threaten his or her opponent. What happened? A) When only one participant could wield a threat, both participants lost money. B) When both participants wielded threats (used gates to block their opponents), they negotiated and reached a cooperative arrangement. C) When only one participant could wield threats, the game typically ended in a stalemate. D) When only one participant wielded a threat (used the gate to block the opponent), the person with the gate won more money. E) When both participants could wield threats, both participants won more. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

164) In the early trucking studies by Morton Deutsch and Robert Krauss (1960, 1962), it was found that allowing the competing participants to communicate during the game A) increased the profits for the participant that could wield threats. B) distracted the participants from the goal of the game. C) raised the profits gained for each participant by a large margin. D) did not foster trust and cooperation. E) increased trust and cooperation dramatically. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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165) Why did allowing (and even requiring) participants to communicate when they played the Trucking Game (Deutsch & Krauss, 1962) fail to engender trust and cooperation? A) Participants were more interested in general conversation than the game itself. B) Participants became so caught up in the competitive game that they forgot to communicate with their opponents. C) Participants could never figure out how to use the intercom. D) Participants used communication primarily as means of threatening their opponents. E) Participants were not allowed to bargain or negotiate in their communications. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

166) When participants in the Trucking Game were allowed to communicate with one another (Deutsch & Krauss, 1962), such communication seldom ensured cooperation. Why? A) Participants communicated via intercom, and couldn’t see the response of their opponents. B) They were not allowed to bargain or negotiate in their communications. C) The participants actually refused to communicate with one another. D) The communication was one-way, and two-way communication is essential for resolving conflicts. E) Communication is only helpful in conflict situations when people work to establish trust. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

167) _______ is a form of communication between adversaries, wherein parties make offers and counteroffers until a solution acceptable to both parties is reached. A) Conflict resolution B) An integrative approach C) Negotiation D) Conflict management E) Haggling Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

168) Norm and Vera are feuding over where to go out to dinner. Norm wants to go to Burger King for a Whopper, but Vera wants to go to Pizza Hut for pizza. Finally, exchanging a series of proposals and counterproposals, they settle on a new diner in town that has both pizza and hamburgers. This situation is an example of A) negotiation. B) process loss. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) social loafing D) an integrative solution. E) a choice dilemma. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

169) Integrative solutions are A) rarely achievable. B) frequently imposed by mediators. C) a means to find outcomes favourable to both parties. D) common to zero-sum conflicts. E) generally resisted by both parties. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

170) Negotiation as a means of resolving conflict doesn't work as often as it might because in most conflicts A) adversaries tend to overlook the possibility of both parties achieving a favourable outcome. B) adversaries refuse to involve objective mediators. C) one party has more power than the other. D) adversaries tend to overestimate the amount of trust they should have for one another. E) adversaries refuse to communicate with one another. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

171) Integrative solutions to conflict are most likely to be reached when A) communication between adversaries is limited to mediators. B) adversaries understand their opponents’ priorities. C) adversaries compromise on all issues brought to the bargaining table. D) arbitrators are used to facilitate communication. E) there are no other alternatives. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

172) Luke and Laura have been dating off and on for years and have finally decided to break it off for good. Which of the following best illustrates an integrative solution to their dilemma of dividing up their possessions? A) They decide to randomly divide their possessions in half and then flip a coin to see who gets which half. B) They decide to split the possessions strictly by monetary value. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) Laura, the music lover of the two, gets the stereo, while Luke, the gourmet chef, gets all of the fancy pots and pans. D) They agree to let Pedro, a mutual friend, mediate the dispute and decide on the fairness of the negotiations. E) They agree to flip a coin and let the winner choose to take the ten items he or she most wants. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

173) You are the leader of a labour union on strike against management. The conflict has escalated, and there is anger and mistrust on both sides of the conflict. Management is about to declare bankruptcy and union strike benefits are running low. You want to resolve the conflict as quickly as possible, and to reach an agreement that both sides will accept as binding. What should you do? A) Accept a process loss. B) Hire a mediator. C) Use a tit-for-tat strategy. D) Threaten management with a strike. E) Push for a quid pro quo solution. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

174) What is a group and what distinguishes it from a collection of people occupying the same space? Answer: A group consists of two or more people who interact with one another and are interdependent in the sense that they must rely on one another to pursue their goals. Note that members of social groups do not need to be in the same place at the same time (e.g., participants in a conference call, students having lunch, sports teams). This differs from a collection of people in the same place at the same time that is not interacting with one another (e.g., fans at a baseball game, passengers on an airplane, audience members at a movie). Type: ES

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

175) Although the term “group” is used commonly in everyday conversation, it has a very specific meaning in the context of social psychology. First, define “group,” and be sure you include the two essential properties of groups in your definition. Second, identify a group in the real world. It can be one that you belong to, or just know of. Explain how the group you’ve identified exemplifies the two central Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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properties of a group. Answer: A group can be defined as three or more people who interact with each other and are interdependent. [Students then will select a group to discuss. In order to receive full credit, they should discuss how this group of people: 1) interact with each other, and 2) are interdependent.] Type: ES

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

176) There is a new student on campus who doesn’t know anyone yet. Why would you expect this student to join groups on campus (these could be groups of friends, clubs, or teams)? Also, what kinds of students would you expect in the composition of the groups this new student would join? Answer: The new student would join groups in order to fulfill his or her need to belong, the fundamental need to maintain stable relationships with others. The student may also join groups that are related to a part of his or her identity. For instance, if the student is a musician, he or she may seek to join a band. If the student enjoys soccer, he or she may join a soccer team, or find friends to play soccer with. The students in the groups the new student would join would likely be homogeneous. This is because of the social norms that groups expect their members to follow. Type: ES

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

177) Imagine you’re giving advice about the first year to a group of first-year college students. Give them at least three reasons that people join groups, based on information in this chapter. Answer: Any of the following: (1) Groups fulfill basic human needs. (2) Groups gave our ancestors survival advantages. (3) Groups help us to get a sense of belonging along with establishing distinction from others. (4) Groups help define who we are. (5) Group membership also plays a significant role in motivating people to become involved in social change. Type: ES

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

178) According to Robert Zajonc’s (1969, 1980) social facilitation theory, would you play pool better alone or when others are observing you? Explain your answer. Answer: It all depends on how good a pool player you are or on how difficult the shot is. Social facilitation theory posits that the presence of other members of our species causes vigilance and arousal, and that the arousal, in turn, facilitates good performance on easy or well-learned tasks, but impedes performance on difficult or not-so-well learned tasks. If you are a good pool player, you would probably play better when others are observing you. If you are a poor pool player, the arousal

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caused by others’ presence would probably cause you to play worse than if you played alone. Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

179) Social facilitation and social loafing are two very different phenomena that occur in the presence of other people. When does each occur, and what determines whether performance is enhanced or diminished? Answer: To predict whether social facilitation or social loafing will occur, we first need to know whether individual performance will be evaluated. If it will be evaluated, social facilitation is likely to occur. If it will not be evaluated, social loafing will likely occur. To determine whether social facilitation and social loafing will increase or diminish performance, we need to know something about task difficulty. In social facilitation situations, performance on simple tasks is enhanced, whereas performance on complex tasks is diminished. In social loafing situations, just the opposite occurs—performance on complex tasks is enhanced, whereas performance on simple tasks is diminished. Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

180) You will be working with a group of students on a class project soon, and your instructor lets you choose who you would want in your group. Based on the established gender and cultural differences in terms of social loafing, who would you most want in your group, and why? Answer: I would most want to choose women and students from collectivist cultures (Asia, South America). This is because women tend to have a more relational sense of interdependence and are more likely to focus on what will benefit the group than men. People from collectivistic cultures also tend to behave in ways that benefit groups they belong to, which in turn makes them less likely to loaf. [Note that if students say, “Asian women” or “women from collectivist cultures,” this can be considered incorrect without the proper rationale. The effects of gender and culture are not additive. That is, women from collectivist cultures are not necessarily less likely to loaf than men from collectivist cultures.] Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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181) What is deindividuation, and why does it occur, sometimes leading to riots or vigilante justice? Answer: Deindividuation is the reduction of the normal constraints on behaviour when people are part of a crowd. This lessening of normal restraints on destructive behaviour occurs for at least two reasons. First, when individuals become a member of a crowd, they become relatively anonymous and are less likely to be singled out for individual blame. A second cause of deindividuation is that when people become part of a crowd, they are more likely to focus attention on other people and events and are therefore less likely to be self-aware; this lack of self-awareness means that individuals will be less likely to look inward, to their own values and standards, for guides to appropriate behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

182) Compare and contrast deindividuation and social loafing. Answer: Deindividuation is the reduction of the normal constraints on behaviour when people are part of a crowd. Social loafing is the tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated. In both cases, the individual is “hiding” within the group. However, social loafing isn’t typically associated with deviant behaviour while deindividuation often is. Deindividuation doesn’t always result in negative outcomes, but it is more often mentioned as a cause for a group situation that goes badly. Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

183) You have agreed to lead a group of students who will advise the university president on a matter of great concern to students. More specifically, the president has asked you to come up with a way to encourage students to complete their undergraduate degrees in under five years. A lot rides on what you advise the university president. According to the text, what might you as a leader do to prevent groupthink from causing you to make defective decisions in your group discussions? Answer: Four strategies can help me as the leader to avoid the groupthink trap. 1) I will not take a directive role in terms of the issues involved but will try to remain impartial. 2) I will invite outside opinions from people who are not members of my committee. 3) The committee will be broken into subgroups initially to discuss different aspects of the situation before meeting together. 4) As we move towards a decision I will seek anonymous feedback from the group members in order to elicit their true opinions without fear of group recriminations.

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These strategies should prevent the extreme group cohesiveness that causes faulty decision-making. Type: ES

LO: 8.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

184) What is group polarization? Make sure to describe the cognitive and motivational factors that contribute to group polarization. Answer: Group polarization is the tendency of groups to arrive at more extreme positions (either risky or conservative) than the initial inclinations of individual group members. According to the persuasive arguments interpretation, polarization may occur because during discussions individual members will provide arguments or information that other members may not have considered. When these arguments support individuals’ initial inclinations, they will become more extreme in their attitudes or recommendations. According to the social comparison alternative, individual group members will work to get a sense of how other group members are feeling, and in order to be liked, they will take a position similar to others’, only a little more extreme. Type: ES

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

185) Compare the great person theory of leadership with Fred Fiedler’s (1967, 1978) contingency theory of leadership. With which theory would a social psychologist be most likely to agree? Answer: The great person theory of leadership maintains that there are certain key personality traits or characteristics (e.g., intelligence, motivation) that make a person a good leader, regardless of the kind of situation confronting the leader. In other words, this theory posits that situations do not make a difference in who is a good leader. The contingency theory of leadership maintains that what makes a good leader depends both on characteristics of the leader (i.e., task-oriented versus relationship-oriented) and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group (to some extent, what types of leaders are more effective also depends on gender). Because the contingency theory takes into account both the person and the situation, most social psychologists prefer this theory. Type: ES

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

186) According to former Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell, women seeking leadership roles may find themselves in a lose-lose situation. Explain. Answer: If women conform to society’s expectations about how women stereotypically ought to behave (i.e. being warm and communal), they are often perceived to have low leadership potential. If they become leaders and act in ways that are expected of leaders (i.e. being assertive and forceful) they are often perceived negatively for not being feminine enough. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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In addition research has shown that there is an increased likelihood that women will be called in to lead during crisis situations. This sets up a glass cliff for women, whereby they are more likely to fail as leaders, creating very high costs if they do manage to break through the glass ceiling. Type: ES

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

187) Describe the consequences of the “double bind” of conflicting social-role demands that can make it difficult for women to be successful as leaders. Answer: Research has identified two forms of prejudice against women as leaders. First, women who act in a manner consistent with their gender role (in a communal, warm, sensitive fashion) are seen as having low leadership potential; second, women who do become leaders and act in an agentic, forceful manner are castigated for not “acting like a woman should” (particularly when it is men doing the evaluating). Thus, in terms of acting in a dominant, assertive fashion, women may be “damned if they do and damned if they don’t.” This double bind may account for the relatively low numbers of women in top leadership positions despite the growing numbers of women with college/university degrees and long years in the labour force. Fortunately, there is evidence that prejudice toward women leaders may be decreasing over time. The increased likelihood that women will be called in to lead during crisis situations also sets up a glass cliff for women, whereby they are more likely to fail as leaders. Leaders who are put in charge of crisis situations are more likely to fail than other leaders, and if women are disproportionately put into such positions, this creates an unfair cost to women who do manage to break through the glass ceiling. Type: ES

LO: 8.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

188) What is a social dilemma? Provide an example of a particular kind of social dilemma, and discuss how social dilemmas can be resolved. Answer: A social dilemma is a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects for everyone. A specific example includes the “prisoner’s dilemma,” a laboratory game in which there are incentives for individuals to both cooperate and compete with each other. The key to resolving social dilemmas is cooperation. One way to increase cooperation in the “prisoner’s dilemma” is to use the tit-for-tat strategy, in which a person at first acts cooperatively and then responds in the way that the partner did on the previous trial. Another way to increase cooperation is to allow two individuals rather than two groups to attempt to resolve the conflict, since people find it easier to trust individuals than groups. Type: ES

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall and applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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189) What is negotiation? What are integrative solutions? What factors work against integrative solutions when opponents negotiate? Answer: Negotiation is a form of communication between opponents in which offers and counteroffers are made. Negotiation is defined as successful when the opponents reach a solution acceptable to both parties. One result of negotiations is often an integrative solution. An integrative solution is one in which opponents make tradeoffs on issues based on their different interests; such solutions involve opponents conceding the most on issues that are relatively unimportant to them but that are important to the opponents. Among the threats to achieving integrative solutions are biased perceptions of opponents, mistrust of opponents’ proposals, and failure to discover opponents’ true interests. Type: ES

LO: 8.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

190) You are having a conflict with your neighbour because he has a tendency to blast loud, annoying music at 5:00 a.m. while you are trying to sleep. Your neighbour claims that he is doing this in retaliation for the loud music you occasionally play at 1 a.m. How effective would it be to use threats on your neighbour to resolve the problem? In communicating with your neighbour, what would it be most important to promote in order to resolve the conflict? Answer: Based on information from the text, it would not be very effective to use threats to resolve the conflict. In fact, the evidence suggests that if anything, using threats would escalate the conflict, and the situation would become more hostile. In using communication with the neighbour, be sure not to use threats, but instead to start promoting trust between the two of you. Once each trusts that the other won’t be blasting music at inappropriate hours, the first steps will have been taken to resolve the conflict. Type: ES

LO: 8.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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1) The more we see and interact with other people, the more likely they are to become our friends. This statement captures the essence of the _______ effect. A) antecedent B) propinquity C) similarity D) mere exposure E) reciprocity Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

2) Sir Peter Ustinov (1977) wrote that “...friends are not necessarily the people you like best, they are merely the people who got there first.” This quotation best reflects the power of _______ as an antecedent of attraction. A) physical characteristics B) the propinquity effect C) equity D) random encounters E) physical attractiveness Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

3) Jacob is about to start a new job. Given that he is shy and introverted and has no desire to make friends, he should choose the office that is located A) at the far end of the hall. B) next to the cafeteria. C) next door to the copy room. D) next to the water cooler. E) by the vending machines. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficutly: Easy

4) You are very dissatisfied with your current relationships and want to develop new ones. One strategy is to take advantage of the propinquity effect by A) moving to a new situation or locale. B) finding people whose personalities complement your own. C) spending more time with people who seem to like you. D) changing your physical appearance. E) find people who have different opinions than you do. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Difficulty: Moderate 9-1

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5) Which of the following adages most directly contradicts research findings on the propinquity effect? A) Never judge a book by its cover. B) Opposites attract. C) Birds of a feather flock together. D) Familiarity breeds contempt. E) You never get a second chance to make a good first impression. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

6) Katarzyna and Sanjay are in the same accounting class, they live in the same wing of their dormitory, and they usually attend the same extra-curricular activities. Over time, Katarzyna and Sanjay become attracted to each other. What force is most likely at work here? A) propinquity B) complementarity C) reciprocal liking D) physical attractiveness E) similarity Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

7) Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter, and Kurt Back (1950) traced friendship formations among couples in an apartment complex at MIT. They found that residents were most likely to be friends with people A) whom their partners befriended first. B) who lived closer to them. C) of the same gender. D) who were shared similar backgrounds. E) similar to them. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8) Video chatting, e-mail, and texting may influence interpersonal relationships because they increase the __________ of people even if they do not affect their physical proximity. A) propinquity B) similarity C) reciprocal liking D) social exchange E) complementarity

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Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

9) If an architect were to capitalize on functional distance, and design an apartment building in which all tenants had an equal chance of taking advantage of the propinquity effect, the building would have which of the following features? A) a long hallway, with apartments separated by large spaces B) a U-shaped hallway C) It would be circular, with elevators, laundry facilities, and mailboxes equidistant from all tenants. D) It would be in a straight line, with mailboxes at one end and elevators at the other end. E) It would have open hallways with amenities accessible from the outside. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

10) When Leon Festinger and his colleagues studied friendship patterns among married couples in an apartment complex at MIT, they found that people who lived at the foot of the stairs or near mailboxes had more friends on upper floors than did other people who lived on the first floor. This illustrates the power of _______ to influence friendship patterns. A) similarity B) movement patterns C) functional distance D) chance E) physical distance Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

11) The concept of _______ distance refers to certain aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come into contact with each other more often than with other people. A) practical B) social C) physical D) functional E) actual Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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B) the preferred distance between people that varies as a function of the quality of their relationship. C) the level of comfort that people experience, depending on their distance from others. D) psychological distance that follows from certain aspects of architectural design. E) the optimal distance between two people who are speaking. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

13) Which of the following illustrates the smallest functional distance? A) Eric and Carla share an office. B) George and Jerry live in the same apartment complex. C) Ed and Ray use the same elevator to leave their building. D) Shelley lives upstairs from Jane. E) Tim and Robin work in adjacent offices. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

14) Had you sat in the back row of your classes instead of the front, shopped at Costco instead of a local market, lived in the south end of town instead of the north, you might have married someone entirely different. This illustrates the power of _______ in the formation of relationships. A) mere exposure B) sociometric status C) functional interactions D) chance E) random encounters Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

15) _______ refers to the notion that the more we encounter a stimulus, the more we grow to like it. A) The proximity effect B) The similarity effect C) Stimulus generalization D) Mere exposure E) The familiarity effect Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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16) You are strongly attracted to Mario, and you very much want him to like you, but you’re afraid that if you open your mouth, he’ll think you’re awkward. If you are too nervous to interact with Mario, you can take advantage of the mere exposure effect and A) frequent the same coffee shop that he goes to, making sure that he sees you every day. B) ask a friend to point you out the next time you happen to be in the same coffee shop. C) “accidentally” brush up against him once when you stand in line to buy coffee. D) expose your worst features first, and your strongest features later. E) try to ensure that your friends spend a lot of time with him and talk about you. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

17) Richard Moreland and Scott Beach (1992) had a confederate attend large university classes for a systematically varied number of class sessions. In keeping with the mere exposure effect, when unsuspecting students in those classes were later shown photos of the confederate, they liked her best when she had A) talked more in class. B) attended more classes. C) worn short skirts. D) challenged the professor. E) worn their school colours. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) Consider this piece of folk wisdom, “opposites attract.” The social-psychological concept of _______ is most closely related to this truism. A) similarity B) functional distance C) reciprocity D) complementarity E) correspondence

Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

19) You are very sociable and outgoing, so at a holiday party, you approach a quiet young woman standing alone in the corner. To break the ice, you discuss a number of “safe” topics like what the winter will be like, what new television shows are worth Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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watching, and what books you’ve been reading lately. You see eye-to-eye on a lot. After the conversation, you like the young woman. Based on a large number of social psychological experiments, why is that so? A) Because you agreed on so much, the functional distance between you was low. B) We tend to like people who agree with us on major points, but disagree on minor points. C) We tend to be attracted to people who hold similar opinions to ours. D) You are an extravert, she is an introvert, and opposites attract. E) We tend to like people who agree with us on minor points, but disagree on major points. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

20) When Theodore Newcomb (1961) randomly assigned male students at the University of Michigan to be roommates at the start of the school year, he found that _______ and _______ were powerful predictors of who became friends. A) demographic similarity; physical attractiveness B) attitude similarity; physical attractiveness C) attitude similarity; physical attractiveness D) demographic similarity; attitude similarity E) physical attractiveness; the number of friends in common Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

21) You are director of residential living at a large university and you have decided to take a scientific approach to roommate assignment. This year you are planning to construct a questionnaire to be completed by all new incoming students and to use students’ responses to match roommates. Based on the work of Theodore Newcomb (1961), what question should you be sure to ask? A) “How many hours do you plan to study each day?” B) “How big was your high school graduating class?” C) “What was your high school GPA?” D) “Are you a morning person or a night person?” E) “How much do you enjoy your classes?” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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E) analytical Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

23) Barbara, Brittany, Laurie, and Melissa have each adopted a different strategy in their attempts to attract Arthur. All else being equal, who is most likely to be unsuccessful? A) Laurie, who attempts to present herself as being similar to Arthur B) Britain, who attempts to improve her physical appearance C) Melissa, who demonstrates her independence by disagreeing with Arthur D) Barbara, who attempts to increase her physical proximity to Arthur E) Georgia, who takes all the same classes as Arthur Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

24) Frank and Margaret have come to like one another. Why would this have occured according to the concept of complementarity? A) Margaret and Frank live next door to one another. B) Margaret and Frank hold similar attitudes and values. C) Both Margaret and Frank are not physically attractive. D) Margaret holds left-wing political beliefs and Frank holds right-wing political beliefs. E) Both Margaret and Frank are physically attractive. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

25) The _______ concept posits that we will be attracted to people whose characteristics are the opposite of ours. A) propinquity B) mere exposure C) functional distance D) complementarity E) reciprocal Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

26) According to the authors, the greatest amount of research supports the notion of _______ over the notion of _______. A) propinquity; similarity. B) similarity; mere exposure. C) complementarity; similarity. D) mere exposure; similarity. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) similarity; complementarity. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) Which of the following statements is true regarding similarity effects? A) Similarity effects seem to be strongest in individualist cultures. B) Personality similarity is weaker when friendships are reciprocated. C) Similarity in terms of attitudes is a stronger predictor of attraction than similarity in terms of activity preferences. D) Research shows that people perceive weaker personality similarity between themselves and their friends than actually exists. E) Complementarity seems to draw people together more than does similarity. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

28) According to the authors, one reason why similarity is so important to attraction is that we A) find disagreement unfamiliar and therefore aversive. B) believe that people who are similar to us will like us. C) avoid conflict at any cost. D) find cooperation reinforcing. E) find any disagreement to be threatening. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Diffculty: Easy

29) According to the authors, what is one reason why similarity leads to attraction? We view agreement with another person as A) challenging. B) personally validating. C) relatively uncommon. D) familiar. E) ingratiating. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

30) There are several reasons why similarity is so important to attraction. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons? A) Similarity means that our anxiety diminishes in the presence of similar others. B) Similarity means that our beliefs are valued. C) Similarity means that our beliefs are reinforced as being correct. D) Similarity means we assume that it will be enjoyable to spend time with them.

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E) Similarity means that we feel that people will like us because we are similar to them. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

31) The results of research on couple relationships in Kitchener-Waterloo (Murray and colleagues, 2002) show that couples _______ the degree of similarity with their partner and this was _______ relationship satisfaction. A) actually perceived; related to B) accurately perceived; unrelated to C) overestimated; unrelated to D) overestimated; predictive of E) underestimated; damaging to Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) A meta-analysis by Montoya and colleagues on perceived similarity and attraction found that A) Actual similarity predicts liking and attraction better than perceived similarity. B) People perceive weaker personality similarity between themselves and their friends than actually exists. C) Perceived similarity predicts liking and attraction better than actual similarity. D) Similarity is more important in low-commitment relationships. E) Students in dating relationships underestimated the degree of similarity between themselves and their partner. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

33) Tony is just looking for a romantic fling, nothing serious. If Tony would describe himself as a preppy, conservative Protestant, whom would he be more likely to choose for a short-term, sexual relationship? A) Linda, the daughter of his minister B) Brenda, a preppy member of Young Republicans C) Zelda, who is a New Age artist D) Paula, who is member at Tony’s yacht club and goes to his church E) Johanna, who voted conservative in the last election Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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B) whether the other person likes us. C) how similar that person is to us. D) how physically attractive we find the other person. E) how often we've interacted with that person in the past. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

35) Perhaps the most crucial determinant of whether we like someone is whether he or she likes us. This best illustrates the power of A) complementarity. B) mere exposure effect. C) propinquity. D) reciprocal liking. E) similarity. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

36) Rebecca Curtis and Kim Miller (1986) assigned participants at random to have a conversation. One member of each pair was given “special” information that actually changed his or her behaviour. Results of their experiment reveal that when A) people meet for the first time, complementarity influences attraction. B) people meet for the first time, attitude similarity determines liking. C) someone holds similar attitudes to our own, we like them better. D) we think someone likes us, we actually behave in more likable ways. E) someone holds dissimilar attitudes to our own, we like them better. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

37) Rebecca Curtis and Kim Miller (1986) assigned participants at random to have a conversation. One member of each pair was told that the other person liked him or her. Participants who were provided with this information actually behaved in more likable ways, and their partners, too, behaved in pleasant ways. These findings demonstrate that _______ may explain the power of reciprocal liking. A) similarity B) reciprocity of exchange C) mere exposure effect D) complementarity E) the self-fulfilling prophecy Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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38) Josue finds out from a friend that Shirah likes him. He can’t believe it because they are dissimilar in so many ways. Based on information in the text, what is the likely outcome of Josue discovering this? A) Josue will focus on ways that he is different from Shirah and will like her even less. B) Josue will attempt to find ways they are similar. C) Josue will try to avoid Shirah as much as possible. D) Josue will be upset with his friend for telling him. E) Josue will start to like Shirah more due to reciprocal liking. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

39) You've just moved into a new singles complex, where you have yet to meet anyone appealing. You're going to attend the first “mixer,” and you want to increase the odds that any attractive single woman you meet will ask you on a date. Based on the results of a study conducted by Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1966) you will be more successful in this endeavour if you A) point out what you have in common with any attractive women you meet. B) make it a point to remain close to attractive men. C) try to position yourself beside the same attractive woman at all times. D) make yourself look as attractive as you can. E) strike the right balance between intelligence and sensitivity. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

40) When Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1966) randomly paired incoming students for a first-year orientation dance, the partner’s _______ determined whether the individuals expressed a desire to date that person again. A) self-esteem B) intelligence C) similarity D) physical appearance E) emotional resiliency Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

41) Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1966) randomly paired incoming students for a first-year orientation dance. They found that men _______. A) valued attractiveness, whereas women valued intelligence. B) valued physical attractiveness more than women did. C) valued physical attractiveness less than women did. D) valued attractiveness, whereas women valued sensitivity. E) and women both valued physical attractiveness. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) Paul Sergios and James Cody (1985) conducted a replication of the study by Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1966), in which men and women were paired at random for a “blind date” dance. In their study, Sergios and Cody studied gay men. They found that A) the importance of physical attractiveness seems to be limited to heterosexuals. B) gay men seem to prefer those who are comparable to themselves in attractiveness. C) gay men are similar to heterosexuals in the importance of attractiveness. D) gay men place more emphasis on perceived social power. E) gay men place significantly more emphasis on physical attractiveness. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

43) Sritharan et al. (2010) showed female students the dating profile of a 22-year-old male student. They included either a very attractive or a very unattractive photograph along with information about the male student’s qualities. What did they find? A) The women’s automatic first impressions were influenced by qualities other than physical attractiveness. B) Participants were not affected by the photographs. C) When making more conscious, deliberate evaluations, the women were influenced by physical attractiveness only. D) The women’s automatic first impressions were influenced only by the man’s looks, not his other qualities. E) The effects of physical attractiveness only seem to occur at an automatic (unconscious) level. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

44) According to research using a fake lie detector conducted at the University of Saskatchewan regarding the relation between physical attractiveness and liking, A) people are aware of the influence looks have on their liking for others, but they don't like to admit it. B) physical attraction has less influence on our liking than we believe. C) women are more likely than men to admit that physical attraction influences their choice of dating partners. D) attractiveness operates like a cognitive heuristic in that it influences our liking without us being aware of it. E) men are more likely than women to admit that physical attraction influences their choice of dating partners.

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Chapter 9

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

45) According to research conducted by Michael Cunningham and his colleagues (1986, 1995), there is overlap in what men and women find attractive in the opposite sex. For example, both men and women find _______ attractive. A) narrow hips and flat stomachs B) the “babyface” features of small noses and chins C) high foreheads and thick, glossy hair D) large eyes and prominent cheekbones E) a large chin and a big smile Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

46) Which of the following physical characteristics are associated with a “babyface”? A) large eyes and prominent cheekbones B) full lips and prominent cheekbones C) large eyes and small noses D) small noses and prominent cheekbones E) full lips and large smiles Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

47) Research on the components of attractiveness has looked at judgments of faces. All of the following are discussed in the text as related to attractiveness EXCEPT A) large lips. B) large eyes. C) prominent cheekbones. D) small nose and chin. E) high eyebrows. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

48) Sheila is considered to be very attractive by both men and women. Which of the following features is she MOST likely to have? A) large chin B) large eyes C) high forehead D) full lips E) low eyebrows Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

49) Judith Langlois and Lori Roggman (1990) reviewed the literature on standards of beauty across cultures and they found that the attractiveness ratings among participants of all different races and ethnicities ranged from .66 to .93. These relatively large positive correlations suggest that A) standards of beauty are similar within cultures, but not across cultures. B) regardless of culture or background, people often agree on what is attractive. C) standards of beauty differ significantly across cultures. D) cultural values determine what is attractive. E) culture has very little impact on what is considered attractive. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Easy

50) Extensive research and meta-analysis on cross-cultural perceptions of beauty support which of the following conclusions? A) Individual faces of the culture are more attractive than composite faces. B) People from disparate cultures agree on what is a physically attractive human face. C) Japanese participants prefer a more rounded female face compared to British participants. D) Culture has no impact on what is considered attractive. E) People from Western cultures only can agree on what is a physically attractive human face. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Easy

51) Perlini, Bertolissi, and Lind (1999) showed photographs of attractive and unattractive younger and older women to college students and senior citizens. The results showed that A) More positive qualities were attributed to attractive women, regardless of age, for all participants. B) Male participants attributed more positive attributes to attractive women than to unattractive women, but female participants did not. C) Female participants attributed more positive attributes to attractive women than to unattractive women, but male participants did not. D) More positive qualities were attributed to attractive women, regardless of age, except for senior men, who attributed more positive qualities to attractive young women than attractive older women. E) Attractiveness did not affect the participants’ ratings. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Difficulty: Moderate 9-14

Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

52) Actually, physical beauty confers only limited advantages. For example, Alice Eagly and her colleagues (1991) have found that people are most likely to associate physical attractiveness with A) integrity. B) social competence. C) intelligence. D) self-esteem. E) trustworthiness Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

53) Brian does not know anything about Sally except that she is very attractive. Based on research by Alice Eagly and her colleagues (1991) and by Alan Feingold (1992), Brian is most likely to make the attribution that Sally is A) empathetic and caring. B) empathetic and intelligent. C) dominant and successful in her career. D) intelligent and honest. E) sociable and extroverted. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

54) J.T. does not know anything about Tiffany except that she is very attractive. Based on research by Alice Eagly and her colleagues (1991) and by Alan Feingold (1992), J.T. is least likely to make the attribution that Tiffany is A) happy. B) extroverted. C) honest. D) popular. E) sociable. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

55) In all likelihood, there is a kernel of truth to the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype; that is, attractive people are often more warm and socially skilled than less attractive people. According to the authors, this is probably because A) attractive people are treated differently than unattractive people. B) unattractive people are naturally more introverted than attractive people. C) unattractive people are naturally more shy than attractive people. D) unattractive people compensate by emphasizing their intelligence. E) attractive people have higher self-esteem than unattractive people.

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Chapter 9

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

56) Research examining cultural differences in the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype has found that A) in both collectivist and individualistic cultures, people tend to assume that physically attractive people possess culturally-valued personality characteristics. B) unlike individualistic cultures, people in collectivist cultures do not show evidence of physical attractiveness stereotyping. C) people in collectivist cultures are more likely to assume that “what is beautiful is good” than people from individualistic cultures. D) people in collectivist and individualistic cultures assume that physically attractive people possess the same personality characteristics. E) in both collectivist and individualistic cultures, people tend to assume that physically attractive people possess higher intelligence. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

57) In cross-cultural research using American, Canadian, and Korean students, which of the following traits did all participants associate with physical attractiveness? A) intelligence B) personal strength C) integrity D) social skills E) concern for others Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

58) Cross-cultural research found that _______ students were likely to associate attractiveness with _______. A) Korean; personal strength. B) all; concern for others. C) all; friendliness. D) North American; intelligence. E) North American; integrity. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

59) In research by Wheeler and Kim (1997) Koreans associated “beautiful” with integrity and concern for others, North Americans associated “beautiful” with personal strength. These differences suggest that A) physical beauty is more important in collectivistic cultures. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) stereotypes are less powerful in collectivistic cultures. C) stereotypes are more powerful in collectivistic cultures. D) individualistic versus collectivistic values shape stereotypes about beauty. E) physical beauty is less important in collectivistic cultures. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

60) Michelle is online looking for a date to an upcoming event. She notices one very attractive individual who has posted interest in attending the event as well. She thinks he is likely to be very sociable, but her roommate who is from Korea thinks he will also be a good match because he will be __________. A) generous B) very smart C) strong D) assertive E) artistic Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

61) When research (Dutton and Aron, 1974) found that men who had crossed the Capilano suspension bridge were four times more likely to phone an attractive researcher than men who had crossed a sturdy low bridge in the same park, this was explained as due to A) misperception of attractiveness. B) misattribution of arousal. C) passionate love. D) the mere exposure effect. E) the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

62) According to research on misattribution of arousal, Zeeshan is most likely to be attracted to A) Jen, who shares interests in common with him. B) Amelia, who is very physically attractive. C) Genevieve, who lives just around the corner from him. D) Juanita, who has a secure attachment style. E) Sara, whom he happened to be sitting next to on the world’s fastest rollercoaster. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 256-257

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

9-17

Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

63) The social compensation hypothesis in research on formation of relationships online states that A) people turn to the internet to vent their anger over problems in real-world relationships. B) lonely people who lack the skills to form relationship in person are more able to form relationships online. C) those whose social networks are impoverished can compensate by adopting a fantasy persona and relationships online. D) individuals will become disinhibited in online relationships and can express an unconventional side of themselves. E) those with a busy schedule can avoid neglect of their friends and family by communication over the internet. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

64) Recent research on online relationship formation (Desjarlais and Willoughby, 2010) found that the ________ hypothesis was supported among ________. A) “rich get richer”; girls B) “rich get richer”; boys C) “poor get poorer”; girls D) “poor get poorer”; boys E) social compensation; girls Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

65) Recent studies carried out in Canada, the US, and the UK compared the quality of relationships formed online with those formed offline (Bane, et al, 2010). These studies found that greater ________ was experienced in ________ friendships. A) satisfaction; online B) self-disclosure; online C) satisfaction; offline D) discomfort; offline E) superficiality; offline Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

66) Which of the following statements about online and offline friendships is true? A) In the Western world, people report being happier with their offline friendships than with their online friendships; the opposite is true about the Eastern world. B) In the Eastern world, people report being happier with their offline friendships than with their online friendships; the opposite is true about the Western world. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) It appears as though people in both the Western world and Eastern world are more satisfied with their offline friendships than their online friendships. D) There don’t seem to be any differences in how happy people are in offline friendships and how happy they are in online friendships, regardless of culture. E) The differences in satisfaction ratings of offline and online friendships seem to grow bigger as time passes. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) When it comes to online dating, A) men often claim they are richer and taller than they are; women tend to claim they are younger than they really are and weigh less than they really do. B) men tend to post photos taken from above; women tend to post photos taken from below. C) women try to present themselves as powerful in their profile pictures. D) people perceive less deception in online communications than in face-to-face communications. E) the success rate of online dates is higher than connections made through more old-fashioned routes such as meeting at a party Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

68) Your friend Miguel recently created an online dating profile and has started chatting with a few potential romantic partners. Based on the research discussed in chapter 9, which of the following is he likely to do? A) Claim that he is younger than he really is. B) Set his weight as lower than it really is. C) Include a photo of himself taken from above. D) Disclose personal information less quickly than he would if he were face to face with these potential romantic partners. E) Post photos of himself taken from an angle and below. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

69) Until relatively recently, social psychologists have limited their study of interpersonal attraction to initial encounters or first impressions. Why? A) Long-term relationships are more difficult to study scientifically. B) First impressions are the most important in determining relationship satisfaction. C) First impressions tend to be the most powerful indicator of attraction. D) It is an unethical violation of privacy to study long-term relationships. E) Initial impressions determine what will happen over time.

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Chapter 9

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

70) One reason that social psychology took a long time to begin studying long-term relationships was because ____________. A) long-term studies are just too hard to do B) feelings and intimacy associated with close relationships are difficult to measure C) there are difficulties getting informed consent from both partners in this research D) it is unethical to study companionate and passionate love E) no one was really interested in the topic Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

71) One of the first to attempt a scientific analysis of love was carried out by Zick Rubin (1970, 1973). He defined love as feelings of _______________. A) intimacy, companionship, and compassion B) intimacy, attachment, and passion C) passion, compassion, and attachment D) attachment, liking, and commitment E) passion, commitment, and compassion Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

72) According to Ellen Berscheid (2006, 2010), there are four basic kinds of love. What are they? A) Passionate or romantic love, companionate love, compassionate love, and attachment love. B) Intimate love, companionate love, compassionate love, and passionate love C) Intimate love, companionate love, passionate love, and attachment love D) Passionate or romantic love, companionate love, compassionate love, and fatuous love E) Fatuous love, empty love, romantic love, and companionate love Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

73) According to Ellen Berscheid and Elaine (Walster) Hatfield (1974), passionate love is associated with _______, whereas companionate love is associated with _______. A) affection and intimacy; fulfillment and ecstasy. B) sadness and despair; affection and longing. C) extreme sadness and despair; elation and uncontrollable thoughts. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) intense longing and physiological arousal; affection and intimacy. E) affection and intimacy; sadness and despair. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

74) Ramona cares deeply about Raúl, but does not feel any passion for him. Raúl, on the other hand, has feelings of great longing accompanied by physical arousal whenever she’s near. In this situation, Ramona is feeling _______ love for Raúl, whereas Raúl is feeling _______ love for Ramona. A) fatuous; companionate B) passionate; fatuous C) fatuous; consummate D) consummate; companionate E) companionate; passionate Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

75) The lyrics to a Barbra Streisand song go something like this, “You don’t bring me flowers, you don’t sing me love songs anymore.” These lyrics suggest that the relationship in question has evolved from _______ love to _______ love. A) passionate; companionate B) companionate; consummate C) consummate; companionate D) passionate; consummate E) fatuous; hateful Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

76) When Aron and his colleagues (2005) asked participants to look at pictures of someone they were in love with while performing an MRI on them, they found that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and caudate nucleus were activated and that they were more strongly activated the more intensely participants indicated that they loved the person in the photo. These particular areas of the brain are associated with A) the release of serotonin. B) the release of dopamine. C) the experience of physical arousal. D) the onset of puberty. E) the experience of emotional pain. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

9-21

Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

77) Because of the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, people who express that they are madly in love are likely to report A) that they feel physically ill. B) that they feel confused and dizzy. C) that they feel euphoric and high. D) that they cannot think. E) an overwhelming sense of calm. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

78) Frank tells his friend that he is madly in love with Marie and that it feels like he’s high. There is some element of truth to that because Frank’s brain A) is releasing the neurotransmitter serotonin. B) is using glucose at a faster rate. C) is very active in areas that experience reward and release dopamine. D) chemicals are completely out of balance, much like a heroin addict. E) is flooded with norepinephrine making him dizzy. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

79) According to research on how ordinary people define love, A) when deciding whether or not to stay in a relationship, men were more likely to consider the levels of warmth and caring than were women. B) for both men and women, companionate love was seen as capturing the true meaning of love to a greater extent than was passionate love. C) when deciding whether or not to stay in a relationship, women were more likely to consider the levels of warmth and caring than were men. D) men are more likely to define love in terms of passion, whereas women are more likely to define love in terms of companionship. E) passion has the largest impact on university students’ definitions of love, but declines in importance as people age. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

80) Ting is from Hong Kong and Susie is from Nova Scotia. Using the research findings regarding ordinary people’s perceptions of love discussed in Chapter 9, what do you expect will likely happen when both women are asked about love? A) Ting and Susie will disagree; Ting will be more likely to mention and place more importance on companionate features of love than romantic features of love and Susie will not do the same. B) Ting and Susie will agree; they will both mention and place more importance on companionate features of love than romantic features of love. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) Ting and Susie will disagree; Ting will be more likely to mention and place more importance on romantic features of love than companionate features of love and Susie will not. D) Ting and Susie will agree; they will both mention and place more importance on passionate/romantic features of love than on companionate features of love. E) Ting will be more likely to be unrealistic about romantic relationships than will Susie. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

81) In comparing experiences and perceptions of love for men and women, _______ experience love at first sight, whereas _______ likely to be realistic. A) women and men equally; women are more B) women and men equally; women and men are equally C) men more frequently; women are more D) women more frequently; men are more E) women and men equally; men are more Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

82) Fehr and Broughton (2001) investigated gender differences when it comes to perceptions of love for men and women. What did they find? A) Women gave higher ratings to romantic, passionate love than did men. B) Men gave higher ratings to companionate love than did women. C) Both men and women gave romantic, passionate love a high rating. D) Even though women had rated companionate love higher than men did, both sexes gave this kind of love the highest rating. E) Women’s and men’s views of love are extremely different. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

83) According to Karen and Kenneth Dion (1993, 1996, 2001), why is romantic love relatively important in Western individualist cultures, but less important in Asian collectivist cultures? A) In many Asian languages, there is no word for “passion”; many Asian societies are aschematic for romance. B) A more pragmatic approach to love is characteristic of nonindustrialized societies. C) People from Western cultures “sow their wild oats” when young, because they marry later in life. D) Marriage is less important in Asian collectivist cultures. E) Love is of concern to the individual in Western cultures, but of concern to the group in many collectivist cultures. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 9

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

84) Cross-cultural research has revealed that _______ is valued more in individualistic cultures. A) passionate love B) social love C) commitment D) companionate love E) fatuous love Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

85) People from Asian cultures are more likely to be concerned that _______________ than North Americans. A) their romantic relationship does not disrupt the existing family network B) their spouse be a virgin when they marry C) they are exclusive with their romantic partner D) they are adhering to strict equity norms E) they have equal exchange in their relationships Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

86) According to your textbook authors, a good way to summarize cross-cultural research on love is to say that A) cultures differ in the language they use to describe love but are identical in their experiences of love. B) love experiences are very different in very different cultures. C) we all value companionate love, but it is valued more in collectivist cultures, whereas passionate love is valued more in individualist cultures. D) there are similar concepts of love across cultures but the actual emotional experiences differ. E) romantic love only exists in Western cultures. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

87) Jun is from South Korea and is visiting friends in Canada. During an outing, they start discussing dating and relationships. Which of the following statements would be most likely to come from Jun and not her Canadian friends? A) “Passionate love is the most important thing to me in a relationship” B) “I am happiest when my family approves of my partner and my partner values my companionship” Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) “It doesn’t really matter what my family thinks of my parter as long as they value my companionship” D) “My partner doesn’t need to value my companionship, all that matters is whether my family approves” E) “Passionate love is non-existent in my culture” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

88) What did Lalonde and colleagues find with respect to young people from East Asian cultures living in Canada? A) They easily adjusted to life in Canada and were only influenced by North American dating norms B) They were not concerned about what their parents wanted with respect to their relationships C) The weaker the identification with their East Asian heritage, the more traditional qualities they wanted in a partner D) They were only concerned with finding passionate love E) The greater the identification with their East Asian heritage, the more traditional the qualities they wanted in a partner. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

89) Advocates of which of the following approaches believe that men and women have different agendas in their relationships with each other? A) equity theory B) social attachment theory C) triangular theory D) social exchange theory E) evolutionary psychology Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

90) The basic tenet of evolutionary biology is that people are motivated to A) maximize their rewards and minimize their costs. B) pass on their genes to the next generation. C) ensure they survive. D) ensure that there is equity in their relationships. E) be responsive to their partners’ needs. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

9-25

Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

91) According to the tenets of evolutionary theory, reproduction is more costly (in terms of time, energy, and effort) for females than it is for males. Thus, it is advantageous for males to _______ and for females to _______. A) pursue many females; pair infrequently, and with a carefully chosen male. B) pay attention to equity concerns; pay attention to equality concerns. C) pair frequently with a single female; pair infrequently with a chosen male. D) live alone; rear offspring in groups. E) provide for one female; pair frequently with several males. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

92) According to an evolutionary approach to love, why do women prefer men with resources, whereas men prefer women who are attractive? A) Resources signal relationship commitment in men. B) Resources signal potential support from men, while attractiveness signals reproductive fitness in women. C) Reproduction is more costly to men than to women. D) Resources signal that the male has stronger reproductive potential, while attractiveness signals nurturing in women. E) Resources signal dominance in men, while attractiveness signals willingness in women. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

93) David Buss and his colleagues (1989, 1996a, 1996b, 2005) surveyed adults in 37 countries and asked them what they valued in choosing a marriage partner. Men valued physical attractiveness and women valued ambition and good earning potential. This could be because A) evolutionary pressures caused both males and females to be independent. B) males seek females who can reproduce successfully. C) females seek males who can reproduce successfully. D) males seek females who have the resources to rear offspring. E) evolutionary pressures caused female to be communal and males to be independent. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

94) According to the evolutionary approach to love, if Jane is looking for a romantic partner who is she most likely to choose? A) Kindly Ken B) Nice Ned C) Handsome Harry D) Fit Fred Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Wealthy Walter Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

95) Researchers studying evolutionary approaches to love find that although men and women differ on the importance of some of the qualities they find desirable in a partner, men and women are similar in valuing certain qualities. These include A) age similarity and commitment. B) good earning potential and physical vitality. C) physical attractiveness and earning potential. D) honesty and a pleasant personality. E) sense of humour and physical attractiveness. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

96) Which of the following (actual) research findings represents the most serious challenge to evolutionary explanations of love and attraction? A) Men tend to prefer younger women and women tend to prefer men of the same age. B) In areas of the world where parasitic diseases are prevalent, men and women value physical attractiveness. C) Men tend to place more emphasis on sex in a relationship than women. D) Women are less likely than men to admit the importance of physical attractiveness, but observations of behaviours reveal no gender differences. E) Men become more upset at sexual infidelities and women at emotional infidelities. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

97) Research by Boothroyd and colleagues found that women are better than men at recognizing those who are open to casual sex. Your text suggests that from an evolutionary perspective women will have evolved to readily recognize A) those who are most willing to impregnate them. B) and avoid those who would not be suitable as a long-term prospect. C) and avoid those who might suffer from sexually transmitted diseases. D) and avoid those who have insecure attachment styles. E) and avoid those who have avoidant attachment styles. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 9

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

98) The _______ approach to interpersonal relationships addresses the kinds of bonds we form with our caregivers early in life. A) evolutionary B) attachment styles C) psychoanalytic D) psychosocial E) sociobiological Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

99) Which of the following relationship researchers takes a developmental perspective in trying to understand the causes of love? A) Professor Thanatos, who studies how couples decide what is equitable B) Professor Eros, whose work is informed by evolutionary biology C) Professor Animus, who studies sociology D) Professor Draco, whose work is informed by relational dialectics E) Professor Archimedes, who studies mother-infant attachment patterns Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

100) Carolyn believes that she is worthy and well liked. According to attachment theorists, what is the most likely reason for this? A) Carolyn employs a secure attachment style in her relationships. B) Carolyn has made a conscious decision to have a secure attachment style. C) Carolyn had a secure attachment with her mother. D) Carolyn had a secure attachment with her most recent romantic partner. E) Carolyn has used therapy to work through her “mother” issues. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

101) Ellen is not concerned about Alex abandoning her and believes that she is worthy and well liked. Alex, however, is anxious and concerned that Ellen will not reciprocate his desire for intimacy. According to this scenario, Ellen has a(n) _______ attachment style and Alex has a(n) _______ attachment style. A) avoidant; secure B) anxious/ambivalent; resistant C) secure; anxious/ambivalent D) resistant; avoidant E) secure; resistant Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

9-28

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

102) Marta doesn’t find it easy to trust other people and says that she “doesn’t need anybody.” In all likelihood, Marta’s _______ attachment style can be traced to a caregiver who _______. A) anxious/ambivalent; was aloof and distant. B) avoidant; was overbearing in her expressions of affection. C) anxious/ambivalent; resisted Marta’s attempts at intimacy. D) avoidant; was aloof and distant. E) anxious/ambivalent; was inconsistent in her affections. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

103) Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) identified three basic attachment styles, which they termed __________. A) anxious/ambivalent; avoidant; insecure B) anxious; avoidant; ambivalent C) secure; ambivalent; anxious/avoidant D) secure; avoidant; anxious/ambivalent E) avoidant; dismissive; secure Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

104) Brian has had many girlfriends in his life, mostly because he feels unable to comfortably commit to any one person. As soon as a relationship begins to get serious, he feels trapped and puts up barriers to his partner. His girlfriends always want him to make a bigger commitment than he is comfortable making. _______ best describes Brian’s attachment style. A) Ambivalent attachment B) Anxious attachment C) Insecure attachment D) Secure attachment E) Avoidant attachment Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

105) “I find that others are reluctant to get as close to me as I would like them to. I often have dreams that my husband doesn’t love me like he used to and that he leaves me unexpectedly. I guess I have this need to lose myself in the person I love, and this sometimes scares them away.” A person who is _______ attached most likely wrote those words. A) securely B) avoidantly C) completely Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) codependently E) anxiously Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

106) Betty longs for an intimate relationship, but has been hurt before and is afraid that she will be hurt again if she lets herself trust someone. According to the text, Betty A) has no attachment style. B) has a secure attachment style. C) has a avoidant attachment style. D) has the most common kind of attachment style. E) has an anxious/ambivalent attachment style. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

107) Recent research by McNeil, Rehman, and Fallis (2018) had couples discuss sexual problems in their relationship. These conversations were videotaped and coded for positive and negative communication. What was found? A) Securely attached couples had no sexual problems to discuss. B) Anxious/ambivalent attachment was associated with more positive communication. C) Anxious/ambivalent attachment was associated with reluctance to discuss sexual problems. D) Attachment avoidance was associated with more negative communication. E) Attachment avoidance was associated with more positive communication. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

108) According to research on attachment styles, which of the following does NOT accurately describe the way people deal with problems in a relationship? A) Avoidant partners tend to use emotion-focused coping strategies. B) Secure partners tend to use task-centred coping strategies. C) Anxious/ambivalent partners tend to use emotion-focused strategies. D) Avoidant partners tended to use passive strategies. E) Secure partners tend to use the kinds of strategies that are associated with marital well-being. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

109) Eighteen-year-old Anne has a secure attachment with her parents and friends. In her first romantic relationship she seems anxious and insecure about her relationship Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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with her new boyfriend. What do theories on multiple attachment styles predict for Anne’s relationship? A) As she gets comfortable in the relationship she will move to more secure attachment. B) According to the theory this would not happen in her relationship and no predictions can be made about the future of this relationship. C) The stress in this relationship will generalize and cause insecurity in all other current relationships. D) She will probably break it off as she decides that she doesn’t want to be dependent on him. E) She will remain insecure in this relationship and this will likely carry over to all future romantic relationships. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

110) The social exchange theory of interpersonal attraction can be considered to be a(n) __________ model. A) sociological B) economic C) biopsychosocial D) ecological E) psychodynamic Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

111) _______ theory posits that relationship satisfaction is determined by people’s perceptions of costs and rewards, their beliefs about what kind of relationship they deserve, and their estimated chances of a better alternative relationship. A) Social exchange B) Balance C) Comparison D) Equity E) Communal Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

112) French essayist Francois La Rochefoucauld once defined friendship as “a scheme for the mutual exchange of personal advantages and favours.” Although a bit cynical, this description of friendship is most compatible with the _______ theory of attraction. A) social exchange B) equality Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) equity D) propinquity E) comparison level Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

113) Erich Fromm (1955) wrote, “Love is often nothing but a favourable exchange between two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value on the personality market.” Although a bit cynical, this description of friendship is most compatible with the _______ theory of attraction. A) social exchange B) equity C) comparison level D) propinquity E) balance Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

114) Social exchange theory posits that relationship satisfaction depends on our perceptions of the rewards and cost associated with the relationship, what kind of relationship we believe we deserve, and whether A) we believe that a relationship with someone else would be better. B) our partner understand the investments we have made. C) relationship resources are distributed equitably. D) relationship resources are distributed equally. E) our partner makes comparable investments in the relationship. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

115) The basic concepts of social exchange theory address A) rewards, equity, and equality. B) rewards, costs, and equity. C) comparison level, equity, and outcomes. D) equality, equity, and outcomes. E) rewards and costs, outcome, and comparison level. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

116) Cliff believes that his relationship with Kristi provides many rewards and few costs. Cliff considers himself fortunate, because he does not believe that he can get nearly as good an outcome with anyone else. Cliff can be described as having a _______ comparison level and a _______ comparison level for alternatives. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) low; low B) low; neither high nor low C) high; low D) high; high E) low; high Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

117) Carla is involved in a romantic relationship with Jack. Her costs of the relationship are relatively low and her rewards are very high with this relationship. However, Carla has recently met Ted and she believes that he could offer her a relationship with even higher rewards than Jack. According to social exchange theory, Carla is likely to A) try and maintain a relationship with both Jack and Ted. B) try and maintain a relationship with both Jack and Ted, and seek an even more favourable third partner. C) invest more in the relationship with Jack and try and forget about Ted. D) break up with Jack, forget about Ted, and seek an even more favourable third partner. E) break up with Jack in favour of the relationship with Ted. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

118) Although Suni’s relationship with Julio provides relatively few rewards compared to the costs, Suni has come to expect that most relationships are difficult and costly. Thus, because Suni holds a _______, she is unlikely to abandon her relationship with Julio. A) low comparison level for alternatives B) high comparison level for alternatives C) zero level comparison D) high comparison level E) low comparison level Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

119) _______ is to one’s current partner as _______ is to a possible future partner. A) Comparison level for alternatives; comparison level B) Social exchange; comparison level C) Social exchange; equity D) Comparison level; comparison level for alternatives E) Equity; social exchange Answer: D Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

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LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

120) According to social exchange theory, _______ refers to people’s expectations about the rewards and punishments they deserve in a particular relationship. A) relational outcome B) response contingencies C) comparison level D) relational level E) comparison level for alternatives Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

121) Nicole and Travis have been dating for about six months. While out to dinner one night, Nicole notices a very attractive man sitting two tables over. Travis, seeing Nicole’s wandering eyes, begins to point out flaws in this other man. Travis is attempting to __________. A) decrease Nicole’s perception of her comparison level B) decrease Nicole’s perception of her comparison level alternatives C) increase Nicole’s perception of her comparison level D) increase Nicole’s perception of her comparison level alternatives E) make Nicole realize the investments she has made in their relationship Answer: B Type:MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

122) In her investment model of close relationships, what does Caryl Rusbult (1983) categorize as an investment? A) the total costs of leaving a relationship B) any inputs into a relationship that would be lost if one left that relationship C) any monetary inputs into the relationship D) the psychological interest that accrues to people in relationships E) the total costs put into the relationship Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

123) Consider the following things that a person might experience in a relationship: financial security, emotional support, and the respect of one’s friends. According to Caryl Rusbult’s (1983) investment theory of love, these things that might be lost were the relationship to end are called A) investments. B) comparison levels. C) relational resources. D) interpersonal benefits. E) intrapersonal levels. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

124) Caryl Rusbult and other researchers (Kelley, 1983; Rusbult, 1991) suggest that in trying to predict relationship satisfaction, we need to consider not only the rewards and costs of a given relationship, but also A) the partners’ level of investment in the relationship. B) whether passionate or companionate love is involved. C) the culture from which the relationship partners come. D) the age of the partners in the relationship. E) whether relationship partners are heterosexual, lesbian, or gay. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

125) How might investment model researchers like Caryl Rusbult explain why battered women often return to their abusive partners? A) These women have already put a lot into these relationships. B) These women are probably in exchange relationships. C) The abusive partners have battered the women’s self-esteem to the basement. D) These women are mentally ill. E) Their abusive partners must reward them in other ways. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

126) Keep in mind Rusbult’s (1983) investment model. Who is more likely to leave their relationship? A) Jessica, who has been dating David for a relatively long time and has dedicated all of her energy to the relationship B) Matthew, who has bought a house and lives with his partner, with whom he is not satisfied C) Marilyn, who recently became attracted to a single neighbour and who took out a large loan to help pay medical school tuition for her partner, who she is no longer satisfied with D) Harvey, who has invested little in his relationship with Diana but doesn’t have any alternatives for a partner E) Lorilee, who has spent years taking care of her partner due to his illness Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

127) _______ theory holds that people are happiest in their relationships when their rewards and costs are comparable to the rewards and costs of their partners. A) Equity Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) Distributive justice C) Social economic D) Equality E) Social exchange Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

128) Claire and Matt are involved in a romantic relationship. Matt has recently given Claire a gold bracelet. Because there was no special occasion, Claire now feels the need to reciprocate the gift. The _______ theory of relationships is most applicable in this case. A) self-perception B) equality C) social exchange D) triangular E) equity Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

129) In their relationship, Marc and Nora both perceive that Marc has been paying more than his fair share of costs and that Nora is receiving more than her fair share of benefits. According to equity theory, A) both will feel comfortable with this situation, as long as Nora acknowledges that she is receiving more. B) Marc should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but not Nora. C) Nora should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but not Marc. D) both should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but Marc should feel more uncomfortable than Nora. E) neither Marc nor Nora should feel uncomfortable with the situation. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

130) According to Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1982), partners who over-benefit in a relationship and partners who under-benefit are likely to feel dissatisfied with their relationships. Thinking back to other chapters in this text, this would likely be due to the fact that the social norm of _______ is very powerful. A) reciprocity B) equity C) value D) equality E) social responsibility Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

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LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

131) Iona been treating Paulo like a king. She pays for all of their dates, and does lots of special things for him. Paulo has not been reciprocating this treatment. How is he likely to be feeling, according to equity theory? A) very pleased B) uncomfortable and guilty C) committed and happy D) satisfied E) invested Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

132) According to Elaine Hatfield and Richard Rapson (1993), which of the following types of relationships is most likely to be an exchange relationship in which partners trade resources “in kind”? A) a close same gender friendship B) a romantic relationship C) a family relationship D) a casual relationship E) a close opposite gender friendship Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

133) According to Elaine Hatfield and Richard Rapson (1993), why is an exchange approach more common in casual relationships than in long-term relationships? A) In long-term relationships, it’s hard to assign values to resources. B) Equity issues become less important in long-term relationships. C) As people age, they become more concerned with communal values. D) Emotion plays a greater role in casual relationships. E) In long-term relationships, it becomes difficult to keep track of all the monetary investments. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

134) Consider the following quote from Elaine Hatfield and Richard Rapson (1993): Does “dinner at an expensive restaurant on Monday balance out three nights of neglect due to a heavy work load”? In other words, A) rigid, tit-for-tat strategies are common in long-term relationships. B) there are strong personality differences in how people view equity. C) long-term intimate relationships are governed by looser notions of equity. D) to predict relationship longevity, one must consider individuals’ investments.

