TEST BANK FOR A Child's World, Infancy Through Adolescence 13e Gabriela Martorell Diane Papalia Ruth by StudyGuide

Chapter 01 Studying A Child's World

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Child development is the scientific study of the processes that human beings undergo from the moment of conception through adolescence. The main focus of study is how children A. change. B. develop physically. C. develop social relationships. D. learn language skills. refer to page 4

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

2. Which of the following events paved the way for the scientific study of child development? A. the discovery of vaccines B. the enactment of child labor laws C. scientific discoveries about the nature of conception D. all of the above refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

3. Which of the following helped to pioneer the study of child development as a true science? A. G. Stanley Hall's book Adolescence B. the establishment of research institutes at Berkeley and Yale C. Arnold Gesell's studies on motor development D. all of the above refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

4. Five-year-old Tara does not make friends easily. She is shy and anxious in new situations. Because Tara's behavior has persisted over time, it is an example of developmental A. instability. B. resilience. C. stability. D. awkwardness. refer to page 4

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

5. __________ first emphasized the developmental nature of behavior by publishing a record of his son's sensory, motor, language, and emotional milestones during his first years of life. A. Charles Darwin B. John B. Watson C. Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard D. John Dewey refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

6. Dietrich Tiedemann and Charles Darwin used the information obtained from __________ to support their early theories about child development. A. baby biographies B. teachers C. doctors D. mothers' diaries refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

7. Professor Hughes believes that students can better understand the developmental nature of behavior by studying human origins, both as a species and as individuals. Professor Hughes's belief is consistent with _______ view of child development. A. John Locke's B. Charles Darwin's C. John Watson's D. Alfred Binet's refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

8. Adolescence has been considered a separate stage of development since A. early in the fifteenth century. B. the twentieth century. C. Konrad Lorenz's research on imprinting. D. The Great Depression. refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

9. Who was the first to identify adolescence as a separate stage of development? A. John Watson B. G. Stanley Hall C. Arnold Gesell D. Lewis Terman refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the study of human development.

10. Marsha is taking a class in human development. This class addresses the study of humans from A. conception to adolescence. B. infancy to adolescence. C. adolescence to death. D. conception to death. refer to page 5, 6

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the life-span perspective.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

11. __________ conducted longitudinal studies that traced the stages of motor development, which contributed to our understanding of developments that typically occur at various ages. A. G. Stanley Hall B. Arnold Gesell C. Jean Piaget D. Lewis M. Terman refer to page 5

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the life-span perspective.

12. The study of human development A. primarily emphasizes infancy through adolescence. B. emphasizes nature over nurture. C. is interdisciplinary. D. focuses more on adult than child development. refer to page 6

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Describe the life-span perspective.

13. Developmental scientists are interested in ________ development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. physical, cognitive, and psychosocial refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

14. Annette started crawling, then standing, and is now taking her first steps. This aspect of Annette's development falls within the _______ domain. A. physical B. motivational C. biological D. toddler refer to page 6

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15. At age 1, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at 2 years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. Language development falls within the ______ domain. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. neurological refer to page 6

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16. Which of the following psychosocial developments occur in adolescence? A. Gender identity develops. B. Self-awareness emerges. C. Search for identity becomes central. D. Self-esteem is global. refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

17. In order to acquire a thorough understanding of the nature of human development over time, scientists have divided the life span into five periods. These divisions are A. based on clear-cut development criteria. B. based on cognitive differences. C. arbitrary and approximate. D. separated into 10-year periods. refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of physical development in early childhood? A. Handedness appears. B. Appetite diminishes. C. Abstract thinking emerges. D. Fine and gross motor skills improve. refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

19. Dr. Ortiz, a pediatrician, charts his patients' brain and body growth, overall health, and motor skills. Dr. Ortiz is documenting A. hereditary factors. B. neurological development. C. physical development. D. developmental domains. refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

20. One-year-old Tamara's height and weight, along with her newfound ability to walk, A. interact with her cognitive, personality, and social development. B. occur independently of her cognitive development. C. will become less important than personality and social development with age. D. are primarily controlled by her genetic makeup. refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

21. Fifteen-month-old Lorraine and 5-year-old Joaquin are siblings. Which of the following statements about their physical growth is true? A. Both Lorraine and Joaquin are undergoing steady physical growth. B. Joaquin's physical growth is rapid, while Lorraine's growth is steady. C. Both Lorraine and Joaquin are undergoing rapid physical growth. D. Lorraine's physical growth is rapid, while Joaquin's growth is steady. refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

22. Dr. Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in memory. His research focuses primarily on __________ development. A. physical B. personality C. cognitive D. psychosocial refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

23. Darrin attends a preschool program that focuses on enhancing children's language and reasoning skills, as well as fostering creativity. Darrin's preschool emphasizes ________ development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. physiological refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

24. Donald is referred to as the "Mayor of the First Grade," a title given to him because he gets along with everyone and seems to know everything that is going on. These skills demonstrate Donald's level of __________ development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. psychosexual refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

25. Three-year-old Lydia is extremely athletic. Although her interpersonal skills were not strong when she entered preschool, her athletic prowess meant that she was always included in play activities. Due to her high level of participation in these activities, she gradually learned to interact with her peers at a higher level. Which of the following statements explains Lydia's progress? A. Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her psychosocial development. B. Lydia's psychosocial development was enabled by her physical development. C. Lydia's physical development was enabled by her cognitive development. D. Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her physical development. refer to page 6

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Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

26. Separation anxiety in infancy is an example of the effect of _____ development on _____ development. A. psychosocial; physical B. cognitive; psychosocial C. psychosocial; cognitive D. physical; psychosocial refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

27. Kari is very tall for her age. She has fewer friends than her average-sized classmates. This is an example of the interaction between which two types of development? A. physical and cognitive B. cognitive and psychosocial C. physical and psychosocial D. personality and psychosocial refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

28. Carrie (age 22) and Chelsea (age 17) are sisters. Carrie is a focused student who thrives in academic settings. She is working on a graduate degree at a very selective university. Chelsea is much less concerned about school and more interested in socializing. She is considering bypassing college because she wants to go to work as soon as she graduates from high school. Their parents cannot figure out what they did to make their daughters turn out so differently. Which of the following concepts would you emphasize when trying to explain the sisters' differences to their parents? A. social construction B. quantitative change C. individual differences D. physical development refer to page 7

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29. Which of the following statements about social construction is correct? A. Social construction is a theory that explains the sequence of children's play patterns. B. Social construction is an idea about the nature of reality that is accepted by members of a particular society at a particular time. C. As children reach adolescence, they socially construct their free time. D. Social construction must be conditioned into children in order to avoid antisocial or deconstructive behaviors. refer to page 7

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Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

30. Adolescence is an example of a A. domain of development. B. developmental trajectory. C. psychosocial milestone. D. social construction. refer to page 7

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31. In many pre industrial societies, the concept of __________ does not exist. A. prenatal development B. infancy and toddlerhood C. early childhood D. adolescence refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

32. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the major divisions of the life span? A. prenatal period B. infancy and toddlerhood C. late adulthood D. senescence refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

33. During which developmental period do children develop speech and locomotion, and become somewhat more assertive and self-reliant, yet need considerable help in restraining their impulsive behavior? A. infancy and toddlerhood B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. the preschool years refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the early childhood period of development.

34. During __________, children begin to develop self-control and have more interest in others. A. infancy B. toddlerhood C. early childhood D. middle childhood refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the early childhood period of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

35. Children become proficient in regulating their own behavior and are very interested in their peer group during A. infancy. B. toddlerhood. C. early childhood. D. middle childhood. refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

36. Carlos is undergoing rapid physical growth, has the ability to use abstract thought, and is trying to establish an identity. Carlos is a(n) A. school-age child. B. adolescent. C. young adult. D. college student. refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Understand the periods of the life span.

37. Attachment is particularly important during which developmental period? A. infancy and toddlerhood B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. adolescence refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the infancy period of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

38. Research looking at influences on development indicates that A. every child has a unique developmental trajectory. B. developmental milestones are universal. C. heredity is more important than environment. D. there are few gender or ethnic differences in physical or cognitive maturation. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Understand influences on development.

39. Characteristics that are the result of inborn influences are generally attributed to A. heredity. B. the environment. C. both heredity and environment. D. a natural sequence. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

40. The totality of experiential influences on development is generally referred to as A. a natural sequence. B. maturation. C. the environment. D. heredity. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

41. William is a gifted baseball player. His father was a star player in the major leagues. They did not spend much time together while William was growing up because of his father's professional commitments. William's talent for baseball would seem to demonstrate the influence of A. heredity. B. environment. C. maturation. D. cohort differences. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

42. Jenny is a very talented soccer player. Her mother was a star player in both college and in the women's professional leagues. They spent a great deal of time together while Jenny was growing up. Jenny has her mother's speed and height to go along with a superior understanding of the game. Jessica's abilities would seem to demonstrate the influence of A. heredity. B. environment. C. individual differences. D. both heredity and environment. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

43. Although there are developmental differences in timing, most children learn to walk and talk at a similar age. This is an example of A. heredity. B. environmental influences. C. maturation. D. a critical period. refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Identify the process of maturation.

44. The unfolding of a natural, genetically influenced sequence of physical and psychological patterns is the result of A. heredity. B. environment. C. maturation. D. personality. refer to page 9

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

45. A two-generational kinship unit that shares household and economic resources and consists of one or two parents and their biological, adopted, or stepchildren is called a(n) A. family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. blended family. refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the nuclear family.

46. Shari belongs to a multigenerational kinship unit consisting of parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. This unit is referred to as a(n) A. family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. blended family. refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the nuclear family.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

47. The Ferkle family goes away each year to see such sights as the world's largest ball of string and the world's largest landfill. On each vacation, they make certain that both parents and children are included. Their vacations are shared by the _______ family. A. extended B. nuclear C. inclusive D. derivative refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the nuclear family.

48. Each summer, the Smith's host grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and distant relatives for a two-day reunion. The Smith family reunion involves the ______ family. A. nuclear B. general C. extended D. inclusive refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe extended family.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

49. In western societies, the dominant traditional family structure is the __________ family, while in other societies such as Asian and Latin America, the __________ family is more traditional. A. nuclear; extended B. general; nuclear C. extended; general D. extended; nuclear refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe extended family.

50. Which one of the following is NOT a factor that determines socioeconomic status? A. ethnicity B. income C. education D. occupation refer to page 13

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

51. Which of the following is/are determined by socioeconomic status? A. the neighborhood in which a family lives B. the school the children attend C. the quality of medical care available to a family D. all of the above refer to page 13

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

52. Charles is a child growing up in a low-SES (socioeconomic status) family. Which of the following will likely have an effect on his development? A. nutritional deficiencies B. frequent illness C. poor housing/living conditions D. all of the above refer to page 14

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

53. Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome or result are called __________ factors. A. diversity B. developmental C. adaptive D. risk refer to page 14

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

54. The most powerful factors in a neighborhood that affect the way children develop are income and A. attitudes toward higher education. B. the quality of schools. C. access to resources. D. the number of recreational facilities. refer to page 14

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

55. A society or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, and language is referred to as its A. subculture. B. ethnicity. C. culture. D. origin. refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define culture.

56. The well-being of children from affluent families may be at risk due to A. pressure to achieve. B. the amount of time they are left alone by working parents. C. high rates of substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. D. all of the above refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define socioeconomic status.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

57. A group consisting of people united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origin is known as a(n) A. subculture. B. ethnic group. C. unique culture. D. nuclear family. refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

58. Teachers in the classroom need to be aware that ethnic and cultural patterns may influence A. the way the children act toward each other. B. the games children play. C. the way children learn. D. all of the above refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

59. The fact that 11-year-old Kim is interested in attracting boys' attention while her classmates are still focused on their same-sex friendships is an example of the phenomenon that A. developmental periods occur in different sequences for different people. B. deviations from "average" development are a cause for concern. C. rates of development may vary from the average or typical. D. the sequence of development is primarily altered by experience. refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

60. Most immigrant children in the United States A. live with two parents. B. are twice as likely as other children to live with an extended family. C. live with parents who have high academic aspirations for them. D. all of the above. refer to page 12

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

61. An overgeneralization that obscures cultural differences within an ethnic group is referred to as A. acculturation. B. ancestry impairment. C. cultural confusion. D. ethnic gloss. refer to page 13

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

62. Katherine grew up attending private Catholic schools. Each year at Christmas, she and her classmates decorated a tree in school and did the same at home. For Katherine's classmates and family, the tree decorating was a _________ event. A. nonnormative B. normative C. cohort D. cultural refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define culture.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

63. Events that occur at about the same age for people around the world, such as starting school, are called A. normative age-graded influences. B. normative history-graded influences. C. nonnormative life events. D. cohort-determined influences. refer to page 15

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative age-graded influences.

64. Normative age-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT A. puberty and menopause. B. starting school. C. retirement. D. war and famine. refer to page 15

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative age-graded influences.

65. Events such as puberty and entry into formal education, which are highly similar for people in a particular age group, are considered A. normative age-graded influences. B. normative history-graded influences. C. cohort experiences. D. nonnormative life events. refer to page 15

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative age-graded influences.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

66. Normative history-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT A. worldwide economic depression. B. introduction of the contraceptive pill. C. the AIDS epidemic. D. the death of a spouse. refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative history-graded influences.

67. The impact of technological developments such as video games, computers, and the Internet are considered ______ influences. A. nonnormative age-graded B. normative history-graded C. normative age-graded D. nonnormative history-graded refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative history-graded influences.

68. Nonnormative life events are A. unusual events that influence a person's life. B. events that generally happen to everyone. C. typical for a given population. D. traumatic or unhappy events. refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

69. All of the individuals who were elementary school students in New York City during the 9/11 Terrorist attacks shared a common experience. This group is referred to as a(n) A. cohort. B. historical generation. C. culture. D. encounter group. refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

70. Which of the following individuals are members of the same cohort? A. a woman who raised children in Chicago during World War II and a woman who raised children in Chicago during the 1990s B. an urban child in the Soviet Union and a rural child in the United States C. a high school student in Cleveland and a high school student in Cincinnati D. all of the above refer to page 17

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

71. Which of the following statements describes a fundamental point of childhood development? A. Social, cognitive, and physical domains are distinct and have little bearing on one another. B. Normal development is quite standard; children developing normally exhibit few differences. C. Historical events influence development. D. Development is a process that ceases at the end of childhood. refer to page 17

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

72. A __________ is a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of an event, has the greatest impact. A. cohort B. nonnormative event C. critical period D. developmental milestone refer to page 18

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

73. Rubella has a disastrous impact if it is contracted during the first trimester of a pregnancy, yet has hardly any impact if contracted later in a pregnancy. This is an example of A. heredity. B. normative age-graded events. C. maturational timing. D. a critical period. refer to page 18

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

74. Morgan was born with a muscle problem that interfered with her ability to focus both of her eyes on the same object. However, the problem was not detected until third grade. Morgan's vision has greatly improved with physical therapy and glasses but it is likely that her depth perception has been adversely affected for life. This is an example of A. cohorts. B. developmental domains. C. critical periods of development. D. imprinting. refer to page 18

APA LO: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

75. Evidence for critical periods of physical development is undeniable. However, for other aspects of development, there seems to be greater A. rigidity. B. plasticity. C. acceptability. D. latency. refer to page 18

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the role of plasticity in development.

76. Research suggests a critical period and a sensitive period for language development. The sensitive period ends around the time of A. toddlerhood. B. early childhood. C. middle childhood. D. puberty. refer to page 19

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

77. Which aspects of development show plasticity? A. physical development B. cognitive development C. psychosocial development D. all of the above refer to page 18

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the role of plasticity in development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

78. Which of the following would be the best example of bidirectional influences on child development? A. High-income households support more favorable development than low-SES households. B. School-age children can focus on two or more pieces of information at the same time. C. Children influence their environments, and their environments influence them. D. No two children are influenced in exactly the same ways. refer to page 18

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Recognize that developmental science is multidisciplinary or multidimensional.

79. In the case study involving "Genie," researchers found that A. there is a critical period for language development. B. no critical period exists for language acquisition. C. the critical period for language development begins in middle childhood. D. adolescence is an optimal time for acquiring a second language. refer to page 19

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the role of plasticity in development.

Essay Questions 80. Trace the evolution of the field of child development. To support your answer, include the contributions of such researchers as Dietrich Tiedemann, Charles Darwin, G. Stanley Hall, and Arnold Gesell. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the study of human development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

81. Developmental scientists study development over the human life span. Explain the difference between psychosocial development, cognitive development, and physical development. Provide an example of each type of development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the domains of development.

82. Those who work with children must keep in mind that there are three domains or dimensions of child development. List the three domains, and give specific examples of how these domains are all interrelated in childhood. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the domains of development.

83. Twelve-month-old Kara, born in Iraq, has just been adopted by an American couple and is moving to the United States. Explain how Kara's heredity, environment, and maturation will play a role in determining her development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss influences on development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

84. Imagine that you are a developmental scientist and have been sent to a war-torn region to observe and make recommendations about the care and treatment of the children there. What is the current interpretation of the term "critical period" as it relates to childhood development? What are some of the typical tasks that must be mastered by children during a certain "critical" time period for normal developmental to occur? Explain how these principles would apply to children whose lives have been disrupted by war. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

85. Mrs. Peters is a new seventh-grade teacher in an urban public school. List several normative events likely to occur among her students during the school year. What are some of the nonnormative events that may occur that she could prepare herself for in advance? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define normative life events.

86. A child's development can be affected by many things. For example, the socioeconomic status of a child's family, nonnormative influences, and normative history-graded events all can play a role in a child's development. Choose one of these influences and describe specifically how it contributes to child development. Give specific examples where possible, noting the importance of resilience. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Discuss influences on development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

87. List and briefly describe six fundamental points about child development on which consensus among researchers has emerged. How are these points related to the study of child development? Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Identify characteristics of the life-span perspective.

88. One of the major influences on development is the historical period in which one grows up. The text describes a study that looked at both individuals who grew up in the Depression as well as those affected by the 1980s farm crisis. Briefly describe the results of this research. Today's economic crisis may have some similarities to both of these challenging economic times. In one paragraph, briefly design a program to minimize the effects of hard times on infant and early childhood development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Create Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate history-graded influences.

89. In the discussion of critical periods, the text presents the case of Genie, who was subjected to years of child abuse. What evidence does this landmark case provide about critical periods and language acquisition? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluate Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Recall that development is contextual.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

True / False Questions 90. Developmental scientists are primarily interested in infant and child development. FALSE refer to page 6

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.1: Describe child development, and how its study has evolved. Learn Smart LO: Recall the goals of life-span development study.

91. The three domains of development are emotional, physical, and cognitive. FALSE refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

92. Learning falls under the cognitive domain of development. TRUE refer to page 6

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Define the three domains of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

93. Cognitive advances are rarely related to physical, emotional, or social factors. FALSE refer to page 6

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the nature of development.

94. The periods of development are arbitrary. TRUE refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Describe the concept of life-span development.

95. Attachment is a critical component of psychosocial development during middle childhood. FALSE refer to page 8

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the infancy period of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

96. As an adolescent, Julio's relationship with his parents is generally good. TRUE refer to page 8

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the early adulthood period of development.

97. Intuit parents do not believe that young children are capable of reason and thus are lenient with they become angry or fuss. This is an example of a social construction. TRUE refer to page 7

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.2: Understand what development scientists study. Learn Smart LO: Identify major sociocultural concepts of life-span development.

98. Individual differences have minimal effects on development. FALSE refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe influences on development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

99. If Bob and his parents are all farsighted, it is likely that vision problems in this family are due to heredity. TRUE refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

100. If adopted children are like their non-biological adoptive parents on a trait like intelligence, it would suggest that intelligence is strongly influenced by nurture. TRUE refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

101. If a characteristic has a strong genetic influence, it is largely due to nurture. FALSE refer to page 9

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Explain nature and nurture perspectives of development.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

102. Baby Jenise learns to crawl before she walks. This is an example of maturation. TRUE refer to page 9

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Identify the process of maturation.

103. Developmental timing is the same for all humans. FALSE refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Identify major sociocultural concepts of life-span development.

104. Your grandmother is part of your nuclear family. FALSE refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe extended family.

105. Your aunt is part of your extended family. TRUE refer to page 10

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Describe extended family.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

106. The type of food that one eats is a reflection of ethnic and cultural patterns. TRUE refer to page 11

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define culture.

107. Children of immigrants are twice as likely as other children to live in extended-family households. TRUE refer to page 12

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

108. One in 4 children in immigrant families has one parent born in the United States. TRUE refer to page 12

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.3: Recall the influences that make one child different from another. Learn Smart LO: Define ethnicity.

Chapter 01 - Studying A Child's World

109. Developmental scientists argue that development is largely unidirectional. FALSE refer to page 18

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Recognize that development is multidirectional.

110. Research suggests there is a critical period for language acquisition. TRUE refer to page 19

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 1.4: Identify six fundamental points about child development on which consensus has emerged. Learn Smart LO: Define critical periods.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

Chapter 02 A Child's World: How We Discover It

Multiple Choice Questions 1. A scientific theory is a set of A. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict human behavior. B. facts derived from research. C. predictions about future outcomes. D. opinions presented by a well-known authority in a field. refer to page 24

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Define scientific theory.

2. The statement, "If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows," is an example of a A. theory. B. finding. C. hypothesis. D. conclusion. refer to page 24

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of a hypothesis.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

3. Before designing her research study, Dr. Bennett predicts that infants who have poor diets will have academic problems later in life. Dr. Bennett's prediction is an example of a(n) A. hypothesis. B. theory. C. interpretation. D. conclusion. refer to page 24

4. Which of the following statements is true of scientific theories? A. Theories are the possible explanations for phenomena. B. Theories can be proved, but never disproved. C. Theories change to incorporate new findings. D. Theories are based on assumptions that are true. refer to page 24

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Define scientific theory.

5. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic issues that theorists address when explaining child development? A. Assessing whether development is more influenced by heredity or by environment B. Determining whether children are active or passive in their own development C. Observing whether development is continuous or occurs in stages D. Viewing all development as culturally determined refer to page 25

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recall the two basic issues that theorists make assumptions about in attempting to explain development.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

6. At age 1, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at 2 years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. This reflects a(n) _____ developmental change. A. autonomous B. bidirectional C. qualitative D. quantitative refer to page 26

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recognize that mechanistic theorists deal with quantitative change.

7. __________ viewed human development as being shaped by unconscious forces. A. Sigmund Freud B. B. F. Skinner C. Jean Piaget D. John B. Watson refer to page 27

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall the basic belief of Sigmund Freud.

8. Sigmund Freud believed that people are motivated primarily by A. extrinsic rewards. B. unconscious forces. C. anxiety. D. their environment. refer to page 27

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

9. Armond argues that unconscious forces motivate people to behave the way they do. Armond's position is similar to the __________ perspective of development. A. information-processing B. cognitive C. ethological D. psychoanalytic refer to page 27

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall the basic belief of Sigmund Freud.

10. According to Freud, the element of personality that operates under the pleasure principal is referred to as the A. libido. B. id. C. superego. D. ego. refer to pages 27-28

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

11. Parents who are up all night attending to the almost insatiable demands of their newborn babies are often frustrated by infants' apparent tendency to operate on the "pleasure principle." The pleasure principle is associated with the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. ego ideal. refer to pages 27-28

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Distinguish between the three parts of the personality according to Freud.

12. According to Freud, during the first year of life, the part of the personality that represents reason and operates on the "reality principle" becomes more evident in the baby's behavior. This is due to the development of the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. conscience. refer to pages 27-28

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

13. Freud maintained that children develop in an unvarying sequence of five maturation-based stages of _____ development. A. psychosocial B. psychoanalytic C. unconscious D. psychosexual refer to page 29

14. According to Freud, children move through five stages of psychosexual development. The sequence of these stages is A. anal, phallic, oral, latency, and, genital. B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and, genital. C. anal, oral, genital, latency, and, phallic. D. oral, latency, genital, anal, and, phallic. refer to page 29

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

15. According to Freud's theory, a 4-year-old child who has become attached to the parent of the other sex and regards the same-sex parent as a rival is considered to be in the __________ stage of psychosexual development. A. oral B. anal C. phallic D. latency refer to page 29

16. Joseph hits his brother with a toy while playing and feels guilty about it afterwards. According to Freud, these feelings reflect the operation of the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. defense mechanism. refer to pages 27-29

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

17. Keesha is worried that her mother will find out that she accidentally broke her brother's truck. She is starting to develop a conscience. Which of the following psychosexual stages includes our conception of a "conscience?" A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Libido refer to page 29

18. Mrs. Dobber, a teacher, believes that fourth graders are at a stage of psychosexual development characterized by relative calm. Mrs. Dobber's students are in the _________ stage, which occurs during middle childhood. A. phallic B. superego C. latency D. generative refer to page 29

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

19. Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a psychosocial challenge, or _______, hat is important at a particular time. A. trauma B. crises C. historical event D. phase refer to page 31

20. A major distinction between Freud's and Erikson's views of development is that Erikson A. emphasized female development, whereas Freud emphasized male development. B. viewed development as a lifelong process, whereas Freud emphasized early experiences. C. focused on unconscious processes, whereas Freud emphasized conscious processes. D. emphasized biological factors, whereas Freud emphasized cultural factors. refer to page 31

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Erikson's psychosocial theory of development.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

21. As an assignment for a developmental psychology class, Darius interviewed his grandparents to learn more about their life experiences. In the interview, Darius learned that his grandparents view development as lifelong. The idea that personality development occurs throughout the life span is consistent with ______ theory. A. Freud's psychosexual B. Erikson's psychosocial C. Bandura's social learning D. Bowlby's ethological refer to page 31

22. In Erikson's theory of development, there are ___ stages of psychosocial development. A. 3 B. 5 C. 8 D. 12 refer to page 31

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

23. Compared to Freud's theory, Erikson placed greater emphasis on A. physical development. B. intellectual development. C. early experiences. D. social and cultural influences. refer to page 31

24. A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment is called A. modification. B. cognition. C. learning. D. behaviorism. refer to page 31

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss perspective two: Learning.

25. Behaviorists look for events that will determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated. This mental link is referred to as A. associative learning. B. unconscious learning. C. intelligence. D. personality. refer to page 31

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

26. Every time Tanya leaves 2-year-old Timmy at day care, Timmy cries. Tanya always hands Timmy to the same teacher. She notices that Timmy now starts to cry when he sees this teacher from a distance. Timmy's behavior is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. negative reinforcement. refer to page 32

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical conditioning.

27. Daniel was embarrassed by his coach for not making a basket during an important game. Since then, whenever he gets the ball and heads down the court, he gets an overwhelming feeling of anxiety that prevents him from thinking clearly when he tries to shoot the ball. This is an example of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. social learning. D. intermittent reinforcement. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

28. When John B. Watson trained "Little Albert" to be afraid of small furry animals, he used A. classical conditioning. B. negative reinforcement. C. shaping behavior. D. intermittent reinforcement. refer to page 32

29. Mr. Whitford's fifth-grade students sit quietly and continue doing their work when Mr. Whitford leaves the room because he rewards them with more recess time if they do so. Learning based on association of behavior with consequences is called A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. the pleasure principle. D. the reality principle. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

30. Marissa really wants to be in the school play but does not enjoy having to memorize lines. Two weeks before the play is scheduled, her father implements a reward system. As soon as Marissa learns her lines, she does not have to help with the dishes until the play is over. Marissa increases her efforts in practice and learns the lines thoroughly in two days. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. psychodynamic learning. refer to page 32

31. B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by A. defense mechanisms. B. self-actualization. C. unconscious conflicts. D. conditioning. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

32. _____ was the American psychologist who formulated the principles of operant conditioning while working with rats and pigeons. A. John B. Watson B. Sidney Pressey C. B. F. Skinner D. Ivan Pavlov refer to page 32

33. Larry wants his daughter to put her seat belt on when she gets in the car, so he smiles and gives her a hug each time she does so. A consequence of any behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called A. punishment. B. reinforcement. C. aversion. D. classical conditioning. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

34. An example of negative reinforcement is A. shouting, "No!" as a consequence of bad behavior. B. spanking as a consequence of bad behavior. C. increasing a child's allowance as a consequence of good behavior. D. canceling a disliked household chore as a consequence of good behavior. refer to page 32

35. June's mother explains that she needs help taking care of their new puppy. June's current task, which she really dislikes, is taking the garbage out. Her mother says that if June will help take care of the puppy, she will assign another sibling to take out the garbage. June agrees immediately, because she will do anything to get out of emptying the garbage. From a behavioral viewpoint, June's decision is based on A. classical conditioning. B. positive reinforcement. C. negative reinforcement. D. vicarious reinforcement. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

36. The parents of 15-month-old Helen want to discourage her thumb sucking. When Helen takes her thumb out of her mouth, they give her a small cup of raisins, which she loves. The raisins represent A. a negative stimulus. B. an unconditioned stimulus. C. a neutral stimulus. D. reinforcement. refer to page 32

37. Two-year-old Eric throws a tantrum whenever he is placed in his car seat. To calm him down, his mother has started giving him a lollipop. In effect, his mother is A. extinguishing tantrums. B. reinforcing tantrums. C. using classical conditioning. D. using negative reinforcement. refer to page 32

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

38. Every time Billy tries to open the kitchen cupboard, he gets his fingers pinched in the door. Eventually, Billy no longer tries to open the cupboard door. This is an example of A. negative reinforcement. B. intermittent reinforcement. C. punishment. D. positive reinforcement. refer to page 32

39. To get Michelle to clean her room more often, her parents gave her a piece of candy each time she picked up her toys. This resulted in more frequent room cleaning. However, when her parents stopped giving her candy, Michelle's room-cleaning behavior gradually became less frequent. The weakening of the room-cleaning behavior is called A. intermittent reinforcement. B. extinction. C. punishment. D. negative reinforcement. refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

40. Whenever Milo had a tantrum, his father would pick him up and comfort him. Now that he is in preschool, his teachers ignore his tantrums, and over time his tantrums have decreased in frequency. Based on our understanding of operant conditioning, we would say that Milo's tantrum behavior is being __________ in preschool. A. negatively reinforced B. punished C. extinguished D. aversively conditioned refer to page 33

41. When a school principal uses operant conditioning to eliminate students' undesirable behaviors, he is implementing A. classical conditioning. B. punishment. C. behavior modification. D. reinforcement. refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

42. First, Jacob is praised when he points to his wet diaper. Then, Jacob is praised only if he speaks up before he is wet. Finally, Jacob is praised only when he uses his potty chair. This is an example of A. extinction. B. behavior modification. C. negative reinforcement. D. aversive conditioning. refer to page 33

43. ________ developed the principles of social-learning theory. A. B. F. Skinner B. Carl Rogers C. John B. Watson. D. Albert Bandura refer to page 33

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Define observational learning.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

44. Albert Bandura suggested that the most important element in how children acquire language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior is A. classical conditioning. B. observation and imitation. C. punishment of inappropriate behavior. D. shaping of appropriate behavior. refer to page 33

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Define observational learning.

45. Children have a tendency to imitate the adults they admire even if some of the observed behavior is not appropriate. This process is known as A. behavior modification. B. assimilation. C. adaptation. D. social learning. refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

46. Roberto's favorite type of music is American Jazz. After observing a classmate being teased for mentioning that she loved to listen to classical music, Roberto decided that he would keep quiet about his musical preferences. Roberto's decision is a result of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. psychodynamic learning. refer to page 33

47. By receiving feedback on their behavior, children gradually form standards for judging their own actions. They begin to develop a A. sense of self-efficacy. B. superego. C. gender identity. D. sense of self-esteem. refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

48. The ______ perspective focuses on thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes. A. cognitive B. behaviorist C. psychodynamic D. evolutionary refer to page 33

49. Which theory portrays people as active in their own learning and emphasizes qualitative and quantitative changes? A. Behaviorist B. Cognitive C. Psychoanalytic D. Social learning refer to page 33

50. Neo-Piagetian theories combine both Piagetian theory and elements of _____ theory. A. social cognitive B. information-processing C. behavioral D. mechanistic refer to page 33

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

51. Which of the following are the two key points of Piaget's cognitive perspective? A. People are controlled by their environment, and behavior develops in a specific order. B. People are active in their development, and behavior is random at any developmental stage. C. People are active in their development, and behavior develops in a specific order. D. People are controlled by their environment, and behavior is random at any developmental stage. refer to pages 33-34

52. Which of the following is NOT a general principle of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Children proceed through the same developmental stages in the same order. B. Individuals reach each stage according to their own timetable. C. If overgratification occurs at a particular stage, fixation may result. D. Each stage represents a qualitative change from one type of thinking to another. refer to pages 33-34

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

53. Anabelle knows that after she is fed her bottle, she is patted on the back and put down to sleep. This organized pattern of behavior is called A. equilibration. B. accommodation. C. assimilation. D. a scheme. refer to page 34

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Define schemes.

54. According to Piaget, a child builds internal representations of the world called schemes, and develops these into an integrated network of cognitive structures through the process of A. assimilation. B. accommodation. C. organization. D. equilibration. refer to page 34

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

55. When Ms. Drew teaches a new concept to her students, she always tries to make a connection to something that they already understand. According to Piaget, which technique is Ms. Drew using? A. Information processing B. Accommodation C. Equilibration D. Assimilation refer to page 34

56. According to Piaget, the process of changing existing schemes to adjust to new information is called A. organization. B. accommodation. C. assimilation. D. disequilibrium. refer to page 34

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

57. Four-year-old Adam sees cows in a field. His mother points to them and says, "Cows." Later, Adam sees goats for the first time and calls them cows. Adam is demonstrating Piaget's concept of A. equilibration. B. accommodation. C. adaptation. D. assimilation. refer to page 34

58. Frederika is learning to play a musical instrument. She struggles at first because the experience is unlike anything she has been associated with previously. Slowly she begins to make progress. This best demonstrates Piaget's concept of A. assimilation. B. accommodation. C. vicarious reinforcement. D. object permanence. refer to page 34

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

59. According to Piaget, children change their ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences because of the need for A. satisfaction of id impulses B. equilibrium. C. a stable sense of identity D. parental approval. refer to page 34

60. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory of development? A. It pays little attention to emotional development. B. It pays little attention to the influence of education on intellectual development. C. It overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children. D. It says little about individual differences in ability. refer to page 35

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Recall evaluations of the cognitive theories of development.

61. Sociocultural theory, developed by __________, stresses a child's active involvement with his or her environment. A. Urie Bronfenbrenner B. Jean Piaget C. Lev Vygotsky D. Margaret Mead refer to page 35

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

62. __________ developed the concept known as the "zone of proximal development" to explain the gap between what a child is already able to do and what he or she is not quite ready to do alone. A. Sigmund Freud B. Neal Miller C. Konrad Lorenz D. Lev Vygotsky refer to page 35

63. Mara purchased a shape sorter for her 9-month-old daughter, Lucia. Mara notices that Lucia picks up the shapes but has difficulty dropping them into the correct slots. Mara hands a shape to Lucia and guides her hand to the correct slot, slowly turning the shape until it fits. After some practice with Mara, Lucia is able to retrieve a shape and twist it until it fits into the slot. Mara's assistance is consistent with which of the following concepts? A. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development B. Piagetian schemes C. The information-processing perspective D. Bandura's Social learning refer to page 35

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

64. Paul's mother has been teaching him to bake bread. She tells him, "I will help you follow the recipe a few more times, but soon you will have to try it on your own." According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Paul's mother is engaging in A. intermittent reinforcement. B. imprinting. C. scaffolding. D. equilibration. refer to page 35

65. Tom volunteers to teach children how to play basketball. He finds that when he first tries to teach a skill, such as shooting the ball, he sometimes has to physically guide the children's feet in the correct position. Generally, the more he works with the children and the more knowledge they acquire, the less support he has to provide. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. information processing. C. equilibration. D. scaffolding. refer to page 35

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

66. A major distinction between Piaget's theory and the information-processing approach is that Piaget A. viewed development as continuous, whereas the information-processing approach regards development as occurring in distinct stages. B. viewed development as an active process, whereas the information-processing approach regards the organism as passive. C. focused on perception, whereas the information-processing approach focuses on thinking and memory. D. regarded development as occurring in stages, whereas the information-processing approach views development as continuous. refer to pages 35-36

67. The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a A. calculator. B. computer. C. modem. D. telephone. refer to page 36

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

68. Those who ascribe to the __________ approach attempt to explain cognitive development by observing and analyzing mental processes involved in perceiving information. A. social cognitive B. information-processing C. social learning D. behaviorst refer to pages 35-36

69. According to the __________ perspective, development can be understood only when individual behavior is observed as it interacts with the environment. A. psychodynamic B. contextual C. cognitive D. behavioral refer to page 36

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

70. Dr. Cortez's undergraduate psychology class is studying the subtle differences between mannerisms of students in the Deep South to those of students in the Northeast. They begin to realize that in order to understand these differences, they must consider the social settings in which the students live. This is an example of the __________ perspective. A. contextual B. cognitive C. information-processing D. psychodynamic refer to page 36

71. _____ developed the bioecological perspective of human development which includes five interlocking contextual systems. A. Vygotsky B. Pavlov C. Bronfenbrenner D. Piaget refer to page 36

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

72. Bronfenbrenner's __________ approach examines how environmental factors interact and contribute to child development. A. interactionist B. bioecological C. behaviorist D. cognitive refer to page 36

73. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson were both laid off from their high-paying positions at a local clean energy plant. Both found new jobs, but they are now working far more hours for much less money. The stress is showing at home, with frequent parental arguments and inpatient discipline with the children. The family's home is no longer the nurturing environment that it once was. Which of the following perspectives best explains this situation? A. Bioecological B. Ethological C. Information-processing D. Cognitive refer to page 36

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

74. Piaget and his wife kept journals noting how their children developed and interacted with one another in the home. According to the bioecological approach, Piaget was studying the children in their A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. exosystem. D. macrosystem. refer to page 36

75. Dr. Adams, who ascribes to the bioecological approach to human development, is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school. Dr. Adams is studying development at the _____ level of environmental influence. A. microsystem B. mesosystem C. exosystem D. macrosystem refer to page 37

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

76. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in the 1990s significantly altered most government institutions there. According to the bioecological approach, this situation reflects a change in people's A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. endosystem. D. macrosystem. refer to page 37

77. Due to his parents' chronic unemployment and inability to make ends meet, Oliver frequently moves around, never living in one location for more than a few months. Dr. Zsilak recruited Oliver and his family for a study looking at how this type of instability contributes to children's emotional development. According to the bioecological approach, Dr. Zsilak is investigating influences within the A. exosystem. B. chronosystem. C. macrosystem. D. microsystem. refer to page 37

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

78. Over time, the relative importance of peers and parents to the developing child changes. Which level of the bioecological theory accounts for this? A. Microsystem B. Chronosystem C. Macrosystem D. Exosystem refer to page 37

79. Which of the following perspectives emphasizes the idea that species-specific behaviors enhance the survival of that species? A. Behaviorist B. Social-cognitive C. Contextual D. Ethological refer to page 38

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

80. Your psychology professor claims that attachment between an infant and a caregiver must form during a critical period to ensure normal development. Which developmental perspective does your professor support? A. Behaviorist B. Ethological C. Psychoanalytic D. Informative-processing refer to page 38

81. Individuals with traits better adapted to their environments survive; those less adapted do not. This statement demonstrates the process of A. survival of the fittest. B. ethological development. C. psychoanalytic development. D. biological maturation. refer to page 38

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

82. _____ extended ethological principles to the study of human development, focusing attention on the mother-infant bond. A. Mary Ainsworth B. John Bowlby C. Konrad Lorenz D. Niko Tinbergen refer to page 38

83. Ramona is walking in a mall when she notices a distressed-looking infant in a stroller. The infant's facial expression engrosses Ramona, and she immediately looks around to see if an adult is there to help the infant. The infant's mother is indeed right there, and Ramona moves on, but the image stays with her. She begins to wonder if humans have some innate ability to communicate with facial expressions that provides an evolutionary advantage. Which of the following theories might support Ramona's idea? A. Evolutionary B. Bioecological C. Sociocultural D. Cognitive refer to page 39

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

84. Research that deals with "how much" or "how many" is referred to as A. qualitative. B. cross cultural. C. quasi-experimental. D. quantitative. refer to page 41

APA LO: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.3: Describe how developmental scientists study children, and the advantages and disadvantages of each research method. Learn Smart LO: Understand quantitative research.