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E) rewards and costs are relatively easy to determine when a relationship is a long-term one. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

135) In their relationship, Marco is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Jenn is concerned with being responsive to Marco’s needs. Marco views the relationship as a(n) _______ relationship and Jenn views it as a(n) _______ relationship. A) loose; interlocked B) interlocked; loose C) communal; interdependent D) interdependent; communal E) exchange; communal Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

136) Dave has recently taken Jennifer out for a wonderful, elaborate birthday date, which involved all of Jennifer’s favourite activities and an expensive gift. However, when Dave’s birthday came a week later, Jennifer gave him some flowers and told him that she had too much work to do so they could not go out anywhere. Remembering the birthday he had given Jennifer a week earlier, Dave was very upset. Jennifer could not understand his anger and told him that she had thought that the gift he had given her was because he loved her, not because he thought he would get a gift later. Dave considers the relationship to be based on _______ and Jennifer considers the relationship to be _______. A) equality; equitable. B) equity; equal. C) exchange; communal. D) communal; equity. E) communality; based on exchange principles. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

137) Which of the following statements is true about communal versus exchange relationships? A) In communal relationships, partners are unconcerned about issues of equity. B) In communal relationships, partners are more concerned about the others’ needs rather than about being paid back. C) In communal relationships, partners are more likely to redefine costs as rewards. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) In communal relationships, partners are more concerned about maintaining an individual advantage. E) In communal relationships, partners are more willing to distort reality in order to keep the relationship alive. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

138) According to equity theory, family relationships are usually ________________, whereas acquaintanceships are typically_______________. A) based on commitment; platonic. B) based on exchange; based on friendship. C) communal; based on exchange. D) genetic; communal. E) based on commitment; based on friendship. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

139) Which of the following is false concerning communal relationships? A) Although repayment is not immediately required, repayment is expected within a reasonable time frame. B) Communal relationships involve giving in response to the needs of the other person. C) Partners do not focus on repayment. D) Partners place little emphasis on short-term equity. E) A chronic imbalance in the relationship over time predicts a likely end to the relationship. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

140) In a study conducted at McGill University, John Lydon and his colleagues found that when people were told that a very good-looking person was interested in them A) men, but not women, became less committed to their current relationship partners. B) women, but not men, became less committed to their current relationship partners. C) men and women became more committed to their current relationship partners. D) men and women became less committed to their current relationship partners. E) men and women who were highly committed to their current relationship partners reported that they weren’t attracted to the good-looking person. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Difficulty: Easy 9-39

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141) Ani is out with friends at a bar when an attractive woman comes up to him and starts flirting. He responds to the flirtation by saying, “it’s really nice to meet you, but I need to go call my girlfriend. I hope you have a great night!” According to research by Linardatos and Lydon (2011), it is likely that Ani is ____________________________. A) in an exchange relationship B) high in relationship identification C) low in relationship identification D) not committed to his relationship E) anxiously attached Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

142) Kato (2016) assessed partner forgiveness, satisfaction, and other variables among a sample of university students in Japan who were in dating relationships. What did they find? A) When contacted 10 months later, participants who were high in forgiveness were more likely to still be dating, whereas those who were low in forgiveness were more likely to have broken up. B) When contacted 10 months later, half of the couples had broken up, with no differences in terms of being low or high in forgiveness. C) Forgiveness doesn’t seem to be an important relationship maintenance mechanism. D) People who were more forgiving of their partners were less satisfied in their relationship. E) People who were more forgiving of their partners were more likely to be transgressed against. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

143) Bertina is extremely attractive and is dating a man who is less so. Given the research by Hoplock et al. (2019) on the consequences of partners being mismatched in terms of physical attractiveness, which of the following statements is true? A) Bertina should be concerned that another woman will try to “poach” her boyfriend. B) Bertina is more likely to be approached by other suitors than if she were dating someone matched in attractiveness. C) Bertina is less likely to be approached by other suitors than if she were dating someone matched in attractiveness. D) Bertina’s boyfriend is likely to be jealous and possessive. E) Bertina is less likely to be committed to her boyfriend than if they were matched in attractiveness. Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

144) Sandra Murray and her colleagues (1996) studied heterosexual dating partners over the course of a year. Based on their findings, which of the following people were least likely to break up over the course of that year? A) Jim and Jody, who knew how to “fight” fairly B) Arnold and Maria, who were comparable in self-esteem C) Randy and Rhonda, who were both physically attractive D) John and Melissa, who embellished one another’s virtues E) Ted and Diane, who viewed one another accurately, faults and all Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

145) Murray and her colleagues (1993) studied heterosexual dating partners over the course of a year. They found that when couples overlooked each others’ faults and exaggerated each others’ virtues, the couples were less likely to break up over the course of the year. The take-home message of this study is that A) positive illusions can lead to a more positive view of one’s partner. B) self-esteem determines whom we will love. C) similarity is more important than complementarity. D) accurate partner personality assessment is the key to a long term relationship. E) the self-fulfilling prophecy only works early in relationships. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty:Easy

146) Research by Murray and Holmes suggests that relationships in which partners idealize one another A) are only beneficial in the honeymoon phase. B) are more likely to dissolve. C) are more likely to endure. D) are more likely to end in conflict. E) inevitably lead to disappointment. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

147) Murray and her colleagues (1996) studied heterosexual dating partners over the course of a year. They found that over time, when people held positive illusions about their partners, those partners actually came to see themselves in more positive ways. These findings illustrate the power of _______ to yield reciprocal love. A) familiarity and trust B) the self-fulfilling prophecy C) similar levels of self-esteem D) interdependence Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) exposure Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

148) Murray and Holmes (1999) found that people _____________ to maintain their relationships. A) completely ignore their partner’s faults B) discount the positive qualities of other potential partners C) develop an interest in their partner’s leisure activities D) find ways to justify their partner’s faults E) emphasize the positive qualities of other potential partners Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

149) When is it NOT beneficial to view our partners in idealistic ways? A) It is never beneficial to view our partners in idealistic ways. B) When there are serious problems in the relationship. C) When the relationship has lasted for more than five years. D) It is always beneficial to view our partners in idealistic ways. E) It is always beneficial for women to view their partners in idealistic ways, but men should only view their partners idealistically for the first three years of the relationship. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

150) According to Fletcher and Kerr (2013), who conducted a meta-analysis on a large number of studies on positive illusions versus accurate, realistic perceptions of one’s partner and relationship, idealization has the most beneficial effects for a relationship when ______________________________________________________________. A) the partners are committed, there are no alternatives, and investment is great B) there exists equity in the relationship, the partners are committed, and the problems are relatively minor C) the partners are committed, the partners are socially skilled, and the problems are relatively minor D) it is an exchange relationship, the partners are socially skilled, and the partners are empathetic E) the partners are empathetic, the partners are committed, and there is romance Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

151) According to the __________________________, people are motivated to grow and fufill their potential and one major way they can do this is to form relationships. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) investment model B) self-enhancement model C) self-perception model D) self-expansion model E) social exchange model Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

152) Diane Felmlee (1995) asked 300 college students to reflect on the last relationship they had ended, to list the things that first attracted them to their former partners, and to list the things that they disliked most about their partners around the time of the break-up. If Michelle is like the 30% of Felmlee’s participants who experienced a “fatal attraction,” she will probably say, A) “At first Patrick was so wonderfully independent, but after a while he seemed to need me too much.” B) “At first Patrick was so outgoing, but since he has lost his job he has become a different person.” C) “At first Patrick was so damn attractive, but after a while he just let himself go.” D) “At first I loved how sensitive and tender Patrick was, but after a while he just got so callused and detached.” E) “At first I loved how spontaneous Patrick was, but after a while I began to see that he was actually just undependable and irresponsible.” Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

153) Joel, MacDonald, and Page-Gould (2018) found that ____________________ was the top reason for wanting to end a relationship. A) boredom B) breach of trust C) dissatisfaction D) lack of passion E) lack of common interests Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

154) Marla wants to end her friendship with Lisa. According to Baxter (1985), what strategy is Marla most likely to use? A) She will tell Lisa, “I just don’t like you anymore.” B) She will avoid Lisa until she gets the message. C) She will get her other girlfriends to tell Lisa. D) She will confront Lisa about their differences. E) She will date Lisa’s boyfriend. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 9.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

155) Rachelle wants to break up with her long term boyfriend Jason. According to Baxter (1985), which strategy is she most likely to use? A) She will avoid Jason until he gets the message. B) She will confront Jason about their differences. C) She will get her friends to tell him. D) She will tell him, “it’s not you, it’s me.” E) She will date his friend Jack. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 9.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

156) Based on research by Robin Akert (1998) on relationship breakups, which of the following people is most likely to experience such physical disorders as headaches, stomach-aches, and trouble sleeping after a break-up? A) Mariana, who agreed with her husband that they should end their relationship B) Frank, who dumped his wife for a younger woman C) Yolanda, who has to care for two children since her divorce a year ago D) Jen, who dumped her boyfriend for another man. E) Gene, who was dumped by Linda Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

157) Miguel has recently broken up with his girlfriend Maura. According to research conducted by Robin Akert (1998), over the next few weeks, Miguel is likely to experience _______. A) confusion. B) elation. C) guilt. D) depression. E) devastation. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

158) According to research conducted by Robin Akert (1998), what is the single best predictor of how well ex-partners cope in the aftermath of the dissolution of their relationship? A) whether or not they remain friends B) the number of available alternatives C) the length of the relationship D) the role they played in the decision to break up Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) their self-esteem Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 9.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

159) According to research conducted by Robin Akert (1995), _______ would suffer the most after the dissolution of his or her romantic relationship. A) someone who had never been in a relationship before B) someone for whom the decision was mutual C) someone who was dumped D) someone who tried to “stay friends” E) someone who dumped his or her partner Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 9.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

160) Based on a social exchange understanding of breakups, who will be most distressed by a relationship ending? A) Janice, whose only option for a new relationship is Jack, a man who she does not particularly like. B) Mark, who was not particularly satisfied with his relationship with Jack anyway. C) Fiona, who has been meeting many desirable potential partners. D) Michelle, who knows that her ex-partner, Steve, does not have a lot of options for starting a new relationship. E) Scott, who is very interested in starting a new relationship with Susan. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 9.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

161) Using the research findings of Frost, Rubin, and Darcangelo (2016) on the transition to singlehood, who is most likely to do better after a break-up? A) Lexi, who blames her ex for everything that went wrong. B) Kyoung-Lae who blames himself for everything that went wrong. C) Siobhan, who allows herself to actively hate and think negative things about her ex. D) Giovanna, who can’t stop thinking about what went wrong in the relationship. E) George, who focuses on what he learned from the relationship and the ways in which he grew as a result of it. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 9.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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The propinquity effect refers to the fact that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends. We are more likely to see and interact with people both when objective physical distance and function distance are low. Psychologically, we can explain the propinquity effect with reference to the idea that the more exposure we have to a stimulus (including other people), the more likely we are to like that stimulus. This is known as the mere exposure effect. Type: ES

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

163) A great deal of psychological research supports the folk wisdom that “birds of a feather flock together,” but there is little empirical support for the folk wisdom that “opposites attract.” According to social psychologists, why do we tend to find people similar to us attractive? Answer: First, we tend to find those who hold similar attitudes and values more attractive than dissimilar others because we think that they will tend to like us. Second, they also provide us with very important validation of our own attitudes, characteristics, and beliefs. Third, we assume that interacting with a similar person will be more agreeable and rewarding, whereas, interacting with a dissimilar person might be more difficult. Type: ES

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

164) What is reciprocal liking? How strong is the effect? Using research by Curtis and Miller (1986), explain how it can come about because of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Answer: Reciprocal liking is when you like someone and they like you in return. Liking is so powerful it can even make up for the absence of similarity. Reciprocal liking can come about because of a self-fulfilling prophecy, as demonstrated in an experiment by Rebecca Curtis and Kim Miller (1986). University students who did not know one another took part in the study in pairs. The researchers led some students to believe they were liked by the student with whom they would be paired. Other students were led to believe they were disliked by their partner for the study. The pairs of students were then given an opportunity to have a conversation. Just as predicted, those individuals who thought they were liked behaved in more likeable ways with their partner; they disclosed more about themselves, disagreed less about the topic under discussion, and generally behaved in a warmer, more pleasant manner than did those individuals who thought they were disliked. As a result, their partners ended up liking them—more so than did the partners of students who believed they were disliked. Type: ES

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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165) Beauty constitutes a powerful stereotype. What characteristics are often associated with beauty? How might we actually create some of those characteristics in attractive others? Answer: Physical beauty is associated with judgments about social competence—the beautiful are thought to be more sociable, extraverted, and popular than the less attractive. The irony is, of course, that via the self-fulfilling prophecy, we might actually create those characteristics in attractive others. More specifically, when we treat attractive people in line with our stereotypes—treat them as warmer, smarter, more intelligent, more poised, and so on—our behaviours might actually cause them to behave in ways that we initially expected them to behave. Type: ES

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

166) Are people’s perceptions of what is beautiful or handsome similar across cultures? Use research discussed in chapter 9 to answer this question. Answer: According to a review of the literature by University of Toronto social psychologist Karen Dion (2002), the answer is a surprising yes. This answer has been confirmed in more recent studies as well. Even though racial and ethnic groups do vary in specific facial features, people from a wide range of cultures agree on what is attractive in the human face. For example, in one review of the literature that compared how people from various countries, ethnicities, and racial groups rate attractiveness, the correlations between participants’ ratings ranged from .66 to .93. A meta-analysis of many studies also found evidence for cross-cultural agreement in what constitutes a beautiful or handsome face. Although there is some variability from person to person, across large groups a consensus emerges: Perceivers think that some faces are just better looking than others, regardless of cultural background. Type: ES

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

167) Discuss the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype. Is it a cross-cultural phenomenon? Does it apply to both younger and older people? Answer: People make assumptions about attractive individuals – namely, that they possess a host of desirable traits. Much research confirms this stereotype. In fact, a study conducted at the University of British Columbia found that people attribute more positive qualities to physically attractive people than to less attractive people after a mere three minutes of interaction. Perhaps not surprisingly, those who post more attractive photos on online dating sites are also rated as having written more attractive profiles. Most research on the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype has been conducted with young people, usually university students. An exception is a study by Perlini, Bertolissi, and Lind (1999), who showed photographs of attractive and unattractive younger and older women to first-year university students and to senior citizens. The researchers found that participants attributed more positive Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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qualities to attractive women—regardless of their age. There was, however, one exception. Senior men attributed more positive qualities to attractive younger women than to attractive older women. Thus, it appears that the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype applies across the lifespan, with one exception—older men seem toperceive that what is beautiful and younger is good. Wheeler and Kim (1997) found that in South Korea and in North America, people believe that physically attractive people are more socially skilled, friendly, and well-adjusted. However, in Canada and the United States, the “beautiful” stereotype includes traits that are valued in individualist cultures (e.g., strong, dominant). In South Korea, the stereotype includes traits that are valued in collectivist cultures—traits that reflect integrity and concern for others (e.g., honest, empathic). Based on her review of research on this topic, Karen Dion (2002) concluded that physical attractiveness stereotyping occurs cross-culturally, although more so in individualist societies, which place greater weight on qualities of the individual, including his or her appearance. Type: ES

LO: 9.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

168) Does the internet facilitate or impede the formation of friendships? Discuss. Answer: There exists a controversy regarding this question. According to the social compensation hypothesis, online friendships are more likely to be formed by lonely, introverted people who lack the social skills to form relationships in person. Some scholars argue that computer-mediated communication is a blessing for those who find it difficult to form friendships face to face. Others maintain that those who are lacking in social skills will become even more isolated if they retreat from the “real world” and conduct their social lives online. On the other side of the coin, some studies have found that the “rich get richer,” meaning that people who are extraverted and have good social skills use the internet as another way of acquiring even more friends. This is known as the social enhancement hypothesis. A study conducted with high school students in Ontario found support for the social compensation hypothesis among boys (i.e., socially anxious boys had better friendship quality if they engaged in online chatting) and support for the “rich get richer” hypothesis among girls. Type: ES

LO: 9.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

169) Discuss satisfaction in online and offline friendships. Be sure to mention Chan and Cheng (2004) and Lima et al. (2017). Answer: Several studies have found that people report being happier with their “real world” friendships than their online friendships. In a study conducted in Hong Kong, participants were asked to rate their online and offline friendships in terms of self-disclosure, understanding, commitment, and so on (Chan & Cheng, 2004). Offline friendships were rated higher on these dimensions than online friendships, especially in the early stages. At the one-year mark, the difference in ratings of Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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these two kinds of friendship was smaller (although offline friendships still received higher ratings). Finally, research conducted with large community samples in Portugal found that face-to-face friendships were correlated with better health; Facebook friendships were not. The researchers concluded that “this ‘digitalization’ of our lives should not replace the value of promoting and keeping offline friendships. Face-to-face friends, with whom we interact in physical settings or through a variety of means, and with whom we can establish caring and close relationships, are fundamental for our health and wellbeing” (Lima et al. 2017). Type: ES

LO: 9.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

170) According to Ellen Berscheid and Elaine Walster (Hatfield) (1974), how is companionate love different from passionate love? Answer: Companionate love is characterized by feelings of intimacy and affection for another person and, although we care deeply for the other person, we don’t experience passion or arousal in his or her presence. Passionate love is characterized by an intense longing for the other person and by physiological arousal in his or her presence. Type: ES

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

171) In what sense is the concept of romantic love gender-specific? Answer: Men fall in love more quickly than women and are more likely to endorse romantic beliefs. Men are also more likely to report having experienced love at first sight. In contrast, women are more likely to hold a more practical, friendship-based orientation to love. Both sexes value companionate kinds of love over passionate kinds of love. Type: ES

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

172) In what sense is the concept of romantic love culture-specific? Answer: Karen and Kenneth Dion (1988, 1993), using the Love Scale, have found that people in more individualistic Western cultures are more likely than those in collectivistic Eastern cultures to view romantic love as an important or even crucial basis for marriage. In Eastern cultures, people take into greater consideration the wishes of the family or other important people, and arranged marriages are not uncommon. In fact, responses from a heterogeneous sample of Canadian college students revealed that Asian respondents were more likely than European or AngloCeltic respondents to endorse a companionate, friendship-based love that was not disruptive of existing family relationships. Type: ES

LO: 9.3

Difficulty: Moderate 9-49

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173) According to the authors, an evolutionary perspective takes “the long view—how people act today is based on behaviour patterns that evolved from our species’ hominid past.” Explain how the evolutionary concept of reproductive fitness is related to attraction and love in men and women. Answer: Reproductive fitness is a function of the success with which an organism reproduces. Reproduction is more costly to females in terms of the cost, time, and effort, and is far less costly in males. Because the costs of reproduction for females are high, they selectively seek out mates who appear likely to possess the necessary resources to invest in the rearing of offspring. Evolutionary researchers use this idea to explain why women are more interested than are men in such characteristics as ambition, industriousness, and good earning capacity. In contrast, because the cost of reproduction for males is low, they seek to reproduce with as many mates as possible. Of course, they do not seek out just any mate; they seek out mates who seem reproductively fit. Evolutionary researchers use this idea to explain why physical attractiveness seems more important to men. Type: ES

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

174) Canadian research found that women rated a man’s face as less attractive when he was described as desiring a short-term, rather than a long-term, relationship. Attractiveness ratings were also lower when the man in the photograph was described as having a lot of sexual experience. Use the evolutionary theory to explain this. Answer: According to evolutionary theory, men and women have different “agendas” when they play the mating game. Men want to ensure successful reproduction (i.e., passing on their genes), whereas women want to find a partner who can be counted on to provide the resources required to raise offspring. From an evolutionary perspective, it would be advantageous for women to be able to detect which men are good long-term prospects. It would also be advantageous to be able to figure this out sooner rather than later to avoid making a costly mistake. This may be why women need only glance at a man’s face to figure out his “intentions” and why they perceive men who have “slept around” and who are interested in short-term flings as less attractive than men who seem to be better long-term prospects. Type: ES

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

175) In what ways are early experiences with primary caregivers related to later adult relationships? Be sure to mention three different attachment styles. Answer: Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) have found that infants with a secure attachment style have caregivers who are responsive and show positive emotions, infants with an avoidant attachment style have caregivers who are aloof and distant and discourage intimacy, and infants with an anxious/ambivalent attachment style Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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have caregivers who are inconsistent and overbearing in their affections. In adulthood, the attachment styles experienced in early childhood predict how people typically approach romantic relationships. For example, secure attachment styles are associated with trusting others, easily establishing intimacy, and having satisfying relationships. Avoidant attachment styles are associated with discomfort with intimacy, difficulty trusting others, and less satisfactory relationships. Anxious/ambivalent attachment styles are associated with obsessiveness and preoccupation with relationships, and fears that partners do not reciprocate a need for intimacy. Although we may have different attachment styles with different kinds of relationships (e.g., romantic, friendship, family), our attachments with these people will tend to shift towards our general attachment style over time. Type: ES

LO: 9.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

176) Consider the following relationship scenario. Your new friend James has introduced you to a number of wonderful interests: obscure Tarantino films, visits to museums, Thai food, and hang-gliding. Still, if it’s one thing about James that drives you crazy, it’s that he never stops talking, and will actually change his position on issues just to bait you into an argument. If truth be told, you argue more with James than with just about anyone else you know, and you frequently end up with your feelings hurt. In fact, you find yourself wondering whether James’s roommate Sedrick wouldn’t make a better friend. He’s interesting, does fun things, and he doesn’t seem to relish arguments nearly as much as James does. Analyze this scenario from a social-exchange perspective. What are the rewards, costs, comparison level, and comparison level for alternatives? What’s likely to happen in this case? Answer: The rewards in your relationship with James are interesting activities. The costs are James’s verbosity and his tendency to bait you, argue, and hurt your feelings. The comparison level is the difference between the rewards and costs of your relationship with James. The comparison level for alternatives is what you would expect in terms of costs and rewards from Sedrick. Given that Sedrick is also interesting, but doesn’t talk or argue as much, you will probably pursue a friendship with him instead of James. Type: ES

LO: 9.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

177) How is Rusbult’s (1983, 1991) investment model of relationships similar to and different from traditional social exchange theory models of relationships? Answer: Both the investment and social exchange models address how relationship partners perceive the costs, rewards, comparison level (rewards-costs), and comparison level for alternatives. Rusbult’s model includes an additional variable: she addresses partners’ perceptions of how much they have invested in the relationship (both tangible and intangible) that would be lost were the relationship to dissolve. Rusbult has found that the greater the investment people have in a relationship, the less likely they are to leave it, even if costs outweigh rewards and Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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other alternatives look promising. Type: ES

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

178) Without investments, social exchange theory would predict that an unsatisfying relationship would end. Explain why and be sure to describe the concepts involved in social exchange theory and the investment model. Answer: Classic social exchange theory compares rewards and costs to the comparison level and if the outcome is dissatisfaction, there is nothing in the theory to explain why a person would stay. However, with Rusbult’s expansion of the classic social exchange theory, other things and people can become important to the relationship, called investments, and the relationship can weather the rough patch. Type: ES

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

179) What is an equitable relationship and what are some consequences of relationship inequities? Answer: An equitable relationship is one in which the rewards one partner receives, the costs one partner incurs, and the contributions one partner makes to the relationship are comparable to the costs, rewards, and contributions of the other person in the relationship. In an inequitable relationship, both partners feel discomfort and are motivated to restore equity to the relationship. Partners who overbenefit violate the equity norm, and feel uncomfortable and may eventually even feel guilty. Partners who underbenefit are likely to feel cheated or frustrated. Type: ES

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

180) Equity theory suggests that partners in a relationship tend to desire equality in terms of what they are giving to and taking from a relationship. Describe how equity occurs between acquaintances, and how it occurs between family members, close friends, or in long-term romantic relationships. Answer: Between acquaintances, equity usually takes the form of exchange relationships in which there is very immediate, short-term reciprocity. Usually if one member of the relationship gives, the other is expected to give equally within a short period of time. For instance, if a new friend buys lunch on Friday, the other friend would buy lunch a few days later. Among family, close friends, or romantic partners, equity occurs in a long-term context. That is, members are less concerned with immediately being repaid—rather, they expect that things will even out at some point in the future. Type: ES

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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181) Adriana is highly committed to her relationship with Luis. One night she goes out with friends and a very attractive, single, man comes up to her and strikes up a conversation. It is very obvious that he is flirting with her. Based on the research by Lydon and colleagues discussed in Chapter 9, how is Adriana likely to react? Discuss why. Answer: Adriana would likely engage in relationship maintenance efforts – she would likely convince herself that she wasn’t attracted to the very attractive single man. Lydon and colleagues hypothesized that participants with only low or moderate commitment to their romantic relationship would not try to protect their relationship in a highly tempting situation similar to Adriana’s. They would find the person very attractive and would say so. Participants who were highly committed to their relationships, however, were expected to engage in relationship maintenance efforts—in this case, by convincing themselves that they really were not all that attracted to this gorgeous, available person who wanted them. And that is exactly what happened. In follow-up research, Lydon and colleagues found that people who are committed to their relationship also rate an attractive alternative as less attractive than people who are less committed (Lydon, Fitzsimons, & Naidoo, 2003). Type: ES

LO: 9.4

Skill: applied

Difficulty: Moderate

182) What is the role of positive illusions in the maintenance of close relationships? Define positive illusions and summarize the main relevant findings from research by Murray, Holmes and colleagues. Answer: Positive illusions refer to idealization of our romantic partners in order to maintain a relationship. Research by Murray and Holmes suggests that we do this to avoid uncertainty or doubt about our relationship. Positive illusions were shown to involve reinterpreting a partner’s faults as virtues, being unrealistically positive about the partner, and were found to be more prevalent among women than men. Further, positive illusions are effective in maintaining the relationship as they are associated with greater satisfaction and greater endurance of the relationship. Research has shown that it can be a self-fulfilling prophecy—partners who are idealized tend to change in the direction of this idealization. However, positive illusions can be counterproductive when there are serious problems in the relationship that need to be addressed. Type: ES

LO: 9.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

183) Discuss how social exchange theorists and equity theorists might shed some light on the issue of why relationships end. Answer: Social exchange theorists, for example, find that relationships are likely to end when rewards are low and costs are high, when attractive alternatives are available to one or both partners, or when the partners have invested little in the relationship Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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(Rusbult, 1983; Rusbult et al., 1998). Equity also plays a role in the ending of relationships. People are likely to end relationships that they feel are inequitable— particularly if they are feeling underbenefited. Type: ES

LO: 9.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

184) Discuss the four major strategies used to end a romantic relationship or friendship that Leslie Baxter (1982) identified. Answer: She identified four major strategies: withdrawal/avoidance, positive tone (e.g., trying to prevent “hard feelings”), manipulative strategies (e.g., getting a third party to communicate the bad news), and open confrontation. For both types of relationships, people reported that they would be most likely to use positive tone strategies. They also said they would use withdrawal/avoidance strategies, especially for ending a friendship. Open confrontation was a more likely strategy for terminating romantic relationships. Other research has shown that passive strategies, such as withdrawal or avoidance, are likely to be used in friendships, which people often let “wither on the vine” (Fehr, 1996; Fehr & Harasymchuk, 2018). In contrast, dating or marital relationships are less likely to simply fade away—especially if one partner still wants the relationship to continue. Thus, more direct methods are generally necessary for these sorts of breakups. Type: ES

LO: 9.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

185) You have a friend who has a confusing way of dissolving relationships with which she is dissatisfied. When she’s ready to terminate the relationship, her strategy seems to be to behave in ways that provoke her partner into breaking up with her. Is she a selfish and manipulative coward, or might there be a less disparaging way of viewing her dissolution strategy? Keep in mind Robin Akert’s (1998) research on the dissolution of romantic relationships. Answer: Akert (1998) found in her survey of college-age men and women that although both the partners experienced unpleasant outcomes after the relationship ended, their experiences differed, depending on their role in the break-up. By far, breakees were the most miserable, lonely, depressed, unhappy, angry, and suffering from physical symptoms. Breakers experienced far fewer negative effects. They were the least upset and the least stressed, and although they often felt guilty, they suffered from fewer physical symptoms. Perhaps your friend was working to minimize the pain and suffering experienced by her relationship partner by convincing her partner that he/she was the breaker. Type: ES

LO:9.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

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1) Whereas _______ is any act performed to benefit another, _______ is such an act performed with no regard for one’s safety or interests. A) altruism; self-sacrifice B) prosocial behaviour; altruism C) altruism; prosocial behaviour D) self-sacrifice; altruism E) prosocial behaviour; self-sacrifice Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) Julianna likes to contribute to worthy charities because she can help others and, at the same time, get a tax deduction. Julianna is engaging in A) altruism. B) self-interest. C) self-sacrifice. D) hypocrisy. E) prosocial behaviour. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

3) Darrin volunteers at a local children’s program because he hopes to learn teaching skills that he can use later in his educational career. This is an example of _______ behaviour. A) prosocial B) altruistic C) tit-for-tat D) self-interested E) adaptive Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

4) Abdullah volunteers to visit the homes of AIDS patients because those visits help him forget about his own problems. This is an example of _______ behaviour. A) tit-for-tat B) prosocial C) altruistic D) reciprocal E) self-sacrificing Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy 10-1

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5) Marla has revised her will to ensure that upon her death, all of her functioning organs (corneas, liver, kidneys, heart, and so on) will be used to help transplant patients. She’s told no one about her actions and expects nothing in return. This is an example of a(n) _______ behaviour. A) evolutionarily adaptive B) normative C) self-sacrificing D) dissonant E) altruistic Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

6) Reuben has three cats at home and doesn’t want another one. Still, on the way home from work, he stops to rescue a kitten from the highway and decides to adopt it. This is an example of _______ behaviour. A) self-interested B) altruistic C) prosocial D) sociobiological E) self-sacrificing Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

7) When a millionaire publicly donates money to the political party of her choice, this is an example of _______ behaviour. A) empathic B) self-interested C) altruistic D) conforming E) prosocial Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

8) _______ refers to any act that someone performs in order to benefit another person. A) Prosocial behaviour B) Kin selection C) Altruism D) Empathy E) Reciprocity Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy 10-2

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9) _______ refers to the desire to help another person, even if such help involves cost to the helper. A) Empathy B) Kin selection C) Prosocial behaviour D) Altruism E) Reciprocity Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) When Jochem saw the child fall through the ice at the lake, he never hesitated and immediately dove in to save the child. This is an example of __________ behaviour. A) altruistic B) evolutionary C) survival D) prosocial E) adaptive Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

11) Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behaviour? A) Julio puts a dollar in the church collection basket because everyone else donates. B) Lexy volunteers at her son’s school to help out his class. C) Robert anonymously donates a kidney to a twenty-year-old accident victim he will never meet. D) Lou helps his wife with the dishes in the hopes that she’ll cook dinner more often. E) Binh, a firefighter by occupation, rescues someone from a burning building. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

12) Evolutionary psychology is the study of A) child development. B) the application of social psychology to the study of biological processes. C) social behaviours as a result of genetic factors and natural selection. D) the immediate influence our biology has on how we react to social situations. E) how our environment modifies inherited characteristics. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate 10-3

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13) According to evolutionary theory (Darwin, 1859), natural selection favours genes that promote individual survival. This tenet is most troublesome in explaining A) aggression. B) the protection of the young. C) prosocial behaviour. D) altruism. E) mate selection Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

14) Charles Darwin, an evolutionary theorist, found it difficult to explain altruism. From an evolutionary perspective, it would seem that over centuries and generations, altruistic behaviours would _______ because _______. A) disappear; self-sacrifice would produce fewer offspring. B) increase; more unfit offspring would survive. C) remain unchanged; the gene pool would become more variable. D) disappear; altruistic partners would not be desirable as mates. E) increase; of the impact of culture. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

15) Evolutionary psychology would have the most trouble explaining which of the following incidents? A) Samuel risks his life to save his nephew in a car accident. B) Jane runs in to save her adopted daughter from a fire. C) When Alphonso was put in the unfortunate situation of saving his wife or his son in a boating accident, he chose to save his son first, and his wife died. D) When Larry was on a ship going down at sea, he let everyone else be saved ahead of him, even though everyone on the ship was a complete stranger to him. E) Delroy jumps in front of a bear to save his son. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

16) The idea that natural selection favours behaviours that help a genetic relative is known as A) kinship bias. B) kin selection. C) familial reciprocity. D) familial bias. E) familial selection. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

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LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

17) In trying to understand why Andie would help someone who lived close to her, _______ would ask, “Was this person genetically related to Andie?” A) an evolutionary psychologist B) a proponent of social exchange theory C) a self-esteem theorist D) a reciprocity psychologist E) a developmental psychologist Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) According to the evolutionary psychology notion of kin selection, if he feels equally close to all of them, Bob is most likely to help A) his step-sister Sally. B) his cousin Herbert. C) his best friend Randall. D) his brother Ralph. E) his sister-in-law Betty. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

19) An evolutionary psychologist named J.B.S. Hildane once jested, “I would give up my life for two siblings or eight cousins.” Why would he say that? A) We share more genes with our siblings than with our cousins. B) Hildane dislikes his cousins. C) Norms dictate that we should favour our siblings. D) Biology is destiny when it comes to prosocial behaviour. E) We generally live in closer proximity to our siblings. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

20) According to evolutionary psychologists, why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in a life-threatening emergency? A) Doris’s children are more likely to pass on her genes. B) Doris’s children are more likely to seek her out than her parents are. C) Doris’s children are more emotionally connected to Doris than her parents are. D) Doris’s children share more genes in common with Doris than do her parents. E) Doris’s children are less likely to be able to save themselves. Answer: A Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

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LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

21) According to evolutionary theory, natural selection should favour altruistic acts directed toward A) people who live near us or are often around us. B) friends, but not strangers. C) genetic relatives. D) people who are similar to us. E) offspring, but not siblings. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

22) Gene Burnstein, Chris Crandall, and Shinobu Kitayama (1994) found that when participants imagined a housefire, they were more likely to help some people than other people. Based on these researchers’ findings, it seems that in life-and-death situations A) functional distance will determine who is helped. B) culture is more important than biology. C) norms are more important than genetic similarity. D) biological relatives are more likely to be helped than non-relatives. E) women are more sensitive to norms and men more sensitive to biology. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

23) A giant tornado is bearing down on Dorothy’s farm house. She only has time to help one other resident. Based on research conducted by Gene Burnstein and his colleagues (1994), whom will Dorothy take with her to the storm cellar? A) her favourite farm hand, Ray B) her grandmother, Margaret C) her best friend, Greg D) her beloved dog, Toto E) her sister, Glenda Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

24) Which of the following statements about research on altruism is true? A) Men were more likely than women to report that they would help relatives in a life-threatening situation. B) Women were more likely than men to report that they would help relatives in a non-life-threatening situation. C) People reported that they would be more likely to help relatives than nonrelatives in a life-threatening situation but not in a situation that was nonlife threatening. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) People in collectivist cultures were more likely than people in individualistic cultures to report that they would help a relative in a life-threatening situation. E) People in individualistic cultures were more likely than people in collectivist cultures to report that they would help a relative in a life-threatening situation Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

25) Although evidence from studies presented in the chapter suggests that people are more likely to help family than strangers or friends in some situations, they also note that people are equally likely to help a friend or family member under certain circumstances. Which of the following is an example of one of these circumstances? A) Saving someone from drowning. B) Donating a kidney. C) Jumping in front of a car to grab someone who is about to be hit. D) Picking up notebooks and pens after someone drops them accidentally. E) Helping someone pay off a line of credit. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

26) In explaining the process by which kin selection works to encourage altruism, evolutionary psychologists would argue that A) norms have arisen to replace ingrained human behaviour. B) over millennia, genes of those who follow the “biological importance” rule will survive. C) the “biological importance” rule is only relevant in Western cultures. D) helpers consciously consider “biological importance” before helping. E) the “biological importance” rule is used only in non-life threatening situations. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) Which of the following is a valid critique of the evolutionary notion of kin selection? We might sacrifice to save people closely related to us because A) the reciprocity norm encourages such behaviours. B) we want to ensure that our genes are passed on. C) we have closer emotional ties, not because of genetic relatedness. D) the social responsibility norm encourages such behaviours. E) “biological importance” is only a relative concept. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

10-7

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

28) In Dunfield and Kuhlmeier’s study (2010) 21-month-old infants were offered an attractive toy by one of two confederates. The confederate did not actually give the toy to the infant. One of the confederates was willing but unable to give the toy because it ‘accidentally’ rolled off the table. Another confederate was unwilling to give the toy to the infant. When later the infants could choose who they gave the toy to A) the majority kept it to themselves. B) they most often gave it to the willing but unable confederate. C) they most often gave it to the unwilling confederate. D) they were equally likely to give it to either confederate. E) the majority had a temper tantrum. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

29) In Dunfield and Kuhlmeier’s study (2010) 21-month-old infants offered an attractive toy, but were prevented from acquiring it either by a willing but unable confederate (the toy ‘accidentally’ fell off the table) or by an unwilling confederate who pulled the toy away before the infant could take it. According to the authors, the most startling finding was that 21-month-olds would ________ when they could later choose whether to give the toy to one of the confederates. A) take account of the number of smiles of each confederate B) be generous enough to give away an attractive toy C) pick up on the intentions of the confederates D) only be generous if they had been given the toy earlier E) be completely ungenerous to even to the well-intentioned confederate Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

30) One consequence of living by the Golden Rule, “do unto others as you would have them do unto you,” is that if you help those in need, they might return the favour someday. This idea is best represented by A) the norm of fairness. B) normative social influence. C) the norm of obedience. D) informational social influence. E) the norm of reciprocity. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

31) Helga stops and helps Bjorn change a flat tire along the road because she figures that one day she’ll need help and someone will return the favour. This best illustrates the idea of __________. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

10-8

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) paying it forward B) reciprocity C) karmic law D) evolution E) altruism Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

32) Some evolutionary psychologists argue that in our distant past, those who selfishly pursued their own individual interests would be less likely to survive to pass on their genes. This argument lies at the heart of _______ as a source of altruistic behaviour. A) the ability to learn social norms B) kin selection C) social exchange D) normative social influence E) the reciprocity norm Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

33) According to Nobel laureate Herbert Simon (1990), norms such as the reciprocity norm that encourages altruism have become part of human cultures because A) there are survival advantages to learning the norms of one’s culture. B) norms are genetically inherited. C) in humans, values are more important than genes. D) evolutionary pressures no longer operate on humans. E) genetics always direct culture. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

34) Which of the following evolutionary psychology explanations for altruism is most closely tied to the psychological concept of learning? A) kin selection B) the reciprocity norm C) cultural norm transmission D) the norm of obedience. E) social exchange Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

10-9

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

35) According to evolutionary psychologists, we help others because of three factors that have become ingrained in our genes: the reciprocity norm, A) kin selection, and empathy. B) empathy, and .social exchange C) social exchange, and kin selection. D) kin selection, and the ability to learn to follow norms and customs. E) empathy, and cultural values. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

36) A principal theory in social psychology is social exchange theory (Homans, 1961; Thibaut & Kelley, 1959). According to this theory, we will be most likely to help others A) for whom we feel empathy. B) who are dissimilar to us. C) who are closely related to us. D) when the benefits outweigh the costs. E) who are similar to us. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

37) According to _______, helping occurs only when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs. A) evolutionary psychology B) the empathy-altruism hypothesis C) social exchange theory D) kin selection E) psychoanalytic theory Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

38) Social exchange theory would have the most trouble explaining which of the following helping situations? A) Anna visits people with AIDS as a requirement of her health psychology course. B) On the way home from work, David drops off some notes for a classmate. C) Joseph donates money to a charity and writes it off on his taxes. D) Theo walks calmly into heavy traffic to rescue a woman who collapsed in the crosswalk. E) A wealthy businesswoman makes a hefty donation to her congressman. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate 10-10

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

39) The basic assumption of social exchange theory is that we will help others when A) they have already helped us. B) they are similar to us. C) the rewards outweigh the costs. D) when the costs are low. E) the rewards are high. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

40) _______ theory would be most likely to mention such factors as social approval and increased self-worth as motivations for prosocial behaviour. A) Empathy-altruism B) Self-perception C) Social exchange D) Norm activation E) Self-esteem Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

41) You ask your brother if you can borrow his car for a date on Saturday night. Before handing over the keys, he asks in jest, “What’s in it for me?” His question best reflects _______ as applied to prosocial behaviour. A) the empathy-altruism hypothesis B) an egocentric perspective C) the reciprocity norm D) kin selection E) social exchange theory Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

42) Consider the following quote from Francois La Rochefoucauld (1678), “What seems to be generosity is often no more than disguised ambition.” His sentiment best reflects assumptions of A) social exchange theory. B) the empathy-altruism hypothesis. C) psychoanalytic theory. D) a sociobiological perspective. E) the self-interest hypothesis. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

10-11

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

43) Helping someone in need so that you won’t feel guilty is an example of A) the influence of instincts on altruism. B) the effects of empathy on altruism. C) a social-exchange approach to altruism. D) the cultural explanation for altruism. E) an evolutionary explanation for altruism. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

44) Elaine explains that she donates money to charity because, “It makes me feel like I’m investing in the future. It just feels good!” Her motive for helping is BEST described by which theory? A) evolutionary B) social exchange C) kin selection D) empathy-altruism E) norm of reciprocity Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

45) Although George wants to help a stranded motorist he passed on the freeway, he passes by because he knows it would take too much time out of his busy schedule. What theory offers the BEST explanation as to why George did not help? A) evolutionary B) negative-state relief C) empathy-altruism D) social exchange E) kin selection Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

46) Mayling is approached by a homeless person on the street and asked for some change. Mayling has been struggling to make ends meet and decides that she can’t afford to give money to the homeless person right now. What theory BEST explains her choice? A) evolutionary theory B) kin selection C) social exchange D) the norm of reciprocity E) empathy-altruism Answer: C Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

10-12

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

47) _______ refers to the ability to experience events or emotions from another person's perspective. A) Reactance B) Empathy C) Identification D) Altruism E) Transference Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

48) A child starts to cry after she sees her best friend trip and scrape her knee. The child’s behaviour is most likely an example of A) empathy. B) fear. C) shame. D) confusion. E) guilt. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

49) “Put yourself in my position,” Janice whines. “Can’t you spare an hour to help me out?” Janice is attempting to evoke _______ when trying to persuade you to help her. A) empathy B) the reciprocity norm C) kin selection D) sympathy E) social exchange pressures Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

50) According to Dan Batson’s (1991) empathy-altruism hypothesis, Jane is most likely to help A) Joe, who just told Jane that his mother passed away. B) Liz, who is Jane’s cousin. C) Emily, who just helped Jane move into a new apartment. D) Susan, who made Jane very angry yesterday but apologized today. E) Bill, who told Jane that he “feels her pain” and understands her needs. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

10-13

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

51) Every morning at the bus stop, Carlos encounters an old woman begging for change. She is clearly hungry and alone. Because Carlos feels very bad for this woman and can “feel her pain,” he makes a point of giving her some change each morning that he sees her. Which theoretical approach best explains Carlos’s behaviour? A) social-exchange theory B) self-perception theory C) norm of reciprocity D) empathy-altruism hypothesis E) kin selection Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

52) Which of the following statements is most closely related to the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 1991)? A) "Walk a mile in my shoes.” B) “You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours.” C) “Before you accuse me, take a look at yourself.” D) “I’ll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today.” E) “Look before you leap.” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

53) According to Daniel Batson (1991), when people experience empathy with another in need, _______ motivates helping. A) maximizing rewards B) passing their genes to the next generation C) making a difference in the world D) minimizing costs E) helping others independent of self-interest Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

54) Suppose Dan is late for a very important meeting. As he runs toward his car, he sees a woman using crutches who has dropped a large stack of papers onto a busy sidewalk. Dan feels a great deal of empathy for this woman because he remembers how tough it was when he had to use crutches a couple years before. According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, Dan will __________. A) help her pick up the papers because he knows that she and other people around them will think he’s a nice person B) help her pick up the papers because he wants to reduce his own and her distress C) help her pick up the papers because he wants to feel good about himself D) not help her pick up the papers because he knows how long it takes to pick up Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

10-14

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

papers E) help her pick up the papers because he believes that this good deed will be rewarded in the future Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

55) According to research by Dan Batson and his colleagues (e.g., Toi & Batson, 1982), when empathy is A) low, people only help when the costs are high. B) high, people will pay attention to social exchange factors. C) high, people will help no matter what the costs. D) low, people will help no matter what the costs. E) low, people will help when the costs are high. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

56) In support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis, Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982) found that participants were more likely to help a student named Carol who was injured in an automobile accident when they were told A) to try to imagine how Carol felt about what happened to her and how it changed her life. B) that they would never come face to face with Carol. C) they would be paid to help Carol. D) that Carol had other friends who might be able to help her. E) to be objective, and not to focus on how Carol felt. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

57) Participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982) listened to an (alleged) radio interview in which a student in their Introductory Psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Based on the empathy-altruism hypothesis, the researchers predicted that participants would help Carol when A) they were instructed to be objective while listening to the interview. B) Carol made a direct request for participants’ help. C) they believed that they would see Carol back in class. D) they were instructed to try to imagine how Carol felt. E) Carol was believed to be attractive. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10-15

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

58) Participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982) listened to an (alleged) radio interview in which a student in their Introductory Psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Some participants were told that Carol would soon be returning to their class. Why would Toi and Batson refer to this as a “high cost” condition? A) Every time participants saw her, they would be able to empathize with her. B) Carol was still in a wheelchair and it would be hard for her to get to class. C) Every time participants saw her, they would feel guilty if they didn’t help her. D) Participants would have to go out of their way to copy their notes for Carol. E) Carol would soon be competing for grades with the participants. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

59) Participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982) listened to an (alleged) radio interview in which Carol, a student in their Introductory Psychology class, described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Some participants were encouraged to empathize with her, while others were encouraged to listen objectively to the interview. Some participants in each of these two groups were led to believe that Carol would be returning to their psychology course, while others were led to believe that she would finish out the term at home, so they would never see her. Toi and Batson found that when participants _______, their decision to help was guided by _______. A) were shown a picture of Carol; social exchange concerns. B) listened objectively; their own personal experiences. C) listened objectively; social exchange concerns. D) empathized with Carol; their own personal experiences, E) empathized with Carol; social exchange concerns. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

60) Participants in an experiment by Miho Toi and Daniel Batson (1982) listened to an (alleged) radio interview in which a student in their Introductory Psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Think for a moment about the method and results of their study. Now assume that you need help from someone, and you have reason to doubt that the other person will be able to empathize with your situation. What should you say to that person to increase the odds that he or she will come to your aid? A) “You’ve always come through in the past for me.” B) “If I don’t see you tonight, I’ll see you tomorrow and Wednesday.” C) “If you say ‘no,’ don't ask me for any future favours.” D) “If you help me out, I'll buy you lunch.” E) “If you help me tonight, I’ll return the favour next week.” Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

10-16

Chapter 10

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

61) Cameron et al. (2109) pointed out that empathy takes effort, and therefore, people might actively want to avoid it. In their extensive series of studies, what was one of their findings? A) If given a choice between an empathy task and a detached task, people were significantly more likely to choose the empathy task. B) The empathy task was perceived by participants as more pleasant than the detached task. C) Although the empathy task was perceived by participants as more effortful, mentally demanding, and unpleasant, the participants tended to feel they were good at it. D) Those who were led to believe they were good at empathy subsequently were more likely to choose the empathy task than the detached task and found it less effortful and demanding. E) The longer participants engaged in the empathy task, the less effortful and unpleasant they found it. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

62) The authors provide the text of a UPI story describing the discovery of the bones of a disabled dwarf in a cave in northern Italy. The reporters speculate that over 12,000 years ago, early hominids would take care of the disabled members of their group. _______ would argue that the bones belonged to a dwarf who was related to the other cave inhabitants, whereas _______ would argue that the other inhabitants relied on the dwarf for some unknown purpose. A) Evolutionary theorists; social exchange theorists B) Social psychologists; social exchange theorists C) developmental psychologists; evolutionary theorists D) Social exchange theorists; sociobiologists E) Social psychologists; evolutionary theorists Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

63) The authors of the text identify three basic motives underlying prosocial behaviour. What are these three basic motives? A) Moral integrity, social exchange, and negative-state relief B) Evolutionary, social exchange, and empathy-altruism C) Negative-state relief, empathic-joy, and moral integrity D) Kin selection, empathy-altruism, and negative-state relief E) Empathy-altruism, evolutionary, and moral integrity Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

10-17

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

64) Jim dives into the water to help his drowning sister; Ivan dives into the water to help a total stranger because he wanted to impress his new girlfriend and is a trained lifeguard. Jim’s motive to help is best explained by __________, while Ivan’s motive to help is best explained by __________. A) evolutionary theory; kin selection B) evolutionary theory; social exchange theory C) social exchange theory; empathy-altruism hypothesis D) kin selection; empathy-altruism hypothesis E) empathy-altruism hypothesis; evolutionary theory Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

65) In order to best predict whether people will help another person, it is best to know something about _______ and _______. A) their parents’ disciplinary practices; their personality. B) their relationship with the other person; their personality. C) their personal attributes; the particular situation in question. D) their past helping behaviours; the costs and rewards of helping. E) the costs and rewards of helping; the particulars of the situation in question. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

66) Which of the following is the best example of someone with an altruistic personality? A) Cassie, who helped her sister learn to read B) Jacques, who donated a kidney to his son C) Eun, who volunteers her time running a women’s shelter and regularly gives to charities D) Scott, who helps his landlord wash her car so that she will let him have a cat in his apartment E) Olga, who helped a classmate pick up their dropped pens and it made her bad day better Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

67) When it comes to helping behaviour, A) women are more helpful than men. B) men are more helpful than women. C) either gender might be more helpful, depending on the help needed. D) there is no difference between men and women. E) only women in collectivistic cultures are more helpful than men. Answer: C Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

10-18

Chapter 10

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

68) A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car. A man has AIDS and needs someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments. According to the research on gender differences in prosocial behaviour (e.g., Eagly & Crowley, 1986), which of the following is most likely to be true? A) John is more likely to help the man, while Karen is more likely to help the woman. B) John is more likely to help both the man and the woman. C) John is more likely to help the woman, while Karen is more likely to help the man. D) John and Karen are equally likely to help both the woman and the man. E) Neither John nor Karen will help either of them Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

69) A woman’s car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free. _______ is more likely to stop to help her out because _______. A) Apolline; the situation calls for sustained helping. B) Courtney; women are more likely to help someone of the same gender. C) Hector; the situation calls for an act of chivalry. D) Drago; the situation calls for sustained helping. E) Monica; women in general are more altruistic than men. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

70) Men are more likely to help in _______, whereas women are likely to help in _______. A) ways that involve a long term commitment; heroic ways. B) nurturing ways; communal ways. C) communal ways; exchange ways. D) heroic ways; ways that involve a long term commitment. E) heroic ways; altruistic ways. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

71) In analyzing gender differences in prosocial behaviour, helping that involves _______ is likely to be performed by _______. A) nurturance and commitment; women. B) nurturance and commitment; women and men equally. C) technical skills; women and men equally. D) heroic effort; women and men equally. E) formal volunteering; men. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

10-19

Chapter 10

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

72) When the prosocial behaviour of people low in socioeconomic status (SES) was compared with the prosocial behaviour of those high in SES (Piff et al, 2010), those low in SES were more prosocial when the situation involved A) giving a proportion of earned money to one’s partner in the study. B) helping their partner complete his or her task. C) reporting the percentage of income they believed should be donated to charity. D) all of the above – those low in SES were more prosocial than those high in SES in all situations studied. E) none of the above – those low and high in SES were equally likely to behave prosocially. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) Based on research by Piff and colleagues (2010), what can we say about the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and prosocial behaviour? A) No differences were found in prosocial behaviour based on SES. B) Both those high in SES and those low in SES were more likely to be prosocial than those in the mid-range. C) Those low in SES were more prosocial than those high in SES. D) Those high in SES were more prosocial than those low in SES. E) Those in the mid-range of SES were more prosocial than those high or low in SES. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

74) Which of the following is one of the findings of Piff and colleagues (2010), who studied, among other things, SES and the induction of helpfulness? A) Priming compassion had the effect of making people with high SES just as generous as people with low SES. B) Priming compassion had no effect on people with high SES. C) Priming compassion had an effect on people with low SES, but not high SES. D) People with high SES tend to be more prosocial than those with low SES, regardless of helpfulness induction. E) Compassion is not something that people with high SES are capable of. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

10-20

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) People’s self-concepts don’t seem to be affected by SES. B) Lower-class people tend to develop more communal self-concepts. C) Upper-class people tend to develop more communal self-concepts. D) Lower-class people tend to develop more agentic self-concepts. E) Lower-class people tend to score higher on measures of narcissism and entitlement. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

76) Bhavika was born and raised in a low SES neighbourhood. Based on this information and research discussed in the textbook, what type of self-concept would you expect Bhavika to have? A) A more agentic self-concept. B) A more autonomous self-concept. C) A more communal self-concept. D) A more independent self-concept. E) A more narcissistic self-concept. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

77) Whillans et al. (2017) investigated whether it would be more effective to tailor appeals for donations to people’s self-concepts. What did they find? A) It was not effective to tailor appeals for donations to people’s self-concepts. B) Wealthy people were not willing to donate, regardless of the type of message. C) Wealthy people were more willing to donate, and actually donated more, when they received a communal message. D) Wealthy people were more willing to donate, and actually donated more, when they received an agentic message. E) Less wealthy were not willing to donate, regardless of the type of message. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

78) You volunteer for a charitable organization and one of your “duties” is to try to raise money for your cause. You decide to go canvassing in an upper-class neighbourhood. Based on the discussion regarding SES, self-concept, and prosocial behaviour in the text, what should you do to give yourself the best chance of receiving donations? A) Prepare a more communal message, as communal messages appear to work best for people with high SES. B) Prepare a message emphasizing the importance of working together to support the cause. C) Prepare a message that goes against the self-concept of the people you ask for donations from. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) Prepare a written message and drop it off on each person’s doorstep in the form of a flyer. E) Prepare a message that is more agentic in nature, matching the self-concepts of the people you talk to. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

79) _______ is to “we” or “us” as _______ is to “they” or “them.” A) Out group; in group B) Interdependent; independent C) Entnocentrism; in group D) In group; out group E) Egocentrism; ethnocentrism Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

80) A(n) _______ group is a group which individuals identify with and of which they feel they are members. A) reference B) peer C) in D) social E) out Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

81) Compared to those in individualist cultures, people in interdependent cultures are A) less likely to engage in prosocial behaviour. B) more likely to engage in prosocial behaviour. C) less likely to engage in heroic acts, but more likely to engage in sustained helping. D) more likely to help in-group members, but less likely to help out-group members. E) equally likely to help out-group members. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

82) People in non-Western interdependent cultures are more likely than Westerners to help in-group members, but less likely to help out-group members. These findings suggest that in non-Western cultures, the line between Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

10-22

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) altruism and prosocial behaviour is unclear. B) altruism and prosocial behaviour is seldom crossed. C) empathy and egocentrism is unclear. D) in-groups and out-groups is unclear. E) in-groups and out-groups is firmly drawn. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

83) Which of the following statements about cultural difference in prosocial behaviour is true? A) People in individualist cultures are not very likely to help an “out-group” member or an “in-group” member. B) People in collectivist cultures are less likely to help “out-group” members than are people in individualist cultures. C) People in individualist cultures are as likely to help an “out-group” member as they are to help an “in-group” member. D) People in collectivist or interdependent cultures are as likely to help an “outgroup” member as they are to help an “in-group” member. E) People in individualist cultures are more likely to help “in-group” members than people in collectivist cultures. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

84) Your textbook authors point out that the unfair perception that people from Asian cultures are less altruistic than people from Western cultures is likely due to the fact that A) diffusion of responsibility makes it difficult to determine who has helped. B) just as much help is provided to out-group members as in-group members but it is done privately in Asian cultures. C) social norms of modesty mean that when you help someone you should not take credit for it. D) the altruistic personality type is not applicable to Asian cultures. E) it is more difficult to achieve idiosyncracy credits in Asian cultures. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

85) Research has demonstrated that people will help in-group members because __________. A) helping will earn them a reward B) they can make a good impression on others C) they have feelings of empathy D) it is an instinct E) it serves them in some way Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 10

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

86) Based on the research discussed in Chapter 10, which of the following statements about religion and prosocial behaviour is true? A) Religious people are more helpful than nonreligious people, but only when the person in need shares their religious beliefs. B) Religious people are more helpful than nonreligious people in every circumstance. C) Nonreligious people are more helpful than religious people in every circumstance. D) Nonreligious people are more likely to help strangers than are religious people. E) It is difficult to draw a clear conclusion about the relationship between religion and prosocial behaviour because oftentimes the data is correlational. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

87) Based on the research findings discussed in Chapter 10, who would be more likely to help a stranger? A) Johan, who is an athiest. B) Faroud, who is a devout Muslim. C) Katarzyna, who is not religious, and just watched a documentary on religion. D) Juanita, who is a devout Catholic, and just watched a documentary on religion. E) Kirandeep, who is a devout Sikh. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

88) Norenzayan and colleagues’ study on the effect of priming participants about religion found that A) priming religious concepts did not lead to prosocial behaviour. B) priming religious concepts was just as effective at encouraging prosocial behaviour as priming participants about kindness. C) priming religious concepts leads people to behave more prosocially. D) priming participants to think about kindness was more effective at encouraging prosocial behaviour than priming them about religion. E) priming almost never affects people’s behaviour. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) reminding people of God makes them more judgmental and less generous. C) putting people in a good mood increases their generosity. D) reminding people of their moral values increases their self-awareness and their generosity. E) reminding people of their moral values puts them in a bad mood which decreases their generosity. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

90) The “feel good, do good” effect in studies of prosocial behaviour refers to the idea that A) helping alleviates guilt which often leads to a good mood. B) people in a good mood are more likely to help. C) in adults, helping is self-reinforcing. D) helping in emergencies relieves distress. E) helping puts people in a good mood. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

91) Alice Isen and Paul Levin (1972) found that mall shoppers who found dimes were more likely to help a stranger pick up papers he had dropped. These results suggest that A) participants thought the money belonged to the man and wanted to return it. B) the dime primed participants to think about the possible monetary rewards of helping. C) thinking happy thoughts enhances both mood and helping. D) finding a dime instead of a quarter disappointed people, and this negative mood increased helping. E) finding a dime put people in a good mood and increased their helping. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

92) A number of studies have revealed that doing well on a test, receiving a gift, and listening to pleasant music can increase helping. These consistent findings across investigations suggest that when _______ they are _______ likely to help. A) someone is in a good mood; less B) someone is in a good mood; more C) someone is in a bad mood; more D) someone is in a bad mood; less E) someone’s mood changes; less

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Chapter 10

Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

93) Amos has just received a good grade on his calculus exam. He’s in a great mood and thinks to himself, “School’s going well, my relationship with Carrie is going great. It’s a wonderful world!” On the way out of the building, he finds that a bicyclist has hit a pedestrian, so he hurries over to help the fallen person. This example best illustrates which of the three reasons why positive mood enhances helping? A) We are motivated to prolong our good moods and helping does that. B) We are motivated to put others in a good mood when we are in a good mood. C) Good mood decrease self-attention, increasing the odds that we will notice another’s distress. D) Good moods enhance self-esteem, which leads to helping. E) Good moods make us look on the brighter side of life, so we are more generous in our attributions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

94) James has just received notice that he’s been admitted to the law school of his choice. As he walks along, humming the theme to L.A. Law, he’s in a good mood. He sees a worker fall off a ladder and rushes over to assist. What is the most likely reason behind James’ helpful behaviour? A) Good moods increase our tendency to process information systematically. B) Good moods tend to focus our attention inward, on our attitudes and values. C) Good moods change our interpretations of social rewards and costs. D) Good moods make our ability to empathize unimportant. E) Good moods make us more empathetic. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

95) Malika and Alicia are out shopping, when they are asked to contribute to AIDS research. Malika is happy because she just received an A- on her psychology exam, while Alicia is sad because she received a D. According to your text, who is most likely to contribute? A) Malika, because she’s in a good mood B) Alicia, because she’s in a bad mood C) both are likely to help because the cause is important D) neither Malika or Alicia are likely to help E) Malika and Alicia are both likely to help, but for different reasons Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

96) According to research on the effects of mood on helping, good moods are likely to _______ the odds that we will spontaneously help another, and bad moods are likely to _______ the odds that we will spontaneously help. A) increase; decrease B) decrease; increase C) neither increase nor decrease; decrease D) increase; increase E) decrease; decrease Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

97) The _______ hypothesis refers to the idea that people will often help to alleviate their own sadness and distress. A) social exchange B) empathy-altruism C) negative-state relief D) affect enhancement E) social perception Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

98) According to proponents of the negative-state relief hypothesis, people who feel sad, guilty, or dejected are motivated to help another in order to alleviate their own unpleasant feelings. Thus, the negative-state relief hypothesis reflects a(n) _______ approach to understanding prosocial behaviour. A) social responsibility B) sociobiological C) socialization D) social exchange E) interdependent Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

99) Mary Harris and her colleagues (Harris, Benson, & Hall, 1975) found that churchgoers were more likely to donate to charity before they attended confession than after, presumably because the act of confession A) distracted them. B) made them feel guilty. C) reduced their guilt. D) enhanced their self-esteem. E) reduced their self-esteem.

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Chapter 10

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

100) Mary Harris and her colleagues (1975) found that churchgoers were more likely to contribute to charity before confession than after confession. These findings are most compatible with the A) diffusion of responsibility effect. B) negative-state relief hypothesis. C) social exchange view of helping. D) empathy-altruism hypothesis. E) self perception view of helping. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

101) Timothy just got into a big fight with his girlfriend and as a result he is in a bad mood. When Kate asks him to contribute to her charity organization, Timothy readily agrees, which makes him feel better. Moments later when Mark asks Timothy to help him unload some things from Mark’s car, Timothy refuses. Timothy’s behaviour can best be explained by the A) negative-state relief hypothesis. B) empathy-altruism hypothesis. C) diffusion of responsibility effect. D) emotional inconsistency effect. E) social exchange effect. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

102) You are trying to convince your friend Alexandria to donate her time and money to your favorite charitable cause. If you wanted to use the negative-state relief hypothesis to persuade her to help, you would A) point out all the rewards associated with such charity work. B) put her in a bad mood to ensure that she makes a more thoughtful decision. C) put her in a good mood before you asked her to help. D) remind her of the last time she let you down, then ask her to help. E) point out all the things you will do to minimize inconvenience to her. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

103) In the grocery store one evening, Yolanda is in a good mood after earning a promotion at work, but Trudy is feeling quite guilty for stealing office supplies from work. When another shopper collapses on the ground unconscious, Yolanda would be likely to help according to the __________, while Trudy would be likely to help according to the __________. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) kinship effect; feel bad, do good effect B) feel good, do good effect; evolutionary explanation C) feel good, do good effect; feel bad, do good effect D) kinship effect; evolutionary explanation E) kin selection theory; social exchange theory Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

104) Paul Amato (1983) staged an incident in which a man fell down with a cry of pain and raised his pant leg to reveal a bloody injury. The staged scene was repeated in both rural and urban areas. When Amato counted the number of passersby who stopped to help the man, he found that A) because the man was a stranger, people in rural areas helped less. B) no matter where the staged incident occurred, people from small towns helped more. C) people in small towns helped more than people in urban areas. D) women in rural areas helped more than men, but in urban areas there was no gender difference. E) men in rural areas helped more than women, but in urban areas there was no gender difference. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

105) According to the urban overload hypothesis, people in cities should be less likely to help than people in small towns because A) people living in cities tend to be less empathetic. B) people in small towns have grown up with more trusting attitudes. C) people who live in cities are more likely to experience diffusion of responsibility. D) people in small towns tend to be more religious. E) people living in cities tend to keep to themselves to avoid overstimulation. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

106) If the urban overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970) is true, _______ to help a fallen pedestrian on the streets of New York City because _______. A) Elaine would not be likely; she tries to keep to herself amid all the stimulation. B) Alicia would be likely; urban areas are stressful and put people in bad moods. C) Roberto would not be likely; was socialized with urban values. D) Harold would be likely; he was born and reared in a small town.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Herman would be likely; he is used to being around many people, thus is more comfortable helping people. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

107) According to Stanley Milgram’s (1970) _______ hypothesis, compared to rural dwellers, people in large cities are bombarded with stimulation and work to reduce it by keeping to themselves. A) urban overload B) diffusion of responsibility C) bystander effect D) evaluation apprehension E) stimulus overload Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

108) Which of the following best describes the urban-overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970)? A) People who visit cities from rural areas quickly become less empathetic, so avoid helping behaviours. B) People who visit cities from rural areas feel isolated, so use helping as way to “reach out” to others. C) People who live in cities often feel overwhelmed, so simplify things by keeping to themselves. D) People who visit cities from rural areas feel overwhelmed, so avoid the urban dwellers. E) People who live in cities feel out of touch with others, so use helping as a way to “reach out.” Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

109) According to Milgram’s urban overload hypothesis, if you have a heart attack, where do you want to be when you have that heart attack? A) In a large city where there are more people who can help. B) In a small town where there are fewer people and distractions. C) In a moderately sized town where there is a balance between number of people and fewer distractions. D) In a large city, at a busy intersection. E) In a suburb outside of a big city because people tend to be more empathetic and kind in suburbs Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 10

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

110) According to research by Oishi and colleagues (2007), among others, people who lived in the same area for a longer period of time are more likely to feel all of the following EXCEPT A) a greater sense of attachment to the community. B) embarrassment and dislike for “rough” areas of town. C) more interdependence with their neighbours. D) a greater expectation that help will be reciprocated. E) a greater desire to help their neighbours. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

111) During a study by Oishi (2007), participants played a trivia game against four other students. Participants were allowed to help the other players, even though it could cause them to lose the game. Under what conditions were participants more likely to help other players? A) When they were new to the group. B) When they had been in the group longer. C) When they had a clear lead in the game. D) When they were the only female. E) When they were the only male Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

112) According to information presented by the authors of your text, why do people who have lived in the same place longer tend to be more likely to help? A) They feel more interdependent with their neighbours and attached to the community. B) Stable individuals are more likely to have altruistic personalities. C) They feel empathy more easily. D) Because everyone around them is an ingroup member. E) Because they have more close personal relationships. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

113) Based on information from your text on the importance of belonging to a community, which of the following people would be more likely to give to a local charity? A) Marla, who just moved from Toronto B) Frank, who just moved from a rural town C) Layla, who has lived in her community for her whole life Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) Steve, who moved to the community about a year ago E) Anton, who comes from Vancouver but has family living in the community Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

114) There is a _________ correlation between the length of time a person has lived in the same place and the likelihood that he or she will ________ in the community. A) zero; help B) negative; help C) positive; feel alone D) negative; feel a sense of belonging E) positive; help Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

115) When viewing a commercial for a local charity, who would be the most likely to later contribute to the charity? A) Joe, who is a wealthy traveller passing through B) Harry, who just moved to the community C) Laura, who has lived in the community for two years D) Shiloh, who has lived in the community her entire life E) Boris, who commutes to the community for work, but lives in a neighbouring town. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

116) The bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970) represents a _______ approach to the study of prosocial behaviours. A) social exchange B) individualistic C) situational D) mood E) personality Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

117) The bystander effect refers to the finding that A) bystanders are likely to help if costs are low. B) the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely individuals are to help.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) bystanders will be more likely to help when they feel they are competent to do so. D) witnesses to an emergency are more likely to help victims similar to them. E) people in crowds are distracted, so they don’t interpret emergencies correctly. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

118) According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), if you just witnessed a mugging, you will be most likely to call for help if you A) believe there will be a high reward for helping. B) are one of seven witnesses. C) perceive yourself as similar to the victim. D) are in a good mood prior to the mugging. E) are the sole witness. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 298-299

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

119) Given empirical support for the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), all things being equal, you would be more likely to get needed assistance were you to have a heart attack A) in a crowded courtroom. B) in a busy restaurant. C) in a dentist’s waiting room. D) at a large convention of real estate agents. E) when having a conversation with one other person. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

120) In John Darley’s and Bibb Latané’s (1968) classic “seizure” experiment, participants were more likely to help the (alleged) seizure victim (and to help more quickly) when they believed that A) there were four other students listening. B) the experimenter was unaware of what was going on. C) they were the only one listening. D) they would later meet the victim face-to-face. E) the victim was in serious danger. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

121) When John Darley and Bibb Latané (1968) exposed participants to a faked seizure in one of three experimental conditions (participants were lone witnesses, one of two witnesses, or one of five witnesses), they found that Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) participants would rarely help, regardless of condition. B) helping is not substantially reduced when the number of witnesses increases from two to five. C) although participants who believed they were lone witnesses took longer to help, more of them did eventually help than in the other conditions. D) when lone participants thought the experimenter also overheard the seizure, they took longer to help. E) participants who thought they were lone witnesses helped more and helped faster. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

122) John Darley and Daniel Batson (1973) conducted a study in which participants were provided the opportunity to help when they were on their way to deliver a brief speech on the Good Samaritan or on another topic. These researchers found that _______ because _______. A) seminary students were more likely to help a man slumped in a doorway; they remembered the Golden Rule. B) participants who scored higher on empathy were more likely to help; they could take the suffering man’s perspective. C) participants in a hurry were less likely to help; they didn’t notice the man slumped in the doorway. D) participants who were to discuss the Good Samaritan were more likely to help; the norm of charity was more accessible. E) participants who scored higher on prosocial behaviours were more likely to help; it was in their nature. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

123) Based on results of John Darley and Daniel Batson’s (1973) “Good Samaritan” experiment, who is most likely to help an elderly woman who has slipped on the ice? A) Clifford, who has just read the New Testament B) Diane, who is killing time before an appointment C) Yulia, who is with several of her friends D) Norman, who has just won first prize in a speech contest E) Sam, who is a seminary student Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Decide to implement help. C) Notice the event. D) Interpret the event as an emergency. E) Diffusion of responsibility. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

125) According to the text, pluralistic ignorance plays a role in which of the following factors that influence whether or not bystanders help someone in need? A) whether or not they assume personal responsibility for helping B) whether or not they conclude that helping would be too embarrassing or dangerous C) whether or not they know how to help the person in need D) whether or not they notice the emergency E) whether or not they interpret the situation as an emergency Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

126) Pluralistic ignorance results when _______ backfires. A) urban overload B) normative influence C) informational social influence D) social exchange concern E) contagion Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

127) The concept of _______ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency looked concerned, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong. A) pluralistic ignorance B) diffusion of responsibility C) normative influence D) the bystander effect E) evaluation apprehension Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

128) Gillian is sitting in a crowded coffee shop when she hears the squeal of brakes and the crash of metal-on-metal. She looks around and notices that all the other customers remain engrossed in their conversations. Because these cool and calm responses _______, Gillian will be _______. A) decrease evaluation apprehension; more likely to go outside to help. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 10

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B) increase pluralistic ignorance; less likely to assume it’s an emergency situation. C) provide normative cues; less likely to go outside to help. D) reduce Gillian’s sense of personal responsibility; less likely to go outside to help. E) increase evaluation apprehension; more likely to go outside to help. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

129) Joseph was on the subway when he noticed a man lying slumped over on the seat. Joseph looked around at the other passengers, who seemed calm and unconcerned. Joseph concluded that the man was probably okay. However, the other passengers may have been looking around at Joseph, to see how he reacted. This would be an example of A) pluralistic ignorance. B) false uniqueness. C) conformity. D) social reciprocity. E) social failure Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

130) When other bystanders are present, people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency. _______ best explains why this is so. A) The norm of obedience B) Cognitive dissonance theory C) Informational social influence D) The overload hypothesis E) Normative social influence Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

131) Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of _______ to inhibit helping. A) negative-state relief effects B) informational social influence C) diffusion of responsibility D) urban overload E) the norm of obedience Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

132) Bibb Latané and John Darley (1970) had participants complete questionnaires alone or in the presence of two others. When the experimental room filled with “smoke,” participants who were alone reported the potential emergency more quickly than those who worked on the questionnaire in the company of others. These results provide support for the concept of A) the overload hypothesis. B) pluralistic ignorance. C) social exchange theory. D) evaluation apprehension. E) diffusion of responsibility. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

133) Pluralistic ignorance is most likely to discourage intervention in an emergency when A) the situation is ambiguous. B) victims are dissimilar to the witnesses. C) an emergency occurs in an urban setting. D) victims do not know the witnesses. E) experts show the appropriate form of assistance. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

134) Uzo is walking down the street when she hears a scream. She looks around to see if anyone needs help and notices the other people on the street shrug and keep walking. She decides that the person probably just shouted out of surprise and doesn’t actually need help. This is an example of A) kin selection. B) diffusion of responsibility. C) negative-state relief. D) pluralistic ignorance. E) social exchange domination. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

135) Pluralistic ignorance is to _______ as diffusion of responsibility is to _______. A) social exchange; competence. B) incompetence; competence. C) perceptions of competence; social exchange. D) interpretation; personal responsibility. E) evaluation apprehension; personal responsibility. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate 10-37

Chapter 10

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

136) According to reports (Rosenthal, 1964), many of Kitty Genovese’s unresponsive neighbours did hear her crying out, “Oh my God, he stabbed me! Please help me! Please help me!” This suggests that the reason that her neighbours failed to intervene followed from A) the excessive costs of helping. B) diffusion of responsibility. C) urban overload. D) evaluation apprehension E) pluralistic ignorance. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

137) Lessons learned from experimental research on the diffusion of responsibility suggest that Kitty Genovese might be alive today had A) her neighbours owed her a favour. B) she had been attacked in a place with fewer people around. C) she been attacked where her neighbours could see her. D) she been closer friends with her neighbours. E) her neighbours been more caring. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

138) Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground. She thinks about whether to call an ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so. This is an example of A) social perception theory. B) diffusion of responsibility. C) the empathy-altruism hypothesis. D) social exchange theory. E) the urban-overload hypothesis. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

139) According to Bibb Latané and John Darley (1970), a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene in an emergency situation. According to this stage model, diffusion of responsibility is most likely to affect witnesses’ A) empathy. B) assessments of the costs and benefits of intervening. C) interpretation of an event as an emergency. D) sense of obligation to intervene. E) attention to their surroundings.

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Chapter 10

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

140) Which of the following factors accounts for the fact that a person participating in an Internet chat room is less likely to receive help when more people are online? A) urban overload hypotheses B) pluralistic ignorance C) deindividuation D) diffusion of responsibility E) not knowing how to help Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

141) Pluralistic ignorance is to __________ as diffusion of responsibility is to __________. A) perceptions of competence; social exchange B) evaluation apprehension; personal obligation C) interpretation; personal obligation D) incompetence; competence E) illusory correlation; interpretation Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

142) While waiting for a bus, witnesses hear a man growing increasingly frantic as he cries, “My nitro tablets. Where are my nitro pills? I can’t find my nitro tablets and I’m having a heart attack!” He collapses to the ground, clutching his chest. Everyone knows that it is a medical emergency. In this situation, who is most likely to help? A) Gene, who has been sued before for leaving the scene of an accident B) Tim, who has had a heart attack himself recently C) Anita, who hears a voice from the back of the crowd, “Let me through! I’m a doctor!” and follows the lead of this model D) James, who has completed a CPR course E) Arthur, who notices that blood is streaming down the man’s chin and onto his shirt Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

143) If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most likely to get you the help you need? A) “Will someone please help me?” B) “Help!!! This is an emergency!!” C) “Hey! I’m in trouble here!” Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) “You in the red sweater—call 911!” E) “I think I’m having a heart attack, help!” Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

144) Consider the following potential costs of helping: encounters with the police, physical harm, the loss of valuable time. All of these factors are most likely to influence whether A) individuals feel personally responsible to intervene. B) an ambiguous situation is interpreted as an emergency. C) witnesses feel competent to help. D) individuals believe that prosocial behaviour is important. E) help is implemented. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

145) According to Latané and Darley (1970), a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene in an emergency situation. According to this stage model, when witnesses __________, costs of helping will be most relevant to their behavior. A) decide whether to implement their decision to help B) attempt to determine whether the event is actually an emergency C) decide whether they are personally responsible to intervene D) decide whether they have the necessary skills to intervene E) notice the event Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

146) Which of the following statements concerning helping in emergency situations is true? A) People who don’t help are typically found to have “colder” personality traits. B) Due to the many factors that influence helping, students who hear lectures on the bystander effect are no more likely to offer help in an emergency than those who don't. C) Being aware of the barriers to help can increase helping. D) In the age of cell phones it is usually safe to assume that someone has already called authorities for help. E) Helping behaviours can never be predicted. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy 10-40

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147) Arthur Beaman and his colleagues (1978) exposed some students to a lecture on bystander intervention research and other students to a lecture on an unrelated topic. Two weeks later A) students exposed to the lecture on helping were more likely than others to help, even in the presence of an unresponsive confederate. B) the students had forgotten what they learned, suggesting that education is not beneficial in increasing helping. C) students who did poorly on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard. D) students who did well on a test were less likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard. E) students who did well on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

148) Greitemeyer and his colleagues have conducted a number of studies to examine the effects of video games on helping. Some participants played a prosocial video game and others played a neutral video game. What was found? A) People who played a prosocial game were no more likely to help than those who played a neutral game. B) People who played a prosocial game were more likely to help in all situations, even potentially dangerous ones than those who played a neutral game. C) People who played a prosocial game were more likely to help in situations that didn’t involve much effort, but not in situations that were more timeconsuming or that were potentially dangerous. D) People who played a prosocial game were less likely to help in all situations than those who played a neutral video game. E) Playing any type of video game led to more aggression, not helping behaviour. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

149) Tobias Greitemeyer’s research on the effect of video games suggests that A) participants who play prosocial games in the lab will help more than participants who play neutral games. B) participants who play prosocial games in the lab will help less than participants who play neutral games. C) participants who play prosocial games will help, but only when there is very low cost to helping. D) people who do not like video games are likely to help others.

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E) people whose siblings play prosocial games will be more prosocial themselves. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

150) Prosocial video games and songs make people more cooperative because they __________ and _________________. A) increase self-esteem; decrease behavioural inhibitions. B) prime the norm of reciprocity; increase empathy. C) increase self-esteem; increase thoughts about helping others. D) prime the norm of reciprocity; decrease behavioural inhibitions. E) it increase empathy; increase thoughts about helping others. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

151) Dima just finished listening to a charity album filled with songs about helping and caring for others who are victims of war in Darfur, flooding in Manitoba, and famine in Somalia. Why would she be more likely to help the lady parked near her whose car has a flat tire? A) Thoughts of helping are cognitively accessible after listening to the album. B) Listening to the album increased her desire to get rewards and credit for being helpful. C) As it turns out, she is related to the lady whose car has a flat. D) She has nothing better to do. E) Listening to the album put her in a good mood and good moods can lead to helping behaviour. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

152) One powerful way parents can encourage prosocial behaviours in their children is to reward helping behaviour with praise and hugs. This statement is consistent with a _______ explanation for altruism. A) reciprocation B) self perception C) modelling D) kinship selection E) social exchange Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

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153) According to the authors, one powerful way to instill helpfulness in children is to A) instruct them that helping others is the right thing to do. B) scaffold successive approximations to altruism. C) remind them to empathize with others. D) reward prosocial acts with praise and hugs. E) punish selfish acts and reward helpful acts. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

154) Alexis wants her son Bobby to grow up to be a prosocial adult. Research on the overjustification effect suggests that Alexis should A) tell Bobby that he will be grounded if he does not help others. B) praise Bobby for being a “helpful person” when he is especially helpful to others. C) tell Bobby that Santa Claus will not give him any gifts if he does not share with his little sister. D) pay Bobby for reading books to his little sister. E) reward Bobby with small gifts when he is especially helpful to others. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

155) According to the authors, providing _______ can lead to _______. A) insufficient rewards for prosocial acts; extrinsic motivation to help. B) barely sufficient rewards for prosocial acts; self-attributions as “kind” and “helpful.” C) excessive rewards for prosocial acts; intrinsic motivation to help. D) insufficient rewards for prosocial acts; an antisocial personality. E) excessive rewards for prosocial acts; an antisocial personality. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

156) When community service work is required by a school or business, there is the downside risk that people will infer that they are volunteering only because it is required and will be less likely to freely volunteer in the future. This risk is known as the __________. A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) spotlight effect C) overjustification effect D) door-in-the-face effect E) social exchange effect Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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157)

The overjustification effect suggests that providing __________ for volunteering or community service can undermine __________. A) excessive rewards; an intrinsic motivation to help B) excessive rewards; self-attributions such as “greedy” C) barely sufficient rewards; self-attributions such as “kind” and “helpful” D) insufficient rewards; an intrinsic motivation to help E) insufficient rewards; an extrinsic motivation to help Answer: A Type: MC

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LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

To ensure that community service participation for a school or job does not undermine people’s intrinsic motivation for helping, an administrator should do which of the following? A) try to ensure that the venue for helping is in the venue of a person’s expertise B) try to ensure that people are helping strangers rather than friends C) try to ensure that people feel that their help is voluntary D) try to ensure that people notice the need for help by clearly defining the situation E) try to reward the volunteers as much as possible Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

159) Your friend Ellen has come to you for advice about her four-year-old son. She says, “I don’t know why he won’t be nicer to his little sister. Every time he helps her dress, I buy him a new toy.” You’ve just read Chapter 10. What would you say to Ellen? A) “Try punishing him when he's mean to Becky.” B) “Read him the Bible story of the good Samaritan.” C) “Remind him that when Becky gets older, she might be able to help him sometimes.” D) “Perhaps he’s convinced himself that the reason he’s nice to Becky is because you buy him presents.” E) “Try buying him more than one toy each time he helps.” Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

160) According to research supporting the overjustification effect (e.g., Grusec et al., 1979), if you want to encourage children to behave in prosocial ways toward each other, you should A) promise them tangible rewards, like stickers, if they are nice to each other. B) commend them and tell them how wonderful you think they are after they have been nice to each other. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) require them to be nice to each other. D) punish them if they do not engage in prosocial behaviours. E) try not to interfere with their interactions. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

161) Kyla is opposed to rewarding her children when they behave in prosocial ways with others. She asks you about some alternatives to tangible rewards. You’ve just read Chapter 10 (Prosocial Behaviour). What would you suggest? A) “Don't worry about it now. Peers can be a good influence; they’ll learn to share in school.” B) “You should reconsider. Rewards are the best way to ensure that your child will behave in prosocial ways.” C) “If you cannot reward them for positive acts, punish them for negative acts.” D) “Explain the concept of empathy to them and let them role-play.” E) “The kids can also learn to be helpful by watching you act in prosocial ways.” Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

162) Julie and Sven want to teach their children to engage in prosocial behaviour. To do this, they could A) make sure they all attend group sport activities regularly. B) bring their children to a park clean-up event so they can see their parents volunteering. C) give the children expensive toys and gifts every time they are helpful. D) plan a lot of playdates with other children. E) punish their children for misdeeds. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 10.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

163) Compare and contrast altruism and prosocial behaviour. In your explanation, include a good example of each concept that makes the primary difference between the concepts very clear. Answer: Altruism is the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper. Prosocial behaviour is any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person. Therefore, altruism is a specific form of prosocial behaviour (which is the larger category of helping behaviour). Examples provided by students will be different, but should fulfill the definition of each concept. Type: ES

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall and Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

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164) How do evolutionary theorists use the concepts of kin selection and the reciprocity norm to explain human prosocial behaviour? Answer: The notion of kin selection posits that people will be more likely to help a genetic relative than someone who is not genetically related because genetic relatives share our genes and their survival ensures that some of our genes will be passed on. The norm of reciprocity enhances the odds of helping another because this norm reflects the assumption that if we help someone else, the help will be reciprocated sometime in the future, thus enhancing the odds that we will survive to pass on our genes. This norm might have evolved in our species because of the adaptability of cooperation rather than individual selfishness. Type: ES

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

165) Is true altruism possible from the perspective social exchange theory? Explain the social exchange perspective and whether it can allow for true altruism. Answer: According to the social exchange theory, we attempt to maximize our rewards and minimize our costs when interacting with others. Therefore, helping others depends on the cost-reward ratio for the self. People help others in situations in which they expect that helping will result in more rewards than costs. The rewards of helping can be many: relief of one’s own distress, increased social approval, increased feelings of self-worth, and many others. There are also many potential costs of helping, from embarrassment to real physical harm. By definition an altruistic act is one that is carried out for another’s benefit and does not count the cost to the helper. According to social exchange theory we always count the costs. Thus, it is not possible to be altruistic from this perspective. [It is also possible to claim that altruism can be encompassed from this perspective but there should be a good rationale provided (e.g., just because a helper is concerned about the cost-reward ratio for helping, this does not mean that this is the only motive or the biggest motivation). If the emphasis in a helper’s motivation is the reward-cost ratio for the victim, to a greater extent than for the self, then the person is concerned about social exchange but is also being altruistic.] Type: ES

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

166) Some social psychologists, such as Daniel Batson (1991), believe that humans do sometimes help for selfless reasons. According to Batson, when does this happen? Answer: According to Batson, when people experience empathy with another, they are more likely to help the other for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of the helper’s personal gain (e.g., rewards, escaping his or her own distress). This is referred to as the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Empathy in this case refers to the ability to put oneself in the other’s position, to experience events and the other’s emotions. Thus, Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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when people can take the other’s perspective, they are more likely to help another person, independent of any rewards the helper might accrue. Type: ES

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

167) Provide a list and a brief definition of each of the motives underlying prosocial behaviour. In addition, apply this knowledge by providing a scenario where helping behaviour is explained by each motive. Answer: Evolutionary psychology believes that through natural selection we have ingrained needs to help others because it helps us to survive. Social exchange results in a cost/benefit analysis of helping behaviour. Lastly, empathy or being able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes can lead to prosocial behaviour as well. Examples provided by students will be different, but should fulfill the definition of each motive. Type: ES

LO: 10.1

Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

168) Explain what an altruistic personality is, and what research says about how this personality trait predicts behaviour in helping situations. Answer: The text explains that someone with an altruistic personality is someone who has the personality qualities that make them more likely to help than other people. Although there is some evidence that altruistic personality leads people to be somewhat more likely to help, it is not a very strong predictor of behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

169) Do men and women differ in their tendency to help? If so, how? Be sure to discuss gender roles in your answer. Answer: Alice Eagly and Maureen Crowley (1986) have focused on gender differences in helping. Whether men and women help depends on the situation. More specifically, because the masculine sex role in Western cultures encourages heroism and chivalry, men are more likely than women to help in situations that call for discrete heroic acts (e.g., diving into a river to save a drowning person). Because the feminine sex role in Western cultures encourages nurturing and a focus on commitment, women are more likely than men to help in long-term relationships that demand ongoing commitment (e.g., volunteering in hospitals or nursing homes). Type: ES

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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170) Enrique is extremely wealthy and lives in an upper class neighbourhood. Given what you’ve learned about the relationship between socioeconomic status and prosocial behaviour, would you expect Enrique to be more helpful or less helpful? Discuss using research findings. Be sure to also mention self-concepts in your answer. Answer: In a series of studies conducted in Canada and the United States, Piff and colleagues found that people who are of lower socioeconomic status (SES) gave more of the money they earned during an experiment to their partner in the experiment, were more likely to help their partner in an experiment complete his or her tasks, and, in another study, when asked what percentage of one’s income should be donated to charity, gave a higher number than did participants with a higher SES (Piff, Kraus, Côté, Cheng, & Keltner, 2010). In subsequent studies, these researchers have found that people develop different self-concepts, depending on how wealthy they are. More specifically, lower-class people tend to develop more communal self-concepts, meaning that the self is defined in terms of social connection to others. Upper-class people tend to develop more agentic self-concepts, whereby the self is defined in terms of an individual person’s capacity for personal control. Wealthy people also score higher on measures of narcissism and entitlement (Piff, 2014). Type: ES

LO: 10.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

171) Research shows that there is a relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and prosocial behaviour. Specifically, people with high SES are less likely to be prosocial. Is there a way to make wealthier people more helpful? Discuss using research findings. Answer: According to research mentioned in Chapter 10, there is a way to possibly make people with high SES more prosocial. To find out whether greater helpfulness could be induced in people with high SES, the researchers primed compassion by having participants watch a film clip on child poverty (participants in a control condition watched a conversation between two people). Priming compassion had the effect of making people with high SES just as generous as people with low SES typically are. Piff and colleagues (2010) conclude that people who have a lower SES are more concerned with the needs of others than those who have a higher SES, and this concern leads them to act in prosocial ways. Type: ES

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

172) It would seem reasonable to assume that people from interdependent cultures, in which people feel more “connected” to others, would be more likely to help than people from individualistic cultures. Explain why it is not quite that simple and straightforward. Answer: Before one considers the role of culture in shaping prosocial behaviours, it is important to differentiate between in-groups and out-groups. An in-group is a group with which one identifies and of which one feels he or she is a member (e.g., Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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friends, fellow students, members of one’s own culture). An out-group is a group with which one does not identify (e.g., strangers, members of another culture). The relation between one’s culture and one’s willingness to help is determined by whether the person in need of help is a member of one'’s in-group or one’s outgroup. In interdependent (e.g., Asian) cultures, in which there are very clear lines of demarcation between in-group and out-group, people are more likely than people from individualistic cultures (e.g., Westerners) to help friends, but actually less likely than Westerners to help strangers. Thus, the role of culture depends on whether the person in need of help is an in-group member (e.g., a friend) or an outgroup member (e.g., a stranger). Type: ES

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

173) There is a stereotype that individuals who are described as religious will be more likely to help than others. However, the research demonstrates that this is not universally true. Describe the research findings. Answer: While some work has shown that those who are religious are more likely to give money to charity and engage in volunteer work than those who do not attend religious services, there is also evidence that this finding is limited. Specifically, if the person needing the help is of the religious person’s in-group, there is a greater likelihood of helping. However, if the person needing help has different beliefs, then a religious person is no more likely to help than a nonreligious person. Type: ES

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

174) Social psychologists have found that people in good moods are likely to help, as are people in bad moods. Explain how the reasons for the help differs depending on the mood. Answer: Good moods encourage helping because (1) people in good moods tend to look on the “brighter” side of life and are less likely to make negative attributions about people who need help; (2) people savour good moods and helping can help prolong them; and (3) good moods increase self-attention and people are more likely to be aware of their values and ideals. Bad moods encourage helping for different reasons. People in bad moods are more likely to help because helping can serve to relieve negative moods such as sadness or distress. This is referred to as the negative-state relief hypothesis. Type: ES

LO: 10.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

175) Several researchers have found that people are more likely to receive help in a rural environment than in an urban environment. Are urban dwellers simply more callous? Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: Perhaps rural dwellers are more likely to be socialized to be trusting and altruistic. A more likely explanation for these differences is that people who live in urban environments are more likely to be bombarded with stimulation, and thus tend to keep to themselves to prevent becoming overwhelmed by that stimulation. This is the substance of the urban-overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970). Type: ES

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

176) In today’s world, people are more and more likely to relocate during their lifetime. Explain the implications this has for helping behaviour. Answer: Evidence presented in the text suggests that people who have lived in an area longer tend to feel more connected to their neighbours and the community, and are more likely to donate money and/or volunteer within the community. Thus, since many people move in their lifetime, it is likely that in general, people are not contributing as much time or money to charities in their local communities. Type: ES

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

177) In a series of studies, Bibb Latané and John Darley have discovered that the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any individual will help. Why is that? Answer: First, given the norm to remain “cool” and keep one’s wits, other bystanders may inadvertently signal to others that the situation is more innocuous than it really is. This pluralistic ignorance might discourage an individual from helping because he or she erroneously assumes nothing is wrong. Second, diffusion of responsibility often results when there are many bystanders. The more bystanders, the less likely it is that any individual will feel personally responsible to help. Type: ES

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

178) The crowded sidewalk is coated with ice. You feel a sharp pain and hear a cracking sound when you fall. You know that you’ve broken your leg. How might you overcome the bystander effect to ensure that you get help from passersby? Answer: First, make sure that people notice you. You might call out loudly so that they will see and hear you. Second, you need to make sure that they interpret the event as an emergency. Instead of simply calling for help, you might shout that you have broken your leg and cannot get up. Third, you need to make individuals feel personally responsible for helping. You might try to single out someone (a man would be better in this situation calling for heroic assistance) who looks capable of helping you. Try to make eye contact and say, “Sir, will you please help me? I’ve broken my leg.” Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Fourth, you might make it clear what kind of assistance is called for; tell people specifically to call 9-1-1. Type: ES

LO: 10.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

179) Using the bystander intervention decision tree, come up with an example of an emergency situation where a bystander was faced with each step of the “tree”. Answer: The example should outline the following - An emergency occurs. The first step is that the bystander must notice the event. If they are distracted or in a hurry, they may not notice, and thus, will likely not help the person. The second step is that the bystander has to interpret the event as an emergency. If they experience pluralistic ignorance or assume there’s nothing wrong for other reasons, they may interpret the even as a nonemergency, meaning they likely won’t help. The third step is assuming responsibility. If there are other people present, diffusion of responsibility is likely to occur, and the chance that the bystander will help decreases. The fourth step is knowing the appropriate form of assistance. If the bystander does not have the appropriate knowledge or is not competent, then they can’t offer the appropriate help. Finally, the fifth step is deciding to actually implement help. If there is potential danger to the bystander, if they have legal concerns, or they may face embarrassment by helping, then the probability that the bystander will help decreases. Type: ES

LO: 10.3

Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

180) Your friend’s son loves to play video games. She is very hesitant to let him play because of all of the negative attention video game playing has received. What would you say to her regarding prosocial video games? Answer: Several studies have shown that playing prosocial video games and listening to music with prosocial lyrics increases actual helping after the experimental session was over. It’s likely that the media increased individuals’ empathy toward those in need and increased the accessibility of thoughts about helping others. So, as long as your friend’s son is playing video games with prosocial content, it may be a good thing! Type: ES

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

181) Psychologists are often interested in how prosocial behaviour develops. For example, development psychologists believe that altruistic values can be instilled in children at an early age. What childhood experiences encourage prosocial behaviours? Answer:

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Early on, parents can reward prosocial acts with praise, although such rewards should not be so excessive as to provide external justification for helping others (i.e., the overjustification effect). Parents can serve as models by behaving prosocially themselves. Prosocial behaviours can also be increased when other adults, such as teachers, serve as role models. Type: ES

LO: 10.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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1) Two necessary preconditions for an action to be viewed by social psychologists as “aggression” include _______ and _______. A) intention to cause pain; success in doing so. B) actual harm; intention to cause pain. C) physical pain; psychological pain. D) intention to harm; psychological or physical pain. E) physical pain; an emotional reaction. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) According to most social psychologists, aggression is defined as A) any behaviour that inflicts emotional damage on another person. B) behaviour intended to cause harm to or pain in another. C) the intention to relieve frustration by harming another. D) any action that results in physical or psychological pain in another. E) the infliction of harm or pain on another. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) According to the social-psychological definition of “aggression,” which of the behaviours below is the best example of aggression? A) A student is upset with their professor after they receive a failing grade. B) One basketball player accidentally fouls another when he is trying to shoot. C) A child throws a temper tantrum and tries to hit his father. D) David is not paying attention and runs over the neighbour’s cat as he backs out of the driveway. E) Amanda asserts herself with her boss and makes a spirited argument for a raise. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

4) Which of the following is the best example of hostile aggression? A) Bernie is angry at his mother and screams at her, “I hate you!” B) Walter is angry and ignores a friend’s request for a favour until he calms down. C) Angela threatens her younger brother to force him to give up his toy. D) A lineman sacks a quarterback to put him out of the game. E) An angry driver loses control and runs his car into a ditch. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate 11-1

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5) _______ aggression is an act that stems from feelings of anger and that is aimed at inflicting pain. A) Misplaced B) Intentional C) Malicious D) Instrumental E) Hostile Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

6) _______ aggression is an act in the service of a goal that does not involve the infliction of pain. A) Oblique B) Misplaced C) Social D) Hostile E) Instrumental Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

7) Hostile aggression differs from instrumental aggression in that instrumental aggression A) is more destructive than hostile aggression. B) involves inflicting pain as a means to an end. C) is more likely to result in retaliation. D) often follows from anger or frustration. E) usually involves inflicting only psychological pain, and not physical pain. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

8) Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression? A) Scott has a quick temper and gets into fights at parties. B) Angry at her boyfriend, Liz destroys his stereo. C) Karin runs over her neighbour’s cat. D) Tie checks someone into the boards in order to get the puck. E) Andrea slaps Bob because she is offended at something he said. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

9) Instead of getting into physical fights when they want to intimidate one another, adolescents sometimes spread vicious rumours to destroy the reputation of another student. These behaviours are an example of Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) extreme prejudice. B) assertiveness. C) instrumental aggression. D) antisocial behaviour E) hostile aggression. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

10) _______ is defined as behaviour that causes pain, is meant to cause pain, and stems from feelings of anger, whereas _______ is defined as behaviour that causes pain, but is really a means to some other goal. A) Assertiveness; general aggression B) Instrumental aggression; hostile aggression C) Instrumental aggression; assertiveness D) Hostile aggression; instrumental aggression E) Hostile aggression; assertiveness Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

11) The goal of _______ aggression is to inflict pain, while the goal of _______ aggression is to achieve some other outcome. A) hostile; instrumental B) biological; evolutionary C) evolutionary; biological D) hostile; functional E) functional; instrumental Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

12) Hostile is to __________as instrumental is to __________. A) physical pain; emotional pain B) emotional pain; reaching a goal C) reaching a goal; physical pain D) physical or emotional pain; reaching a goal E) physical pain; social pain Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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C) instrumental D) hostile E) relational Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

14) Carmella is taking a business course at college. One of the assessments involves working in a group. She is the only female in her group and disagrees with one of her group mates regarding the mode of presentation. She speaks up and firmly states that there is a better way to present the material. Carmella is acting in a(n) __________ manner. A) assertive B) aggressive C) masculine D) abnormal E) inappropriate Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

15) Which piece of evidence would best support the notion that aggressiveness involves a biological component in humans? A) Across many cultures and classes, boys are consistently more aggressive than girls. B) Some tribes show evidence that aggression among them is virtually nonexistent. C) One particular culture can be peaceful for hundreds of years and then become aggressive due to changes in their living conditions. D) Kuo (1961) raised a kitten in the same cage as a rat, and the cat grew up refusing to chase or kill any rat it encountered. E) Within a culture, aggression is generally exhibited in the same way. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

16) Deaux and LaFrance (1998) performed cross cultural observational research that addresses levels of aggression in children. Based on the results of their research, which of the following children would be most likely to engage in “nonplayful” pushing, hitting, and shoving on the playground? A) Stacey, because she grew up in a large city B) Bobby, because he grew up in the United States C) Robyn, because her parents use threats of severe punishment D) Namara, because he is a boy E) Althea, because she spent her formative years in Ethiopia

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Chapter 11

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

17) Which of the following conclusions concerning gender differences in aggression is FALSE? A) Women’s aggression is more likely to be directed at a romantic partner than a stranger. B) Although men are much more aggressive than women under ordinary circumstances, gender differences are smaller when men and women are provoked. C) Women are less likely than men to be physically aggressive toward their partner. D) Patterns of male aggression show a link to alcohol consumption. E) Men’s aggression is more likely to be directed at other men. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

18) Which of the following findings concerning aggression in men and women is TRUE? A) The most frequent targets of male aggression tend to be female strangers. B) Men’s physical aggression tends to involve more severe forms of violence than women’s physical aggression. C) Physical aggression is most likely to be reported among long-term married couples. D) Women’s physical aggression results in greater degree of injury than men’s physical aggression. E) The most frequent targets of male aggression tend to be a romantic partner or spouse. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

19) According to evolutionary theory, some psychologists argue that men are programmed to be aggressive. What is their explanation for this claim? A) Men are stronger than women, thus more aggressive. B) Men are socialized to be more aggressive. C) Aggression may help men perpetuate their genes. D) Acts of aggression and violence are attractive to many women. E) Men are more likely to want more dangerous things, thus, they act aggressively. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

11-5

Chapter 11

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) dominance and jealousy B) hostility and instrumentality C) jealousy and hostility D) dominance and instrumentality E) socialization and heritability Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

21) Shortly after Mary and Robert started dating, he became aggressive to other men who showed an interest in his girlfriend, and made claims like, “Anyone who lays a hand on my woman has to go through me first.” Such claims and aggression are explained by evolutionary theory as __________. A) displays of dominance B) acts of power C) domestic violence D) sexual jealousy E) arrogance Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

22) Gesselman and Webster (2012) tested their hypothesis that people would respond more aggressively when threats were directed at their kin compared to those who are more distant with adults from 56 different countries. What did they find? A) Women reported more aggressive responses, overall, than did men and both men and women responded more aggressively when the target was a relative. B) Men reported more aggressive responses, overall, than did women and only men responded more aggressively when the target was a relative. C) Men reported more aggressive responses, overall, than did women and only women responded more aggressively when the target was a relative. D) Aggression rates did not differ significantly between men and women and both men and women responded more aggressively when the target was a relative. E) Men reported more aggressive responses, overall, than did women and both men and women responded more aggressively when the target was a relative. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

23) According to the authors of the textbook (and most social psychologists), aggression ________________________. A) is purely instinctive B) is an optional strategy C) cannot be modified by experience D) can only be inhibited by some organisms E) is only found in developed countries Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 11

Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

24) A(n) _______ would be most optimistic about the possibility of reducing human aggression. A) Freudian psychologist B) Jungian psychologist C) social psychologist D) evolutionary psychologist E) sociobiologist Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

25) Which statement best reflects most social psychologists’ beliefs about the nature of aggression? A) Aggression is the result of both inborn propensities and a particular situational context. B) Aggression is based on normal inborn instincts. C) Aggression is entirely determined by situational factors. D) Aggression occurs when unexpressed emotions build up inside and must be expressed to relieve pressure. E) Aggression is almost always maladaptive. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

26) Biologist Zing Yang Kuo (1961) demonstrated that a cat who had been raised from birth with a rat in the same cage would attack neither that specific rat nor other rats. This research suggests that A) aggression is species specific. B) aggressive instincts can be modified through experience. C) conflict over scarce resources contributes to aggression. D) aggression is an entirely learned response. E) aggressive behaviour is not instinctive. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) Ethologist Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1963) raised rats in isolation. When other rats were finally introduced into their cages, rats raised alone _______, suggesting that _______. A) fled from the new rats; aggression must be learned. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 11

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) used the same aggressive behaviours as other rats; aggression need not be learned. C) did not aggress against them; instrumental aggression does not exist in nonhumans. D) could not defend themselves; aggression is learned. E) become more aggressive than other rates; isolation leads to aggression. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

28) In an attempt to debunk the myth that aggression is instinctual, biologist Zing Yang Kuo (1961) raised a kitten in the same cage with a rat. Not only did the cat refrain from killing the rat, but the two became quite close companions. This experiment demonstrated that A) aggression is not instinctual. B) the aggressive instinct can be inhibited by early experience. C) it is possible to learn to discriminate—the cat would not attack rats, but would still attack other animals. D) the aggressive instinct can be inhibited in an artificial environment. E) the aggressive instinct can be inhibited in some species but not in others. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

29) Although aggressiveness has evolved and has been maintained because it has survival value, researchers underscore the point that _______________ also seem to have developed strong inhibitory mechanisms that enable them to suppress aggression when it is in their best interest to do so. A) nearly all organisms B) nearly all vertebrates C) cognitively developed species D) most primates E) only a few species Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

30) Based on research conducted with nonhuman animals, it is reasonable to conclude that aggression A) may be instinctive—very few species are able to suppress aggressive urges. B) is instinctive in all species except humans. C) is not inevitable, but instead an optional strategy. D) is not instinctive, but rather solely a result of learned processes. E) is only instinctive in “lower” animals. Answer: C Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

11-8

Chapter 11

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

31) The Pygmies of Central Africa and the Arapesh of New Guinea live in peace and harmony. Formerly peace-loving, the Iroquois became a fierce and aggressive Native American tribe in the seventeenth century. These examples illustrate that A) humans will always eventually exhibit aggressive tendencies. B) in humans, innate behavioural patterns, including aggression, are infinitely malleable and modifiable. C) there are strong regional differences in the endorsement of aggression as a solution to social problems. D) humans, lacking inhibitory mechanisms, must rely on cultural norms to curb aggression. E) frustration often contributes to aggression in otherwise peaceable societies. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

32) Amu lives in an isolated area and very close-knit community. The community hunts and farms together and must do so to survive. If Amu suddenly becomes aggressive toward other community members, what would be the likely result? A) Amu will be rewarded with a larger share of food. B) Amu will be elected to a leadership position in the community. C) Amu will be shunned and perhaps even cast out of the community. D) Amu’s behaviour will be ignored and won’t attract any attention. E) The rest of the community members will also become aggressive. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

33) Survey research by Nisbett (1993) has revealed that although southerners (people from the southern United States) are no more likely than northerners (those from the northern United States) to endorse aggression in general, __________. A) southerners are more prone to aggress in response to threats to their honour/reputation B) the availability of handguns in the South produces more homicides there C) the “culture of honour” in the North encourages alternatives to aggression D) southerners are less likely to endorse aggression at the service of selfprotection E) southerners are more prone to aggress in more violent ways Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

34) Assume that Kyle grew up in the southern United States, where a “culture of honour” predominates. Based on research presented in the text, Kyle would be more likely Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

11-9

Chapter 11

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

than someone who grew up in the northern United States to behave aggressively when__________. A) he feels his life is threatened B) someone insults him C) he has been drinking D) he has won a contest E) he has been watching a lot of violent movies Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

35) Wells, Graham, and West (1998) suggested that members of a particular Canadian subculture, bouncers who work in bars, were most likely to act in an extremely aggressive manner because A) the consumption of alcohol reduced inhibitions against aggressive behaviour. B) of perceived threats to their masculinity and authority. C) bar patrons tend to be aggressive. D) people who are aggressive by nature tend to take those kinds of jobs. E) the crowding and noise raised their levels of physiological arousal. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

36) Researchers Wells, Graham, and West have conducted a number of studies on male behaviour in bars, observing both bouncers and patrons. What conclusions have they reached? A) Bouncers used excessive aggression against bar patrons when the bouncers were intimidated and needed to defend themselves. B) No conclusions can be drawn as it was just observational research. C) If threats or fights occur it is usually in response to direct provocation. D) They documented the existence of a macho subculture among male bar patrons. E) Patrons in bars often provoke the bouncers to become aggressive. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

37) Suzanne is a master of relational aggression. Her tools for being aggressive would include __________. A) spreading rumours B) punching C) stealing D) hitting E) screaming Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 11

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

38) Brigit has been hanging out with the same group of friends for over 10 years. However, Brigit recently met a man and has found that her friends now talk about her behind her back. This is categorized as ___________. A) familial aggression B) relational aggression C) physical aggression D) bullying E) dispositional aggression Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

39) Based on the research presented in the text, if a group of 4-year-old girls wanted the play purse that another girl was given, what are they most likely to do? A) push her and take it B) cry until she gives it to them C) not play with her until she gives it to them D) wait patiently for their turn to play with it E) tell the girl’s mother they want it Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall and applied

Difficulty: Moderate

40) James Dabbs and his colleagues (e.g., Dabbs et al., 1995) have found that testosterone levels are significantly higher in men _______ than men ___________. A) convicted of property crimes; convicted of violent crimes B) who play professional sports; who play recreational sports C) from abusive homes; from non-abusive homes D) convicted of violent crimes; convicted of property crimes E) from lower socioeconomic backgrounds; higher socioeconomic backgrounds Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

41) In Carré and colleagues’ (2010) study of the testosterone levels of men who played a competitive computer game, which men showed an increase in testosterone? A) Men who were provoked and for whom aggression was rewarding. B) Men who were provoked and for whom aggression was costly. C) Men who were unprovoked and for whom aggression was rewarding. D) Men who were unprovoked and for whom aggression was costly.