85. The scientific method, as applied in any field of study, is based on which of the following elements? A. Observation and recording of data B. Testing of alternative hypotheses C. Widespread public dissemination of results D. All of the above refer to page 41

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.3: Describe how developmental scientists study children, and the advantages and disadvantages of each research method. Learn Smart LO: Describe the scientific method.

86. Dr. Gygorgy from Hungary has decided to study the effects of travel on the lives of Hungarian circus performers. The two key issues that he must first address are A. the importance of the study and where he will publish his findings. B. his knowledge of circus performers and his knowledge of the effects of travel. C. public opinion of this topic and his own bias. D. how the participants will be chosen and how the data will be collected. refer to page 42

APA LO: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.3: Describe how developmental scientists study children, and the advantages and disadvantages of each research method. Learn Smart LO: Understand sampling.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

87. When conducting research, scientists typically study a _____ and generalize the results to a _____. A. sample; population B. nonnormative group; normative group C. population; sample D. cohort; sample refer to page 42

88. Dr. Slocum wants to conduct a study that investigates nicotine addiction in teenagers. Teenagers who are identified as addicted to cigarettes represent the ______; those teens who participate in the study represent the ______. A. sample; population B. population; sample C. control group; experimental group D. experimental group; control group refer to page 42

APA LO: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.3: Describe how developmental scientists study children, and the advantages and disadvantages of each research method. Learn Smart LO: Define sample.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

89. One of the most reliable sampling methods is the use of A. assigned groups. B. matched groups. C. random selection. D. focus groups. refer to page 43

90. When Maggie wanted to find out how children were punished at home, she conducted separate interviews of individual children and their parents. An advantage of this research design is that A. Maggie needed to interview only a few people to get a valid research sample. B. Maggie needed to interview each set of parents and children only once. C. Maggie could assess whether parents and children gave conflicting reports. D. it revealed causal relationships. refer to page 44

APA LO: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.3: Describe how developmental scientists study children, and the advantages and disadvantages of each research method. Learn Smart LO: Discuss survey and interview methods of collecting data.

91. Which of the following is NOT an example of a self-report technique? A. Questionnaire B. Diary or log C. Interview D. Observation refer to page 44

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

92. Jeremy has become interested in the interactions that children have with their parents in public places. He suspects that, when they are at the mall, children may interact differently with their fathers than they do with their mothers. He decides to watch the food court of a local mall and observe interaction patterns. Jeremy is using a _______ observation method. A. naturalistic B. laboratory C. group D. participant refer to page 44

93. Theo is a graduate student who is interested in gender differences in play. Theo and his research team observe preschoolers in their classrooms during free play, noting differences between boys and girls. Which research method is being used? A. Laboratory observation B. Case study C. Naturalistic observation D. Clinical study refer to page 44

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

94. Marcus is interested in the effects of television aggression on children's behavior. Marcus brings participants to a play room and shows them a short cartoon depicting the main characters hitting, yelling, and destroying toys. He then allows the children to play for 15 minutes, observing their behavior from behind a one-way mirror, noting instances of aggression. Marcus is using the _______ observation method. A. laboratory B. participant C. naturalistic D. case study refer to page 44

95. Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with observational studies? A. They cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships. B. The participants may alter their behavior when they know they are being observed. C. It is impossible to gain information regarding relationships between variables. D. Laboratory studies may not generalize to real life. refer to page 44

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

96. Which of the following is the best operational definition of a difficult test? A. A test that is constructed by a mean professor B. A test with challenging questions C. A test that covers materials that are in the text, but not covered in class D. A test with a class average of 70 or below refer to page 45

97. Dolores works in a pediatrics ward and has decided to investigate whether or not the level of nurse friendliness influences children's perceptions of their hospital experiences. For her research, which of the following would be the best operational definition of nurse friendliness? A. Professional interactions with patients B. Pleasant appearance C. Concern for patients D. Number of times that the nurse smiles per time spent with the patient refer to page 45

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

98. Cognitive neuroscientists focus on A. the effects of punishment. B. the brain. C. positive and negative reinforcement. D. unconscious conflicts. refer to page 45

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.3: Describe how developmental scientists study children, and the advantages and disadvantages of each research method. Learn Smart LO: Define behavioral and performance measures.

99. Dr. Naglieri conducts research on how children's brains process emotional information. For example, as participants are shown a variety of emotional stimuli, such as children laughing, crying, and frowning in anger, Dr. Naglieri observes brain regions that are activated with each stimulus. Dr. Naglieri is a(n) A. behaviorist. B. psychiatrist. C. cognitive neuroscientist. D. evolutionary psychologist. refer to page 45

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

100. Raphael, age 16, suffered an unexplained seizure and severe behavioral changes, as well as impairment of some of his motor abilities. To identify areas of the brain that were involved in this event, researchers had him undergo a series of brain-imaging studies. They also had Raphael complete several tests of memory, language, and attention. These researchers are known as A. behaviorists B. psychiatrists C. cognitive neuroscientists D. ethological researchers refer to page 45

101. A plan for conducting a scientific investigation is called a A. research design. B. hypothetical outline. C. scientific projection. D. research outcome. refer to page 46

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

102. When scientists study the life of an unusual or newsworthy individual to develop theories about aberrant behavior, they are conducting a(n) A. naturalistic observation. B. case study. C. interview. D. experiment. refer to page 46

103. What type of research design should a researcher use if she wishes to determine if a statistical relationship exists between variables? A. Qualitative B. Correlational C. Experimental D. Case study refer to page 47

104. In a correlational study, A. cause-and-effect relationships can be determined. B. researchers ask people to state their opinions. C. researchers observe people in their natural environment. D. the relationship between two variables is measured. refer to page 47

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

105. A researcher determines that children whose parents read to them for more than one hour each day have better grades than do children whose parents read to them for only a few minutes per day. What can you conclude from this pattern of data? A. Parental reading causes children to do better in school. B. Parental reading time and grades are positively correlated. C. Parental reading time and grades are unrelated. D. Good students cause their parents to spend more time reading to them. refer to page 47

APA LO: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.3: Describe how developmental scientists study children, and the advantages and disadvantages of each research method. Learn Smart LO: Understand correlation.

106. A controlled procedure in which a researcher manipulates variables to learn how one affects another is called a(n) A. theory. B. experiment. C. naturalistic study. D. correlation. refer to page 49

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

107. In an experimental study, researchers manipulate a(n) _____ variable to observe its effects on a(n) _____ variable. A. control; independent B. dependent; independent C. independent; dependent D. dependent; control refer to page 49

108. In an experimental study, the subjects who receive the treatment are referred to as the _____ group. A. experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent refer to page 49

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

109. In an experimental study, the subjects who do NOT receive the treatment are referred to as the _____ group. A. experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent refer to page 49

110. A group of children is given special training on how to handle their anger. A second group is treated the same as the first group except they do not receive the special training. Those given the training comprise the _____ group, and those who receive no training comprise the _____ group. A. experimental; control B. control; experimental C. dependent; independent D. independent; dependent refer to page 49

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

111. Children were asked to drink an extra glass of milk each day to see if their memories improved over time. In this experiment, milk is the ______ variable. A. action B. control C. independent D. dependent refer to page 49

112. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates the _____ variable and then looks for an effect of that manipulation by measuring the _____ variable. A. dependent; independent B. control; experimental C. experimental; control D. independent; dependent refer to page 49

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

113. In an experiment to assess the relationship between nutrition and intelligence, one group of children is given a power bar containing a special vitamin supplement on a daily basis. A second group of children is given an identical-looking power bar but without the supplement. Later, all children are given an intelligence test. In this experiment, the children's scores on the intelligence test are the ______ variable. A. independent B. cross-sequential C. dependent D. control refer to page 49

114. A youth sports league is involved in a study in which one group of coaches is given instruction covering developmental considerations of teaching children and another group receives no such training. The coaches are assigned to different groups of children for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, each group of children is interviewed to assess their level of satisfaction with their sport experience. In this study, the type of training the coaches received is considered the ______ variable. A. independent B. dependent C. extraneous D. control refer to page 49

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

115. Unlike correlational research, experimental studies A. do not require a control group. B. require fewer participants. C. can establish cause-and-effect relationships. D. are lifelike and intuitive. refer to page 49

116. The major difference between a laboratory experiment and a field experiment is the degree of A. control. B. manipulation. C. random assignment. D. correlation. refer to page 50

117. The research team at University Hospital wants to ensure that their research results can be verified by others through replication. What research technique should they use? A. Natural experiment B. Laboratory experiment C. Case study D. Cross-sectional design refer to page 50

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

118. A researcher who studies identical twins separated at birth and reared in different environments is using a ________ experiment. A. laboratory B. field C. natural D. correlational refer to page 50

119. Natural experiments compare people who have been divided into separate groups A. through random sampling. B. through matching. C. by the researcher. D. due to accidental life circumstances. refer to page 50

120. Which of the following is a shortcoming of laboratory experiments? A. It is often difficult to randomly assign subjects to different treatment conditions. B. Experiments rarely inform us about cause-and-effect relationships. C. They tell us little about how children think and behave. D. The results may not be applicable outside the experimental situation. refer to pages 50-51

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

121. Over a 10-year period, Professor Dohner followed the same group of schoolchildren, measuring their performance on an intelligence test twice a year. Which method of data collection did Professor Dohner use? A. Cross-sectional B. Longitudinal C. Cross-sequential D. Clinical refer to page 51

122. An experimenter measures the cognitive skills of 100 three-year-olds and compares the results with the skills exhibited by 100 seven-year-olds. This is an example of which research method? A. Cross-sectional B. Longitudinal C. Sequential D. Clinical refer to page 51

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

123. Researchers realize that while it may provide invaluable information, a _____ study is time-consuming and expensive, and it has problems associated with attrition. A. longitudinal B. cross-sectional C. cross-sequential D. clinical refer to page 52

124. An advantage of the cross-sectional research method is that it A. provides information about how the same person changes with age. B. provides information about differences in behavior among people of different ages. C. eliminates the effect of "cohort differences." D. is more sensitive than the longitudinal method to individual behavioral change and stability. refer to pages 51-52

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

125. Which of the following research methods was designed to address the disadvantages of both the longitudinal and the cross-sectional designs? A. Life-span B. Clinical C. Sequential study D. Behavior sampling refer to pages 52-53

126. A therapist is studying the behavior of children whose parents divorced six months before the children started school and children whose parents divorced two years before the children started school. Both groups of children will be followed and measured over the course of five years. This is an example of a(n) ___________ design. A. cross-sectional B. sequential C. longitudinal D. experimental refer to page 52

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

127. Dr. Knowles wants to assess the effectiveness of Ritalin, a drug used to treat hyperactivity and inattention. At the beginning of the school year, he administers a test of cognitive skills to two groups of children who are on the medication: third-graders and fifthgraders. He retests both groups at the end of the first semester and at the end of the school year. Dr. Knowles is using a __________ design. A. sequential B. cross-sectional C. longitudinal D. time-sampling refer to page 52

128. Which of the following is NOT one of the ethical guidelines that a researcher must follow when conducting research with human subjects? A. Right to privacy and confidentiality B. Right to informed consent C. Right to financial compensation D. Right to self-esteem refer to page 54

APA LO: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.4: Understand ethical problems that may arise in research on children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss ethical concerns in research.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

129. A researcher is interested in the learning capabilities of children who are yelled at by an adult. She recruits a former drill sergeant to scream at a group of 7-year-olds while they learn a list of terms from a screen. What is the primary concern associated with this type of study? A. There is no control group. B. The dependent variable is not operationally defined. C. It is unethical. D. The study does not include children of different ages. refer to page 54

APA LO: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.4: Understand ethical problems that may arise in research on children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss ethical concerns in research.

130. When performing psychological research with children, a researcher's primary consideration must be A. research ethics. B. using the correct research design. C. random sampling. D. operationally defining variables. refer to page 54

APA LO: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.4: Understand ethical problems that may arise in research on children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss ethical concerns in research.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

131. In research ethics, beneficence refers to A. the inclusion of diverse groups in research studies. B. the obligation to maximize positive influences and minimize harm for subjects. C. a guarantee of privacy. D. all of the above. refer to page 54

APA LO: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.4: Understand ethical problems that may arise in research on children. Learn Smart LO: Define beneficence.

Essay Questions 132. A theory is a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data. Explain the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis. Using Piaget's cognitive stages of development, give an example of a hypothesis that could be derived from one stage of the theory. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Define scientific theory.

133. Imagine you are a new student teacher in a fourth-grade classroom. You have been asked to "back up" your lesson plans with the appropriate developmental theories. Define Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, and describe how it was influenced by and differed from Freud's psychosexual theory. Give an example of how you would apply each theory in a fourth-grade classroom. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze Connect LO: 2.2: Differentiate the five theoretical perspectives on child development, and identify theories that are representative of each. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Erikson's psychosocial theory of development.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

134. Explain the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Give an example of how each form of conditioning might be utilized in a preschool social situation. Answers will vary

135. Explain Piaget's cognitive stage theory. In your explanation, include the following terms: organization; schemes; assimilation; accommodation; and, equilibration. Answers will vary

136. Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory are considered to be contextual theories. Describe the similarities and the differences between them. Answers will vary

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

137. Describe each of the following research designs, and give an advantage and a disadvantage of each: case study; ethnographic study; correlational study; and experiment. Answers will vary

138. Create a hypothetical experiment. In the experiment, identify each of the following components: hypothesis; independent variable; dependent variable; experimental group; and control group. Answers will vary

139. Give an example of each of the following research designs: longitudinal study; crosssectional study; and sequential study. Answers will vary

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

140. Dr. Kain is preparing to study the effects of television viewing on middle-school-age children. List and explain three ethical principles that she must follow when performing research that uses young children as subjects. Answers will vary

APA LO: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.4: Understand ethical problems that may arise in research on children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss ethical concerns in research.

True / False Questions 141. Hypotheses are developed before theories. FALSE refer to page 24

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of a hypothesis.

142. The mechanistic model argues that human development is a series of predictable responses to stimuli. TRUE refer to page 25

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Describe the mechanistic model of development.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

143. The organismic model views human development as internally initiated by an active organism, and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages. TRUE refer to page 26

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Understand the organismic model of development.

144. Because Piaget believed that development is active and occurs in stages, he would be considered a mechanistic. FALSE refer to page 26

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Understand the organismic model of development.

145. A researcher interested in qualitative research focuses on fundamental changes in development with age. TRUE refer to page 26

APA LO: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Understand that organismic theorists emphasize qualitative change.

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

146. Researcher Bibb believes that development is continuous, thus he believes that development is like climbing a flight of stairs. FALSE refer to page 27

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 2.1: Explain the purposes theories serve, and two basic issues on which developmental theorists differ. Learn Smart LO: Describe the continuity-discontinuity issue of development.

147. Sergio believes that development occurs through an interaction between a developing person and his or her surrounding environment. Sergio is most likely a cognitive neuroscientist. FALSE refer to pages 28, 36, and 37

148. Takara notices that birds with red feathers are more likely to survive than birds with blue feathers; she predicts that there will be more red feathered birds in the next generation. Takara believes in an evolutionary approach to development. TRUE refer to pages 28, 38

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

149. Martine believes that unconscious forces drive her behavior. Her thinking is most in line with Freud. TRUE refer to pages 27-28

150. Sakura believes that experience and social interaction are a catalyst for human development. Her thinking is most in line with Skinner. FALSE refer to pages 28, 35

151. Jonas believes that the brain is like a computer and uses this analogy to discuss development. His thinking is consistent with the information-processing approach. TRUE refer to pages 28, 36

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

152. Ethologists study such topics as how spiders spin webs and the differences between various species. TRUE refer to page 38

153. Some researchers argue that limitations on young children have adaptive value. That by children having unrealistic expectations of their abilities it may allow them to try new things and also reduce fear. TRUE refer to page 40

154. One of the advantages of naturalistic observation is that you can gather a large amount of data quickly and it is an objective approach to understanding behavior. FALSE refer to page 43

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

155. In an ethnographic study, you perform an in depth investigation of a culture or subculture. TRUE refer to page 46

156. Magdalene conducts a study examining the number of books in the family home and children's verbal skills in third grade. She finds a positive correlation; she can thus conclude that books in the house cause children to be smarter. FALSE refer to page 47

157. Payton finds a correlation between global warming and number of pirates; as the number of pirates has decreased, global warming has increased. This is an example of a negative correlation. TRUE refer to page 47

Chapter 02 - A Child's World: How We Discover It

158. Luc is performing an experiment to determine if cocaine use causes learning difficulty in rats. Some rats are given no cocaine and some are given a fixed amount of cocaine. After 1 week of this treatment, the rats are taught to run a maze over 15 trials. In this example, running the maze is the independent variable. FALSE refer to page 49

159. If I study the same group of individuals over a period of time, I am conducting a crosssectional study. FALSE refer to page 52

160. Deception is never used in psychological research. FALSE refer to page 55

APA LO: 2.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 2.4: Understand ethical problems that may arise in research on children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss ethical concerns in research.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

Chapter 03 Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Bronfenbrenner's _____ approach examines the layers of social systems and how these layers interact. A. interactionist B. bioecological C. behaviorist D. cognitive refer to page 60

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Conceiving new life.

2. Which of the following factors can have vast consequences on a child's development? A. Whether the birth comes about through normal or extraordinary means B. Whether the birth is welcome or unwanted C. How old the parents are when the child is conceived or adopted D. All of the above refer to page 60

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Conceiving new life.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

3. ______ suggested that the production of male babies was the natural order of things and that a female came about only if development was disturbed. A. Bronfenbrenner. B. Aristotle. C. Skinner. D. Mendel. refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Conceiving new life.

4. The union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote is known as A. the two-seed theory. B. ovulation. C. attachment. D. fertilization. refer to page 61

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Recall the process of fertilization.

5. In fertilization, the male and the female gametes combine to create a single cell called a(n) _____, which then duplicates itself again and again to become a baby. A. zygote B. ovum C. sperm D. follicle refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of zygote.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

6. Ovulation refers to the A. fertilization of an ovum by a sperm. B. expulsion of an ovum from the ovary. C. passage of an ovum through the vagina and out of the woman's body. D. absorption of an ovum by the woman's white blood cells. refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Recall the process of fertilization.

7. Fertilization usually takes place in the _____ as the ovum make the trip from the ovary to the uterus. A. womb B. fallopian tube C. ovaries D. cervix refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Recall the process of fertilization.

8. Sperm are produced in the _____ at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated in the semen during sexual climax. A. ovary B. cervix C. testes D. uterus refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Recall the process of fertilization.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

9. Daniel and Nellie are hoping to maximize Nellie's chances of becoming pregnant. When should they have intercourse? A. between the 6th and 21st days of the menstrual cycle B. 5 days after the onset of ovulation C. 14 days after the onset of menstruation D. 28 days after the onset of menstruation refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Recall the process of fertilization.

10. Infertility is the inability to conceive after _____ months of trying to have a baby. A. 3 to 6 B. 6 to 9 C. 9 to 12 D. 12 or more refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.2: Understand what causes infertility, and the alternative ways of becoming parents. Learn Smart LO: Recall infertility.

11. A common female cause of infertility is A. underproduction of ova. B. abnormal ova. C. blockage of the fallopian tube. D. disease of the uterine lining, which prevents implantation of the fertilized ovum. refer to page 62

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.2: Understand what causes infertility, and the alternative ways of becoming parents. Learn Smart LO: Recall causes of infertility.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

12. The most common cause of infertility in men is A. low sperm production. B. impotence. C. use of over-the-counter medications. D. premature ejaculation. refer to page 62

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.2: Understand what causes infertility, and the alternative ways of becoming parents. Learn Smart LO: Recall causes of infertility.

13. Which of the following is NOT true about infertile couples? A. A common cause in females is blockage of the fallopian tubes. B. Drug therapy can sometimes correct the problem. C. Hormone treatment may raise a man's sperm count. D. Surgical treatments are ineffective. refer to page 62

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.2: Understand what causes infertility, and the alternative ways of becoming parents. Learn Smart LO: Recall causes of infertility.

14. Dan and Fiona have decided to utilize technology to overcome their infertility problems. They opt for a procedure in which a mature ovum is surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and then implanted in the woman's uterus. This technique is called A. artificial insemination. B. in vitro fertilization. C. gamete intrafallopian transfer. D. zygote intrafallopian transfer. refer to page 62

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.2: Understand what causes infertility, and the alternative ways of becoming parents. Learn Smart LO: Recall Alternative ways to parenthood: Assisted reproductive technology.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

15. Fred and Wilma have discovered that their infertility is due to Fred's extremely low sperm count. In an attempt to get pregnant, Wilma has a doctor inject a collection of her husband's sperm directly into her cervix. This procedure is called A. in vitro fertilization. B. sperm transfer. C. artificial insemination. D. ovum transfer. refer to page 65

16. Medical technology is now able to offer couples several methods of bypassing the normal process of conception. These methods include A. ovum transfer. B. artificial insemination. C. in vitro fertilization. D. all of the above. refer to pages 62-66

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.2: Understand what causes infertility, and the alternative ways of becoming parents. Learn Smart LO: Recall Alternative ways to parenthood: Assisted reproductive technology.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

17. The science of genetics focuses on the A. inherited factors that affect development. B. effects of environmental influences on phenotypic development. C. development of abnormal, rather than normal, behaviors and traits. D. processes involved in fertilization. refer to page 66

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of genes.

18. Stacy wants to learn more about the sequence of base parts within DNA that determine inherited characteristics. Stacy is interested in A. autosomes. B. multifactorial transmission. C. genome imprinting. D. the genetic code. refer to page 67

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of genetic code.

19. The chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life is called A. a teratogenic substance. B. adenosine monophosphate. C. arachidonic acid. D. deoxyribonucleic acid. refer to page 67

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

20. The _____ is the basic unit that determines inherited characteristics. A. zygote B. gene C. follicle D. gamete refer to page 67

21. Which of the following are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)? A. Gametes B. Gymnosperm C. Androsperm D. Genes refer to page 67

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of genes.

22. How many pairs of chromosomes does a typically developing human being have? A. 22 B. 23 C. 44 D. 46 refer to page 67

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

23. A cell that has divided through mitosis possesses _____ chromosomes, whereas a cell that has undergone meiosis possesses _____ chromosomes. A. 23 pairs of ; 23 B. 46 pairs of ; 46 C. 23 ; 46 D. 23 chromosomes; 23 pairs of refer to page 67

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of chromosomes.

24. The process of cell division that produces copies of cells with 46 chromosomes is called A. diffusion. B. meiosis. C. translocation. D. mitosis. refer to page 67

25. Meiosis A. results in two cells, each with 46 chromosomes. B. reduces the number of chromosomes by half. C. refers to the addition of an extra 21st chromosome. D. is the process by which the egg and sperm combine. refer to page 67

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

26. Each ovum possesses _____ chromosomes, and each sperm possesses _____ chromosomes. A. 23 ; 46 B. 46 ; 23 C. 23 pairs of ; 26 pairs of D. 23 ; 23 refer to page 68

27. Child A's sex chromosomes are XX, and Child B's sex chromosomes are XY. Child A is a(n) ______ and Child B is a(n) _______. A. identical twin; fraternal twin B. fraternal twin; identical twin C. boy; girl D. girl; boy refer to page 68

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

28. Harry's wife is pregnant with a child whose sex chromosome is XY. Harry and his wife are A. heterozygous. B. having a girl. C. having a boy. D. homozygous. refer to page 68

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of sex chromosomes.

29. The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called A. zygotes. B. genes. C. gametes. D. autosomes. refer to page 68

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

30. Lewis has wanted a son for as long as he can remember. He has put a great deal of pressure on his pregnant wife. She constantly reminds him that that the sex of the child was determined at conception by the A. genotype of the autosomes of the ovum. B. genotype of the sex chromosomes of the ovum. C. genotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum. D. phenotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum. refer to page 68

31. The sex of a child is determined by the sex chromosomes of A. the mother. B. the father. C. both the mother and the father. D. neither the mother nor the father. refer to page 68

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of sex chromosomes.

32. The X and Y chromosomes are referred to as the A. sex chromosomes. B. autosomes. C. DNA. D. meiotic autosomes. refer to page 68

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

33. During the 1860s, Gregor Mendel conducted experiments that laid the foundation for understanding A. patterns of inheritance. B. intelligence. C. meiosis and mitosis. D. prenatal development. refer to page 69

34. According to Mendel's findings, A. genes occur singly, never in pairs. B. genes do not have fixed positions on chromosomes. C. individual traits blend into one another. D. hereditary traits are transmitted separately. refer to page 69

35. Genes that produce alternative expressions of a trait are called A. gametes. B. alleles. C. autosomes. D. karyotypes. refer to page 69

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Define alleles.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

36. If Ekaterina is homozygous for a particular trait, what will she pass on to her offspring? A. only one kind of gene for that trait B. either of two kinds of genes for that trait C. a sex-linked gene for that trait D. no gene for that trait refer to page 69

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Recall heterozygous.

37. Matu received identical genes for hair color from each of his parents. We would say that Matu is _____ for that trait. A. homozygous B. monozygous C. heterozygous D. dizygous refer to page 69

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Recall heterozygous.

38. If Carol and Robert both pass on the gene for red hair, their child will have red hair. This is an example of _____ inheritance. A. dominant B. recessive C. sex-linked D. multiple-allele refer to page 69

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

39. If Darla has albinism but neither of her parents exhibit this inherited condition, the trait must be _____ and Darla's genotype for this trait is _____. A. dominant; homozygous B. recessive; homozygous C. dominant; heterozygous D. recessive; heterozygous refer to page 69

40. Ulrich is heterozygous for a trait; therefore, he displays the _____ trait in his phenotype. A. recessive B. dominant C. dominant-recessive D. genotypic refer to page 69

41. Suzanne has brown eyes but also carries a gene for blue eyes. Suzanne is _____ for the trait of eye color. A. homozygous B. unizygous C. monozygous D. heterozygous refer to page 69

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Recall heterozygous.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

42. Permanent genetic alterations that may produce harmful characteristics are called A. transmissions. B. mutations. C. dominant-recessive alterations. D. selective alterations. refer to page 70

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Define mutations.

43. Melvin grew up near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant when the meltdown occurred. An analysis of his genetic material indicates changes that are consistent with radiation exposure. The term that describes such genetic or chromosomal alteration is called A. mutation. B. transmission. C. transduction. D. selective alteration. refer to page 70

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Define mutations.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

44. An individual's _____ consists of that individual's observable traits; an individual's _____ is his/her underlying genetic pattern. A. dominant inheritance; heterozygosis B. dominant inheritance; homozygosis C. genotype; phenotype D. phenotype; genotype refer to page 70

45. Petra would like to replicate herself. However, she needs to realize that, although cloning can produce identical _____, it cannot produce identical _____. A. phenotypes; genotypes B. heredity; environments C. genotypes; phenotypes D. genotypes; alleles refer to page 70

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

46. Louise's blue eyes and petite frame are observable characteristics and are part of her A. alleles. B. genetic imprint. C. phenotype. D. genotype. refer to page 70

47. Brooklyn has curly hair but carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is A. curly hair. B. straight hair. C. unknown. D. her total genetic makeup. refer to page 70

48. When the police ask you to give a description of an assailant and you say that she is tall with black, curly hair, you are describing the assailant's A. incomplete dominance. B. genetic pattern. C. phenotype. D. genotype. refer to page 70

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

49. The differential expression of certain genetic traits is known as A. genome imprinting. B. genome splitting. C. chromosome imprinting. D. chromosome splitting. refer to page 72

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Define the epigenetic view.

50. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of multifactorial transmission? A. One or two genes determine many obvious psychological characteristics, such as intelligence. B. Offspring with multiple recessive genes often do not survive to transmit those genes. C. The environment and many different genes interact to determine most psychological traits. D. The expression of dominant genes is solely influenced by hereditary factors, whereas the expression of recessive genes is strongly influenced by environmental factors. refer to page 71

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

51. Which of the following is NOT true about epigenetics? A. It is a mechanism that turns genes on or off. B. It refers to chemical molecules attached to a gene that "reads" the gene's DNA. C. Its name is derived from the prefix meaning "on or above" the genome. D. Epigenetic changes are hereditary not environmental. refer to page 72

52. Krystal was ill as a baby, and before she was a year old, she was diagnosed with _____, a genetic defect that causes thick mucus to clog the breathing passages and the digestive system. A. cystic fibrosis B. Down syndrome C. neural tube defect D. Huntington's disease refer to page 73

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

53. When both parents carry an abnormal recessive gene, such as the gene for cystic fibrosis, each of their children has 1 chance in: A. 2 of being a carrier. B. 4 of being a carrier. C. 2 of receiving two abnormal recessive genes. D. 2 of receiving two normal genes. refer to page 74

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities.

54. Baby Shanna has been diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. However, neither of her parents has shown symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude from this information? A. Shanna is heterozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene. B. Shanna's parents are homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene. C. Shanna is homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene. D. One of Shanna's parents is a carrier of Tay-Sachs, the other is not. refer to page 74

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities.

55. Which birth defect afflicts African Americans more than it does other ethnic groups? A. Tay-Sachs disease B. sickle-cell anemia C. cystic fibrosis D. Cooley's anemia refer to page 74

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

56. Arnold underwent genetic testing to determine whether he has the gene for Huntington's disease. The test confirmed that he does have it. This is an example of transmission by _____ inheritance. A. recessive B. dominant C. sex-linked D. multifactorial refer to page 74

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities.

57. A pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring is called ______ inheritance. A. recessive B. dominant C. multifactorial D. sex-linked refer to page 75

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain sex-linked genes such as x-linked inheritance

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

58. Gerald suffers from hemophilia, a blood-clotting disorder. He understands that the gene responsible for this disorder is carried by females but usually affects only males. This is an example of _______ inheritance. A. heterozygous B. dominant C. sex-linked D. recessive refer to page 75

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain sex-linked genes such as x-linked inheritance

59. Sex-linked traits A. are usually passed from father to son. B. are never manifested in females. C. can be carried by females who do not display them. D. are carried by dominant genes. refer to page 75

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain sex-linked genes such as x-linked inheritance

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

60. John has hemophilia, a sex-linked, blood-clotting disorder transmitted by a recessive gene. Neither his mother nor his father has symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude about the genetic makeup of John's parents? A. Both of his parents have the faulty gene. B. The mother is a carrier of hemophilia, but the father does not have the gene. C. The mother is homozygous for the faulty gene, whereas the father is heterozygous. D. The father has the faulty gene, whereas the mother does not. refer to page 75

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain sex-linked genes such as x-linked inheritance

61. Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome are caused by abnormalities of the A. autosomes. B. sex chromosomes. C. teratogens. D. phenotypes. refer to page 76

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain sex-linked genes such as x-linked inheritance

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

62. A chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes is called A. cystic fibrosis. B. Tay-Sachs disease. C. Down syndrome. D. sickle-cell anemia. refer to page 76

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of Down syndrome.

63. Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is FALSE? A. The vast majority of genetic abnormalities are associated with the mother's ovum. B. There is no connection to paternal genetic abnormalities. C. Down syndrome is also called trisomy-21. D. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with parental age. refer to pages 76, 77

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of Down syndrome.

64. Which of the following is NOT the responsibility of a genetic counselor? A. Taking a family history of prospective parents B. Making clients aware of the statistical probabilities of certain genetic conditions C. Presenting options of alternative courses of action D. Advising clients on which course of action to take refer to page 78

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Describe genetic counseling.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

65. A karyotype is a(n) A. abnormal genotype. B. abnormal phenotype. C. photographic chart of chromosomal abnormalities. D. test of developing fetal cells. refer to page 78

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Describe genetic counseling.

66. The misconception that individuals with a specific gene are destined to inherit that disease is called A. gene mapping. B. human genome. C. genetic engineering. D. genetic determinism. refer to page 79

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.5: Explain how scientists study the relative influences of heredity and environment, and how heredity and environment work together. Learn Smart LO: Studying heredity and environment.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

67. It eventually may be possible to treat inherited diseases by repairing or replacing abnormal genes through A. genetic counseling. B. gene therapy. C. genome replication. D. phoneme therapy. refer to page 79

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.5: Explain how scientists study the relative influences of heredity and environment, and how heredity and environment work together. Learn Smart LO: Describe genetic counseling.

68. Brynn carries the gene for heart disease. She now believes that no matter what steps she takes to protect her health, she will have a heart attack in the future. Brynn's misconception is known as A. genetic variability. B. genetic determinism. C. biological destiny. D. a false positive. refer to page 79

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.5: Explain how scientists study the relative influences of heredity and environment, and how heredity and environment work together. Learn Smart LO: Describe genetic counseling.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

69. The quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior is called A. genetic testing. B. qualitative genetic research. C. cognitive genetics. D. behavioral genetics. refer to page 80

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.5: Explain how scientists study the relative influences of heredity and environment, and how heredity and environment work together. Learn Smart LO: Explain behavioral genetics.

70. A statistical estimate of how much heredity influences individual differences in a specific trait at a certain time within a given population is referred to as A. inheritance. B. heritability. C. heredity. D. genetics. refer to page 80

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.5: Explain how scientists study the relative influences of heredity and environment, and how heredity and environment work together. Learn Smart LO: Define heritability.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

71. In attempting to study the degree to which genetics influences activity levels in newborns, a researcher compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on that trait. This research is attempting to determine the _____ of the trait activity levels. A. phenotype B. genotype C. karyotype D. heritability refer to page 80

72. Doug has been recruited for a family study looking at the heritability of personality traits. Who else will most likely be included in the study? A. Doug's brother or sister B. Doug's spouse C. Doug's closest friends D. Doug's first cousins refer to page 80

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

73. Although Roberto's adoptive parents are short in stature, he is growing to be tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Roberto's height? A. It is influenced primarily by environmental factors. B. It is influenced primarily by hereditary factors. C. Nutrition did not contribute to his height. D. It is primarily a result of independent segregation. refer to page 80

74. Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment? A. Georgio, who was adopted at birth, and died at the same age as his biological father did B. Sally, who was adopted at the age of 2, and walks like her adoptive mother C. Bill and Jim, identical twins who were separated at birth, and are both overweight D. Ann and Jennie, fraternal twins who were reared apart, only Ann has high blood pressure refer to page 80

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

75. Susan and Betty are monozygotic twins, whereas Ming and Li are dizygotic twins. If a particular trait is determined primarily by hereditary factors, what would be the relative degree of concordance in these two twin pairs? A. Ming and Li are more concordant than are Susan and Betty. B. Susan and Betty are more concordant than are Ming and Li. C. Given similar environments, the two sets of twins are equally concordant. D. It is not possible to determine concordance from studying twins. refer to page 81

76. Scientists generally accept that A. human development is determined almost entirely by heredity. B. human development is determined almost entirely by environment. C. heredity and environment constantly interact to shape human development. D. hereditary and environmental influences on human development are impossible to identify. refer to pages 81, 82

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

77. Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct? A. A person's height is determined by his or her genes. B. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. C. The genetic upper limit or range of height can be increased by improved nutrition. D. Nutrition is more important than are genetic limits or range. refer to pages 81, 82

78. Depending on environmental conditions, the potential variability in the expression of a hereditary trait is called A. canalization. B. genetics. C. reaction range. D. environmental interaction. refer to page 82

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

79. Which child is likely to exhibit the smallest reaction range for the trait of intelligence? A. A child born with severe brain damage B. A child born to parents with low intelligence C. A child born to parents with normal intelligence D. A child born to parents with extremely high intelligence refer to page 82

80. Despite many variations in environmental conditions and rearing practices, most children learn to walk at about the same time and in the same sequence. We would say that walking is a ______ trait. A. recessive B. dominant C. monozygotic D. canalized. refer to page 82

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

81. Traits that exhibit a _____ degree of canalization will have a _____ reaction range. A. low; narrow B. high; wide C. high; narrow D. low; nonexistent refer to page 82

82. A strongly canalized trait is one that A. is easily influenced by environmental conditions. B. is affected little by environmental conditions. C. appears only in certain situations. D. has a large reaction range. refer to page 82

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

83. The effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals is called A. reaction range. B. genotype-environment interaction. C. canalization D. niche-picking. refer to page 83

84. The environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences. In other words, certain genetic and environmental influences tend to reinforce each other. This tendency is called A. environment-genotype covariance. B. genotype-environment correlation. C. niche-picking. D. shared environmental effects. refer to page 83

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

85. William came from a disadvantaged background, with abusive parents. In high school, he turned his exceptional ability to win arguments into a positive characteristic by participating on the school debate team. When the debate team visited the nation's capital, William was so inspired by what he saw there that he decided to pursue a career in government. Which of the following terms best explains William's development? A. Genotype-environment interaction B. Canalization C. Reaction range D. Shared environmental effects refer to page 83

86. In college, Cathy tried a number of different majors until she found one that was right for her. She was originally interested in a career in research and was very successful academically. She later decided that she missed social interaction, so she decided to try teaching high school biology. The first time that she stood in front of the classroom, she knew that this was where she belonged. Which of the following terms best explains Cathy's development? A. Passive genotype-environment correlation B. Accommodating genotype-environment correlation C. Evocative genotype-environment correlation D. Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation refer to page 84

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

87. The idea that each child in a family grows up in a unique environment is referred to as _____ effects. A. nonshared environmental B. macrosystem C. shared environmental D. hereditary refer to page 84

88. Although brothers Jono and Roman bear a striking physical resemblance to each other, they differ greatly in intelligence and personality. One reason for this difference may be A. normative events. B. age-graded normative events. C. nonshared environmental effects. D. shared environmental effects. refer to page 83

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

89. Which of the following statements about environmental influences is FALSE? A. Children growing up in the same family experience the same environment. B. Some individual experiences, such as illness and injury, become environmental influences. C. Siblings are usually more different than they are alike. D. The home is the primary environment in the early years of life. refer to page 84

90. Which of the following statements regarding obesity is FALSE? A. Twin studies indicate that 40-70% of the risk of obesity is genetic. B. Twin studies indicate that up to 80% of the risk of obesity is environmental. C. Obesity is on the rise in western countries. D. A predisposition toward obesity does not necessarily mean that a person will become obese. refer to page 85

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how physical and physiological traits are influenced by heredity and environment.

91. Intelligence is a trait that is A. polygenetic. B. determined by a relatively small number of recessive genes. C. the karyotype of both parents. D. the phenotype of both parents. refer to page 86

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how intelligence is influenced by heredity and environment.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

92. More complex traits, such as intelligence, seem to be the result of A. heredity, or nature. B. the environment, or nurture. C. an interaction between nature and nurture. D. maturation. refer to page 86

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how intelligence is influenced by heredity and environment.

93. Data on the heritability of intelligence indicates that when two people are very closely related, their A. similarity in intelligence is low. B. intelligence test scores are much more similar than are those of unrelated people. C. intelligence test scores are similar only if they have been reared together. D. intelligence test scores are no more similar than would be expected for any two randomly selected individuals. refer to page 86

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how intelligence is influenced by heredity and environment.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

94. Sophia was adopted when she was 1. If she is given an intelligence test at age 16, her intelligence level is likely to be more similar to that of her A. adoptive mother. B. adoptive father. C. biological mother. D. maternal grandparents. refer to page 86

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how intelligence is influenced by heredity and environment.

95. Which of the following statements about heredity and personality traits is correct? A. Most personality traits seem to be inherited and unalterably imprinted at birth. B. Although many personality traits seem to be inherited, they are not unalterably imprinted at birth. C. Personality traits, unlike many physical traits, do not seem to be inherited. D. Because of the limitations of research methodology, researchers have not been able to identify any personality traits that are genetically based. refer to page 86

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how personality is influenced by heredity and environment.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

96. Temperament seems largely determined by A. the age of your parents when you were conceived. B. the number of siblings you have. C. your genotype. D. your karyotype. refer to page 86

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how personality is influenced by heredity and environment.

97. A psychological disorder that is marked by a loss of contact with reality, includes such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions, and seems to have a strong genetic component is A. neuroticism. B. depression. C. schizophrenia. D. mental retardation. refer to page 86

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how psychopathology is influenced by heredity and environment.

98. Many studies suggest that schizophrenia A. has a strong genetic component. B. has a strong environmental component. C. is a result of environmental stress. D. is caused by a single gene. refer to page 86

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

99. Several members of the Theroz family suffer from schizophrenia. Concordance rates for schizophrenia are highest between: A. mothers and biological sons or daughters. B. grandparents and grandchildren. C. members of monozygotic twin pairs. D. members of dizygotic twin pairs. refer to page 86

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how psychopathology is influenced by heredity and environment.

100. A cause of schizophrenia may be A. advanced paternal age. B. the mother's loss of a close relative in the first trimester of pregnancy. C. maternal rubella infection during pregnancy. D. all of the above. refer to pages 87

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall how psychopathology is influenced by heredity and environment.

Essay Questions 101. Describe how and when human conception normally occurs. In your answer, include the following terms: fertilization, gamete, ovulation, and zygote. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Recall how fertilization takes place.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

102. Define what scientists mean by the term infertility. List the causes of infertility for both males and females, and describe three alternate ways that couples can become pregnant. Answers will vary

103. The study of inherited factors that affect development is referred to as heredity. Define the function of each of the following terms, and explain their relationship to the mechanisms of heredity: DNA, chromosomes, and genes. Answers will vary

104. Using the following terms, describe the factors involved in dominant and recessive inheritance: alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, and phenotype. Answers will vary

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

105. Define multifactorial transmission. Provide several examples of how multifactorial transmission plays a role in the expression of most traits. Answers will vary

106. When a couple decides to conceive a baby, one of their greatest concerns is that the baby be healthy. Describe at least three birth defects described in your textbook, and explain how each of them is transmitted. For each problem, describe possible treatment options. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities.

107. Many birth defects are transmitted by dominant or recessive genes. Others are transmitted by sex-linked inheritance. Define the terms dominant, recessive, and sex-linked genes. Give an example of each, and describe a defect transmitted in each of these three ways. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities. Learn Smart LO: Explain sex-linked genes such as x-linked inheritance

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

108. What is Down syndrome? Explain how often it occurs. Who is at risk of giving birth to a child with this disorder? What challenges does an individual with Down syndrome face? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of Down syndrome.

109. Give five examples of the influences of heredity and environment on a preschool-age child. Answers will vary

110. Describe the role of heredity and environment in obesity, schizophrenia, autism, and intelligence. Answers will vary

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

True / False Questions 111. A one-celled organism that results from fertility is called a blastocyst. FALSE refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Conceiving new life.

112. Sex cells are also called gametes. TRUE refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Conceiving new life.

113. At birth, girls are born with all of the ova she will ever produce. TRUE refer to page 61

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.1: Describe how conception normally occurs, and how beliefs about conception changed. Learn Smart LO: Conceiving new life.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

114. The most common cause of infertility is a woman's failure to produce ova. FALSE refer to page 62

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.2: Understand what causes infertility, and the alternative ways of becoming parents. Learn Smart LO: Recall infertility.

115. Dizygotic twins are the result of two ova and two sperm. TRUE refer to page 64

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.2: Understand what causes infertility, and the alternative ways of becoming parents. Learn Smart LO: Define dizygotic twins.

116. A typically developing person has 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46. TRUE refer to page 67

117. The Y in an XY pattern comes from the father. TRUE refer to page 68

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

118. Gregor Mendel is credited with laying the foundation for our understanding of genetic inheritance. TRUE refer to page 69

119. Mai has brown eyes and her partner Jonas has blue eyes. Their offspring will be homozygotic for the trait eye color. FALSE refer to page 69

120. Waylon is tall and his partner Tara is short. Their child will be heterozygotic for the trait height. TRUE refer to page 69

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

121. Most traits, like intelligence, are polygenic. TRUE refer to page 70

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Describe polygenic inheritance.

122. Research suggests that being light skinned is the result of a minute genetic mutation that occurred tens of thousands of years ago. TRUE refer to page 70

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Define mutations.

123. All of your genetic material is your genotype, whereas your observed characteristics are your phenotype. TRUE refer to page 70

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

124. Luz has brown hair, brown eyes, and is generally considered smart and funny by others. This is an example of her genotype. FALSE refer to page 70

125. The bidirectional interplay of all activity of genetic and environmental levels is considered to be your genotype. FALSE refer to page 71

126. The differential expression of certain genetic traits based on if the trait came from the mother or the father is called epigenesis. FALSE refer to page 71

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.3: Understand which genetic mechanisms determine sex, physical appearance, and other characteristics. Learn Smart LO: Define epigenesis.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

127. Babies that are born with only Y chromosomes and no X chromosomes are not viable. But babies with at least one X are. TRUE refer to page 75

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain sex-linked genes such as x-linked inheritance

128. Sex-linked characteristics generally come from the father. FALSE refer to page 76

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain sex-linked genes such as x-linked inheritance

129. Down syndrome occurs on the thirteenth chromosome. FALSE refer to page 76

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 3.4: Describe how birth defects and disorders are transmitted. Learn Smart LO: Explain chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities.

Chapter 03 - Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment

130. If a trait like intelligence has a heritability estimate of 0.86 it would indicate that there is a weak genetic influence on intelligence and that environment is far more important. FALSE refer to page 80

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Define heritability.

131. The home you grow up in, your parents' SES level, and the friends your parents choose for you to play with are all examples of a passive-genotype effect. TRUE refer to page 83

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 3.6: Describe the roles heredity and environment play in physical health, intelligence, and personality. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of genotype-environment correlations.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

Chapter 04 Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The human gestational period is approximately _______ weeks in length. A. 33 B. 35 C. 38 D. 44 refer to page 92

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall that prenatal development is divided into three periods: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

2. The doctor told Ellie and Tom to compute the gestational age of their fetus by determining the time of A. implantation. B. quickening. C. conception. D. gestation. refer to page 92

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of germinal period.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

3. The molecules that are "switched on" after fertilization and begin sculpting arms, fingers, vertabrae, ribs, a brain, and other body parts are called A. teratogens. B. hydrogens. C. cephalocods. D. morphogens. refer to page 92

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of germinal period.

4. A fertilized ovum is also called a(n) A. embryo. B. zygote. C. fetus. D. morphogen. refer to page 92

5. The correct order for the three prenatal stages is A. fetal, embryonic, and germinal. B. embryonic, fetal, and germinal. C. germinal, fetal, and embryonic. D. germinal, embryonic, and fetal. refer to page 92

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall that prenatal development is divided into three periods: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

6. The ______ principle explains why an embryo's head, brain, and eyes develop earliest and are disproportionately large until the other parts catch up. A. proximodistal B. cephalocaudal C. prenatal D. gestational refer to page 92

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of germinal period.

7. The fertilized ovum divides and implants in the wall of the uterus during which stage of gestation? A. Fetal B. Embryonic C. Germinal D. Terminal refer to page 93

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

8. In which stage of prenatal development does the fertilized ovum become implanted in the wall of the uterus? A. Germinal B. Seminal C. Fetal D. Embryonic refer to page 93

9. The zygote begins rapid cell division and forms into a blastocyst during the __________ stage. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. zygotic refer to page 93

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall that the zygote is undergoing rapid cell division takes place.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

10. The fluid-filled sphere that floats freely in the uterus for a day or two and then implants itself into the wall of the uterus is called the A. embryo. B. blastocyst. C. chorion. D. fetus. refer to page 93

11. Laurence and Kristina, pregnant with their first child, have read about their baby's development and learned that their baby will grow more rapidly during the _____ than at any other time. A. first month after conception B. second trimester C. third trimester D. last week of pregnancy refer to page 94

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

12. At the end of the first month of gestation, A. blood is flowing through very small veins and arteries in the embryo. B. the facial parts of the embryo have fully developed. C. the mother can feel the baby's movements. D. the embryo looks like a small-scale baby. refer to page 94

13. When Dr. Keane checks prenatal development with a sonogram at the end of the second month of gestation, the embryo is less than one inch long and has the shape of a A. disk. B. cylinder. C. slightly irregular ball. D. miniature baby. refer to page 94

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the process of fertilization.

14. A pregnant woman feels the movement known as quickening at about the _____ month. A. first B. second C. fourth D. ninth refer to page 94

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

15. The portion of the blastocyst from which the baby develops is called the A. embryonic disk. B. trophoblast. C. placenta. D. ectoderm. refer to page 93

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the germinal stage of development.

16. Which of the following cell groups becomes the outer layer of skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system? A. Ectoderm B. Endoderm C. Mesoderm D. Epiderm refer to page 93

17. Dr. McGuire is studying the cells in the blastocyst that eventually become the brain and the spinal cord. Where are these cells located? A. Mesoderm B. Ectoderm C. Endoderm D. Neuroderm refer to page 93

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the germinal stage of development.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

18. The portion of the embryonic disk that eventually becomes the digestive system and the respiratory system is the A. ectoderm. B. endoderm. C. mesoderm. D. trophoblast. refer to page 93

19. An 8-month-old fetus is _____ inches long and weighs approximately _____ pounds. A. 14-16; 2-4 B. 15-17; 3-6 C. 18-20; 5-7 D. 21-23; 8-9 refer to page 95

20. The doctor told Rosa at her last prenatal visit that her baby now weighs over 9 pounds. When will the fetus stop growing? A. About 1 month before birth B. About 2 weeks before birth C. About 1 week before birth D. None of these; the fetus keeps growing until birth. refer to page 95

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall that prenatal development is divided into three periods: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

21. Which of the following is NOT one of the organs that develops to nurture and protect the unborn child? A. Amniotic sac B. Embryonic disk C. Umbilical cord D. Placenta refer to page 95

22. The fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is called the A. placenta. B. amniotic sac. C. trophoblast. D. blastocyst. refer to page 95

23. Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta? A. It encases the baby with a fluid-filled membrane. B. It removes body wastes from the baby. C. It fights infections. D. It produces hormones that stimulate lactation. refer to pages 95-96

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

24. Which of the following statements regarding the early development of the human embryo is FALSE? A. Four to five days after fertilization, an inner cell mass begins to form. B. After six to seven days, the blastocyst begins to attach to the uterine wall. C. After eleven to twelve days, the blastocyst is joined to the uterine wall. D. The embryonic stage begins at six to seven days after fertilization. refer to page 96

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the embryonic stage of development.

25. The second stage of pregnancy occurs between 2 to 8 weeks after conception. During this stage, we refer to the organism as a(n) A. blastocyst. B. embryo. C. fetus. D. zygote. refer to page 97

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

26. Luanne's doctor told her that her baby's major body systems and organs were rapidly developing. Luanne's baby is in the __________ stage of development. A. fetal B. embryonic C. germinal D. terminal refer to page 97

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the embryonic stage of development.

27. An unborn baby is often most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences before a woman even realizes that she is pregnant. This vulnerability occurs during the __________ stage. A. fetal B. embryonic C. germinal D. terminal refer to page 97

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

28. At which stage of gestation is exposure of the fetus to alcohol the most damaging? A. Embryonic B. Germinal C. Fetal D. Terminal refer to page 97

29. Melissa has had two miscarriages and is understandably anxious about her third pregnancy. She realizes that a miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, is most likely to occur in which trimester of the pregnancy? A. First B. Second C. Third D. There is equal risk throughout all three trimesters. refer to page 97

30. Miscarriages are most commonly caused by A. sudden movements or jolts. B. fear. C. stress. D. chromosomal abnormalities. refer to page 97

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

31. Of the following, which is LEAST likely to be a cause of spontaneous abortion? A. Defective ovum or sperm B. Implantation of ovum in an unfavorable location C. Abnormal development of the umbilical cord D. A frightening event experienced by the mother refer to page 97

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Define spontaneous abortion.

32. "Mourning a Miscarriage or Stillbirth" suggests which of the following? A. The way in which these situations are handled is culturally constructed. B. It is best not to talk about the incident. C. Typically, men and women grieve similarly following a miscarriage. D. None of the above is true. refer to page 98

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the embryonic stage of development.

33. One difference between the sexes during pregnancy is that A. more males are conceived than females. B. males develop more rapidly than females. C. females are more likely to have birth defects than males. D. female fetuses are more likely to be spontaneously aborted than male fetuses. refer to page 99

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

34. Which of the following is true of spontaneous abortions and stillbirth? A. Males are less likely than females to be affected. B. Males are more likely than females to be affected. C. No difference exists between the rates of spontaneous abortion or stillbirth in males and females. D. The Y chromosome appears to carry protection against spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. refer to page 99

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Define spontaneous abortion.

35. The appearance of _____ results in the transition from the embryonic to the fetal stage of prenatal development. A. toenails B. bone C. eyelids D. fingernails refer to page 99

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the fetal stage of development.

36. The fetal stage of development is reached _____ after conception. A. 1 week B. 2 weeks C. 8 weeks D. 6 months refer to page 99

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

37. Christie's baby is in the third and final stage of gestation. The major characteristic of this fetal stage of development is the: A. formation of the systems of the body. B. implantation of the organism in the uterine wall. C. growth and refinement of the organism's structures. D. differentiation of the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. refer to page 99

38. Which prenatal stage of development lasts the longest? A. Germinal stage B. Fetal stage C. Embryonic stage D. Each stage lasts for the same amount of time—one trimester. refer to page 99

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of the fetal period.

39. Tehra's obstetrician is using a medical procedure that employs high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of the fetus and to observe its movements. This is called A. amniocentesis. B. chorionic villus sampling. C. an ultrasound. D. karyotyping. refer to page 99

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

40. Which of the following statements regarding the fetal stage of development is FALSE? A. Fetuses may kick and suck their thumbs. B. A fetus grows about 20 times larger during this period. C. Boys develop more rapidly than girls during this stage. D. Learning and remembering are possible during this stage. refer to page 99

41. Which of the following statements regarding the fetal period of development is FALSE? A. Boys tend to be more active than girls. B. Boys move less vigorously than girls. C. Heart rates vary in regularity and speed. D. Fetuses who are more active during this period also tend to be more active after they are born. refer to pages 99-100

42. Research on fetal hearing indicates that fetuses A. cannot feel vibrations. B. can feel vibrations but cannot hear. C. can hear but cannot distinguish between different tones. D. can differentiate between different tones. refer to page 100

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

43. Which of the following behaviors has led researchers to conclude that fetuses develop preferences for the kinds of sounds they hear while in the womb? A. Newborns prefer male voices to females voices. B. Newborns prefer female voices to male voices. C. Newborns usually turn their head toward the sound of their mother's voice. D. Fetuses blink in response to sound. refer to page 100

44. Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called A. blastocysts. B. allergens. C. teratogens. D. toxinogens. refer to page 100

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Recount teratogens during development.

45. In a healthy pregnancy, how many extra calories should a woman consume each day? A. 50-200 B. 300-500 C. 700-900 D. over 1,000 refer to page 101

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Explain the importance of maternal diet and nutrition to the embryo or fetus.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

46. Women who gain less than 15 pounds during pregnancy are A. more likely to have healthy babies. B. less likely to have late miscarriages. C. less likely to have complications. D. more likely to have low-birth-weight babies. refer to page 101

47. A woman who becomes obese during pregnancy runs the risk of all the following pregnancy complications EXCEPT A. miscarriage. B. stillbirth. C. neonatal death. D. spina bifida. refer to page 101

48. Insufficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy increases the risk of having a baby with A. autism. B. leukemia. C. spina bifida. D. sudden infant death syndrome. refer to page 101

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

49. Doctors have found that increasing a woman's folic acid consumption by just 5 milligrams each day reduces the incidence of __________ by 85 percent. A. cleft palate B. cerebral palsy C. Down syndrome D. neural tube defects refer to page 102

50. Priscilla, a former ballet dancer and stringent dieter, was warned that maternal malnourishment during pregnancy is related to all of the following EXCEPT A. miscarriage. B. length of gestation. C. stillbirth. D. low birth weight. refer to page 102

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Explain the importance of maternal diet and nutrition to the embryo or fetus.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

51. Which of the following statements about prenatal nourishment is FALSE? A. Proper nutrition during pregnancy is the most effective way to ensure healthy prenatal development. B. Giving malnourished mothers dietary supplements during pregnancy can increase their babies' alertness. C. Damage due to maternal malnutrition during pregnancy is irreversible. D. The effects of maternal malnutrition may be aggravated by a deprived family environment. refer to page 102

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Explain the importance of maternal diet and nutrition to the embryo or fetus.

52. Carl and Eleanor have been going for a morning run for the past three years. They are concerned about whether or not they can continue now that Eleanor is pregnant. Which of the following statements best describes the appropriate level of exercise for pregnant women? A. Pregnant women should exercise strenuously to promote circulation. B. Pregnant women need not take any precautions in exercising. C. Pregnant women should reduce their exercise during the second trimester. D. Pregnant women should exercise moderately throughout their pregnancy. refer to page 102

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

53. Which of the following statements regarding physical activity during pregnancy is FALSE? A. Moderate exercise may make delivery easier. B. Moderate exercise may prevent constipation. C. Long working hours and excessive fatigue increase the risk of premature birth. D. Exercising to the point of exhaustion may produce permanent heart damage in the fetus. refer to page 102

54. Drugs known to be potentially harmful when taken during pregnancy include A. synthetic estrogen. B. ibuprofen. C. Accutane, an acne medicine. D. all of the above. refer to page 103

55. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is associated with A. neural tube defects. B. fetal alcohol syndrome. C. Down syndrome. D. all of the above. refer to page 103

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Classify fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

56. Suppose you are a health care worker who is examining a child with the following symptoms: facial and bodily malformations, short attention span, hyperactivity, and motor impairments. Which drug would you suspect that the child's mother used during pregnancy? A. Cocaine B. Marijuana C. Heroin D. Alcohol refer to page 104

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Classify fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

57. Mothers who drink alcohol should be made aware that fetal alcohol syndrome A. affects about 5 infants in 1,000 born in the United States. B. is a leading cause of mental retardation and birth defects. C. can cause cognitive disorders that subsequent environmental enrichment does not seem to improve. D. all of these. refer to page 103

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Recall some of the guidelines for alcohol use during pregnancy.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

58. How much alcohol can a pregnant woman safely consume? A. 1 drink a day B. 2 drinks a day C. 1 or 2 glasses of wine a day, but no "hard liquor" D. None of these; there is no known "safe" level of drinking during pregnancy. refer to page 103

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Recall some of the guidelines for alcohol use during pregnancy.

59. Which of the following statements regarding fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is FALSE? A. About 1 infant in 100 suffers from FAS or other alcohol-related conditions. B. Hyperactivity is a common symptom in FAS children. C. Facial malformations often occur with FAS. D. An enriched environment can dramatically improve cognitive function in FAS children. refer to page 103

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Classify fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

60. Children of mothers who smoked during their pregnancies are at a higher-than-normal risk for all of the following EXCEPT A. hyperactivity. B. face and limb malformations. C. social maladjustment. D. sudden infant death syndrome. refer to page 104

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the effects of cigarette smoking in pregnant women.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

61. Doctors warn that smoking during pregnancy contributes to which of the following? A. Miscarriage B. Sudden infant death syndrome C. Low birth weight D. All of these are possible outcomes. refer to page 104

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the effects of cigarette smoking in pregnant women.

62. Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show A. retardation of growth. B. social maladjustment. C. learning problems in school. D. all of the above. refer to page 104

63. Which of the following may be associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy? A. Leukemia B. Sudden infant death syndrome C. Hyperactivity D. Obesity refer to page 104

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

64. Research has linked the use of marijuana during pregnancy with A. premature births. B. neurological disturbances in the infant. C. leukemia. D. all of the above. refer to pages 104-105

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify what recent studies have discovered about prenatal marijuana exposure.

65. Research shows that the use of marijuana during pregnancy A. produces no detectable birth defects. B. is more harmful to a fetus than alcohol. C. may produce neurological disturbances. D. causes severe withdrawal in newborns. refer to pages 104-105

66. Rubella has the potential of damaging an unborn child during which period of pregnancy? A. First 11 weeks B. 13 to 16 weeks C. 18 to 22 weeks D. After 24 weeks refer to page 105

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the impact of rubella on prenatal development.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

67. Jane is 8 weeks pregnant and has just contracted rubella. If you were Jane's obstetrician, what information would you give her regarding the health of her unborn baby? A. The child will almost certainly be deaf. B. The child has a 1 in 3 chance of being born with Down syndrome. C. The child will likely be hyperactive. D. No serious effects will occur. refer to page 105

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the impact of rubella on prenatal development.

68. Toxoplasmosis is A. a parasite harbored in livestock. B. a cause of fetal brain damage. C. a cause of death in babies. D. all of the above. refer to page 107

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the impact of toxoplasmosis on prenatal development.

69. Maternal stress and/or anxiety during pregnancy A. is normal at low levels. B. elevates the risk of intellectual disability. C. increases fetal activity. D. elevates the risk of cleft palate and heart malformations. refer to page 107

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Infer the emotional states of a mother that can affect a fetus.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

70. An example of a history-graded influence is the current increase in the age at which women become pregnant. This in turn increases the likelihood that these women will have A. inadequate prenatal care. B. miscarriages. C. low blood pressure during pregnancy. D. postmature infants. refer to page 108

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Remember environmental influences: maternal factors.

71. Pregnant women over age 40 and pregnant adolescents are at increased risk for having A. offspring with chromosomal abnormalities. B. inadequate prenatal care. C. babies weighing more than 8 pounds. D. fraternal twins. refer to page 108

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Remember environmental influences: maternal factors.

72. Marcella, pregnant with her first child, works in a manufacturing plant that produces semiconductor chips. As a consequence of Marcella's exposure to heavy metals, A. her baby is more likely to have an Rh-factor incompatibility. B. her baby may have below average intelligence. C. she is more likely to have twins. D. she is at-risk for developing hypertension during pregnancy. refer to page 109

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Remember environmental influences: maternal factors.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

73. Prenatal exposure to radiation is most dangerous during A. fertilization. B. the germinal stage. C. 3 to 6 weeks of gestation. D. 8 to 15 weeks of gestation. refer to page 109

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Remember environmental influences: maternal factors.

74. Which of the following statements about the father's role in transmitting birth defects is correct? A. So far, little research has been conducted on the father's contribution. B. According to research, the father's role is virtually nonexistent; birth defects are almost always transmitted by the mother. C. Young age of the father is associated with certain rare conditions such as dwarfism and Marfan's syndrome, and it may be a factor in Down syndrome. D. Advanced age of the father at conception may be associated with fetal defects. refer to page 110

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Remember environmental influences: paternal factors.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

75. Studies suggest that the likelihood of genetic defects caused by abnormal sperm increases when the father is _____ before conception. A. malnourished B. under great stress C. overweight D. exposed to environmental hazards refer to pages 109-110

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Remember environmental influences: paternal factors.

76. Which of the following disorders may be linked to advanced paternal age? A. Asthma B. Hemophilia C. Obsessive compulsive disorder D. Schizophrenia refer to pages 109-110

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Remember environmental influences: paternal factors.

77. Which of the following is NOT an intrusive technique for detecting birth defects? A. Ultrasound B. Amniocentesis C. Umbilical cord assessment D. Chorionic villus sampling refer to page 110

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 4.3: Understand what techniques can assess a fetus's health and well-being, and the importance of prenatal and preconception care. Learn Smart LO: Remember the monitoring and promoting of prenatal care.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

78. If a mother wants to have a clear image of the fetus in her womb, which procedure would you recommend? A. Amniocentesis B. Ultrasound C. Fetal biopsy D. Chorionic villus sampling refer to page 111

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.3: Understand what techniques can assess a fetus's health and well-being, and the importance of prenatal and preconception care. Learn Smart LO: Remember the monitoring and promoting of prenatal care.

79. In the United States, which of the following pregnant women is likely to get the least amount of prenatal care? A. Angela, an unmarried teenager B. Bea, a married woman C. Delia, who has a college education D. Sandra, who just turned 45 years of age refer to page 112

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.3: Understand what techniques can assess a fetus's health and well-being, and the importance of prenatal and preconception care. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the disparities in prenatal care.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

80. Because of the rapid weight gain experienced by Marilyn early in her pregnancy, the doctor ordered a(n) _____ to see if she was having twins. A. chorionic villus sampling B. maternal blood test C. ultrasound D. amniocentesis refer to page 111

81. In which of the following procedures is a sample of fluid taken from around the fetus and analyzed for possible defects? A. Amniocentesis B. Chorionic villus sampling C. Ultrasound D. Electronic fetal monitoring refer to page 111

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

82. Corella is 37-years-old and pregnant. She has a brother who was born with Down syndrome. Which of the following tests will most likely be recommended during Corella's pregnancy? A. Ultrasound B. Embryoscope C. Umbilical cord sampling D. Amniocentesis refer to page 111

83. In which prenatal assessment procedure is tissue taken from the membrane around the embryo? A. Chorionic villus sampling B. Amniocentesis C. Maternal blood test D. Ultrasound refer to page 111

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

84. A procedure that tests for birth defects during the first trimester of pregnancy is called A. amniocentesis. B. chorionic villus sampling. C. maternal blood test. D. all of these. refer to pages 111-112

85. Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, ultrasound, and umbilical cord assessment A. are risk-free. B. should be used routinely in every pregnancy. C. reduce the likelihood of cesarean delivery. D. provide valuable information in high-risk pregnancies. refer to page 111

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

86. Which of the following statements is true of prenatal care? A. Experts believe that more emphasis should be placed on proper prenatal care even before women get pregnant. B. Prenatal care focuses primarily on screening for treatable defects and diseases. C. The United States has uniform national standards for prenatal care. D. Prenatal care is unnecessary for healthy women. refer to pages 112-113

Essay Questions 87. Outline the three stages of prenatal development, and explain the characteristics of each stage. Answers will vary

88. Severely defective embryos usually do not survive. During which trimester do most spontaneous abortions take place? Explain why this is a critical period for the risk of miscarriage. In your answer, include two factors that could contribute to a spontaneous abortion during this period. Answers will vary

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

89. Some cognitive and physical abilities are developed by fetal learning. Provide some examples and indicate how researchers can monitor fetal learning. Answers will vary

90. It is important that mothers understand the role that the environment plays in the development of the embryo/fetus. Define and give several examples of teratogens that have an adverse impact on the developing fetus. During which stage of prenatal development is the embryo/fetus most susceptive to teratogenic damage? Why? Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Infer the emotional states of a mother that can affect a fetus.

91. Karen and Mark just discovered that they are going to have a baby. They want to give their baby the best possible start. Explain how environmental influences such as maternal nutrition, physical activity, and drug intake can have both positive and negative effects on prenatal development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Remember environmental influences: maternal factors.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

92. Define fetal alcohol syndrome. Describe the devastating effects that high concentrations of alcohol can have on the physical, intellectual, and psychosocial development of the fetus. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Classify fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

93. Exposure to certain drugs during pregnancy can affect the developing fetus. Choose three drugs that are mentioned in your textbook, and explain how they may adversely affect the baby's development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Remember environmental influences: maternal factors.

94. Doctors have several assessment techniques to help prospective parents monitor their pregnancy. Describe each of the following means of prenatal assessment, giving the advantages and disadvantages of each: ultrasound, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, and maternal blood test. Answers will vary

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

95. Experts maintain that high-quality prenatal care is essential and that the earlier in the pregnancy it is obtained the better. Based on the research described in your textbook, provide some information that supports this statement. What are some of the disparities in prenatal care? How might these be address by public health workers and the medical profession? Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 4.3: Understand what techniques can assess a fetus's health and well-being, and the importance of prenatal and preconception care. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the disparities in prenatal care.

96. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has recommended that women receive preconception care. If you were to design a national program to educate women on what preconception care is and why they should have it, what kinds of information would you include? How would you ensure that you target lower-SES groups? Answers will vary

True / False Questions 97. Only 10-20 percent of fertilized ova become implanted in the uterine wall and continue to develop. TRUE refer to page 93

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

98. The reason babies have short stubby arms and legs but by middle childhood have developed long limbs is due to the cephalocaudal principal. FALSE refer to page 92

99. Fine motor skills come after gross motor skills because of the proximodistal principle. TRUE refer to page 93

100. The first stage of prenatal development is the embryonic stage. FALSE refer to page 93

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

101. The rapid division and duplication of cells after fertilization is called mitosis. FALSE refer to page 93

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.1: Identify the stages of prenatal development, and understand what happens during each stage. Learn Smart LO: Recall that during the germinal stage the zygote is created, and cell division takes place.

102. The second stage of prenatal development is the embryonic stage. TRUE refer to page 97

103. Organogenesis is the process during which the organs and major body parts develop rapidly. TRUE refer to page 97

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

104. Most researchers believe that violent passions, such as grief or anger, as well as violent movements, such as horseback riding, can bring on miscarriages. FALSE refer to page 97

105. From a developmental perspective, male fetuses are considered more fragile than female fetuses. TRUE refer to page 99

106. Prenatal development occurs in the following order: zygotic, embryonic, and fetal. TRUE refer to page 99

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

107. Male fetuses are more active then female fetuses. TRUE refer to pages 99-100

108. Babies whose mothers drink large amounts of carrot juice in the last trimester are more likely to like carrots. TRUE refer to page 100

109. A teratogen exclusively refers to drugs, alcohol, and radiation. FALSE refer to page 100

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Recount teratogens during development.

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

110. Recent research by the CDC has found that women who were overweight or obese prior to pregnancy are more likely to have babies with certain types of heart defects. TRUE refer to page 101

111. Fetuses that are undernourished are more likely to develop schizophrenia. TRUE refer to page 102

112. Moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy is considered safe. FALSE refer to page 103

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

113. If a mother has HIV, she is guaranteed to transmit it to her baby. FALSE refer to page 105

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 4.2: Identify environmental influences affecting prenatal development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the three ways a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS.

114. An amniocentesis samples the placenta to determine chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. FALSE refer to page 111

115. Rates of low birth weight and premature birth continue to rise despite policies in prenatal care in the United States. TRUE refer to pages 112-113

Chapter 04 - Pregnancy and Prenatal Development

116. Risk screening, vaccinations, and counseling are all recommended before women think about getting pregnant as part of preconception care. TRUE refer to pages 112-113

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

Chapter 05 Birth and the Newborn Baby

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Jason remarks to Darleen, who is 6 months pregnant, that it would be nice if they could go back to a time when it was easier to bring a child into the world. Darleen has read the literature about how childbirth procedures have changed over the years and is a little less enthused. Which of the following statements about childbirth in the past is FALSE? A. The prospective father assisted the midwife in the delivery. B. Women sat up in bed or perhaps in a stable. C. Cracks in walls were plugged to keep out evil spirits. D. A local doctor was always present. refer to page 116

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 5.1: Determine how customs surrounding birth reflect culture, and how childbirth has changed in developed countries. Learn Smart LO: Recall how birthing has changed.

2. The science that specializes in the birth of babies is called A. pediatrics. B. gynecology. C. obstetrics. D. birthing. refer to page 117

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.1: Determine how customs surrounding birth reflect culture, and how childbirth has changed in developed countries. Learn Smart LO: Recall how birthing has changed.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

3. Women who have given birth during the past 50 years have benefited from a dramatic reduction in risks surrounding pregnancy and childbirth. This is due to A. use of antibiotics. B. use of anesthesia. C. implementation of prenatal care. D. all of the above. refer to page 117

4. The series of uterine and cervical changes that occur two weeks before delivery are called A. contractions. B. labor. C. parturition. D. quickening. refer to page 118

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.2: Describe how labor begins, what happens during each of the three stages of childbirth, and what alternative methods of delivery are available. Learn Smart LO: Recall the birth process.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

5. A set of uterine, cervical, and other changes that is the act, or process, of giving birth is called A. organosis. B. effacement. C. milla. D. parturition. refer to page 118

6. Yvonne has begun to experience uterine contractions that are causing her cervix to dilate. She is in the _____ stage of childbirth. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth refer to page 119

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 5.2: Describe how labor begins, what happens during each of the three stages of childbirth, and what alternative methods of delivery are available. Learn Smart LO: Recall the stages of childbirth.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

7. During childbirth, dilation of the cervix occurs A. during the first stage. B. during the second stage. C. during the third stage. D. shortly before the first contractions occur. refer to page 119

8. Mary is in the delivery room giving birth to her first child. Her cervix has fully dilated, and the baby's head is just visible in the vaginal canal. Mary is in which stage of childbirth? A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth refer to page 119

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

9. Harriet's labor has gone on for quite a while, so her physician decides to grasp the baby's head with forceps to help with the birth. Harriet is in which stage of childbirth? A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth refer to page 119

10. The end of the second stage of childbirth is indicated by A. dilation of the cervix. B. the emergence of the baby from the mother's body. C. the expulsion of the placenta. D. contractions that occur every 8 to 10 minutes. refer to page 119

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

11. The placenta is expelled from the mother's body during the _____ stage of childbirth. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth refer to page 119

12. An electronic fetal monitor is used A. to track the fetus's heartbeat. B. to detect any serious problems. C. to gather information in high-risk deliveries. D. for all of the above. refer to page 120

13. The most common method of childbirth is a _____ delivery. A. vaginal B. medicated C. cesarean D. forceps refer to page 120

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

14. A surgical incision was made in Lana's abdomen in order for her to deliver her baby. This procedure is called a A. forceps birth. B. natural birth. C. cesarean section. D. Lamaze birth. refer to page 120

15. Kathleen is in labor and is told by her physician that the baby's feet, rather than his head, are moving down the birth canal first. What type of delivery is likely to be performed? A. Lamaze delivery B. Vaginal delivery C. Cesarean delivery D. Natural delivery refer to page 120

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

16. Ms. Feldman is a midwife attending to Louise who is in labor. Ms. Feldman determines that Louise's baby is not in the proper position and that the labor is progressing very slowly. She decides to take Louise to the hospital so that doctors can deliver the baby through abdominal surgery. This birth is an example of a A. natural delivery. B. Lamaze birth. C. cesarean delivery. D. forceps delivery. refer to page 120

17. A fetus whose feet are below his or her head in the uterus is in a __________ position. A. normal B. transverse C. breech D. cesarean refer to page 120

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.2: Describe how labor begins, what happens during each of the three stages of childbirth, and what alternative methods of delivery are available. Learn Smart LO: Recall the pros and cons of vaginal versus cesarean delivery.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

18. Krystal's obstetrician has told her that the baby she is about to deliver has his buttocks down in the uterus. Krystal's baby is in the _____ position. A. normal B. breech C. transverse D. effacement refer to page 120

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 5.2: Describe how labor begins, what happens during each of the three stages of childbirth, and what alternative methods of delivery are available. Learn Smart LO: Recall the pros and cons of vaginal versus cesarean delivery.

19. Cesarean deliveries A. are most common among low-income women. B. are sometimes performed unnecessarily. C. lead to a substantial increase in risk of newborn death. D. generally result in shorter hospital stays. refer to page 120

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

20. A medicated delivery is one in which A. the baby receives injections of two stress hormones—adrenaline and noradrenaline. B. the mother is given adrenaline and noradrenaline to help the baby withstand the stress of childbirth. C. the mother receives anesthesia. D. mother and baby are both given antibiotics to prevent infection. refer to page 121

21. Patrick and Lacey attend prepared childbirth classes where they are taught breathing and muscular responses designed to A. speed up the birth. B. minimize the fear and pain associated with labor. C. bring about a hypnotic state during delivery. D. slow down contractions during labor. refer to page 121

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

22. A method of childbirth whereby mothers are trained to make breathing and muscular responses to sensations of uterine contractions is called A. prepared childbirth. B. silent childbirth. C. doula birth. D. cesarean response training. refer to page 121

23. Which of the following statements about the use of prepared childbirth is FALSE? A. It involves delivering babies in dimly lit, isolated rooms. B. It allows the mother to participate actively in birth. C. It allows the father to be involved in labor and delivery. D. It uses breathing and muscular responses to overcome fear and pain. refer to page 121

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

24. If a pregnant woman learns to use certain breathing techniques and muscle relaxation in response to a "coach," she is using the childbirth method developed by A. Fernand Lamaze. B. the American Academy of Pediatrics. C. Benjamin Spock. D. Jerome Kagan. refer to page 121

25. Jim and Heather are delivering their first child. Jim is coaching Heather in her breathing and encouraging her to practise her relaxation techniques. This is an example of A. a cesarean delivery. B. doula-assisted childbirth. C. stillbirth. D. the Lamaze method. refer to page 121

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

26. If a woman decides to have her baby at home, the birth is usually attended by a A. physician's assistant. B. nursing assistant. C. physician. D. doula. refer to page 122

27. A criticism of the use of anesthesia during childbirth is that it A. does not relieve the mother's discomfort. B. is too expensive and therefore only available to affluent women. C. may slow infants' motor and physiological development. D. contributes to the high rate of maternal death during childbirth. refer to page 122

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.2: Describe how labor begins, what happens during each of the three stages of childbirth, and what alternative methods of delivery are available. Learn Smart LO: Recall the pros and cons of medicated versus non medicated delivery.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

28. Linda is in labor. If she is having a typical birth, which of the following is she most likely to receive to lessen her pain? A. Over-the-counter pain killers B. Catecholamine C. A regional epidural D. A general anesthetic refer to page 122

29. A criticism of medicated births is that A. it reduces the pain that is essential to a normal delivery. B. women who choose medicated births experience a longer recovery period. C. babies' motor responsiveness and development may be slowed. D. it leads to a risk of infection in the mother. refer to page 122

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

30. An experienced helper who provides emotional support to a woman during labor is referred to as a(n) A. maternity nurse. B. doula. C. labor facilitator. D. adjunct. refer to page 122

31. A doula is a A. physician in South America who specializes in delivering babies. B. nurse certified to assist at births. C. woman who gives emotional support during childbirth. D. home-like birth center. refer to page 122

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

32. Though Elaine has no formal medical training, she has given birth to five children and has exceptionally good interpersonal skills. She would like to receive training that would enable her to help other women emotionally during the birthing process. Which of the following roles should she look into? A. Midwife B. Doula C. Sherpa D. Shaman refer to page 122

33. Which of the following is NOT necessarily one of the benefits of having a doula present at childbirth? A. Shorter labor B. Less anesthesia C. Lower insurance premiums D. Less use of forceps refer to page 122

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

34. The first four weeks after a baby is born is known as the _____ period. A. prepartum B. neonatal C. prenatal D. neopartum refer to page 122

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.3: Explain how newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb, and how to tell whether a new baby is healthy and is developing normally. Learn Smart LO: Recall the newborn baby.

35. The neonatal period is the first _____ of life. A. 4 weeks B. 8 weeks C. 6 months D. year refer to page 122

36. A neonatal toxicologist's primary research interest is the first _____ of life. A. week B. month C. 3 months D. 6 months refer to page 122

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.3: Explain how newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb, and how to tell whether a new baby is healthy and is developing normally. Learn Smart LO: Recall the newborn baby.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

37. The average newborn weighs _____ pounds. A. 5 B. 7½ C. 8½ D. 9 refer to page 122

38. In the first few days of life, newborns typically A. have small heads in proportion to their bodies. B. acquire lanugo. C. lose weight. D. appear very dark. refer to pages 122-123

39. Places in the neonate's skull where the bones are not completely fused are called the A. fontanels. B. vernix. C. apex. D. hyaline commissure. refer to page 124

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

40. When Billy's mother brings his new baby sister home from the hospital, the first thing that he asks her is if he can touch her. His mother says yes, but to be careful not to touch the soft spot on her head. Billy's mother is referring to the A. fontanels. B. vernix. C. apex. D. corpus callosum. refer to page 124

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 5.3: Explain how newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb, and how to tell whether a new baby is healthy and is developing normally. Learn Smart LO: Recall the size and appearance of the newborn.

41. Which of the following statements about the first few days of life is FALSE? A. Newborns initially have very little variance in their complexions. B. Babies lose as much as 10% of their body weight. C. The baby's nose is likely to look flattened. D. The baby's head may be misshapen. refer to pages 122-124

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

42. Fontanels are present in the neonate's skull A. to allow for rapid postnatal brain expansion. B. to prevent calcium deposits from damaging cartilage. C. to ease the passage of the skull through the birth canal. D. until 6 months of age. refer to page 124

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.3: Explain how newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb, and how to tell whether a new baby is healthy and is developing normally. Learn Smart LO: Recall the size and appearance of the newborn.

43. When Henna and Thomas first see their new granddaughter, they are surprised to find her body covered with dark hair. This fuzzy prenatal hair is called the A. vermis. B. follicle caseosa. C. meconium. D. lanugo. refer to page 124

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

44. Upon seeing her newborn baby brother, Wanda exclaims, "He looks all oily and shiny!" Wanda has noticed the A. fontanels. B. lanugo. C. meconium. D. vernix caseosa. refer to page 124

45. The oily covering on the skin of a newborn is called the A. witch's milk. B. lanugo. C. vernix caseosa. D. fontanels. refer to page 124

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

46. Freda loves listening to her neonate daughter's _____ heartbeat as she nurses her in the quiet of the night. A. slow and steady B. slow and irregular C. fast and irregular D. fast and steady refer to page 125

47. Most babies begin to breathe A. as soon as they are exposed to air. B. about 30 seconds after birth. C. about 4 minutes after birth. D. only after a sharp slap on the bottom. refer to page 125

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

48. The Costellos' baby daughter did not begin to breathe within 5 minutes after birth, and doctors are concerned that she may have suffered brain damage due to A. hypothermia. B. anoxia. C. hyperphagia. D. oxidation. refer to page 125

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 5.3: Explain how newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb, and how to tell whether a new baby is healthy and is developing normally. Learn Smart LO: Recall the body systems of the newborn.