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Chapter 11

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Men who chose to help the experimenter rather than play another computer game. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) In a study by Carré and colleagues, men played a computer game against a fictitious opponent. Researchers varied the rewards and costs as well as provocation from the opponent. Results supported the idea that A) testosterone levels will vary depending on situational factors. B) men who produce high levels of testosterone are more aggressive. C) testosterone levels are non-responsive to situational factors. D) aggression-levels vary as a response to situational factors rather than testosterone levels. E) aggression depends on serotonin levels to a greater extent than testosterone levels. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

43) Recall from your text that boys are more aggressive than girls, that worldwide, men are more likely than women to be convicted of violent crimes, and if women are arrested, it is typically for nonviolent crimes such as forgery or fraud. According to the authors, these findings suggest the role of _______ factors that contribute to aggression. A) cultural B) evolutionary C) biological D) social E) psychological Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

44) A large volume of research has revealed that, in everyday circumstances, aggression is less common among girls and women than among boys and men. Because these findings are _______, gender differences _______. A) consistent; are strictly biological in nature. B) small; are social in nature. C) consistent; can be extremely important. D) small; have nothing to do with biological factors. E) correlational; are still somewhat ambiguous. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

11-12

Chapter 11

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

45) _______ theory posits that we learn to aggress by observing and imitating others. A) Aggression spillover B) Psychoanalytic C) Social learning D) Frustration-aggression E) Direct reinforcement Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

46) A little girl watches a television cartoon in which a woman yanks a child by the hair and screams at her. After seeing the cartoon, the little girl acts out this same interaction with her doll. This is an example of A) catharsis. B) the frustration-aggression link. C) imagined aggression. D) social learning. E) instrumental aggression. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

47) The fact that a large percentage of physically abusive people were themselves abused by their parents can be best explained by A) urban overload. B) catharsis. C) frustration-aggression theory. D) genetic predisposition. E) social learning theory. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

48) Which of the following findings provides the most sound support for the assertion that we learn aggression by observing others and imitating them? A) Children who watch an adult assault a “bobo” doll will imitate that behaviour in the laboratory. B) Abusive parents were rarely themselves abused when they were children. C) Incidents of violence or threats of violence have occurred in different high schools within weeks of each other. D) Suicide rates increase after excessive news coverage of grisly suicides. E) Spectators at a boxing match are no more aggressive than those at a tennis match. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy 11-13

Chapter 11

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

49) Gina has recently been convicted in a highly publicized assault case. When asked by the press, she offers many reasons for her aggressiveness. Which of the following of Gina’s arguments would a social psychologists find the least compelling? A) “I watched a lot of violent television growing up.” B) “I used to watch my older brother beat up on neighbourhood kids.” C) “The man I assaulted provoked me. It wasn’t intentional, but I didn’t care.” D) “I’m a huge fan of boxing and watch all the bouts.” E) “I grew up watching hockey and there were always so many fights.” Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

50) Mike’s parents try to stop Mike from hitting his brother by punishing him. Based on social learning theory why might that not work? A) Mike will hide his violent behaviour from his parents. B) Mike will learn violent behaviours from the other kids in school. C) Mike’s parents serve as role models of aggression for Mike to imitate. D) It is normal for boys to go through an aggressive phase. E) Mike has a personality disorder. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

51) Based on the discussion of the link between alcohol and aggression, who is likely to engage in the most severe violence? A) Remie, who is the designated driver for her friend’s birthday party. B) Julio, who is enjoying a martini at an upscale lounge. C) Mitch, who is doing shots with his friends at the campus pub. D) Altai, who is drinking scotch in his home with a few friends. E) Zohaib, who is having a few beers with a friend at his house after playing soccer. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

52) Identify the true statement concerning the link between alcohol and aggression. A) When women show aggression it tends to be targeted towards other women in bars. B) Alcohol consumption leads to an increase in aggression in males, but not in females. C) Alcohol tends to interact with testosterone levels causing some individuals to be much more violent than others. D) Marital violence is much more likely to occur when the male partner abuses alcohol than if he does not abuse alcohol. E) Any links between alcohol and domestic violence are still unclear. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 11

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

53) Applying the research findings of Debra Pepler and colleagues (2002), how soon would we want to introduce interventions to deal with alcohol abuse and dating violence? A) age 11-12 B) age 16-17 C) age 19-21 D) age 13-14 E) age 17-18 Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

54) An experimental study by McDonald, Zanna, and Holmes (2000) gave alcohol, placebo drinks, or no drinks to male students in relationships. They were asked to describe and evaluate conflict in their relationship. The results show that A) both the intoxicated and placebo groups had a more negative view of their partner and their relationships than the control group. B) both the intoxicated and placebo groups had a more positive view of their partner and their relationships than the control group. C) intoxicated participants had a more positive view of their relationship than either the placebo or control group. D) intoxicated participants reported more negative emotions and had a more negative view of their partner than the placebo or control group. E) intoxicated participants changed to a more positive view of their relationship after consuming alcohol compared to their perceptions before consuming alcohol. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

55) The implications of the study by McDonald, Zanna and Holmes (2000) on the effect of alcohol on perceptions of conflict in relationships are that A) alcohol may have an indirect effect on conflict by making people less willing to work on conflict in the relationship. B) alcohol can play a causal role in increasing relationship conflict. C) alcohol has little direct effect on perception of conflict in a relationship. D) women’s perceptions of relationship conflict are more affected by alcohol than men’s perceptions. E) the fact that both the alcohol and placebo groups reacted negatively shows that alcohol provides an excuse for relationship conflict. Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

11-15

Chapter 11

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

56) Well-controlled laboratory experiments and field studies (e.g., McDonald, Zanna, & Fong, 1996) have revealed that alcohol consumption contributes to aggression by __________. A) increasing testosterone B) disrupting the way we process information C) increasing hostility D) decreasing frustration tolerance E) throwing neurotransmitters off balance Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

57) Gary, an Ontario man who has a reputation for violence, has been drinking with his friends. Stan approaches Gary and insults his girlfriend. Gary and Stan get into a fistfight. Which of the following best explains why Gary and Stan began to fight? Research suggests that __________. A) Ontario males are more prone to react to insults with aggression B) alcohol is especially likely to interact with testosterone to increase aggression C) alcohol lowers our social inhibitions and allows us to act impulsively D) people from different parts of the country hold different expectations about the effects of alcohol E) Alcohol impacts testosterone levels in males Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

58) Desdemona is having a bad day. As she runs to answer the phone, she bangs her knee on the coffee table. Cursing and limping, Desdemona grabs the phone and tosses it across the room. She never did figure out who called. This is an example of A) the neural basis of aggression. B) a biochemical cause of hostile aggression. C) aggression caused by pain. D) irrational behaviour. E) an interpersonal cause of aggression. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

59) In DeWall and Bushman’s (2009) study of the impact on aggression of heat- or coldrelated words, participants exposed to ________ words showed more ________. A) cold-related; aggressive word completions. B) heat-related; non-aggressive word completions. C) cold-related; hostile attributions to others behaviour. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) heat-related; hostile attributions to others behaviour. E) heat-related; non-hostile attributions to others behaviour. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

60) DeWall and Bushman’s (2009) study of the impact on aggression of heat-related, cold-related, or neutral words, found that those exposed to ________ words produced the most aggressive word completions. A) heat-related B) cold-related C) neutral D) heat- and cold-related E) cold-related and neutral Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

61) William Griffitt and Roberta Veitch (1971) administered tests to students who were randomly assigned to take the test in a room with normal temperature or in a 32ºC room. After completing the test, students were asked how aggressive they felt and their hostility toward a stranger was measured. These researchers found that students in the A) normal room felt more aggressive than those in the 32ºC room, but both sets of students were equally hostile to the stranger. B) 32ºC room felt more aggressive than those in the normal room and were more hostile to the stranger. C) normal room felt less aggressive than those in the 32ºC room, but were more hostile to the stranger. D) 32ºC room felt more aggressive than those in the normal room, but both sets of students were equally hostile to the stranger. E) normal room felt less aggressive than those in the 32ºC room, but both sets of students were equally hostile to the stranger. Answer: B Type: MC LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate 62) Given what the text presents about temperature and levels of aggression, during which month would you expect to find the highest rate of violent crime in North America? A) January B) April C) July D) November E) May Answer: C Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

11-17

Chapter 11

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

63) The idea that people who are low in serotonin tend to be more aggressive is known as the ____________________________. A) serotonin deficiency hypothesis B) serotonin reuptake hypothesis C) decreased serotonin model D) neurotransmitter balance hypothesis E) reduced serotonin theory Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

64) Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between serotonin and aggression is true? A) People who are low in serotonin tend to be more aggressive. B) Serotonin may be a causal factor in instrumental aggression but not impulsive aggression. C) People who are high in serotonin tend to be more aggressive. D) Different studies appear to obtain different results depending on how serotonin is measured and how aggression is measured. E) Studies have found a strong relationship between serotonin deficiency and physical aggression, but not relational aggression. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

65) _______ occurs when a person is thwarted on the way to an expected goal or gratification. A) Depression B) Frustration C) Low self-esteem D) Anger E) Anxiety Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

66) _______ refers to the tendency to aggress when we perceive that our progress is thwarted. A) The displacement effect B) Reactance theory C) The hydraulic model D) The catharsis hypothesis E) Frustration-aggression theory

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Chapter 11

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

67) Two children, Jane and Joan, have been eyeing a new water pistol in the local toy store for months. Each is convinced that her parents will buy her the water pistol as soon as summer comes. Yesterday, Jane’s parents bought her the water pistol. As soon as Joan found out, she had a temper tantrum and hit Jane in the stomach. _______ best explains Joan’s behaviour? A) The weapons effect B) The cathartic effect C) Social exchange theory D) Frustration-aggression theory E) The emotional consistency effect Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

68) Roger Barker, Tamara Dembo, and Kurt Lewin (1941) manipulated _______ by making some children view attractive toys that were kept out of their reach. A) relative deprivation B) anticipation C) response latency D) aggression E) frustration Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

69) When Roger Barker and his colleagues (1941) prevented children from playing with attractive toys, once the children gained access to the toys, they behaved destructively, smashing the toys and throwing them against the wall. These results demonstrate the power of _______ to increase aggression. A) social learning B) absolute deprivation C) aggressive stimuli D) frustration E) imitation Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

70) Dane and Marini (2014) conducted a large-scale study of adolescents and aggression. What did they find? A) Those who were easily frustrated were most likely to report engaging in physical forms of aggression, but not relational forms. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 11

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B) Those who were easily frustrated were most likely to report engaging in relational forms of aggression, but not physical forms. C) There were no differences in the reports of retaliatory aggression between people who were easily frustrated and those who were not easily frustrated. D) Those who were easily frustrated were less likely to report engaging in retaliatory aggression. E) Those who were easily frustrated were more likely to report engaging in both physical forms of aggression and relational forms of aggression. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

71) Chip and Dale get into a bitter fight over who owes what for their large phone bill. Chip is frustrated that Dale won’t see his side of the argument. Which of the following will increase the odds that Chip will resort to physical aggression against Dale? A) Dale outweighs Chip by 25 pounds. B) Dale can refuse to pay the utility bills, too. C) Dale admits that he might have forgotten a few of his long distance calls. D) Dale is a martial arts expert. E) Dale pulls out his check book, but then refuses to write the check to Chip. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

72) Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response, but does not inevitably lead to such a response (e.g., Berkowitz, 1993). A number of situational factors work to accentuate frustration, further increasing the odds of aggression. For example, frustration is accentuated when we A) perceive the frustrating act as unavoidable. B) expect the frustration. C) perceive the frustrating act as random. D) are close to our intended goal. E) perceive the frustrating act as unintentional. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

73) According to the relation between frustration and aggression, who is most likely to get into an argument with someone who cuts in line ahead of him or her? A) Alicia, who only has one item at the drug store B) Alinda, who is in line to pay for a parking ticket C) Barbara, who is the next in line at the grocery store check-out counter D) Tim, who has been waiting two hours to buy concert tickets E) Hector, who is last in line for movie tickets

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Chapter 11

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

74) You are about to leave on vacation and your brother is driving you to the airport. Unfortunately, you get to the airport too late and you find out that your flight has already left. Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to feel aggressive toward your brother and want to scream at him? A) You missed your flight by two minutes. B) The next available flight is two days away. C) Your brother forgot to put your luggage in the car. D) You missed your flight by an hour. E) Your flight has been delayed. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

75) Kristi has been very frustrated in her search for the perfect apartment that costs next to nothing. According to frustration-aggression theory, what would most likely increase the likelihood that Kristi’s frustration will lead to aggressive behaviour? A) Kristi takes an apartment that she believes is overpriced. B) Kristi realizes that the real estate agent is doing the best he can. C) Kristi finally admits that her expectations were unrealistic. D) The perfect apartment burned down the day after she put down a deposit. E) The delay is frustrating, but not unexpected; students are already back in town. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

76) Kevin is told that if he works for five days at a telemarketing job, he can expect to earn $100 a day on commission alone. When he gets his paycheck at the end of the week, it comes to only about $80 per day. He's very upset even when he finds out that his co-workers all made only about $60 each per day. This is an example of A) unfulfilled expectations leading to frustration. B) catharsis. C) instrumental aggression. D) hostile frustration. E) dispositional frustration. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

77) In which of the following situations is frustration least likely to result in aggression? A) A woman grabs you and says “Hey, slow down,” as you rush to catch your train. B) The parking lot is full, and a driver pulls around you to take the parking place for which you’ve been waiting. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) Your friend sprained her ankle, and cannot help you move, as promised. D) A telemarketer interrupts your dinner to sell you a magazine subscription. E) You realize you are being lowballed by a salesperson. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

78) Several factors can increase frustration and accordingly will increase the probability that some form of aggression will occur. Which of the following is NOT one of these factors? A) unexpectedness B) closeness to the goal or object of your desire C) alcohol consumption D) relative deprivation E) someone intentionally causes you to become frustrated Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

79) Based on the discussion of relative deprivation in chapter 11, which of the following statements is true? A) It is actual deprivation, not relative deprivation that leads to frustration. B) South Africans who felt relative deprivation reported less negative attitudes toward immigrants to their country. C) Male Canadian police officers report experiencing relative deprivation. D) Relative deprivation is associated with risk taking. E) Feelings of relative deprivation have yet to be created in the laboratory, resulting in very few studies of the phenomenon. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

80) _______ refers to the perception that you (or your group) have less than you were led to expect, or less that similar others have. A) Relative deprivation B) Functional deprivation C) Frustration D) Absolute deprivation E) Aspirational deprivation Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

81) In explaining the race riots of 1967 and 1968, Reverend Jesse Jackson noted that the riots occurred “in the middle of rising expectations and the increased, though Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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inadequate, social spending.” His analysis best reflects _______ as a source of aggression. A) the discomfort caused by the long, hot summer B) relative deprivation C) discrimination and direct provocation D) social issues E) catharsis Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

82) According to the principle of relative deprivation, which group is most likely to rebel against the leadership of a country? A) The group that is most privileged and feels threatened by demands of less powerful groups. B) The group that has the most charismatic leader. C) The group that has been treated the worst for the longest period of time. D) The group that has received some, but not all, of its demands for equality. E) The group that perceives that is has nothing to lose but its chains. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

83) Grant (2008) asked skilled immigrants from Asia and Africa about their feelings when credentials earned in their country of origin were not recognized in Canada. Participants showed anger, frustration, and resentment. The authors explained this as due to A) frustration-aggression. B) social exclusion. C) relative deprivation. D) aggressive stimuli. E) provocation. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

84) In an experiment in which participants were insulted either before or after they learned that the offender was upset due to a low grade (Johnson & Rule, 1986), participants were more likely to retaliate when the situation was explained to them after the insult. These results support the idea that provocation is less likely to result in an aggressive response when A) those who provoke us apologize before we are provoked. B) those who provoke us apologize after we are provoked. C) we learn of mitigating circumstance ahead of time. D) we can empathize with those who provoke us. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) those who provoke us have an excuse for their behaviour. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

85) One determinant of whether we will respond aggressively when provoked is whether A) provocation was relational or instrumental. B) the offending party is older or younger than us. C) the provocation was physical or psychological. D) provocation takes the form of a threat. E) we perceive the provocation as intentional. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

86) As Dale is walking by Andy, he trips over Andy’s foot, falls to the ground, and hits his face on the side of a table as he is falling. Dale will be most likely to reciprocate by acting violently toward Andy if A) Dale knows that Andy grew up in abusive household. B) Andy intentionally tripped him. C) Andy’s cat just died. D) Andy unintentionally tripped him. E) Andy is clumsy. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

87) Garin is having lunch in the cafeteria, quietly minding his own business. While he is eating, he notices two guys whispering to each other and occasionally glancing in his direction. One of the guys picks up his tray and walks towards Garin. He dumps his tray in the garbage next to Garin, dropping leftovers all over him. When would Garin be most likely to respond with aggression? A) If his friends are present. B) If he believes it was an accident. C) If he attributes the guy’s behaviour to intentional hostility. D) If he knows the guy well. E) If he thinks he is physically capable of beating the guy up. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

88) According to information from your text, it would be easiest to “turn the other cheek” and not reciprocate aggression if you __________. A) took the insult personally B) know it was not intentional Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) know the other person purposely hurt you D) find out mitigating circumstances after being insulted E) felt threatened Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

89) A situational factor for teen aggression at schools has been identified as A) alcohol intoxication. B) social exclusion. C) aggressive stimuli and objects. D) testosterone. E) overcrowding. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

90) One factor identified as a common theme in case studies of school violence is A) dating violence. B) social exclusion. C) counter-aggression. D) relative deprivation. E) catharsis. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

91) Twenge and colleagues (2001) conducted an experimental study on social exclusion in which participants were told that none of the other participants wanted to work with them on the experimental task. Their results reveal that A) although subjects were surprised by rejection, it did not result in an aggressive response even when given the opportunity to aggress. B) participants who were rejected by their similar others became aggressive when given the opportunity, but were not significantly more aggressive in response to rejection by dissimilar others. C) participants who were rejected by dissimilar others reacted aggressively when given the opportunity, but had significantly less reaction to rejection by similar others. D) people who experience social rejection will retaliate with aggression if given the opportunity. E) social rejection causes passivity, withdrawal, and inhibited responding. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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A) unlike animals, possess no clear means to halt aggression once it starts. B) possess a large brain, which suggests that there is no inborn tendency to aggress. C) seem to have an inborn tendency to aggress against certain provocative stimuli. D) often engage in hostile aggression, but seldom engage in instrumental aggression. E) often engage in instrumental aggression, but seldom engage in hostile aggression. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

93) John and Sam get into a fistfight in the middle of a gun shop. The presence of the guns would be an example of A) modeling. B) provocative objects. C) aggressive stimuli. D) the mere exposure effect. E) agitating stimuli. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

94) Which of the following is the best example of an aggressive stimulus? A) an insult B) loud, unpredictable noise C) a gun rack in the rear window of a pick-up truck D) extreme heat E) a crowd Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

95) Leonard Berkowitz (1981, p. 12) wrote, “An angry person can pull the trigger of a gun if he [sic] wants to commit violence; but the trigger can also pull the finger or otherwise elicit aggressive reactions from him [sic], if he [sic] is ready to aggress and does not have strong inhibitions against such behaviour.” This quote is an argument A) that the presence of guns can increase aggression. B) against gun control. C) that lethal violence is a major part of American society. D) that “guns don't kill people; people kill people.” E) that gun violence cannot be reduced. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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96) A cross-national study of violence found that homicide rates in countries all over the world are correlated with A) poverty and drugs. B) the availability of guns. C) the use of capital punishment. D) the number of veterans. E) the legal drinking age. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

97) Which of the following statements is true regarding the aggressive stimulus effect? A) There is not much research on the aggressive stimulus effect. B) It appears as though it is only guns that cue aggression, not other aggressive stimuli. C) For the aggressive stimulus effect to occur, the object does not necessarily need to be linked with aggression. D) Even neutral objects such as walkie-talkies can be violence-related cues. E) The aggressive stimulus effect has only been found to occur in the United States. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

98) According to the text, research gathered in university samples shows that intimate partner violence occurs in about _____________ of dating relationships. A) one-half B) one-fifth C) one-third D) one-tenth E) two-thirds Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

99) According to Chapter 11, which of the following statements regarding intimate partner violence is true? A) Generally, rates of violence are higher in marital relationships than dating relationships. B) Men report being more physically violent in intimate relationships than do women. C) In 2017, intimate partner violence represented 10 percent of all police-reported violence crime in Canada.

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D) The most severe forms of intimate partner violence occur in dating relationships, not marital relationships. E) In Canada, although men are more likely to report being physically assaulted by their partner, women are more likely to report having experienced more severe violence at the hands of their partner. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

100) What is true regarding gender differences in intimate partner violence? A) There exists a controversy over the extent of gender differences in intimate partner violence. B) Male victims of dating violence report poorer emotional adjustment and greater upset than do female victims. C) Both male and female victims are equally likely to experience nightmares or obsessive thoughts about the violence. D) There is evidence that female violence does more physical, emotional, and psychological damage than male violence. E) Men are more likely to require medical treatment for their injuries. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

101) Research has shown that exposure to media violence is not only causally related to aggressive behaviour by the viewer but also causally related to a decrease in A) empathy. B) community charity involvement. C) number of friends. D) prosocial behaviour. E) both empathy and prosocial behaviour. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

102) The numerous school shootings that have followed in the decade since the shooting rampage at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, suggests that A) some people have personalities that make them susceptible to commit violent acts. B) today’s youth is much more violent than in the past. C) technology is rewiring children’s brains to be more aggressive. D) our society needs stricter gun laws. E) people may imitate acts of violence performed by their peers. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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103) A number of long-term studies that monitor what children actually watch on television and that use teacher and peer ratings of aggressiveness (e.g., Eron, 1987; Huesmann, 1982) have found that A) there is no relation between exposure to TV violence and aggression. B) it is reasonable to conclude that exposure to TV violence causes aggression. C) the relation between exposure to TV violence and aggression holds for boys, but not for girls. D) it is reasonable to conclude that aggression is a direct cause of watching TV violence. E) the strength of the relation between exposure to TV violence and aggression increases with age. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

104) When children were randomly assigned to watch either a violent film or an exciting film about bicycle racing and then played floor hockey (Josephson, 1987), children who A) had never been aggressive became the most aggressive after watching the violent film. B) watched the violent film used physical aggression, but not verbal aggression. C) watched the bicycle race became frustrated and actually behaved more aggressively. D) were aggressive to begin with and watched the violent film were the most aggressive. E) watched the violent film used verbal aggression, but not physical aggression. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

105) A steady diet of violent television fare can encourage aggression in children, who are consequently _______ respond aggressively in real life. A) incidentally taught to B) severely punished when they C) encouraged by their parents to D) rewarded when they E) frustrated and therefore motivated to Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

106) Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the results of correlational research demonstrating the connection between viewing television violence and subsequent acts of aggression? A) Some children or teens may imitate televised violence, but the effect disappears in adulthood. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) Some people—adults as well as youths—are influenced to imitate televised acts of violence. C) While there is a correlation between viewing TV violence and aggression, it can be fully explained by more aggressive people being more likely to watch violent TV. D) While there is a correlation between viewing TV violence and aggression, it can be fully explained by family income, education, and neighborhood violence. E) The correlational research was actually flawed, so no connections can be made. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

107) Social-psychological research has revealed that viewers of a great deal of television come to view the world as a dangerous and hostile place. If Terry is one such person, what is he likely to think when he watches a violent crime drama? A) “If they can do it, so can I.” B) “So that’s how it’s done.” C) “I guess it’s the urge to aggress that I’m feeling.” D) “I had better get him before he gets me!” E) “I need to find a way to relieve this stress I’m feeling.” Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

108) Yue watches a lot of TV every day. Based on research presented in your text, how is Yue most likely to view the world? A) It is a safe place. B) She probably lives in a fantasy world. C) She views the world accurately. D) She probably is overly fearful of being attacked. E) Exactly the same as she would if she didn’t watch a lot of TV. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

109) Anderson and colleagues (2010) have conducted extensive research on the effects of violent video games. Their research suggests A) no causal link between short-term effects of video game playing and behaviour, but correlational data suggested that long-term exposure results in delinquent behaviour. B) no causal link between the effects of video game playing and behaviour. C) a short-term immediate effect on thoughts and behaviour from playing a violent game can be found but no detrimental long-term effects were evident. D) there is a causal link between violent video game playing and aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviour. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) adults and university students show few effects of violent video game playing but an increase in aggression was seen in children who had aggressive tendencies. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

110) Which of the following was NOT one the findings of Anderson and Dill on the effects of violent video games? A) Violent video game playing was associated with increased patterns of aggressive acts. B) Violent video game playing affected male participants’ thoughts and behaviour, but had negligible effects on females. C) Amount of time playing video games was negatively correlated with academic grades. D) Violent video game playing was associated with increased patterns of delinquent acts. E) Violent video game playing increases aggressive thoughts and actions. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

111) As a result of their comprehensive meta-analysis of the studies on the effects of playing violent video games, Anderson and colleagues (2010) state that evidence strongly suggests that exposure to violent video games is causally related to ________ levels of ________. A) decreased; aggressive behaviour. B) increased; prosocial behaviour. C) decreased; empathy. D) increased; arousal. E) decreased; aggressive cognitions. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

112) Shaw, Crosby, and Porter (2014) used the Implicit Association Test to measure the impact that playing violent video games has on individuals. What did they find? A) Playing violent video games had an impact on a conscious level, but not an unconscious level. B) Playing violent video games had no impact on participants. C) Participants who played a violent video game subsequently were slower at attributing criminal adjectives to themselves on an Implicit Association Test compared to participants who played a nonviolent game. D) Participants who played a violent video game subsequently were faster at attributing criminal adjectives to themselves on an Implicit Association Test compared to participants who played a nonviolent game. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) The Implicit Association Test is not a reliable way to measure the impact of violent video game playing. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

113) Which of the following best characterizes scientific findings on the relation between viewing sexually explicit materials and violence against women? Viewing materials that _______ the likelihood of aggression against women. A) combine sex and violence does not affect B) contain only sex decreases C) combine sex and violence increases D) are sexually explicit increases E) contain sex and violence decreases Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

114) Edward Donnerstein and Leonard Berkowitz (1981) had a female confederate anger male participants. These male participants were subsequently shown one of three systematically varied films. After viewing the films, the male participants were allowed to pick the shock level to be administered to a female learner in a Milgramlike task. Results revealed that participants who viewed a(n) _______ film subsequently administered the most intense shocks to the learner. A) action B) violent-erotic C) nonviolent-erotic D) violent-nonerotic E) slapstick comedy Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

115) In a carefully controlled experiment, Neil Malamuth and James Check (1981) found that male participants were more accepting of violence against women after watching a film that portrayed A) women in consensual bondage situations. B) explicit sexual activity C) consensual sex. D) women as sex objects. E) sexual violence. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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116) According to experimental studies and meta-analysis on the effects of pornography, risks associated with exposure to violent pornographic material include all of the following EXCEPT A) sexual offenses. B) acceptance of rape myths. C) increased hostility and aggressiveness toward women. D) relationship difficulties. E) increased awareness of rape myths. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

117) Wright and colleagues (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of studies conducted in seven different countries involving more than 20,000 participants in total. What did they find? A) Consumption of pornography was associated with verbal sexual aggression, but not physical sexual aggression. B) The relation between pornography consumption and sexual aggression was found for both violent and nonviolent pornography. C) The relation between pornography consumption and sexual aggression was found for violent pornography, but not nonviolent pornography. D) Consumption of pornography was not associated with sexual aggression. E) Consumption of pornography was associated with decreased risk of developing sexually deviant tendencies. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

118) Two experiments in England found that after playing a violent video game, people were numb to the feelings of others and less likely to help them. In these experiments, those negative feelings and behaviour were directed toward __________. A) the elderly B) people with alternative lifestyles C) immigrants D) women E) the homeless Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

119) Social-psychological research has revealed that exposure to televised violence might weaken viewers’ inhibitions about using violence in their own lives. If Peter is one such person, what is he likely to think when he watches a violent crime TV show about a person who assaults another person? A) “If they can get away with it, so can I.” Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) “So that’s how it’s done.” C) “I guess it’s the urge to aggress that I’m feeling.” D) “Big deal. What’s on CTV?” E) “What a horrible person!” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

120) Jim watches a heavy dose of violent TV cop shows. According to research by Margaret Hanratty Thomas and her colleagues (1977), what is one likely outcome of this behaviour? A) Jim will be likely to try to join the police force. B) Jim will feel somewhat indifferent when he hears a violent argument between his neighbours. C) Jim will be less likely to recognize his own feelings of aggression. D) Jim will become more upset when he sees aggression that is not fictionalized. E) Jim will become more aware of his own violent behaviour and try to stop it. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

121) Victor Cline and his colleagues (1973) measured the physiological arousal of heavy TV viewers and light TV viewers when they came into the lab to watch a violent boxing match. Results of their study reveal that A) heavy TV viewers seem desensitized to violence. B) heavy TV viewers are particularly upset by violence. C) exposure to violence increases arousal. D) light TV viewers quickly habituate to violence. E) heavy TV viewers enjoy watching violence more than light TV viewers. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 331

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

122) “Ho-hum. More blood and guts, another brutal beating. What’s on the other channels?” This reaction to TV violence best captures the power of TV violence to A) lower our inhibitions about aggressing. B) promote violence. C) prime anger and make it more accessible. D) providing suggestible viewers with ideas. E) reduce our sympathy for the victims of violence. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 331

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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watching yet another such show, Mick finds that he is quick to anger and more likely to yell at his dog. This example illustrates that exposure to televised violence can A) give implicit permission for people to express aggressive inclinations. B) prime sociopathic behaviour. C) reduce sympathy for the victims of violence. D) facilitate the catharsis of feelings of frustration. E) teach people the tools of violence and aggression. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

124) A large-scale, three-year longitudinal study investigating the consumption of violent media was conducted with Canadian high school students (Friedlander, Connolly, Pepler, & Craig, 2013). What was found? A) The greater the consumption of violent media, the lower the likelihood of being a victim of dating violence in the future. B) The greater the consumption of violent media, the higher the likelihood of being either a victim or a perpetrator of dating violence in the future. C) The greater the consumption of violent media, the lower the likelihood of being a perpetrator of dating violence in the future. D) The greater the consumption of violent media, the higher the likelihood of being a victim of dating violence in the future; the likelihood of being a perpetrator seems to be unaffected. E) The greater the consumption of violent media, the higher the likelihood of being a perpetrator of dating violence in the future; the likelihood of being a victim seems to be unaffected. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

125) Results of laboratory experiments with adults (Bower & Hilgard, 1981) suggest the one reason why threats of punishment do not seem to deter violent crime in the “real world” is that in the criminal justice system, punishment is A) seen as unavoidable. B) seldom prompt or certain. C) seldom administered fairly. D) seldom severe enough. E) excessively harsh. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

126) According to social psychological research (e.g., Bower & Hilgard, 1981), what are the “ideal conditions” for punishment to be an effective deterrent to violence? A) Punishment must be severe, certain, and unavoidable. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) Punishment must be swift, certain, and unavoidable. C) Punishment must be fair, certain, and moderate. D) Punishment must be swift, severe, and unavoidable. E) Punishment must be moderate, fair, and occasionally avoidable. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

127) Opponents of the death penalty for certain violent crimes might use social psychological data to argue that one reason why the threat of capital punishment doesn’t serve as an effective deterrent to violence is that A) the vast majority of violent crimes are crimes of passion. B) criminals do not care about punishment. C) the threat of death by lethal injection is not severe enough to deter violent criminals. D) the odds are low that a violent criminal will be swiftly apprehended, tried, and convicted. E) many capital cases are plea-bargained to save money. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

128) Proponents of the death penalty might use social psychological data to assert that it could become an effective deterrent if A) criminals were made aware of the death penalty. B) it were more selectively applied. C) it were more broadly applied. D) law enforcement can work more efficiently and swiftly. E) the criminal justice system becomes more “colour blind.” Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

129) Your friend Jane is trying to reduce her son Austin’s aggressive tendencies. Of the alternatives below, which would you recommend to Jane? A) Give him a doll to beat on when he’s feeling mad. B) Get him involved in an aggressive sport like football. C) Respond quickly and send him to his room every time he aggresses. D) Explain to him that it is wrong to be overly aggressive. E) Have him run up and down the stairs to relieve his aggressive urges. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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__________ in the rate of capital crimes when the death penalty is enforced or abolished. A) excellent; decrease B) poor; decrease C) excellent; increase D) poor; lack of change E) excellent; lack of change Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

131) Lee is tempted to assault someone who has wronged him. According to information from your text, under what circumstances would Lee be least likely to commit the crime? A) Lee knows there is a small chance he would get caught. B) Years in jail is one punishment for the crime. C) Lee knows that punishment will be fair. D) Lee knows that punishment is certain and prompt. E) Lee spends more time thinking about what could go wrong. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

132) Which factor creates the strongest deterrent for violent behaviour? A) certainty of punishment B) victim retribution C) conditional sentencing D) intermittent punishment E) severity of punishment Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

133) According to Freud, aggressive behaviour is the result of a build-up of emotions that then needs to be released. _______ is the modern explanation for aggression that is most similar to Freud’s. A) The weapons effect B) Ego tension C) Social learning theory D) Catharsis E) Reactance theory Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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134) _______ reflects the idea that if people can “aggress” in harmless ways, built up aggressive energies will diminish, reducing the odds of further aggressive behaviour. A) Contagion B) Displacement C) Catharsis D) Social learning E) Fantasy inhibition Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

135) Little Neil is frustrated and is threatening to hurt his baby sister. His mother intervenes, and suggests that Neil “get over it” by taking a dozen eggs and smashing them against the tree in the front yard. Neil’s mother appears to be a proponent of _______ as a means of reducing aggression. A) catharsis B) repression C) projection D) displacement E) frustration-aggression theory Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

136) Sara has tried for an hour to retrieve her ball from the roof of the house, without success. She’s growing increasingly frustrated and has begun to yell at her friends. Her father intervenes to halt her aggression and suggests that Sara go into the garage and scream until her throat hurts and her ears ring. Sara’s father is apparently a proponent of _______ as a means of reducing aggression. A) reaction formation B) projection C) catharsis D) displacement E) frustration-aggression theory Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

137) Teresa punches a pillow every time she feels aggression building up toward her younger brother and this makes her feel relieved and more relaxed. Such an outcome supports the notion of _______. A) aggressive stimuli. B) projection. C) dehumanization. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) avoidance coping. E) catharsis. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

138) In recent studies of catharsis and aggression, Bushman, Baumeister, and Stack (1999) found that A) catharsis reduces aggressiveness for everyone, whether or not they believe it will. B) catharsis and venting anger increases anger rather than reducing it. C) in a version of the self-fulfilling prophecy, if people believe that catharsis effectively reduces their aggressive behaviour it will, if they don’t believe catharsis reduces their aggressive behaviour then it won’t. D) catharsis reduces aggressiveness for men, but not women. E) most people believe that catharsis is an effective way to reduce aggressive behaviours. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

139) Which of the following statements about catharsis is true? A) Acting aggressively now reduces the chance that you will act aggressively later. B) Although acting aggressively does not reduce the chances of future aggressive behaviour, watching aggression does seem to have a cathartic effect. C) Watching aggressive behaviour has a cathartic effect only for people who are nonaggressive by nature. D) Watching aggressive behaviour has a cathartic effect only for people who are aggressive by nature. E) Either acting aggressively or watching aggression increases the chances of future aggressive behaviour. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

140) Based on the discussion of cartharsis in your textbook, who is most likely to behave aggressively? A) Jen, a toddler whose parents consistently model prosocial behaviour. B) Mikael, a teenager whose parents have signed him up for football and boxing. C) Phaedra, a 10-year-old whose parents respond to her aggression by consistently giving moderate punishments. D) Alain, a 7-year-old who is learning about empathy in school. E) Marlena, an adult who responds to her anger by having a constructive conversation.

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Answer: B Type: MC

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LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

141) Arthur Patterson (1974) studied the hostility levels of high school football players both one week before and one week after the football season. If engaging in socially acceptable aggressive behaviour like football reduces hostility, then the players’ level of hostility should have A) increased on the football field, but decreased in classes. B) been dependent on personality variables. C) increased over the duration of the playing season. D) remained the same over the duration of the playing season. E) decreased over the duration of the playing season. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

142) Patterson (1974) measured the hostility levels of high school football players both one week before the season began and one week after the season ended. The results showed that _______________, suggesting that _____________ A) hostility increased over the course of the season; releasing pent-up aggression in socially acceptable ways does not reduce aggression and hostility. B) hostility decreased over the course of the season; catharsis is an effective way of reducing aggressive impulses. C) hostility increased over the course of the season; players need additional outlets to manage their aggressive impulses. D) hostility stayed the same; players need additional outlets to manage their aggressive impulses. E) hostility decreased over the course of the season; playing football is beneficial for high school students. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

143) Gordon Russell (1983), a sports psychologist, observed the behaviour of fans during an especially violent hockey game. He found that as the game progressed, spectators became more belligerent and hostile, not less. These findings present a direct challenge to the assumption that _______ reduces aggression. A) fantasizing to discharge aggressive impulses B) modelling cooperative behaviours C) sporting events D) engaging in direct aggression E) vicariously discharging aggressive impulses Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Easy

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144) Gordon Russell (1983), a sports psychologist, observed the behaviour of fans during an especially violent hockey game. Contrary to predictions based on the notion of catharsis, Russell found that the belligerence and hostility of the spectators A) increased when their team was losing. B) decreased when their team was winning. C) decreased when their team was losing. D) remained constant throughout the game. E) increased throughout the hockey game. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

145) Gordon Russell (1983) found that spectators at a violent hockey game got increasingly hostile and belligerent over the course of the game. It took _______________ for the spectators’ hostility to get back to where they were before the game. A) a full day B) approximately 15 minutes C) 12-14 hours D) several hours E) approximately 45 minutes Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

146) Based on research on the idea of catharsis, what is the bottom line—does catharsis work to reduce aggression? A) Yes, it is the most effective means of reducing aggression. B) Yes, it can reduce aggression. C) No, it does not reduce aggression in children, only adults. D) No, it actually makes people more aggressive. E) Overall, it doesn’t seem to have any impact on aggression at all. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

147) Based on the research presented in your text on aggression, what advice would you give to Shogo, who just found out he didn’t make the baseball team and is angry? A) Watch a violent movie to help relieve aggressive feelings. B) Try to relax and restrain urges to be aggressive. C) Play a violent game of rugby to vent. D) Go to the gym and hit a punching bag for an hour. E) Turn on some mixed martial arts on the TV to dispel aggressive urges. Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

148) According to cognitive dissonance theorists, when people attempt to vent their aggressive impulses by harming another person, they are more likely to engage in later acts of aggression because A) “blowing off steam” increases the arousal caused by dissonance, yielding more aggression. B) arousal caused by dissonance is misinterpreted as frustration. C) dissonance is reduced by derogating the victim, increasing the odds of later aggression. D) frustration is mistaken for dissonance. E) dissonance has been reduced. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

149) You woke up late and are far behind at work. When you reach the end of your rope, you treat your administration assistant with hostility and disrespect. This mistreatment causes you to experience dissonance, which you are most likely to reduce by A) engaging in self-verification by “confessing” your bad behaviour to a colleague. B) thinking about all the irresponsible or inept things he’s ever done. C) apologizing to the administration assistant and bringing him back flowers from your lunch break. D) revising your self concept and resigning yourself to acting capriciously mean. E) giving the administration assistant a raise. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

150) __________ theory can be used to explain why participants will derogate victims after they have done those victims physical or psychological harm. A) Cognitive dissonance B) Self-affirmation C) Social learning D) Psychoanalytic E) Social comparison Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

151) Anger control through “active enabling” might involve which of the following? A) pounding on pillows to let off steam B) taking a deep breath and counting to ten C) watching a boxing match Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) playing a “target practice” video game E) vent by derogating someone Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

152) According to the authors, when we are angry, it is best to A) distract yourself with something you enjoy. B) make a clear, calm, and simple statement that we are angry and why. C) stifle those feelings to prevent further anger and aggression. D) vent the anger through an activity like hitting a punching bag. E) publicly ridicule the source of our anger so that he or she will counterargue. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

153) A preschool teacher encourages an angry child to “use your words” to express anger at another child. In essence, the teacher is encouraging _________, which reduces aggression. A) catharsis B) passivity C) empathy D) communication E) apologies Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

154) The authors of your text suggest that openly and rationally discussing something that has made you angry with close friends can lead to __________. A) greater conflict in the relationship B) a stronger friendship C) a good chance that the friendship will end soon D) an outburst of aggression E) hurt feelings Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

155) According to Fehr and colleagues (1999), participants expected that when they were angry with someone, if they ______________, then the other person would ___________________. A) expressed their anger in postitive, constructive ways; still respond negatively to the conflict B) expressed their anger in positive, constructive ways; take that as a sign of weakness and use it to their advantage Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) expressed their anger in negative ways; treat them with more respect D) expressed their anger in negative ways; react more positively E) expressed their anger in positive, constructive ways; react more positively Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 337

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

156) Davan is angry with Clare because she spilled coffee on his newspaper. Davan’s best bet to avoid the situation turning into a big, aggressive fight would be to A) say that Clare is very inconsiderate and should pay more attention towhat she is doing. B) say that he is very angry with Clare because of the spill, ask for an apology, and request that she be more careful next time. C) go and shout in another room for five minutes before talking to her about the situation. D) go to the gym and hit a punching bag for half an hour before returning home. E) make passive-aggressive sarcastic comments at Clare until he feels better. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 337

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

157) Allison’s boyfriend Billy has missed her birthday again. What should Billy do to diffuse Allison’s impulse to be aggressive towards him? A) He should not apologize and instead try to make her forget about his mistake. B) He should make joke out of the situation. C) He should just apologize sincerely for forgetting. D) He should ask her friends to apologize to her for him. E) He should look for a new girlfriend. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

158) You’ve arrived half an hour late to pick up a friend. She was scheduled to take an examination and even if you speed on the way to the university, she will now lose at least 20 minutes of the time she needs to complete the exam. According to the authors, what is the best thing to say when you arrive? A) “Don’t tell me that you’ve never overslept.” B) “Don’t forget, I am giving you a ride. You should still thank me.” C) “It’s only one exam, and you’re doing well in that course so far, aren’t you?” D) “I brought you some coffee and donuts to make it up to you.” E) “It’s all my fault. I overslept. I’m really sorry.” Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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A) apologizing would be a weakness that would be passed on in the genes B) men believe that apologizing would do damage to their egos C) men have higher thresholds than women for what requires an apology D) apologizing is taught to them as contrary to their gender role E) men tend to be more stubborn than women Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

160) Several social psychological experiments have demonstrated that A) nonaggressive models are more effective when they explain why cooperation pays. B) nonaggressive models are more effective for boys than girls. C) exposure to nonaggressive models can teach children how to avoid aggressive responses. D) nonaggressive models are more effective when they are similar to the audience. E) children pay more attention to aggressive models than to nonaggressive models. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

161) A teacher at a preschool tries to show some rowdy children how to “play nice.” She shows them a doll hitting her, and her hugging the doll in response. The teacher’s behaviour is an example of A) catharsis. B) teaching the children how to solve problems more effectively. C) modelling nonaggressive behaviour. D) building empathy in the children. E) training good communication skills. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

162) _______ refers to the ability to experience events and emotions the way that another person does. A) Empathy B) Sympathy C) Communion D) Identification E) Social focus Answer: A Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

163) Robert Baron (1976) conducted a field experiment to study drivers’ responses to a car that hesitated when a stoplight turned green. He found that when a confederate hobbled across the street on crutches in front of the lead car in the intersection, fewer drivers behind the lead car honked their horns. According to Baron, why was that? A) Drivers at the rear were distracted by the sight of a person on crutches. B) Drivers at the rear were afraid honking their horns might frighten the person on crutches. C) Drivers at the rear felt empathy for the confederate, which inhibited their aggression. D) Drivers at the rear forgot all about their own troubles. E) Drivers at the rear were given a dispositional attribution for the lead driver’s hesitation. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 338

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

164) Your boss is upset at you for being late so often. Assuming you’ve already apologized, if you wanted to assuage your boss’s anger, one good strategy is to A) give her a punching bag so that she can vent. B) let her vent at you verbally. C) try to evoke empathy in her. D) yell at her for being unreasonable first. E) avoid having eye contact with her. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

165) Norma Feshbach (1989, 1997) implemented programs in elementary schools designed to teach students empathy and perspective-taking skills. She found that this program improved all of the following behaviours in children EXCEPT A) self-esteem. B) shyness. C) aggressive behaviour. D) academic achievement. E) generosity. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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B) reducing our ability to empathize. C) increasing cognitive dissonance. D) not allowing for a proper cathartic outlet. E) increasing inhibitions. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

167) Why is empathy training a good antidote to aggression? A) Empathy makes it easier to think about the consequences we will experience as a result of our actions. B) Empathy makes it harder to derogate our victims. C) Empathy makes it easier to reduce cognitive dissonance. D) Empathy makes it harder to reduce cognitive dissonance. E) Empathy makes it harder to be self-aware. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

168) Empathy training activities as conducted by Deborah Richardson (1994) involved A) training children in conflict resolution strategies. B) teaching children to take another’s perspective. C) exposing children to nonaggressive models. D) teaching children to vent their anger. E) teaching children to identify what they are feeling in conflict situations. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

169) You witness a man punch another man in the stomach. Explain how this action could be considered hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, or not an act of aggression. Answer: For the act to be considered hostile aggression, it would involve intentional harm for the purpose of hurting the other person directly. One reason may be that the first man was angry with the other person. [Other reasons are possible.] For the act to be considered instrumental aggression it would have to be intentional, but a means to an end. One reason a man might punch another person is to distract him from hurting someone else. [Other explanations are possible.] For the act to be considered non-aggressive, it would have to be unintentional. For instance, perhaps the punching man mistook the other person for someone else, or was flailing around because he isn’t well and accidentally punched the other man. Type: ES

LO: 11.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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170) According to evolutionary psychologists, aggression may be (or may have been) adaptive in humans. Explain how, from this perspective, aggression could help a male pass on his genes. Answer: There are two proposed reasons as to how aggression could help men pass on their genes. First, displays of aggression are often displays of social dominance. Females tend to be more attracted to males with more status, thus dominant males would potentially attract more mates. Secondly, males are aggressive out of jealousy. Males who aggress against other males who may be trying to steal their mate may reduce the likelihood of the other males’ success. This would ensure the paternity of the children with their mate. Type: ES

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

171) Evolutionary researchers have argued that aggression is both instinctual and universal. However, your text provides several examples of how aggressive behaviour can be altered among lower animals. Discuss what we have learned about aggression from these experiments and observations. Answer: The research of Zing Yang Kuo (1961) and Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1963) suggests that aggressive behaviour can be modified but apparently does not need to be learned. Hence, while aggressiveness has evolved and been maintained because it has survival value, most species have also developed inhibitory mechanisms that enable them to suppress aggression when it is in their best interest to do so. Type: ES

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

172) Explain what a “culture of honour” is and how being raised in a culture of honour can influence aggression. Answer: A culture of honour is a culture in which protecting one’s reputation (honour) is vital. Violence is seen as more acceptable in honour cultures – that is, cultures that define male nonour in terms of power, toughness, and the ability to protect one’s property. In a culture of honour, aggression is considered an appropriate response to being insulted. Thus, even today, people from honour cultures may be more easily provoked to aggression if they are personally insulted. Also, cultures of honour have higher rates of domestic violence. Type: ES

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

173) Explain the nature of the gender differences in aggression in humans. Answer: Men tend to be more physically aggressive than women. However, women tend to use relational aggression: spreading rumours and gossiping. Additionally, although women tend to be less aggressive than men in ambiguous situations, Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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men and women are equally aggressive when provoked. Type: ES

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

174) Describe the role of testosterone in aggression. Answer: Testosterone levels are correlated with aggression. Animals whose testosterone is removed show less aggression. Those that have it injected show more aggression. Research shows that criminals convicted of violent crimes have higher circulating levels of testosterone than those convicted of non-violent crimes. Testosterone may impact the orbitofrontal cortex lowering self-regulation and impulse control. However, there appears to be a link between testosterone, aggression and social situations. Type: ES

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

175) What is social learning theory? Discuss the Bobo Doll study conducted by Bandura and his colleagues (1961, 1963). Answer: Social learning theory holds that we learn social behaviour, from aggression to altruism, in large part by observing others and imitating them—a process referred to as observational learning. Most people take their cues from others. Children are especially susceptible to observational learning. In a classic series of experiments, Albert Bandura and his associates (1961, 1963) demonstrated the power of social learning on children’s aggressive behaviour. The basic procedure was to have an adult knock around a plastic, air-filled “Bobo” doll (the kind that bounces back after it’s been knocked down). The adult would smack the doll around with the palm of his or her hand, strike it with a mallet, kick it, and yell aggressive things at it. The kids were then allowed to play with the doll. In these experiments, the children imitated the aggressive models and treated the doll in almost exactly the same ways. Some of them went beyond mere imitation, coming up with inventive new ways in which to beat up the doll. In contrast, children in a control condition, who did not see the aggressive adult in action, almost never unleashed any aggression against the hapless doll. Type: ES

LO: 11.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

176) Imagine you have a friend who is typically quiet, thoughtful, and reserved. However, when your friend drinks, you can never tell what she is going to do. One minute your friend is dancing wildly and having a great time, but the next minute she is reacting aggressively to being slightly nudged by another dancer. Describe two reasons presented in the text for why alcohol would have such an effect on your friend. Answer: Alcohol lowers the friend’s inhibitions, and thus makes the friend louder and less reserved. In addition, alcohol interferes with the processing of information, making the friend less thoughtful and also more likely to miss subtle situational Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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cues, such as the “slight” nudge, that could prevent aggression. Type: ES

LO: 11.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

177) During the turbulent 1960s, national leaders were concerned about a phenomenon they called “the long, hot summer.” They were concerned, given an unpopular war and strained race relations, that civil unrest and even riots would occur during the summer months. Was their concern justified or is the idea of the long, hot summer a myth? Answer: The evidence suggests that bodily discomfort associated with very hot temperatures can act to lower the threshold for aggression. Researchers in the US have found that the hotter a given day, the greater the incidence of violent crime. Riots were more likely to occur on hot days than on cool ones. Other correlational research (hornhonking is more common in Phoenix among drivers who don’t have airconditioning; batters are more likely to be hit by pitches on days when the temperature is above 90 degrees) has supported the phenomenon, as has experimental research. Even priming with heat-related words can increase hostile cognitions. Type: ES

LO: 11.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

178) Your roommate likes to watch science videos on YouTube. One day she comes into the room and says, “I just learned that people who are low in serotonin tend to be more aggressive!”. Given what you’ve learned from Chapter 11, how would you respond? Be sure to mention the serotonin deficiency hypothesis and also what serotonin is responsible for. Answer: You would have to tell her that although it was thought that the neurotransmitter serotonin played a role in aggression, the evidence for this link is actually mixed. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter in the brain that is responsible for controlling mood, attention, sleep, and pain. According to the serotonin deficiency hypothesis, people who are low in serotonin tend to be more aggressive. But again, the evidence is mixed. In one review of the research, it was concluded that serotonin may be a causal factor in impulsive aggression but not instrumental aggression (Montoya, Terburg, Bos, & Van Honk, 2012). In a recent large-scale meta-analysis, it was found that different studies obtain different results depending on how serotonin is measured and how aggression is measured. When the results across studies were aggregated, the correlation between serotonin deficiency and aggression was very small (Duke, Bègue, Bell, & EisenlohrMoul, 2013). The researchers point out that neurotransmitters interact with one another in complex ways, making it difficult to isolate the effects of serotonin. Clearly, more research is needed to determine the extent to which serotonin plays a role in causing aggressive behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 11.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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179) According to the frustration-aggression theory, frustration, the perception that we are being prevented from reaching a goal, does not always lead to aggression. What factors increase the odds that frustrated people will aggress? Answer: The closer we are to the goal, the more likely it is that frustration will lead to aggression. Frustration is more likely to lead to aggression when the frustration is unexpected. The size and strength of the source of our frustration also can encourage aggression; when the source is not likely to reciprocate in a harmful way (e.g., when he or she is small), frustration is more likely to lead to aggression. And finally, cognitive factors also influence whether frustration will lead to aggression; when we believe that another has frustrated us intentionally or illegitimately, we are more likely to aggress. Type: ES