49. If breathing has not begun within 5 minutes after birth, the baby is at risk of developing A. phenylketonuria. B. neonatal jaundice. C. sickle-cell anemia. D. brain damage. refer to page 125

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

50. The Petris, new parents of a healthy son John, were at first concerned about the newborn's stringy, greenish-black waste called A. physiologic jaundice. B. meconium. C. lanugo. D. vernix caseosa. refer to pages 125-126

51. Waste matter formed in the fetal intestinal tract and secreted after birth is called A. meconium. B. witch's milk. C. lanugo. D. vernix. refer to pages 125-126

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

52. A few days after birth, a baby develops a yellowish tinge to the skin and the eyeballs. These symptoms indicate _____, which is due to immaturity of the _____. A. anoxia; liver B. anoxia; kidneys C. neonatal jaundice; liver D. neonatal jaundice; kidneys refer to page 126

53. Neonatal jaundice is caused by A. incomplete development of the circulatory system. B. immaturity of the liver. C. incomplete development of the respiratory system. D. an inability to regulate body temperature. refer to page 126

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

54. Anthony was born with neonatal jaundice, which A. must be treated quickly with antibiotics. B. is most common in postmature babies. C. occurs in about 50% of neonates. D. usually occurs about 10 to 14 days after birth. refer to page 126

55. The Apgar scale does NOT measure A. pulse. B. gross motor ability. C. respiration. D. activity. refer to page 126

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

56. The highest score on the Apgar scale is 10; more than 90% of normal infants receive a score of at least A. 8. B. 7. C. 6. D. 5. refer to page 126

57. A healthy newborn can receive a maximum score of _____ on the Apgar scale. A. 10 B. 8 C. 6 D. 4 refer to page 126

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

58. Which of the following newborns would have the highest Apgar score? A. Ann, who is listless and blue, with limp muscle tone B. Billy, who is pink with blue extremities, a slow pulse, and slow breathing C. Carmela, who is coughing and crying, is pink, and has a rapid pulse D. David is blue, with a slow pulse, and irregular breathing refer to page 126

59. The condition of a baby whose Apgar score is 3 is A. very healthy. B. within normal range. C. slightly below normal. D. dangerous; the baby needs immediate resuscitation. refer to pages 126-127

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.3: Explain how newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb, and how to tell whether a new baby is healthy and is developing normally. Learn Smart LO: Discuss medical and behavioral assessment of the newborn, the Apgar score.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

60. The _____ is a test that assesses five aspects of behavior in order to measure a newborn's response to the environment. A. Apgar scale B. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale C. Bayley scale D. PKU screen refer to page 127

61. Often, a neonate is assessed using the the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, which examines A. the oxygen content of the blood. B. color, pulse, and breathing. C. responses to the environment, such as alertness, reflexes, and control. D. neurological maturity. refer to page 127

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

62. Gannon and his twin brother Garrett have just been evaluated for their responses to stress, ability to calm down, reflexes, hand-mouth coordination, alertness, and response to cuddling. Which test have they been given? A. Apgar scale B. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale C. Denver Development Screening Test D. PKU screen refer to page 127

63. PKU—phenylketonuria—is A. a form of neonatal jaundice. B. rare and untreatable. C. routinely screened for in all states. D. found in about 1 in 100 newborns. refer to page 127

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

64. If an infant inherits the gene for PKU, and it is left untreated, the result will be A. neonatal jaundice. B. a hormonal imbalance. C. neurological damage. D. mental retardation. refer to page 127

65. Periodic variations in an infant's cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity are known as the various _____ of infancy. A. temperaments B. states of arousal C. periods D. moods refer to page 128

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

66. Newborn babies sleep an average of _____ hours per day. A. 10 B. 15 C. 18 D. 20 refer to page 128

67. Just moments ago, Anna was lying quietly with her eyes closed and she was breathing regularly. Now her breathing has become more irregular, and some slight muscle twitches are occurring. Anna has passed from a state of _____ to a state of _____. A. drowsiness; alert inactivity B. regular sleep; apnea C. regular sleep; irregular sleep D. irregular sleep; drowsiness refer to page 128

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

68. One-week-old Cody's eyes are open, and he is quietly looking around the room. Cody's is in a state called A. alert inactivity. B. active sleep. C. waking activity. D. drowsiness. refer to page 128

69. Dan and Diane are exhausted because 4-week-old Jake wakes three to four times each night. What is the most probable explanation for Jake's behavior? A. He is not eating enough and wakes when he is hungry. B. He is not getting enough attention from his parents when he is awake. C. He lacks a sense of security. D. His sleep pattern is typical of newborn babies. refer to page 128

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

70. Baby Joey is in the state of active sleep. This state of arousal corresponds most closely to _____ in adults. A. quiet sleep B. drowsiness C. rapid eye movement sleep D. interactive sleep refer to page 128

71. By _____ of age, more than half the baby's sleep takes place at night. A. 1 week B. 1 month C. 3 months D. 6 months refer to page 128

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

72. Betty was born after a 30-week gestation period. She is called a _____ infant. A. postterm B. preterm C. high-risk D. small-for-date refer to page 129

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 5.4: Identify complications of childbirth that can endanger newborn babies, and the long-term prospects for infants with complicated births. Learn Smart LO: Discuss low-birth-weight newborns.

73. Jaedyn was born five days before her due date. She weighed 5 pounds at birth. Jaedyn would be classified as a _____ infant. A. normal full-term B. premature C. preterm D. small-for-date refer to page 131

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

74. Troy was born 38 weeks after conception and weighs 4 1/2 pounds. Troy is A. premature. B. preterm. C. postterm. D. small-for-date. refer to page 131

75. The most serious risk for low-birth-weight babies is that they may A. be stillborn. B. die in infancy. C. be very sick during the first year of life. D. have severe physical deformities. refer to pages 131-132

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

76. Who is most likely to have a low-birth-weight baby? A. Adele, who is 25, in good health, and has had one normal delivery B. Bianca, who is 40, in generally good health but has high blood pressure, and has had no previous pregnancies C. Carol, who is 17, pregnant for the first time, and in good health D. Dana, who is 37, underweight, smokes, and has had five previous pregnancies refer to page 132

77. The major cause of high infant mortality rates among African Americans is A. older maternal age. B. chronic maternal illness. C. higher rates of low-birth-weight babies. D. all of the above. refer to page 132

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.4: Identify complications of childbirth that can endanger newborn babies, and the long-term prospects for infants with complicated births. Learn Smart LO: Recall who is likely to have a low birth weight baby.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

78. Dr. Smith informs a mother that her newborn suffers from hyaline membrane disease. The baby is having problems with A. the membranes that cover the fontanels. B. the control of eye muscles. C. urination. D. respiration. refer to page 133

79. A newborn's air sacs keep collapsing, making it very difficult for her to breathe. A likely diagnosis for this infant's problem is A. hyaline membrane disease. B. respiratory dystrophy. C. postmaturity syndrome. D. pulmonary incompetence. refer to page 133

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

80. Low-birth-weight newborns are usually placed in a warmed crib called a(n) A. warming machine. B. isolette. C. heat bed. D. oxygen tent. refer to page 133

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.4: Identify complications of childbirth that can endanger newborn babies, and the long-term prospects for infants with complicated births. Learn Smart LO: Recall the immediate treatment and outcomes of low-birth-weight newborns.

81. Which of the following is most beneficial for a low-birth-weight baby? A. Being placed in isolation to avoid human contact B. Being touched and massaged frequently C. Being in a simple sensory environment to avoid overstimulation D. Being in a cool environment to reduce fluid loss from sweating refer to page 133

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

82. Which of the following statements about the prognosis for low-birth-weight babies is correct? A. Those weighing less than 2 pounds have almost no chance of survival past two years. B. Most survivors are left with disabling conditions. C. Their social development tends to be poor. D. Some low-birth-weight babies are at a risk for learning disabilities. refer to page 134

83. A baby is defined as postmature if it A. has had a gestation of less than 30 weeks. B. weighs over 8 1/2 pounds at birth. C. is born after 40 weeks of gestation and weighs at least 9 1/2 pounds. D. is still in the womb 2 weeks past the due date. refer to page 134

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

84. Christa is now in her 43rd week of pregnancy. Her unborn baby is considered to be A. postmature. B. preterm. C. post fetal. D. post differentiated. refer to page 134

85. Postmature babies are at risk for A. brain damage. B. hyaline membrane disease. C. respiratory distress syndrome. D. childhood obesity. refer to page 134

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

86. Postmature babies tend to be A. very plump, because they have had a longer time to receive nourishment in the womb. B. long and thin, because their food supply has been insufficient at the end of gestation. C. at a much lower risk of brain damage than babies delivered on time, because the brain has had a longer time to mature. D. kept in isolettes after delivery. refer to page 134

87. Which of the following statements about postmature babies is FALSE? A. They tend to have more fat owing to a longer period in the womb. B. They are at a higher risk for brain damage. C. The placenta provides a reduced blood supply during the later stages of gestation. D. They tend to be longer than babies who are delivered on time. refer to page 134

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

88. Which of the following is NOT considered a protective factor against potentially negative influences of early life stressors? A. Individual attributes B. Being an only child C. Affectionate ties with one or more family members D. Rewards for accomplishments in school, work, or home refer to pages 136

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.4: Identify complications of childbirth that can endanger newborn babies, and the long-term prospects for infants with complicated births. Learn Smart LO: Discuss how supportive environments help to overcome effects of birth complications.

89. An ongoing longitudinal study in Kauai suggests that the effects of low birth weight, birth injuries, and other birth complications can be counteracted by A. a favorable home environment. B. drug therapy. C. adoption into an affluent home. D. surgical intervention. refer to pages 135-136

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.4: Identify complications of childbirth that can endanger newborn babies, and the long-term prospects for infants with complicated births. Learn Smart LO: Discuss how supportive environments help to overcome effects of birth complications.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

90. A longitudinal study of children in Kauai found that difficult births, illness at the time of birth, and low birth weight A. had much less effect than children's environment on their development. B. resulted in serious adverse effects—physical, cognitive, and emotional—on most of the children in the study, even into adulthood. C. had no long-lasting physical effects but were strongly correlated with poor grades and emotional problems during childhood. D. were not correlated with cognitive or emotional problems during childhood but almost always left permanent physical damage. refer to pages 135-136

91. According to the Kauai longitudinal study, which of the following factors seems to protect some individuals from the harmful effects of birth complications? A. A sense of personal control over one's life B. Close ties to a family member C. A high inborn level of sociability D. All of the above refer to pages 135-136

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

92. Patterns of parent-infant interaction may be based on A. culture. B. phenotype similarity. C. mother-infant bonding after delivery. D. genetics. refer to pages 136-137

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.5: Describe how parents bond with and care for their baby. Learn Smart LO: Discuss childbirth and bonding.

93. Which of the following statements about the father's presence during childbirth is correct? A. Most fathers are reluctant to be present in the delivery room. B. Most mothers prefer that the father remains outside of the delivery room until after the baby is born. C. Fathers who are present at birth engage in warmer child rearing than fathers who are not present for the event. D. Fathers who are present at the birth of a child often see the event as a "peak emotional experience." refer to page 137

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.5: Describe how parents bond with and care for their baby. Learn Smart LO: Discuss childbirth and bonding.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

94. According to the most recent research cited in the text, a strong mother-infant bond can develop A. only during the first few hours after birth. B. through a process that appears similar to imprinting. C. most effectively when a midwife and doula are present at birth. D. even if the newborn and mother do not have contact during the first few hours after birth. refer to page 137

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.5: Describe how parents bond with and care for their baby. Learn Smart LO: Discuss childbirth and bonding.

95. An illuminating study performed by Harry Harlow examined attachment behaviors in rhesus monkeys. Harlow raised some monkeys with cloth "mothers" and others with wire "mothers." He found that A. monkeys preferred wire mothers. B. monkeys preferred cloth mothers. C. monkeys received no comfort from touching the cloth. D. male monkeys preferred wire mothers, while female monkeys preferred cloth mothers. refer to page 138

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.5: Describe how parents bond with and care for their baby. Learn Smart LO: Discuss what newborns need from their mothers.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

Essay Questions 96. Describe the changes that have occurred in childbirth practices during the twentieth century. How do these practices differ from those of previous centuries? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.1: Determine how customs surrounding birth reflect culture, and how childbirth has changed in developed countries. Learn Smart LO: Recall how birthing has changed.

97. Lorraine and Michael are about to have their first child. If you were their birthing coach, what signs would you tell them to look for as they near the time of delivery? Describe the signs of the onset of labor and, after listing each stage of labor, describe what they should expect at each stage. Answers will vary

98. Long before her due date, doctors can often anticipate problems that a pregnant woman might have. Thus, they might inform her that she should deliver by cesarean section. In other cases, doctors make the decision about a cesarean delivery as the labor progresses. Explain the differences between a vaginal delivery and a cesarean delivery. Also, explain why a doctor may recommend one procedure over the other. Answers will vary

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

99. Women today can select one of several alternative childbirth methods and settings. List and describe some of the options that women may consider. Be sure to include the terms midwife and doula. Answers will vary

100. Hospital personnel and new parents should know certain terms so that childbirth events are understandable to everyone. Explain each of the following terms: neonate, fontanels, lanugo, anoxia, and neonatal jaundice. Answers will vary

101. Describe the Apgar scale, and explain how it is used. What do each of the letters stand for? Answers will vary

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

102. While most babies are born without complications, some childbirth complications can endanger mothers and their newborn babies. Explain some of these complications, and describe what can be done to minimize the risk of complications. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.4: Identify complications of childbirth that can endanger newborn babies, and the long-term prospects for infants with complicated births. Learn Smart LO: Discuss low-birth-weight newborns, postmaturity, and stillbirth as well as how supportive environments can overcome the effects of birth complications.

103. Ken and Kristie have a low-birth-weight baby. What babies are included in this category? What factors contribute to low birth weight? Answers will vary

104. Describe Harry and Margaret Harlow's experiment with rhesus monkeys. What do you think these researchers might have hypothesized about mother-infant bonding prior to conducting their research? What were the methods and results of this research? What does this study suggest about early bonding between infants and their mothers? Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.5: Describe how parents bond with and care for their baby. Learn Smart LO: Discuss what newborns need from their mothers.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

105. List some parental behaviors that can maximize parent-child bonding. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.5: Describe how parents bond with and care for their baby. Learn Smart LO: Discuss childbirth and bonding.

True / False Questions 106. By the 1920s, over 65% of deliveries in the United States took place in hospitals. TRUE refer to page 117

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.1: Determine how customs surrounding birth reflect culture, and how childbirth has changed in developed countries. Learn Smart LO: Recall how birthing has changed.

107. The act or process of giving birth is called parturition. TRUE refer to page 118

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

108. The protein corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) promotes maturation of the fetal lungs to ready them for life outside the womb. TRUE refer to page 118

109. Braxton-Hicks contractions indicate that a woman is going into labor. FALSE refer to page 119

110. The stages of childbirth in order are: dilatation of the cervix, emergence of the baby, and delivery of the placenta. TRUE refer to page 119

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.2: Describe how labor begins, what happens during each of the three stages of childbirth, and what alternative methods of delivery are available. Learn Smart LO: Recall the stages of childbirth.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

111. The cutting between the vagina and anus to enlarge the vaginal opening and aide delivery is called an epidural. FALSE refer to page 120

112. Cesarean delivery is on the rise in the United States. FALSE refer to page 120

113. Research suggests that oxytocin can help people low in social competence accurately read the emotions of others. TRUE refer to page 121

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

114. In a natural or prepared childbirth, use of drugs to reduce pain is the norm. FALSE refer to page 121

115. A baby is a neonate for the first 2 months of life. FALSE refer to page 122

116. In the Himalayas, sometimes a piece of the umbilical cord is saved and placed in a metal bead that the child then wears. TRUE refer to page 123

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.3: Explain how newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb, and how to tell whether a new baby is healthy and is developing normally. Learn Smart LO: Recall the size and appearance of the newborn.

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

117. Colostrum is a special high-protein type of milk that aids in the immune system of the infant. TRUE refer to page 123

118. In a newborn, over one-third of the infants body length is comprised of the infant's head. FALSE refer to page 123

119. Whereas in the prenatal environment the newborns temperature is relatively constant, after birth is fluctuates with mother's mood. FALSE refer to page 125

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

120. The Apgar scale measures the neonate's response to the environment. FALSE refer to page 126

121. Neonates sleep an average of 20 hours a day. FALSE refer to page 128

122. Low birth weight is a concern as it often leads to long, thin babies and don't receive enough blood supply towards the end of gestation. FALSE refer to pages 131-132

Chapter 05 - Birth and the Newborn Baby

123. Ethnicity is unrelated to birth weight. FALSE refer to page 132

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.4: Identify complications of childbirth that can endanger newborn babies, and the long-term prospects for infants with complicated births. Learn Smart LO: Recall who is likely to have a low birth weight baby.

124. Research suggests that resilience can overcome difficult starts to life if the environment is supportive. TRUE refer to pages 135-136

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 5.4: Identify complications of childbirth that can endanger newborn babies, and the long-term prospects for infants with complicated births. Learn Smart LO: Discuss how supportive environments help to overcome effects of birth complications.

125. Research suggests that human babies imprint on their mothers much as Lorenz's goslings. FALSE refer to page 137

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 5.5: Describe how parents bond with and care for their baby. Learn Smart LO: Discuss what newborns need from their mothers.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

Chapter 06 Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Children's most rapid physical growth takes place during the _____ year of life. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth refer to page 145

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the growth pattern in the first three years of life.

2. According to the proximodistal principle, A. growth occurs from the center of the body outward. B. growth occurs from top down. C. upper and lower body parts develop simultaneously. D. the order of development depends on environmental influences. refer to page 144

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the proximodistal growth pattern.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

3. A child's rate of growth is most rapid during _____. A. infancy B. early childhood C. late childhood D. adolescence refer to page 145

4. Which of the following statements is true of babies' growth patterns during the first three years? A. Children grow faster, especially during the second year of life. B. On average, baby girls are slightly larger than baby boys. C. Teething in babies usually begins around 3 or 4 months after birth. D. The first tooth usually arrives at the end of the first year. refer to page 146

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the growth pattern in the first three years of life.

5. Eric is celebrating his first birthday. Since birth, Eric's weight has likely A. increased by 25 percent. B. doubled. C. tripled. D. quadrupled. refer to page 145

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the growth pattern in the first three years of life.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

6. Mothers can expect their babies' first tooth to erupt A. during the first month. B. between 5 and 9 months. C. between 2 and 4 months. D. after the tenth month. refer to page 146

7. One-year-old Samantha and Edwin are fraternal twins. At a recent checkup, the doctor said that the twins were normal for their age in terms of height and weight. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true in this case? A. Samantha is taller than Edwin. B. Both Samantha and Edwin are below average in height and weight. C. Edwin is slightly larger than Samantha. D. Samantha weighs more than Edwin. refer to page 145

8. According to the cephalocaudal principle, A. upper body parts develop before lower parts. B. lower body parts develop before upper parts. C. upper and lower body parts develop simultaneously. D. the order of development depends on environmental influences. refer to page 144

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the cephalocaudal growth pattern.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

9. The _____ principle states that development proceeds from the central part of the body to the outer parts. A. centrifugal B. cephalocaudal C. neurological D. proximodistal refer to page 144

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the proximodistal growth pattern.

10. Baby Kevin can accurately reach for a toy bat and grasp it in his hands, although he cannot yet stand on his feet. Only when he is older will he be able to control his legs well enough to stand. This pattern of development illustrates the _____ principle. A. proximodistal B. cephalocaudal C. centrifugal D. longitudinal refer to page 144

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the cephalocaudal growth pattern.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

11. Baby Arnold first learned to hold up his head, then to raise his shoulders, and then to push with his feet. Which of the following principles of development does this sequence demonstrate? A. proximodistal B. lateralization C. maturational D. cephalocaudal refer to page 144

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the cephalocaudal growth pattern.

12. Why are babies' heads so large in proportion to their body size? A. The head widens the birth canal so the rest of the body can pass easily. B. The baby's brain and head are more developed than are other parts of the body. C. The brain is surrounded by a large volume of fluid that gradually subsides after birth. D. The head has excess fat at birth to protect it during passage through the birth canal. refer to page 144

13. Sensory and motor development of babies proceeds according to the _____ principle. A. proximodistal B. lateralization C. cephalocaudal D. maturational refer to page 144

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the cephalocaudal growth pattern.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

14. Baby Miley first learned to wave her arms, then to move her hands toward objects, and finally to use her fingers. This sequence exemplifies which of the following principles of development? A. maturational B. cephalocaudal C. proximodistal D. environmental science refer to page 144

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the proximodistal growth pattern.

15. Luci can control her shoulder muscles well enough to move her arms in the general direction of a toy, but she has trouble using her hands to grasp it. When she is older, she will be able to control her hands and grasp the toy. This sequence illustrates the _____ principle of development. A. proximodistal B. cephalocaudal C. evolutionary D. information-processing refer to page 144

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the proximodistal growth pattern.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

16. Which of the following statements about obesity is true? A. The age of an overweight child is a poor indicator for obesity in adulthood. B. Overweight has increased in infancy as in all age groups in the United States. C. An overweight child with only one obese parent is not likely to become obese later in life. D. Infants and toddlers in the United States tend to eat much less than required. refer to page 148

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.2: Describe nutrition and feeding methods. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the pediatric experts' recommendation on solid food intake.

17. Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is correct? A. Pediatric experts recommend only breast milk for babies until they are 10 months of age. B. The American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding recommends that babies be exclusively breast-fed for 4 months. C. Nutritionally speaking, breast-feeding is almost always best for infants, as well as mothers. D. Breast-feeding should begin during the third month after birth and should continue for at least 1 year. refer to page 147

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.2: Describe nutrition and feeding methods. Learn Smart LO: Recall that the American Academy of Pediatrics strongly endorses breast feeding throughout the infant's first year.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

18. Breast milk is almost always the best food for newborns and is recommended for at least the first _____ months. A. 3 B. 6 C. 14 D. 12 refer to page 147

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.2: Describe nutrition and feeding methods. Learn Smart LO: Recall that the American Academy of Pediatrics strongly endorses breast feeding throughout the infant's first year.

19. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be given A. cow's milk for the first 4 months after birth. B. skim milk rather than whole milk, to prevent obesity. C. breast milk exclusively for six months. D. baby food during the first 2 months to help them sleep through the night. refer to page 147

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.2: Describe nutrition and feeding methods. Learn Smart LO: Recall that the American Academy of Pediatrics strongly endorses breast feeding throughout the infant's first year.

20. Babies can switch to full-fat cow's milk after age _____. A. 2 years B. 1 year C. 8 months D. 6 months refer to page 147

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

21. Breast-fed babies are A. more likely to need braces. B. less likely to become obese. C. more likely to contract infectious illnesses such as diarrhea. D. less likely to develop osteoporosis. refer to page 147

22. Breast-feeding mothers A. take more time to recover from childbirth. B. are less likely to return to their prepregnancy weight. C. have a higher risk of postpartum bleeding. D. report feeling more confident and less anxious. refer to page 147

23. All of the following illnesses are prevented or minimized by breast-feeding EXCEPT A. diarrhea. B. diabetes. C. asthma. D. measles. refer to page 147

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

24. To which of the following women is breast-feeding inadvisable? A. Carol, who is overweight B. Ellen, who drinks 3 cups of coffee per day C. Cindy, who has only a three-week maternity leave D. Alison, who has AIDS refer to page 148

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.2: Describe nutrition and feeding methods. Learn Smart LO: List which women are least likely to breastfeed.

25. Pediatric experts recommend that iron-enriched solid foods be introduced gradually between ages ___ and ____ months. A. 2; 4 B. 3; 5 C. 6; 12 D. 12; 16 refer to page 148

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.2: Describe nutrition and feeding methods. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the pediatric experts' recommendation on solid food intake.

26. The brain and the spinal cord together form the _____ nervous system. A. autonomic B. peripheral C. parasympathetic D. central refer to page 149

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of the central nervous system.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

27. Fetal nervous system development begins at about ___ weeks. A. 3 B. 9 C. 12 D. 20 refer to page 150

28. The brain's growth occurs in fits and starts called brain _____. A. cognitive bursts B. developmental drifts C. growth spurts D. neurological regressions refer to page 150

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Infer the brain's growth.

29. Which of the following brain structures has its major growth period before birth and is responsible for basic bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate? A. Brain stem B. Cerebellum C. Cerebrum D. Frontal lobe refer to page 150

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Infer the brain's growth.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

30. The part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination grows fastest A. during the 1st year of life. B. between 3 and 5 years of age. C. during middle childhood. D. during the first few weeks after conception. refer to page 150

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Infer the brain's growth.

31. Which of the following is a part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination? A. Cerebellum B. Brain stem C. Spinal cord D. Cerebrum refer to page 150

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate activities associated with each of the four lobes in the brain.

32. Which of the following regions of the brain is the largest and is divided into two halves or hemispheres? A. Cerebellum B. Brain stem C. Spinal cord D. Cerebrum refer to page 150

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Define lateralization.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

33. Which of the following is a primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain? A. Visual and spatial functions B. Language and logical thinking C. Motor skills and locomotion D. Vision and hearing refer to page 150

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Define lateralization.

34. The tendency for the brain's hemispheres to have specialized functions is termed _____. A. compartmentalization B. specialization C. lateralization D. departmentalization refer to page 150

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Define lateralization.

35. The function of the corpus callosum is to A. join the two hemispheres of the brain. B. control breathing in newborns. C. maintain balance and motor coordination. D. maintain body temperature in infants. refer to page 150

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Define lateralization.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

36. The occipital lobe is primarily concerned with A. making mental associations. B. abstract thought processes. C. visual processing. D. planning and problem solving. refer to pages 150-151

37. Which of the following statements about the cerebral hemisphere is true? A. The cerebral cortex is the inner layer of the cerebrum. B. The temporal lobes are involved with a variety of higher-order processes. C. The occipital lobe is the largest of the four lobes. D. The parietal lobe is involved with integrating sensory information from the body. refer to page 151

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate activities associated with each of the four lobes in the brain.

38. The process of coating neurons with a fatty substance to enable faster communication between cells is called A. integration. B. differentiation. C. neuron lubrication. D. myelination. refer to page 154

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Recall the process of myelination.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

39. The brain is composed of A. white and gray cells. B. neurons and protoneurons. C. neurons and glia. D. positive and negative cells. refer to page 151

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Recall the process of myelination.

40. _____ cells of the brain nourish and protect the neurons. A. Glial B. Nerve C. Synaptic D. Stem refer to page 151

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Recall the process of myelination.

41. _____ are cells in the brain that send and receive information. A. Axons B. Dendrites C. Neurons D. Glia refer to page 151

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the functions of the various components of a neuron.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

42. Which of the following statements about the components of a neuron is true? A. Axons receive incoming messages from dendrites. B. Synapses are the nervous system's communication links. C. Glial cells are narrow, branching, fiber-like extensions. D. Dendrites send signals to other neurons. refer to page 153

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the functions of the various components of a neuron.

43. The tiny gaps that are the communication links in the nervous system are called A. axons. B. neurons. C. dendrites. D. synapses. refer to page 153

44. _____ bridge the gaps between synapses. A. Axons B. Dendrites C. Neurotransmitters D. Neurons refer to page 153

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

45. _____ describes the process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups. A. Integration B. Differentiation C. Consolidation D. Lateralization refer to page 153

46. During brain development, through differentiation A. the neurons that control various groups of muscles coordinate their activities. B. each neuron takes on a specific, specialized structure and function. C. the multiplication of dendrites and synaptic connections takes place. D. each neuron releases chemicals called neurotransmitters. refer to page 153

47. Which of the following statements is true of cell death in brain development? A. Cell death ends after birth. B. Cell death leads to physical and cognitive delays. C. Cell death helps to create an efficient nervous system. D. Cell death begins after birth. refer to pages 153-154

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

48. An automatic, involuntarily, innate reaction to stimulation is called a(n) A. unconditioned response. B. reflex. C. neutral response. D. conditioned response. refer to page 156

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Define reflexes.

49. Three-month-old Eddie extended his arms automatically in an attempt to break a fall, when his mom tilted him downward to pose for a picture. Eddie's automatic response to movement is an example of a _____ reflex. A. primitive B. postural C. Babinski D. locomotor refer to page 156

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Define reflexes.

50. Which of the following reflexes tends to remain throughout one's lifetime? A. Blinking B. Rooting C. Grasping D. Babinski refer to page 156

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Define reflexes.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

51. Rooting for the nipple is an example of a _____ reflex. A. Babinski B. primitive C. postural D. Moro refer to page 156

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Define reflexes.

52. By examining an infant's reflex behaviors, we can assess A. neurological development. B. intelligence. C. handedness. D. personality development. refer to page 156

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Define reflexes.

53. _____ is a term that explains how humans who grow up in a high-quality environment generally thrive better than those who grow up in deprived environments. A. Flexibility B. Malleability C. Neurological sensitivity D. Plasticity refer to page 156

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Explain plasticity.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

54. Based on experiments conducted with animals, which of the following statements about environmental influences on brain development is correct? A. Early experiences can result in actual physical changes in brain functioning. B. Early experiences can affect cognitive and social functioning but cannot bring about actual physical changes. C. Early experiences have minimal effect on brain development. D. Early experiences are less influential than later experiences. refer to page 156

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Explain plasticity.

55. A generalization about brain development that has emerged from animal research is that plasticity A. is evident only during the first trimester of gestation. B. is evident only during the period immediately after birth. C. tends to occur more in female brains than in male brains. D. tends to be evident throughout life. refer to page 158

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Explain plasticity.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

56. Which of the following was NOT an observation made about the children discovered in Romanian orphanages? A. Many of the children were passive and emotionless. B. Most 2- and 3-year-olds did not talk or walk. C. PET scans showed regular brain activity in the temporal lobes. D. The older children played aimlessly. refer to page 158

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Explain plasticity.

57. Toy manufacturers know that during the early years of life, a child's brain can be "molded" by experience. This capacity, known as _____, encourages companies to develop new and more enriching types of toys. A. plasticity B. programmability C. functionality D. flexibility refer to page 156

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Explain plasticity.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

58. The first sense to develop is the sense of _____. A. smell B. touch C. sight D. hearing refer to page 159

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Determine if infants can feel touch.

59. The most mature sensory system for the first few months of life is the sense of _____. A. taste B. smell C. touch D. sight refer to page 159

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Determine if infants can feel touch.

60. Jenna's pediatrician recommends that her newborn son receive lots of sensory stimulation. The doctor tells her to stimulate the sense that is the most developed. Which of the following techniques should Jenna use? A. Play classical music softly. B. Give her newborn a massage. C. Turn the lights on and off. D. Show the infant complex pictures. refer to page 159

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Determine if infants can feel touch.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

61. The American Academy of Pediatrics now maintains that anesthesia is _____ during circumcision. A. preferred B. essential C. not required D. ineffective refer to page 159

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Determine if infants can feel touch.

62. Newborns have an innate preference for _____ tastes. A. bitter B. sour C. sweet D. salty refer to page 159

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Identify infants' ability to distinguish different tastes.

63. Which of the following liquids would a newborn most likely prefer? A. Water B. Sugar solution C. Unsweetened lemonade D. Salt water refer to page 159

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Identify infants' ability to distinguish different tastes.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

64. A study of infants' hearing suggests that infants identify new speech sounds from those they have heard before A. as early as 3 days after birth. B. at about 2 weeks after birth. C. at about 4 weeks after birth. D. as early as 10 days after birth. refer to page 160

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Recall when sound can be perceived.

65. During the first two months of life, a baby's visual abilities include all of the following EXCEPT A. blinking at bright lights. B. 20/20 visual acuity. C. the ability to follow a moving target. D. color perception. refer to page 160

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Summarize the visual acuity in infancy.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

66. Vision becomes more acute during the first year, reaching the 20/20 level by about the _____ month. A. second B. fourth C. sixth D. eighth refer to page 160

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Summarize the visual acuity in infancy.

67. Binocular vision usually does not develop until _____ months of age. A. 2 or 3 B. 4 or 5 C. 7 or 8 D. 9 or 10 refer to page 160

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Summarize the visual acuity in infancy.

68. The Denver Developmental Screening Test assesses all of the following EXCEPT A. gross motor development. B. social skills. C. temperament. D. language skills. refer to page 161

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the multiple uses of the Denver Developmental Screening Test.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

69. When interpreting the Denver Developmental Screening Test, "average" refers to skills exhibited by _____ percent of all children at a given age. A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 90 refer to page 161

70. Physical skills that involve the large muscles are called _____ motor skills, and physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination are called _____ motor skills. A. gross; fine B. large; gross C. fine; large D. fine; gross refer to page 161

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recall the meaning of fine motor skills.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

71. To observe the development of a child's fine motor skills, a psychologist would ask the child to A. draw with a crayon. B. read a children's book. C. throw a baseball. D. kick a football. refer to page 161

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recall the meaning of fine motor skills.

72. Increasingly complex combinations of skills that permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment are called A. cephalocaudal skills. B. systems of action. C. proximodistal skills. D. centrifugal movements. refer to pages 160-161

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Interpret motor development and systems of action.

73. Which of the following principles does motor development in infancy follow? A. Cephalocaudal B. Proximodistal C. Simple-to-complex D. All of these refer to pages 160-161

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Summarize the essential features of motor activity during the second year of life.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

74. Which of the following refers to a baby's ability to pick up tiny objects using the thumb and the index finger? A. Pincer grasp B. Raking grasp C. Palmar grasp D. Grasp reflex refer to page 162

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Define the pincer grip.

75. Which of the following motor skills is present at birth? A. The ability to lift the head while lying on the stomach B. The ability to hold the head erect while being held C. The ability to grasp with the thumb and index finger D. The ability to roll over purposefully refer to page 161

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recall the information of infant head control.

76. Barbara is delighted that her 4-month-old son Matt is developing normally. At this age, Matt should be able to A. roll over. B. sit unsupported. C. pick up small objects. D. stand while holding on. refer to page 161

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Identify gross motor skills.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

77. Baby Eddie is developing normally. At what age will Eddie be able to assume a sitting position and remain in that position without help while a photographer takes his picture? A. 2 months B. 5 months C. 8 months D. 11 months refer to page 161

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Identify gross motor skills.

78. Babies begin using different forms of locomotion such as scooting, crawling, and standing A. between 2 and 4 months. B. between 6 and 10 months. C. during the 5th month. D. from 11 months on. refer to page 162

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Infer locomotion.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

79. Tina has just begun to walk regularly and steadily without assistance. If Tina is an "average" child, she is approximately _____ months old. A. 8 B. 12 C. 20 D. 24 refer to page 162

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: List common gross motor developmental milestones for children in the second year of life.

80. Which of the following milestones of motor development, when achieved, has striking cognitive and psychosocial benefits? A. Ability to hold the head erect B. Sitting without support C. Emergence of self-locomotion D. Development of pincer grasp refer to page 162

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Infer locomotion.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

81. According to Piaget, reaching depends on the use of the eyes to guide the movement of the hands, which is referred to as _____. A. binocular coordination B. haptic perception C. depth perception D. visual guidance refer to page 163

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of visual guidance.

82. The visual cliff is a device for testing infants' A. peripheral vision. B. depth perception. C. visual preferences. D. color perception. refer to page 163

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recount the name of the laboratory procedure Gibson and Walk (1960) used to determine if an infant could perceive depth.

83. Which of the following is necessary for proper depth perception? A. Binocular coordination B. Focusing with both eyes C. Motor control D. All of the above are necessary. refer to page 163

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recognize depth perception ability.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

84. Haptic perception is A. an accidental process that leads to learning. B. the ability to accurately see items that are far away. C. the ability to accurately see items that are in close proximity. D. the ability to acquire information about objects by handling them. refer to page 163

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recognize depth perception ability.

85. Which of the following theories describes developing motor and sensory abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts? A. Gibsons' ecological theory of perception B. Thelen's dynamic systems theory C. Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory D. Piaget's theory of cognitive development refer to page 163

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recall the Gibsons' ecological view of perceptual development in infancy.

86. Which of the following statements best describes the role of culture in infant motor development? A. Motor development is genetically programmed, and culture has no effect. B. Researchers have found no instances in which culture affects motor development. C. A culture's specific child-rearing practices can have some effect on motor development. D. Culture has a major influence on motor development. refer to page 165

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Recall the cultural influences on motor development.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

87. The infant mortality rate is defined as the proportion of babies who die A. at birth. B. within the first year of life. C. during toddlerhood. D. during the first 3 years of life. refer to page 166

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Identify factors that contribute to infant mortality.

88. Which of the following is the chief cause of neonatal death worldwide, accounting for 86 percent of all neonatal deaths? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Unintentional injuries C. Breathing difficulty D. Severe infections refer to page 166

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Identify factors that contribute to infant mortality.

89. Which of the following is NOT one of the major causes of infant mortality? A. Birth defects B. Low-birth-weight C. Sudden infant death syndrome D. Birth trauma refer to page 166

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Identify factors that contribute to infant mortality.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

90. Which of the following groups is least likely to have babies that die in infancy? A. African Americans B. Hispanics C. American Indians D. Asian Americans refer to page 167

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Identify factors that contribute to infant mortality.

91. Which of the following behavioral factors does NOT account for racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality rates? A. Mother's obesity during pregnancy B. Smoking C. Alcohol consumption D. Number of children in the home refer to page 167

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Identify factors that contribute to infant mortality.

92. Which of the following statements is true of racial/ethnic disparities in infant mortality? A. Infant mortality has increased for all racial and ethnic groups in the United States. B. African American infants are more likely to die in their first year than white babies. C. Asian Americans are most likely to die in infancy than any other ethnic group, D. Chinese American infants are more than three times as likely to die as Hawaiian infants. refer to page 167

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Identify factors that contribute to infant mortality.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

93. If a normal, healthy infant dies in his sleep, he most likely suffered from A. sudden infant death syndrome. B. fetal alcohol syndrome. C. hyaline membrane disease. D. trauma. refer to page 167

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Infer sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

94. The leading cause of postneonatal infant death in the United States is: A. fetal alcohol syndrome. B. sudden infant death syndrome. C. poor medical care. D. unintentional injuries. refer to page 167

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Infer sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

95. Which of the following infants is at the greatest risk of SIDS? A. Alexander, who is 10 months old and has frequent colds and other respiratory ailments B. Barry, who is 2 weeks old and has irregular sleep patterns and an overweight mother C. Curt, who is 3 months old and has a teenage unmarried mother who smokes regularly D. Samantha, who is 6 months old and had a difficult birth refer to pages 167-168

APA LO: 5.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Infer sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

96. Which of the following groups has the highest risk of dying from SIDS? A. Babies of average birth weights B. Babies weighing more than 9 pounds at birth C. Black babies of low birth weight D. White babies of low birth weight refer to pages 167-168

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Infer sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

97. Which of the following is recommended by doctors to reduce the occurrences of SIDS? A. To avoid letting babies sleep on their stomach B. To give babies more solid food than liquid food C. To let infants share a bed with the mother or any other adult D. To use very soft bedding in the crib refer to page 168

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Infer sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

98. Which of the following factors is the fifth leading cause of infant death in the United States? A. Sudden infant death syndrome B. Fetal alcohol syndrome C. High birth weight D. Unintentional injuries refer to page 168

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Identify factors that contribute to infant mortality.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

99. Which of the following statements about immunization is true? A. Infant immunization has been identified as a leading risk factor for autism and other developmental disorders. B. The immune systems of young children cannot safely handle multiple vaccines. C. Immunization rates are lower among minority groups and poor families. D. Immunization has done little to combat childhood illness, including measles and pertussis. refer to page 170

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.6: Describe how we can enhance babies' chances of survival and health. Learn Smart LO: Explain the benefits of immunization.

100. In infancy, lack of appropriate growth for no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning is known as _____. A. nonorganic failure to thrive B. shaken baby syndrome C. fetal alcohol syndrome D. attention deficit hyperactive disorder refer to page 171

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.7: Identify the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect, and what can be done about them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss different types of child abuse and neglect, and know symptoms of each.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

101. When authorities remove a maltreated child from his/her home, the usual alternative placement is A. foster care. B. with neighbors. C. with relatives. D. an orphanage. refer to page 172

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 6.7: Identify the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect, and what can be done about them. Learn Smart LO: Explain the consequences of child abuse and neglect.

Essay Questions 102. Explain the cephalocaudal principle of early growth and physical development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.1: Understand the principles that govern early growth and physical development. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the cephalocaudal growth pattern.

103. What patterns of growth take place during the first three years of life? Provide examples of factors that can affect this growth. Answers will vary

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

104. Describe how infant health and survival has improved throughout history due to changes in feeding practices. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.2: Describe nutrition and feeding methods. Learn Smart LO: Recall how long infants should exclusively drink breast milk or formula.

105. Pediatricians encourage new mothers to consider breast-feeding their babies. Explain some of the advantages of breast-feeding. Answers will vary

106. Technological advances have allowed researchers to observe brain activity in infants at the cell level. Describe how the development of neurological synaptic networks and cell death contribute to the optimization of development. Answers will vary

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

107. The discovery of thousands of infants and children who spent virtually their whole lives in Romanian orphanages has offered us the opportunity to study the effects of deprivation on children. What observations were made about these children? Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Infer the outcome of the Romanian children who had been adopted.

108. List the senses that are the most and least developed at birth, and describe how these senses continue to develop during infancy and toddlerhood. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.4: Describe how the senses develop during infancy. Learn Smart LO: Discuss sensory development at birth.

109. Describe some of the early milestones in motor development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Discuss milestones of infant and toddler development.

110. Explain how the development of self-locomotion affects cognitive, psychosocial, and physical attributes. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.5: Understand the early milestones in motor development, and some influences on it. Learn Smart LO: Identify gross motor skills. 6-48 Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 06 - Physical Development and Health During the First Three Years

111. What is SIDS? What are the doctors' recommendations to minimize its occurrence? Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.3: Explain how the brain develops, and how environmental factors affect its early growth. Learn Smart LO: Infer sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

112. Describe each of the following forms of childhood maltreatment: physical abuse, neglect, Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 6.7: Identify the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect, and what can be done about them. Learn Smart LO: Explain the consequences of child abuse and neglect.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

Chapter 07 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The _____ approach to cognitive development attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively. A. psychometric B. Piagetian C. information-processing D. behaviorist refer to page 178

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches.

2. Researchers use the _____ approach to cognitive development when they focus on the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of life. A. psychometric B. Piagetian C. information-processing D. behaviorist refer to page 178

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

3. Lucas is interested in the basic mechanics of learning, especially how behavior changes in response to experience. Lucas's interest is consistent with the _____ approach. A. Piagetian B. behaviorist C. psychometric D. dialectical refer to page 178

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches.

4. Fred is involved in a heated argument with Gene. Gene believes that the stages of a child's cognitive development are worthy of study. Fred sarcastically comments that this field of study is nothing more than speculation about the mind and that all that really matters is what you observe individuals doing. Gene is taking a _____ approach, while Fred is a proponent of the _____ approach. A. behaviorist; psychometric B. Piagetian; behaviorist C. psychometric; Piagetian D. Piagetian; information-processing refer to page 178

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

5. Alfred has a mathematics background and believes strongly in quantitative measures of variables. Jeanne insists that many important developmental outcomes are more qualitative than numerical. It would appear that Alfred supports the _____ approach to studying cognitive development, whereas Jeanne endorses the _____ approach. A. Piagetian; psychometric B. psychometric; Piagetian C. behaviorist; psychometric D. Piagetian; behaviorist refer to page 178

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches.

6. The _____ approach to cognitive development focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving. A. information-processing B. behaviorist C. neuroscience D. social-contextual refer to page 178

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

7. The _____ approach to cognitive development examines the impact of the environment on learning processes. A. information-processing B. psychometric C. psychodynamic D. social-contextual refer to page 178

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches.

8. Learning is a result of A. experience. B. ability. C. maturation. D. all of these. refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

9. In classical conditioning, the subject exhibits a(n) _____ response to what at one time was a _____ stimuli. A. automatic; neutral B. voluntary; neutral C. automatic; biological D. programmed; biological refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

10. Two-year-old Monica was playing with a balloon when it popped in her face and frightened her. Now when she sees a balloon, she starts to cry. This type of learning is called A. habituation. B. operant conditioning. C. classical conditioning. D. latent learning. refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

11. Two-year-old Rhonda received an injection from a doctor who had a beard and wore glasses. Now she fears any man who has a beard and wears glasses. Rhonda's fear is a result of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. maturation. D. habituation. refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

12. As a child, Juan always enjoyed Sunday outings with his grandparents. Juan rarely felt happier than when he got into his grandparents' car and pulled away from his house. At the time, his grandmother loved to listen to one particular singer on the radio. Although this all happened more than 20 years ago, whenever Juan hears a song by that musician, he gets a warm feeling as he is reminded of those Sundays. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A. Classical conditioning B. Habituation C. Operant conditioning D. Maturation refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

13. Amy knows that when she stands quietly by her grandfather's chair, he will reach over and tickle her under her chin. When a child learns to behave in a specific way to obtain a specific result, what is occurring? A. Habituation B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Social learning refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

14. In operant conditioning, the learner A. acts on the environment. B. is passive. C. does not respond to a stimulus. D. responds favorably to punishment. refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

15. Linda has learned that if she sits on the floor and cries, her father will give her a piece of candy. This is an example of A. habituation. B. classical conditioning. C. operant conditioning. D. social learning. refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

16. Whenever 1-year-old Greg says "Da-Da," his father comes over and picks him up. Soon, Greg is saying "Da-Da" constantly. This example illustrates _____, and Greg being picked up serves as the _____. A. classical conditioning; conditioned stimulus B. habituation; reinforcer C. classical conditioning; unconditioned response D. operant conditioning; desired effect refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

17. Infants can remember information best when A. they are in a relaxed state, such as just before falling asleep. B. memory retrieval occurs in the same context as memory storage. C. the mother is present during the storage of the memory. D. food is used to reinforce learning. refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Describe infant memory.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

18. Developmental scientists have proposed several explanations for why most people cannot remember anything that happened to them before about 2 years of age. Which of the following has NOT been offered as an explanation for this phenomenon? A. Early events are not retained because the brain is not developed enough to store those memories. B. Early memories are stored but then repressed because they are emotionally troubling. C. Children cannot store memories until they have words to talk about them. D. The introduction of television too early prevents retention of memories until after two years old. refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Explain the cause of infantile amnesia.

19. The modern intelligence test originated with _____ and was used to identify children who could not handle academic work and needed special instruction. A. Nancy Bayley B. Alfred Binet C. Jean Piaget D. J. B. Watson refer to page 181

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.3: Identify how infants' and toddlers' intelligence can be measured, and how it can be improved. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the goals of psychometric testing.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

20. The psychometric study of intelligence involves all the following EXCEPT A. identifying the different abilities that make up intelligence. B. measuring the relative amounts of different intellectual abilities that individuals possess. C. predicting the future academic performance of individuals. D. assessing qualitative differences in intellectual functioning over the life span. refer to page 181

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.3: Identify how infants' and toddlers' intelligence can be measured, and how it can be improved. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the goals of psychometric testing.

21. Which is generally accepted to be true of intelligence testing today? A. The test consists of questions or tasks designed to show how much of the measured ability a person has. B. The test is normative in its approach. C. The precise nature of intelligence has been debated for many years. D. All of these are true. refer to page 181

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.3: Identify how infants' and toddlers' intelligence can be measured, and how it can be improved. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the goals of psychometric testing.

22. Dr. Wilson is using a standardized test to determine the reasoning and comprehension abilities of 4-year-olds compared to other test takers. Dr. Wilson is measuring the children's A. qualitative intelligence. B. intelligence quotient. C. literacy stage. D. scheme level. refer to page 181

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.3: Identify how infants' and toddlers' intelligence can be measured, and how it can be improved. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the goals of psychometric testing.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

23. Dr. Leon, a college professor, is explaining to students why it is difficult to assess the intelligence of infants. Which key reason should he include in his lecture? A. All infants seem to show the same level of ability. B. If infants fail to give the "expected" response, the reasons for the "failed" response may be unclear. C. Intelligence does not develop until after infancy. D. There are no tests that will reveal an infant's intelligence. refer to page 181

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.3: Identify how infants' and toddlers' intelligence can be measured, and how it can be improved. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of developmental tests.

24. For children between the ages of 1 month and 3 1/2 years, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development produces a(n) A. IQ score. B. report of mental, motor, and behavioral development. C. developmental assessment that correlates with adult abilities. D. measure of reflex development. refer to pages 181-182

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.3: Identify how infants' and toddlers' intelligence can be measured, and how it can be improved. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of developmental tests.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

25. The Mortons' pediatrician has asked them to have their son Donny assessed by a development psychologist using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Which of the following descriptions would likely fit Donny? A. A 4-month-old who seems to be very shy B. A 2-year-old who has not yet spoken any words C. A 3-year-old who developed language at an early age D. A newborn who suffered anoxia during delivery refer to pages 181-182

26. Which is NOT a developmental area assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development? A. Language development B. Cognitive development C. Logic skills development D. Motor skills development refer to pages 181-182

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

27. Developmental quotients are most useful when used to describe which of the following? A. Neurological deficits B. Learning problems C. Emotional disturbances D. All of these refer to pages 182

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.3: Identify how infants' and toddlers' intelligence can be measured, and how it can be improved. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of developmental tests.

28. Social workers are sometimes trained to administer the HOME, which assesses the effect of a child's home environment on A. physical development. B. emotional health. C. intellectual development. D. future career success. refer to pages 182

29. HOME is an instrument for evaluating the effect of a child's home environment on A. physical development. B. emotional health. C. cognitive development. D. future career success. refer to page 182

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

30. Based on research using the HOME measure, which of the following has the greatest influence on children's cognitive development? A. Socioeconomic status B. Ethnic group C. Developmental problems in infancy D. Parental responsiveness refer to page 183

31. HOME examiners rate parents on which of the following? A. Expressions of affection B. Number of books in the home C. Parents' involvement in children's play D. All of these refer to page 183

32. _____ is a systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children's developmental needs. A. Cognitive advancement B. Infant support C. Early intervention D. Developmental priming refer to page 184

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

33. The most effective early education interventions include those that A. start and continue throughout preschool. B. take a comprehensive approach. C. are tailored to individual differences and needs. D. All of these are true. refer to page 184

34. Dr. Kelly examines how children think and how their cognition changes in stages as they move from preschool to adolescence. She is using the _____ approach. A. behaviorist B. Piagetian C. psychometric D. information-processing refer to page 184

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Recall the Piagetian approach: sensorimotor stage.

35. The Piagetian approach focuses on A. qualitative changes in cognition. B. quantitative differences in intelligence. C. establishing norms for intelligence tests. D. the relationship between brain development and sensorimotor function. refer to page 184

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Recall the Piagetian approach: sensorimotor stage.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

36. Kaitlyn spends her day discovering the world by putting almost everything she touches in her mouth. She is in Piaget's _______ stage. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational refer to page 184

37. The sensorimotor stage A. covers the period from birth to 6 months of age. B. consists of the period from birth to about the age of 2 years. C. occurs throughout the first four years of life. D. lasts from birth until six years of age. refer to page 184

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Recall the Piagetian approach: sensorimotor stage.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

38. One-year-old Jonathan has cookies for snack every afternoon. During snack time, whenever his dog Abby approaches, Jonathan quickly puts his cookie into his mouth. We may conclude that Jonathan has developed an organized pattern of behavior that Piaget referred to as a(n) A. operation. B. scheme. C. gestalt. D. circular reaction. refer to page 184

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of schemes.

39. In Piaget's theory, a _____ is a simple behavior that is repeated often. A. scheme B. circular reaction C. reflex D. conditioned response refer to page 185

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

40. Emma loves to place her cheek on the window because it feels cool to the touch. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a(n) A. adaptation. B. circular reaction. C. unconditioned response. D. symbolic representation. refer to page 185

41. Circular reactions A. are primitive reflexes. B. consist of continuous cycles of waking and sleeping. C. are initially discovered by chance. D. are another form of habituation. refer to page 185

42. According to Piaget, a baby who habitually sucks his thumb is demonstrating A. a primary circular reaction. B. a secondary circular reaction. C. a tertiary circular reaction. D. the coordination of secondary schemes. refer to page 186

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

43. Infants who repeat actions to get results beyond their own bodies are engaging in A. primary circular reactions. B. secondary circular reactions. C. deferred imitation. D. sensorimotor conditioning. refer to page 186

44. Eight-month-old Gina finds that when she pulls on the cord at the side of her playpen, her jumping jack goes up and down. So she pulls it again. Gina is in the substage called A. primary circular reactions. B. secondary circular reactions. C. coordination of secondary schemes. D. tertiary circular reactions. refer to page 186

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

45. Sandra has learned to squeeze her stuffed bear to make it squeak. When her father gives her a new stuffed giraffe, she squeezes it in just the same way as she did the bear. Sandra's behavior is an example of A. primary reflexes. B. primary circular reactions. C. secondary circular reactions. D. coordination of secondary schemes. refer to page 186

46. Baby Lydia likes to squeeze her rubber duck because it makes a noise when she does so. She enjoys the sound, but her hand often gets tired after a short time. She suddenly puts the rubber duck in her mouth and starts squeezing the toy between her teeth. It is much easier and the noise is even louder. This is an example of which of the following concepts? A. Primary circular reactions B. Secondary circular reactions C. Tertiary circular reactions D. Reflexive responses refer to page 187

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Define tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

47. Adam tries to get his bunny off the top of his toy box. After several failed attempts with his arm, he pushes it off with his foot. This example of a tertiary circular reaction involves A. doing three things at once. B. varying an action to see what will happen. C. repeating a behavior at least three times. D. manipulating symbols. refer to page 187

48. The substage of sensorimotor development in which the child uses trial and error to find which one of his or her physical skills works best for a particular task is called A. primary circular reactions. B. secondary circular reactions. C. coordination of secondary schemes. D. tertiary circular reactions. refer to page 187

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

49. Paulo causes a piano to make sounds by hitting the keys with his fists. Later, he tries to make the piano play by hitting the keys with a stuffed animal. According to Piaget, this behavior is representative of A. tertiary circular reactions. B. the use of reflexes. C. primary circular reactions. D. secondary circular reactions. refer to page 187

50. The acquisition of _____ is present in stage six of Piaget's sensorimotor stage. A. reflexes B. causality C. representational ability D. schemes refer to page 187

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

51. Alex watches his mother play tennis in the morning. Later, when he is alone, Alex picks up a stick and swings it like a tennis racquet, copying his mother's actions from earlier in the day. According to Piaget, Alex is in the _____ substage of sensorimotor development. A. 3rd B. 4th C. 5th D. 6th refer to page 187

52. A newborn who smiles at a smiling adult is engaging in ______ imitation. A. mirror B. invisible C. deferred D. circular refer to page 187

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Discuss if imitative ability develops earlier than Piaget thought.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

53. Researchers Meltzoff and Moore reported that babies less than 72 hours old appeared to imitate adults by opening their mouths and sticking out their tongues. This is consistent with other research that claims that A. Piaget's developmental timetable sequence is accurate. B. infants may develop earlier than Piaget proposed. C. infants may develop later than Piaget stated. D. early learning is the result of conditioning. refer to page 187

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Discuss if imitative ability develops earlier than Piaget thought.

54. Researchers Meltzoff and Moore reported that babies as young as 6 weeks of age are capable of deferred imitation. This is consistent with other research that claims that A. Piaget's developmental timetable sequence is accurate. B. infants may develop later than Piaget stated. C. infants may develop earlier than Piaget proposed. D. early learning is the result of conditioning. refer to page 187

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

55. When infants engage in imitation that involves parts of their body that they cannot see, it is referred to as _____ imitation. A. invisible B. visible C. motor D. sensorimotor refer to page 187

56. According to research by Melzoff and Moore, children become capable of deferred imitation A. at an older age than Piaget suggested. B. at a much younger age than Piaget suggested. C. at the age Piaget suggested. D. minutes after birth. refer to page 188

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

57. Willie sees his mother put a DVD into the DVD player. When she leaves the room, Willie tries to reach up and put a DVD in the same place. The form of behavior that involves imitation of actions babies no longer see in front of them is called A. invisible imitation. B. visible imitation. C. deferred imitation. D. social learning. refer to page 188

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of deferred imitation.

58. A father talked on the telephone in front of his baby. The next day, the baby picked up a toy telephone and repeated his father's actions. According to Piaget, this is an example of A. deferred imitation. B. social learning. C. invisible imitation. D. reciprocal interaction. refer to page 188

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of deferred imitation.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

59. A researcher shows children little toys, and then he places the toys in a bus and "drives" the bus across the carpet. The researcher is trying to get the children to do the same. This is called A. object permanence. B. sensory imitation. C. elicited imitation. D. deferred imitation. refer to page 189

60. Research on Piaget's cognitive concepts supports which of the following statements? A. Some abilities are present at an earlier age than Piaget noted. B. Infants may know an object exists even if they do not search for it. C. Children do not understand the concept of numbers before the age of 2. D. Both A and B are correct. refer to page 189

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

61. Penny loves to play peekaboo with her baby brother. The realization that an object or person continues to exist even when out of sight is known as A. deferred representation. B. object permanence. C. deferred symbolism. D. attachment. refer to page 189

62. Leo cries loudly every time his mother leaves the room. He seems to believe that she is never coming back. Leo has not yet developed A. anticipatory insight. B. emotional attachment. C. representational ability. D. object permanence. refer to page 189

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

63. Research on object permanence suggests that A. a baby's failure to search for hidden objects is a result of his/her inability to perform the sequence of actions necessary for solving a problem. B. the violation-of-expectations technique cannot be used with babies younger than 8 months. C. infants as young as 4 months typically remember an object that they can no longer see. D. babies gaze longer at "possible" events than at "impossible" events. refer to page 189

64. An 8- to 12-month-old infant searches for a hidden object in a place where she previously found it rather than in the place where she most recently saw someone hide it. This is an example of what Piaget referred to as A. sensorimotor thought. B. the development of object permanence. C. the A-not-B, error. D. none of these. refer to page 189

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Discuss how object permanence is studied.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

65. In studies in the United States and Africa's Ivory Coast, DeLoache and colleagues observed infants using their hands to explore pictures. What is true about their observations? A. Children explored the pictures as though they were objects. B. Children patted, rubbed and grasped the pictures in an attempt to lift the depicted object off the page. C. Manual exploration of the pictures diminished by 15 months of age, hinting at the symbolic understanding of pictures. D. All of these are true. refer to page 190

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of a symbol according to Piaget.

66. Piaget's theory A. has continued to be accepted with modifications. B. has been found to be deeply flawed. C. has stimulated little recent research. D. was influential only in the 1950s and 1960s. refer to page 191

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

67. Virginia has noticed that her baby no longer looks at the picture of the dinosaur on his bedroom wall. A baby's gradual loss of interest in a particular picture is evidence of A. habituation. B. classical conditioning. C. operant conditioning. D. cognitive regression. refer to page 192

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.5: Explain how we can measure infants' ability to process information, and when babies begin to think about characteristics of the physical world. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of habituation.

68. Baby Stephanie stops sucking her thumb to listen to a tone. She resumes sucking and stops again when the tone sounds again. Later, after the tone has been repeated a number of times, she ignores it. This is an example of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. habituation. D. boredom. refer to page 192

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

69. Researchers study habituation in infants by A. pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. B. reinforcing infants' responses to stimuli so that the infants will continue to produce these responses. C. testing infants for development of object permanence. D. repeatedly presenting the same stimulus to see if an infant loses interest in it. refer to page 192

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.5: Explain how we can measure infants' ability to process information, and when babies begin to think about characteristics of the physical world. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of habituation.

70. A baby who experiences 100 presentations of a high-pitched tone no longer reacts to the sound by stopping the sucking response. When a new low-pitched tone is presented, the baby stops sucking. This cessation of sucking caused by the new tone is called A. dishabituation. B. disinhibition. C. nonadaptation. D. a conditioned response. refer to page 192

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

71. Doris noticed that her infant son Alex had become bored with the mobile hanging above his crib. When Doris hung new pictures on the mobile, Alex's responsiveness increased. Alex's behavior is an example of A. a circular reaction. B. violation of expectations. C. habituation. D. dishabituation. refer to page 192

72. Research on early visual preferences demonstrates that very young infants A. pay more attention to familiar patterns than to new ones. B. pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones. C. cannot discriminate between new patterns and familiar patterns. D. show no consistency in the attention they give to new and familiar patterns. refer to page 193

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.5: Explain how we can measure infants' ability to process information, and when babies begin to think about characteristics of the physical world. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of visual preference.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

73. The length of time spent looking at a new stimulus compared with the length of time looking at familiar stimuli is called A. habituation. B. visual-recognition. C. visual preference. D. attention recovery. refer to page 193

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.5: Explain how we can measure infants' ability to process information, and when babies begin to think about characteristics of the physical world. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of visual preference.

74. Research with babies less than 2 days old suggests that they seem to prefer all of the following EXCEPT A. curved lines. B. complex patterns. C. three-dimensional objects. D. familiar sights. refer to page 193

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

75. Derek is asked to reach into a box while blindfolded and hold a small rubber duck. Later, he is shown several pictures of different toys, including the duck, and is asked to choose the one that he handled earlier. If he chooses the duck picture, this action suggests that he is capable of A. polymodal attention. B. habituation. C. cross-modal transfer. D. novelty avoidance. refer to page 193

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.5: Explain how we can measure infants' ability to process information, and when babies begin to think about characteristics of the physical world. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of cross-modal transfer.

76. The capacity for joint attention develops by about _____ months. A. 6 B. 12 C. 18 D. 24 refer to page 194

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

77. Which is true of the visual expectation paradigm? A. Visual reaction time is measured. B. Visual anticipation is measured. C. Attentiveness and processing speed are measured. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 194

78. Researchers study infants' information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT A. visual references. B. habituation time. C. cross-modal transference. D. language development. refer to page 194

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

79. When a baby is first habituated to seeing an event as it would normally happen and then sees it in a way that conflicts with his/her beliefs, it is known as A. inhibitory control. B. violation of expectations. C. visual recognition. D. cross-modal transfer. refer to page 197

80. The research method that is based on an infant's tendency to look longer at surprising phenomena rather than at familiar phenomena is known as A. deferred imitation. B. violation of expectations. C. counterintuitive perception. D. conditioned head turning. refer to page 197

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

81. Baillargeon's studies of babies' understanding of physical phenomena suggest that A. infants may have innate learning mechanisms that help them make sense of the world. B. infants in the sensorimotor period are unaware of causality. C. the ability to reason about physical phenomena develops independently of the development of motor abilities and experience. D. maternal responsiveness has little influence on early cognitive development. refer to pages 197-198

82. Baillargeon and DeVos showed babies possible and impossible events involving moving carrots, a track, and a screen. They found that babies A. looked longer at the possible events. B. looked longer at the impossible events. C. looked equally long at possible and impossible events. D. became distressed when viewing the impossible event. refer to pages 197-198

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

83. Wynn's study using Mickey Mouse dolls indicated that 5-month-olds A. looked longer at surprising solutions than at expected results. B. have reached Piaget's sixth sensorimotor stage. C. are unable to subtract small numbers of objects. D. are able to add small numbers of objects. refer to page 198

84. Leah has been amusing her parents with her ability to remember new words, people's names, and the names of her dolls. This type of intentional memory that allows children to recall and declare facts, names, and events is known as _____ memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. expressive D. purposeful refer to page 200

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.6: Articulate what brain research can reveal about the development of cognitive skills. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the cognitive neuroscience approach: The brain's cognitive structures.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

85. _____ memory refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness. A. Implicit B. Explicit C. Practiced D. Repressed refer to page 200

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.6: Articulate what brain research can reveal about the development of cognitive skills. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify implicit memory.

86. The short-term storage of information that the brain actively processes is referred to as _____ memory. A. episodic B. semantic C. implicit D. working refer to page 200

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.6: Articulate what brain research can reveal about the development of cognitive skills. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of working memory.

87. Research on memory suggests that 10-month-old Isabelle A. is probably still utilizing a primitive form of memory known as pre-explicit memory. B. has not yet developed the capacity for implicit memory. C. has begun to develop the capacity for working memory. D. can only remember information for a few seconds. refer to page 200

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.6: Articulate what brain research can reveal about the development of cognitive skills. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of working memory.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

88. The relatively late appearance of working memory in children seems to be largely responsible for the A. slow development of object permanence. B. atrophy of the prefrontal cortex between 6 and 12 months of age. C. development of long-term memory. D. inability of children to walk until they are approximately a year old. refer to pages 200-201

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.6: Articulate what brain research can reveal about the development of cognitive skills. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of working memory.

89. _____ considered guided participation important and thought of learning as a collaborative process. A. Piaget B. Vygotsky C. Bronfenbrenner D. Chomsky refer to page 201

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.7: Describe how social interaction with adults advances cognitive competence. Learn Smart LO: Recall the social contextual approach: Learning from interactions with caregivers.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

90. Amos is trying to teach his son Tim to tie his shoes. He demonstrates the procedure and then talks his son through the steps until Tim can perform the task on his own. Vygotsky referred to these activities that help bridge the gap between the child's understanding and the adult's understanding as A. interference. B. unresponsiveness. C. guided participation. D. reciprocal interaction. refer to page 201

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.7: Describe how social interaction with adults advances cognitive competence. Learn Smart LO: Recall the social contextual approach: Learning from interactions with caregivers.

91. Which of the following descriptions regarding the concept of guided participation is false? A. Guided participation brings the child's understanding closer to that of the adult. B. Guided participation requires reinforcement to work C. Guided participation decreases the range of the child's zone of proximal development on that particular task. D. Guided participation varies from culture to culture. refer to page 201

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.7: Describe how social interaction with adults advances cognitive competence. Learn Smart LO: Recall the social contextual approach: Learning from interactions with caregivers.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

92. _____ is a communication system based on words and grammar and _____. A. Psycholinguistics; language B. Literacy; psycholinguistics C. Language; cognitive development D. Language; psycholinguistics refer to page 202

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of language.

93. The communicative use of sounds by infants is called A. holophrase speech. B. representational speech. C. prelinguistic speech. D. "motherese." refer to page 202

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of language.

94. Helen spends all day listening to her baby babbling and cooing. She believes that she and her baby are having "conversations." The baby is practicing A. "motherese." B. prelinguistic speech. C. linguistic speech. D. nonsymbolic speech. refer to page 202

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Outline the sequence of babies' sounds during the first year of life.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

95. Seven-month-old Benjamin babbles and coos but has not produced a word. The sounds he makes constitute _____ speech. A. presyntactic B. holophrase C. circular D. prelinguistic refer to page 202

96. Jana knows that the conversations she and her cooing baby are having communicate A. ideas. B. feelings. C. symbols. D. words. refer to page 202

97. Infants first communicate their emotions at A. birth, by crying. B. 6 months of age, by babbling. C. 12 months of age, by imitating sounds. D. 18 months of age, by using words. refer to page 202

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Outline the sequence of babies' sounds during the first year of life.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

98. Three-month-old Francella likely communicates happiness through A. holophrases. B. cooing. C. babbling. D. imitation. refer to pages 202

99. Viran is almost 4 months of age. Like a typical infant of his age, he seems to enjoy A. "trying out" sounds from all human languages. B. producing sounds that match the ones he hears. C. babbling strings of consonants. D. deliberately imitating sounds with linguistic meaning. refer to pages 202

100. Silvia spends hours saying "da-da-da-da." This is an example of A. babbling. B. telegraphic speech. C. a holophrase. D. a language acquisition device. refer to page 202

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

101. Charles is a typically developing child. When Charles was about _____ months old, he began to imitate sounds deliberately. A. 3 to 4 B. 6 to 8 C. 9 to 10 D. 12 refer to pages 202

102. Babies become increasingly aware of the sounds of their language and its phonological rules at ____ of age. A. 3 to 4 months B. 6 to 8 months C. 1 year D. 2 years refer to pages 203

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Outline the sequence of babies' sounds during the first year of life.

103. At approximately what age are babies first able to distinguish different speech sounds? A. From birth B. 3 weeks after birth C. 6 weeks after birth D. 12 weeks after birth refer to pages 203

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

104. The basic sounds of an infant's native language are called A. graphemes. B. phonemes. C. phonetics. D. morphemes. refer to page 203

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of a phoneme.

105. The first types of gestures to emerge in an infant's repertoire are _____ gestures. A. conventional social B. representational C. presemantic D. symbolic refer to page 204

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Identify gestures.

106. Ozzy is celebrating his first birthday. After he blows out the candles, he blows a kiss to his grandmother. Ozzy's attempt to communicate with his grandmother is called a A. conventional social gesture. B. representational gesture. C. symbolic gesture. D. telegraphic gesture. refer to page 205

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Identify gestures.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

107. Wendy, who is 15-months-old, is asked by her father if she is tired. Wendy lies down and acts as if she is sleeping to communicate her desire to be put to bed. This type of nonverbal message is referred to as a _____ gesture. A. conventional social B. symbolic C. mediational D. presymbolic refer to page 205

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Identify gestures.

108. When does a child usually say his/her first word? A. 3 to 5 months B. 6 to 8 months C. 10 to 14 months D. 16 to 18 months refer to page 205

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Identify gestures.

109. Derek says, "Wa," meaning "I want some water." This is an example of A. a monophrase. B. a holophrase. C. a synonym. D. "motherese." refer to page 205

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify a holophrase.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

110. Most children speak in two-word sentences by the age of ____ months. A. 8 B. 10 C. 14 D. 24 refer to page 206

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall the age at which children usually begin using two word sentences.

111. Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech? A. "Cookie." B. "Want cookie." C. "I want a cookie." D. "I want a chocolate chip cookie." refer to page 206

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Define telegraphic speech.

112. Language that includes short sentences that omit many parts of speech, but still conveys meaning, is described as A. referential. B. telegraphic. C. expressive. D. overgeneralized. refer to page 206

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Define telegraphic speech.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

113. "Mommy go now" is an example of ______ speech. A. syntactic B. overextended C. underextended D. telegraphic refer to page 206

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Define telegraphic speech.

114. Two-year-old Mindy is beginning to speak sentences using articles and prepositions. She is developing A. holophrases. B. syntax. C. overextensive speech. D. telegraphic speech. refer to page 206

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Define syntax.

115. Characteristics of early speech include all of the following EXCEPT A. simplification. B. overextension. C. understanding grammar without being able to express it. D. use of "parentese." refer to page 207

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall characteristics of early speech.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

116. Ginger, age 18 months, calls all four-legged animals "kitty." This is an example of which characteristic of children's early speech? A. Use of holophrases B. Simplification C. Overextending D. Overregularization refer to page 207

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall examples of overextension.

117. A child who calls a dog a "bow-wow" and also calls a cat a "bow-wow" is A. overextending. B. overregularizing. C. using a monophrase. D. using syntax. refer to page 207

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall examples of overextension.

118. Kelly, age 2 years, says "Brrr! My feets are cold!" This is an example of A. simplification. B. overextension. C. underextension. D. overregularization. refer to page 207

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall characteristics of early speech.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

119. Fran says, "Yesterday, I sitted on the floor." This is an example of _____ grammatical rules. A. underextending B. hyperextending C. overregularizing D. paraphrasing refer to page 207

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall characteristics of early speech.

120. According to _____ theory, language is acquired by imitation and reinforcement of specific sounds. A. Piagetian B. psychometric C. nativism D. learning refer to page 207

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall classic theories of language acquisition: The nature-nurture debate.

121. Learning, or behavioral, theorists maintain that language is learned through A. classical conditioning. B. habituation. C. nativism. D. reinforcement. refer to page 208

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

122. Chomsky's proposal that humans possess a language-acquisition device is most consistent with a(n) _____ view of language acquisition. A. learning theory B. nativist C. empiricist D. prelinguistic refer to page 208

123. Noam Chomsky defined a language-acquisition device as a(n): A. perceptual mechanism that allows reinforcement to strengthen commonly used words. B. mechanism that enables the brain to infer linguistic rules from the language it hears. C. inborn mechanism that helps children to understand the meanings of words. D. teaching method that helps children to become literate. refer to page 208

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall influences on early language development.

124. _____ suggests that human beings have an inborn capacity or mechanism for acquiring language. A. Learning theory B. Nativism C. Behaviorist theory D. Social-learning theory refer to page 208

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

125. Which of the following statements would NOT be cited as evidence that supports the nativist perspective? A. Children learn the grammar of their own language by repeating sounds their parents praise them for making. B. Almost all children master their native language without formal teaching. C. Linguistic advances, such as the onset of babbling, occur in similar ways for hearing and deaf babies. D. Newborns are born with perceptual mechanisms that match the requirements of language. refer to page 208

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall classic theories of language acquisition: The nature-nurture debate.

126. Nativists would cite which of the following to support their view of language development? A. The human brain contains a language structure that is larger on one left side than on the right side. B. Children learn their own language without formal teaching. C. Deaf children make up their own sign language without models. D. All of these are true. refer to page 208

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

127. The concept of a language acquisition device in the human brain is part of which theory of language development? A. Behaviorist theory B. Social-learning theory C. Piagetian theory D. Nativism refer to page 208

128. In about 98% of the population, the _____ is dominant for language. A. left hemisphere B. right hemisphere C. medulla oblongata D. brain stem refer to page 210

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: List the areas of the brain associated with language.

129. In terms of language development, the game of "Peekaboo!" helps stimulate an infant's sensitivity to A. loud noises. B. sibling's feelings. C. social exchange. D. memory repression. refer to page 211

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall influences on early language development.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

130. When children grow up in a bilingual home, they develop the ability to switch from one language to another, which is called code A. differentiation. B. interchange. C. mixing. D. switching. refer to page 212

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall influences on early language development.

131. "Parentese" includes all the following characteristics EXCEPT: A. the use of short words and simple sentences. B. high-pitched speech. C. rapid speech. D. repetition. refer to page 212

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of child-directed speech.

132. Characteristics of child-directed speech, or "parentese," include all of the following EXCEPT A. speaking in a low-pitched voice. B. speaking slowly. C. repeating words. D. speaking "baby talk." refer to page 212

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

133. Babies learn speech best from A. television. B. recordings. C. practice in overextension. D. communication with someone. refer to page 212

134. Which of the following is NOT one of the reading styles that adults use with children? A. Describer style B. Authoritarian style C. Comprehender style D. Performance-oriented style refer to page 213

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall preparing for literacy: The benefits of reading out loud.

135. Tanya tells her mother a story before going to bed. She is the "storyteller," while her mother is the active listener. This is similar to what reading style? A. Describer B. Authoritarian C. Comprehender D. Performance-oriented refer to page 213

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall preparing for literacy: The benefits of reading out loud.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

Essay Questions 136. Compare and contrast classical conditioning and operant conditioning, and give an example of each as applied to infant learning. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying classical and operant conditioning.

137. Describe the methods used to measure the intelligence of infants and toddlers. What effect does early intervention have on intelligence? Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.3: Identify how infants' and toddlers' intelligence can be measured, and how it can be improved. Learn Smart LO: Testing infants and toddlers.

138. Explain infant development in the context of circular reactions. In your explanation, include primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions, and give an example of each. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of a primary circular reaction.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

139. Define Piaget's concept of object permanence, and describe the connection between object permanence and deferred imitation. Answers will vary

140. Explain the connection between infants' information processing, speed of habituation, and future intelligence scores. Answers will vary

141. Describe the role that technology plays in the development of children's language. What are the positive and the negative effects of television viewing on young children's language acquisition? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Do infants and toddlers watch too much TV?

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

142. Discuss the research pertaining to violation-of-expectations. How is it related to babies' thinking about characteristics of the real world? Answers will vary

143. Explain how social interaction with adults contributes to advanced cognitive competence. In your explanation, address both guided participation and the cultural context in which families interact with their children. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.7: Describe how social interaction with adults advances cognitive competence. Learn Smart LO: Recall the social contextual approach: Learning from interactions with caregivers.

144. What are the major milestones of language development during the first three years? What can influence linguistic progress? Answers will vary

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

145. Describe both similarities and differences in the ways that deaf children and hearing children acquire language skills (be sure to mention differences in deaf children of deaf families and deaf children of hearing families). How have aspects of learning theory and nativism been used to explain how deaf babies learn sign language? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Classic theories of language acquisition: The nature-nurture debate.

146. Describe the differences between the nativist approach to language acquisition and the learning theorist approach. Explain why many theorists maintain that our language abilities are a result of both approaches. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Classic theories of language acquisition: The nature-nurture debate.

True / False Questions 147. Sakura focuses her study of development on perception, memory and language. She is most likely taking a behavioral approach. FALSE refer to page 178

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

148. A developmentalist who focuses on how behavior changes in response to experience is most likely taking a behavioral approach. TRUE refer to page 178

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.1: Recall the six approaches to the study of cognitive development. Learn Smart LO: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches.

149. In classical conditioning, an individual associates a behavior with a consequence or outcome. FALSE refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

150. If one associates a needle with pain, it is most likely due to classical conditioning. TRUE refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

151. If a baby learns to associate that when it cries mom and dad come running, it is most likely due to operant conditioning. TRUE refer to page 179

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 7.2: Describe how infants learn, and how long they can remember. Learn Smart LO: Recall classical and operant conditioning.

152. There are no tests that will reveal an infant's intelligence. FALSE refer to page 181

153. The Bailey Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Scale is used to determine an individual's IQ. FALSE refer to page 182

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

154. The first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is the preoperational stage. FALSE refer to page 184

155. Piaget focuses heavily on the importance of reflexes and the development from involuntary to voluntary use of these mechanisms. TRUE refer to page 185

156. For Piaget, several things mark the end of the sensorimotor stage of development, chiefly is representational ability. TRUE refer to page 187

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

157. Piaget argues that deferred imitation is important because it requires a mental representation of the behavior or skill. TRUE refer to page 188

158. Baby Willa watches while her mother hides a ball under a blanket. Baby Willa acts as though the ball no longer exists. This demonstrates that she has gained object permanence. FALSE refer to page 189

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.4: Describe Piaget's cognitive development in infants and toddlers, and evaluate how his claims have stood up. Learn Smart LO: Discuss how object permanence is studied.

159. One-year-old Raja observes her brother hiding a ball behind a pillow, and then retrieves the ball. After several times of playing this game, her brother hides the ball behind a potted plant. However, baby Raja continues to look for the ball behind the pillow. Raja is demonstrating the A not B error. TRUE refer to page 189

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

160. I jingle my car keys in front of baby Sam. After a while, he looks away and is no longer interested. This is an example of dishabituation. FALSE refer to page 192

161. Speed of habituation is related to intelligence. TRUE refer to pages 192-193

162. Babies prefer to look at faces compared to other visual stimuli. TRUE refer to page 193

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

163. Your ability to recall the capitols of the 50 states is an ability tied to implicit memory. FALSE refer to page 182

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 7.6: Articulate what brain research can reveal about the development of cognitive skills. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify implicit memory.

164. Tobias sits with his mother and watches her bake bread. She shows him what she is doing and he works in parallel to her watching and modeling. In this way, he learns how to bake bread. Vygotsky and Rogoff called this guided participation. TRUE refer to page 201

165. Chomsky argued that the reason young children find learning language so easy is because they are born with a language acquisition device. Based on this, we would classify him as being a proponent of learning theory. FALSE refer to page 208

Chapter 07 - Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

166. Deaf babies learn language in much the same stages and sequence as hearing babies. TRUE refer to page 208

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 7.8: Summarize how babies develop language, and what influences the linguistic progress. Learn Smart LO: Recall classic theories of language acquisition: The nature-nurture debate.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

Chapter 08 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the foundations of psychosocial development? A. Early human interactions B. Temperament C. Thought D. Fine motor skills refer to page 218

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss emotional and social development.

2. Emotions are _____ reactions to experiences that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes. A. operantly conditioned B. genetically dictated C. set D. subjective refer to page 218

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss emotional and social development.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

3. Which of the following statements regarding infant emotions is FALSE? A. When babies want or need something, they cry. B. When babies feel sociable, they smile. C. At first, crying signifies physical discomfort; later, it signals psychological distress. D. Babies display their first social smile within minutes of birth. refer to page 219

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

4. Two-week-old Jamie is lying quietly in her bassinet. Suddenly, she utters a loud, piercing cry and holds her breath. She is probably A. hungry. B. angry. C. in pain. D. frustrated. refer to pages 219-220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss infant crying.