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

180) Do people always respond to provocation with aggression? Discuss using research by Johnson and Rule (1986). Answer: It is important to point out that even when provoked, people do not always reciprocate. One question we ask ourselves is whether or not the provocation was intentional. When convinced it was unintentional, or if there are mitigating circumstances, most of us will not reciprocate (Kremer & Stephens, 1983). But to curtail an aggressive response, these mitigating circumstances must be known at the time of the provocation, as demonstrated in a study conducted at the University of Alberta. In this experiment, students were insulted by the experimenter’s assistant. Half of the students were first told that the assistant was upset because he had just received an unfair grade on a chemistry exam; the other students received this information only after the insult was delivered. All participants later had an opportunity to retaliate by choosing the level of unpleasant noise with which to zap the assistant. The students who knew about the mitigating circumstances before being insulted delivered less intense bursts of noise than did those who learned about the circumstances after they had been insulted (Johnson & Rule, 1986). Why the difference? At the time of the insult, the informed students simply did not take it personally and therefore had no strong need to retaliate. This interpretation is bolstered by evidence of their physiological arousal. At the time of the insult, the heartbeat of the insulted students did not increase as rapidly if they knew beforehand about the assistant’s unhappy state of mind. Type: ES

LO: 11.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

181) Your friend’s six-year-old son wants a toy gun for his birthday. She is torn because she really doesn’t like guns, not even toy ones, but it’s the only thing he wants. Using research from Chapter 11, what would you advise her? Be sure to mention the weapons effect and discuss at least one research study. Answer: Based on the research findings, you may want to advise her to trust her gut. The weapons effect (an increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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a gun or other weapon) has been replicated many times in the United States and Europe. It is both physiological and physical. Students may mention Berkowitz and LePage (1967) where university students were purposely angered by being insulted. Some of the students were in a room in which a gun was left lying around; others were in a room in which a neutral object was substituted for the gun. Participants were then given the opportunity to administer electric shocks to a fellow student. Those individuals who had been angered in the presence of the gun administered stronger electric shocks than did those who were angered in the presence of the neutral object. Another study they may mention is Klinesmith et al. (2006) where male participants who were asked to interact with a gun for 15 minutes showed higher testosterone levels than did participants who spent the same amount of time playing a children’s game. Type: ES

LO: 11.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

182) Because violence is of concern to social psychologists and the public, a great deal of research has focused on the effects of exposure to televised violence on both children and adults. Many studies have found support for social-learning theory explanations for the effects of violent television. What are five reasons why television violence contributes to aggressive behaviour in children and adults? Answer: Exposure to television violence might lower viewers’ inhibitions against violent behaviour. Such exposure might also provide information about how to aggress, and trigger imitation of violent models. Violent television might make feelings of anger or frustration more available to viewers; in essence, violent images might prime aggression. Excessive viewing of violent television might cause viewers to become less sensitive to violence and less sympathetic to victims of violence. Finally, watching lots of television tends to make people think that the world is a mean place, and thus fosters the tendency to think, “I’ll get you before you get me.” Type: ES

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

183) How is pornography consumption linked to violence? Discuss using information from Chapter 11. Be sure to include at least one research study in your answer. Answer: The findings from carefully conducted research over the past 30 years confirm that exposure to violent pornography is associated with greater sexism, acceptance of sexual violence toward women, and is almost certainly a factor associated with actual aggressive behaviour. Students may mention Lavoie, Robitaille, and Hébert (2000) who conducted discussion groups with youths who frequented a teen drop-in centre in Quebec City. Both males and females perceived pornography as a cause of sexual violence in relationships. Moreover, participants reported that it was not uncommon for them or their partners to imitate acts of sexual violence observed in pornographic movies or magazines. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Similarly, Sommers and Check (1987) found that women living in shelters or attending counselling groups for battered women in the Toronto area reported much greater consumption of pornographic material by their partner than did a comparison group of women who were not battered. The battered women experienced higher levels of verbal aggression, physical aggression, and sexual aggression from their partners than did the comparison group. In addition, 39 percent of the battered women—versus 3 percent of the control group—answered yes to the question “Has your partner ever upset you by trying to get you to do what he’d seen in pornographic pictures, movies, or books?” Neil Malamuth and James Check (1981) asked students at the University of Manitoba to watch a movie shown at a campus theatre, supposedly as part of a study on the evaluation of movies. The participants saw either a movie that contained sexual violence against women or a nonviolent movie that portrayed a positive, caring relationship. Several days later, the students were asked to complete a sexual attitudes survey in their psychology class. The researchers found that male students who had viewed the movie containing sexual violence were more accepting of violence against women than were those who had seen the nonviolent movie. Type: ES

LO: 11.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

184) Your six-year-old brother has developed some very distressing habits. He has become increasingly aggressive, destroying toys, hitting the neighbours’ children, and threatening them with violence to take their toys away. You want to stop your little brother’s destructive behaviour using punishment. What would be the best way to do this? Answer: First, because severe physical punishment can boomerang by teaching children that aggression is appropriate, it is best not to use severe physical punishment such as slapping or spanking. Neither would threats of severe punishment be likely to work; such severe threats might provide your brother with external justification for refraining from hitting, throwing, and he will be unlikely to convince himself that such behaviour is undesirable. To use punishment appropriately, it is important to remain vigilant around your little brother, and to make swift and reasonable interventions such as “time outs.” These punishments should also be unavoidable. It would also help to model nonaggressive alternatives for dealing with frustration and conflict. Type: ES

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

185) You are asked to join your college’s debate team. Your first task is to prepare an argument regarding the ineffectiveness of the death penalty. What information from Chapter 11 would you want to include in your “talking points”? Answer: The criminal justice system of most cultures administers harsh

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punishments as a means of retribution and to deter violent crimes. Laboratory experiments indicate that punishment can act as a deterrent, but only if two conditions are met: (1) The punishment must be both prompt and certain; and (2) it must be unavoidable (Bower & Hilgard, 1981). Needless to say, in the real world these conditions are almost never met. The probability that a person who has committed a violent crime will be apprehended, charged, tried, and convicted is not high. Moreover, promptness is rarely possible— cases typically take months if not years to make their way through the Canadian court system. Consequently, in the complex world of criminal justice, severe punishment is unlikely to have the kind of deterrent effect it does in the laboratory. Indeed, there is evidence that severe punishment does not do much to deter violent crimes. For example, the United States—where many states invoke the death penalty for murder—has a much higher rate of homicide than many other industrialized countries, including Canada (Archer & Gartner, 1984). Moreover, the American states that have abolished the death penalty have not experienced the increase in crime that some experts predicted (Archer & Gartner, 1984; Nathanson, 1987; Peterson & Bailey, 1988). A study by the National Academy of Sciences (see Berkowitz, 1993) demonstrated that consistency and certainty of punishment were far more effective deterrents of violent behaviour than was severe punishment, including the death penalty. Type: ES

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

186) How would a cognitive dissonance theorist counter the Freudian argument that catharsis, blowing off steam to relieve the build-up of destructive aggressive impulses, will reduce aggression? Use an example of yelling or using sarcasm to vent our anger at someone who has angered us. Answer: Dissonance theorists would argue that legitimizing your aggression makes it easier for you to engage in this behaviour again. For example, when we verbally vent our anger or use sarcasm as a weapon against someone, it can be hurtful to them, and is at odds with our self-concepts as kind and reasonable people. Because we cannot undo this behaviour, we will seek to preserve our self-esteem internally by convincing ourselves that the target of our anger must have deserved it. Once we use derogation to justify our verbal aggression, we see the target in a different – and more negative way – and it becomes easier and easier to justify more destructive aggressive acts against them. Type: ES

LO: 11.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

187) You’ve just finished reading Chapter 11 on aggression. Your roommate, a chemistry major, is fascinated by all the interesting things you have learned in your social psychology course, and asks you, “Well, if anger sometimes leads to aggression, what am I supposed to do?” What would you say to her? Answer:

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Chapter 11

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

You should tell her that there is nothing really wrong with anger per se, but that there are things she can do to decrease the odds that she will feel the need to aggress when she’s angry. For example, she can express her anger in a clear, simple statement like “I am really angry with you right now because….” She can “open up” and talk about her experiences with the source of her anger, or with a third party, thereby gaining self-insight and developing problem-solving strategies. She can try to empathize with the source of her anger, putting herself in the other person’s position, all the better to understand why the person did what he or she did; this might make clear that the other person’s behaviour was not intentional, thus decreasing her frustration and anger. She can ask for a sincere apology; sincere apologies, no matter how perfunctory, often reduce anger in “victims.” Type: ES

LO: 11.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

11-55

Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

1) Prejudice against ethnic minorities is well-known. Which of the following is true about the scope of the experience of prejudice? A) Only ethnic minorities experience prejudice and discrimination. B) Only ethnic minorities and women experience prejudice. C) Any group can experience prejudice. D) Prejudice is a thing of the past; no groups experience it anymore. E) Racism is the only form of prejudice that creates true harm in society. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) _______ refers to a negative attitude towards a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their group membership. A) Stereotypes B) Racism C) Prejudice D) Modern racism E) Discrimination Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) Prejudice is an attitude. Attitudes include __________, cognitive, and behavioural components. A) affective B) dominant C) social D) procedural E) illustrative Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) Although psychologists usually refer to prejudice only in a _______ sense, it is possible for a person to have a _______ prejudice about a particular group. A) diffuse; specific B) positive; negative C) specific; diffuse D) benign; destructive E) negative; positive Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

12-1

Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

5) Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of “prejudice” as typically used by social psychologists? A) Barbara believes that women are smarter than men. B) At parties Lynne tends to seek out people who, like her, are psychology majors. C) Glen believes that high school dropouts are unlikely to succeed. D) Kevin feels mistrustful of and uncomfortable around people from the Middle East. E) Maria seldom hangs out with people who are not Catholic. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

6) Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy. “Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts me!” Lucas says with disdain. Lucas is expressing his __________ about polygamy. A) stereotypes B) beliefs C) prejudice D) schemas E) attribution Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

7) _______ is to affect as _______ is to cognition. A) Prejudice; discrimination B) Stereotype; prejudice C) Discrimination; prejudice D) Discrimination; stereotype E) Prejudice; stereotype Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

8) Prejudice is to discrimination as _______ is/are to _______. A) affect; cognition. B) cognition; stereotypes. C) cognition; affect. D) affect; behaviour. E) behaviour; attitudes. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

12-2

Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

9) Vorauer and Sasaki (2010) provided students with information that promoted multiculturalism. In response, ________ students communicated ________ to an Aboriginal student who sent them a message than comparable students who did not receive the information. A) low-prejudice; less warmly B) high-prejudice; less warmly C) low-prejudice; more frequently D) high prejudice; more warmly E) low-prejudice; less frequently Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) According to a Probe research poll conducted in 2017, Canada’s First Nations and Métis people believe that A) racism toward Indigenous peoples has been declining. B) reconciliation was enough to make amends. C) prejudicial attitudes toward Indigenous peoples have remained the same. D) racism toward Indigenous peoples is on the rise. E) there exists no racism toward Indigenous peoples in Canada. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

11) Which of the following statements regarding Canadian research on attitudes toward gay, lesbian and transgender individuals is true? A) Prejudice toward gay and lesbian individuals seems to be declining on Canadian campuses. B) Heterosexual university students tend not to directly express prejudice toward gay people, but do report ambivalence. C) Although there is prejudice toward gay and lesbian individuals, people who speak out against anti-gay prejudice are seen positively. D) Attitudes toward transgender people are more positive than attitudes toward those who are gay, lesbian or bisexual. E) People who speak out against anti-gay prejudice are perceived as being heterosexual. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

12) Based on research findings discussed in the textbook, which of the following statements regarding age-based discrimination is true? A) Generally, in our culture, people hold positive stereotypes of aging. B) Elderly people who held more negative stereotypes about aging felt younger than they actually were. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) Elderly people who reported more age-based discrimination had lower selfesteem. D) People recommended harsher punishments for murder if the perpetrator was a 60-year-old man rather than a 20- or 40-year-old man. E) Elderly people are often seen as physically and cognitively competent. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

13) Based on the information provided in Chapter 12 and in the response options, who would be most likely to face discrimination? A) Haseena, a Black, Muslim female. B) Jorge, a Hispanic male. C) Jerome, a Black, Catholic male. D) Svetlana, a White, Russian, female. E) Kyoung Lae, a South Korean male. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

14) Based on research by Dion and colleagues (1999), which of the following would receive the most negative rating just based on their names and titles. A) Mrs. Evans B) Miss Jones C) Ms. Barnes D) Mr. Green E) J. Taylor, Esq. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

15) Which of the following examples best captures the social-psychological concept of a stereotype? A) Nicole avoids homeless people on the street. B) Arlene refuses to enter an elevator in which men are riding. C) Cindy does not have any friends outside of her sorority. D) Mitch believes that women are seductive, duplicitous, and not to be trusted. E) Aaron becomes uncomfortable when a man sits too close to him. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

16) The term _______ was coined by journalist Walter Lippman (1922), who referred to these phenomena as “the little pictures we carry around in our heads.” A) stereotype B) heuristics Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) cognitive focus D) generalization E) prejudgments Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

17) Stereotypes are the _______ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people. A) cognitive B) specific C) behavioural D) denotative E) affective Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intuitive, and less rational than men. These are examples of Shane’s _______ women. A) stereotypes about B) negative affect toward C) negative behaviour toward D) prejudice toward E) discrimination against Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

19) _______ are generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are ascribed to all members of the group, regardless of within-group variations. A) Schemas B) Stereotypes C) Negative stereotypes D) In-group schemata E) In-group biases Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

20) Stereotyping is a way of _______ the complex information around us, and thus is sometimes _______. A) justifying; reassuring. B) fully analyzing; slow. C) simplifying; adaptive. D) judging; decisive. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) coding; destructive. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

21) Social psychologist Gordon Allport referred to stereotyping as “the law of least effort.” By this he meant that A) stereotyping is a way to simplify a complex world. B) people are cognitively lazy. C) negative stereotypes are motivated, but positive stereotypes are not. D) it takes a tremendous amount of effort to abandon our stereotypes. E) lazy people tend to hold the most stereotypes. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

22) When Gordon Allport (1954) described stereotyping as “the law of least effort,” he was suggesting that stereotypes arise A) to help us conserve cognitive energy. B) from personal experience. C) because we are not motivated to fully think through important issues. D) to justify objectionable actions quickly and easily. E) at the service of the ego. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

23) Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they A) exist. B) are based on experience. C) are overgeneralized to members of a group. D) require cognitive effort. E) reduce cognitive effort. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

24) Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they A) are selectively applied. B) minimize differences within a group of people. C) simplify a complex social world. D) are generally accurate. E) are reserved for ambiguous situations. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy 12-6

Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

25) Based on the findings of work done by Schaller and colleagues, which of the following statements is accurate? A) Positive traits are more likely to become part of the stereotype of the smaller groups in society. B) Once a positive trait becomes part of a stereotype of a group, it is more difficult to dispel that stereotype than it would be for a negative trait. C) Research participants ascribed descriptors such as “loyal to family ties” and “conservative” to White Canadians, and those descriptors became part of a stereotype of those individuals. D) Positive traits are more likely to become part of the stereotype of the largest groups in society. E) Research participants ascribed descriptors such as “lazy” and “superstitious” to Chinese individuals , and those descriptors became part of a stereotype of those individuals. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

26) Based on information found in Chapter 12, which of the following statements regarding gender stereotypes is accurate? A) Stereotypes minimize differences between the sexes. B) Stereotypes ignore differences in personality traits and abilities within each gender. C) Gender stereotypes often fail to morph into prejudices. D) Gender stereotypes more often than not lead to more complex perceptions of people. E) Gender stereotypes are not very pervasive. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

27) A benevolent sexist would endorse which of the following statements? A) “Women are just not capable of doing good science.” B) “Women should not serve in the military because they aren’t as brave as men.” C) “Women should stay home because they are too precious to waste on the working world.” D) “Women shouldn’t teach men because they aren’t very intelligent.” E) “Women should stay out of management positions because they’re just not as driven as men.” Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) idealize women romantically C) have uniformly negative views of women D) view women as the weaker sex E) view women as malicious beings Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

29) Men who are “benevolent sexists” have positive feelings about women as a group, but __________. A) while their views may be old-fashioned, there is no harm in them B) unconsciously have a strong underlying hatred of women C) are not inclined to put women on a pedestal or idealize them romantically D) their views also serve to justify relegating women to traditional, stereotyped roles E) they secretly believe women are malicious and out to get them Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

30) Tara’s boss always calls her “Miss,” but refers to his other employees by name. He also goes out of his way to hold open a door for her, and has asked her a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office. Tara is experiencing __________ sexism from her boss. A) hostile B) puerile C) benign D) benevolent E) affective Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

31) At work, Mariella’s is often told, “Get out of the way, this is man’s work, little woman.” Her male coworkers will often belittle her when she makes a tiny mistake, but let it slide when another man makes a similar mistake. Mariella is experiencing __________ sexism. A) hostile B) puerile C) malignant D) benevolent E) affective Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

32) Kavita’s dad is a benevolent sexist. He’s most likely to approve of which of the following as Kavita’s choice of major? A) Law. He’s looking forward to her becoming a defence attorney. B) Art. He wants her to continue making the world beautiful. C) Chemistry. He would like for her to use her talents to make an incredible amount of money. D) Criminal justice. He wants her to be the first female chief of police of their town. E) Accounting. He wants her to be able to take care of herself financially. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

33) Gaucher and colleagues (2011) found that advertisements for male-dominated jobs had more masculine stereotypical words (e.g., competitive, dominate) than advertisements for female-dominated jobs. They also found that women were reluctant to apply for such jobs because A) they expected sexism in the workplace. B) they felt they would not belong in the workplace. C) they found the language offensive. D) they thought they could earn more elsewhere. E) they felt they didn’t have the right skills for the job. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

34) The definition of ___________ is “unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group.” A) affirmative action B) prejudice C) discrimination D) racism E) in-group bias Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

35) Which of the following is an example of discrimination? A) Luke thinks all women are manipulative. B) Ryan feels mistrustful of Jews. C) Laura scoots over a few feet when a Black man sits next to her in a waiting room. D) Jenny believes that all Hispanics are fluent in Spanish and can cook terrific Tex-Mex food. E) Joe believes that all rich people are snobs who have acquired their money dishonestly. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

36) Discrimination is the _______ component of negative attitudes toward a group of people. A) dominant B) cognitive C) affective D) behavioural E) pejorative Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

37) Jessica isn’t invited to a Super Bowl party her coworkers are throwing because she’s a woman. Jessica is experiencing __________ from her coworkers. A) discrimination B) prejudice C) hostile sexism D) race-based exclusion E) stereotyping Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

38) Based on information found in Chapter 12, which of following statements regarding research on discrimination is accurate? A) Page (1999) found that landlords were two times more likely to say that accommodation was unavailable when the caller mentioned that she or he had AIDS (terminology taken from the original research). B) Barata and Stewart (2010) had a female confederate call landlords to ask if rental apartments were available. If she mentioned that she was currently staying at a women’s shelter, the landlord was nearly 10 times more likely to say that the accommodation was available because they wanted to help. C) When Aboriginal tenants were able to find housing, they were more likely than white tenants to experience discrimination in the form of unfair evictions and demands for sexual favours from landlords. D) Although discrimination has been found in many different settings, it appears as though it doesn’t happen often in educational settings. E) In Canada, there are more articles about and more photographs of female players than male players. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

39) Which of the following statements is accurate, according to Statistics Canada data published in 2018? A) Indigenous people make up only 4 percent of the Canadian population, but they represent 27 percent of inmates in provincial jails and 28 percent of inmates in federal prisons. B) The number of Indigenous people in provincial jails and federal prisons is on the decline. C) The final of the women’s curling championships was watched by an average of 659,000 viewers while the final of the men’s curling championship was watched by 762,000 viewers. D) About 14.7% of all sports coverage is females in sports. E) Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

40) Modern prejudice is _______ than “traditional” prejudice. A) less insidious B) less obvious C) less serious D) more explicit E) more blatant Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

41) _______ refers to the idea that because people have learned to hide negative attitudes to avoid allegations of racism, they reveal their bias in more subtle and indirect ways. A) Scapegoating B) Reactance C) Realistic conflict theory D) Displacement E) Modern prejudice Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) The fact that one gives overly positive evaluations to targets of prejudice is one of the indicators of A) modern prejudice. B) racism. C) stereotyping. D) meta stereotypes E) outgroup bias.

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Chapter 12

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

43) A well-developed measure of modern prejudice is ________ which asks participants to respond to works paired with pictures of faces, then measures speed of response. A) the neosexism scale B) the implicit association test (IAT) C) the modern racism scale D) the modern homonegativity scale E) the associate attitude test (AAT) Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

44) Which of the following is not one of the recently developed measures of modern prejudice discussed in your text? A) the neosexism scale B) the implicit association test (IAT) C) the modern racism scale D) the modern homonegativity scale E) the associative attitude test (AAT) Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

45) The __________ is thought to measure unconscious prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face with a positive or negative association. A) Implicit Association Test B) affective component C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) contact hypothesis E) bogus pipeline Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

46) On the Implicit Association Test, implicit attitudes are revealed by __________. A) differences in response times to faces when paired with positive words as compared to faces when paired with negative words B) examining the physical distances between individuals when they are interacting with one another C) asking participants to predict their attitude toward gay men, lesbians, and other groups D) changes in physiology revealed by the bogus pipeline E) observing participants in their natural environments after they’ve been exposed to implicit stimuli Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

47) Arnold is taking a test that measures his reaction time to faces paired with words. When he responds more slowly to black faces paired with positive words, it means he has a __________ prejudice. A) negative implicit B) positive implicit C) negative explicit D) positive explicit E) lack of Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

48) Some psychological scientists question the interpretations of the Implicit Association Test. Rather than revealing implicit bias, what else might the test be revealing? A) explicit bias B) overt behaviour C) discrimination D) cultural stereotypes or associations E) prejudice Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

49) Carmella is very concerned because her Implicit Association Test (IAT) results show that she responded more slowly when faces of overweight people were paired with positive words. She’s concerned that this represents that she is implicitly biased against overweight people. What might some psychological scientists tell her to make her feel better? A) The IAT may reveal cultural stereotypes and not personal stereotypes. B) The IAT predicts behaviour in most people, so she should be worried about how she will now interact with an overweight friend. C) These IAT results also predict she has negative implicit attitudes toward the elderly. D) A self-fulfilling prophecy is created now that she knows her IAT results. E) The IAT has no research support. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

50) What did Ravary, Baldwin, and Bartz (2019) find when they conducted research on celebrity “fat shaming”?

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) They found that it changed people’s attitudes toward celebrities in the two weeks following a “fat shaming”, but had no impact on people’s anti-fat attitudes overall. B) They found an increase in anti-fat attitudes in the two weeks following a celebrity “fat shaming”. C) They found that celebrity “fat shaming” had no impact on implicit anti-fat attitudes, but did impact explicit attitudes. D) They found that celebrity “fat shaming” had no impact on explicit anti-fat attitudes, but did impact implicit attitudes. E) They found that celebrity “fat shaming” had no significant impact on anti-fat attitudes at all. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

51) In discussing discrimination, the author of the text presents the idea of having both male and female professors rate a job application for a lab manager. In the experiment, the resume is identical with the exception of the assignment of a male or a female name. What did this experiment show? A) Both the male and the female would be hired at the same rate of pay. B) More professors recommended hiring the female at a slightly higher wage than the male. C) More professors viewed the male candidate as more competent and they would hire him at a higher salary than the female. D) Only the female professors indicated they would hire the female. E) Only the male professors indicated they would hire the female. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

52) When “Whitened” (removing any references to minority ethnicity) and “nonWhitened” resumes were sent to job ads posted on online career sites, what happened? A) Both “Whitened” and “non-Whitened” resumes were called back equally. B) “Non-Whitened” resumes were twice as likely to get a call back compared to “Whitened” resumes. C) “Whitened” resumes were twice as likely to get a call back compared to “nonWhitened” resumes. D) “Non-Whitened” resumes were called back more, but only by companies that were predominantly staffed with other minorities. E) “Non-Whitened” resumes were called back more, but only by companies that were predominantly staffed with females. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

53) Who is engaging in modern racism from the examples below? A) Tamara, who says, “minorities are not demanding enough in their push for special rights.” B) Johanna, who says, “Aboriginal people should not have reserved placements in universities, everything is equal now.” C) Tomias, who says, “women shouldn’t be allowed in management positions as they’re just not competent enough.” D) Lori, who says, “I just can’t bring myself to trust Black men.” E) Manu, who says, “people who are overweight all eat too much, it’s just so gross!” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

54) Tougas and her colleagues at the University of Ottawa developed the “Neosexism Scale” in order to A) measure sexist attitudes in school children. B) measure sexism in the workplace. C) measure anti-male attitudes as well as anti-female attitudes. D) measure attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. E) measure negative attitudes towards women that people might not want to express overtly. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

55) Iona is participating in a psychology experiment for her introductory psychology class. She just finished responding to statements such as “If gay men want to be treated like everyone else, then they need to stop making such a fuss about their sexuality/culture.’ What measure are the researchers likely using in this experiment? A) The Neosexism Scale B) The Genderism Scale C) The Modern Prejudice Scale D) The Modern Homonegativity Scale E) The Aversive Prejudice Scale Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

56) Which of the following concepts is most closely related to a social cognition approach to prejudice? A) contagion and frustration B) realistic conflict C) self-justification processes D) the frustration-aggression link E) social categorization Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

57) From a social cognitive perspective, the first step toward prejudice is A) identification with similar others. B) the categorization of people into groups. C) the preference we give to in-groups. D) our tendency to disparage out-groups. E) identification with the out-group. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

58) Which of the following statements regarding research with infants is accurate? A) Neuroscience studies show that humans begin creating categories around 5 months of age. B) Newborns show preferences for faces of their own race from birth. C) Neuroscience studies show that infants can’t differentiate between male and female faces until they’re a few months old. D) If infants aren’t exposed to a variety of faces from birth, they will show a preference for faces of their own race by around 3 months of age. E) Infants appear to be born with the ability to notice different categories and experience doesn’t seem to matter much at all as they grow. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

59) What distinguishes an in-group from an out-group? A) the location of the group B) the size of the group C) the similarity of group members D) a person’s identification with the group E) the cohesiveness of the group Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

60) Peplak et al. (2017) found that ingroup bias (e.g., preference for same-gender peers) is already shown among children as young as age ________. A) two B) four C) one D) six months Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

61) Johan is a participant in a research study. When he arrives, wearing flip flops, he is told that he is in the “no shoelaces” group and asked to sit at the back of the room. The “shoelaces” group members are all seated at the front of the room. This is likely an experiment using _________________ to investigate __________________. A) minimal groups ; ingroup bias B) taxonomies ; group harmony C) hierarchies ; affirmative action D) ingroups ; implicit attitudes E) outgroups ; benevolent prejudice Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

62) “Klee style” versus “Kandinsky style,” blue eyes versus brown eyes, and tall versus short all represent meaningless criteria with which to A) enhance group harmony. B) create in-groups and out-groups. C) reduce prejudice. D) minimize the effects of group membership. E) perpetuate stereotypes. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

63) British social psychologist Henri Tajfel (1982) divided strangers into groups based on such criteria as whether their artistic taste represented a “Klee style” or a “Kandinsky style.” Tajfel designed such experiments to determine A) how to reduce the effects of prejudice. B) the minimal conditions for establishing in-group bias. C) how to minimize competition between in-groups and out-groups. D) when existing stereotypes will overshadow the effects of minimal categorization. E) the effects of minimal categorization on people's implicit personality theories. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

64) Marc and Barbara are part of a study group that gathers for lunch. They like sushi, but the other two members of the study group do not. Over time, Marc and Barbara come to feel that the other members do not work as hard as they do and are less friendly. This may be an effect of Marc and Barbara forming a(n) A) base group. B) clique. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) out-group. D) minimal group. E) focus group. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

65) Maria is a member of a chess team. Her ratings of the other members of her team are likely to be __________ her ratings of members of another chess team. A) the same as B) less varied than C) more positive than D) more negative than E) more varied than Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

66) Tajfel’s social categorization perspective suggests that we are motivated to show ingroup bias for two reasons. These are A) quicker information processing and a more coherent world view. B) social identity benefits and self-esteem enhancement. C) the need to perceive the world accurately and conform to in-group demands. D) ensuring survival of our group and of ourselves. E) a desire to express our negative energy and experience the catharsis that follows. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

67) Which of the following statements is accurate when it comes to the findings of Canadian research on social identity benefits? A) The more First Nation Canadian children identified with being Native, the more negative their attitudes toward First Nation Canadians. B) Adult participants who were induced to feel high identification with Canada were more likely to recall bad deeds done Canadians than those induced to feel low identification. C) Immigrants to Canada who adopted a Canadian identity were less likely to feel that Canada discriminated against immigrants compared to those who did not identify as strongly with Canada. D) Of French Canadian participants living in Quebec who were told that French Canadian culture might merge with Anglophone culture in the future, those with a strong French Canadian identity subsequently expressed less support for Quebec sovereignty. E) Of research participants told that Canada was at risk of losing its sovereignty because of American interest in forming a shared security agency, those who had a strong Canadian identity were less likely to endorse actions to protect Canada’s sovereignty. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

68) When the identity of a group was threatened by absorption into an out-group (Wohl et al., 2011) (e.g., if Canada were about to become part of the US), the response of those who strongly identify with their group was A) increased prejudice towards the out-group. B) endorsement of measures to protect in-group sovereignty. C) increased ratings of out-group superiority. D) increased desire to leave the in-group and join the out-group. E) a decrease in self-esteem. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

69) Which of the following statements about group membership is true according to your text? A) If you strongly identify with your social group, you feel less threatened by outgroup members. B) Discriminating against members of other groups can make you like your own group more. C) If you strongly identify with your social group, you are less likely to discriminate against members of other groups. D) Discriminating against other groups is more likely to occur if you have been assigned to a group than if you have chosen it. E) Favouring your own group is more likely to occur if you have been assigned to a group than if you have chosen it. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

70) The tendency to favour the in-group and discriminate against the out-group is A) a result of the need to perceive the world accurately. B) an automatic product of information processing. C) more likely in people who are “cognitive misers.” D) more likely in people who are high in the need for cognition. E) motivated at least in part by the desire to enhance self-esteem. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

71) When Lemyre and Smith (1985) divided students into groups and then gave some participants an opportunity to discriminate against the out-group, what did they find? A) Participants refused to discriminate against the out-group.

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B) Participants who discriminated against the out-group showed higher selfesteem than did those who were not given the chance to discriminate. C) Participants who discriminated against the out-group felt guilty and thus showed lower self-esteem than did those who were not given the chance to discriminate. D) Participants who were not assigned to any group but who were allowed to discriminate against one of the groups also showed an increase in self-esteem. E) Discriminating against others improves our self-esteem whether social identity is involved or not. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

72) Clément and colleagues (2001; 1996) compared cultural group identification of bilingual francophone and anglophone students at the University of Ottawa. They found that A) English-speaking francophones identified with anglophones but Frenchspeaking anglophones did not identify with the francophone group. B) the anglophones showed identification with the francophone culture. C) even though students felt competence with the other language, it did not lead to cross identification with the other group. They only identified with their own cultural group. D) as the minority group, francophones strongly identified only with their own culture. E) competence within the other cultural group’s language facilitates identification with the other group for both anglophones and francophone students. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) Applying the results of Clément and colleagues’ research on cultural identity of anglophone and francophone students, which scenario is most likely? A) Since Jim began learning French, he identifies more with francophones than he did before. B) Alain no longer identifies with his francophone culture due to extensive experience with English culture. C) Sarah’s identification with anglophone culture has come in conflict with her francophone identity now that she is learning English. D) Laura’s increasing identification with francophone culture has come in conflict with her anglophone identity. E) Even though Marie-Eve has become much more proficient in English she feels no connection to anglophone culture. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

74) Based on _____________, Fein and Spencer (1997) predicted that if people were made to feel good about themselves in some way (e.g., having them write about their values), they would be less likely to need to boost their self-esteem by derogating outgroup members. A) self-affirmation theory B) self-verification theory C) self-esteem theory D) social comparison theory E) self-enhancement theory Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

75) Correll and colleagues (2002) had white participants play a video game in which they were supposed to hit the “shoot” button when they saw photographs of young men who had guns, but were supposed to hit the “don’t shoot” button when the young men did not have a gun. They made the most errors when ____________, and made the least errors when ____________. A) when a Black male was not holding a gun; when a White male was holding a gun B) when a Black male was not holding a gun; when a Black male was holding a gun C) when a White male was not holding a gun; when a White male was holding a gun D) when a White male was holding a gun; when a Black male was not holding a gun E) when a Black male was holding a gun; when a White male was holding a gun Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

76) Michael is a police officer. During one of his shifts, he is chasing a suspect down an alleyway. The suspect turns around and pulls something from his pocket. Michael has half a second to decide whether the object is a gun or something else, like the suspect’s wallet. According to research by Correll and colleagues (2011), Michael is most likely to infer a threat and shoot the suspect if A) the suspect is wearing jeans and a hoodie. B) the suspect is a Hispanic man. C) the suspect is a White man. D) the suspect is a Black man. E) the suspect is wearing a suit. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

77) Research investigating the physical environment as a trigger of automatic thinking about race and crime has found that _________________________________________. A) physical environment does not seem to be a trigger of automatic thinking about race and crime B) negative stereotypes of black people came to mind less quickly for participants who were seated in a dark room compared with participants who were seated in a brightly lit room C) reactions to black men did not differ as a function of the physical environment in which the experiment took place D) negative stereotypes of white people came to mind more quickly for participants who were seated in a dark room compared with participants who were seated in a brightly lit room E) negative stereotypes of black people came to mind more quickly for participants who were seated in a dark room compared with participants who were seated in a brightly lit room. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

78) Patricia Devine (1989) argues that even though we all hold _______ stereotypes, _______ can influence whether we believe and act on them. A) automatically activated; controlled processing B) gender; interacting with others C) simple; complex contradictory information D) negative; experience E) specific; our moods Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

79) Even nonprejudiced participants in research by Patricia Devine (1989) can recognize such negative stereotypes as “Jews are money-hungry” or “homosexual men are effeminate.” Still, nonprejudiced participants do not endorse those stereotypes. This is because the activation of stereotypes is _______, whereas the refutation of stereotypes is _______. A) difficult; effortless. B) distressing; a relief. C) controlled; automatic. D) learned; automatic. E) automatic; controlled. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

80) Patricia Devine’s (1989) research indicates that both low-prejudiced and highprejudiced people’s stereotypes are _______, but low-prejudiced people want to _______ their stereotypes. A) common; use B) suspended; activate or use C) known; reveal D) known; activate E) accessible; refute or ignore Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

81) The two steps in Devine’s (1989) model of cognitive processing of stereotypes are A) negative feelings and negative behaviours. B) negative thoughts and negative feelings. C) automatic processing and controlled processing. D) activation of the stereotype and engaging in discrimination. E) negative thoughts and negative behaviours. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

82) Research by Sinclair and Kunda (1999) found that people are most likely to inhibit the activation of their racial stereotypes if A) they received a negative evaluation by a member of a different racial group. B) they received no evaluation by a members of a different racial group. C) they received a positive evaluation by a member of their own racial group. D) they received a negative evaluation by a member of their own racial group. E) they received a positive evaluation by a member of a different racial group. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

83) Which of the following statements is true regarding stereotype activation and inhibition? A) Research has found that most people belong to only a couple of groups, so stereotype activation and inhibition is a relatively simple process. B) Research has found that participants perceived elderly black men more positively than young black men, thus, the stereotype of elderly people moderated the stereotype of black people. C) Research has found that participants viewed elderly black men just as negatively as they viewed young black men. D) Research has found that we select which stereotypes to activate or inhibit, and often this choice depends on what will produce the least self-enhancement.

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Research has found that if a negative stereotype will interfere with a selfesteem boost, we hold on to that stereotype even stronger, applying it even more. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

84) Belinda is thinking of joining the women’s hockey team at the University. She is, however, concerned that the players on the men’s team will mock them because ‘girls can’t play hockey’. Belinda’s beliefs can best be described as A) a stereotype threat. B) an attribution error. C) disengagement. D) a meta-stereotype. E) disidentification. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

85) Your beliefs about the stereotypes that members of other groups hold about you and your own group are called A) meta-stereotypes. B) out-group stereotypes. C) second-order stereotypes. D) higher-order stereotypes. E) in-group stereotypes. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

86) According to research conducted by Vorauer and her colleagues, if you expect to interact with someone you believe holds a negative stereotype of your group, you will A) experience a loss of self-esteem. B) compensate by anticipating more positive emotions during the interaction. C) anticipate that the interaction will be unpleasant. D) experience a loss of self-worth. E) work harder than usual to overcome that negative stereotype. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

87) The authors of the text suggest that ________ can have an ironic effect in that it involves taking the perspective of an out-group member, usually see as a prejudice decreasing strategy. But in this case it often leads to an increase in negative feelings about the out-group. A) stereotype threat B) realistic conflict Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) meta-stereotyping D) in-group bias E) the ultimate attribution error Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

88) Vorauer and Kumhyr (2001) paired up Aboriginal and white Canadians in conversation. Each person made ratings of his or her own partner and predicted how his or her partner perceived them. The conclusion for the study was that A) high-prejudice white people believed that they were stereotyped by their Aboriginal conversation partner, even though they were not. B) high-prejudice white people were targets of stereotyping as much as Aboriginal participants. C) the white Canadians were stereotyped while the Aboriginals were not. D) the minority group stereotyped the majority group and vice versa. E) the Aboriginals were stereotyped while the white Canadians were not. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

89) Research by Haddock, Zanna, and Esses (1993, 1994) assessed attitudes towards different ethnic groups and towards gays and lesbians. Their findings suggest that _____________________ are the best predictor of attitudes for the group toward which participants were least prejudiced, whereas _____________________ best predicted attitudes for the groups towards which participants were most prejudiced. A) symbolic beliefs; emotions B) symbolic beliefs; in-group bias C) emotions; symbolic beliefs D) outgroup identifications; in-group bias E) emotions; in-group bias Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

90) Which of the following has been found to be the strongest predictor of prejudiced attitudes? A) how negative our experiences with members of an out-group have been B) how much interaction we have with the out-group C) our stereotypes about an out-group D) how much we believe an out-group hinders values that we cherish E) how strong the emotions elicited by an out-group are Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy 12-25

Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

91) As a researcher you know that, in general, members of a certain society are very prejudiced against gay people. If you want to predict the attitudes of specific group members towards gay people, the best question you could ask would be, A) “How do you feel about gay marriage?” B) “What kinds of experiences have you had in your interactions with gay people?” C) “What emotions do you feel when you think about gay people?” D) “In what ways do you think the values promoted by the gay community contradict your own personal values?” E) “What kinds of personality traits do you think gay people possess?” Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

92) Research by Corenblum and Stephan (2001) concerning the role of emotions as a predictor of the prejudice that minority groups feel toward majority groups revealed that A) negative emotions did not predict prejudice for either group. B) negative emotions influence prejudice levels for minority groups but not for majority groups. C) negative emotions were less predictive of prejudice than individual differences. D) the more negative emotion people expect to feel while interacting with members of another group, the greater their prejudice towards that group. E) negative emotions influence prejudice levels for majority groups but not for minority groups. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

93) One source of prejudice and discrimination lies in our attempts to understand not only why individuals behave as they do, but also why groups of people act as they do. This statement best reflects the _______ to understanding the causes of prejudice. A) realistic conflict approach B) attributional approach C) out-group homogeneity approach D) in-group approach E) minimal group Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

94) From an attributional perspective, prejudice and discrimination often result when A) subtypes are applied to members of an in-group. B) the fundamental attribution error is applied to members of an entire group. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) people refuse to make attributions for objectionable out-group behaviours. D) in-group members do not spend much time together. E) out-group members behave in ways that contradict in-group stereotypes. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

95) _______ is to individuals as _______ is to groups. A) Stereotype; prejudice B) Fundamental attribution error; ultimate attribution error C) Prejudice; stereotype D) Accuracy; biases E) Personal attribution; collective attribution Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

96) Janet Swim and Lawrence Sanna (1996) systematically studied a series of 58 experiments conducted over the last 20 years. These researchers found that when men succeed at a given task, participants attribute his success to _______, whereas when women succeed at that same task, participants attribute their success to _______. A) skill; good luck. B) hard work; good luck. C) luck; ability. D) ability; hard work. E) hard work; ability. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

97) Janet Swim and Lawrence Sanna (1996) systematically studied a series of 58 experiments conducted over the last 20 years. These researchers found that when men succeed at a given task, participants attribute their success to ability, whereas when women succeed at that same task, participants attribute their success to hard work. These findings are significant because they suggest that A) stereotypes about women have become more positive over the last two decades. B) gender stereotypes (about men and women) have changed over the last two decades. C) female actors make different attributions for their success than observers do. D) stereotypes about women have remained consistent over the last two decades. E) stereotypes about women have become more negative over the last two decades. Answer: D Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

98) Jamal and Tina just earned the top two scores on their calculus examination. In response to this good news, people are likely to say _______ about Tina, whereas they are likely to say _______ about Jamal. A) “Well, she studies for ten hours,”; “Some people have it and some people don’t, and he has it.” B) “She really learned the material well,”; “Man, he really got lucky this time.” C) “Math is one of her strong subjects,”; “I can’t believe he did so well on a difficult test.” D) “It’s 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration,”; “He should have studied this way all along.” E) “Women are just as good at math as men are,”; “I guess that studying hard pays off.” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

99) According to realistic conflict theory, prejudice and discrimination often follow from A) aggression. B) negative stereotypes. C) losing out-group status. D) frustration. E) scarce resources. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

100) _______ posits that increased prejudice and discrimination result from limited resources and consequent inter-group conflict. A) Triangular theory B) Attribution theory C) Realistic conflict theory D) Relative deprivation theory E) The self-fulfilling prophecy Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

101) Consider the following examples of prejudice: anti-Chinese prejudice in the United States after the transcontinental railroad was completed, anti-Mexican prejudice in the United States when agricultural jobs are scarce, anti-Native prejudice in New Brunswick after a dispute over lobster fishing rights, and anti-immigrant prejudice during times of high unemployment. These examples best illustrate the _______ theory of prejudice. A) scarcity Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) authoritarian C) realistic conflict D) cultural E) contact Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

102) In Canada, when times are hard economically and jobs are scarce, realistic conflict theory would predict that __________. A) there will be less prejudice against minorities B) there will be more cooperation among minorities and the majority group C) minorities will benefit more from affirmative action than is really fair D) there will be more prejudice against minorities E) there will only be more prejudice against minorities who don’t already have jobs Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

103) When Canadian university students were made to focus on the scarcity of jobs in Canada and then were told that a group of immigrants from “Sandir” would be arriving in Canada, they construed (or interpreted) the traits of Sandirians in more negative ways than students who hadn’t focused on job scarcity. This result supports A) the notion that people are particularly likely to make the ultimate attribution error when judging out-groups. B) predictions made by realistic conflict theory. C) predictions made by stereotype priming theory. D) the principle of normative conformity. E) the hypothesis that the emotions a group arouses in us cause stereotypes to be activated. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficult: Easy

104) As part of a research study, James is given a story about the Sandirians coming to Canada. He reads that Sandirians are a resourceful and adaptive people that do well in tough economic times and are able to gain employment and support themselves soon after immigrating. Based on the results of Esses and colleagues’ (2001) study on reactions to immigration, how do you think he will rate Sandirians? A) very positively due to the fact that they are good citizens B) neutrally as the information has little relevance C) somewhat positively since he perceives that they will not be a burden on society D) positively as the information has little relevance E) negatively due to the fact that their success may be threatening Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

105) Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp. Intergroup hostility was relatively easy to generate. To do this, the researchers first _______ and then _______. A) created minimal groups; set up a series of competitive situations. B) created in-group cohesiveness; set up a series of competitive situations. C) set up a series of competitive situations; created in-group cohesiveness. D) created out-group cohesiveness; initiated competitive games. E) created minimal groups; generated frustration by taking away desired objects. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

106) Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp. Once in-group cohesiveness was established, they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games. Conflict between the two groups escalated. This field study provided support for the _______ theory of prejudice. A) realistic conflict B) out-group disparagement C) ultimate attribution theory D) scapegoat E) in-group enhancement Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

107) How did Sherif and colleagues reduce hostility between the groups of boys in his well-known experiment? A) He eliminated competitive games and had the boys experience mutual interdependence through the creation of superordinate goals. B) He allowed them to play more games together and encouraged independence. C) He promoted a great deal of nonconflictual social contact and then allowed the boys to compete against one another. D) He allowed the boys to get their hostility out through rough-and-tumble play. E) He wasn’t able to reduce the hostility and thus, had to cancel the experiment after only a few days. Answer: A Type: MC

LO:12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

108) Zoltan is a dance instructor whose dance school just merged with another dance school. He’s noticed a lot of hostility between the dancers, with the dancers from his Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 12

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

dance school constantly fighting with the dancers from the other school for attention and praise. Using what you’ve learned from Sherif and colleagues, what would you recommend to Zoltan? A) Zoltan should just let the groups practice and perform at different times as it’s too difficult to reduce the conflict. B) Zoltan should set up fun and physically challenging games such as capture the flag and tug of war between the groups. C) Zoltan should discourage any competition between the groups and should create a new routine that requires the participation of all of the dancers together. D) Zoltan should allow the dancers to all let out their frustrations on a safe target, such as a pillow or punching bag. E) Zoltan should criticize all of the dancers and not allow them to dance until they can get along. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

109) According to the text, one way to lower prejudice is to A) provide extrinsic reinforcement for anti-prejudiced behaviours. B) blur the distinction between ‘us’ and ‘them’ and promote common goals. C) highlight the differences between ethnic groups. D) punish prejudiced behaviours. E) educate parents to be better role models for their children. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

110) Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues (1961) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp. Once in-group cohesiveness was established, they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games. Conflict between the two groups escalated. Sherif and his colleagues were only successful in reducing conflict and hostility when A) leaders endorsed a truce between the two rival groups. B) groups were rewarded when they cooperated with one another. C) they brought the groups together in neutral situations. D) groups were punished for behaving with hostility. E) they constructed situations that fostered mutual interdependence. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

111) _______ characterizes a situation in which two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal important to each group. A) Zero-sum dynamics B) Collectivism C) Group dynamics Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) Mutual exclusivity E) Mutual interdependence Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

112) Alice’s three children are driving her crazy. They are constantly squabbling, calling one another names, and generally tormenting one another. To preserve what’s left of her sanity, Alice has decided to try to convince the youngsters to get along. What is the best way to do this? A) Cook a good hearty meal and have them all gather at the table. B) Send them outside to play in the yard. C) Have a family meeting so that they can air their grievances. D) Promise to take them to a Pixar movie only if they clean the playroom in 30 minutes. E) Explain to the children that it is important that they get along. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3 and 12.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

113) Alice’s three children are driving her crazy. They are constantly squabbling, calling one another names, and generally tormenting one another. To preserve what’s left of her sanity, Alice has decided to try to convince the youngsters to get along. She promises them that she will take them to a Pixar movie if they will work together to clean their playroom in under 30 minutes. To reduce hostilities, Alice has fulfilled two necessary preconditions for reducing conflict, A) the reduction of frustration and a common goal. B) reduced stereotype threat and role differentiation C) a neutral setting and role differentiation. D) mutual interdependence and a common goal. E) one-on-one interactions between in-group and out-group members and an informal setting. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.3 and 12.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

114) Prejudice may be maintained by _______ normative rules. A) breaking B) the rejection of C) the avoidance of D) ignorance of E) conformity to Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy 12-32

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115) Fiona isn’t really sure what to believe about Indian immigrants to England, but she knows what her parents and friends think. Because she is concerned with being accepted by these important people in her life, Fiona adopts their beliefs and feelings about this out-group. This example best illustrates _______ as a source of prejudicial attitudes. A) informational conformity B) competition for scarce resources C) scapegoating D) in-group pride E) normative conformity Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

116) When people see the social norm (the way things are) as the way things are supposed to be, they are involved in a process termed A) right-wing authoritarianism. B) self-fulfilling prophecy. C) injunctification. D) stereotype threat. E) meta-stereotyping. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

117) Researchers suggest that injunctification is most likely to occur when we are motivated to A) avoid stereotype threat. B) defend the status quo. C) identify with the in-group. D) seek mutual interdependence. E) reject the current system. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

118) In 2015, the prime minister of Canada (Stephen Harper) was generally regarded as ambivalent, at best, on issues related to immigration. In 2016, a new prime minister (Justin Trudeau) was elected who promoted pro-immigrant and pro-refugee policies. Rashid, a Canadian, has been completing annual surveys regarding his attitudes toward various issues. Looking at his annual surveys from 2015 onward, it appears as though Rashid has shifted his view of migrants such that he has reported increasingly positive stereotypes of migrants. Based on information in Chapter 12, Rashid would likely be high in ________________________________. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) authoritativeness B) injunctification C) system justification D) mutual interdependence E) empathy Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

119) When women were exposed to benevolent sexism rather than hostile sexism (Becker and Wright, 2011), they were less likely to A) feel depressed. B) be satisfied with relations between men and women. C) show sexism towards males. D) take action to improve women’s rights. E) show sexism to other women. Answer: D Type: MC

Page Ref: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

120) The ‘cluster’ of attitudes that defines right-wing authoritarianism includes authoritarian ________, authoritarian ________ and ________. A) conservatism; prejudice; dominance. B) submission; dominance; nonconformity. C) submission; aggression; conventionalism. D) aggression; conservatism; traditionalism. E) prejudice; dominance; conventionalism. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

121) According to Bob Altemeyer’s concept of right-wing authoritarianism, which of the following terms is defined as “a high degree of conformity to the rules that are established by authority figures.” A) authoritarian fundamentalism B) authoritarian submission C) authoritarian self-righteousness D) conventionalism E) authoritarian rigidity Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

122) Which is a technique that has been shown by Altemeyer (2001) to be effective in influencing right-wing authoritarians to move towards greater acceptance of minorities? Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) Adapt the jigsaw technique to adult problem solving. B) Inform them that their attitudes are different from the majority, as conformity is an important value for them. C) Publicly criticize them for open expression of prejudicial beliefs. D) Ask them to state why they hold these beliefs. E) Encourage educational travel to allow exposure to other cultures. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

123) Julian is a devout Christian and believes very strongly that Christianity is the only religion that is valid. He is constantly warning others that evil forces are constantly threatening to undermine the truth of Christianity. Julian would be described as being ________________ and more likely to be ______________________________. A) high in religious fundamentalism ; high in anti-gay prejudice B) low in religious fundamentalism ; high in anti-gay prejudice C) high in religious authoritarianism ; high in anti-gay prejudice D) low in religious authoritarianism ; low in anti-gay prejudice E) high in religious dominance orientation ; high in anti-gay prejudice Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

124) Which of the following correlations would be predicted by the principles of Realistic Conflict Theory? A) the correlation between right-wing authoritarianism and prejudice B) the correlation between belief in a just world and prejudice C) the correlation between social dominance orientation and prejudice D) the correlation between religious fundamentalism and prejudice E) the correlation between belief in a just world and discrimination Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

125) Based on research findings discussed in Chapter 12, who is more likely to be higher in social dominance orientation? A) Clarke, who is a first year law student B) Jolie, who is a fourth year psychology student C) Lawrence, who is a first year psychology student D) Nathan, who is a third year law student E) Bhavi, who is a third year psychology student Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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126) In their classic “doll studies” with African-American children, social psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark (1947) demonstrated the negative effects of prejudice on children’s _____ even early in life. A) consumer choice B) altruism C) empathy D) stereotypes E) attachments Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

127) Corenblum and colleagues presented white and Native children with drawings of white and Native boys and girls. What did they find? A) When asked which child they’d like to play with, Native children chose Native children and white children chose white children B) When asked which child they’d like to play with, Native children were slightly more likely to choose a white child than a Native child C) Native children attributed more positive qualities to a Native child than to a white child D) White children attributed more positive qualities to a Native child than to a white child E) When asked which child they’d like to play with, both Native children and white children chose Native children and white children equally often Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

128) When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member’s behaviour, we have actually created a(n) A) minimal group bias. B) out-group error. C) self-fulfilling prophecy. D) fundamental attribution error. E) expectations relapse. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

129) Word, Zanna, and Cooper (1974) tested the self-fulfilling prophecy as it relates to prejudice. They observed the differential behaviours of Anglo-American interviewers who interviewed either African-American or Anglo-American job candidates. They then trained other interviewers to imitate these two different interview styles. When the new interviewers later interviewed Anglo-American job applicants, the applicants who were treated as African-Americans had been treated in the first study

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A) became more convinced that their initial negative expectations were confirmed. B) actually behaved in less effective and comfortable ways. C) confronted the interviewers and terminated the conversation. D) experienced a loss of self-esteem. E) were in a negative mood state which lead to improved performance. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

130) As the only African-American in his class, LaMont tends to worry about committing errors because he does not want all of his white counterparts to think that all AfricanAmericans are intellectually inferior. LaMont is experiencing A) social identity threat. B) attribution error. C) group hostility. D) cultural bias E) class anxiety. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

131) _______ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might behave in a way that confirms existing cultural stereotypes. A) Stereotypic anxiety B) Social identity threat C) Prejudice anxiety D) Performance ambivalence E) Evaluation apprehension Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

132) In a series of experiments, Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995) had both African-American and Anglo-American students at Stanford University take a verbal test. In one condition, the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence, and in the other condition, the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence. In the former condition, African-Americans performed more poorly than did Anglo-Americans because A) African-Americans shared the cultural stereotype. B) African-Americans were overwhelmed by a fear of success. C) Anglo-Americans were determined that African-Americans would not “outscore” them. D) African-Americans experienced performance ambivalence. E) African-Americans experienced stereotype threat. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: E Type: MC

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LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

133) A woman would be most likely to experience social identity threat when completing A) a calculus examination. B) a gender-neutral task. C) a philosophy assignment. D) an English assignment. E) a vocational interest questionnaire. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

134) Shih, Pittinsky, and Ambady (1999) administered mathematics tests to AsianAmerican female university students. They found that _______ had the highest scores on the test. A) students in the control group who were not reminded of their gender or ethnicity B) students who were reminded of their gender C) students who were previously punished for poor performance D) students who were reminded of their ethnicity E) students who were rewarded for good performance Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

135) When male confederates behaved in a sexist way (showing dominance and sexual interest) towards female engineering students, the women were more likely to feel ________ the confederate and to score ________ on an engineering test. A) dislike of; lower B) attraction towards; higher C) pleased about interacting with; higher D) dislike of; higher E) attraction towards; lower Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

136) Nowicki and Lopata (2017) assessed children’s implicit and explicit stereotypes of math and reading. What did they find? A) When explicitly asked, girls were less likely than boys to believe their gender was superior at math; both girls and boys believed that girls were better readers than boys B) When assessed implicitly, both girls and boys believed that boys were better at math; both girls and boys believed that girls were better readers than boys Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) When explicitly asked, girls were more likely than boys to believe their gender was superior at math; both girls and boys believed that girls were better readers than boys D) When assessed implicitly, girls believed boys were better at math while boys believed girls were better at math; both girls and boys believed that boys were better readers than girls E) In all conditions, both boys and girls believed that their own gender was better at math and reading Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

137) If you were a math teacher and you wanted females to perform just as well as males in your class, what might you say to the females in your class? A) “Gender differences in math performance are the result of differences in experience, rather than genetics.” B) “Just try not to think about the stereotype of women and math.” C) “Gender differences in math performance are the result of genetics, rather than differences in experience.” D) “You’re struggling a bit with math, but I know you can do this!” E) “Yes there are differences between men and women when it comes to math performance, but you can be the exception!” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