5. The most developmentally sound approach to comforting a distressed baby is to A. ignore the baby if possible. B. let the baby cry for a considerable time before responding. C. prevent distress, so there will be less need for soothing. D. respond immediately each time the infant cries. refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss infant crying.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

6. The best way to respond to an infant who is crying is to A. ignore the cries to avoid spoiling the baby. B. let the baby cry for a considerable time before responding. C. respond regularly with tender, soothing care. D. respond immediately each time the infant cries. refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss infant crying.

7. Connor, a 3-week-old infant, is crying. His cry began suddenly, is very loud, and was not preceded by moaning. According to Wolff, Conner is exhibiting a(n) A. angry cry. B. cry of pain. C. hunger cry. D. cry of anxiety. refer to pages 219-220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss infant crying.

8. The earliest smile, a reflex smile, appears A. shortly after birth. B. when a baby is about 2 weeks old. C. when a baby is about 4 weeks old. D. when a baby is about 6 weeks old. refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

9. Kendrick has been awake in his crib for a long time. He produces two or three drawn-out cries with no prolonged breath-holding. He is probably A. hungry. B. frustrated. C. angry. D. in pain. refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss infant crying.

10. Margo and her husband Frank love watching little Tina smile when they come into the room. Which of the following statements about infants' smiles is correct? A. Smiles appear soon after birth, generally when the infant is wide awake. B. The "social smile" is seen by 1 week of age. C. Smiles become social at around 8 months of age. D. During the second month of life, infants begin to smile selectively at people they recognize. refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

11. Infants generally begin to laugh out loud at about the _____ month of life. A. first B. second C. fourth D. sixth refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

12. The Powers are new parents who want to do everything just right. In reading up on ways to limit the distress in their new baby's life, they are likely to encounter which of the following statements about infants' emotions? A. It is easy to tell when newborns are happy. B. Normal, healthy newborns use facial expressions rather than crying to communicate their needs. C. Researchers agree that a baby's facial expressions indicate the feelings that the baby experiences. D. The meaning of infants' emotional signals remains constant over the first two years of life. refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

13. Smiling is an important social behavior in infants because it A. is one of the ways that babies can encourage adults to respond to them. B. paves the way for the development of an emotional vocabulary. C. relieves the infant's distress more effectively than crying does. D. signifies happiness as early as the first week of life. refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

14. Sometimes laughter helps babies discharge tension, such as A. sadness. B. fear. C. anger. D. disgust. refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

15. Which of the following statements about infants and emotions is FALSE? A. Infants cannot express emotions for about the first month. B. Infants show facial expressions that are similar to adults'. C. One of the earliest emotional expressions shown by infants is unhappiness. D. Infants and adults both share the same basic emotions. refer to page 221

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

16. Soon after birth, an infant can show all the following emotions EXCEPT A. contentment. B. anger. C. interest. D. distress. refer to page 221

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

17. Which of the following emotions is NOT yet present in an 8-month-old infant? A. Anger B. Shame C. Sadness D. Disgust refer to page 221

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify emotions in infancy.

18. Infants' cognitive understanding that they are functioning beings, separate from the rest of their world, is referred to as A. self-recognition. B. self-awareness. C. self-conceptualization. D. self-evaluation. refer to page 221

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of self-conscious emotions.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

19. Emotions such as empathy and envy A. are often present at birth. B. are not present until age 3. C. develop soon after the primary emotions. D. are related to the development of self-awareness. refer to page 221

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of self-conscious emotions.

20. Self-awareness usually emerges by about ___ months. A. 6 B. 9 C. 12 D. 18 refer to page 221

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of self-conscious emotions.

21. When they develop _____, children can evaluate their own thoughts, plans, and desires according to what is considered socially appropriate. A. self-recognition B. self-awareness C. self-conceptualization D. self-evaluation refer to page 222

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of self-conscious emotions.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

22. The emergence of evaluative emotions takes place around the age of _____. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 refer to page 222

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of self-conscious emotions.

23. Which of the following is NOT a self-evaluative emotion? A. Love B. Pride C. Shame D. Guilt refer to page 222

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of self-conscious emotions.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

24. Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between brain development and emotional development is FALSE? A. In the first three months, the cerebral cortex becomes functional, and cognitive perceptions come into play. B. Around 9 or 10 months, the connections between the frontal cortex and the limbic system may facilitate the relationship between cognition and emotion. C. In the second year, infants develop self-awareness and self-conscious emotions and a greater capacity for self-regulation. D. In the third year, maturation of the sympathetic system provides the mechanisms to control the parasympathetic system, which prepares the body for action. refer to page 222

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Distinguish the shifts in brain organization in relation to emotion.

25. Marcus started crying because his friend Timothy was crying. This is a sign that he is developing empathy. Empathy depends on A. self-consciousness. B. self-awareness. C. social cognition. D. self-evaluation. refer to page 223

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of empathy.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

26. Temperament is A. an innate, nonlinguistic form of communication. B. another term for self-awareness. C. the learning of behaviors deemed appropriate by one's culture. D. one's style of approaching people and situations. refer to page 224

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe temperament.

27. According to the New York Longitudinal Study, 40% of children exhibit a temperamental pattern described as A. difficult. B. slow-to-warm-up. C. easy. D. mixed. refer to page 224

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Recall Chess and Thomas' classification of an easy child.

28. Which of the following statements about temperament is correct? A. Temperament appears to be largely determined by a person's biological makeup. B. Temperament is learned. C. Temperament, once set, rarely changes. D. Second-born children are likely to have easier temperaments than firstborns. refer to page 224

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe temperament.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

29. According to the New York Longitudinal Study, all the following are components of temperament EXCEPT A. adaptability. B. attention span. C. level of aggression. D. distractibility. refer to page 225

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe temperament.

30. The New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament found that A. all children fit into a clear temperamental category. B. about one in every three children has a mixed temperament pattern. C. children are evenly distributed among the basic temperamental categories. D. the largest temperamental group was slow-to-warm-up. refer to page 224

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe temperament.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

31. Which of the following statements about the temperament categories identified in the New York Longitudinal Study is correct? A. Approximately 90% of the children in the study sample fell into one of three categories. B. Nearly 40% of the children in the sample fell into the difficult category. C. Roughly 35% of the children in the sample did not fit neatly into any of the three categories. D. Situational variation in the nine components of temperament is unusual. refer to page 224

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe temperament.

32. Baby Elise is irritable, does not follow regular patterns of eating and sleeping, and has intense reactions to what goes on in her environment. Elise's temperament can be characterized as A. easy. B. difficult. C. slow-to-warm-up. D. mixed. refer to pages 224, 225

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Recall Chess and Thomas' classification of a difficult child.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

33. Lucy is a quiet infant who is mild in her responses, both positive and negative. She shows a distinct dislike for new situations, but eventually adjusts and enjoys new things. Thomas and Chess would classify Lucy as a(n) _____ child. A. slow-to-warm-up B. difficult C. easy D. ambivalent refer to pages 224-225

34. Baby Ellen is suspicious of strangers, has frequent tantrums, has an irregular pattern of waking and sleeping, and laughs and cries loudly. Ellen's temperament can be classified as A. easy. B. hyperactive. C. difficult. D. slow-to-warm-up. refer to pages 224-225

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

35. Baby Benjamin sleeps and eats irregularly, adjusts slowly to new routines, and is suspicious of strangers. Which of the temperamental patterns described by Thomas and Chess does Benjamin fit? A. Easy B. Difficult C. Low reactive D. Mixed refer to pages 224, 225

36. Mrs. Pilky's newborn son Danny is quiet, adjusts only gradually to new situations, and has moderately predictable biological cycles. Which kind of temperament does he have? A. Easy B. Slow-to-warm-up C. Timid D. Difficult refer to pages 224-225

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

37. Baby Eddy's schedules are predictable. He adapts easily, is pleasant, and responds well to change. Which kind of temperament does he have? A. Easy B. Difficult C. Slow-to-warm-up D. Placid refer to pages 224-225

38. Ratings of infants' temperament are A. typically based on objective observations in laboratory settings. B. often based on parental ratings. C. unaffected by mothers' psychological characteristics. D. predictive of later behavior only when the initial ratings are positive. refer to page 225

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe temperament.

39. Which of the following was NOT used as an indicator of temperament according to the Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire? A. Eating habits B. Activity level C. Fear and frustration D. Positive emotion refer to page 225

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe Rothbart's temperament classification system.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

40. "Goodness of fit" implies that parents should deal with children's behavior problems by A. trying to change their child's temperament to match their own. B. letting their child's temperament create the family atmosphere and patterns. C. helping a difficult child fit into the environment. D. helping their child make some adaptions but essentially accepting their child's temperament. refer to page 226

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate goodness of fit.

41. Pedro is quiet and extremely shy, often requiring a great deal of time to warm up to new people. Pedro's temperament A. might be substantially modified by environmental factors. B. cannot be modified. C. is strongly affected by birth order. D. is not affected by cultural differences. refer to page 226

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate goodness of fit.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

42. Which of the following children is probably NOT experiencing a problem of "fit" between temperament and environment? A. Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child. He lives in a small apartment with his older parents. B. Brian likes to sit quietly and play alone. He spends most days with ten other children at a day care center. C. Carolyn enjoys trying out musical instruments and experimenting with arts and crafts materials. Her mother likes the house to be quiet and neat. D. Debby is hesitant and quiet. Her father pushes her to experience new situations. refer to page 226

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate goodness of fit.

43. The best synonym for Kagan's "inhibition to the unfamiliar" is A. fear. B. resentment. C. shyness. D. laziness. refer to page 226

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe Kagan's behavioral inhibition classification system of temperament.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

44. Studies of behavioral inhibition suggest that this aspect of temperament A. is largely the result of a child's prenatal experience. B. cannot be evaluated until around 6 months of age. C. is associated with certain biological characteristics. D. emerges toward the end of the third year. refer to pages 226-227

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe biological foundations and experiences in regard to temperament.

45. Erikson's first psycho-social challenge is A. autonomy versus shame and doubt. B. initiative versus guilt. C. basic trust versus basic mistrust. D. generativity versus stagnation. refer to page 227

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Recognize Erikson's stages of development.

46. Two-year-old Hanna believes that her needs in life will be fulfilled and that she can obtain what she desires. According to Erikson, Hanna has successfully resolved the challenge of A. basic trust versus basic mistrust. B. autonomy versus shame and doubt. C. industry versus inferiority. D. generativity versus guilt. refer to page 227

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Recognize Erikson's stages of development.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

47. During Erikson's basic sense of trust versus mistrust stage, children A. determine whether or not the world can be relied on. B. strive for independence. C. object to their mothers leaving the room. D. are often filled with doubt. refer to page 227

48. According to Erikson, a child who develops a sense basic trust will have the characteristic of A. hope. B. caring. C. intimacy. D. love. refer to page 227

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

49. Jessica's parents work hard to make sure that she has everything that she needs to be healthy and happy. They consistently work to give her quality care and love. From Erikson's perspective, she will resolve her first crisis in favor of A. mistrust. B. trust. C. autonomy. D. industry. refer to page 227

50. Kora did not learn sufficient trust during the first stage of development. In her adult years, one might expect her to display A. excessive anger. B. a lack of self-regulation. C. difficulty forming close relationships. D. a tendency toward negativism. refer to page 227

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

51. The establishment of basic sense of trust versus mistrust in a child's personality occurs between _____ of age. A. birth and 3 months B. 1 and 6 months C. birth and 18 months D. 1 and 2 years refer to page 227

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Recognize Erikson's stages of development.

52. The development of basic sense of trust versus mistrust occurs through the infant's interactions with A. strangers encountered during infancy. B. the child's immediate social circle. C. the physical environment. D. other infants. refer to page 228

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Recognize Erikson's stages of development.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

53. Gretta and her mother have a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie. This emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is called A. bonding. B. trust. C. attachment. D. goodness of fit. refer to page 228

54. _____ devised the laboratory technique known as the "Strange Situation," which is commonly used to study attachment in children. A. John Bowlby B. Harry and Margaret Harlow C. Mary Ainsworth D. Stella Chess refer to page 229

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

55. Which of the following is NOT a pattern of attachment during infancy identified by Ainsworth? A. Ambivalence B. Autonomy C. Avoidance D. Security refer to page 229

56. Dr. Lakivani is doing research on childhood attachment using Ainsworth's "Strange Situation," whereby a baby is observed in a room with A. the mother and a stranger in different combinations. B. only a stranger. C. only the mother. D. the father and the mother. refer to page 229

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Identify the strange situation research study.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

57. Peter, age 1, rarely cries when his mother leaves him with a babysitter. When his mother returns, he seems angry and refuses to let her hold him. Peter's pattern of attachment would best be classified as A. ambivalent. B. avoidant. C. disorganized-disoriented. D. secure. refer to page 229

58. Roberto and his mother are at the house of a cousin whom they rarely visit. Roberto stays with his mother when they first arrive but then begins to explore his new surroundings and discovers a playroom. Even though he appears to be comfortable, he still checks back with his mother periodically and then returns to his play. What type of attachment is Roberto demonstrating? A. Ambivalant B. Avoidant C. Disorganized-disoriented D. Secure refer to page 229

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

59. Beth readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings, occasionally looking toward or touching her mother. Beth appears to be A. securely attached. B. disorganized-disoriented. C. ambivalent. D. avoidant. refer to page 229

60. During the "Strange Situation," Tony rarely cries when his mother leaves and is not eager to greet her when she returns. He appears to be A. securely attached. B. disorganized-disoriented. C. ambivalent. D. avoidant. refer to page 229

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

61. Daniel begins crying before his mother leaves during the "Strange Situation." When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. Daniel appears to be A. securely attached. B. disorganized-disoriented. C. ambivalent. D. avoidant. refer to page 229

62. ___________ attachment is the least secure pattern. A. Disorganized-disoriented B. Passive-aggressive C. Avoidant D. Ambivalent refer to page 230

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

63. Marcella smiles and greets her mother when she returns from a shopping trip but then looks away fearfully. She also seems afraid much of the time. Marcella's attachment pattern suggests that she is A. securely attached. B. disorganized-disoriented. C. ambivalent. D. avoidant. refer to page 230

64. According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, attachment forms primarily as a result of A. the total time spent with the mother. B. consistency of responsiveness by the mother. C. the mother speaking frequently to the child. D. the mother's socioeconomic level. refer to page 230

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

65. According to attachment theory, A. early caregiving has a negligible influence on the development of attachment. B. babies build a "working model" based on their interactions with caregivers. C. attachment patterns cannot be changed after the age of 12 months. D. a baby's attachment is distinct from Erikson's concept of trust. refer to page 231

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Define attachment.

66. Which of the following has NOT been a criticism of the "Strange Situation" technique? A. It asks mothers to refrain from initiating interaction with their babies. B. It provides a measure of mother-infant interaction in nonstressful situations, but it sheds little light on how well mothers and infants function under stress. C. It may be especially inappropriate for children of employed mothers who are used to routine separations from their mothers and the presence of other caregivers. D. It may not be valid in all cultures. refer to page 231

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

67. Which of the following research tools measures attachment by asking raters to sort descriptive words or phrases into categories ranging from most to least characteristic of the child? A. Bayley Scales of Infant Development B. Attachment Q-set (AQS) C. Dyadic Quality Measure (DQM) D. Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA) refer to page 231

68. Sandra is going through a list of descriptive statements such as "likes to be held" and "cries a lot." She classifies the statements from most to least descriptive of her child. Sandra is completing the A. Strange Situation. B. Temperament Sorter. C. Attachment Q-set. D. Bayley Scales. refer to page 231

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

69. A recent cross-cultural study of attachment in China, Colombia, Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, and the United States found that A. the tendency to use the mother as a secure base is universal, although it may take somewhat varied forms. B. children in some countries used their mother as a secure base, but others avoided her. C. ratings across cultures were more similar than ratings within cultures. D. mothers' preferences for "ideal" attachment behavior varied greatly. refer to page 231

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Define attachment.

70. Which of the following best describes young infants' contribution to the mother-child attachment relationship? A. In the first few months, infants can influence attachment only in the breast-feeding situation. B. Infants' attachment behaviors in the first few months are limited to a few expressions of emotion, such as smiling and crying. C. Virtually any activity on the part of an infant that leads to a response from adults is an attachment behavior. D. Until they can communicate through a variety of sounds and gestures, infants are passive recipients of adults' initiatives and cannot directly influence attachment. refer to page 231

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

71. Around 8 or 9 months, babies often show discomfort and wariness around individuals they do not see on a regular basis. This behavior is called A. separation anxiety. B. stranger anxiety. C. disorganised attachment. D. imprinting. refer to page 232

72. The Parkers have an 8-month-old infant, Tara, who cries when she first meets her mother's cousin. Tara is exhibiting A. anxious attachment. B. mistrust. C. stranger anxiety. D. separation anxiety. refer to page 232

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

73. A 9-month-old infant who cries when her mother leaves is exhibiting A. separation anxiety. B. stranger anxiety. C. anxious attachment. D. overdependence. refer to page 232

74. When 1-year-old Tommy's grandmother comes to his house to take care of him while his parents go out, Tommy starts to fuss and cry as his mother gets ready to leave. Tommy is demonstrating A. imprinting. B. separation anxiety. C. stranger anxiety. D. anxious attachment. refer to page 232

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

75. A baby's reaction to a stranger is LEAST likely to be influenced by the baby's A. memory for faces. B. recollection of previous situations in which he has been left with strangers. C. temperament. D. gender. refer to page 232

76. Leah cries every time her mother leaves the house. Leah's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves is called A. attachment. B. separation anxiety. C. stranger anxiety. D. basic mistrust. refer to page 232

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

77. Infants who show wariness of unfamiliar people from about age 6 months to 1 year are A. anxiously attached. B. demonstrating stranger anxiety. C. demonstrating basic mistrust. D. using social referencing. refer to page 232

78. Which of the following is a preferred way to measure attachment between a mother and a baby? A. The strength of separation anxiety when the mother leaves B. The strength of stranger anxiety in the absence of the mother C. The reaction of the baby when the mother returns D. The strength of the baby's reaction when she is taken from the mother refer to page 232

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

79. The more secure a child's attachment to a nurturing adult, the A. more dependent the child will be. B. more anxious the child will be. C. less interest the child will have in exploring his surroundings. D. more engaged she is when exploring her surroundings. refer to page 232

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Discuss security of attachment.

80. Securely attached infants, when studied between ages 3 and 5, tend to be _____ than insecurely attached infants. A. more dependent B. less cooperative C. more curious D. less persistent refer to page 232, 233

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

81. Marina is a 3-year-old who is securely attached to her parents. Which of the following characteristics would she likely exhibit? A. Shyness B. Self-confidence C. Fearfulness toward strangers D. Exceptional intelligence refer to page 232

82. Joey and Jake were part of a longitudinal research study that beganwhen they were infants. They were labeled as securely attached. As preschoolers, Joey and Jake were likely A. sociable. B. inhibited. C. dependent on the teacher. D. less curious than other children. refer to page 233

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

83. A securely attached child generally grows up to be A. dependent on parents. B. dependent on a mate. C. independent. D. controlling. refer to page 233

84. Research on intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns has shown that A. the way adults recall their early experiences with their own parents affects the way they treat their own children. B. mothers who grow up with a working model of themselves as unlovable are especially attuned and sensitive to their babies' needs. C. the attachment relationship that forms between a mother and her baby cannot be predicted until after birth. D. the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) is not valid for women whose early attachment relationships were negative. refer to page 233

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

85. According to the concept of mutual regulation, infants whose mothers are depressed are likely to A. find another caregiver with whom to establish a secure attachment. B. react positively in an attempt to cheer her up. C. have inherited a difficult temperament. D. feel powerless to elicit a positive response. refer to page 234

86. According to the concept of mutual regulation, A. parental actions determine an infant's emotional state until about 9 months of age. B. babies as young as 3 months regulate their own emotional state to some degree. C. low-birth-weight babies require extra stimulation for proper emotional development. D. emotional states of the mother do not affect the infant. refer to page 234

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

87. Which of the following statements regarding studies of mutual regulation and emotional communication is FALSE? A. Infants as young as 3 months of age take an active part in regulating their emotional state. B. The ability to decipher other people's emotions and adjust one's own behavior accordingly develops after the first year of life. C. The still-face paradigm is used to measure mutual regulation. D. Infants feel emotional distress when their mothers do not use facial expressions to respond to them. refer to page 234

88. Mutual regulation refers to A. babies' active participation in controlling their emotional states. B. babies becoming less dependent on caregivers' emotional states. C. babies becoming self-regulated rather than other-regulated. D. the absence of a "still-face" effect. refer to page 234

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

89. When a baby "reads" the expression of a caregiver for a clue as to how to act in an ambiguous situation, it is referred to as A. social facilitation. B. separation anxiety. C. situational compliance. D. social referencing. refer to page 234

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Identify social referencing.

90. James is playing with his toys when a stranger comes into the house. He feels uneasy about this stranger until he notices that his mother is smiling and talking to her. James then offers the stranger one of his toys. James is engaging in A. socializing. B. social learning. C. social referencing. D. imprinting. refer to page 234

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

91. When an unfamiliar child takes away 1-year-old Marla's toy, she looks questionably at her mother. This is an example of A. stranger anxiety. B. attachment. C. mutual regulation. D. social referencing. refer to page 234

92. A study of 1-year-olds who were presented with new, strange objects (like jiggling toys, for example) revealed that A. babies almost always reached for the new objects. B. babies almost never reached for the new objects. C. the mothers' facial expressions influenced whether or not the babies touched the objects. D. unless they were accompanied by spoken encouragement or warnings, mothers' facial expressions had no influence on the babies' behavior. refer to page 236

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

93. Josephina is 18 months old. Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of her personality that is emerging at this time? A. Sense of self B. Gains in autonomy C. Internalization of behavioral standards D. Understanding of reciprocal friendship refer to page 236

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.4: Recall when and how the sense of self arises, and how toddlers exercise autonomy and develop socially acceptable behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe the emerging sense of self.

94. Our image of ourselves is called our A. self-efficacy. B. self-concept. C. id. D. ideal self. refer to page 236

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.4: Recall when and how the sense of self arises, and how toddlers exercise autonomy and develop socially acceptable behavior. Learn Smart LO: Define self-concept.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

95. A child's sense of being a physical whole within boundaries is called A. self-efficacy. B. self-esteem. C. self-confidence. D. self-coherence. refer to page 237

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.4: Recall when and how the sense of self arises, and how toddlers exercise autonomy and develop socially acceptable behavior. Learn Smart LO: Define self-coherence.

96. Dabbing children's noses with rouge to see how they react when placed in front of a mirror is a test of A. self-recognition. B. self-description. C. self-negativism. D. self-control. refer to page 237

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.4: Recall when and how the sense of self arises, and how toddlers exercise autonomy and develop socially acceptable behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe self-awareness.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

97. If Claire is like most babies, she will develop physical self-recognition and self-awareness by the age of _____ months. A. 6 B. 9 C. 12 D. 18 refer to page 237

98. Brenda has accidentally marked her cheek with a crayon. When she later sees herself in a mirror, she touches the mark on her cheek. Approximately how old would you guess Brenda to be? A. 18 months B. 12 months C. 9 months D. 6 months refer to page 237

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

99. When Billy is asked, "What are you like?" he replies, "I am a good boy with brown hair." Two weeks earlier, Billy did not apply such labels to himself. Approximately how old would you guess Billy to be? A. At least 13 months B. At least 20 months C. At least 4 years D. At least 6 years refer to page 237

100. According to Erikson, which conflict occurs during toddlerhood? A. Basic trust versus basic mistrust B. Initiative versus guilt C. Identity versus role confusion D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt refer to page 237

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

101. Toddlers who favorably resolve Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt develop A. control over the superego. B. the characteristic of hope. C. the characteristic of will. D. an easy temperament. refer to page 238

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.4: Recall when and how the sense of self arises, and how toddlers exercise autonomy and develop socially acceptable behavior. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Erikson's stage of development with autonomy versus shame and guilt.

102. At age 2, a healthy, normal child is likely to be A. docile. B. dependent. C. willful. D. passive. refer to page 238

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

103. According to Erikson, which characteristic develops during the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt? A. Hope B. Will C. Caring D. Love refer to page 238

104. According to Erikson, shame and doubt: A. fills toddlers with inhibitions and undermines self-esteem. B. need to be balanced with autonomy. C. can interfere with the learning of self-regulation and self-restraint. D. should be replaced by unrestrained freedom. refer to pages 237-238

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

105. Two-year-old Cameron rejects his parents' offers of assistance and shows high levels of negativism. According to Erikson's theory, Cameron is A. a temperamentally difficult child. B. an anxiously attached child. C. expressing the need for autonomy. D. developing the capacity for symbolic representation. refer to page 238

106. Two-year-old Shoji insists on dressing herself even if her clothes do not match and are put on backwards. Shoji is in Erikson's stage of A. basic trust versus basic mistrust. B. identity versus role confusion. C. autonomy versus shame and doubt. D. initiative versus guilt. refer to page 238

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

107. Leroy has settled into the habit of saying "no" even when he may mean "yes." His parents explain that he has hit the "terrible twos," a normal manifestation of A. self-regulation. B. basic mistrust. C. shame and doubt. D. the need for autonomy. refer to page 238

108. Negativism is typically a(n) A. early sign of self-doubt. B. sign of childhood depression. C. sign of self-regulation. D. expression of the need for autonomy. refer to page 238

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

109. To minimize conflict and increase a 2-year-old's sense of competence, parents should A. avoid removing a child or themselves from a problematic situation until the conflict has been resolved. B. make a point of interrupting the child's activities from time to time to help the child develop patience. C. give the child choices. D. try to minimize conflict by teasing the child. refer to page 239

110. _____ is the process by which children develop the habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible, productive members of a society. A. Self-actualization B. Socialization C. Selective regulation D. Auto-didacticism refer to page 240

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

111. Socialization depends on the _____ of societal standards of conduct. A. rejection B. reciprocation C. internalization D. replication refer to page 240

112. Development of self-regulation is fundamentally based on children's ability to A. quiet themselves. B. obey the caregiver. C. form their own rules. D. think and remember. refer to page 240

113. Self-regulation is A. the control of a child's own behavior to conform to social expectations. B. a manifestation of goodness of fit. C. usually fully developed by the age of 2. D. rarely acquired before the age of 4. refer to page 240

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

114. Nancy, age 16 months, is about to touch an electric outlet, but then says, "No!" and pulls her finger back. Nancy is demonstrating A. negativism. B. shame and doubt. C. basic mistrust. D. the beginnings of self-regulation. refer to page 240

115. Which of the following is the foundation for socialization? A. Self-awareness B. Self-description C. Self-regulation D. Self-recognition refer to page 240

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

116. Chinmay starts to get into his father's toolbox, even though his father has told him not to do so. As he reaches for the toolbox, Chinmay begins to feel guilty and decides to leave the tools alone. Chinmay has developed A. situational compliance. B. negativism. C. social referencing. D. a conscience. refer to page 240

117. Kochanska's studies of the origins of conscience in children ages 26 to 41 months indicated that A. children whose mothers characterized them as having internalized the household rules showed the most committed compliance. B. children whose compliance was only situational were just as likely as children with committed compliance to have internalized the rules of their household. C. internalization grows out of situational compliance. D. there was little continuity in committed compliance from the initial observation in toddlerhood to a follow-up observation in early childhood. refer to pages 240-241

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

118. Which of the following is the most advanced form of socialization? A. Receptive cooperation B. Committed compliance C. Social referencing D. Self-recognition refer to page 241

119. Philippe is a model child as long as an adult oversees his activities. When no adult is present, he tends to do inappropriate things. Which of the following terms would best explain this behavior? A. Committed compliance B. Situational compliance C. Self-regulation D. Self-efficacy refer to page 241

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

120. Which of the following gender differences is supported by research? A. Boys are taller and heavier than girls. B. Boys are physically more vulnerable than girls. C. Boy's brains are larger than girls at birth. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 242

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.5: Explain when and how gender differences appear. Learn Smart LO: Describe gender differences in infants and toddlers.

121. _____ is the significance of being male or female. A. Sex B. Gender C. Genotype D. Type refer to page 242

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.5: Explain when and how gender differences appear. Learn Smart LO: Describe gender differences in infants and toddlers.

122. One of the earliest behavioral differences between boys and girls is a preference for A. certain toys and play activities. B. the same-sex parent. C. female preschool teachers. D. male role models. refer to page 242

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.5: Explain when and how gender differences appear. Learn Smart LO: Describe gender differences in infants and toddlers.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

123. In terms of gender differences, parents A. have higher expectations of boys. B. view boys and girls as equal. C. want boys and girls to be more similar. D. have higher expectations of girls. refer to page 243

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.5: Explain when and how gender differences appear. Learn Smart LO: Describe how parents shape gender differences.

124. The process by which children learn behaviors or roles that their culture considers appropriate for each sex is called gender A. naming. B. typing. C. identity. D. preferences. refer to page 243

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.5: Explain when and how gender differences appear. Learn Smart LO: Describe how parents shape gender differences.

125. The longest-lasting relationship a person will likely have is with his or her A. parents. B. siblings. C. children. D. spouse. refer to page 243

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.6: Describe interaction with siblings and other children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss sibling relationships.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

126. Young children's relationships with their siblings are usually A. characterized by rivalry. B. characterized by affection and attachment. C. stressful for later-borns. D. important from birth. refer to page 244

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.6: Describe interaction with siblings and other children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss sibling relationships.

127. Research on sibling relationships in infancy indicates that A. babies do not generally begin to interact with their older siblings until they are at least 1 year old. B. the quality of each child's attachment to the parents predicts the quality of the sibling relationship. C. babies become attached to their adult caregivers but not to their siblings. D. 1-year-olds spend more time with their older siblings than with their mothers. refer to page 244

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.6: Describe interaction with siblings and other children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss sibling relationships.

128. Constructive conflict between siblings A. can be an opportunity for growth. B. becomes less common after the younger sibling starts school. C. usually leads to an escalation of the original conflict. D. interferes with children's ability to learn how to fight, disagree, and compromise. refer to page 244

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.6: Describe interaction with siblings and other children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss sibling relationships.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

129. Which of the following statements about babies' interest in other children is correct? A. Their interest increases steadily throughout the first two years of life. B. Their interest increases until about 1 year of age, then falls off (evidently because of preoccupation with motor skills), and then increases again at about 18 months. C. Their interest is low until about 1 year of age, then increases dramatically (evidently because of growing communication skills), and then decreases again until the "terrible twos." D. Their interest is initially high but then decreases steadily throughout the first two years of life and tends not to reappear again until about age 3. refer to page 244

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.6: Describe interaction with siblings and other children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss social orientation in infancy.

130. Differences in sociability among very young children A. appear to be entirely due to hereditary factors. B. are associated with the amount of time babies spend with other babies. C. tend to reflect the sociability of the fathers. D. is unrelated to the amount of early contact with nonfamily members. refer to page 245

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.6: Describe interaction with siblings and other children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss social orientation in infancy.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

131. By 9 months of age, about _____ percent of U.S. infants are in some form of nonparental child care arrangement. A. 20 B. 35 C. 55 D. 70 refer to page 245

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.7: Explain the effects of working parents and early child care on infants' and toddlers' development. Learn Smart LO: Describe the effects of maternal employment.

Essay Questions 132. Define emotion. Explain the concept of the self, and explain why emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt develop late in infancy and toddlerhood. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss emotional and personality development.

133. Describe the Thomas and Chess New York Longitudinal Study. In your description, include the three categories of temperament and the outcomes of the research. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Describe temperament.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

134. Explain how Erikson's conflict of trust versus mistrust contributes to early personality development. Answers will vary

135. Define attachment. Describe the Ainsworth "Strange Situation," and differentiate the four types of attachment. What are the current critiques of this study? Answers will vary

136. How do infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signs? In your explanation, include the terms mutual regulation, still-face paradigm, and social referencing. Answers will vary

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

137. When does the sense of self arise, and what contributes to its development? Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.4: Recall when and how the sense of self arises, and how toddlers exercise autonomy and develop socially acceptable behavior. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the emerging sense of self.

138. How does Erikson's crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt influence a child's personality development? In your explanation, include the terms negativism and selfregulation. Answers will vary

139. Imagine that you are the parent to twins, Desmond and Mila. What kind of behavioral differences do you expect to see in them based on your knowledge of gender development? How will your parenting style contribute your children's gender development? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.5: Explain when and how gender differences appear. Learn Smart LO: Describe how parents shape gender differences.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

140. Describe sibling relationships during the period of infancy and toddlerhood. In your description, include parental influences on sibling relationships. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.6: Describe interaction with siblings and other children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss sibling relationships.

141. What are some important factors that parents must keep in mind when choosing day care for their children? Answers will vary

True / False Questions 142. Babies begin to communicate emotions more clearly and show moods and ambivalence around 6 months of age. FALSE refer to page 219

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss emotional and personality development.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

143. The first sign of emotions is smiling. FALSE refer to page 219

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss emotional and personality development.

144. Picking up crying infants spoils babies. FALSE refer to page 220

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Discuss emotional and personality development.

145. Baby Ibrahim often shares trains with other toddlers when playing at the train table in the bookstore. This indicates that he has developed a sense of empathy. TRUE refer to page 222

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.1: Identify when and how emotions develop, and how babies show them. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of empathy.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

146. Baby Marshall is a happy baby that sleeps and eats regularly but is not overly thrilled with new situations and people. According to Thomas and Chess's classification system, he would be described as slow-to-warm-up. TRUE refer to page 224

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Recall Chess and Thomas' classification of a slow-to-warm-up child.

147. Baby Aubrey is presented with a new toy and she pumps her arms and legs and arches her back. According to Kagan, she is high in behavioral inhibition. TRUE refer to page 226

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.2: Describe how infants show temperament differences, and how enduring are those differences. Learn Smart LO: Discuss Kagan's behavioral inhibition classification of temperament.

148. Studies of functional MRI's indicate that mother's brains are activated when they see their baby smile or cry. They also show that the brain reacts the same way regardless of if it is their baby or someone else's. FALSE refer to page 228

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

149. A baby's attachment style is best characterized by how a mother soothes an upset baby rather than how that child acts when she is not around. TRUE refer to page 229

150. Delaney and her mother are participating in the Strange Situation, When her mother leaves the room, Delaney fusses and when her mother returns, she remains upset for some time and even backs away from comfort. Ainsworth would classify her as avoidantly attached. FALSE refer to page 229

151. The style of attachment most commonly found in abused or neglected children is disorganized/disoriented. TRUE refer to page 230

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

152. Mothers who respond sensitively to their infants end up with babies that fall asleep faster, sleep longer, and wake less often. TRUE refer to page 230

153. When babies are down on the ground, they respond more negatively to tall strangers than short strangers. TRUE refer to page 232

154. Baby Tempest is on a new playground with her mother when she approaches a seesaw; based on her mother's facial cues, she avoids the apparatus. This is an example of mutual regulation. FALSE refer to page 234

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 8.3: Explain how infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how infants and caregivers read each other's nonverbal signals. Learn Smart LO: Identify social referencing.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

155. Self-awareness and an understanding that others think things that you know are not true is related to lying in children. TRUE refer to page 236

156. The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust. TRUE refer to page 237

157. Some researchers argue that young children are increasingly experiencing hurt feelings as a result of competition with computers and smartphones. TRUE refer to page 241

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

158. Your gender is what you are biologically, male or female. FALSE refer to page 242

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.5: Explain when and how gender differences appear. Learn Smart LO: Describe gender differences in infants and toddlers.

159. Six-month-olds respond differently to male and female voices. TRUE refer to page 242

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.5: Explain when and how gender differences appear. Learn Smart LO: Describe gender differences in infants and toddlers.

160. Most siblings are competitive and do not get along well. FALSE refer to page 244

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 8.6: Describe interaction with siblings and other children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss sibling relationships.

Chapter 08 - Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

161. Research indicates that there are negative effects on cognitive development at 15 months to 3 years when mothers work more than 30 hours a week. TRUE refer to page 246

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 8.7: Explain the effects of working parents and early child care on infants' and toddlers' development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the effects of maternal employment.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Chapter 09 Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Jerome is approaching early childhood. His parents know that their niece Lydia has studied child development so they ask her what they should expect. Which of the following is NOT something that Lydia will tell them? A. Jerome will slim down and shoot up in height. B. Jerome will soon show a preference for handedness. C. Jerome will require more sleep. D. Jerome will likely develop sleep problems. refer to page 254

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 9.1: Understand bodily growth and change between the ages of 3 and 6. Learn Smart LO: Describe bodily change and growth in early childhood.

2. During early childhood, youngsters grow _____ inches per year. A. 1 to 2 B. 2 to 3 C. 3 to 4 D. 4 to 5 refer to page 254

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.1: Understand bodily growth and change between the ages of 3 and 6. Learn Smart LO: Describe growth in early childhood.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

3. Irving is a typical 4-year-old boy. He usually sleeps A. through the night without any daytime naps. B. through the night and has one daytime nap. C. fitfully, with frequent nightmares and other disturbances. D. every four to six hours. refer to page 255

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the normal sleep patterns during the preschool years.

4. Which of the following statements regarding sleep patterns across cultures is FALSE? A. Children across cultures get varied amounts of sleep each day. B. In many traditional cultures, children have no set bedtime and go to sleep when they are tired. C. All known cultures utilize some form of naptimes. D. The timing of the sleep cycle varies from culture to culture. refer to page 256

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the normal sleep patterns during the preschool years.

5. Compared to children in the United States, children in other cultures get __________ sleep, and the timing of sleep is __________. A. about the same amount of; often different B. more; often different C. more; about the same D. about the same amount of; also about the same refer to page 256

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

6. Jane's "baby teddy" is kept in her mother's car to help calm her down when she has to go to daycare. "Baby teddy" is her ______ object. A. conversion B. separation C. educational D. transitional refer to page 256

7. An example of a transitional object is A. a child's favorite blanket. B. crackers between lunch and dinner. C. a rocking chair. D. all of the above. refer to page 256

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the normal sleep patterns during the preschool years.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

8. Mollie, age 4, refused to go to sleep without her favorite rag doll. The family was up late because "Rag Doll Ruthie" had to finish in the wash cycle and spend a period of time in the dryer. "Ruthie" is an example of A. a transitional object. B. regression. C. infantilism. D. a sleep inhibitor. refer to page 256

9. Which of the following statements regarding early childhood sleep behaviors is FALSE? A. Walking and talking during sleep is unusual in early childhood. B. Sleepwalkers may be in danger of hurting themselves. C. Most sleep disturbances are caused by accidental activation of the brain's motor control system. D. Most children outgrow sleep disturbances. refer to page 256

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

10. Which of the following statements regarding sleep terrors is FALSE? A. The child typically is unable to go back to sleep after awakening from sleep terrors. B. Sleep terrors are simply an effect of very deep sleep. C. Sleep terrors are not indicative of underlying emotional problems. D. Sleep terrors usually go away or are outgrown. refer to page 256

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the frequency and causes of sleep disorders in early childhood.

11. Bonnie has apparently awakened from a deep sleep. She is staring ahead and breathing quickly. When asked if she has had a bad dream, she does not answer but promptly lies back down and falls asleep. The next morning, she has no recollection of the experience. Bonnie experienced a A. nightmare. B. bedtime struggle. C. nighttime fear. D. sleep terror. refer to page 256

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the symptoms and frequencies of sleep terrors.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

12. Jack has occasionally been quite upset when he awakens in the morning. He tells his parents that he dreamed he was being chased by the large dog that lives down the street. Jack is experiencing A. nightmares. B. nighttime fears. C. sleep terrors. D. REM sleep. refer to page 256

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the frequency and causes of sleep disorders in early childhood.

13. Nightmares during early childhood A. are more common among boys than girls. B. should be treated by a mental health professional. C. generally indicate abuse. D. are serious only if they occur frequently. refer to page 256

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

14. Sylvia is aware of your extensive background in sleep disturbances and disorders. She is not certain how to tell if her son is experiencing sleep terrors or nightmares. What could you tell her to help her determine the difference? A. Sleep terrors take place in deep sleep, so they will not come until hours into the sleep cycle. B. If the child can remember what she was dreaming, it is probably a nightmare. C. Eating a heavy meal before bed can bring on sleep terrors. D. Sleep terrors tend to affect girls, and nightmares tend to affect boys. refer to page 256

15. Shirley has a child who sleepwalks and has night terrors. Given the recommendations provided in your textbook, Shirley should do all of the following EXCEPT A. childproof the house (e.g., stairs, windows, and doors). B. walk or carry the child back to bed during sleepwalking episodes. C. wake the child during sleepwalking and night terrors. D. help her child get enough sleep on a regular schedule. refer to page 256

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

16. Enuresis is the medical term for A. bed-wetting. B. sleep terrors. C. bedtime struggles. D. nightmares. refer to page 257

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe enuresis and its frequency.