138) How are stereotypes likely to change? Evidence indicates that __________. A) stereotypes, once formed, virtually never change B) stereotypes change suddenly in response to a single, dramatic, disconfirming example C) stereotypes change in response to two or three disconfirming examples D) stereotypes change only gradually, in response to many examples that are inconsistent E) stereotypes change easily; they are extremely fluid Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

139) One of your friends holds very negative stereotypes about women. Which of the following is the best way to change your friend’s stereotypes? A) give your friend a couple of examples of women who are intelligent and competent B) argue logically with your friend C) tell your friend they are just wrong D) give your friend many examples of great women—and some time E) try to discreetly expose them to subtle messages

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Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.6

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

140) The idea that prejudice can be reduced by interacting with members of an out-group is called the A) intergroup hypothesis. B) interactional theory. C) mere exposure paradigm. D) interpersonal model. E) contact hypothesis. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

141) Recall that Sherif and his colleagues (1951) created conflict between two groups of boys in a summer camp. Once in-group cohesiveness was established, they set up a series of competitive situations such as tug-of-war and other competitive games. Conflict between the two groups escalated. Sherif and his colleagues were only successful in reducing conflict and hostility when __________. A) they brought the groups together in neutral situations B) leaders endorsed a truce between the two rival groups C) they constructed situations that fostered mutual interdependence D) groups were punished for behaving with hostility E) they left the boys alone for a few hours and told them to sort it out Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

142) Adachi and colleagues (2016) told student participants from Brock University that they would be playing “Zombie” mode of the violent first-person shooter game Call of Duty: Black Ops with a student from Buffalo University. In another condition, the students played a non-violent video game either solo or cooperatively with a fictitious University of Buffalo student. What did they find? A) Participants who played competitively expressed more positive attitudes toward University of Buffalo students and toward Americans in general than those who played solo B) Participants who played solo expressed more positive attitudes toward University of Buffalo students and toward Americans in general than those who played cooperatively, but only for the violent video games C) Participants who played the violent game cooperatively expressed more positive attitudes toward University of Buffalo students and toward Americans in general than those who played solo; this effect was not found for the non-violent game D) Participants who played the cooperatively expressed more positive attitudes toward University of Buffalo students and toward Americans in general than those who Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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played solo; these effects held regardless of whether participants played a violent or nonviolent game E) Participants who played solo expressed more positive attitudes toward University of Buffalo students and toward Americans in general than those who played cooperatively, but only for the non-violent video games Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

143) Gordon Allport (1954) observed that contact can reduce prejudice only when four conditions are met. What are these four conditions? A) Both groups are of equal status; they share a common goal; there is intergroup cooperation; and their contact is supported by law or by social norms B) Both groups are of equal status; they have different goals; there is intergroup cooperation; and there is an authoritarian figure overseeing the process C) The groups are of unequal status; they have similar goals; there is intergroup competition; and their contact is supported by law or by social norms D) Both groups are of equal status; they share a common goal; there is intergroup cooperation; and there is an authoritarian figure overseeing the process E) Both groups are of equal status; members of each group have friends in the other group; there is intergroup cooperation; and they share a common goal Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

144) The take-home message from the research on the extended contact hypothesis is A) if you make the effort to become friends with a member of an out-group it can have far-reaching positive effects. B) extended contact between ethnic groups lead to competition for resources, derogation, and discrimination against the competing group. C) extended contact causes members of an out-group to experience fear that they’ll behave in a manner that confirms existing stereotypes. D) there is no relationship between cross-group friendships and levels of prejudice. E) extended contact enhances the in-group bias of both groups. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

145) The hypothesis that prejudice between groups can be reduced by creating crossgroup friendships and making members of each group aware of these friendships is called A) jig-saw classrooms. B) extended contact hypothesis. C) assimilation. D) cognitive dissonance. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) accommodation. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

146) Research on the extended contact hypothesis (Wright and colleagues) suggests that A) the number of cross-group friendships a person has does not influence levels of prejudice. B) the more people in our ethnic group who have friendships with out-group members, the less prejudiced we are towards that group. C) the more people in our ethnic group who have friendships with out-group members, the more prejudiced we are towards that group. D) cross-group friendships only reduce prejudice if they include ethnic groups who share similar social values. E) cross-group friendships are more likely to reduce prejudice in women than in men. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

147) Reduction of prejudice due to awareness that a member of one’s own group has a close relationship with another group is called A) jigsaw technique. B) extended contact hypothesis. C) outgroup homogeneity. D) tokenism. E) mutual interdependence. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

148) The jigsaw classroom involves A) students in small groups each learning a part of the day’s lesson and teaching that information to the other students in the group. B) students in the class competing to solve puzzles. C) making students in groups give formal presentations to other groups in the class. D) allowing each student to study what is most interesting for him/her in the day’s topic. E) teachers demonstrating how to solve puzzles. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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149) Why does the jigsaw classroom yield such positive results with regard to selfesteem, achievement, and positive informal contact between children of various racial and ethnic groups? A) Minority children are required to compete when they otherwise wouldn’t. B) It is in each child’s self-interest to cooperate with others. C) Children are aware of their roles. D) It appeals to young children’s natural empathy for others. E) Students’ responsibilities are informally structured. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

150) Which is NOT true about the outcomes of the jigsaw classroom? A) Prejudice and stereotyping were reduced. B) Students liked their groupmates more. C) Students performed better on tests. D) Students became faster at completing homework tasks. E) Students’ self-esteem increased more than the self-esteem of students in regular classrooms. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

151) Provide an example of a prejudiced attitude (the example need not reflect how you truly feel). Now, identify and provide an example of the affective, cognitive, and behavioural components of this prejudiced attitude. Answer: First, from a social psychological perspective, the attitude should be a negative attitude. Whatever the specific prejudiced attitude provided, a complete response should refer to the affective component, which reflects a negative evaluation of the group or individual (e.g., fear, hostility, mistrust). The cognitive component should reflect a stereotype about the individual and his or her group; this stereotype should reflect some characteristic assigned to all members of the target’s group (e.g., laziness, low achievement motivation, dependence, violence, greed, and so on). The behavioural component reflects discrimination, or negative or harmful actions directed at members of the target’s group—discrimination can be subtle or obvious (e.g., interrupting the target more than others, refusing to talk to him or her, acts of vandalism against the target). Type: ES

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

152) Lisbeth goes to a Canadian university. She tells her friends in another country that she is so happy that there is very little overt prejudice toward gay people on Canadian

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campuses. Does this mean that prejudice doesn’t exist? Using Hoffarth and Hodson (2014), explain why this isn’t really a reason to celebrate. Answer: Recent research conducted at Brock University found that, these days, heterosexual university students tend not to directly express prejudice toward gay people, but they do report having ambivalent attitudes (mixed feelings or feeling “torn”). In these studies, having ambivalent attitudes was associated with reporting more negative emotions toward gay people and being less supportive of gay rights and less opposed to gay bullying. The researchers suggest that ambivalence is more subtle and less obvious than overt prejudice but is still associated with negative outcomes (Hoffarth & Hodson, 2014). Type: ES

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

153) Bernice has corrected people, asking them to address her as Ms instead of Miss. What might happen as a result of this correction? Answer: Researchers have found that women who preferred the title Ms. were rated more negatively (i.e., perceived as less likeable) than women who preferred a traditional form of address (i.e., Miss or Mrs.; Dion, 1987, 1999; Dion & Schuller, 1991). More than 20 years later, research conducted at the University of Winnipeg showed that women who use Ms. are still rated as more competitive, more independent, and less warm and nurturing than those who use the title Miss or Mrs. (Malcolmson & Sinclair, 2007). Type: ES

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

154) Describe what is meant by the terms benevolent sexism and hostile sexism. Then, give an example of each of these. Answer: Benevolent sexism refers to holding stereotypically positive views of women, and hostile sexism refers to feelings that women are inferior to men. An example of benevolent sexism would be admiring women for being such good cooks and for being so nurturing. An example of hostile sexism would be viewing women as being less intelligent than men. Type: ES

LO: 12.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

155) You’re watching the Wimbledon Championships with your family and your brother points out that there seems to be more coverage of the male athletes. Because you’ve just read Chapter 12 of the text, you’re able to discuss this further with him. What would you likely say? Answer: Jane Crossman and colleagues analyzed the newspaper coverage given to male and female tennis players in the 2004 Wimbledon Championships (Crossman, Vincent, & Speed, 2007). In Canada (specifically in the Globe and Mail), the United States, and the United Kingdom, there were more articles about and more photographs of male players Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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than female players. According to a 2019 interview with Andrea Katz at Fit Communications in Winnipeg, “about 4.7 per cent of all sports coverage is females in sports . . . That’s 95 per cent for males, so that’s obviously a major issue.” You may also want to point out that it has been suggested that this difference in exposure is a major reason why female athletes in Canada (and other countries, such as the United States) get paid significantly less than male athletes. However, even when female athletes get “air time,” women still are paid substantially less than men. Consider, for example, the 2019 Canadian curling championships. The final of the women’s championship (the Scotties Tournament of Hearts) was watched by an average of 762,000 viewers, while the men’s final (the Tim Hortons Brier) was watched by 659,000 viewers. The women’s champions were paid $32,000; the men’s champions were paid more than twice as much—a whopping $70,000 (Global News, 2019). Type: ES

LO: 12.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

156) What is modern prejudice and how is it different from “old fashioned bigotry”? Also how does the measurement of modern prejudice differ from previous methods? Answer: Modern racism is more subtle and indirect than old fashioned prejudice and bigotry. Because of changing social norms, people are often careful not to publically reveal their prejudices and sometimes they do not acknowledge them to themselves—such prejudice is implicit rather than explicit. In parallel, measures of modern prejudice can no longer rely on direct self-report questionnaires. They must develop more subtle and unobtrusive means of tapping into hidden attitudes. An example is the Implicit Association Test which asks participants to respond quickly to the conjunction of negative or positive words with pictures of faces, for example of black or white people. The ease with which the words and pictures are associated and responded to indicates the subject own attitudinal associations at an unconscious level. Other examples are the Modern Racism scale and the Neosexism scale. These are questionnaires but the questions are designed to measure subtle and often residual resentments. Type: ES

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

157) There is debate over whether the Implicit Association Test actually measures implicit prejudice. What is this debate about, and what might the IAT be measuring if not implicit prejudice? Answer: The IAT is criticized because it does not predict behaviour very well and consistently. There is some evidence that what the IAT actually measures are cultural associations or stereotypes. For example, pairing “old” with “wrinkled” doesn’t necessarily make one prejudiced. It could just represent that one knows what the stereotype is of older people in our culture. Type: ES

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate 12-45

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158) There have been many instances of celebrity “fat shaming” over the years. For example, Tyra Banks was “fat shamed” for wearing a bathing suit while on vacation in 2007. More recently, after the release of her movie Trainwreck, Amy Schumer was described by Hollywood columnist Jeffrey Wells as being “chubby” and he went on to say that “there’s no way she’d be an object of heated romantic interest in the real world.” Based on information in your text, what might the consequences of this “fat shaming” be? Answer: Ravary, Baldwin, and Bartz (2019) at McGill University identified 20 instances in which celebrity women had been criticized for their weight. They also accessed a database in which over 1 million women had completed a Weight IAT over the course of a decade or more (2004–2015). The Weight IAT assessed whether, at an unconscious level, images of bodies that are overweight were associated with negative words, and images of thin bodies were associated with positive words. These IAT data allowed the researchers to examine whether there was an increase in implicit anti-fat attitudes following a celebrity being “fat shamed.” It turns out that in the two weeks following a fat-shaming incident, such as the comments made about Amy Schumer, there was an increase in implicit antifat attitudes. Thus, it appears that when a celebrity is criticized or mocked for being overweight, it is not just that person who is affected; rather, there is a trickle-down effect such that people in general become more negative, at an implicit level, toward people who are overweight. Type: ES

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

159) Another way that researchers detect people’s prejudices is by observing their behaviour in different situations. Discuss one example of this. Answer: A relatively recent method for identifying hidden prejudices is to send identical résumés to potential employers, varying only a name that indicates gender (e.g., John or Jennifer), implies race (e.g., membership in an African-American organization), mentions religious affiliation, or describes an applicant as obese (Acquisti & Fong, 2014; Agerström & Rooth, 2011; Rooth, 2010). Does the employer show bias in responding? It probably comes as no surprise that the answer is often “yes.” For example, in one study, male and female science professors at leading universities in the United States were asked to evaluate applications for a laboratory manager position. The applications were identical, except for a randomly assigned male or female name. Professors judged the male applicant as significantly more competent than the female applicant; they were also more willing to hire him and offered him more career mentoring and a higher starting salary and (Moss-Racusin et al., 2012) Type: ES

LO: 12.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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According to Henri Tajfel (1982), group membership, even in minimal groups, often serves to help us enhance our self-esteem when we identify with other group members. Even in minimal groups, an in-group bias often develops. We develop positive feelings for in-group members and are motivated to treat them well, while we develop negative feelings toward out-group members, simply because they are not members of our group. In-group bias may exist because of social identity and self-esteem benefits. Belonging to a social group provides us with a social identity, but the result of this is that people who identify particularly strongly with their own group are more likely to show in-group bias than those whose identification with the group isn’t as strong. Finally, believing that our group is superior to other groups enhances self-esteem. Type: ES

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

161) Data gathered in 2015 showed that police in the United States shot five times as many unarmed black people as unarmed white people. In Canada, we are not immune to this either. Using research by Correll and colleagues, explain why the automatic activation of stereotypes can be especially dangerous. Answer: Participants played a video game in which they were supposed to “shoot” a man if he was holding a gun and withhold fire if he was holding a harmless object such as a cellphone, like the picture shown here. Half of the men were black and half were white. Participants were instructed to press a button labelled “shoot” if the man had a gun and a button labelled “don’t shoot” if he did not. Similar to a situation for a real police officer, participants had very little time to make up their minds (just over half a second). The most common mistake people made was to “shoot” a black man who was not holding a gun, When this experiment was done with police officers, the officers showed the same association between black men and guns, taking less time to shoot an armed black man than an armed white man, even when the background situation looked safe and unthreatening. Many variations of these experiments have replicated the same basic findings. Type: ES

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

162) Describe the two steps in Patricia Devine’s two-step model of cognitive processing of stereotypes. Answer: The first step is automatic processing of a stereotype. It can be primed or triggered by the presence of an individual from a particular group or by another stimulus that is associated with a group stereotype. This process occurs at an unconscious level and the stereotype just ‘pops into the mind.’ The second step is controlled processing in which the person is aware of the stereotype and can refute it consciously or ignore it deliberately when making a decision. Whether a person consciously rejects the stereotype will depend on their motivation to control prejudice. People high in this motivation are less likely to allow the automatically primed stereotype to influence their behaviour. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: ES

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

163) What are meta-stereotypes and in what ways to they serve to limit our interactions with other ethnic groups? Answer: Meta-stereotypes are our beliefs regarding the stereotype that out-group members hold about their own group. If a person believes that they would be perceived in terms of the meta-stereotype that out-group members may hold of them, they anticipate interaction with those out-group members will be unpleasant. People also respond more negatively to others when they believe that those others are stereotyping them. This occurs regardless of whether the other person is, in fact, engaging in stereotyping. Type: ES

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

164) Esses and colleagues (1993) pointed out that “there is more to prejudice than merely the attribution of stereotypes to groups.” According to the information in the text, what were Esses and colleagues referring to in particular when saying this? Answer: Esses and others posit that the emotions elicited by a particular group are the most important determinant of our level of prejudice—even more important than our stereotype of that group. In their view, prejudice is also a product of our symbolic beliefs—the perception that a particular group promotes or hinders values that we cherish—and a product of behavioural experiences with members of the group. Esses and colleagues asked participants to describe their emotions they experienced when thinking about members of various groups, their stereotypic beliefs, and their symbolic beliefs. Behaviour was assessed by asking participants to describe the frequency of contact and quality of their most recent experiences with members of these groups (e.g., gay and lesbian individuals). All of the variables were related to prejudice, but the strongest effects were found for emotion. Type: ES

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

165) In what sense is the ultimate attributional error related to attributional concepts like dispositional versus situational attributions? Answer: The fundamental attribution error arises because we tend to focus on characteristics of the person rather than on the social situation when we seek to explain the causes of an individual’s behaviour. The ultimate attribution error is similar, but instead of focusing on the individual, we are biased in our attributions about entire groups of people. For example, we may assign stereotypes to members of certain groups because we focus more on characteristics or behaviours of the group than on large historical or economic forces that really contribute to the group’s behaviours. In other words, we make dispositional rather than situational attributions about identifiable social groups. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: ES

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

166) What is realistic conflict theory? How does it relate to prejudice? Give one example of realistic conflict theory explaining prejudice. Answer: Realistic conflict theory holds that limited resources lead to conflict among groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination. More specifically, conflict and prejudice are most likely to result when we perceive that our group may miss out on a limited resource and when we perceive that another group (out-group) is competing with us for that resource. When times are tough and resources are scarce, in-group members feel more threatened by members of the out-group, with the result that incidents of prejudice, discrimination, and violence toward out-group members increases. One example can be found by looking at the study by Palmer (1996), who tracked attitudes toward immigration along with unemployment rates in Canada. Between 1975 and 1995, the unemployment rate increased, and so did negative attitudes about immigration. Between 1996 and 1998, the unemployment rate dropped, and so did opposition to immigration. Type: ES

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

167) Describe the role of normative conformity in the societal problem of prejudice. Answer: Normative conformity is the desire to be accepted and to fit in with the group. Because stereotypes exist in culture, often people will not challenge them because they do not want to stand out and go against the common beliefs of a culture. Type: ES

LO: 12.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

168) Describe the three individual difference variables that are linked to prejudice discussed in the text. Answer: People who are high in right-wing authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, and social dominance orientation are more likely to be more prejudiced than those who are low in these dimensions. Right-wing authoritarianism is defined in terms of three clusters of attitudes: authoritarian submission (a high degree of submission to authority figures in society), authoritarian aggression (aggression directed toward groups that are seen as legitimate targets by authority figures), and conventionalism (a high degree of conformity to the rules and conventions that are established by authority figures). Right-wing authoritarians agree with statements such as “Once our government leaders give us the ‘go ahead,’ it will be the duty of every patriotic citizen to help stomp out the rot that is poisoning our country from within” (Altemeyer, 1998). Religious fundamentalism is another individual difference variable that is related to prejudice. Religious fundamentalism is defined as a belief in the absolute and literal truth of one’s religious beliefs. People who are high in fundamentalism are convinced that their Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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religion is the “right” one and that forces of evil are constantly threatening to undermine its truth. Another individual difference variable that is related to prejudice is social dominance orientation. Individuals who are high in social dominance orientation believe that groups of people are inherently unequal and that it is acceptable for some groups in society to benefit more than others. They prefer to be in the advantaged group, even if it means treating other groups badly. For example, people high in social dominance orientation agree with statements such as “To get ahead in life, it is sometimes necessary to step on others.” Type: ES

LO: 12.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

169) In what ways do self-fulfilling prophecies contribute to prejudice and negative stereotypes? Answer: Self-fulfilling prophecies involve behaving in ways that actually elicit from other people the very behaviours that we initially expected. If we hold inaccurate stereotypes about members of out-groups, we might treat them consistently with our stereotypes. Our behaviour toward them might well bring forth from them the very behaviours or characteristics that we erroneously expected, based on our stereotypes. These behaviours then bolster our faith in our stereotypes, and might actually bolster our prejudice and our tendency to discriminate against out-group members. Type: ES

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

170) What is social identity threat, why does it arise, and what are the consequences? Answer: Social identity threat (once referred to as stereotype threat) refers to the apprehension that minority group members experience when they believe that they might behave in a manner that reinforces or confirms existing stereotypes about their group. The consequences are often that this anxiety or apprehension often impedes the performance of these apprehensive minority group members, thus inadvertently reinforcing existing cultural stereotypes. Type: ES

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

171) Emerson is about to take a very challenging math exam. Before going into the exam, while reading the news, she reads about a discrimination lawsuit that was recently filed against a major retailer. The defendants are accusing the retailer of sexism. How might this focus on sexism before her math exam impact Emerson? Answer: University of Toronto researcher Glenn Adams and colleagues (2006) found that the mere suggestion of sexism (a female confederate casually mentioning that the male experimenter seemed sexist) caused women to perform more poorly on a logic test compared with women who did not hear the sexism remark (Adams, Garcia, PurdieVaughns, & Steele, 2006). Thus, there is compelling evidence that when women Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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encounter sexist behaviour, it makes them feel anxious about confirming the negative stereotype that women do not perform well in male-dominated domains, and consequently their performance suffers. Knowing these results, we may wonder if Emerson will do worse on the math test because of this effect, known as social identity threat (Social identity threat (once referred to as stereotype threat) refers to the apprehension that minority group members experience when they believe that they might behave in a manner that reinforces or confirms existing stereotypes about their group). Type: ES

LO: 12.5

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

172) In recent times, there has been a focus on encouraging girls from a young age to go into STEM fields (e.g., by encouraging their attendance at STEM camps, etc.). Has this been working? Use research discussed in the text to answer this question. Answer: There is reason to believe that this focus on encouraging young girls to go into STEM fields is working. In a recent study, Western University researchers assessed children’s implicit and explicit stereotypes of math and reading (average age of 11 years). When explicitly asked, girls actually were more likely than boys to believe their gender was superior at math. When assessed implicitly (using the Implicit Association Test), both boys and girls believed that their own gender was better at math. (Nowicki & Lopata, 2017). Type: ES

LO: 12.5

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

173) Given Gordon Allport’s (1954) description of the necessary preconditions for contact to reduce prejudice and conflict, why did desegregation efforts as originally enacted fail? Answer: When groups have a history of conflict, contact alone is not enough—simply bringing different groups together in a classroom would not reduce prejudice or hostility, given a history of poor race relations in the United States. Groups need to be interdependent, and the traditional classroom fosters competition for teacher attention, not interdependence. The groups should have equal status, while, historically, minority students were underprepared, so they did not have equal academic status with majority children. Contact should occur in an informal setting where in-group and out-group members can interact—in the traditional classroom, this is called “talking to your neighbour,” and is discouraged. Contact must occur with multiple members of the out-group, but in classrooms in which there were one or a few minority children, this couldn’t happen. Finally, norms must promote equality and classroom norms and individual grades do not promote equality, nor do teachers who might themselves be prejudiced. Type: ES

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

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174) Can playing video games make you less prejudiced? Discuss using information from the text. Answer: Adachi and colleagues (2016) hypothesized that people play online video games with all kinds of other people. They hypothesized that prejudice could be reduced by having people from different groups play a videogame cooperatively. In their first study, students from Brock University were told that they would be playing “Zombie” mode of the violent first-person shooter game Call of Duty: Black Ops with a student from Buffalo University—an American university just across the border. The students either played the game at the same time as the alleged Buffalo student (i.e., both of them played the game solo) or played cooperatively (in reality, the participants were playing the game with another Brock student in a different room). In a second study, the researchers added a condition in which participants played a non-violent video game (NBA basketball) either solo or cooperatively with a fictitious University of Buffalo student. It turned out that after just 12 minutes of play, the participants who played cooperatively expressed more positive attitudes toward University of Buffalo students and toward Americans in general than those who played solo. Participants who played cooperatively also reported feeling a greater sense of teamwork and connection to the Buffalo student and actually behaved in a more prosocial manner (e.g., when asked to choose a video for the University of Buffalo student, they chose one that would make the Buffalo student happiest). These effects held regardless of whether participants played a violent or nonviolent video game. The authors conclude that “our findings offer an engaging and pragmatic solution to the pervasive issue of setting up and negotiating opportunities for successful intergroup cooperation” (Adachi, Hodson, Willoughby, Blank, & Ha, 2016, p. 259). Type: ES

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

175) What is the extended contact hypothesis and how does it contribute to the reduction of prejudice? Answer: The extended contact hypothesis suggests that the knowledge that a member of one’s in-group has had contact with out-group members can reduce one’s own prejudice towards that group. Research has confirmed this can occur for both minority and majority groups. The individual who makes cross-group relationships is able to promote harmony between groups, suggesting that contact between groups does not have to occur on a large scale for improvements in prejudice to take place. Type: ES

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

176) Describe the jigsaw classroom technique and how it fosters cooperation and interdependence in the cooperative classroom. Answer:

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Each student in the jigsaw classroom is assigned a part of the whole lesson to teach to other members of the group. The teacher is no longer the expert, other students are. In order to do well on individual assessments of their learning, students are motivated to pay attention to each other and end up showing more respect for each other. When the students are treated with respect, they tend to become more relaxed and engaged, which helps them to communicate the information completely and clearly. As a result of seeing each other succeed with the task, the students may abandon any stereotypes they previously held and see each other more positively. Type: ES

LO: 12.6

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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1) According to the introduction to the chapter on social psychology and the environment, to avoid environmental disaster A) new laws are needed to enforce environmental regulations. B) we must return to a simpler lifestyle. C) new sources of energy must be discovered. D) attitudes and behaviours must be changed. E) education about environmental issues must begin in elementary school. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: Introduction

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) What did Robert Gifford (2011) call the psychological barriers that impede proenvironmental behaviours pertaining to climate change? A) Sustainability suckers B) Dragons of inaction C) Environmental blockers D) Climate quashers E) Hazards of cognition Answer: B Type: MC

LO: Introduction

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) The introduction to the chapter on social psychology and the environment discusses the proposed Trans Mountain Pipeline. Which of the following will be one of the consequences if this Pipeline is built? A) An excess of bitumen B) A surplus of natural gas C) Toxins seeping into groundwater that serves nearby communities D) Loss of American support E) The inability to produce other types of energy Answer: C Type: MC

LO: Introduction

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

4) One of the most important research methods for social psychologists who seek to answer questions about social influence is A) observational studies. B) correlational studies. C) case studies. D) interview studies. E) experiments. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy SPA1-1

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

5) According to Kurt Lewin, the founder of social psychology, pressing social problems can be addressed by A) changes to the economic structures of society. B) politicians and changes to the law. C) sociologists better than by social psychologists. D) grassroots approaches to social change. E) social psychological theories and methods. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

6) According to Kurt Lewin, the founder of social psychology, social psychological questions about the environment are best addressed by A) naturalistic observation. B) experimental methods. C) correlational techniques. D) case studies. E) employing non-reactive measures. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

7) Kurt Lewin would recommend __________ as the best way to study problems in social psychology because __________. A) correlational methods; the researcher can find relationships between variables B) observational methods; the researcher can describe behaviour C) experiments; the researcher can find cause-and-effect relationships D) studies; the researcher can control behaviour E) surveys; the researcher can include more participants Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

8) Kurt Lewin is considered to be the A) founder of modern personality psychology. B) greatest applied methodologist of the twentieth century. C) founder of empirical social psychology. D) father of professional psychology. E) father of clinical psychology. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA1-2

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) hypothesis testing is limited to the quality of the underlying theories. B) to solve difficult social problems, one first needs to understand the underlying reasons why they occur. C) basic research is more important than application of the research. D) social psychologists should focus on solving world problems. E) applied research is more important than basic research. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

10) Social psychological research investigating environmental issues is best characterized as A) basic research. B) theory-driven research. C) qualitative research. D) applied research. E) ecological research. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

11) Dr. Morris investigates theories of how people form bonds to their pets. She is investigating a(n) __________ question. A) basic B) applied C) experimental D) correlational E) ecological Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Applied

Skill: Moderate

12) Dr. Palcon designs a study to test which strategy is best in terms of encouraging residents to recycle on a weekly basis. Dr. Palcon is most likely conducting __________ research. A) applied B) basic C) correlational D) observational E) archival Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA1-3

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

13) Which of the following is one of the reasons why social psychologists are better equipped than many other academics to study applied problems? A) Social psychologists know how to perform rigorous experimental tests of solutions to social problems to see if they work B) The field of social psychology tends to stick with a few theories that psychologists know work as explanations C) Applied problems are not usually the focus of all other disciplines D) Social psychologists tend to use case studies and correlational methods, which are very strong research methodologies E) Social psychologists are able to answer many important theoretical questions, and thus, they’re able to answer applied questions as well Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

14) Social psychologists are well equipped to study applied problems such as the environment because of our emphasis on A) deception. B) ethics. C) statistics. D) extrinsic validity. E) the experimental method. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

15) Social psychologists are poised to help find solutions to applied psychological problems. Identify two reasons why. A) rich theories of human behaviour and a long history of successful interventions B) a good track record of developing successful interventions and use of the experimental method C) rich theories of human behaviour and knowledge of the experimental method D) use of many methods to study human behaviour and advanced statistical knowledge E) knowledge of the experimental method and focus on diverse populations Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA1-4

Social Psychology in Action 1

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

16) One of the reasons that it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of a new energy conservation program is that A) evaluations are time-consuming. B) there are difficulties obtaining a large sample size. C) there is no randomly assigned control group. D) it is potentially unethical. E) energy is difficult to experiment on. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

17) One difference between medical disciplines and social psychology in the application of treatments is that A) social psychology does not require as rigorous testing of the treatment. B) social psychology requires ethical clearance prior to investigating treatments. C) many of the treatments applied by social psychologists are impractical because they require the use of deception. D) medical treatments are less widely available compared to social psychological interventions. E) there is an educational component to medical treatment that is not present with social psychology treatments. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) Jorge does not want to make the effort to reduce energy consumption by turning down the heat and switching to energy-efficient light bulbs. Using social psychology, how might an energy auditor convince Jorge to take these measures? A) Provide Jorge with local norms for consumption and put a smiley face on his bill every time he meets or betters those norms. B) Describe how the energy saved will benefit the environment. C) Offer Jorge an incentive to switch to energy efficient bulbs. D) Provide detailed statistics on how much he would save on his electricity bills if he switched to energy efficient bulbs. E) Use a fear-inducing message about the dangers of energy gluttony. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

19) Which of the following scenarios is an example of a social dilemma?

SPA1-5

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) Roger cannot decide whether he wants to stay home and relax or meet his friends for coffee. B) Ramona cannot decide whether she wants to go to the prom with Lazlo or Raúl. C) Jason would prefer to study for his introduction to social psychology exam, but is pressured by his friends to attend a party instead. D) Steve tries hard to please his boss, Nora, but Nora is too demanding. E) Hilary would prefer to listen to her public radio station without subscribing, but the radio station would disappear if no one made pledges. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

20) A _______ refers to the idea that what is beneficial for an individual will be harmful if all people chose that course of action. A) zero-sum situation B) zero-sum dilemma C) social conflict D) commons dilemma E) social dilemma Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

21) Which of the following situations is the best example of a commons dilemma? A) Eric sorts his recycling even though his neighbours don’t sort their cans and bottles B) Michelle prefers electric heat, whereas Mitch prefers gas heat C) Hugo will not drive unless there is no public transit available D) Because it’s only one piece of paper, Janet doesn’t recycle it E) Pat and Mike disagree about whether to turn off the water while brushing their teeth Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

22) A _____ refers to the idea that what is beneficial for an individual will be harmful if all people chose that course of action. A) common dilemma B) social dilemma C) zero-sum situation D) social conflict E) social loafing Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy SPA1-6

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

23) One example of a real-world commons dilemma includes the use of A) limited resources such as energy. B) public radio and television by non-contributors. C) welfare by working citizens. D) taxes to build urban infrastructure. E) air in breathing. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

24) Karla likes to study in well-lit environments, but she knows that extra lights waste electricity. Karla’s struggle to balance her own preferences with conservation efforts is an example of a A) lose-lose situation. B) contrast effect. C) means-end analysis. D) perceptual contrast. E) commons dilemma. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

25) Utility company policies that provide for a fixed monthly fee for water results in A) informative behaviours. B) hypocritical behaviour. C) water conservation. D) injunctive norms. E) a social dilemma. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

26) Recycling, although good for all of us, can be inconvenient and a lot of effort for individuals. In this sense, recycling represents a kind of A) social norm. B) normative conflict. C) social dilemma. D) injunctive norm. E) dissonance-arousing activity.

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Social Psychology in Action 1

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) In the study conducted by Orbell and colleagues (1988), a participant could keep 6 dollars or donate it and have the money double. Most participants who played the game A) donated the money so that each group member received 2 dollars. B) donated the money after being prompted by the experimenter to do so. C) failed to donate the money even after group discussion. D) donated the money after watching a short video clip that explained the importance of the task. E) kept the money unless there was group discussion about the virtues of donating the cash. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

28) Communication between group members facilitates donation of resources to a group effort to save the environment because A) communication increases awareness of environmental problems. B) talking among themselves produces normative pressures to conform. C) the desired behaviour becomes clear. D) the possibility of future greater personal gains may be mentioned. E) participants can see no way to terminate the discussion except by donating their funds. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

29) John Orbell and his colleagues (1988) studied social dilemmas by putting people into groups, then giving each person money to keep or to donate to the group at a higher return rate. The catch was, of course, that if only one or a few participants donated their money, they would lose on their investment. The researchers found that when group members were not allowed to discuss their plans, they typically A) kept all the money they were given for themselves. B) donated a little money to the group, but kept most of the money for themselves. C) donated all of their money to the group. D) split the money evenly between themselves and the group. E) donated most of their money to the group, but kept a little money for themselves. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA1-8

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

30) John Orbell and his colleagues (1988) gave each participant $6 and told them that they could keep the $6 or else donate it to the group. If they donated, the $6 would be doubled and then divided among all members of the group. Orbell et al. (1988) found that when participants were allowed to discuss the situation among themselves, they were more likely to pool their money and make a large profit, in essence doubling their original $6 to $12. Why does this approach not work well for entire communities caught in such social dilemmas? A) It will only work well when people are given the money at the outset. B) It will only work well when it is possible to punish those who choose not to cooperate. C) It will only work well when the resource in question is monetary. D) It will only work well when people can discuss the situation face-to-face. E) It will only work well when people trust one another. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

31) Allowing communication during a commons dilemma game can work to increase cooperation. Why does the text suggest that communication works? A) It helps the individual to persuade everyone else to see things from his or her perspective. B) Communication can help to establish a sense of group identity. C) It helps to pass the time more pleasurably and people will like each other when they’re having fun. D) It helps to toughen group members up so that they can play more competitively E) There tends to be less normative pressure when people get to know each other. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) One productive resolution to social dilemmas is to make people’s selfish behaviours public. This tactic often works because such public exposure A) focuses people to think about the value of the group. B) is a means to dissonance reduction. C) provides information about the appropriate course of action. D) makes individuals aware of possible social consequences. E) convinces individuals that there is a larger problem. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Easy

33) Sussman et al. (2015) hypothesized that when people are behaving cooperatively in commons dilemmas, whether they hold pro-environmental values won’t make much difference. But when group members are behaving competitively, those with proCopyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-9

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

environmental values will behave in more environmentally sustainable ways. What did they conclude from their research? A) It didn’t matter whether group members behaved cooperatively or competitively, everyone failed to behave in environmentally sustainable ways. B) Teaching and activating strong pro-environmental values is another way of promoting sustainable behaviours in commons dilemmas. C) It didn’t matter whether group members behaved cooperatively or competitively, everyone behaved in environmentally sustainable ways. D) Teaching and activating strong pro-environmental values does not seem to promote sustainable behaviours in commons dilemmas. E) When group members acted competitively, no one, regardless of their values, behaved in environmentally sustainable ways. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

34) The study by Reno, Cialdini and Kallgren (1993) that found people were more likely to pick up litter after watching a model do so is an example of reducing littering using a(n) A) descriptive norm. B) functional norm. C) injunctive norm. D) conjuctive norm. E) social dilemma. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

35) Based on the research conducted by Reno, Cialdini and Kallgren (1993), one effective technique for having your friend pick up her discarded granola bar wrapper is to A) have signs saying “please pick up after yourself.” B) shout at your friend whenever she fails to pick up after herself. C) offer her a small token when she does pick up after herself. D) remind your friend of the importance that one person’s actions can have on the environment. E) have your friend observe you picking up after yourself. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

36) In what sense does the problem of littering represent a social dilemma? A) Each citizen may not litter a lot, but it all adds up. B) Littering has increased steadily over the last fifteen years. C) People often look to one another to guide their behaviour. D) Litter pollutes water and endangers wildlife. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-10

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E) Norms can be made salient to reduce littering. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

37) Some time ago, public service ads reminded viewers that “every litter bit hurts.” Ad producers were working to convince viewers that A) there are alternatives to littering. B) descriptive norms should be obeyed. C) there are norms against littering. D) littering represents a social dilemma. E) there are laws against littering. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

38) _______ norms address people’s perceptions of what other people approve or disapprove of, whereas _______ norms address people’s perceptions of what other people actually do. A) Injunctive; descriptive B) Proscriptive; injunctive C) Descriptive; injunctive D) Descriptive; proscriptive E) Proscriptive; descriptive Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

39) Michelle and Emile were in a family restaurant when they noticed a couple of ladies frowning at them. Apparently, the ladies did not approve of Michelle and Emile’s public displays of affection. Michelle and Emile violated a(n) __________ norm. A) injunctive B) disjunctive C) subjective D) descriptive E) attributive Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

40) Nancy is listening to the radio while she drives. At the same moment she hears a message from a “Keep Canada Beautiful” campaign, she notices a fast-food bag on the side of the road. The difference between what Nancy hears and sees reflects the difference between _______ norms and _______ norms. A) descriptive; proscriptive Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-11

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) objective; descriptive C) descriptive; objective D) injunctive; descriptive E) descriptive; injunctive Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

41) During a drought, Lynne noticed that all of her neighbours had stopped watering their lawns even though there were no laws against it. Lynne was following a _______ norm when she let her lawn turn brown too. A) productive B) proscriptive C) objective D) injunctive E) descriptive Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

42) Public safety officials want to increase the use of seat belts among drivers and have decided to show a television ad documenting the rising use of seat belts among drivers. This represents the use of _______ norms to change safety behaviours. A) descriptive B) productive C) injunctive D) conjunctive E) proscriptive Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

43) Participants in a field experiment by Raymond Reno and his colleagues (1993) were more likely to properly dispose of a handbill left on their windshields when they saw a confederate pick up and dispose of a fast-food bag. Results of this experiment reveal the power of _______ to reduce littering behaviours. A) descriptive norms B) subjective norms C) self-awareness D) conjunctive norms E) injunctive norms Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA1-12

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

44) Catherine and Gabriel are picnicking in the park. They would be least likely to litter when A) they notice that the park is completely free of litter. B) a park official tells them about the fines for littering. C) they see other people throw away their garbage. D) they see one piece of garbage on the otherwise clean park grounds. E) they see other people leave their garbage on the grounds. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

45) Robert Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) argue that in general, _______ norms are more effective than _______ norms in reducing litter. A) injunctive; descriptive B) subtle; salient C) salient; subtle D) conjunctive; subtle E) descriptive; injunctive Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

46) In situations such as getting people to clean up litter, injunctive norms work better than descriptive norms. According to the textbook, why shouldn’t this be surprising? A) Because descriptive norms are never effective B) Because injunctive norms tell people what other people actually are doing in a given situation C) Because people are always more cooperative when reminded of injunctive norms D) Because injunctive norms tap into normative conformity E) Because people will often act in the opposite manner when exposed to descriptive norms Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

47) You want to get your roommates’ friends to quit throwing their empty cans and cigarette butts onto the ground outside your apartment. Based on what Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) found in their research, you should invoke __________ norms because they are more effective than __________ norms in reducing litter. A) descriptive; injunctive B) salient; subtle C) injunctive; descriptive D) subtle; salient E) attributive; descriptive Answer: C Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-13

Social Psychology in Action 1

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

48) Who is likely to be the most successful at changing injunctive norms within their group? A) Sharifa, who is the president of her sorority B) Marco, who is a camp counsellor working alongside other camp counsellors C) Lorena, who is a first year law student participating in a study session with a bunch of other law students D) Philippa, who is a member of her school’s debate team E) Jorge, who is an apprentice learning how to do electrical work Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

49) People most likely to underestimate what they can do to change injunctive norms around improving the environment are A) low-status individuals. B) high-status individuals. C) members of minority groups. D) people with friends who are environmentalists. E) people who work for industries that depend on the environment. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

50) Research by Van Vugt and Samuelson (1999), in which water meters were installed in houses in one community, suggests that one way to resolve social dilemmas is to A) decrease the availability of resources. B) increase the cost of resources. C) make it easier for people to monitor their own resource usage. D) make it easier for the city to monitor people’s resource usage. E) facilitate neighbours putting pressure on each other over water usage. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

51) Research by Van Vugt and Samuelson (1999), in which water meters were installed in houses in one community, but not in another, suggests that when people can monitor their own use of a scarce common resource, they may use less of that resource because A) using less helps them save money. B) they become concerned for the collective good. C) people become competitive and vie to use less. D) they feel as if ‘big brother’ in the form of the utility company is watching them. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-14

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) using less stops them feeling guilty all the time. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

52) In Graham and colleagues’ (2011) study, students record on a website how many miles they had saved through not driving. The take-home message from this study is that if you want people to actually change their behaviour to conserve energy, then A) intrinsic motivation is extremely important. B) giving people feedback about their personal and environmental savings is extremely important. C) you have to make sure there is some competition with others involved. D) making them aware of their own shortcomings through hypocrisy induction is essential. E) you have to be prepared to provide concrete rewards for conservation behaviours. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

53) Graham, Koo, and Wilson (2011) asked students to track the number of miles they avoided driving on a website. Those who were keeping track A) drove more than those who were not keeping track. B) drove less only if they were also told how much money they had saved on gas. C) drove less only if they were told about the savings in air pollution. D) drove less especially when given feedback about financial savings and reduction in air pollution. E) drove less only if they had intrinsic motivation to reduce driving. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

54) Imagine you’re a property manager and you’d like to get your tenants to cut down on the amount of trash they generate. Based on research by Graham, Koo, and Wilson (2011), what would be the best way to accomplish this? A) Tell the tenants how much money they are saving in waste disposal fees when they generate less waste. B) Tell the tenants how much better it is for the environment to generate less waste. C) Tell the tenants how much better it is for the environment and how much money it saves them when they generate less waste. D) Tell them that there will be a new fee if they don’t cut their waste by 15%. E) Tell them how much they’re helping you by not generating as much trash Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate SPA1-15

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

55) Siero and colleagues (1996) introduced an intervention to reduce energy consumption in different units of Dutch factories. Which of the following aspects of their intervention had the greatest (positive) impact on energy use? A) raising prices for those that did not reduce energy consumption B) placing announcements in company magazines C) offering cash incentives for energy saving measures D) providing feedback on other units’ consumption E) providing weekly feedback on a unit’s consumption Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

56) When Siero and colleagues (1996) provided workers in a unit of a Dutch factory with feedback on energy consumption in other units, energy-saving behaviours drastically increased. These results point to _______ as a useful process in encouraging energysaving behaviours. A) a commons dilemma B) cognitive dissonance C) a social dilemma D) self-perception E) social comparison Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

57) Mr. Bernes owns several factories and is concerned with his employees wasting energy. Based on evidence presented in your text about competition and energy consumption, what should Mr. Bernes do? A) provide weekly feedback to his employees about how much energy their factory consumes B) train workers on how to conserve energy C) provide weekly comparative feedback about energy usage from several plants to employees D) make energy conservation mandatory—“or else” E) explain to the employees that energy consumption is necessary to make everyone happier Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

58) Who will be the most likely to engage in a variety of pro-environmental behaviours and sustain these behaviours over time? A) Lalo, who is intrinsically motivated to engage in such behaviours B) Andrew, who is extrinsically motivated to engage in such behaviours Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-16

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) Xiaomei, who has been offered money to engage in such behaviours D) Seraphina, who feels like she would gain her mother’s approval by engaging in such behaviours E) Emerson, who feels like she would possibly save money by engaging in such behaviours Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

59) A specific plan about where, when, and how to fulfill a goal is termed a(n) ________ and has been found to ________. A) intrinsic motivation; increase environmentally sustainable behaviour. B) implementation plan; increase environmentally sustainable behaviour. C) intrinsic plan; decrease freeloading in social dilemmas. D) implementation plan; decrease the strength of the attitude-behaviour relationship. E) sustainability plan; decrease the gap between environmental attitudes and behaviours. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

60) Research by Pelletier and Sharp (2008) suggests that the best motivation to help people engage in environmentally sustainable behaviour is A) normative conformity. B) informational conformity. C) intrinsic motivation. D) extrinsic motivation. E) hypocrisy induction. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

61) Implementation intentions are defined as people’s specific plans about how they will __________. A) fulfill a goal B) limit environmental stressors C) limit social stressors D) fulfill descriptive norms E) engage in sustainable behaviours Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2 Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA1-17

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) the workers who had visualized the recycling steps and written down a plan for how to do it B) the workers who said they would recycle the cups C) the male workers D) the younger workers E) the workers who were told by the researchers they’d be penalized if they didn’t recycle Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2 Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

63) A college wants to reduce traffic and congestion on campus, while at the same time reducing carbon emissions. Based on research presented in this chapter, which of the following approaches would most likely be successful? A) Put up signs near the parking decks asking people to drive only on the days they absolutely must. B) Do nothing. The students’ behaviour cannot be modified. C) Ask the students to think about and plan how to get around campus on foot or a bicycle, and to submit those plans to the student newspaper in writing. D) Put a flyer on each car that comes on campus, asking them to consider not driving anymore that day. E) Tell the students they shouldn’t be driving to campus Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2 Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

64) Sometimes to make big changes in the environment, one needs A) to convince politicians of the importance of the environment. B) to organize demonstrations to show popular support for change. C) to bring the media on board so that change is widely publicized. D) to make change easier to implement. E) to induce fear in the general public so they put pressure on powerful figures to implement change. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

65) Elliot Aronson and his colleagues (Dickerson, Thibodeau, Aronson, & Miller, 1992) used _______ to convince university students to turn off water while soaping up in a shower room. A) monetary incentives B) large obtrusive signs C) hypocrisy D) strict punishment E) a social dilemma Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-18

Social Psychology in Action 1

Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

66) Researchers (Dickerson et al., 1992) asked some students on the way to a shower at a swimming pool to sign a poster advocating water conservation, asked others to report on their water use, and asked others to do both. Those who both reported their water use and signed the poster took shorter showers than those students in the other two conditions because A) they made a private commitment to conserve water. B) the intervention took too long and they had to hurry. C) they became more aware of how much water they used. D) they were reminded that they were not practicing what they preached. E) they made a public commitment to conserve water. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) Professor Martinez always throws paper and soft drink cans into the garbage. Based on research related to water conservation (e.g., Dickerson et al., 1992), how might he be encouraged to recycle? A) Put signs on the recycling bins to make them stand out. B) Point out that it is in his own self-interest to recycle. C) Give him information about what can and cannot be recycled. D) Have him lecture to his students about recycling and then make him aware of his own behaviour. E) Point out that recycling has good long-term benefits for the environment. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

68) One way to encourage more people to recycle would be to institute curbside recycling, to provide free containers for sorting glass, paper, and aluminum, and to increase the number of recycling bins throughout a community. These strategies are likely to work, given Kurt Lewin’s early assertion that A) subjective perceptions are more important than objective reality. B) attitudes are powerful predictors of simple behaviours (like recycling). C) big social changes can occur with the removal of small barriers. D) human beings do not like to fall prey to the fundamental attribution error. E) human beings dislike cognitive inconsistency. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

SPA1-19

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

69) “I just can’t seem to make the effort to change my habits.” How would you design the environment to best counter this excuse for not recycling that was made in Cornwall, Ontario? A) Fine people who do not put out a recycling box. B) Randomly give prizes to people for putting out full boxes of recycled materials. C) Reduce the recycling charge at the local dump for people dropping off large loads. D) Remove any hassles that make recycling inconvenient. E) Reward people with 50 cents off their tax bill for each full box of recycled materials. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

70) The text states that there are two ways to get people to act in more environmentally sound ways. What are these two ways? A) Give them financial incentives and let them know that others are acting in environmentally sound ways B) Try to change people’s attitudes in a pro-environmental direction and remove any barriers that may be preventing them from acting in environmentally sound ways C) Give them positive feedback when they do act in environmentally sound ways and increase their extrinsic motivation to act in environmentally sound ways D) Let them know others are acting in environmentally sound ways and give them positive feedback when they do act in environmentally sound ways E) Give them financial incentives and remove any barriers that may be preventing them from acting in environmentally sound ways Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

71) Researchers in Canada and the US administered questionnaires assessing proenvironmental behaviours, life satisfaction, and perceptions of ecological threat to large samples of Canadians and Americans. What did they find? A) People who scored low on the measure of ecological threat reported less satisfaction with their lives B) Engaging in pro-environmental behaviour was negatively correlated with life satisfaction C) Engaging in pro-environmental behaviour was only positively correlated with life satisfaction for one third of the environmental behaviours assessed D) The strongest correlations between pro-environmental behaviours and life satisfaction were found for pro-environmental behaviours that are costly in terms of time, money, or effort E) The strongest correlations between pro-environmental behaviours and life satisfaction were found for pro-environmental behaviours that are the least costly in terms of time, money, or effort Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-20

Social Psychology in Action 1

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 1.3 Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

72) Based on the research with Canadians and Americans discussed in SPA 1.3, who is more likely to experience higher life satisfaction? A) Jericho, who consistently engages in pro-environmental behaviours that require a great deal of effort (e.g., making his own cleaning products) B) Holly, who consistently engages in pro-environmental behaviours that require very little effort (recycling when there is a recycling box right outside her door) C) Philippa, who doesn’t engage in pro-environmental behaviours at all D) Ming, who sporadically engages in pro-environmental behaviours that require a great deal of effort (e.g., always buying local) E) Shanice, who sporadically engages in pro-environmental behaviours that require very little effort (buying local when it is on sale and she feels like that product) Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.3 Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

73) Which of the following is true, based on the discussion found in SPA 1.3? A) The things that make people happy tend to be bad for the environment. B) The more money people earn, the happier they tend to be. C) It is possible to adopt a lifestyle that is good for the environment without sacrificing the things that make us happy. D) The cars that people enjoy owning the most tend to get the worst gas mileage. E) People who are materialistic tend to be happier than those who aren’t materialistic Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.3 Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

74) Based on SPA 1.3, who is most likely to be happy? A) Ryan, who has a large home and an expensive car B) Enrique, who earns just enough to support himself and has dinner parties with friends and family frequently C) Azaih, who has closets full of high end clothing, shoes and purses D) Bernice, who earns $300,000 a year and is able to buy anything her heart desires E) Ziggy, who won a one million dollar lottery last year Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 1.3 Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA1-21

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Since the 1940s, social psychology has been interested in addressing real-world problems. According to Kurt Lewin, the founder of social psychology, social psychological methods can be applied to solve problems in the real world. This is because social psychology has developed theories to explain social behaviour and because social psychology employs the experimental method to test these theories. Lewin said that nothing was more practical than a good theory and Lewin anticipated social psychologists would attempt to apply these theories to solve problems facing mankind. Because we employ experimental methods, we are well positioned to determine if our interventions are effective or not effective. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

76) Compare and contrast basic research and applied research. Which of the two is SPA 1 focused on? Answer: Basic research is concerned primarily with theoretical issues while applied research is concerned primarily with addressing specific real-world problems. Because SPA 1 focuses on environmental issues and how to address these issues, it is focused on applied research. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

77) You are a politician who wants your community members to use less energy for the sake of the environment. After reading SPA 1.1, you decide to speak with someone from your local hydro company. What might you ask them to do to your community members’ hydro bills in order to encourage lower energy consumption? Answer: Based on the research discussed in SPA 1.1, you could ask the hydro company to draw two “smiley” faces next to the energy consumption information if the consumer had used less than the average amount of energy, one “smiley” face if the consumer had used an average amount of energy and no “smiley” face at all if the consumer had used more than the average amount of energy. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

78) Provide an example of a social dilemma as it relates to the environment. Answer: A social dilemma is a situation in which the easiest or most beneficial behaviour for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on others. Examples would include wasting energy to heat one’s home to a high temperature, littering instead of finding a trash receptacle, or taking long, hot showers that use too much energy and water. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA1-22

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Answer: Communication works in two ways. First, when people make a public commitment to help, it is more difficult to back out. If people can take the selfish route privately, undiscovered by their peers, they will often do so. However, if their actions are public, normative pressures come into play, making people’s behaviour more consistent with group norms. There is another way in which communication works: When people communicate, they are more likely to establish a sense of group identity or solidarity, which makes them more likely to act for the good of the group (Weber et al., 2004). Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

80) Littering has become an increasingly serious problem on your campus. As a member of a student government committee, what recommendations would you make for how to reduce littering? Make sure to mention the role of norms. Answer: You might remind students of injunctive norms (norms about socially sanctioned behaviours) against littering by placing trash cans in a number of locations and perhaps by posting signs asking them to dispose of trash in the appropriate containers. Though this could backfire if students find the signs annoying, or decide to rebel against messages telling them what to do. You might make descriptive norms (norms that convey information about what people actually do) more salient by leaving one piece of trash near a trash can and having someone pick it up and throw it away while other students are watching. Keep in mind that injunctive norms are more likely than descriptive norms to yield longer-lasting behaviour change. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

81) As a member of your college environmental committee, you are trying to encourage students who usually drive to campus to leave their cars at home. Based on research by Graham, Koo, and Wilson (2011), what might you do? Answer: Graham, Koo, and Wilson (2011) asked college students to keep track of the number of miles they avoided driving and to record that figure on a website every other day for two weeks. As predicted, students who kept track of the miles they saved drove their cars less than did students in a control group who did not keep track of the miles they saved. This finding is consistent with research showing that simply keeping track of one’s behaviour is the first step to changing it. Graham and colleagues (2011) also examined whether giving the students different kinds of feedback about the miles they saved would influence their driving habits. After students entered how many miles they had avoided driving, some received feedback about how much money they had saved on gas and maintenance costs. Others received feedback about savings in air pollution (e.g., how many carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions weren’t emitted). Some got both kinds of feedback. It turned out that this latter group—that learned both how much money they had saved and how much pollution wasn’t emitted—was especially likely to avoid driving their cars. Keeping track of one’s behaviour that avoids environmental damage and receiving concrete feedback about the savings turned out to be an effective way to Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-23

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

get college students to drive their cars less. Therefore, you could ask these students to keep track of the number of miles they avoided driving and after they’ve done this for a period of time, you could let them know how much money they’d saved and also how much they had helped the environment. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

82) Your text discusses the value of cooperation and working together to solve the social dilemma of environmental problems. Yet, there are ways to also use competition to improve the environment. Describe how competition can be used to promote behaviours that would improve the environment. Answer: The text discusses a study in which factory workers in the Netherlands were given feedback about how much energy they had conserved and some workers received feedback comparing their unit to others. Social comparison led these workers to feel as though they could outperform the other unit and conserve more energy. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

83) Compare and contrast intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. How is intrinsic motivation related to pro-environmental behaviours and sustainability of these behaviours over time? Answer: Intrinsic motivation is when you do something because you enjoy it or find it interesting whereas extrinsic motivation is when you do something because of external rewards or pressures. There is a large body of evidence shows that people who are high in intrinsic motivation are more likely to engage in a variety of proenvironmental behaviours and to sustain these behaviours over time. Moreover, people who are high in intrinsic motivation engage in a greater number of different pro-environmental behaviours – not just one. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

84) Assume that you are part of a student group trying to persuade students to recycle more. You plan to go door-to-door in residence halls, and to use hypocrisy induction to change recycling behaviours. How would you do this and why would your strategy work? Answer: You would first induce feelings of hypocrisy by simultaneously asking people about their attitudes toward recycling and by reminding them of the times that they failed to recycle cans or paper. Assuming that respondents hold positive recycling attitudes, but have on occasion failed to recycle, they will experience dissonance at this discrepancy. To reduce these feelings of hypocrisy, they will be likely to change their behaviours (recycle more) to bring them into line with their attitudes. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-24

Social Psychology in Action 1

Type: ES

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

85) Your friend claims to be an animal lover but constantly wears fur and leather. How can you use the techniques designed by Aronson and his students (1992) to change your friend’s behaviour? Answer: Student can describe any technique but must include the basics of inducing hypocrisy and the resulting cognitive dissonance. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

86) Kurt Lewin (1947) asserted that the best way to ensure large, widespread social change is to remove small barriers. How has this idea been used to encourage recycling? Answer: Even people who hold positive attitudes toward the environment in general or toward recycling in particular may find it hard to overcome old habits when new recycling efforts are instituted. One way to encourage people to recycle would be to make the act of recycling more simple and convenient. For example, research has shown that providing recycling bins, curb-side recycling programs and allowing residents to mix materials all increased willingness to recycle. Further, office workers were more likely to recycle if they had a recycling box next to their desk. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

87) According to SPA 1.2, there are two ways to get people to act in more environmentally sound ways. What are these two ways? Answer: One method is to try to change people’s attitudes in a pro-environmental direction; this will motivate them to act in environmentally friendly ways, even if barriers, such as taking recyclable items to a central location, make it difficult to do so. It is often easier, however, simply to remove the barriers, such as by instituting curbside recycling and giving people containers. When it is easy to comply, many people will, even if they do not have strong pro-environmental attitudes. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

88) How might recycling, cutting back on energy use and spending less money on material things be a “recipe for a happy life?” Be sure to discuss the research and findings of Schmitt et al. (2018) and mention findings by Oishi and Gilbert (2016) and Kahneman and Deaton (2010) in your answer. Answer: Schmitt, Aknin, Axen, and Schwom (2018) administered questionnaires assessing proenvironmental behaviours, life satisfaction, perceptions of ecological threat (e.g., “If Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA1-25

Social Psychology in Action 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe.”) to large samples of Canadians and Americans. The bad news is that people who scored high on the measure of ecological threat reported less satisfaction with their lives. Obviously, feeling as though one is living on the edge of disaster is no fun. The good news is that engaging in pro-environmental behaviours was positively correlated with life satisfaction. In fact, this correlation was significant for nearly all 29 of the environmental behaviours studied (e.g., cycling instead of driving, recycling, buying local). Moreover, the more frequently people engaged in these behaviours, the happier they were with their lives. Interestingly, the strongest correlations between proenvironmental behaviours and life satisfaction were found for pro-environmental behaviours that are costly in terms of time, money, or effort (buying only local foods, making your own cleaning products, etc.). These findings held for both the Canadian and American samples (Schmitt, Aknin, Axen, & Schwom, 2018). It is also important to keep in mind that it isn’t material things that make us happy. Many studies have shown that once we have the basic necessities of life (e.g., food, shelter, clothing), buying more stuff doesn’t make us any happier. All of these research findings tell us that engaging in proenvironmental behaviours, especially those that are more costly, and limiting our spending to only necessary items may lead us to be happier. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.3

Skill: Recall and Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

89) Describe the role of money in determining how happy a person will be. Answer: Although many people think that more money leads to being a happier person, this isn’t necessarily the case. In fact, the main finding is that once people have enough money to provide the necessities, more money does not make them that much happier. Type: ES

LO: SPA 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA1-26

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

1) When people experience upheavals such as the death of a spouse, bankruptcy, or resettling in a new culture, their chance of dying increases. These phenomena suggest a relation between A) perceptions and health. B) social support and health. C) stress and health. D) social support and stress. E) age and stress. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

2) The amount of stress people experience A) affects physical health. B) affects psychological health. C) affects emotional well-being but does not impact physical health as long as you get enough exercise. D) impacts physical health, but not necessarily emotional well-being. E) affects physical and psychological health. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) In 2018, the First Nations Information Governance Centre released the findings of a survey of more than 24,000 people living on reserves in 253 First Nations across Canada. Which of the following was one of their findings? A) Only about 10 percent of the respondents who had attended a residential school reported that they were sexually abused B) 50 percent of the respondents reported that they had suffered physical and verbal abuse C) Residential school survivors were also more likely than those who had not attended residential schools to have considered suicide D) Although residential school survivors reported worse health than those who had not attended residential schools, the negative effects fortunately never affected their children or grandchildren E) Residential school survivors reported better health than those who had not attended residential schools Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) Hans Selye (1956, 1976) originally defined stress as A) disruptive or threatening life events. B) physiological responses to threatening events. C) perceptions of threat. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-1

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) psychological responses to threatening events. E) psychologically painful life events. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

5) Among the pioneers of research on stress, Hans Selye (1956, 1976) was interested in A) how the human body adapts to environmental threats. B) mortality rates among immigrants to a new culture. C) the relationship between physical health and perception of negative events. D) the relationship between age and response to stress. E) positive events that can actually take a toll on health. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

6) According to contemporary researchers (e.g. Holmes & Rahe, 1967), stress reflects the degree to which people A) interpret any given stimulus as threatening. B) perceive events as negative. C) must readjust their lives to physiological events. D) perceive their lives as threatening. E) must readjust their lives to external events. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

7) Based on the conceptualization of stress by Holmes and Rahe (1967), who is most likely to experience stress? A) James, who is getting married next week B) Sheila, who works 10 hours a day C) Theron, who is working to pay his way through school D) Jenna, who has a two exams in the upcoming month E) Anna, who has a busy school routine Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

8) According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), the more life change respondents report, the greater A) the odds that they have experienced illness. B) their odds of death. C) their self-reported stress. D) their scores on a neuroticism scale. E) the chance they suffer from depression.