17. Which of the following is NOT typically a factor in enuresis? A. family history B. emotional stress C. heredity D. sex of the child refer to page 257

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe enuresis and its frequency.

18. Which is not true of early childhood brain growth and development? A. A brain growth spurt continues until at least age 3. B. Brain development is more dramatic in early childhood than during infancy. C. By age 6, the brain is about 95% of its peak volume. D. From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid growth occurs in the frontal areas of the brain. refer to page 257

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.3: Explain brain development in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the growth of the brain in early childhood.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

19. Adam is getting pretty good with the joystick that guides his favorite computer game. This activity relies on his _____ motor skills. A. gross B. fine C. graded D. lateralized refer to page 258

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Understand the fine motor skills developed during the early childhood years.

20. Pedro has become proficient in kicking the soccer ball into the goal net. This ability relies on his _____ motor skills. A. gross B. fine C. graded D. subcortical refer to page 258

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the development of gross motor skills.

21. Most 3-year-olds can A. make a running jump of 36 inches or more. B. walk in a straight line and jump a short distance. C. hop four to six steps on one foot. D. start, turn, and stop effectively in games. refer to page 258

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the development of gross motor skills.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

22. As preschoolers develop gross and fine motor skills, they continually merge abilities they already have with those that they are acquiring in order to produce more complex abilities. Such combinations of skills are known as A. reciprocal feedback loops. B. systems of action. C. assimilation. D. accommodation. refer to page 258

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the development of gross motor skills.

23. Given the increased concern about obesity, many parents want to start their young children in sports to get them moving. According to your textbook, what is the youngest age at which parents should encourage their children to participate in an organized sport such as soccer or baseball? A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 refer to page 259

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the development of gross motor skills.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

24. When considering organized sports for children younger than age 6, parents and teachers should keep in mind that A. it can result in feeling of frustration. B. 80% of children younger than 6 can catch a ball well. C. it will make them better athletes later on. D. All of these are true. refer to page 259

25. Ayahs can dress herself with help, cut along a line, draw a fairly complete person, and fold paper into a double triangle. Given your knowledge of average fine motor skill development in early childhood, how old is Ayahs? A. 21/2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 7 refer to page 259

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Understand the fine motor skills developed during the early childhood years.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

26. According to Kellogg, 2-year-old Lucille's artwork that adorns the refrigerator is best characterized as A. scribbling. B. shapes. C. pictorial. D. design. refer to page 259

27. Placement of markings on the paper like a zigzag or vertical line is an important characteristic of the _____ stage of artistic development. A. design B. scribble C. pictorial D. shape refer to page 259

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Understand the fine motor skills developed during the early childhood years.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

28. In his drawings, Len no longer makes scribbles on the paper and has just started to make identifiable squares and circles. According to Kellogg, what stage of artistic development is Len displaying? A. Design B. Shape C. Pictorial D. Post-scribble refer to page 259

29. In the _____ stage of artistic development, children combine basic shapes into more complex designs. A. design B. pictorial C. scribble D. shape refer to page 259

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

30. Paulina and her husband, Gary, are having fun watching the progression of their daughter's artwork through the four stages of artistic development. These four stages, in order, are A. scribble, design, shape, and pictorial. B. scribble, shape, pictorial, and design. C. shape, scribble, design, and pictorial. D. scribble, shape, design, and pictorial. refer to page 259

31. Which of the following statements about handedness s is FALSE? A. Many cultures discourage left-handedness. B. Roughly 80% of the population is right-handed. C. Handedness is linked to genetics. D. Handedness is a result of environmental influences. refer to page 259

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss handedness.

32. A clear preference for handedness is usually evident by _____ months of age. A. 12 B. 24 C. 36 D. 48 refer to page 259

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss handedness.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

33. Which statement about handedness is correct? A. There appears to be a single gene for right-handedness. B. Monozygotic twins always have the same hand preference. C. The top-scoring children taking the SAT are right-handed. D. Right-handed children are more likely to have accidents than left-handed children. refer to page 259

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss handedness.

34. Which of the following statements regarding handedness is FALSE? A. Boys are more likely to be left-handed than girls. B. Scientific evidence provides many reasons for favoring right-handedness. C. The incidence of left-handedness in a population depends in part on cultural attitudes. D. Prejudice against left-handed individuals has largely disappeared in western industrial countries. refer to page 259

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss handedness.

35. Nearly _______ percent of deaths of children under the age of 15 occur before a child is 5 years old. A. 30 B. 50 C. 70 D. 90 refer to page 261

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss health and safety issues for children between 3 and 6.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

36. Worldwide, four major causes of death account for more than half of deaths in children younger than 5. Which is NOT one of these causes? A. Pneumonia B. Diarrhea C. Malaria D. Tetanus refer to page 261

37. The most deadly disease for children under the age of 5 worldwide is A. pneumonia. B. diarrhea. C. malaria. D. sepsis. refer to page 261

38. Ninety-four percent of deaths in children younger than 5 occur in what continent? A. South America B. Australia C. Africa D. Asia refer to page 261

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

39. Parents find themselves inundated with information regarding the health and safety of their children. Which of the following statements regarding early childhood is FALSE? A. Compared to other industrialized nations, U.S. children experience far fewer illnesses and accidents. B. Immunization has helped to control many of the major diseases of childhood. C. In the United States, children's death rates from all causes have declined in recent years. D. Most childhood deaths are caused by illness rather than injury. refer to page 260

40. Excessive weight gain during early childhood is a result of A. caloric intake. B. a lack of exercise. C. heredity. D. all of these. refer to page 262

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss nutrition and preventing obesity.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

41. The Worldwide Obesity Task Force reports that over 22 million children under the age of 5 are overweight. In some countries such as Egypt, Morocco, and Zambia, the number of overweight children A. has caused a national crisis. B. has forced schools to redesign their lunch programs. C. has forced pediatricians to report families to child protective services. D. exceeds the number of children who are malnourished. refer to page 262

42. Which of the following statements regarding nutrition and obesity in early childhood is FALSE? A. Obese children, especially those with overweight parents, tend to become obese adults. B. Obesity is on the rise in the United States. C. Dairy foods should be cut from the diet because of the fat content. D. Obesity is more common among preschool girls than preschool boys. refer to page 262

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

43. Four-year-old Sam loves high-fat foods. Although Sam is not overweight, his parents want him to have a healthy diet. Which of the following statements about dietary fat and preschoolers is correct? A. Research has shown that a moderately low-fat diet is harmful to children Sam's age. B. Children over age 2 should obtain about 30% of their total calories from fat. C. Children over age 2 should obtain about 30% of their total calories from saturated fat. D. Children should not be given skim or low-fat milk until they are 6 years old. refer to page 262

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss nutrition and preventing obesity.

44. Which of the following is NOT recommended when trying to encourage healthy eating habits in early childhood? A. Serve finger foods as often as possible. B. Be tolerant of food rituals. C. Encourage pleasant conversation at mealtimes. D. Insist that the child clean his or her plate. refer to page 262

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

45. Diane is trying to find ways to encourage her 4-year-old to develop healthy eating habits. Which of the following would NOT be a good guideline for her to follow? A. Keep mealtime pleasant with conversation about interesting topics. B. Make nutritious snacks available. C. Make certain that the child finishes what is on his plate. D. Serve finger foods as often as possible. refer to page 262

46. Which of the following statements about malnutrition in early childhood is FALSE? A. Children are more likely to do poorly on tests if they are malnourished. B. The effect of malnutrition on growth is irreversible. C. Children are more apt to repeat a grade in school if they are malnourished. D. Children have difficulty getting along with other children when they are malnourished. refer to page 265

47. Which of the following is NOT one of the common food allergies found in children? A. Peanut B. Egg C. Milk D. Mango refer to page 265

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

48. Which of the following is NOT true regarding allergies in children? A. Food allergies are more prevalent in adults than in children. B. Most children outgrow their allergies. C. Food allergies in children are on the rise in the United States. D. Most food allergies in children are due to seven food items. refer to page 265

49. The recent rise in food allergies in children is hypothesized to be due to several things. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors? A. How foods are processed B. A decrease in vitamin D C. Society is too clean. D. Genetics refer to page 265

50. By what age are all the primary, or deciduous, teeth in place? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 refer to page 266

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

51. Chad has just gotten his first permanent tooth. If he is an average child, what age would you estimate Chad to be? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 refer to page 266

52. Which of the following statements regarding oral health in early childhood is FALSE? A. Since the 1970s, there has been a dramatic reduction in tooth decay with a slight reverse in this trend since the 1990s. B. Pain resulting from oral infection can slow growth by interfering with normal sleeping and eating patterns. C. Children from middle-class families have more untreated cavities than other children. D. Thumb-sucking past age 4 can affect the permanent teeth. refer to page 266

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

53. In the United States, the leading cause of death among children today is A. child abuse. B. accidents. C. cancer. D. respiratory diseases. refer to page 266

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the leading causes of death and accidental injuries among young children.

54. Most deaths from injuries, especially among preschool-aged children, in the United States A. occur in private day care centers. B. occur at home. C. are due to dangerous toys. D. occur within walking distance from the home. refer to page 266

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the leading causes of death and accidental injuries among young children.

55. Children are required by law to ride in specially designed car seats or seatbelt restraints in A. over 50% of the states. B. all states. including the District of Columbia. C. states that are heavily populated. D. no states; it is merely a suggestion. refer to page 266

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the leading causes of death and accidental injuries among young children.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

56. Jean-Paul has a young son and wants to make certain that he is as safe as possible in their automobile. Which of the following concerns should he pay attention to? A. where his son is seated in relation to the airbag systems in the vehicle B. the appropriateness of the car seat for his son C. whether or not his son is properly fastened in the car seat D. all of the above refer to page 266

57. Which of the following statements about children's accidental injuries is FALSE? A. Many injuries can be averted by making playgrounds safer. B. Children are less likely to be injured in day care than in and around the home. C. Safer storage of firearms, as required by law in several states, has done little to improve child safety. D. Mandatory helmets for bicycle riders have improved child safety. refer to page 266

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the leading causes of death and accidental injuries among young children.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

58. Which of the following statements regarding ingestion of toxic substances by children is FALSE? A. Over one million cases are reported to poison control each year in the United States. B. Many poison deaths can be prevented by safe storage of medicines and supplements. C. Child-proof caps have virtually eliminated ingestion of toxic substances by children. D. Parents with a young child should attach the number for the local poison control to the telephone. refer to page 266

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the leading causes of death and accidental injuries among young children.

59. Research indicates that disparities associated with U.S. children's health persist, particularly with the nation's poor and near-poor families. Disparities affecting children in the United States include A. access to medical insurance. B. access to vaccinations. C. seeking dental and medical services. D. all of the above. refer to page 267

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the relationship between socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity on environmental influences on health.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

60. Approximately 1 in _____ children in the United States is homeless. A. 30 B. 45 C. 75 D. 100 refer to page 268

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Identify factors and trends associated with homelessness.

61. A government program providing medical assistance to low-income families is called A. Medicaid. B. Medicare. C. Medi-card. D. Title IX. refer to page 268

62. A federal government program that extends insurance to children that are uninsured or in near-poor families is called A. SCHIP. B. Medicare. C. Medi-card. D. Title IX. refer to page 268

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

63. Which of the following statements regarding the health of poor children is FALSE? A. The health problems of poor children begin with poor prenatal nutrition and care. B. Poor children are more likely than others to suffer from psychological and behavioral difficulties. C. Because of free public health clinics, poor children are more likely than others to be protected by immunizations. D. Poor children have a higher incidence of stress-related illness than other children. refer to page 268

64. Which of the following statements regarding homelessness and children is correct? A. An estimated 1.35 million children are homeless in the United States. B. Families constitute 33% of the homeless population. C. Many homeless families are headed by single mothers in their twenties. D. All of these are true. refer to page 268

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Identify factors and trends associated with homelessness.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

65. Which of the following statements about children's exposure to smoking is correct? A. Smoking is a preventable cause of childhood illness and death. B. Passive exposure to tobacco smoke increases the risk of contracting a number of medical problems, including bronchitis, and asthma. C. Passive exposure to smoke may lead to cancer in adulthood. D. All of these are true. refer to page 269

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss environmental factors, which pose a risk to a child's health and development.

66. Poor children are at a higher-than-average risk for which of the following health problems? A. Lead poisoning B. Hearing loss and vision problems C. Iron-deficiency anemia D. All of the above are true. refer to pages 268-270

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss environmental factors, which pose a risk to a child's health and development.

67. Environmental contaminants may play a role in certain childhood issues such as A. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. B. mental retardation. C. cancer. D. all of the above. refer to page 269

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss environmental factors, which pose a risk to a child's health and development.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

68. Children can get lead in their bloodstreams from lead-contaminated food and water, and from inhaling dust from lead-based paints in schools and homes. To reduce the effects of lead exposure, parents can A. encourage hand washing before meals and trim children's fingernails. B. encourage a well-balanced diet. C. remove chipped or peeling paint. D. all of the above. refer to pages 269, 270

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss environmental factors, which pose a risk to a child's health and development.

69. Which of the following statements about lead and children's health is FALSE? A. Elevated levels of lead in the blood have dropped since 1976-1980, but precautions should still be taken to prevent contact with this dangerous substance. B. Black children tend to have higher blood levels than white children. C. Problems associated with poverty and maternal depression may compound the effects of low levels of lead exposure. D. The effects of lead poisoning are usually reversible if caught early. refer to pages 269, 270

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss environmental factors, which pose a risk to a child's health and development.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

70. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons children's median lead levels have dropped by 89% in the past 25 years? A. Laws that mandate removing lead in paint. B. Reducing smokestack emissions. C. Laws that mandate removing lead in gasoline. D. Elimination of lead products in the United States. refer to page 270

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss environmental factors, which pose a risk to a child's health and development.

Essay Questions 71. Compare and contrast physical development at ages 3 and 6. Your discussion should include a description of "average" development at each age in the following areas: body growth and change and motor skills. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.1: Understand bodily growth and change between the ages of 3 and 6. Learn Smart LO: Describe bodily change and growth in early childhood.

72. Walking and talking during sleep are common in early childhood. However, nightmares and sleep terrors often give parents cause for concern. Explain the difference between sleep terrors and nightmares, and give an example of each. Offer suggestions about what parents can do to decrease the occurrence of these sleep disturbances. Answers will vary

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

73. With the mass media marketing campaign for "Pull-up" pants, in which children discuss their anxiety over wetting the bed, new attention has been paid to this common early childhood problem. What is enuresis? What causes it, and what can be done to help a child who has it? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe enuresis and its frequency.

74. Provide a brief overview of brain development between 3 and 6 years of age. Make sure you discuss the area where the most brain development occurs, volume, synaptic connections, and the role of myelination of the corpus callosum. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.3: Explain brain development in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the growth of the brain in early childhood.

75. Discuss how art production appears to reflect brain development and fine motor coordination. Include the stages of art development. Answers will vary

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

76. As young children grow, development occurs at both the fine and gross motor levels. Explain the difference between fine motor skills and gross motor skills, and give an example of each. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Understand the fine motor skills developed during the early childhood years.

77. What are some of the worldwide differences in infant mortality? What might be done to produce more rapid, evenly distributed improvements in child mortality? What professional fields should be employed in this endeavor, and how might interdisciplinary research be effective? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss health and safety issues for children between 3 and 6.

78. Child obesity is a growing health problem in the United States. What are some of the factors related to this problem, and what can parents and schools do to control it? Answers will vary

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

79. People traveling with young children in automobiles must follow a number of safety rules. Explain the considerations related to car seats and airbags that are important for safe travel. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the leading causes of death and accidental injuries among young children.

80. Describe four potential environmental influences on health in the early childhood period of development. How do low-SES and homelessness contribute? Describe some of the disparities in the United States and their effects on child health, safety, and development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss environmental factors, which pose a risk to a child's health and development.

True / False Questions 81. Between ages 3 and 6, most boys are the same size or smaller than girls of the same age. FALSE refer to page 254

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.1: Understand bodily growth and change between the ages of 3 and 6. Learn Smart LO: Describe bodily change and growth in early childhood.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

82. Between ages 3 and 6, most children grow an average of 3 inches a year. TRUE refer to page 254

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.1: Understand bodily growth and change between the ages of 3 and 6. Learn Smart LO: Describe bodily change and growth in early childhood.

83. By 4 years of age, most children in the United States no longer require naps. TRUE refer to page 255

84. More than 33% of preschoolers wake up at least once each night. TRUE refer to page 256

85. Approximately 20% of parents of preschoolers say their child has a sleep problem. FALSE refer to page 256

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

86. Night terrors occur more frequently in girls more than boys. FALSE refer to page 256

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.2: Describe sleep patterns and problems that develop in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the symptoms and frequencies of sleep terrors.

87. At 3 years of age, the brain is approximately 90% of its adult weight. TRUE refer to page 257

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.3: Explain brain development in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the growth of the brain in early childhood.

88. The corpus callosum continues to be myelinated until 25 years of age. FALSE refer to pages 257, 258

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.3: Explain brain development in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the growth of the brain in early childhood.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

89. The corpus callosum is a large bundle of nerves that allows one hemisphere to "talk" to the other. TRUE refer to page 257

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.3: Explain brain development in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the growth of the brain in early childhood.

90. The pincher grasp is an example of a gross motor skill. FALSE refer to page 258

91. Running and jumping are examples of gross motor skills. TRUE refer to page 258

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the development of gross motor skills.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

92. The reason most people are right handed is because they show a right hemisphere dominance. FALSE refer to page 259

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 9.4: Describe gross and fine motor development, handedness, and artistic development. Learn Smart LO: Discuss handedness.

93. Shoshanna is starting kindergarten. According to Kellogg's view, she is at the pictorial stage of artistic development. TRUE refer to page 259

94. Pneumonia kills more children than any other disease. TRUE refer to page 261

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the leading causes of death and accidental injuries among young children.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

95. Childhood obesity is no longer a serious problem in the United States. FALSE refer to page 262

96. To avoid obesity, young children should get only 40% of their total calories from fat. FALSE refer to page 262

97. Undernutrition is a cause in more than half of all deaths before age 5. TRUE refer to page 263

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Identify the frequency and consequences of undernutrition.

98. Food allergies in young children have been decreasing in recent years. FALSE refer to page 265

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the factors associated with food allergies.

Chapter 09 - Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood

99. Most deaths from injuries among preschoolers occur at school. FALSE refer to page 266

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 9.5: Identify nutritional needs, including obesity and undernutrition, and the major health and safety risks of young children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss environmental influences, which pose a risk to a child's health and development.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Chapter 10 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Between the ages of 2 and 7, children enter Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development. A. operational B. deferred imitation C. preoperational D. sensorimotor refer to page 274

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the key elements of Piaget's preoperational stage.

2. The preoperational stage of cognitive development marks a major qualitative leap in thinking because it ushers in A. object permanence. B. logical reasoning. C. the use of symbolic thought. D. transductive reasoning. refer to page 274

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the key elements of Piaget's preoperational stage.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

3. In Piaget's theory, a symbol refers to a(n) _____. A. mental representation B. physical object C. inanimate object D. written word refer to page 274

4. Four-year-old Lenny is playing outside in the snow when he suddenly asks his father for a cup of hot chocolate. According to Piaget, Lenny's ability to think about hot chocolate, even though there is none around, shows that he is capable of A. transductive reasoning. B. symbolic function. C. delayed gratification. D. operational thought. refer to page 274

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the key elements of Piaget's preoperational stage.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

5. According to Piaget, a mental representation to which a person has attached meaning is called a(n) A. symbol. B. operation. C. function. D. transformation. refer to page 274

6. Which of the following involves the use of the symbolic function? A. Deferred imitation B. Pretend play C. Language D. All of these refer to pages 274, 275

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the key elements of Piaget's preoperational stage.

7. Which of the following scenarios does NOT exemplify the symbolic function? A. While Arthur's father is brushing his sister's hair, Arthur brushes his toy dog. B. On Sunday morning, Betsy watched her father make pancakes. On Tuesday, she made pancakes with modeling clay. C. Carmen uses an overturned pot as a drum and two wooden spoons as drumsticks. D. Riding a bus with his mother, Darren suddenly announces, "I want some alphabet soup!" refer to pages 274, 275

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

8. Gannon and Cole ride their bikes around the driveway making train sounds. They tell their parents that they are train conductors. They are engaging in what kind of play? A. Pretend play B. Symbolic play C. Fantasy play D. All of the above refer to page 275

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the key elements of Piaget's preoperational stage.

9. Tatiana's older sister, Jenny, wore a witch costume for Halloween. Even though Jenny looked like a witch, Tatiana understood that she was really her sister. This achievement of preoperational thought requires A. the use of symbols. B. the understanding of identities. C. the understanding of cause and effect. D. empathy. refer to pages 274, 275

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

10. Children often do not use deductive or inductive reasoning; they just jump from one idea to another and see causes where none exist. This is referred to as _____. A. egocentrism B. animism C. irreversibility D. transductive reasoning refer to page 276

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the key elements of Piaget's preoperational stage.

11. Sarah was mean to her brother, Adam. When Adam got sick, Sarah concluded that she made her brother sick. This is an example of A. irreversibility. B. transductive reasoning. C. egocentrism. D. animism. refer to page 276

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

12. _____ is the preoperational child's tendency to mentally link particular experiences with or without a logically causal relationship. A. Theory of mind B. Egocentrism C. Transduction D. Animism refer to page 276

13. Three-year-old Austin is playing with his cars. He puts all the red cars in one area and the rest of the cars in another area. This is an example of A. classification. B. conservation. C. irreversibility. D. theory of mind. refer to page 277

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the concept of categorization.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

14. Piaget discussed the limitations of thought that are attributed to the preoperational stage. Which of the following is NOT a limitation? A. Centration B. Induction C. Focusing on states D. Irreversibility refer to pages 276, 277

15. According to Piaget, which of the following characteristics is NOT part of preoperational thought? A. Egocentrism B. Reversibility C. Centration D. Transductive reasoning refer to page 276

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

16. Preoperational children tend to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others, leading to illogical conclusions. Piaget called this tendency A. egocentrism. B. classification. C. centration. D. transduction. refer to page 276

17. Many children can classify by two criteria, such as color and shape, by the age of A. 12 months. B. 18 months. C. 2 years. D. 4 years. refer to page 277

18. Renee pours a glass of milk for her doll, telling her mother that her doll is very thirsty. The attribution of life to a nonliving object is called A. conservation. B. centration. C. egocentrism. D. animism. refer to page 277

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

19. Four-year-old Karl tells his father, "I told the wind to blow, so it made my kite fly." This is an example of A. animism. B. irreversibility. C. conservation. D. centration. refer to page 277

20. Derek's parents are happy to be buying a new car, but he is not enthusiastic. He tells his parents that it is not fair that they are getting rid of the old car after all the car has done for them. Derek is demonstrating _____ in his thinking. A. centration B. conservation C. animism D. irreversibility refer to page 277

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

21. Around the ages of 9 to 11 months, children develop the concept of more or less and bigger and smaller. This concept is called A. conservation. B. centration. C. transduction. D. ordinality. refer to page 277

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss how children develop the ability to comprehend the concept of number.

22. Ms. Wang is working with her first-grade students on a math problem. She asks them who has more crayons: Jamie who has five crayons or Juan who has seven. Ms. Wang assumes that her students have acquired _____. A. ordinality B. conservation C. centration D. animism refer to page 277

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss how children develop the ability to comprehend the concept of number.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

23. Callie does not realize that she needs to turn the book so that her father can see it. She can see it just fine. This is an example of A. the theory of mind. B. transductive reasoning. C. egocentrism. D. the dual-representation hypothesis. refer to page 278

24. Young children are unable to see things from another's point of view. Piaget calls this limitation A. transductive reasoning. B. egocentrism. C. decentration. D. irreversibility. refer to page 278

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

25. Emma, age 3, runs into the room to show her parents a picture she has drawn. While holding the paper with the drawing facing her, she says, "See my picture?" Her parents, able to see only the back of the paper, ask to see the drawing. Emma just holds the paper closer to them without turning it around. Emma's behavior demonstrates A. a focus on states. B. transductive reasoning. C. animism. D. egocentrism. refer to page 278

26. Andrew is listening to some music through headphones, and no one else can hear it. When his mother walks into the room he says, "Mommy, do you like this song?" Andrew's question indicates _____ thinking. A. presymbolic B. egocentric C. animistic D. irreversible refer to page 278

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

27. Piaget tested children's egocentrism by using the _____ task. A. clay B. animism C. conservation-of-liquid D. three-mountains refer to page 278

28. Ivan watches his mother take some clay from a small box. She rolls the clay into a long, thin shape. Ivan says, "But, Mommy, now the clay will not fit back in the box!" Ivan's statement illustrates A. decentration. B. irreversibility. C. egocentrism. D. ordinality. refer to page 279

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

29. Timothy does not understand that transforming the shape of a liquid (by pouring it from one container into another) does not change the amount of liquid. This represents which limitation in preoperational thought? A. Transductive reasoning B. Egocentrism C. Animism D. Conservation refer to page 279

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Summarize Piaget's classic research in conservation.

30. Sheena knows what her mother will think when she comes into the room and sees the mess that she and her friends have made. Sheena's awareness of her mental processes and those of other people is called _____. A. egocentrism B. decentering C. theory of mind D. conservation refer to page 280

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Explain a child's theory of mind.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

31. Recent studies on children's theory of mind suggest that A. Piaget was right in concluding that children younger than age 6 cannot distinguish between thoughts or dreams and real physical entities. B. most 3-year-olds can tell the difference between a boy who has a cookie and a boy who is thinking about a cookie; they know which boy can touch, share, and eat the cookie. C. young children realize that the mind is continuously active. D. the understanding that other people can have false beliefs does not develop for most children until middle childhood. refer to page 281

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Explain a child's theory of mind.

32. According to Piaget, children do not develop an understanding of their own mental processes until they are _____ years old, though more recent research sets the average age lower. A. 2 B. 6 C. 7 D. 11 refer to page 281

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Explain a child's theory of mind.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

33. Which of the following statements regarding theory of mind is FALSE? A. Children with strong social skills are better able to recognize false beliefs. B. Children with siblings are better able to recognize false beliefs. C. Theory of mind is mostly influenced by environmental experiences. D. Empathy usually arises earlier in children whose families talk a lot about feelings and emotions. refer to page 281

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Explain a child's theory of mind.

34. _____ is the ability to understand that others have mental states, and the ability to judge others' feelings and intentions. A. Empathy B. False beliefs C. Fast mapping D. Social cognition refer to page 281

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Explain a child's theory of mind.

35. A disorder in which children lack a theory of mind is A. Down syndrome. B. autism. C. Klienfelter's. D. Angelman's syndrome. refer to page 281

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Explain a child's theory of mind.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

36. According to Piaget, children first understand the distinction between appearance (what seems to be) and reality (what is) at about the age of _____ years. A. 1 to 2 B. 3 to 4 C. 5 to 6 D. 7 to 8 refer to page 282

37. At preschool, Ms. Thomas often feels as though she has spent the morning with twice the number of students that she actually has. It seems that everyone has invited their imaginary friend to spend the morning. Which of the following statements regarding imaginary companions is FALSE? A. Imaginary companions are more common among first-born and only children. B. Boys are more likely than girls to have imaginary companions. C. Girls' imaginary playmates are usually other children, whereas boys' are more often animals. D. Children with imaginary companions are more likely to engage in pretend play than those who do not have imaginary companions. refer to page 283

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

38. Compared to children who have no imaginary companions, children who do have imaginary companions A. are usually socially isolated. B. have fewer friends at preschool. C. are more fluent with language. D. do not like playing with real friends. refer to page 283

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the key elements of Piaget's preoperational stage.

39. Information-processing theorists refer to the process of putting information into memory as A. retrieval. B. storage. C. encoding. D. recognition. refer to page 285

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: List and describe the basic memory process.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

40. When information is needed, David searches his mind looking for the answer and then writes it down. David's search is referred to as A. retrieval. B. storage. C. encoding. D. recognition. refer to page 285

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: List and describe the basic memory process.

41. Information being encoded or retrieved is kept in a short-term "storehouse," which is referred to as A. working memory. B. permanent storage. C. sensory memory. D. recognition. refer to page 285

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: List and describe the basic memory process.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

42. Recognition memory is A. better developed than is recall memory in early childhood. B. the ability to reproduce knowledge from memory. C. more efficient in early childhood than in middle childhood, when recall memory takes over. D. fully developed by the age of 3. refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast recognition and recall strategies.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

43. _____ is the ability to identify something encountered previously, and _____ is the ability to reproduce knowledge from memory. A. Recall; recognition B. Recollection; recognition C. Recognition; recall D. Recognition; recollection refer to page 286

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast recognition and recall strategies.

44. Jeremy has memorized the route that his bus takes to school. He can describe it in detail to his father. This is an example of A. prospective memory. B. generic memory. C. recognition. D. episodic memory. refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast the different categories of memory.

45. _____ is memory that produces a script of familiar routines to guide behavior. A. Generic memory B. Recall and recognition C. Autobiographical memory D. Episodic memory refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast the different categories of memory.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

46. Three-year-old Molly's family took her to the circus six months ago, and she still remembers meeting the clowns. Which type of memory is Molly demonstrating? A. Recognition B. Episodic C. Generic D. Scripts refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast the different categories of memory.

47. Which type of childhood memory begins at about age 2 and involves the use of scripts? A. Autobiographical B. Generic C. Episodic D. Implicit refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast the different categories of memory.

48. Because of its lack of reliability, _____ memory has become an important issue in lawsuits involving charges of child abuse. A. episodic B. autobiographical C. generic D. implicit refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast the different categories of memory.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

49. Autobiographical memory A. is the first type of memory to form. B. is personal and best constructed alone. C. is a type of episodic memory. D. helps children recall insignificant events. refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast the different categories of memory.

50. Studies of autobiographical memory indicate that A. it typically begins before 3 years of age. B. it is dependent on the development of language. C. social interaction has little to do with its development. D. firstborns develop autobiographical memory more slowly than their siblings. refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast the different categories of memory.

51. Danielle is 7-years-old and is beginning to develop memories that will form her personal life history. These memories are specific and long lasting. They are _____ memories. A. episodic B. autobiographical C. implicit D. generic refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast the different categories of memory.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

52. According to the social interaction model for memory retention, which of these statements is FALSE? A. A highly elaborative style elicits more detailed information. B. The social interaction model holds that children collaboratively construct autobiographical memories. C. Low elaborative style allows children to embellish more and they are therefore better able to recall detailed memories. D. Elaborative talk provides verbal labels for events, giving memories orderly structure for children. refer to pages 286, 287

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the social interaction model for memory formation.

53. The idea that children construct autobiographical memories through conversations with adults about shared events is called the _____ model. A. shared memory B. social interaction C. cognitive memory D. script refer to page 287

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the social interaction model for memory formation.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

54. Which of the following is the best example of the social interaction model of memory? A. Tommy remembers his experience on a roller coaster. B. Tommy remembers riding with his mother on a roller coaster. C. Because of a frightening ride, Tommy hates roller coasters. D. After Tommy and his mother rode the roller coaster, they talked about the experience and now he remembers it well. refer to page 287

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the social interaction model for memory formation.

55. One of the differences that was identified when children of different cultures were asked to remember an experience was that A. American children were guided more with leading questions than Chinese children. B. Chinese children's accounts were very long, detailed, and self-guided. C. American and Chinese children left out many important facts. D. Chinese mothers tended to ask more leading questions. refer to page 287

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the social interaction model for memory formation.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

56. Parents show a great deal of concern about their children's intellectual development very early on. Which of the following statements regarding early childhood and intelligence tests is FALSE? A. Because children at this stage are more proficient with language, a large number of verbal items appear on intelligence tests. B. Verbal tests are more reliable than nonverbal tests. C. A common misconception is that IQ scores represent a fixed quantity of inborn intelligence. D. Culture has little influence on IQ scores and other tests designed to measure intelligence. refer to page 288

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.3: Identify how intelligence is measured, and what factors influence it. Learn Smart LO: Understand the factors involved with intelligence measurement.

57. Compared with intelligence tests for infants and toddlers, tests for preschoolers take on a new dimension as emphasis is placed on assessing A. social skills. B. verbal skills. C. gross motor skills. D. sensory and motor coordination. refer to page 288

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.3: Identify how intelligence is measured, and what factors influence it. Learn Smart LO: Compare the major assessment tools used to measure intelligence in early childhood.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

58. Which of the following is NOT a test used to measure the intelligence of children? A. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children B. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales C. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence D. Gardner-Denver Test of Multiple Intelligences refer to page 288

59. Which of the following statements is NOT true of socioeconomic status and IQ? A. Family income is associated with cognitive development. B. The correlation between SES and IQ is not well-documented. C. Economic circumstances affect health, stress, parenting practices, and home environment. D. Regardless of income, genetic and environmental factors are both at play when it comes to intelligence. refer to pages 288-289

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.3: Identify how intelligence is measured, and what factors influence it. Learn Smart LO: Understand the factors involved with intelligence measurement.

60. Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development describes scaffolding as A. temporary parental support provided to a child as he/she attempts to complete a task. B. support most needed by children of low ability. C. a technique that reflects parental sensitivity to children's competence. D. all of the above. refer to page 290

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.3: Identify how intelligence is measured, and what factors influence it. Learn Smart LO: Define scaffolding.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

61. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development could also be called the zone of _____. A. potential development B. achievement C. achieved aptitude D. prescribed development refer to page 290

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.3: Identify how intelligence is measured, and what factors influence it. Learn Smart LO: Explain Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development.

62. Ena is an average 3-year-old. By this age, we would expect her to be able to use about _____ different words. A. 100 to 500 B. 900 to 1,000 C. 3,000 to 6,000 D. 12,000 to 20,000 refer to page 290

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss language in early childhood.

63. First-grade teachers have found that by the age of 6, their students typically have a spoken vocabulary of _____ words. A. 900 to 1,000 B. 2,600 C. 12,000 D. 20,000 refer to page 290

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss language in early childhood.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

64. Yesterday, 5-year-old Josh heard his father say, "Water accumulates on the roof when it rains." It was the first time he had ever heard the word "accumulate." Today, Josh told his mother, "My toys accumulate in my room." Josh is exhibiting _____. A. egocentrism B. social speech C. fast mapping D. syntax refer to page 291

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Describe fast-mapping.

65. A child's ability to understand what a new word means, despite hearing it only once or twice, is called _____. A. transduction B. insight C. pragmatics D. fast mapping refer to page 291

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Describe fast-mapping.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

66. Which of the following statements regarding fast mapping is FALSE? A. Names of actions seem to be easier to fast map than names of objects. B. It takes several exposures to a word's use before a child absorbs its meaning. C. Linguists are not sure how fast mapping works. D. Fast mapping explains how children expand their vocabularies so quickly. refer to page 291

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Describe fast-mapping.

67. Jimena is a typical 3-year-old. Like most of her preschool playmates, she can correctly use A. complex, multi-clause sentences. B. plurals, past tense, and pronouns such as "I," "you," and "me." C. 20 or more words in a sentence. D. and understand compound sentences. refer to page 291

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss language in early childhood.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

68. At age _____, children's language first becomes more adult-like as they incorporate compound and complex sentences, employ all parts of speech, and use prepositions and articles. A. 3 to 4 B. 5 to 7 C. 8 to 9 D. 10 to 12 refer to page 291

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss language in early childhood.

69. _____ refers to the practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes. A. Pragmatics B. Social speech C. Grammar D. Private speech refer to page 292

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the role of pragmatics in early childhood language development.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

70. Abdul is growing up in a family where humor is important. He always tries to participate by telling his own jokes. They invariably lack humor and timing, but the family laughs along with him regardless. One day at the dinner table, Abdul tells a joke successfully for the first time, using intonations, timing, and humor. It appears that Abdul is developing _____. A. grammar B. private speech C. pragmatics D. syntax refer to page 292

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the role of pragmatics in early childhood language development.

71. Speech intended to be understood by a listener is called _____ speech. A. inner B. one-on-one C. formative D. social refer to page 292

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Define social speech.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

72. Vygotsky viewed private speech as A. a rare occurrence among normal preschool-age children. B. egocentric and self-centered. C. a critical component of language during the sensorimotor stage. D. a tool important to the transition between early social speech and thinking in words. refer to page 293

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Explain the various developmental theories regarding private speech.

73. When children talk aloud to themselves with no intent of communicating with anyone else, their speech is referred to as _____. A. infantile B. private C. social D. abnormal refer to page 292

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

74. Sebastian, a 4 year-old male, is at the pool when he sees a large woman wearing a black and white bathing suit. He yells "Orca!" as she gets in the pool. This demonstrates issues in what area of spoken language? A. Phenomes B. Syntax C. Semantics D. Pragmatics refer to page 292

75. Language development is delayed in about _______ percent of preschool-aged children. A. 5-8 B. 10-15 C. 15-20 D. 20-22 refer to page 292

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the factors and trends associated with delayed language development.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

76. Annie was delayed in acquiring language as a child. Which of the following factors could have played a role in this delay? A. She may have had a hearing problem. B. She may not have experienced much linguistic input at home. C. She may have a cognitive limitation. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 292

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the factors and trends associated with delayed language development.

77. Which of the following statements about delayed language development is FALSE? A. Many children who speak late eventually catch up with their peers. B. It is often unclear why some children speak later than others. C. Children with delayed language development almost always lack linguistic input at home. D. Children with delayed language development may have problems with fast mapping. refer to page 292

78. To understand what is on the printed page, children first need to master certain pre-reading skills. The development of these skills is called A. language acquisition. B. emergent literacy. C. phoneme-grapheme correspondence. D. word transfer. refer to page 293

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss preparation for literacy.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

79. Which of the following is NOT an effective way to help preschool children become literate? A. Avoid using new and unfamiliar words. B. Focus dinner-table talk on the day's activities. C. Talk with children about books. D. Read to children. refer to page 294

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss preparation for literacy.

80. Preschools in China emphasize _____ more than preschools in the United States. A. social development B. emotional growth C. physical development D. academic preparation for schooling refer to page 295

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.5: Analyze the purpose of early education, and how children make the transition to kindergarten. Learn Smart LO: Understand the various aspects of preschool attendance.

81. A local preschool is trying to incorporate a more child-centered approach to its curriculum. This approach emphasizes A. preparation for future academics. B. preparation for a future role in society. C. social and emotional growth. D. standardized testing. refer to page 295

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.5: Analyze the purpose of early education, and how children make the transition to kindergarten. Learn Smart LO: Understand the various aspects of preschool attendance.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

82. In ______, preschools are expected to provide academic preparation for schooling. A. India B. China C. United States D. Canada refer to page 295

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.5: Analyze the purpose of early education, and how children make the transition to kindergarten. Learn Smart LO: Understand the various aspects of preschool attendance.

83. What is true of the Reggio Emilia Approach to early childhood education? A. It originated in Italy post-World War II. B. It is a less formal model than Montessori. C. The founding director was a social constructivist. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 295

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

84. Which of these statements regarding the Montessori Method to early childhood education is FALSE? A. Maria Montessori was influenced by philosophers like Rousseau who encouraged alternative teaching methods. B. Montessori was Italy's first female physician and interested in methods for teaching children with special needs. C. The Montessori method is based on the belief that children's natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 295

85. Large-scale preschool programs have been developed nationwide because estimates indicate that _______ percent of children in poor urban areas enter school poorly prepared to learn. A. 33 B. 50 C. 66 D. 90 refer to page 296

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.5: Analyze the purpose of early education, and how children make the transition to kindergarten. Learn Smart LO: Summarize the Head Start programs.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

86. The best-known compensatory preschool program for children of low-income families in the United States is A. the Montessori preschool. B. the Perry Preschool Project. C. Project Head Start. D. the Chicago Child Parent Centers. refer to page 296

87. Which of the following statements about Project Head Start is FALSE? A. Head Start follows a "whole child" approach. B. The program includes medical, dental, and mental health care. C. Head Start children do better on intelligence tests than non-Head Start children from comparable backgrounds. D. Long-term positive effects of compensatory preschool programs have not been documented. refer to page 296

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

88. The most successful Head Start programs have been those A. that last at least a year. B. with the most parental involvement. C. with the largest number of children. D. with the highest staff-to-child ratio. refer to page 296

89. Compared to kindergartens in the past, today's kindergarten is A. longer in terms of number of instructional hours. B. more focused on academic preparation. C. more likely to include critical evaluation of student performance. D. all of the above. refer to pages 297-298

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.5: Analyze the purpose of early education, and how children make the transition to kindergarten. Learn Smart LO: Discuss kindergarten education in America.