SPA2-2

Social Psychology in Action 2

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

9) Nora and Brian are old friends, catching up after not seeing each other for a decade. In the ten years, Nora has gotten married, moved, bought a house, and has also started college. In the same time, Brian has had some trouble at work and has had a minor run-in with the law. Which of the following is likely to be accurate? A) Brian is more likely to have undergone severe depression. B) Brian is more likely than Nora to be feeling stress and anxiety. C) Nora is more likely than Brian to have been physically ill. D) Nora is likely to be happier than Brian. E) Brian is more likely to be in a negative mood than Nora. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

10) Researchers often employ correlational designs to assess the relation between stress and physical health (e.g. Holmes & Rahe, 1967). One problem with this approach is that researchers using this method A) cannot make definitive causal statements. B) do not sample adequately from all age groups. C) do not often use representative samples. D) cannot analyze the data statistically. E) rely solely on respondents’ self-reports. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

11) Patrick has experienced a large number of changes in his life recently. He has lost his job, is getting a divorce, is facing income tax evasion charges, and his wife is expecting a child. Patrick has also reported an increase in anxiety and has been sick a lot over the last six months. Some researchers would suggest that increased stress has taken a toll on Patrick’s health. Others would convincingly suggest that _______ would better account for this relation. A) environmental pollution B) a lack of exercise and improper diet C) a clinical disorder D) a genetic defect E) certain personality traits Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA2-3

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) Problems with physical health cause an increase in anxiety, which in turn causes stress. B) Life changes cause an increase in anxiety, which in turn increases the chances of problems with physical health. C) Problems with physical health necessitate changes in lifestyle, which in turn increase stress. D) People with certain personality traits are more likely to experience life changes and also more likely to have health problems. E) Problems with physical health are not always associated with anxiety. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate/Difficult

13) Which of the following people, based on personality, would be most likely to experience life difficulties and health problems? A) Tim, who is highly neurotic B) Anna, who has a tendency to experience negative moods C) Lionel, who scores high on openness to new experiences D) Wilson, who has a relaxed type personality E) Rhianna, who is high in extroversion Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

14) According to information in SPA 2.1, poverty and racism are powerful sources of stress. This suggests one problem with inventories such as the College Life Stress Inventory; specifically, these types of inventories focus on A) self-reports of both stressors and health. B) negative life changes only and not broad issues like poverty. C) stressors experienced by the middle class, and neglects stressors experienced by the poor and minority groups. D) objective stressors, not subjective judgments of stress. E) both positive and negative life changes. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

15) According to the authors of your text, which of the following stressors are omitted from scales such as the College Life Stress Inventory? A) positive life events B) stressors such as poverty and racism C) stressors relevant to middle-aged people D) stressors relevant to older adults E) negative life events

SPA2-4

Social Psychology in Action 2

Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

16) The College Life Stress Inventory (Renner & Mackin, 1998) shows which of the following as the HIGHEST stress life event? A) drinking or use of drugs B) finals week C) difficulties with parents D) ending a steady dating relationship E) oversleeping for an exam Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

17) The College Life Stress Inventory (Renner & Mackin, 1998) shows which of the following as the LOWEST stress life event? A) going on a first date B) getting straight A’s C) starting a new semester D) making new friends; getting along well with friends E) commuting to campus or work, or both Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) Your text indicates one problem associated with measures such as the College Life Stress Inventory is they focus on stressors experienced by __________ and underrepresent stressors experienced by members of __________. A) high schoolers; the college community B) the upper class; the college community C) the middle class; the upper class D) the middle class; minority groups E) the college community; the university community Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

19) Based on The College Life Stress Inventory mentioned in SPA 2.1, who is more likely to be experiencing stress? A) Hazeline, who is in the middle of finals week and is worried she is pregnant B) Francisco, who is having financial difficulties and who was just caught cheating on a test C) Levon, whose father is very ill and who just found out his girlfriend is cheating on him D) Marceline, who is failing a class and just broke up with her girlfriend Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-5

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Eduardo, who is fighting with his parents and just moved out of his house Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

20) From a social-psychological perspective, one problem with studies of the relation between the number of negative life events and reports of physical illness is that A) objective situations have more influence than subjective situations. B) researchers often ignore positive life events as a source of stress. C) researchers often ignore respondents’ subjective interpretations of negative life events. D) stress is an inevitable consequence of social life. E) people tend to over report the number of negative events in their life. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

21) Which of the following is a major conceptual concern with measuring stress by counting objectively positive and negative life events? A) A series of minor events often causes more stress than a major event. B) Perceptions of an event are more important than the objective characteristics of the event. C) Most people are not very accurate judges of the amount of stress they are under. D) Only objectively negative events contribute to stress. E) Most people don’t confront enough major life events to experience stress. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

22) According to stress research pioneer Richard Lazarus (1966, 1993), it is _______ and not _______ stress that causes problems for people. A) negative; positive B) physical; emotional C) personal; social D) subjective; objective E) social; personal Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

23) According to most social psychologists, stress occurs when people A) experience psychological illness. B) experience a large number of changes in their lives. C) respond maladaptively to changes in their lives. D) experience physical illness. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-6

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) believe that they cannot cope with environmental demands. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

24) Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues (1991, 1993) exposed some participants to the virus that causes the common cold and exposed other participants to an inert saline solution. They found that the more stress participants reported, the more likely they were to contract colds. Results of this study suggest that A) interpretations of stress are more important than objective stress. B) contracting a cold is often perceived as stressful. C) physical illness can make us more susceptible to stress. D) exposure to viruses can be a source of stress on the immune system. E) stress can negatively affect our immune systems. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

25) Consider the findings from the study by Cohen and his colleagues (1991; 1993) on stress and the immune system. On a college campus, when would students be most susceptible to catching a cold? A) just after returning from Spring Break B) the second week of the semester C) finals week, when there are many exams and papers due D) during summer break E) at the beginning of the fall term Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

26) Studies have been completed in which people’s immune responses are measured before and after undergoing mildly stressful tasks in the laboratory. The results indicate that relatively mild stressors __________. A) produce no change of the immune system B) produce increases in immunity C) produce suppression of the immune system D) cannot be studied effectively in a laboratory setting E) produce short-term suppression, but then long-term increased functioning, of the immune system Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) Mia and Bailey are both exposed to a virus that causes the common cold when they are studying for finals with their friend Katie. Bailey has been experiencing more negative stress events in her life than Mia. Based on research completed by Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-7

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Cohen, Tyrrell, & Smith (1991, 1993), Cohen et al. (2008) and Marsland, Bachen, & Cohen (2012), what is the likelihood that Mia and Bailey will get a cold? A) Bailey is more likely to get a cold because her immune system is weakened due to stress. B) Bailey and Mia have an equal likelihood of getting a cold because the immune system is not affected by stress. C) Mia is more likely to get a cold because Bailey’s immune system has been strengthened in response to the higher levels of stress to which she has been exposed. D) Neither Bailey nor Mia are likely to get the cold because both them have strengthened immune systems since they are both experiencing the stress associated with studying for final exams. E) Bailey and Mia have an equal likelihood of getting a cold because the immune system will be suppressed to the same level, regardless of the severity of stressors faced. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

28) Sora is participating in research similar to research presented in the text. He has been exposed to the virus that causes the common cold and he has been given six assignments to be completed in the next two days. If his results replicate the previous research findings reported in your text, what will likely happen to Sora? A) He will complete the assignments on time and not get sick. B) He will get sick. C) He will quit the research. D) He will be too stressed out to sleep. E) He will get angry due to the demands placed on him but will not get sick Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

29) It is ethically impossible to conduct experimental studies of stress and immune responses in humans to determine whether severe stress actually causes susceptibility to health problems. However, Cacioppo and his colleagues (1998) found that _______. A) stressors can increase anxiety which is related to infections. B) major stressors can impact the length of the common cold. C) even minor stressors can suppress immune responses. D) people who experience stress are ill more often. E) loud noises can suppress immune responses. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA2-8

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

30) _______ refers to people’s belief that they can influence their environment and thus can influence the odds of positive or negative outcomes. A) Learned helplessness B) Perceived control C) Social support D) Self-efficacy E) Self-delusion Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA2-9

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

31) Research investigating perceptions of control among victims of rape has shown that A) victims who believed they had control over their outcomes blamed themselves for the rape and showed more symptoms of post-traumatic stress. B) victims who believed they had control over their outcomes were more likely to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. C) victims who believed they had control over their outcomes were more likely to press charges against their attackers. D) victims who believed they had little control over their outcomes tended to become passive and withdrawn. E) victims who believed they had control over their outcomes experienced less depression. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) Based on the findings of longitudinal research conducted by the Canadian Aging Research Network with elderly residents of Manitoba, who is most likely to be in better health and live longer? A) Emilie, whose son frequently comes over to do her yard work because he worries she may fall and hurt herself B) Corrado, whose daughter frequently brings meals to him because she believes he hasn’t been eating properly since his partner died C) Filip, who refuses his children’s offers to hire a cleaning person and gardener because he is adamant that even though he is older, he is capable of doing everything for himself D) Aayla, whose grandchildren hired a housecleaning service for her, believing that she was overwhelmed with all of the housework E) Fitzroy, whose condo townhouse neighbour has decided to take over all of the outdoor work and exterior maintenance work so Fitzroy doesn’t have to Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

33) Glass and Singer (1972) investigated the importance of perceived control in a famous series of studies. What did they find? A) When participants were told they were able to press a button to stop the noxious noise they were exposed to, they all chose to stop the noxious noise. B) When people knew they could turn off the noise at any point, the noise was much easier to tolerate and did not impair later performance – even though these people had never actually turned it off C) When people were told they couldn’t turn off the noise, they just got used to it and it did not impair later performance D) When people knew they could turn off the noise at any point, the noise was harder to tolerate and impaired later performance – these people were then more likely to turn it off

SPA2-10

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) People who had endured uncontrollable noises made fewer errors than did people who had not heard noises Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

34) Based on Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin’s (1976) study of perceived control in elderly nursing home residents, what would be the best thing for a nursing home administrator to say to residents? A) “We are here to respond to your needs and make your life enjoyable.” B) “At each meal, you have a choice of three entrées.” C) “Please do not use tape to attach pictures to the walls.” D) “Don’t worry, we have everything under control.” E) “Feel free to ask the aides to help you rearrange your room.” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

35) Based on Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin’s (1976) study of perceived control in elderly nursing home residents, which of the following residents is most likely to feel happier, be more active, and live longer? A) Jack, whose room is full of lush plants B) Catherine, who is often escorted outside for walks C) Janet, who is visited often by her family D) Aron, who has his own personal aide to attend to his needs E) Bess, who makes her own bed and has a choice of a vegetarian meal Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

36) A nursing home director in Connecticut cooperated with researchers Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin (1976) and gave some residents a speech that included such statements as “...You have the responsibility of caring for yourselves, of deciding whether or not you want to make this a home...” and “You should be deciding how you want your rooms to be arranged...how you want to spend your time...” and “If you are unsatisfied with anything here, you have the influence to change it....” Contents of this speech were designed to A) improve residents’ moods. B) boost feelings of control. C) deal with a staff shortage. D) reduce stressors. E) keep residents active. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA2-11

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

37) Six months ago, a nursing home started a program in which some residents were allowed to choose their daily activities. All else being equal, which of the following residents is most likely to die sooner? A) Edgar, who participated over the entire course of the program B) Ruth, who recently joined the program C) Martha, who was recently removed from of the program D) Bill, who has been in the program for the last three months E) George, who never participated in the program Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

38) Richard Schulz (1976) randomly assigned nursing home residents to one of two conditions designed to manipulate perceived control over visitation schedules. He found that two months later, residents who A) had health problems benefited more from the visits. B) had a say in visit scheduling were more happy, active, and required fewer medications. C) had health problems benefited the least from more visits. D) were visited more were happier, more active, and lived longer. E) did not receive visitors were less happy, less active, and took more medications. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

39) Several months after he randomly assigned nursing home residents to either have control or a lack of control over visitation schedules, Richard Schulz (Schulz & Hanusa, 1978) was dismayed to find that those residents who had originally controlled the duration and frequency of visits from college students later experienced poorer health and higher mortality rates. These findings seem directly at odds with research by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer (1977), until one considers that A) Langer and Rodin studied women and Schulz studied men. B) people sometimes blame themselves for health problems. C) a lack of perceived control is worse than losing it. D) Schulz induced only a temporary sense of control, which was lost when the visits stopped. E) Schulz did not control for the severity of the health problems. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

40) Research summarized in your textbook (Sastry & Ross, 1998) finds that members of ________ cultures show less of a relationship between perceived control and psychological distress because of the________. A) Western; culture of honor. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-12

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Western; importance of individual achievement. C) Asian; emphasis on collectivist values. D) Western; importance of stoicism. E) Asian; they are taught to be controlled from childhood. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

41) Research by Sastry and Ross (1998) suggests that a sense of control is more valued in ________ cultures. A) agricultural B) collectivist C) East Asian D) Industrialized E) Western Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) The authors of your text provide a “word of caution.” It can be dangerous to overestimate the relation between perceived control and physical health, because A) scientists still do not understand the mechanisms that explain this relation. B) when health problems improve, people lose a sense of perceived control. C) currently all the evidence is correlational. D) when people’s health does not improve with treatment, they may blame themselves. E) it is impossible to determine whether perceived control and health are causally related. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

43) In what way might perceived control be a detriment to dealing with an illness? A) Perceived control may lead patients to blame themselves for the disease or for failure to recover. B) Perceived control may lead a patient to stop taking his or her medicine because they believe they don’t need it. C) Perceived control may make a patient feel better, but actually increases the severity of the physical symptoms. D) Perceived control may lead a patient to ignore the advice of medical professionals. E) Perceived control alleviates physical symptoms, but decreases immunity toward other diseases. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy SPA2-13

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

44) According to research discussed in SPA 2.1, even when people experience lifethreatening chronic diseases such as cancer or AIDS, they can maintain a sense of perceived control over _______, and thus maintain psychological adjustment. A) their social networks B) their choice of doctor C) the course of the disease D) the consequences of a disease E) the course of their treatment Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

45) _______ refers to the belief in one’s ability to carry out specific actions that produce positive outcomes. A) Global attribution B) Self-esteem C) Perceived control D) Self-efficacy E) Control maintenance Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

46) Bonita wants to get in good physical shape. She believes that she can eliminate fats from her diet, jog three times a week, avoid temptations when shopping for groceries, and distract herself when she gets a craving for cheesecake. In this case, Bonita is likely to _______ because she is _______. A) fail; delusional. B) succeed; high in self-efficacy. C) fail; falling prey to an optimistic bias. D) succeed; low in learned helplessness. E) fail; making a global attribution. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

47) Unlike perceived control, self-efficacy A) is strongly related to positive health outcomes. B) represents confidence in one’s ability to perform specific behaviours to achieve a desired outcome. C) can reduce feelings of learned helplessness. D) does not have any impact on behaviour. E) is more difficult to change. Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-14

Social Psychology in Action 2

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

48) According to SPA 2.1, much of the research on self-efficacy has focused on ______________________. A) eating behaviour B) academic outcomes C) alcohol use D) fitness and exercise E) cancer treatments Answer: D Type: MC LO: SPA 2.1 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 49) According to a series of studies by researchers from universities across Canada, there are actually three kinds of self-efficacy when it comes to fitness. What are these three kinds? A) task, execution, and scheduling B) planning, execution, and evaluation C) task, coping, and outcome D) planning, coping, and scheduling E) task, coping, and scheduling Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

50) Based on the series of studies on the different kinds of self-efficacy by researchers from universities across Canada, who would be most likely to have the best attendance record in a year-long fitness program after only a one-week period? A) Julio, who has really high task self-efficacy but moderate coping and scheduling self-efficacy B) Kang, who has moderate task self-efficacy but high coping and scheduling self-efficacy C) Lizbeth, who has really high scheduling self-efficacy but moderate task and coping self-efficacy D) Vin, who has low levels of scheduling, task, and coping self-efficacy E) Winston, who has really high coping and scheduling self-efficacy but low task self-efficacy Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

51) Based on the series of studies on the different kinds of self-efficacy by researchers from universities across Canada, who would be more likely to have the best attendance record in a year-long fitness program at the end of the program? A) Julio, who has really high task self-efficacy but moderate coping and scheduling self-efficacy

SPA2-15

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Kang, who has moderate task self-efficacy but high coping and scheduling self-efficacy C) Lizbeth, who has really high scheduling self-efficacy but moderate task and coping self-efficacy D) Vin, who has low levels of scheduling, task, and coping self-efficacy E) Winston, who has moderate coping and scheduling self-efficacy but low task self-efficacy Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

52) According to the authors of your text, one reason why self-efficacy increases the likelihood that people will engage in healthier behaviours is that self-efficacy influences A) the resolution of cognitive dissonance. B) their attributions in a positive way. C) the number of people with whom we associate. D) their persistence and effort. E) the type of people with whom we associate. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

53) According to the authors of your text, one reason why self-efficacy increases the likelihood that people will engage in healthier behaviours is that self-efficacy A) changes their attributions in a positive way. B) helps their immune systems function optimally. C) increases their cognitive dissonance. D) results in positive illusions of control. E) decreases arousal. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

54) People high in self-efficacy are more persistent and exert more effort at a task. They also experience less anxiety and their immune systems function better. These characteristics of self-efficacy contribute to successful goal attainment. In this sense, self-efficacy is most strongly related to A) positive illusions. B) unstable attributions. C) stable attributions. D) global attributions. E) the self-fulfilling prophecy Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate SPA2-16

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

55) In an experiment conducted by Mordechai Blittner, Joel Goldberg, and Michael Merbaum (1978), smokers who wanted to quit responded to an ad for a 14-week treatment program. Some participants were told that they were selected for participation based on their “strong willpower and greater potential to control and conquer their desires and behaviour,” whereas others were told that they were selected randomly. This manipulation was designed to A) create positive attributions. B) boost participants’ self-esteem. C) increase participants’ sense of self-efficacy. D) decrease participants’ susceptibility to learned helplessness. E) boost participants’ mood. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

56) In an experiment conducted by Mordechai Blittner, Joel Goldberg, and Michael Merbaum (1978), participants who _______ were most likely to successfully quit smoking. A) were told that they had “willpower” B) were given concrete instructions C) underwent a behavioural treatment program D) underwent a longer treatment program E) were taught to use stable and global attributions Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

57) Vasquez and Buehler (2007) found that another way to increase self-efficacy in people is to ______________________________. A) have them think of the people in their life who have put them down B) have them visualize or picture success C) have them think of past instances where they had failed to complete the task and try to figure out why they had failed so they could avoid failure in the future D) tell them that they won’t be successful E) have them compete with other people on a variety of challenges Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

58) _______ is a state of pessimism that results when people think their negative outcomes are due to stable, internal, and global factors. A) A maladaptive attribution B) Dissonance C) Low self-efficacy D) Dejection Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-17

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Learned helplessness Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

59) Beth, Diana, Jen, and Lynne just lost the state high school soccer championship game. Beth attributed the loss to a biased referee, Diana attributed the loss to bad weather, Jen attributed the loss to being too slow to compete at that level of competition, and Lynne attributed the loss to an outstanding performance by the other team’s goalie. Which player is most likely to become depressed? A) Both Beth and Lynne B) Diana C) Jen D) Lynne E) Beth Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

60) If you are convinced that the cause of some stressful event will remain constant over time, you are making a(n) _______ attribution. A) external B) internal C) stable D) specific E) global Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

61) Amos has just been fired from his job at a major software firm. As he packs up the contents of his desk, he says to a colleague, “It just goes to show what can happen when your supervisor has it in for you."” Amos’ attribution in this case can best be characterized as A) specific. B) stable. C) global. D) internal. E) universal Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

62) After the termination of a romantic relationship, Sari explains the situation to a friend, and says, “I don’t know what to do. It’s all my fault. I can’t ever make people I

SPA2-18

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

love happy. I guess no one could ever love me, and I’m destined to die alone.” Sari’s attribution for the break-up is internal, _______. A) unstable, and global. B) unstable, and specific. C) stable, and specific. D) pessimistic and specific. E) stable, and global.

SPA2-19

Social Psychology in Action 2

Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

63) Ellen just failed her driving test. She attributed her failure to the fact that her boyfriend gave her a bad cold. What type of attribution is this? A) unstable, external, and specific B) stable, external, and specific C) stable, external, and global D) unstable, internal, and specific E) stable, internal, and global Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

64) Four students end up at the academic counselling centre concerned about their poor performance during their first term at university. All of them admit that the first term was difficult. Applying the concept of personal control, who will most probably do better next term? A) Omar who says, “Maybe if I quit my part-time job I’ll do better.” B) Lindsey who says, “Although I should have figured it out last term, I think I now know what information I need from my professors to do better.” C) Sarah who says, “I have to get used to getting lower grades than I did in high school.” D) Julien who says, “All I can do is study harder and hope that I do better.” E) Vinita who says, “Maybe I should stay off social media a bit more.” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

65) At Duke University, Tim Wilson and Patricia Linville (1982, 1985) recruited firstyear students who were concerned about their academic performance. Students in the experimental group received statistics on grade improvement over the course of college and saw videotapes of upper-year students who talked about the improvements in their grades after the first year. Compared to students who saw no statistics and no videotapes, experimental students improved their grades and were less likely to drop out. These impressive results suggest that A) the statistics and videotapes prevented learned helplessness from setting in. B) the intervention was successful in teaching students learning and study skills. C) the intervention was effective because students’ mood improved. D) the intervention helped students see their lives more objectively. E) statistics and videotapes distracted students from their academic problems. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA2-20

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

66) Tim Wilson and Patricia Linville (1982, 1985) performed a study for which they recruited first-year students who were concerned about their academic performance. Students in the experimental group received statistics on grade improvement over the course of college and saw videotapes of upper-year students who talked about the improvements in their grades after the first year. Students exposed to the statistics and videotapes actually did better in school and were less likely to drop out. In all likelihood, Wilson and Linville refuted _______ attributions in these students. A) internal B) global C) specific D) external E) stable Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) In a series of studies, researchers found that students at the University of Manitoba who received attributional retraining were _________ to fail their introductory psychology course compared to students who did not receive this training. A) 23 percent less likely B) 57 percent less likely C) 73 percent more likely D) 23 percent more likely E) 73 percent less likely Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

68) The concept of _______ refers to the ways in which people react to stressful events. A) coping style B) attributional style C) self-efficacy D) explanational style E) immune reactions Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

69) Tran and Lumley (2019) conducted a study with university students who had been diagnosed with mental illness (e.g., depression, anxiety). What did they find? A) Students who internalized the stigma of having a mental illness tended to report more adaptive coping skills B) Students who internalized the stigma of having a mental illness tended to report more maladaptive coping skills C) Students who internalized the stigma of having a mental illness showed significantly less psychological distress Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) Students who internalized the stigma of having a mental illness reported greater well-being overall E) Students who internalized the stigma of having a mental illness were able to help reduce the stigma among their peers Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

70) Bonneville-Roussy et al. (2017) measured students’ stress levels, academic motivation, and coping styles in their investigation of exam stress. What were the two types of coping styles examined in this research? A) Engagement coping and disengagement coping B) Internalized coping and externalized coping C) Adaptive coping and maladaptive coping D) Distraction coping and active coping E) Passive coping and engagement coping Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

71) Who is using disengagement coping? A) Lawrence who is trying to see his devastating breakup in a different light B) Savannah, who is trying to distract herself from the bad grades she earned on her finals by focusing on her social life C) Chau, who is disappointed in herself after receiving a critique from her dance teacher, and has started to plan how she is going to better herself as a dancer D) Ramsha, who is feeling a lot of stress during finals week, and has decided to create a study schedule to help her stay more organized E) Zoltan, who is trying to see his upcoming 4th year project as a way to prove how much he’s learned instead of something to be anxious about Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

72) Which of the following statements about engagement and disengagement strategies is accurate (from Bonneville-Rousy et al., 2017)? A) Men reported higher use of both kinds of coping strategies B) Women’s marks were more negatively impacted by disengagement strategies than those of men C) Women reported higher use of engagement strategies while men reported higher use of disengagement strategies D) For women, disengagement strategies didn’t affect their marks as negatively as it did for men E) Women reported higher use of disengagement strategies while men reported higher use of engagement strategies

SPA2-22

Social Psychology in Action 2

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

73) Shelley Taylor and her colleagues have argued that there are gender differences in coping with stress. According to their research women are more likely than men to A) respond to stress by either attacking the source of the stress or fleeing from it. B) respond to stress with nurturant activities designed to protect oneself and create social networks. C) isolate themselves when they become stressed. D) suffer from mental illness as a result of stress and dysfunctional coping strategies. E) suffer from physical illness as a result of stress and dysfunctional coping strategies. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

74) The authors of your text report that one response to stress is attacking or fleeing from the source. This is better known as the __________ response. A) fight-or-flight B) tend-and-befriend C) acceptance D) social support E) attack-or-back Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

75) With regard to gender differences in coping strategies, male is to female as fight-orflight is to __________. A) talk-and-walk B) care-and-share C) tend-and-befriend D) attack-or-back E) hug-or-shrug Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

76) Researchers, Taylor and colleagues (2000), suggest that most research on the fightor-flight response is limited by having been done primarily on __________. A) mice B) males C) nonhuman species D) organisms that are experiencing novel as opposed to familiar stressors Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-23

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) females Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

77) Your text explains the underlying reasons why women tend to use a “tend-andbefriend” approach while males tend to be more prone to use a “fight-or-flight” response to stress. What type of explanation do they provide for this gender difference? A) cognitive dissonance B) sociocultural C) evolutionary D) attributional E) humanistic Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

78) In the “tend-and-befriend” response to stress discussed in your text, tending refers to __________. A) building a strong social network B) arguing with the source of stress C) nurturing activities D) turning the other cheek when someone insults you E) paying attention to the source of stress Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

79) Thinking about the “tend-and-befriend” response to stress discussed in your text, befriending refers to __________. A) building a strong social network B) manipulating the source of stress and pretending to be their ally C) nurturing activities D) turning the other cheek when someone insults you E) paying attention to the source of stress so you will know when danger is present Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

80) When Katarzyna encounters a lot of stress, she often turns to friends for help. When Katarzyna is not under stress, she will often nurture her friends who are under stress, and continue to build up her social network. Katarzyna seems to respond to stress using the __________ response. A) learned helplessness Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-24

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) fight-or-flight C) denial D) tend-and-befriend E) care-and-share Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

81) When Parker is under stress, he tends to either get very confrontational and argumentative, or back away and totally withdraw from the stressful situation. Parker is exhibiting a __________ response to stress. A) learned helplessness B) fight-or-flight C) denial D) tend-and-befriend E) attack-or-back Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

82) _______ refers to the perception that others are responsive and receptive to our needs. A) Perceived facilitation B) Social facilitation C) A positive attribution style D) Social support E) Perceived control Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

83) In a study by Collins and Feeney (2004) participants played a computer game in which their avatar navigated a perilous obstacle course on a cliff-sided canyon in a virtual world, either with or without the support of their romantic partner’s avatar. Results showed that having an inattentive partner was ________ than having _______ partner in terms of stress. A) significantly better; an attentive B) significantly better; no C) not significantly better; no D) no different; an attentive E) significantly worse; no Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA2-25

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

84) In a study by Collins and Feeney (2004), participants played a computer game in which their avatar navigated a perilous obstacle course on a cliff-sided canyon in a virtual world, either with or without the support of their romantic partner’s avatar. Results emphasized the importance of ________ in social support A) perceived control B) responsiveness C) self-disclosure D) culture E) optimism Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

85) David Spiegel and his colleagues (1989) studied the role of social support among women with breast cancer and discovered that social support A) had no effect on their physical or mental well-being. B) reduced fear and prolonged their life-expectancy. C) played a bigger role towards the end of these women’s lives. D) can sometimes lead to greater psychological distress. E) only made a difference if provided by family and friends. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

86) David Spiegel and his colleagues (1989) randomly assigned breast cancer patients either to a series of weekly meetings to discuss their problems and fears or to a control group. Which of the following best reflects the results of their experiment? A) Women who met in groups felt better about their illness, but didn’t live longer. B) Women who met in groups didn’t feel any different and didn’t live longer. C) Women who met in groups felt better and lived longer. D) Women who met in groups didn’t feel any different, but lived longer. E) Women who met in groups felt worse, but lived longer. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

87) Durbin et al. (2019) assessed the relation between social support, social functioning, and perceived stress in a sample of homeless adults with mental illness. What were the findings? A) social support, social functioning, and percentage of days in stable housing were all positively correlated with lower perceived stress B) social support, social functioning, and percentage of days in stable housing were all negatively correlated with lower perceived stress C) social support and percentage of days in stable housing were positively correlated with lower perceived stress; social functioning seemed to have no impact on perceived stress Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-26

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) social functioning and percentage of days in stable housing were positively correlated with lower perceived stress; social support seemed to have no impact on perceived stress E) social support and social functioning were positively correlated with lower perceived stress; percentage of days in stable housing seemed to have no impact on perceived stress Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

88) According to recent work on social support by Brown and his colleagues (2003), older adults who__________ experience benefits to their health and live longer than those who do not. A) only receive social support B) provide social support for others C) refuse to accept help from others in order to maintain their independence D) rely on family—but not friends—for social support E) have replaced family support with the support of friends Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

89) Based on longitudinal research conducted by James House and his colleagues (1982), which of the following people would be most likely to die over the next twelve years? A) Gladys, a widow who volunteers to teach children to read B) Jean, who cooks a large dinner for her family every Sunday C) Selma, who babysits her grandchildren every week D) Oscar, who lives alone and seldom has contact with others E) Harry, who plays bridge every day at the senior citizens’ center Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

90) Shelley Taylor found that those in East Asian collectivistic cultures are ________ likely to seek help from others because________. A) more; they have been raised with interdependence as a core value. B) not; because others anticipate their needs and provide that help without asking. C) less.; it will disrupt the harmony of the group and open them up to criticism from others. D) less; because being independent and ‘standing on your own two feet’ is a core value in their culture. E) more; it helps to foster harmony in the family and emphasize their strong bond. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy SPA2-27

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

91) Hiro, who is Japanese, is struggling with demands and schedules at work. He is not very likely to ask for social support from his family and friends. Why? A) Asking for help could demonstrate his independence from his group. B) Asking for help could disrupt the harmony of his group. C) Asking for help is a symbol of weakness and lack of independence. D) Asking for help will affect his locus of control. E) Asking for help would be too humbling for him Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

92) The tendency people have to believe that good events are more likely to happen to us than our peers and that bad events are less likely to happen to us than to our peers is called A) hardiness. B) self-efficacy. C) unrealistic optimism. D) an avoidant coping style. E) resilience. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

93) Chipperfield et al. (2019) conducted a longitudinal analysis of data gathered over an 18-year period as part of University of Manitoba’s Successful Aging Study. What was found? A) Unrealistic optimism was correlated with fewer depressive symptoms B) Realistic pessimism was correlated with fewer depressive symptoms C) When the reality is that our health is likely to spiral downward, unrealistic optimism can be adaptive D) People who held unrealistically optimistic views about their health had better health over the course of the study E) Having optimistic, but still realistic, expectations was associated with more depressive symptoms. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

94) What is the relationship between hardiness, discrimination, and stress as discovered by Dion and colleagues’ (1992) research in Toronto’s Chinese community? A) People high in hardiness experience less stress from discrimination.

SPA2-28

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) People low in hardiness experience more stress even though they experience less discrimination. C) People low in hardiness experience less stress from discrimination. D) People high in hardiness experience more discrimination and therefore more stress. E) People high in hardiness experience less discrimination and therefore less stress. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

95) Based on gender discrimination research by Foster and Dion (2001), who would likely experience the greatest stress? A) Cali, who is facing gender discrimination and who attributes that discrimination to specific, unstable factors. B) Valyssa, who is facing gender discrimination and who attributes that discrimination to global, stable factors. C) Zariah, who is facing gender discrimination and who attributes that discrimination to global, unstable factors. D) Tram, who is facing gender discrimination and who attributes that discrimination to specific, stable factors E) Melodia, who is facing gender discrimination and who believes the discrimination is an isolated event Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

96) The ability to recover from negative experiences and adapt to the demands of life is known as __________________. A) hardiness B) reframing C) resilience D) optimism E) realistic pessimism Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

97) Liliana lost her husband two years ago. Based on the findings discussed in SPA 2.2 regarding resilience, what is most likely to be true about Liliana? A) Liliana will show signs of significant, long-term distress B) Liliana will show significant signs of depression and loss C) Liliana will be unable to experience positive emotions D) Liliana will show few signs of depression and will be able to experience positive emotions E) Liliana will not be able to “bounce back” at all Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-29

Social Psychology in Action 2

Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

98) After his mother’s death, Steve began to keep a diary of his thoughts and feelings. Compared to his brother Marc who chose not write about the tragedy, Steve is A) less likely to show an immediate increase in blood pressure. B) less likely to become ill over the next six months. C) more likely to visit the student health center. D) less likely to spend more time thinking about the tragedy. E) more likely to feel better soon.

SPA2-30

Social Psychology in Action 2

Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

99) Pennebaker and Beale (1986) asked some participants to keep journals in which they described a traumatic event and asked other participants to keep journals about trivial events. Although writing about traumatic events initially contributed to negative mood and high blood pressure, over the following six months those who “opened up” experienced fewer illnesses. How does Pennebaker explain these and similar results with first-year college students and Holocaust survivors? A) Those who “opened up” received better social support. B) Thinking and talking about traumatic events helps us habituate to them. C) Feedback from others corrects pessimistic attributional styles. D) Gaining insight into an experience and giving it meaning can help us move on. E) Reflecting on traumatic events reduces our need for support from others. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

100) Pennebaker’s research on the effects of “opening up” or confiding in others shows that those people who________ show the most improvements to their health. A) write the stories with the least amount of traumatic content B) write the stories with the most traumatic content C) write stories that start out incoherent but become more organized D) write stories that focus on relationships E) write stories that focus on other people Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

101) While, __________ has been decreasing, _______________ has been increasing in Canada. A) general lack of fitness; smoking B) rates of women getting mammograms; rates of people getting the flu shot C) smoking; obesity D) rates of people getting the flu shot; smoking E) osteoporosis; obesity Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

102) All of the following behaviours or conditions EXCEPT ________ have become more prevalent in recent years. A) smoking B) obesity among adult Canadians C) binge drinking among college students D) seat belt use Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-31

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) cervical cancer screening Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

103) According to a number of polls, in which of the following ways have unhealthy health habits among Canadians failed to improve? They are _______ than in the past. A) experiencing more exercise-related injuries B) suffering more from eating disorders C) binge drinking more D) smoking more E) smoking more and engaging in disordered eating more Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

104) The authors of your text suggest that many health problems stem from sex, eating, drinking, and smoking behaviours in particular, because these behaviours A) are necessities. B) are proscribed by culture. C) are inexpensive ways to entertain oneself. D) are all addictive. E) tend to be so pleasurable. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

105) According to your text, health problems due to unsafe sex, drinking, and smoking are prevalent because they are A) addictive. B) pleasurable. C) difficult to avoid. D) subject to social pressure. E) genetic. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

106) According to the World Health Organization, _________________ of the deaths worldwide are preventable. A) nearly three-quarters B) more than half C) less than a quarter D) nearly two thirds Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) one tenth Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

107) Myran et al. (2019) tracked the rate of alcohol-related emergency room visits in Ontario from 2003 – 2016. What was found? A) Among people ages 25-29, there was a 125 percent spike in emergency room visits B) Among older adults, there was a shocking increase in the rate of emergency room admissions C) Among young women, hospital admissions increased by an astounding 240 percent D) Hospital admissions increased significantly for men, but not women E) Binge drinking in younger adults has seemed to decrease over the years Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

108) Many public service announcements (e.g. stop smoking, practice safe sex, use seatbelts, apply sunscreen, etc.) appeal to people’s ________ in order to get them to change their behaviours. A) fears B) sense of empathy C) hopes D) tendency to conform E) sense of accomplishment Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

109) Jenn uses a cognitive dissonance technique to encourage students in her Social Psychology class to use condoms when they have sex. She does so by asking her students to produce a video on the dangers of unprotected sex to be shown to local high school students. What else can she do to increase condom use among her students? A) She can first ask students to recall the times that they had unprotected sex. B) She can tell the students that if they don’t like the video, she will erase it. C) She can provide factual information on the prevalence of AIDS among the high school population. D) She can tell the students that the video is very important. E) She can suggest that the students use a fear appeal. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

SPA2-33

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

110) Alex Rothman and his colleagues (1993; Rothman & Salovey, 1997) studied how message framing influences people’s health-related behaviours. If you wanted to use results of their experiment to encourage women to have mammograms to detect breast cancer, which of the following messages would you use? A) The healthy choice is to see your doctor regularly. B) You can live with breast cancer, but you have to catch it first. C) Undetected breast cancer kills over two million women each year. D) An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. E) If you catch it early, you can survive breast cancer. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

111) Alex Rothman (1993) and his colleagues (Rothman & Salovey, 1997) studied how message framing influences people’s health-related behaviours. If you wanted to use results of their experiment to encourage people to use sunscreen to prevent skin cancer, which of the following messages would you use? A) An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. B) Skin cancer is one of the biggest killers of young people. C) Skin cancer is one of the easiest cancers to prevent. D) More people die from skin cancer than from heart attacks. E) Skin cancer can affect anyone. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

112) Gain frame message is to _______ as loss frame message is to _______. A) health; illness. B) illness; health. C) prevention; detection. D) detection; prevention. E) prevention; cure. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

113) Define stress as proposed by Selye (1956, 1976) and describe the limits of using stress inventories to measure stress. Answer: Selye (1956, 1976) defined stress as the body’s physiological response to threatening events. Selye focused on how the human body adapts to threats from the environment, regardless of the source — be it a psychological or a Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-34

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

physiological trauma. Most studies in this area use correlational, not experimental designs. Life changes are correlated with health problems, but that does not mean life changes caused health problems. According to researchers (Schroeder & Costa, 1984; Watson & Pennebaker, 1989), life changes do not cause health problems. Instead, people with certain personality traits are more likely to experience health problems due to stressful situations versus others. Another problem with measures such as the College Life Stress Inventory is that they focus on stressors experienced by the middle class and underrepresent stressors experienced by the poor and members of minority groups. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

114) Contrast the definition of stress used by Holmes and Rahe (1967) with the definition used by Lazarus (1966) in his approach to studying stress. Answer: For Holmes and Rahe, stress is a function of change, regardless of whether it is a positive or negative life event. They have established an objective measurement of stress in response to different positive and negative life events. In contrast, Lazarus assumes that it’s not so much the objective characteristics of a situation that produce stress, but instead people’s interpretations of that situation. In essence, for Holmes and Rahe, stress is a reaction to objective factors; for Lazarus, stress is a reaction to subjective interpretations of those factors. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

115) Is stress a determinant of who will become ill? Discuss using research findings mentioned in SPA 2.1. Answer: Researchers asked volunteers to spend a week at a research institute in southern England (Cohen, Tyrrell, & Smith, 1991, 1993). As a measure of stress, the participants listed recent events that had had a negative impact on their lives. The researchers then gave participants nasal drops that contained either the virus that causes the common cold or saline (salt water). The participants were subsequently quarantined for several days so that they had no contact with other people. The results? The people who were experiencing a great deal of stress in their lives were more likely to catch a cold from the virus. Among people who reported the least amount of stress, about 27 percent came down with a cold. This rate increased steadily in relation to the amount of stress people reported, topping out at a rate of nearly 50 percent in the group that was experiencing the most stress. This effect of stress was found even when several other factors that influence catching a cold were taken into account, such as the time of year and the participant’s age, weight, and sex. This study, along with others like it, shows that the more stress people experience, the lower their immunity to diseases (Cohen et al.,2008; Doyle, Gentile, & Cohen, 2006; Marsland, Bachen, & Cohen, 2012). The results from Cohen and colleagues’ correlational study have been confirmed Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-35

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

in research using experimental designs. For example, there are studies in which people’s immune responses are measured before and after undergoing mildly stressful tasks in the laboratory, such as solving mental arithmetic problems continuously for six minutes or giving speeches on short notice. It turns out that even relatively mild stressors such as these can lead to a suppression of the immune system (Cacioppo, 1998; Cacioppo et al., 1998). Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

116) Both Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin (1976) and Richard Schulz (1976) conducted field experiments in which nursing home residents were provided more control over their situations. Unlike Langer and Rodin, however, Schulz and Hanusa (1978) later found that those elderly participants who had earlier been allowed to schedule visits with college students actually had more health problems and higher mortality rates than those participants who had never had control over the visits. Explain these apparently contradictory findings. Answer: Perceived control is not enough to ensure adequate coping if that control is later taken away. Whereas Langer and Rodin (1976) provided a sense of control that continued after the study was completed, Schulz (1976) introduced a temporary intervention. Schulz’s studies suggest that perceived control is so powerful that researchers should be careful not to take it away when the study is over. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

117) Using the information presented in your text on perception of control, describe three things you would do as the director of a nursing home to give your residents a greater sense of control, and help your residents live longer, feel happier, and be healthier Answer: [Students could list any three things that would increase a person’s perception of control. For example, residents can decide how they want the furniture in their rooms arranged, can choose what to wear each day, and can choose what to eat from a menu.] Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

118) Based on research about perception of control with nursing home residents, what three things could the director of housing do to give college students who reside in dormitories a greater perception of control, and so help them be healthier and happier? Answer: [Students could list any three things that would increase a person’s perception of control. For example, the director could tell the residents that they can decide on how they want the furniture in their rooms arranged, that they could choose what quiet hours will be, and that they can choose what the visitation policy will be.] Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-36

Social Psychology in Action 2

Type: ES

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

119) Who will be more likely to experience worse health outcomes as a result of a lack of perceived control? Mako, who is from Japan, or Eleanor, who is from Canada? Explain your answer using research in SPA 2.1. Answer: Based on the research findings discussed in SPA 2.1, Eleanor is more likely to be negatively impacted by a lack of perceived control. the link between perceived control and stress is stronger in Western cultures than in Asian cultures. Research shows that Asians report that perceived control is less important to them than to Westerners, and the relationship between perceived control and psychological wellbeing isn’t as strong as in Western cultures (Cheng, Cheung, Chio, & Chan, 2013; Sastry & Ross, 1998). In Western cultures, where individualism and personal achievement are prized, people are more likely to feel stressed when they cannot control their lives. A sense of control is less of an issue in Asian cultures because Asians tend to place greater value on collectivism and putting the social group ahead of individual goals. Type: ES LO: SPA 2.1 Skill: Applied and Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

120) What is self-efficacy and what is the relation between self-efficacy and healthrelated behaviours? Finally, why does self-efficacy contribute to successful behaviour change? Answer: Self-efficacy is the perception that we have the ability to carry out the specific behaviours that are associated with desired health-related outcomes. A number of studies by Albert Bandura (1997) and Peter Salovey and his colleagues (1998) have revealed that people who are high in self-efficacy are more successful in quitting smoking, losing weight, lowering cholesterol, and exercising regularly. There are two ways that self-efficacy increases the likelihood that people will engage in healthier behaviour. First, high self-efficacy increases persistence and effort. Second, high selfefficacy is associated with lower anxiety and better immune function. In essence, high self-efficacy sets in motion a self-fulfilling prophecy. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

121) According to the text, there are different kinds of self-efficacy when it comes to fitness. What are they? Provide an example of each using your own life experiences. Answer: There are three kinds of self-efficacy when it comes to fitness: task self-efficacy, coping self-efficacy, and scheduling self-efficacy (Rodgers, Wilson, Hall, Fraser, & Murray, 2008). The examples in the text are as follows – Task (e.g., your confidence that you can actually do the movements that an exercise requires); coping (e.g., your confidence that you can exercise under challenging circumstances such as not feeling well); and scheduling (e.g., your confidence that Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-37

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

you can exercise regularly despite other demands in your life). Students should come up with their own examples similar to these. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1 Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

122) How does self-efficacy increase the likelihood that people will engage in desired behaviours? Answer: Self-efficacy increases the likelihood that people will engage in desired behaviours in two ways. First, it influences people’s persistence and effort at a task. People with low self-efficacy tend to give up easily, whereas people high in self-efficacy set higher goals, try harder, and persist more in the face of failure— thereby increasing the likelihood that they will succeed (Cervone & Peake, 1986; Litt, 1988; Steel, 2007). Second, self-efficacy influences the way our bodies react while we are working toward our goals. For example, people with high selfefficacy experience less anxiety while working on a difficult task, and their immune system functions more optimally (Wiedenfield et al., 1990). In short, self-efficacy operates as a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1 Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

123) Your friend wants to quit smoking. Using the discussion of the role of self-efficacy in smoking cessation in SPA 2.1, how might you help your friend? Answer: You can try to find a way to convince her that she has great potential to quit and then have her sign up for a smoking cessation program. In Blittner et al. (1978), adult smokers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. In the self-efficacy condition, people were told they were selected for the study because they had great potential to quit. They then underwent a 14-week smoking cessation program. People in the treatment-alone condition participated in the same program but were told they had been randomly selected for it. People in the no-treatment control condition did not take part in the program. At the end of the 14-week period, substantially more people in the self-efficacy condition had quit smoking. Believing that we have the ability to carry out beneficial behaviour—having high self-efficacy—is an important determinant of whether we succeed. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

124) Describe what kinds of attributions are associated with the development of learned helplessness. Provide an example to illustrate these attributions. Answer: Learned helplessness is a state that arises when people become convinced that they have no control over their outcomes and become pessimistic. Certain kinds of attributions are associated with learned helplessness: (1) stable attributions (problematic causal factors will not change over time); (2) internal attributions (problematic causal factors reside within the individual); and (3) global attributions Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-38

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

(problematic causal factors apply in a wide variety of situations). [Students should provide an example and give specific details about whether the attribution is stable, internal, or global]. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2 446-447

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

125) You’ve just been hired on as a peer mentor for next year’s incoming psychology majors. After reading the material on learned helplessness in SPA 2.1, how might you approach the all-too-common learned helplessness that first year students often experience? Be sure to include a discussion of Wilson and Linville (1982). Answer: Wilson and Linville (1982) assumed that many first-year students experience academic difficulties because of a damaging pattern of attributions. Because of the difficulty of adjusting to a new academic and social environment, the first year of university has its rough spots for nearly everyone. The problem is that many first-year students don’t realize how common such adjustment problems are and assume that their problems come from personal predicaments that are unlikely to change – just the kind of attribution that leads to learned helplessness. Wilson and Linville tried to combat this pessimism by convincing first-year students that the causes of poor performance are often temporary. In the treatment condition, the students watched videotaped interviews of four senior students, each of whom mentioned that his or her grades had been poor or mediocre during the first year of study but had improved significantly since then. The students were also given statistics indicating that academic performance is often poor in the first year of university but improves thereafter. The researchers hypothesized that this simple message would help prevent learned helplessness, increasing the students’ motivation to try harder and removing needless worries about their abilities. Judging by the students’ subsequent performance, this is just what happened. Compared with students in a control group who participated in the study but did not watch the videotaped interviews or see the statistics, students in the treatment condition improved their grades more in the following year and were less likely to drop out. So as a peer mentor, it would be a good idea for you to demonstrate that the drop in grades in first year is often temporary and happens to many people. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

126) Compare and contrast engagement coping and disengagement coping. Provide an example of a time you engaged in both. Answer: Engagement coping involves active coping, planning, and positive reinterpretation of events (e.g., “I’ve been trying to see the situation in a different light, to make it seem more positive”). Disengagement coping includes denial, distraction, and self-blame (e.g., “I’ve been turning to do other activities to take my mind off things”). Students who were internally motivated to pursue their education were more likely to use engagement coping strategies. These strategies predicted more positive emotion, less negative emotion, and higher marks on their exams. Students who were externally Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-39

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

motivated (e.g., going to university to get a better salary) were more likely to use disengagement coping strategies. These strategies predicted higher levels of exam stress, less positive emotion, more negative emotion, and lower marks (BonnevilleRoussy, Evans, Verner-Filion, Vallerand, & Bouffard, 2017). Women report higher use of both kinds of coping strategies than men. However, for women, disengagement strategies didn’t affect their marks as negatively as it did for men. Students can provide any example that goes along with the definitions. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.2 Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

127) Describe the gender differences in coping styles. Discuss why such a difference might exist and what the implications are for health. Answer: Males tend to respond using the “fight-or-flight” response, in which they either attack their adversary or flee. Shelley Taylor argues that this response is not adaptive for females who are pregnant or caring for young offspring, and has suggested that females may use a “tend-and-befriend” response instead. They focus on caring for others and developing social networks with them. This pattern of responding increases the likelihood of both the female and her young surviving, in line with predictions of evolutionary psychology. “ “Tend-and-befriend” involves using social support, which can lead to the sharing of resources. However, the existence of a general pattern of differences does not mean that men don’t seek social support or that women don’t aggress. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

128) There are social solutions to cope with and prevent health problems. For example, seeking social support and “opening up” to others. How does each of these phenomena help people cope with negative life events? Answer: Social support refers to perceptions that others are receptive to our needs. Social support can be helpful in that others can provide emotional support, as well as more practical aid. It seems that social support serves as a kind of buffer against stressors. Opening up is defined as discussing troubles, stressful events, or tragedies with other people. According to James Pennebaker, opening up (by talking or writing) prevents illness because active efforts to inhibit or suppress thoughts of a negative event can take a psychological and physical toll, and are themselves stressful. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

129) Your text suggests that researchers have wondered, “Does social support help people physically as well as emotionally?” Based on your knowledge from reading the text, answer this question by summarizing research presented in your text concerning the physical benefits of social support. Answer: Studies presented in the text support the physical benefits of social support. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-40

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Researchers have found increased social support correlates to improved immune system functioning in cancer patients (Antoni & Lutgendorf, 2007; Weihs, Enright, & Simmens, 2008). Social support was found to prolong the lives of healthy people. House, Robbins, & Metzner (1982) studied American men and women and found those individuals who experienced low levels of social support were significantly more likely to die in a 12-year period versus people experiencing high levels of social support. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

130) Explain differences in social support in collectivistic cultures versus individualistic cultures. Answer: The main difference is in how people in different cultures seek and obtain social support. Members of East Asian (collectivistic) cultures are less likely to seek social support than are members of Western (individualistic) cultures. Members of collectivistic cultures are concerned that seeking support from others will disrupt the harmony of the group and open them up to criticism from others. They are less likely to ask directly for help in a way that shows they are having problems than individuals from individualistic cultures. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

131) Researchers have found that in general, optimism is a good thing when it comes to stress levels and psychological well-being. But can optimism be a bad thing? Discuss. Answer: Yes, there is a positive correlation between optimism and better health overall. BUT unrealistic optimism (tendency to expect good events are more likely to happen to us than to our peers and that negative events are less likely to happen to us than to our peers) can be a problem. It may cause people to make mistakes about their prospects in life (e.g., someone may smoke thinking they’ll never get cancer). Realistic pessimism in older adults (expecting that one’s health would decline) has been found to be correlated with fewer depressive symptoms. In one study, people who held unrealistically optimistic views about their health actually were most likely to die over the course of the study. The authors concluded that when the reality is that our health is likely to spiral downward, unrealistic optimism can be maladaptive. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

132) Pennebaker and Beale (1986) and Pennebaker (1997) demonstrated the benefits of writing about a traumatic event. Describe the short-term effects versus the longterm benefits of writing for people coping with negative life events. Answer: Pennebaker and Beale (1986) showed in the short-term students showed more negative moods and increases in blood pressure when writing about traumatic Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-41

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

events. According to Pennebaker (1997), opening up by writing allows individuals to reframe the event. Writing about the trauma can be upsetting in the beginning, but in the long run it helps prevent physical and psychological problems. The reframing that comes from writing about the event helps it be less upsetting and to give it some meaning. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

133) Although we know that smoking, unsafe sex, and unhealthy eating are bad for us, many Canadians still do these things. Please describe why that is and interventions that use cognitive dissonance processes to address these problems. Answer: People engage in unhealthy behaviours because they are pleasurable. Elliot Aronson and his colleagues (1991, Stone et al., 1994) have shown that dissonance can be a powerful tool in changing behaviours. When people become aware of the inconsistencies between their attitudes and their actual behaviours (e.g., advocating but not using condoms), they will experience a threat to their self-esteem, which will generate cognitive dissonance. One way to reduce this dissonance is to change one’s behaviour. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

134) You and a friend are arguing about whether college and university students’ partying has changed over the years. Your friend insists that college and university students have always binged on alcohol and that nothing has changed. She also argues that there isn’t anything “wrong” with partying in post-secondary. You’ve recently read SPA 2.3 and know different. What would you say to your friend? Answer: Your friend is definitely incorrect. Binge drinking on university campuses is occurring at an alarmingly high rate. A study conducted at York University found that students who drink alcohol tended to do so two to three times per week, and on each occasion generally consumed five or six standard drinks (e.g., five or six bottles of beer). For male students, this resulted in an average of 16 drinks per week; for female students, the weekly average was 13 drinks. The researchers described this level of alcohol consumption as “heavy social drinking” (Wall, Hinson, & McKee, 1998). However, in the 20 or so years since then, the numbers have spiked, especially for women. For example, in a recent study, the researchers tracked the rate of alcohol-related emergency room visits in Ontario from 2003– 2016 (Myran, Hsu, Smith, Tanuseputro, 2019). Among young adults, there was a shocking increase in the rate of emergency room admissions due to alcohol abuse. For example, among people ages 25–29, there was a 175 percent spike in emergency room visits over this time period; the number was even more dramatic for young women, whose hospital admissions increased by 240 percent. Binge drinkers are more likely to have a number of health problems, including high blood pressure, heart disease, meningitis, difficulties performing sexually, and sexually transmitted infections. They are also more likely to be in car accidents, Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA2-42

Social Psychology in Action 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

die by drowning, and experience intimate partner violence (Naimi et al., 2003; “Quick stats,” 2008). Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

135) Discuss the importance of message framing in public health announcements. Answer: Research has shown that health messages can vary in their framing and that this will affect their impact. A “gain frame” emphasizes what people have to gain from changing their health-related behaviour. This frame is more effective when the focus is on disease prevention. A “loss frame” emphasizes what one has to lose by not changing health-related behaviour or avoiding the disease. This frame is most effective when the focus is encouraging people to detect disease. Type: ES

LO: SPA 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA2-43

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

1) The introduction to Applied Module 3 (Social Psychology and the Law) tells a true story about Thomas Sophonow, who was falsely convicted of murdering a 16-year-old girl, and who waited in agony for more than 18 years before police reached the conclusion that he was not the killer. This introduction was designed to illustrate A) the unreliability of eyewitness testimony. B) that the legal system is bias-free. C) that false confessions are a serious problem in the criminal justice system. D) the effect of prosecutorial misconduct. E) the power of circumstantial evidence. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: Introduction

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

2) The authors assert that much of what happens in the legal system is decidedly social psychological in nature. Which of the following BEST supports this assertion? A) Jurors’ first impressions and attributions about the defendant can influence verdicts. B) Six-person juries are more likely to convict defendants than twelve-person juries. C) White-collar crime costs citizens more than violent crime. D) White-collar crime is of more concern to citizens than violent crime. E) Twelve-person juries are more likely to convict defendants than six-person juries. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: Introduction SPA 3.1 Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) According to the authors, considerable social psychological research has demonstrated that jurors tend to A) discount eyewitness testimony when it is presented last in a trial. B) disregard eyewitness testimony when there is powerful circumstantial evidence. C) overestimate the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. D) generally disregard eyewitness testimony. E) prefer expert testimony to eyewitness testimony. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) Four men have been indicted for stealing $20,000 from a bank. After the trial, the jury will be most likely to convict A) Brian, who recently purchased a new car for $10,000 in cash B) Matt, whose fingerprints were found at the scene C) Cliff, who was the only one identified by an eyewitness D) Art, who has a criminal record for petty theft

SPA3-1

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Geoff, who has an unlikely alibi Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

5) If you were a prosecutor, what would be the strongest piece of evidence you could present to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty? A) Have an eyewitness testify that she saw the defendant commit the crime. B) Mention the defendant’s criminal record. C) Describe the circumstantial evidence placing the defendant at the crime scene. D) Explain the defendant’s motives for committing the crime. E) Describe the ruthlessness of the defendent. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Easy

6) An eyewitness testifies that she saw the defendant break into her neighbour’s house. However, in cross-examination, the defence attorney points out that the crime took place at night, so it would have been hard to see. According to psychological research, what would a juror be most likely to do? A) Ignore the eyewitness’s testimony and consider the other facts of the case. B) Consider the viewing conditions, then make a decision about whether or not to trust the eyewitness. C) Trust the eyewitness without considering the viewing conditions. D) Consider the character of the eyewitness before taking what they say into account. E) Consider the amount of details the eyewitness remembered, then make a decision about whether or not to trust the eyewitness. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Easy

7) Rod Lindsay and his colleagues (1981) staged a calculator theft witnessed by students. In one experimental condition, it was relatively easy to identify the perpetrator; in another condition, it was only moderately easy to identify the perpetrator; in a third condition, it was very difficult to correctly identify the thief. When student witnesses were asked to pick the suspect out of a photo lineup, A) there was a discrepancy between witnesses’ confidence and their accuracy. B) eyewitness accuracy was generally poor and unaffected by viewing conditions. C) confident witnesses were more accurate than those who weren’t confident. D) eyewitness accuracy remained relatively accurate across all conditions. E) their accuracy increased as the viewing conditions improved. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA3-2

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

8) Rod Lindsay and his colleagues (1981) staged a calculator theft witnessed by students. These students were videotaped as they were questioned about their eyewitness identifications and the videotapes were later viewed by students playing the role of jurors. These researchers found that the student jurors A) considered the circumstances in which the eyewitnesses encountered the alleged thief. B) discounted all eyewitness testimony. C) discounted circumstantial evidence when eyewitness testimony was available. D) discounted inaccurate eyewitness testimony when the alleged thief confessed. E) believed the eyewitnesses, even when their identifications were inaccurate. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

9) Concerning eyewitness testimony, it is the belief of experts in the field, such as Daniel Yarmey (2001),that A) memory processes are analogous to a videotape recording of a sequence of events. B) mistaken eyewitness identification is responsible for more wrongful convictions than all other causes combined. C) hypnosis has proven to be an effective tool for accessing unavailable and forgotten information by eyewitnesses. D) eyewitnesses and physical evidence provide the most reliable evidence that is available. E) photographs of suspects should be presented simultaneously instead of sequentially. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) In a recent study by Beaudry et al. (2015), students were shown videotapes of a mock trial that included footage of testimony given by an eyewitness or a videotape of an eyewitness identifying the suspect from a lineup, or both. What did they find? A) The odds of the jurors believing that the eyewitness had accurately identified the suspect were five times higher if participants viewed the witness’ testimony than if they viewed the eyewitness identifying the suspect from a lineup. B) The odds of the jurors believing that the eyewitness had accurately identified the suspect were five times higher if participants viewed the eyewitness identifying the suspect from a lineup than if participants viewed the witness’ testimony. C) The jurors were more likely to believe eyewitnesses who identified the right person than those who identified the wrong person. D) The jurors were more likely to believe eyewitnesses who identified the wrong person than those who identified the right person. E) The jurors were more likely to believe those who generated shorter descriptions of the suspects than longer descriptions.

SPA3-3

Social Psychology in Action 3

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

11) According to the authors, accurate eyewitness identification results from successful completion of these three stages: A) accuracy, confidence, and credibility. B) acquisition, attention, and retrieval. C) acquisition, storage, and retrieval. D) attention, memory, and credibility. E) confidence, memory, and accuracy Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

12) _______ refers to the process by which people pay attention to information in the environment. A) Storage B) Acquisition C) Accuracy D) Retrieval E) Selective attention Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

13) _______ refers to the process by which people store some, but not all, information from the environment in memory. A) Retrieval B) Storage C) Selective encoding D) Acquisition E) Accuracy Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

14) _______ refers to the process by which people recall information stored in memory. A) Storage B) Recognition C) Retrieval D) Recovery E) Acquisition Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA3-4

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

15) Hadley recently witnessed a crime and has been asked by detectives to answer questions regarding the perpetrator. During her interview, she is asked misleading questions. Based on the information in SPA 3.1 regarding the three stages of memory processing, which stage is most impacted by these misleading questions? A) Acquisition B) Encoding C) Retrieval D) Storage E) All stages are equally impacted by misleading questions Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

16) Margo was frightened and confused when the robber appeared at the convenience store where she works. It seemed that the only thing she could see was the gun he had pointed right in her face. Later, when Margo serves as an eyewitness, she may not be reliable because of problems she had at the _______ stage of memory processing. A) accuracy B) storage C) attentional D) acquisition E) retrieval Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

17) Sally was working the night shift at a convenience store. A man came in, pulled out a gun, and demanded that Sally give him all of the money in the cash register. When the police interview Sally about the crime, what would she be most likely to tell them? A) the height of the man B) the type of clothes the man wore C) the colour of the man’s eyes D) the colour of the man’s hair E) that the man wielded a gun Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

18) Tollestrup et al. (1994) investigated the impact that weapons have on eyewitness identification accuracy. What did they find? A) 50 percent of eyewitnesses correctly identified a police suspect when no weapon was present during a crime, but this figure dropped to 11 percent when a weapon was present.

SPA3-5

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) 73 percent of eyewitnesses correctly identified a police suspect when no weapon was present during a crime, but this figure dropped to 31 percent when a weapon was present. C) 25 percent of eyewitnesses correctly identified a police suspect when no weapon was present during a crime, but this figure increased to 67 percent when a weapon was present. D) 10 percent of eyewitnesses correctly identified a police suspect when no weapon was present during a crime, but this figure increased to 45 percent when a weapon was present. E) 85 percent of eyewitnesses correctly identified a police suspect when no weapon was present during a crime, but this figure dropped to 25 percent when a weapon was present. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

19) You come home from work and find pieces of broken glass on the floor. You realize that your favourite vase was broken. Immediately, you blame your new puppy, without even noticing that your toddler’s teddy bear is lying on the floor near the broken glass. The fact that you didn’t see the teddy bear probably is due to A) unconscious transference. B) source-monitoring errors. C) your poor vision. D) your expectation that puppies are destructive. E) unconscious interference. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

20) Christian and Sung-Yee are walking to their car when an Asian man pulls out a knife and demands their wallets. In a lineup, Christian cannot tell which man is the one who attacked him, but Sung-Yee has no problem identifying the culprit. This is an example of A) the own-race bias. B) contagion. C) source-monitoring. D) bystander apathy. E) selective attention. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

21) The own-race bias refers to the finding that A) crime rates are lower in neighbourhoods in which same-race police patrol. B) jurors are unlikely to convict a member of their own race.

SPA3-6

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) people are better at recognizing faces from members of their own race. D) jurors are more likely to convict a member of their own race. E) lawyers are more successful in defending people of their own race. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

22) What is the most likely source of the own-race bias? A) stereotypical thinking B) arousal impedes attention and subsequent memory accuracy C) much of memory is reconstructive D) prejudice biases attention and memory E) familiar stimuli are easier to recognize than unfamiliar stimuli Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA3-7

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

23) According to information discussed in SPA 3.1, what is one of the reasons for poor performance in facial recognition due to own race bias? A) The cause is lack of practice with identifying people of different races. B) We classify the other-race face only in terms of race, but look at the specific features of faces of our own race. C) Anxiety interferes with cognition and recognition. D) Cross-gender identification, in addition to identifying a person from a different race, is a contributing factor. E) We can’t perceive the differences in facial features of people from races other than our own. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

24) Segal et al. (2019) asked white and South Asian children and adults, all of whom were born and raised in Canada, to identify the emotions shown in white and South Asian faces. What did they find? A) White participants were equally accurate at identifying the emotions of South Asians and whites; participants of South Asian descent showed an own-race bias. B) All participants showed an own-race bias. C) Participants of South Asian descent were equally accurate at identifying the emotions of South Asians and whites; white participants showed an own-race bias. D) Neither participants of South Asian descent nor white participants showed an own-race bias. E) Children of both races showed an own-race bias; adults did not show an ownrace bias. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

25) Friesen et al. (2019) investigated the own race bias in an extensive series of studies. What did they find? A) When white and non-black participants saw a black face they focused on the eyes, whereas when they saw a white face they focused on the nose and mouth. B) Black participants were just as accurate at identifying true versus false smiles in white faces as black faces. C) Black participants were more accurate at identifying emotions in white faces than they were in black faces. D) White and non-black participants were less accurate at identifying whether a white person’s smile was fake or genuine than whether a black person’s smile was real or fake. E) Black participants were more accurate at identifying emotions in black faces than they were in white faces. Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

SPA3-8

Social Psychology in Action 3

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

26) Own-race bias may occur because when people look at same-race faces, they focus on __________, whereas when they look at different-race faces, they focus on __________. A) the whole face all together; features one at a time B) distinctive individual facial features; the whole face all together C) distinctive individual features; features that distinguish different races D) noses and mouths; eyes E) eyes; the whole face all together Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

27) Research presented in your text on the own-race bias has shown that in general, people are better at recognizing faces of people who __________. A) are tall B) are a similar race to theirs C) are the same gender as them D) look distinctive or unusual in some way E) are a different race from them Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

28) One key factor that determines how strongly someone is falling subject to own-race bias is __________. A) prejudicial attitudes B) stereotype threat C) the mere exposure effect D) the amount of contact with other races E) attribution bias Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

29) Julia’s biological parents are Jamaican and Black, but white parents in Canada raised her. Chances are, she most easily recognizes __________. A) white faces B) Black faces C) mixed-race faces D) white and Black faces equally well E) Asian faces Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA3-9

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

30) How can cross-race identification be improved? A) It cannot be improved. B) Require people to move beyond snap judgments and pay attention to individuating information. C) When it is important enough, people will be motivated to do it successfully. D) It usually can only be improved if people spend several months living in a community with people of a different race. E) Set up a training program using a photo gallery and comparison techniques. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

31) Keeping in mind the research of Patricia Tollestrup and her colleagues (1994) who studied the accuracy of victims of and eyewitnesses to actual crimes, all other things being equal, which robber below is most likely to be accurately described by eyewitnesses? A) Max, who is balding B) Jagmeet, who has a beard C) Tomias, who has red hair D) Dean, who has blonde hair E) Curtis, who is in a lineup Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

32) The process whereby information obtained after an event alters memories of the event is known as A) node integration. B) repressed memory. C) unconscious transference. D) selective memory. E) reconstructive memory. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

33) Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues (1978) showed participants a series of slides that depicted an automobile accident. Some participants saw a yield sign in the photos and other participants saw a stop sign. Later, participants were asked questions that contained information that either matched or did not match what they had actually seen (i.e., a stop sign versus a yield sign). Results demonstrated that participants were least accurate in remembering what they had actually seen when A) they had a very short time to view the slide series. B) question contents contradicted what they had actually seen. C) they reported what they had seen after being questioned, rather than before.

SPA3-10

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) they gave verbal reports, rather than written reports. E) question contents reflected what they had actually seen. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

34) One day your roommate asks you if you like the new sculpture outside of the Fine Arts Building. You tell him that you like the sculpture there, but you later realize that there is no sculpture there. It is actually in front of the Administration building. It seems your roommate’s _______ question yielded a _______. A) misleading; false memory. B) directive; false memory. C) rhetorical; reconstructed memory. D) misleading; reconstructed memory. E) directive; confused memory. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

35) Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the storage process of memory? A) Once an event is acquired, it is placed in storage, much like a photo album. B) Memories in storage can be edited dramatically. C) Memories in storage cannot be altered. D) Memories in storage can only be altered slightly over time. E) Memories in storage can only be altered in children; in adulthood they become solidified and cannot be altered. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

36) Based on the research presented in SPA 3.1 on reconstructed memory, who is more likely to incorporate misinformation into their memories? A) Aria, who has been asked unintentionally misleading questions about her wedding day B) Amandeep, who has been asked unintentionally misleading questions about the birth of her first child C) Logan, who has been asked unintentionally misleading questions about a bar fight he witnessed D) Liangsi, who has been asked unintentionally misleading questions about his graduation day E) Lauren, who has been asked unintentionally misleading questions about a surprise engagement proposal she witnessed Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA3-11

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

37) You remember learning in elementary school that Charlottetown is the capital of P.E.I. However, you don’t remember whether you learned that fact from your third grade teacher, Mr. Rodriguez, or your fourth grade teacher, Ms. Cesario. It seems you may have problems with A) stereotypical thinking. B) source monitoring. C) schematic thinking. D) differential thinking. E) acquisition. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

38) It is possible that eyewitnesses who identified Thomas Sophonow as the man who murdered Barbara Stoppel were familiar with his face because it happened to resemble the police sketch or because they had seen him in earlier trials. Because they were familiar with his face, eyewitnesses might have come to believe that he was the man who was seen near the scene of the crime. This is an example of A) the power of schemas to bias attention. B) racial misidentification. C) erroneous source monitoring. D) the power of stereotypical thinking. E) own-race bias. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

39) When research participants confuse whether they heard information on the radio or read about it in the newspaper, it is an example of problems with A) memory acquisition. B) source memory. C) source monitoring. D) memory sources. E) memory failure. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

40) Source monitoring is defined as __________. A) the process whereby memories of an event become distorted by information encountered after the event occurred B) the process whereby people try to identify the source of their memories C) the process by which recollections of a past event, such as sexual abuse, that has been forgotten or repressed D) the process by which people recall information stored in their memories

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) the process by which memories of an event are modified to meet the expectations of the people around someone Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

41) Which of the following is an error in eyewitness testimony that occurs in the storage phase of memory? A) the own-race bias B) the best-guess phenomenon C) source monitoring errors D) focus on weapons E) fundamental attribution error Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

42) A mechanic at a truck rental office described a muscular man with a baseball cap and black T-shirt as the person who rented the truck that was eventually used in the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City. However, Timothy McVeigh, who was convicted of the bombing, did not resemble that description. The mechanic realized he had been confused and instead had described an innocent man who was at the truck rental office the day before McVeigh appeared there. This is a real-world example of faulty __________. A) questioning of eyewitnesses B) acquisition of relevant information C) source monitoring D) retrieval of relevant information E) encoding of fundamental information Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

43) A person in a lineup who is not a suspect is known as a A) dummy. B) foil. C) double. D) distractor. E) confederate. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA3-13

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

44) In lineups, witnesses often choose the person who most resembles the image they have stored in memory. This can yield inaccurate identifications and suggests that the _______ stage of memory is affected by the typical lineup procedure. A) retrieval B) input C) reconstructive D) storage E) acquisition Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

45) What should police officers do to prevent false identifications during lineups? A) Use foils with a wide range of physical characteristics. B) Show all potential perpetrators twice. C) Show all the potential perpetrators at once. D) Decrease witness’s stress levels by only showing them mug shots. E) Tell witnesses that the lineup may not include the suspect. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

46) All things being equal, which of the following suspects is most likely to be falsely convicted based on lineup identifications? A) Alana, who is allowed to speak during the lineup procedure B) Wesley, has just seen the witness refuse to pick a suspect in a previous lineup C) Tim, who is in line with foils who do not resemble witnesses’ descriptions D) Eunice, who heard the police say, “Now, the suspect may not be in this lineup” E) Troy, who believes everyone in the lineup looks very similar Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

47) Which of the following is NOT one of the steps social psychologists recommend in order to reduce the likelihood of an incorrect identification in a police line-up? A) Make sure the police officer administering the lineup does not know which person in the lineup is the suspect.s B) Minimize the time between the crime and the identification of suspects. C) Make sure everyone in the lineup resembles the witness’s description of the suspect. D) Always include the suspect in an initial lineup. E) Present pictures of people sequentially instead of simultaneously. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA3-14

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

48) At a trial, four people who were present during a convenience store robbery testify about what they saw. Whose testimony should be most accurate? A) Jim, who made his identification from a sequential lineup B) Lucas, who, unlike the suspect, is Black C) Donald, the convenience store clerk at whom a gun was pointed D) Robert, who immediately wrote a letter to his mother describing the suspect E) James, who was in the store when the robber pointed the gun at the store clerk Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

49) Which of the following procedures would lead to more accurate identification in a lineup? A) Ensure that the suspect and foils differ greatly in appearance. B) Insist that the suspect and foils remain silent during the lineup. C) Present the suspect and foils sequentially. D) Allow the witness to view all of the suspects twice. E) Assure the witness that the suspect is in the lineup. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

50) According to your text, why should the police officer who conducts the lineup not know which person in the lineup is the suspect? A) They will not unintentionally “hint” at who the suspect is. B) They will not exhibit own-race bias. C) They will not badger the witness. D) They will be more efficient than an officer working in-depth on the case. E) They will not show the fundamental attribution error. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

51) Pica et al. (2019) asked participants to watch staged crimes and provided them with information on how many times the eyewitness had seen a suspect. The researchers also manipulated how confident the witnesses were. What did they find? A) Familiarity with the crime scene had no influence on whether jurors believed the testimony of an eyewitness, but familiarity with the suspect had a large influence. B) Familiarity with the suspect had no influence on whether jurors believed the testimony of an eyewitness, but familiarity with the crime scene had a large influence. C) Participants were influenced more by the confidence of the eyewitness than by familiarity with the suspect. D) Participants were influenced more by familiarity with the suspect than by the confidence of the eyewitness.

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Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) Participants were not influenced by familiarity or by confidence of the eyewitness. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

52) Social psychological research has revealed a _______ relation between eyewitness confidence and accuracy. A) weak positive B) strong negative C) nonexistent D) weak negative E) strong positive Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

53) Julie is confident that she has correctly identified the suspect in a robbery. What should jurors conclude about the accuracy of her identification of the suspect? A) That she is probably very accurate. B) That her confidence has very little to do with how accurate she is. C) That she is probably dead wrong. D) That it is completely irrelevant information. E) That she has high self-esteem. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

54) You’ve just read Applied Module 3 (Social Psychology and the Law) and have been summoned for jury service. Assuming that you were assigned to the jury trying an assault case, unlike most other jurors, you would be most likely to trust the testimony of a witness who A) took a long time making an identification. B) “just knew” that a suspect was the culprit. C) carefully examined each person in a lineup before making an identification. D) is confident about his identification. E) who has discussed the characteristics of the suspect with other witnesses. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

55) Which of the following witnesses is most likely to make a correct identification of a suspect in a police lineup? A) The witness who takes the most time and thinks carefully before identifying the suspect.

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Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) The witness who identifies the suspect right away but says they don’t really know how they recognized him. C) The witness who uses the process of elimination when deciding on their identification. D) The witness who compares everyone in the lineup before identifying the suspect. E) The witness who has discussed the characteristics of the suspect with other witnesses. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

56) You are an assistant Crown prosecutor trying to decide which suspect to try for a burglary case. Each of four eyewitnesses picked a different suspect from a photo lineup. Based on research conducted by Stern and Dunning (1994), which eyewitness would you find most credible? A) Beth, who carefully compared each of the faces against the others B) Gene, who had discussed the characteristics of the suspect with other witnesses C) Edward, who has just provided a written description of the suspect D) Diana, who reported that the suspect’s face just “popped out” at her E) Larry, who took longer than the other witnesses to pick his suspect Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

57) Keep in mind experimental research on eyewitness accuracy conducted by Dunning and Stern (1994) and Schooler and Engstler-Schooler (1990). Now assume that you are a juror in a robbery trial. All things being equal, of which of the following eyewitnesses should you be most skeptical? A) Mr. Latz, who had a good view of the robber B) Mr. Bluse, who said that the suspect just “popped out” at him in the lineup C) Mrs. Jones, who remembers that the robber had a beard D) Ms. Mabry, a bank teller who immediately wrote down a description of the robber E) Mr. Collins, a guard who picked the robber out of a sequential lineup Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

58) Jonathan Schooler and Tonya Engstler-Schooler (1990) conducted an experiment in which participants viewed a film of a bank robbery. Immediately after the film, some participants wrote a detailed description of the robber, whereas others completed an unrelated task. Those participants who wrote a detailed description were later less accurate in picking the robber out of a photo lineup. According to Schooler and

SPA3-17

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Engstler-Schooler, why would participants who first provided a written description be less accurate in their later identifications? A) Writing a description is stressful and stress interferes with memory. B) The longer the period between exposure and retrieval, the less accurate the memory. C) People are generally not good at writing down visual descriptions. D) Putting a face into words interferes with the visual memory of the face. E) Using words increases confidence in eyewitnesses’ faulty storage. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

59) Four people have just observed a suspect deny that she committed a theft. Which observer is most likely to detect whether the suspect is lying? A) Frank, who is a rookie on the police force B) Alice, who has just taken a social psychology class. C) Andy, who has worked for Canadian Customs D) Bobby, who is visiting the police station as part of a university assignment E) None of the above observers has an edge in detecting lies. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

60) Research has shown that typical law officers are _______ college students at determining when witnesses are lying. A) a little better than B) no better than C) a lot better than D) much worse than E) a little worse than Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

61) Evidence presented in your text by Bond and DePaulo (2006) suggests that people are able to correctly identify when someone is lying or telling the truth about _____ of the time. A) 90 percent B) 72 percent C) 54 percent D) 26 percent E) 12 percent Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA3-18

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

62) Jason is a jury member hearing a robbery case. He listens to a witness testify against the suspect. Based on evidence by Bond and DePaulo (2006) presented in your text about people’s ability to tell when someone is lying, how accurate would Jason be in telling if the witness was lying? A) He would definitely be able to detect a liar. B) He would be very likely to be able to tell if the witness was lying. C) He would be somewhat more likely than chance to be able to tell if the witness was lying. D) He would be well below simply leaving to chance telling if the witness was lying. E) He would have no idea whether or not the witness was lying. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

63) Baker et al. (2013) investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence and deception detection in university students. What did they find? A) People who are low in emotional intelligence were worse at deception detection. B) People who are high in emotional intelligence were worse at deception detection. C) There is no correlation between emotional intelligence and deception detection. D) When participants took courses to increase their emotional intelligence, they performed better at deception detection. E) People who are low in emotional intelligence tended to “tune in” to the distress of a person pleading for help and this interfered in deception detection. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

64) According to Gary Wells, a leading expert in the area of eyewitness identification, what is the most effective approach for reducing the rate of false convictions? A) Increase the size of the jury B) Only trust eyewitness testimony that comes from more than one witness C) Improve how police conduct eyewitness interviews and identification procedures D) Don’t allow police to conduct identification procedures; hire specialists to do so E) Only allow eyewitness evidence if there is also physical evidence (e.g., DNA) Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA3-19

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

65) Recollections of events that have been forgotten or repressed is a definition of A) memory retrieval. B) sexual abuse. C) source monitoring. D) recovered memories. E) the cognitive interview technique. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

66) Some academic psychologists and therapists disagree on the validity of A) eyewitness testimony. B) cognitive interviews. C) expert testimony. D) physical evidence of sexual assault. E) recovered memories. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

67) ________ occurs when someone remembers a past traumatic event that is objectively false but is believed to be true by the individual. A) Motivated forgetting B) False confession C) Recovered memory D) False memory syndrome E) Implicit recall Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

68) The problem with recovered memories is that A) it is very difficult to distinguish between accurate memories and false ones. B) they can only be used to verify polygraph results. C) they may not be as detailed as required for a conviction. D) they can be extremely painful. E) they can only be obtained by experts trained in hypnosis. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

69) With regard to recovered memories, on which point are nonscientific writers and research psychologists most likely to agree? A) Sexual abuse is more common than many people would like to think. B) The repression of memories is a major source of depression and eating disorders.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) Recovered memories, in the absence of other evidence, are not sufficient to prove past abuse. D) Many people who allegedly recover memories of abuse are making up stories. E) Recovered memories are never accurate Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: recall

Difficulty: Moderate

70) You have just read the section on recovered memories in your text. Based on your reading, what would you say to a psychotherapist who suspects that her client has repressed memories of prior sexual abuse? A) “By suggesting past abuse, you may actually be creating false memories.” B) “Don’t take seriously any clients’ claims that they have recovered a memory of past abuse.” C) “Without objective corroborating evidence, it is unethical to suggest that abuse occurred.” D) “The notion of ‘repression’ is as outdated as Sigmund Freud’s other ideas.” E) “You could get in trouble for suggesting past abuse.” Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

71) While on the witness stand at a child neglect trial, Billy was asked several leading questions by a crafty attorney. This attorney managed to get Billy to report that he had remembered seeing his mother drunk on several occasions. After the trial, Billy remained convinced that his mother was an alcoholic even though this was never true. This is an example of __________. A) the false memory syndrome B) a recovered memory C) a distorted self-schema. D) auto-suggestive memory E) correspondence bias Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

72) Joan has been seeing a therapist for several months. At one session, her therapist suggests that Joan’s emotional difficulties may be due to sexual abuse as a child. Initially, Joan is unable to recall any such abuse. However, at a later session, she recalls an incident of abuse that she had suppressed for many years. Based on social-psychological research findings, Joan’s claims should be __________. A) viewed seriously but cautiously due to false memory syndrome concerns B) believed wholeheartedly, without reservations C) viewed seriously but cautiously due to social desirability concerns and transference processes D) totally discounted

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Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) viewed seriously but ultimately ignored due to the amount of time that has passed Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

73) The courts and psychologists have a difference of opinion on A) the ability of minorities on juries to sway the majority. B) the value of statistical evidence in legal trials. C) the weight that should be given to DNA evidence. D) the value of testimony provided by psychologists in legal trials. E) the importance of public awareness of the penalties of crime. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

74) Schuller and Hastings (1996) presented participants with a transcript of a homicide case based on an actual case in which an abused woman shot and killed her husband. Participants in the expert testimony condition read that a psychologist had testified that the woman’s behaviour should be understood in terms of battered wife syndrome. Participants in the control condition were not exposed to any expert testimony. What did they find? A) There were no differences between the expert testimony condition and the control condition when it came to the final verdict. B) Participants who received expert testimony were less likely to conclude that the woman acted out of self-defence than were the participants in the control condition. C) Both the participants in the expert testimony condition and the participants in the control condition were quite lenient in their final verdict. D) Participants who received expert testimony were more likely to conclude that the woman acted out of self-defence than were participants in the control condition. E) Participants in the control condition were more likely to render a more lenient verdict. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

75) Based on the discussion of Jenkins and Schuller (2007) in SPA 3.2, if you were a Crown prosecutor trying to prove that someone drugged their date, even though the drug tests came back negative, what other evidence might you introduce (if it was permissible)? A) You could introduce a report from an expert (e.g., a forensic scientist) regarding issues with drug testing B) You could provide statistics yourself regarding drug testing and its fallibility C) You could try to question the defendant’s friends hoping they’ll give up information

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Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) You could put the defendant on the stand to try to trip them up E) You could provide written testimony from the complainant stating all of the details they remember from the night Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

76) Which of the following statements about expert testimony in Canada is true? A) It is not permissible in Canada B) Canadian courts have shown a tendency to move away from expert testimony or at least impose more stringent criteria for using it C) Canadian courts are relying on it more as we learn more about forensic evidence from scientists D) Judges worry that jurors don’t rely on what the experts say, instead, evaluating often complex information on their own E) Canada is the only Western nation that permits it Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

77) Loftus (1974, 1983) conducted a mock trial-study in which she presented the participants with a robbery scenario followed by either physical evidence, eyewitness testimony, or both. Her results suggest that A) participants were more likely to render a guilty verdict based on physical evidence than eyewitness testimony. B) participants were more likely to render a guilty verdict based on eyewitness testimony than physical evidence. C) participants only rendered a guilty verdict when provided with both physical evidence and eyewitness testimony. D) participants who were given physical evidence rendered the same amount of guilty verdicts as participants who were given eyewitness testimony. E) participants could not decide on a verdict if they were only given eyewitness testimony. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

78) Based on the research by Loftus (1974, 1983), what type of ‘proof’ is most likely to lead to a guilty verdict? A) eyewitness testimony B) statistical evidence C) physical evidence D) expert testimony E) retrieved memories Answer: A

SPA3-23

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

Type: MC LO: SPA 3.2 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Easy 79) Who is most likely to be successful in their prosecution, all other things being equal? A) Lizelle, who has a report that the defendant had traces of the cleaning solution used on the floor of the store that was robbed on his shoes B) Lalo, who has an eyewitness with poor vision who claims she saw the defendant near the store that was robbed C) Johan, who has statistical evidence that the defendant has an 80% chance of being the perpetrator D) Hermione, who has a report that the defendant was found with large sums of cash after a robbery occurred E) Catherine, who has a report that the defendant had gunshot residue on the cuff of his shirt Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

80) According to research conducted at Simon Fraser University, jury members’ comprehension of instructions given to them by judges is __________ and sits around ________. A) surprisingly high ; 95% B) remarkably low; 60% C) moderate ; 75% D) high; 85% E) almost negligible; 10% Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

81) Which of the following techniques would a lawyer employ if she were using the story order method? A) First, call witnesses who saw the suspect enter the building, then call witnesses who talked with him after the crime occurred. B) Begin with the least credible witnesses and end with the most credible witnesses. C) Begin with the most credible witnesses and end with the least credible witnesses. D) Interview all prospective witnesses to ensure that they tell roughly the same story. E) Save the most dramatic testimony for last. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.35

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

SPA3-24

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

82) You have been arrested and charged with assault and have your choice of four lawyers, each of whom has a different style of presenting a case. Based on research findings by Nancy Pennington and Reid Hastie (1988), which lawyer would you choose to represent you? A) Mark, who calls witnesses in the order that best presents the story that he wants to tell B) Gene, who starts off slowly and reaches a climax with his best witnesses C) Ellen, who calls witnesses in order based on their astrological sign D) Alex, who opens his trials dramatically by calling his best witnesses first E) Beatrice, who calls witnesses in no particular order Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

83) Stephen is a defence attorney. He always arranges his witnesses so that he can tell a clear narrative to the jury. Stephen’s high success rate reflects the benefits of presenting evidence in A) random order. B) order of credibility. C) logical order. D) witness order. E) story order. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

84) Lawyers who present their case in witness order present witnesses __________. A) to take advantage of the primacy effect B) in the order they believe will have the greatest impact C) to take advantage of the recency effect D) who will describe the events in the order in which the events unfolded E) from least impactful to most impactful Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

85) __________, is when lawyers present witnesses in the sequence they think will have the greatest impact, even if this means that events are described out of order. A) Sequential evidence approach B) Impactful evidence approach C) Witness order D) Storybook order E) Defence order Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA3-25

Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

86) A social psychologist would say that the story order of presenting evidence is most effective because it __________. A) establishes a schema for the event in question B) raises the self-esteem level of the jurors C) overrides the prejudices of the jurors D) unlocks repressed memories E) gives an unbiased picture of the event in question Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

87) Based on the research by Pennington and Hastie (1988) where researchers asked mock jurors to listen to a simulated murder trial and varied the order in which the prosecuting and defence attorneys presented their cases, in which of the following ways should lawyers present their case to a jury? A) story order for the prosecution and defence lawyer B) story order, but only for the prosecution lawyer C) witness order for the prosecution and defence lawyer D) witness order, but only for the defence lawyer E) witness order, but only for the prosecution lawyer Answer: A Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

88) Lawyers who present their case in story order present witnesses A) who have been shown to be reliable eyewitnesses. B) to take advantage of the recency effect. C) who will describe the events in the order in which events unfolded. D) in the order that they believe will have the greatest impact. E) to take advantage of the primacy effect. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

89) According to research discussed in SPA 3.3, one of the major problems in interrogation situations that can lead to false confessions is A) the suspect feels physically uncomfortable in the situation. B) reliance on lie-detector tests. C) the suspect’s lawyer encourages the suspect to confess in exchange for a lenient sentence. D) the suspect is usually trying to cover for someone else.

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Social Psychology in Action 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

E) that police investigators are often convinced that the suspect is guilty, which affects how they conduct the interrogation. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

90) After being interrogated, why would someone confess to a crime of which they are innocent? A) Many suspects are poor and view prison as an easy way to get food and shelter. B) They recovered a memory that they had repressed. C) They become psychologically fatigued and confused. D) They are physically coerced. E) They feel like there is nothing they can do Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

91) Jack has just been interrogated as a suspect in a robbery for over ten hours and is psychologically fatigued and confused about what to believe. According to the authors of your text, which of the following is Jack most likely to do? A) adamantly plead his innocence B) refuse to speak without a lawyer present C) become delirious and require mental hospitalization D) confess to the crime and end the agony E) become increasingly agitated and ultimately become violent Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

92) In Canada, there has been a particular concern over whether Indigenous people feel more pressure than non-Indigenous people to confess to crimes—even when they are innocent—during interrogations. In 2018, a federal government committee (Public Prosecution Service of Canada, Subcommittee on the Prevention of Wrongful Convictions) issued a report identifying reasons why this can occur. What is one of the reasons provided in the text? A) Indigenous people are passive by nature B) Indigenous people may often appear guilty due to cultural norms about low levels of eye contact C) Indigenous people understand their rights but choose to forego them D) Indigenous people are more likely to be physically abused during interrogations E) Indigenous people are used to poor treatment from non-Indigenous people Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

SPA3-27

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

93) When jurors view a video of an interrogation, they are most likely to believe the suspect was coerced if they see __________. A) just the suspect’s face B) just the interrogator’s face C) both the interrogator’s and suspect’s faces D) the suspect’s face and body E) nothing, but heard the complete audio recording Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

94) If a single juror disagrees with the rest, what is likely to happen during deliberations? A) It will depend on the argument strength of the single juror. B) The single juror will change his or her mind and vote with the majority. C) The majority will come to see that the dissenter is right. D) The majority will be persuaded by compelling logical arguments from the lone dissenter. E) Neither the single juror nor the majority will change their minds and the jury will be hung. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

95) Despite the fact that normative and informational conformity pressures often convince dissenting jurors to adopt the majority point of view, unanimous verdicts are desirable because this requirement encourages jurors to A) discuss their original biases. B) deliberate for the least amount of time possible. C) convict on the more serious offense. D) consider the evidence more carefully. E) reach a speedy and accurate verdict. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

96) In jury deliberations, __________ and __________ are often used to convince dissenting jurors to adopt the majority point of view. A) stereotypes; prejudice B) low self-esteem; high self-esteem C) normative conformity, informational conformity D) one-sided messages; peripheral route processing E) attributions; comparisons

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: moderate

97) You are sitting on a jury in which you are the only one that believes that the defendant is not guilty of the charges. What is the most likely outcome of your dissent? A) You hang the jury. B) You cave in and go along with the charges as presented. C) You eventually agree to vote guilty, but persuade the other jurors to think more critically about the evidence. D) You eventually agree to vote guilty, but persuade the other jurors that more severe charges are necessary. E) You stand your ground and convince all of the other jurors to vote not guilty. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3 Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

98) Kalven and Zeisel (1966) reviewed the decisions of more than 200 juries in actual criminal trials and discovered that A) the jury members often change their minds several times during deliberation. B) the jury tends to deadlock when there are dissenting jurors. C) the final decision is almost always the same as the one favoured by the majority on the initial vote. D) the final decision is rarely ever the same as the one favoured by the majority on the initial vote. E) jury members rely solely on the factual evidence in their decision making process. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

99) Pennington & Hastie (1990) found that people on a jury who have a minority point of view often A) refuse to get along with the rest of the group. B) give up their point of view when faced with a disagreeing majority. C) have different personalities than the majority members. D) persuade the majority to change their minds about the specific verdict to render. E) are resistant to pressure for conformity. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

100) According to the text, instances in which a minority faction in a jury persuades the majority to change their verdict

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A) happen quite often. B) occur more often in cases where the jury deliberated for a long time. C) occur in cases where the minority member(s) is/are experts in a relevant area. D) are more common in criminal cases than in other court cases. E) are rare. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

101) Our minds are not video cameras that objectively record and play back all events we see and hear. One reason eyewitness information is often unreliable is that one or more memory processes can be affected. What are those three processes and what factors can bias them? Answer: The three processes are acquisition, storage, and retrieval. Acquisition refers to the environmental stimuli that we actually notice. Other factors influence what people attend to, take in, and later report, including the amount of time people have to acquire information, what they expect to see, how familiar the situation is, and whether the perpetrator is the same race as the witness. Storage refers to the process by which acquired information is stored in memory. Inaccurate memories can result when different pieces of stored information become confused with one another (e.g. via poor source monitoring, or through the use of leading questions), yielding a reconstructed memory. Finally, retrieval refers to the process by which stored information is recalled or brought forth from memory. Faulty retrieval can result from bad eyewitness identification procedures. Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

102) The first stage of memory processing is acquisition. Identify the sources of error associated with this stage of processing and give an example of how each relates to eyewitness accuracy. Answer: The sources of error associated with acquisition (oftentimes called encoding) are poor viewing conditions; people seeing what they expect to see; people focusing on weapons; own-race bias, and change blindness. Each example should describe how these situations affect the amount of environmental stimuli that we actually notice. Research has revealed that neither crime victims nor bystanders are accurate in what they notice and attend to, although bystanders tend to be a little more accurate. This is probably because they are less frightened than victims. Type: ES LO: SPA 3.1 Moderate

Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty:

103) The second stage of memory processing is storage. Identify the sources of error associated with this stage of processing and give an example of how each relates

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to eyewitness accuracy. Answer: The sources of error associated with storage are misleading questions and source monitoring errors. Each example should describe the process by which acquired information is stored in memory. Inaccurate memories can result when different pieces of stored information become confused with others (e.g., via poor source monitoring), yielding a reconstructed memory. Type: ES LO: SPA 3.1 Moderate

Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty:

104) The third stage of memory processing is retrieval. Identify the sources of error associated with this stage of processing and give an example of how each relates to eyewitness accuracy. Answer: The sources of error associated with retrieval are “best guess” problems in lineup identification and negative effects of verbalization. Each example should describe how the process by which stored information is recalled or brought forth from memory. Faulty retrieval can result from leading questions, or from people substituting a “best guess” for a true memory. Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.1 Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

105) What is own-race bias? Why does it occur? Answer: Own-race bias is the tendency for people to be better at recognizing faces within their own race than those of other races. Own-race bias occurs because people have more contact with members of their own race, which gives them the opportunity to learn how to distinguish one individual from another (Meissner & Brigham, 2001). Another is that when people examine same race faces, they often pay close attention to individuating features that distinguish that face from others, such as the height of the cheekbones or the contour of the forehead. When people examine different-race faces, however, they are drawn more to features that distinguish that face from their own race, rather than individuating features (Hugenberg, Young, Bernstein, & Sacco, 2010; Levin, 2000). Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.1 Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

106) Identify the research-based recommendations for how to conduct lineups and explain why each is important to minimize eyewitness error. Answer: The recommendations and reasons these are important are from Table SPA-3.1. There are five recommendations: 1) Make sure everyone in the lineup resembles the witness’s description of the suspect. This is important because doing so minimizes the possibility that the witness will simply choose the person who looks most like the suspect relative to the other photos available (Fitzgerald,

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Oriet, & Price, 2014; Wells et al., 1998). 2) Tell the witnesses that the person suspected of the crime may or may not be in the lineup. This is important because if witnesses assume that the suspect is present, they are much more likely to choose the person who looks most like what they remember, rather than saying that they aren’t sure if the person is there. As a result, false identifications are less likely to occur when people are instructed that the culprit may or may not be in the lineup (Clark, 2005; Steblay, 1997; Wells et al., 2000). 3) Make sure that the police officer administering the lineup does not know which person in the lineup is the suspect. This is important because this avoids the possibility that the person will (intentionally or unintentionally) communicate to the witness who the suspect is (Greene & Evelo, 2014; Wells et al., 1998). 4) If using photographs of people, present the pictures sequentially, one at a time, instead of simultaneously, or all at once. This is important because doing so makes it more difficult for witnesses to compare all the pictures and choose the one that most resembles the suspect even when the suspect is not actually in the lineup (Lindsay & Wells, 1985; Meissner, Tredoux, & Parker, 2005; Steblay et al., 2001), though recent research suggests that such a procedure may also make eyewitnesses less likely to identify anyone in the lineup, even the actual suspect (Dobolyi, & Dodson, 2013; Gronlund, Wixted, & Mickes, 2014). 5) Don’t count on witnesses knowing whether their selections were biased. This is important because to determine whether a witness’s selection was biased, attorneys or judges sometimes ask them, for example, “Do you think your choice of suspect was influenced by how the pictures were presented or what the police told you?” Unfortunately, people don’t have sufficient access to their thought processes to detect whether they were biased (Charman & Wells, 2008; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977). Type: ES

LO: 3.1

Type: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

107) You are a social psychologist contacted by a defence attorney who is convinced that her client is innocent of assault. The prosecution’s case rests heavily on the testimony of a confident eyewitness. You have agreed to serve as an expert witness whose task it is to educate the jury about the shortcomings of eyewitness testimony. What would you tell the court? Answer: First, you would be advised to summarize research evidence that eyewitness testimony is often inaccurate and suggest that jurors should carefully consider both the conditions (Did it all happen quickly? How light was it? Was the assault unexpected?) under which the eyewitnesses saw the alleged offender and to consider the conditions under which the defendant was picked from a lineup (Were the foils similar to witnesses’ initial descriptions? Were witnesses told that the perpetrator might not be in the lineup? Was the lineup sequential or simultaneous? Did the defendant just “pop out” at witnesses or did they deliberate before identifying him?). Second, you would point out that confident eyewitnesses are not necessarily more accurate than uncertain witnesses.

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Type: ES

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

108) Your friend witnessed a robbery. She says she is extremely confident in her description of the perpetrator. Knowing what you know after reading SPA 3, what would you think about her confidence? Answer: Numerous studies conducted in Canada and in other countries have shown that a witness’s confidence is not strongly related to his or her accuracy. It is dangerous to assume that because a witness is very confident, he or she must therefore be correct. Therefore, you would know that you can’t trust that your friend’s belief that her description is highly accurate. Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied Difficulty: Moderate

109) You read a story in the news about a man who claims during therapy to have recovered previously repressed memories about molestation by his teacher when he was a young boy. The teacher denies the allegations vehemently. Based on information from your text on the recovered memory debate, what should you conclude? Answer: Although everyone should take this very seriously, it is possible that the man did not recover any memories. His therapist could have suggested that he was abused sexually as a boy, and that this helped him to unwittingly create a false memory. Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

110) You have just finished reading SPA 3 for your social psychology course. You go to a friend’s for dinner and her father asks about the different types of evidence that courts rely on in determining the innocence or guilt of suspects. What would you say? Answer: Police investigators, judges, and juries can rely on a number of other kinds of evidence when reaching decisions about the guilt or innocence of people accused of crimes. They can turn to experts for information (e.g., about an accused person’s mental state). They also can rely on physical evidence, such as fingerprints or DNA tests conducted on hair samples or blood. Legal professionals and juries can also base their verdicts on statistical evidence—the probability that the accused committed the crime. Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

111) How is expert testimony viewed/utilized in Canadian courts? Answer: In Canada, the courts have shown a tendency to move away from expert testimony or at least impose more stringent criteria for using it. Why is

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this the case? According to Martin Peters, a Toronto criminal lawyer, some judges believe that much of what experts—in particular, psychological experts—have to offer is common sense. In other words, jury members are assumed to already know whatever a psychologist might have to offer. Other judges are concerned that jury members will rely too heavily on what the experts say, rather than critically evaluate information themselves. Not surprisingly, psychologists argue that they do have something to offer the legal system. As A. Daniel Yarmey (2001b) points out, research on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony and on identification of suspects from lineups has revealed important information that is not part of common sense knowledge. Given that wrongful convictions are generally a result of mistaken eyewitness identification, experts can provide the kind of information that would enable jurors to properly evaluate such evidence. Fortunately, some judges agree. According to Justice Jamie W. S. Saunders of the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal, expert testimony does have a place in Canadian courts, provided that certain guidelines are followed (e.g., experts must be independent and objective; Saunders, 2001). Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.2 Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

112) How do jurors make sense of the large amount of information presented during the trial? What are the implications for how jurors process information for legal strategy? Answer: Research by Nancy Pennington and Reid Hastie (e.g., 1988) has revealed that jurors typically make sense of all the evidence by constructing their own stories about how events unfolded. Rather than store information in the order in which it was presented, jurors typically use that information (correctly or incorrectly) to construct a kind of “plot” of the crime. Given these findings, lawyers would be well advised to abandon strategies based on witness order (e.g., save the strongest witnesses for last) in favor of introducing witnesses and evidence in the order that reflects the story the lawyer wants the jury to believe. Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

113) Confessions are not always what they seem. According to your textbook there are several reasons why a suspect might falsely confess to a crime he/she did not commit. Briefly describe these reasons. Answer: Research has revealed that several factors may result in false confessions. First, police are often convinced that the suspect is guilty, and this belief affects how they conduct the interrogation. Police may ask leading questions, isolate suspects and put them under stress, claim that an eyewitness has identified the suspect, or make false promises. As well, prolonged interrogations that leave the suspect psychologically fatigued, and innocent suspects may come to believe that they actually committed the crime. The intense pressure found in the “Mr. Big” technique – which involves getting suspects to commit minor crimes, and then to “confess” to the supposed head of a gang – also seems to lead to false confessions.

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Type: ES

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

114) What is one of the solutions to the problem of false confessions? Discuss. Be sure to discuss any issues with this solution as well. Answer: One solution to the problem of false confessions is to require that interrogations be videotaped so that a jury can view the recording and judge for themselves whether the defendant was coerced into admitting things he or she didn’t do. In Canada, interrogations are now generally recorded (Smith et al., 2009). Although this is a step forward, it raises other potential problems. Almost all videos of interrogations focus on the suspect rather than on the interrogator asking the questions. Well, of course they do, you might think—the whole point is to judge how the suspect is responding to the questioning, so it is no surprise that the camera focuses on him or her. The dedicated student of social psychology, however, will recognize this as a problem. As discussed in Chapter 4, people’s judgments about the causes of another person’s behaviour are influenced by what is visually salient to them. When we focus our attention on one person in a group, we tend to think that he or she is having a disproportionately large influence on the conversation. Dan Lassiter and colleagues (2004; Ware, Lassister, Patterson, & Ransom, 2008; Lassiter, 2010) showed people a video of the same confession from different camera angles and asked them to judge how voluntary or coerced the confession was. People thought that the confession was most voluntary (i.e., the least coerced) when the camera focused on the suspect; here, people had the sense that the suspect was in charge of what was happening. When the camera showed both the suspect and the interrogator, people thought the confession was less voluntary. When the camera focused only on the interrogator, people thought the confession was the least voluntary (the most coerced). Remember, everyone heard the same confession; all that differed was their visual perspective. In part because of this research, some American states now require that both the suspect and the questioner be shown in video interviews (Bang, Stanton, Hemmens, & Stohr, 2018). It has also been argued that by videotaping only the interrogation session, juries and judges fail to see the interactions between the suspect and police investigators that took place before the videotaped session and, therefore, important contextual information may be missing (e.g., interactions that took place in the police car; Smith et al., 2009). Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.3 Type: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

115) Because minority opinions seldom hold sway in jury deliberations and verdicts, it might be argued that juries are “stacked” and that unanimous verdicts are meaningless. Perhaps we should simply have jurors take a vote when the trial is over. What would a social psychologist say? Answer:

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A social psychologist would acknowledge that lone hold-outs seldom do change the verdicts of other jurors, despite the vivid contrary example in the film Twelve Angry Men. This is not to say that the unanimous verdict precedent should be abandoned, because one lone juror who holds out can influence deliberations in a positive way; he or she can encourage the other jurors to consider the evidence more carefully, and perhaps to convict defendants of a lesser offense. Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

116) If you were asked to summarize SPA 3 in a single paragraph, what would you say? Answer: Social psychological research indicates that the Canadian legal system can go wrong in a number of ways. Juries rely heavily on eyewitness testimony, when in fact such testimony is often incorrect. Moreover, determining when witnesses are telling the truth is difficult, even for law enforcement officials. Because juries are groups of people who try to reach consensus by discussing, arguing, and bargaining, the kinds of conformity pressures and group processes can lead to faulty decisions. By illuminating these problems in their research, however, social psychologists can help initiate change in the legal system—change that will lead to greater fairness and equity and to a greater sense of justice. Most important of all, heeding psychological research on these questions might reduce the number of cases in which people such as Thomas Sophonow languish in prison for crimes they did not commit. Type: ES

LO: SPA 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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