Essay Questions 90. Define symbolic function and, using an example, demonstrate how it can be linked to deferred imitation, pretend play, and language. Answers will vary

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

91. In preoperational thinking, children become more sophisticated in their use of symbolic thought, but they are not yet ready to use logic. Discuss both the advances that this stage brings to a child's cognitive development as well as the immature aspects, or limitations, that children experience. Answers will vary

92. Describe what is meant by "theory-of-mind abilities." Explain how linguistic determinism, the ecological explanation, executive control, and bilingualism influence the development of theory of mind. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Explain a child's theory of mind.

93. Morgan seems to remember things and events that made a strong impression on him. However, memory of childhood events is rarely deliberate. Explain changes in memory during the period of early childhood. In your explanation, describe each of the following types of memory: generic memory, episodic memory, autobiographical memory, and the socialinteraction model. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Summarize the memory changes that occur in early childhood years.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

94. Discuss the problems involved with asking young children to give eyewitness accounts. What, if anything, can be done to ensure that their accounts are accurate? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Summarize the memory changes that occur in early childhood years.

95. Compare traditional psychometric approaches to intelligence, such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, and Vygotsky's idea of the zone of proximal development. Answers will vary

96. What environmental factors can influence a child's intelligence test score? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.3: Identify how intelligence is measured, and what factors influence it. Learn Smart LO: Understand the factors involved with intelligence measurement.

97. Describe typical achievements in language development during early childhood. Discuss vocabulary, grammar and syntax, pragmatics, social speech, and private speech. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss language development in early childhood.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

98. Vygotsky saw private speech as universal; however, studies have indicated a wide range of individual differences. Define private speech, and give examples. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Explain the various developmental theories regarding private speech.

99. Citing research discussed in your textbook, answer the following question: Should the primary purpose of preschool be to provide a strong academic foundation or to foster social and emotional development? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.5: Analyze the purpose of early education, and how children make the transition to kindergarten. Learn Smart LO: Understand the various aspects of preschool attendance.

100. What are compensatory programs? Which of these programs have been the most successful, and why? What are some suggestions to further improve early-childhood education, and why is it important? Answers will vary

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

101. What are some of the benefits of early childhood education? Define universal preschool and discuss the proposed benefits of a universal preschool system. Describe the goals of The School of the Twenty-First Century. Answers will vary

True / False Questions 102. Children with imaginary friends have better storytelling skills than peers without imaginary friends. TRUE refer to page 275

103. Justus does not realize that if a boy puts on girl clothes he is still a boy. This indicates that he is showing irreversibility. TRUE refer to page 276

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

104. Kai holds up a picture he is drawing to the phone as he is talking to grandma and says, "Look what I drew!" This indicates Piaget's concept of egocentrism. TRUE refer to page 276

105. Marcella's grandfather recently died. After the funeral, she asks her mom if grandpa is hungry. Marcella's question is an example of animism. TRUE refer to page 277

106. To assess centration, Piaget presented children with the three-mountains task. FALSE refer to page 279

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

107. Children with autism often have difficulty with theory-of-mind tasks. TRUE refer to page 281

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.1: Describe typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking. Learn Smart LO: Explain a child's theory of mind.

108. Magical thinking often is the result of confusion between reality and fantasy. FALSE refer to page 283

109. By age 3 or 4, children fail to differentiate between fictional cartoon worlds. So if Mickey Mouse showed up on Sesame Street, they would be surprised. FALSE refer to page 285

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

110. In an information-processing system, the flow of information moves from storage to encoding to retrieval. FALSE refer to page 285

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: List the basic memory processes.

111. Someone tells you his name and as he is saying it, you cannot remember it. It most likely got lost in working memory. FALSE refer to page 285

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: List the basic memory processes.

112. Athar is at a gas station when it is robbed. The police have him come down to the police station and pick photos out of a mug shot book. They are testing his recall of the robbery. FALSE refer to page 286

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 10.2: Identify which memory capabilities expand in early childhood. Learn Smart LO: Contrast recognition and recall memory strategies.

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

113. An IQ score represents an inborn quality that a child has, intelligence. FALSE refer to page 288

114. There is little relationship between IQ and socioeconomic status. FALSE refer to page 289

115. Dynamic tests of intelligence emphasize potential rather than present achievement. TRUE refer to page 289

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

116. When exposed to rhymes, 5-year-olds from wealthier families show more localization of language in the left hemisphere than children from poorer homes. TRUE refer to page 291

117. In Spanish, you say "casa blanca," in English, "white house." These rules are an example of pragmatics. FALSE refer to page 292

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 10.4: Explain how language improves, and what happens when its development is delayed. Learn Smart LO: Discuss language development in early childhood.

118. Aleksandra is sitting in church with her parents when she says, "That fat lady in front of us sure has a big hat!" This is an example of an inappropriate use of pragmatics. TRUE refer to page 292

Chapter 10 - Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

119. Valletta's parents enroll her in a school that is based on relationships with the environment, society, and people. Her classroom is beautiful and designed for a sense of wellbeing. Her parents have selected a Reggio Emilia school. TRUE refer to page 295

120. Victor is in a class with many 3- to 6-year-olds. He works independently and at his own pace. He is most likely in a Montessori school. TRUE refer to page 295

121. Kindergarten today is like first grade used to be. TRUE refer to page 297

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Chapter 11 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Our beliefs about who we are, what we are able to do, and the traits we engender are referred to as our A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. self-efficacy. D. self-evaluation. refer to page 302

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.1: Describe how the self-concept develops in early childhood, and how children show self-esteem, emotional growth, and initiative. Learn Smart LO: Describe self-concept.

2. Mrs. Hubbard tries to instill in her fourth-graders the idea that self-concept is a(n) _____ construction. A. cognitive B. emotional C. social D. physical refer to page 302

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.1: Describe how the self-concept develops in early childhood, and how children show self-esteem, emotional growth, and initiative. Learn Smart LO: Describe self-concept.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

3. Lucas is 4-years-old. He is likely to describe himself according to A. generalized abilities, such as being "athletic" or "smart." B. specific abilities, such as being a fast runner or a good climber. C. global traits, such as being popular or outgoing. D. internal traits, such as being thoughtful or worried. refer to page 302

4. When Dora starts to list characteristics to describe herself, she is disclosing her A. self-esteem. B. self-efficacy. C. self-concept. D. self-definition. refer to page 302

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

5. Four-year-old Dana goes to her pediatrician for her annual checkup. She tells the nurse her name, address, phone number, and her doctor's name. She also tells the nurse about her sister Nancy. These descriptions represent Dana's A. self-esteem. B. self-definition. C. self-efficacy. D. self-evaluation. refer to page 302

6. Which of the following is NOT a typical aspect of self-definition in early childhood? A. Using concrete, observable behaviors to describe oneself B. Focusing on physical features in self-descriptions C. Having difficulty separating what one thinks of oneself from what one does D. Being self-critical, while maintaining a positive overall self-concept refer to page 302

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

7. Tasha's judgment and evaluation about her self-worth is called her A. self-definition. B. ideal self. C. real self. D. self-esteem. refer to page 303

8. Preschool children _____ self-esteem and _____ self-concept. A. think; feel B. understand; think C. think; understand D. feel; think refer to pages 302-303

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.1: Describe how the self-concept develops in early childhood, and how children show self-esteem, emotional growth, and initiative. Learn Smart LO: Infer self-esteem.

9. In early childhood, the development of self-definition occurs in the following order: A. single representation, representational mappings, and representational systems. B. single representation, representational systems, and representational mappings. C. representational mappings, representational systems, and single representation. D. representational systems, representational mappings, and single representation. refer to page 303

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

10. When Jacinta daydreams about the person she would like to be, she is thinking of her A. ideal self. B. real self. C. ultimate self. D. representational system. refer to page 303

11. The _____ is how one perceives oneself, and the _____ is what one would like to be. A. ideal self; imaginary self B. real self; ideal self C. real self; imaginary self D. ideal self; real self refer to page 303

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

12. In the preschool years, a child typically makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms. This way of thinking is called A. visions of the ideal self. B. visions of the real self. C. single representations. D. representational mappings. refer to page 303

13. Shelton loves to draw and do art projects, and is very good at it. However, when he plays soccer, he gets frustrated because he is not as good as the other boys. In which of the following stages of self-definition is Shelton? A. Single representations B. Representational mappings C. Representational systems D. None of these refer to page 303

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

14. Leo thinks he is the smartest kid in his kindergarten class. The judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth is called A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. self-efficacy. D. self-actualization. refer to page 303

15. In early childhood, a person's sense of self-esteem is derived primarily from A. his own sense of competence. B. parents' behaviors. C. the number of friends he has. D. his level of maturity relative to same-aged peers. refer to page 303

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

16. Seligman's groundbreaking research involved shocking dogs in either an "escape" or "no escape" condition. After several trials, the dogs in the "no escape" condition ceased trying to escape the shocks. This demonstrates the concept of A. low self-esteem. B. learned helplessness. C. self-efficacy. D. egocentrism. refer to page 304

17. Mary has low self-esteem and received a poor grade on her math test. To which of the following reasons would she most likely attribute her poor grade to? A. She is not good at math. B. She did not study. C. The test was too difficult. D. The teacher did not cover all of the materials. refer to page 304

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

18. Parents and teachers of preschoolers can avoid fostering the "helpless" pattern associated with low self-esteem by A. targeting their criticism at the child as a person rather than focusing on particular behaviors. B. focusing on other children's good performance so that the child can have a goal to achieve. C. giving specific strategy-focused feedback rather than criticizing the child as a person. D. ignoring the child when he or she exhibits "helpless" behavior. refer to page 304

19. Four-year-old Martha's ability to understand her own emotions helps her to A. guide her behavior in social situations. B. talk about her feelings. C. be sensitive to how others feel. D. all of the above. refer to page 305

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

20. Jenny says, "I couldn't feel happy and scared at the same time; I would have to be two people at once!" Malcolm, who is the same age as Jenny, can easily imagine feeling happy and scared simultaneously. At what age are individual differences in understanding conflicting emotions first evident? A. 3 years B. 8 years C. 10 years D. 12 years refer to page 305

21. At what age do children begin to understand simultaneous emotions? A. 2-3 B. 4-5 C. 7-9 D. 13-15 refer to page 303

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

22. Marcus comments on how some children in his class pick up on the feelings of characters in books, whereas other children never seem to figure out how the characters are feeling. Individual differences in understanding conflicting emotions A. are rarely seen in preschool children. B. do not typically appear until the age of 5. C. may reflect differences among families in the amount and type of discussion of why people behave the way they do. D. are primarily due to gender differences between girls and boys. refer to pages 305-306

23. In terms of Erikson's concept of "initiative versus guilt," which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The concept is based largely on conflicting feelings about the self. B. The concept involves preschoolers' reconciling their need to act with their need for approval. C. Because this crisis is based on a behavioral theory, the conscience is irrelevant to it. D. Successful outcome leads to the characteristic of "purpose." refer to page 306

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

24. Erikson's third developmental conflict is referred to as A. initiative versus guilt. B. attachment versus detachment. C. autonomy versus shame. D. detachment versus identification. refer to page 306

25. In Erikson's theory, which of the following parental behaviors is least likely to help children achieve a healthy balance between initiative and guilt? A. Giving children opportunities to do things on their own B. Providing guidance C. Establishing firm limits D. Emphasizing strict obedience refer to page 306

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

26. A child who successful resolves Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage develops A. hope. B. purpose. C. trust. D. will. refer to page 306

27. Which of the following statements describes the most preferable outcome of Erikson's psychosocial stage of initiative versus guilt? A. The child is free of guilt. B. The child finds an even balance of initiative and guilt. C. The child finds a balance of initiative and guilt, with the greater emphasis on initiative. D. The child finds a balance of initiative and guilt, with the greater emphasis on guilt. refer to page 306

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

28. Thomas is quick to remind his sister that he can hunt with his dad because he is a boy. A child's awareness of being male or female is called A. gender constancy. B. gender identity. C. gender-typing. D. identification of sex. refer to page 306

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.2: Explain how children become aware of the meaning of gender, and what explains the differences in behavior between the sexes. Learn Smart LO: Infer gender identity.

29. Abigail has become aware that she is a female and that females are different from males. Abigail has acquired A. gender identity. B. gender. C. a gender role. D. gender-stereotyping. refer to page 306

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

30. Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in specific abilities is FALSE? A. Females tend to do better at verbal tasks. B. Females tend to do better at fine motor tasks. C. Males tend to have superior motor performance. D. Males tend to do better at solving mazes tests. refer to page 307

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.2: Explain how children become aware of the meaning of gender, and what explains the differences in behavior between the sexes. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify gender differences.

31. Behaviors, interests, attitudes, and skills considered appropriate for females and males in a given culture are: A. called gender roles. B. biologically determined. C. fairly easy to change. D. all of these refer to page 307

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.2: Explain how children become aware of the meaning of gender, and what explains the differences in behavior between the sexes. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify gender differences.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

32. The socialization process whereby children learn culturally accepted gender roles is called: A. achieving gender identity. B. gender conservation. C. gender-typing. D. gender-stereotyping. refer to page 307

33. Sam is 30 months old. He is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks but not dolls. He is developing: A. gender identity. B. a gender role. C. gender-typing. D. all of these refer to page 307

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

34. In the past, many preschool teachers encouraged children to play with both "boy" and "girl" toys. We know now that gender stereotypes: A. are rarely found in children under the age of 5. B. can restrict children's self-image, activities, and plans. C. have been largely eliminated in the United States. D. affect major life decisions but not everyday behavior. refer to page 307

35. Gender stereotypes appear to reach a peak at age: A. 3. B. 5. C. 8. D. 11. refer to page 307

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

36. Five-year-old Shawn is playing with his sister Cheryl's doll. She tells him to put it down because "boys don't play with dolls!" This is an example of a gender: A. role. B. stereotype. C. identity. D. acquisition. refer to page 307

37. Which of the following statements regarding biological differences between the brains of males and females is correct? A. Females have more brain cells. B. Males have more functional brain cells. C. Female brains have a larger cerebral cortex. D. Female brains have greater neuronal density. refer to page 308

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

38. The theory of sexual selection was developed by: A. Sigmund Freud. B. Albert Bandura. C. Charles Darwin. D. Jean Piaget. refer to page 308

39. The process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the same-sex parent is called: A. socialization. B. conditioning. C. information processing. D. identification. refer to page 310

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

40. Five-year-old Larry has been doing everything that his dad does. Larry's dad has a successful construction business, and Larry proudly wears his own company hat and tool belt everywhere his mother lets him. Freud would call Larry's dress preferences a sign of: A. identification. B. regression. C. fixation. D. none of these refer to page 310

41. Soon after they moved to the United States from Mumbai, Cathy and her brother Charles went to school and started dressing like the other children. The process by which children adopt the characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of another person or group is termed: A. socialization. B. identification. C. imitation. D. internalization. refer to page 310

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

42. Which of the following perspectives on gender identity development is least favored by developmental psychologists? A. Social cognitive theory B. Gender-schema theory C. Cognitive developmental theory D. Psychoanalytic theory refer to page 310

43. The _____ theory, associated with Lawrence Kohlberg, holds that a child learns about gender by actively thinking about his or her experiences. A. social-learning B. psychoanalytic C. psychosocial D. cognitive-developmental refer to pages 310-311

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

44. According to Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, which of the following statements about gender identity is false? A. Before the age of 5, children do not usually know which gender they belong to. B. Gender constancy is the realization that one's gender will never change. C. Children usually acquire gender constancy between the ages of 3 and 7. D. Gender differences in behavior develop after children achieve gender constancy. refer to page 311

45. Jennifer knows that she is a girl, and by watching what other girls do in her culture, she is learning how she is expected to behave. Which theory holds that gender-typing is acquired in this way? A. Psychoanalytic B. Biological C. Cognitive-developmental D. Gender-schema refer to page 311

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

46. According to gender-schema theory, the key process of gender-identity development is: A. self-categorization based on the processing of cultural information. B. genetic, neurological, and hormonal activity. C. the resolution of an unconscious, emotional conflict. D. modeling, reinforcement, and teaching. refer to page 311

47. In the _____ theory of gender-identity development, children socialize themselves in gender roles by developing a concept of what it means to be male or female in their culture. A. social cognitive B. gender-schema C. psychoanalytic D. biological refer to page 311

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

48. A major weakness of the cognitive-developmental theory when explaining gender differences is that: A. children often identify with a parent of the opposite sex. B. children often act in "gender-appropriate" ways before they achieve gender constancy. C. many children pay little attention to sex when organizing their knowledge of their world. D. all of these refer to page 311

49. Albert Bandura is associated with which perspective of gender identity development? A. Biological B. Psychoanalytic C. Gender-schema D. Social cognitive refer to page 312

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

50. According to social cognitive theory, which of the following statements describes part of the process by which boys come to internalize identification with their fathers? A. Boys pick models, such as their fathers, whom they see as powerful. B. Boys imitate their fathers' behaviors. C. Fathers and other adults reinforce gender-typing through praise and feedback. D. All of these refer to pages 312-313

51. Gender identity is seen by _____ theorists as a consequence of observing and imitating models. A. psychoanalytic B. social cognition C. cognitive-developmental D. gender-schema refer to page 312

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

52. Tom's father is thrilled that his daughter is playing soccer again this summer, but he is not pleased that his son wants to take art classes. In socializing children, parents generally: A. have more influence on children's gender behavior than on their gender knowledge. B. show more discomfort if a boy plays with a doll than if a girl plays with a truck. C. have little influence on gender role development. D. give boys more latitude and flexibility than girls with regard to gender roles. refer to page 313

53. Research has found that peers begin to reinforce gender-typed behavior by the age of: A. 1. B. 3. C. 5. D. 7. refer to page 313

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

54. Which of the following statements regarding current children's books is FALSE? A. Children's books continue to display many gender stereotypes. B. Male characters predominate in children's books. C. Females are more often portrayed as needing help in children's books. D. All of these are true. refer to page 314

55. Play is an important part of child development, and, in our fast-paced world, many children do not have enough unscheduled time to just play with their friends. On which of the following areas of development does play have an influence? A. Physical B. Intellectual C. Psychosocial D. All of the above refer to page 315

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize how play contributes to development.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

56. In terms of cognitive complexity, play moves through the following sequence: A. dramatic/pretend play, functional play, formal games with rules, and constructive play. B. functional play, constructive play, dramatic/pretend play, and formal games with rules. C. constructive play, dramatic/pretend play, functional play, and formal games with rules. D. constructive play, functional play, dramatic/pretend play, and formal games with rules. refer to page 315

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Differentiate between the different types of play.

57. _____ is the lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements such as rolling or bouncing a ball. A. A formal games with rules B. Constructive play C. Pretend play D. Functional play refer to page 316

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Differentiate between the different types of play.

58. Dakota is using blocks to make a house and a garage. According to Piaget's categorization, Dakota is engaged in A. a formal game with rules. B. functional play. C. parallel play. D. constructive play. refer to page 316

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Infer constructive play.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

59. Antonio and Anton want to play soccer after school, but they need to find more friends who want to play with them. Soccer is considered what kind of play? A. A formal game with rules B. Constructive play C. Functional play D. Pretend play refer to page 317

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Differentiate between the different types of play.

60. Which of the following statements regarding play is correct based on the 1920 research by Mildred B. Parten? A. A child's cognitive development has very little influence on her or his play behavior. B. Recent research has supported Parten's conclusion that solitary play is less mature than group play. C. Imaginative play typically does not emerge until 4 or 5 years of age. D. Reticent play is often a manifestation of shyness. refer to page 317

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Differentiate between the different types of play.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

61. Which statement about dramatic play during the preschool years is FALSE? A. Dramatic/imaginative play decreases during the preschool years. B. Play changes during the preschool years, from solitary pretending to dramatic play with other children. C. Dramatic/imaginative play offers rich opportunities to practice interpersonal and language skills. D. Children who play imaginatively tend to be more popular with their peers. refer to page 317

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Describe the ways in which a young child engages in pretend/symbolic play.

62. Parten identified _____ types of play. A. three B. four C. five D. six refer to page 317

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Differentiate between types of play.

63. __________ identified six types of play based on children's level of social involvement. A. Jean Piaget B. Diana Baumrind C. Mildred B. Parten D. Sandra Bem refer to page 317

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Differentiate between types of play.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

64. Despite the fact that Brenna is in a crowded classroom, she chooses to play by herself and makes no attempt to join the others. She is engaged in _____ play. A. onlooker B. solitary independent C. parallel D. associative refer to page 318

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Infer the differences between solitary independent play and parallel play.

65. At Jason's birthday party, all of the children are playing with toy cars in the backyard. Although the children are sitting near one another, each child is playing separately with his or her selected cars. Parten would describe this as _____ play. A. dramatic B. parallel C. associative D. cooperative refer to page 318

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

66. During free play at preschool, Valerie spends her time playing with Seth and Tiara. Their favorite activity is building with blocks. As they share the blocks, they talk excitedly with one another about their various buildings. The children are engaged in A. associative play. B. cooperative play. C. parallel play. D. onlooker behavior. refer to page 318

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Differentiate between types of play.

67. Regarding cultural differences in play styles, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. In non-literate societies, children spend more time playing. B. Compared to Korean American children, Anglo-American children are more aggressive in their play. C. Chinese children are more likely to pretend play with their caregivers than with other children. D. The frequency of different forms of play differs across cultures. refer to pages 319-320

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Differentiate between types of play.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

68. Methods of molding children's character and teaching them self- control and acceptable behavior referred to as A. punishment. B. discipline. C. reinforcement. D. shaping. refer to page 320

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of discipline.

69. According to your textbook, the word discipline has the same general meaning as A. punishment. B. training. C. rewarding. D. coercion. refer to page 320

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of discipline.

70. If Sally's parents want her to stop misbehaving, research suggests that they should A. punish her soundly every time she misbehaves. B. reinforce good behavior and focus less on misbehavior. C. allow a longer amount of time to elapse between the misbehavior and the punishment. D. administer punishment but offer no verbal explanation for their action. refer to page 320

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

71. Examples of external rewards include all the following EXCEPT A. increased pride. B. a special privilege. C. praise. D. money. refer to page 320

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

72. An internal reward for a child's good behavior is a reward that is A. given within the home. B. given by a close family member. C. intangible (such as praise or a smile) rather than tangible (such as a toy or sticker). D. the child's own feeling of pleasure or accomplishment. refer to page 320

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

73. Children who are punished harshly may A. have trouble interpreting other people's actions and words. B. later act aggressively. C. become passive because they feel helpless. D. All of the above are true. refer to pages 320-321

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

74. Punishment is sometimes necessary. Which of the following guidelines would NOT be effective for administering punishment? A. It must be consistent. B. It must be immediate. C. The subject must have some time to think about what she has done before punishment is administered. D. It must be clearly tied to the offense. refer to page 320

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

75. Punishing a child tends to be most effective when A. a considerable time elapses between a behavior and its punishment, so that the child will have time to reflect on her or his misbehavior. B. punishment is accompanied by a short, simple explanation. C. the person who punishes is not on good terms with the child, because children tend to ignore punishment from people with whom they have very good relationships. D. all of these refer to page 320

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

76. Compared to children who are not spanked, children who are spanked are more likely to A. be aggressive. B. be cooperative and show prosocial behavior. C. show accelerated cognitive development. D. obey adults. refer to page 321

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: List some reasons for avoiding the use of spanking.

77. Julian is explaining to his young daughter why she must not play in the neighbor's garden. He tells her that they work hard to grow flowers, and if she does play in the garden, she will not be allowed to go outdoors alone. As a method of socialization, Julian is employing A. inductive techniques. B. persuasive techniques. C. power assertion. D. reward and punishment. refer to page 321

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

78. Madeline took Billy's toy boat away from him and made him cry. Madeline's parents talked to her about how sad Billy was and how badly he felt. Madeline felt sorry about what she had done and gave the boat back to Billy. Which form of discipline was used? A. Power assertion B. Withdrawal of love C. Inductive technique D. Punishment refer to page 321

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

79. Roberto's parents often express their displeasure with his misbehavior by ignoring him when he is acting inappropriately and for a short time afterward. This is called A. power assertion. B. withdrawal of love. C. ignorance. D. an inductiveness technique. refer to page 323

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

80. In her research on parenting styles, _____ identified the authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative styles. A. Anna Freud B. Mildred Parten B. Eva Peron C. Diana Baumrind refer to page 324

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the various parenting styles.

81. _____ parenting emphasizes control and obedience. A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Permissive D. Neglectful refer to page 324

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the various parenting styles.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

82. According to Baumrind, _____ parents value self-expression and self-regulation, allowing children to monitor their own activities as much as possible. A. permissive B. authoritative C. authoritarian D. neglectful refer to page 324

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the various parenting styles.

83. Lana asks her mother if she can have a friend over on a school night to study. Her mother quickly reminds her that the rule is no visitors on school nights, and she is not going to break it. Lana's mother is demonstrating a(n) _____ parenting style. A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. neglectful refer to page 324

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the various parenting styles.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

84. Johnny brings a note home from school that states that he hit the school principal with a spitball. His mother is very upset, but his father simply says, "Relax, kids will be kids. No one got hurt, so what is the problem?" Which parenting style is Johnny's father demonstrating? A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Permissive D. Neglectful refer to page 324

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the various parenting styles.

85. A style of parenting in which parents focus on their own needs is called A. the authoritative parenting style. B. the authoritarian parenting style. C. psychological aggression. D. neglectful parenting. refer to page 324

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the various parenting styles.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

86. Research on parenting styles suggests that the most self-reliant, self-controlled, and contented children have parents who use a(n) _____ style. A. authoritarian B. permissive C. egalitarian D. authoritative refer to page 324

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the various parenting styles.

87. Joey came home from school and asked his parents if he could stay up later on Wednesday nights to watch a new television show. As a family, they came to a compromise on a new bedtime, with the stipulation that Joey be ready for bed before he watched television. Joey and his parents also agreed on consequences in the event that he did not get to bed on time. Joey's parents are using a(n) _____ style. A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. egalitarian refer to page 324

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the various parenting styles.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

88. Since Baumrind's findings are based on _____ research, they do not show that styles of child rearing cause children to be more or less competent. A. experimental B. correlational C. preliminary D. longitudinal refer to page 325

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the significance of Diana Baumrind regarding parenting.

89. Which of the following statements has NOT been raised as a criticism of Baumrind's research? A. Her studies focus on correlations. B. Her studies are artificial, because she adheres strictly to the experimental model. C. It is impossible to know whether children were, in fact, consistently raised in a particular style. D. Baumrind did not consider innate factors, such as children's temperament. refer to page 325

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the significance of Diana Baumrind regarding parenting.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

90. Studies of Chinese American parents have shown that they usually A. are more permissive than Caucasian parents. B. combine warmth and support with an emphasis on training, firm control, and governance. C. rely on authoritarian techniques. D. are more permissive with daughters than sons. refer to page 326

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Describe the authoritarian style of parenting within Asian-American child-rearing practices.

91. Catherine has spent most of her life watching her aunts and her mother help the elderly at the church. She is observing prosocial behavior, or A. altruistic behavior. B. social play. C. induction. D. socialization. refer to page 326

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: explain altruistic behavior.

92. On the basis of research, which of the following factors is NOT significant in the development of prosocial behavior? A. Access to educational toys B. Family modeling B. Parenting style C. Child's age refer to page 327

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Explain prosocial behavior.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

93. Ron takes Hogan's lunch money and makes him cry almost every morning when he arrives at school. Behavior intended to cause pain or establish dominance is called _____ aggression. A. instrumental B. hostile C. overt D. relational refer to page 327

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Explain instrumental aggression.

94. Hailey asks her friend Madeline if she can play with her "Astronaut Barbie." Madeline refuses to turn over the doll, because she is waiting for lift-off of the space shuttle. Hailey grabs the doll and runs from the room. Which type of aggression is being demonstrated? A. Instrumental B. Hostile C. Relational D. Covert refer to page 327

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Explain instrumental aggression.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

95. Research suggests that boys use _____ aggression and girls use _____ aggression. A. overt; relational B. covert; overt C. overt; physical D. covert; relational refer to page 328

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Infer gender differences in aggression.

96. Social aggression is also known as _______ aggression. A. relational B. covert C. instrumental D. overt refer to page 328

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Infer gender differences in aggression.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

97. Timmy is an aggressive child who spends time with friends who behave the same way. Timmy's parents are convinced that he is a good child who is aggressive only because of his friends. Which of the following statements regarding aggression is correct? A. Aggression is linked to individual temperament. B. Highly aggressive children tend to seek out friends like themselves. C. Through negative socializing experiences, children growing up in a high-risk environment may adopt undesirable behaviors despite their parents' best efforts. D. All of these are correct. refer to pages 328-329

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Explain instrumental aggression.

98. When Nila started swimming lessons this summer, her family was surprised to see that she was afraid of the water. The best way for Nila's family to deal with this situation is to A. allow Nila to discontinue swimming lessons and avoid going in the water. B. give Nila reassurance and encourage her to openly express her feelings. C. logically explain that Nila's fear is unfounded. D. ignore Nila's fear, because she will grow out of it. refer to page 330

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Explain fearfulness.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

99. The earliest, most frequent, and most intense disputes among siblings are about A. jealousy over parent's attention. B. differences in self-efficacy. C. moral issues. D. property rights. refer to page 331

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.6: Explain how young children get along with - or without - siblings, playmates, and friends. Learn Smart LO: Recall sibling relationships.

100. Regarding sibling play, which pair type plays least peacefully? A. Boys with boys B. Girls with boys C. Girls with girls D. None of these; no differences exist in the peacefulness of play in sibling pairs. refer to page 331

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.6: Explain how young children get along with - or without - siblings, playmates, and friends. Learn Smart LO: Recall sibling relationships.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

101. Observations of preschool-age siblings indicate that A. sibling rivalry is not the main pattern between siblings early in life. B. rather than imitate their older siblings, younger siblings are typically more interested in asserting their individuality. C. younger siblings initiate more behavior—both friendly and antagonistic—than do older siblings. D. as younger siblings reach the age of 5, the sibling relationship tends to become more physical and less verbal. refer to page 331

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.6: Explain how young children get along with - or without - siblings, playmates, and friends. Learn Smart LO: Recall sibling relationships.

102. Researchers who studied sibling relationships in young children over several years concluded that A. most sibling behavior is play-oriented and prosocial rather than competitive. B. siblings' behavior toward one another tends to be most negative and competitive when the mother is not present. C. sibling rivalry tends to be the dominant pattern whether or not the mother is present. D. sibling rivalry is an imaginary construct. refer to page 331

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.6: Explain how young children get along with - or without - siblings, playmates, and friends. Learn Smart LO: Recall sibling relationships.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

103. China's policy of limiting families to one child has facilitated several observations. Which of the following observations is correct? A. Many observed personality differences exist between only children and children who have siblings. B. Only children have poor or inadequate language skills because of the lack of sibling interaction. C. Only children appear to have a distinct psychological advantage in a society that favors and rewards such a child. D. Children with siblings have fewer overall behavioral problems because they have learned to take turns and share. refer to page 332

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.6: Explain how young children get along with - or without - siblings, playmates, and friends. Learn Smart LO: Compare popular conceptions with research findings on an only child.

104. About _____ out of 4 preschoolers have mutual friendships. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 refer to pages 332-333

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.6: Explain how young children get along with - or without - siblings, playmates, and friends. Learn Smart LO: Recall playmates and friends.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

105. Research suggests that compared to those who are unpopular, well-liked preschoolers and kindergartners A. cope well with anger. B. attempt to minimize conflict. C. avoid insults and threats. D. All of these are correct. refer to page 333

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.6: Explain how young children get along with - or without - siblings, playmates, and friends. Learn Smart LO: Recall playmates and friends.

Essay Questions 106. Describe the development of self-concept in early childhood. In your explanation, include a description of single representations and representational mappings. Answers will vary

107. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development addresses personality conflicts that arise over the course of the lifespan. Identify Erikson's chief conflict of early childhood, and elaborate on its relevance to self-esteem. Answers will vary

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

108. A relationship exists between gender identity and self-concept. Describe this relationship, and include the following terms in your description: gender roles, gender typing, gender stereotypes, and gender constancy. Answers will vary

109. Piaget and others identified increasing levels of cognitive complexity in play. List and describe the four levels of play, and give an example for each. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize how play contributes to development.

110. Describe Parten's research on the social development of play. Give examples of how this research can be used by teachers in the classroom. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize how play contributes to development.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

111. Define the term discipline. Compare various forms of discipline and identify factors that influence their effectiveness. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of discipline.

112. Based on research discussed in your textbook, describe Baumrind's parenting styles. Discuss how parents' ways of resolving conflict with young children can contribute to the success of the authoritative child rearing. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the differences between the various parenting styles.

113. Explain the development of aggression in early childhood. Are there situations in which a child should be encouraged to be aggressive? Why or why not? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Explain instrumental aggression.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

114. Describe some of the facets of sibling and peer relationships in early childhood. Describe how gender and birth order affect typical patterns of sibling interaction. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.6: Explain how young children get along with - or without - siblings, playmates, and friends. Learn Smart LO: Recall sibling relationships.

115. Describe how children choose playmates, and explain why some children are more popular than others. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.6: Explain how young children get along with - or without - siblings, playmates, and friends. Learn Smart LO: Recall playmates and friends.

True / False Questions 116. According to the neo-Piagetians, self-definition shifts from a single representation to representational mappings. TRUE refer to page 303

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

117. Culture does not affect self-definition. FALSE refer to page 303

118. Self-esteem in early childhood tends to be global and unrealistic, reflecting adult approval. TRUE refer to page 304

119. According to Erikson, the developmental conflict of early childhood is autonomy versus guilt/shame. FALSE refer to page 306

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

120. The main gender difference in early childhood is boys' greater aggression and activity. TRUE refer to page 307

121. Gender stereotypes do not peak until adolescence. FALSE refer to pages 307-308

122. There is little in the way of biological differences in the brains of males and females. FALSE refer to pages 308-309

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

123. Evolutionary theory argues that children's gender roles are preparation for adult mating behavior. TRUE refer to page 308

124. Gender constancy is achieved at approximately 3 years of age for most children. FALSE refer to page 311

125. Play has physical, cognitive, and psychosocial benefits, as well as evolutionary functions. TRUE refer to page 315

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize how play contributes to development.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

126. Changes in the type of play children engage in rarely reflect changes in cognitive development. FALSE refer to page 315

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize how play contributes to development.

127. According to Parten, play becomes more social during early childhood. TRUE refer to page 317

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.3: Understand play, and how it contributes to and reflects development. Learn Smart LO: Recognize how play contributes to development.

128. Discipline can be a powerful tool for socialization. TRUE refer to page 320

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of discipline.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

129. Power assertion is the most effective in promoting internalization of parental standards. FALSE refer to pages 321, 322

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Recall reinforcement and punishment.

130. Today, most argue that spanking and other forms of corporal punishment have negative consequences. TRUE refer to pages 322-323

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: List some reasons for avoiding the use of spanking.

131. Baumrind identified three child-rearing styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and neglectful. FALSE refer to page 324

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the differences between the various parenting styles.

Chapter 11 - Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood

132. Authoritarian parents tend to raise more competent children. FALSE refer to pages 324-325

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.4: Identify how parenting practices influence development. Learn Smart LO: Identify the differences between the various parenting styles.

133. Instrumental aggression, first physical, then verbal is most common in early childhood. TRUE refer to page 327

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Explain instrumental aggression.

134. Most sibling interactions are competitive and not positive. FALSE refer to page 331

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Recall sibling relationships.

135. Aggressive children are more popular than prosocial children. FALSE refer to page 333

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 11.5: Understand why young children help or hurt others, and why they develop fears. Learn Smart LO: Recall playmates and friends.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Chapter 12 Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Although individual growth in middle childhood varies widely, one typical difference between school-age boys and school-age girls is that A. boys are nearly a head taller than girls. B. girls are nearly a head taller than boys. C. girls weigh less than boys throughout this period. D. girls retain more fatty tissue than boys do. refer to page 338

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

2. Christina is beginning to feel like a giant among her classmates and thinks that something is wrong with her. Which of the following best describes children's height gain during middle childhood? A. Children's height typically increases about 6 inches a year until age 9, after which it remains stable until puberty. B. Children generally grow about 3 inches from the age of 6 until the adolescent growth spurt begins. C. School-age children grow an average of about 1 to 3 inches a year. D. School-age children grow an average of about 4 to 5 inches a year. refer to page 338

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

3. By age 11, the average child, both males and females, weigh about _____ pounds. A. 65 B. 80 C. 100 D. 115 refer to page 338

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

4. Judgments of normal weight and body composition in middle-school-age children should be made cautiously because A. each child is unique and developmental norms are of little use. B. different ethnic groups and populations seem to differ in developmental rates. C. existing norms are based on data collected in the 1920s and 1930s and may be inapplicable today. D. averages and norms for children's height have not been firmly established. refer to page 339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

5. Today, the average 10-year-old weighs 11 pounds more than the average 10-year-old did ___ years ago. A. 20 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50 refer to pages 338-339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

6. Elizabeth is receiving injections of growth hormone to increase her height. These hormones: A. are recommended only for children whose bodies are naturally deficient in the hormone. B. need to be administered for 6-12 months to achieve maximum benefit. C. are a safe technique for parents who want to give their children an advantage in life. D. are risky and not recommended, even for children with growth disorders. refer to page 339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

7. Which of the following statements regarding population differences in growth among school-age children is FALSE? A. By age 6, white girls have more muscle and bone mass than African American girls. B. Hispanic girls have a higher percentage of body fat than white girls who are of the same size. C. African American boys and girls tend to grow faster than white children do. D. African American girls have more muscle and bone mass than Hispanic girls do. refer to page 339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

8. Which of the following statements about growth hormone is FALSE? A. Growth hormone has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for healthy children. B. Growth hormone has been identified as effective treatment for obese children. C. The use of growth hormone has been met with some controversy. D. Growth hormone has been identified as effective treatment for children with short stature. refer to page 339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

9. The primary teeth begin to fall out at age _____ and are replaced by permanent teeth. A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 refer to page 339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall tooth development and dental care in middle childhood.

10. Children are first introduced to the magic of the Tooth Fairy when their primary teeth begin to fall out at about age _____. A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10 refer to page 339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall tooth development and dental care in middle childhood.

11. Sally's primary teeth have been falling out at a rate of about four each year. This process will probably continue until she is approximately ___ years old. A. 15 B. 13 C. 11 D. 8 refer to page 339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall tooth development and dental care in middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

12. Between 1971 and 1994, the number of children ages 6 to 18 with untreated cavities has A. increased by 20 percent. B. decreased by 20 percent. C. increased by 80 percent. D. decreased by 80 percent. refer to page 339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall tooth development and dental care in middle childhood.

13. Which of the following seems to be the best reason for the marked decrease in children's tooth decay during the past 20 years? A. More regular brushing and flossing B. Increased use of sealants on the rough, chewing surfaces C. Improved nutrition and eating habits D. None of these; tooth decay is on the rise. refer to page 340

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall tooth development and dental care in middle childhood.

14. A technique designed to prevent decay on the rough, chewing surfaces of children's teeth involves the use of: A. adhesive sealants B. fluoride treatments C. abrasive cleaning products D. tooth sanding refer to page 340

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall tooth development and dental care in middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

15. There are developmental differences in the amount of gray matter in children. For example, around the ages of _____, the volume of gray matter in the caudate, a part of the basal ganglia involved in control of movement and muscle tone, peaks. A. 5 in girls and age 7 in boys B. 7 in girls and age 10 in boys C. 9 in girls and age 12 in boys D. 11 in girls and age 12 in boys refer to page 340

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Abstract that the areas of the brain that are being used to show an increase in synaptic connections.

16. Brain development in middle childhood includes A. a loss in the density of gray matter. B. an increase in white matter. C. thickening of the cortex. D. all of the above. refer to pages 340-341

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

17. Claudette has an fMRI and her doctor says that he notices that the gray matter has peaked in the part of her brain beneath the cortex and part of the basal ganglia involved in control of movement, muscle tone, attention, and emotional states. Claudette's doctor is referring to what part of the brain? A. Occipital lobe B. Parietal lobes C. Frontal lobe D. Temporal lobe refer to page 340

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Abstract that the areas of the brain that are being used to show an increase in synaptic connections.

18. There are developmental differences in the amount of gray matter in children. For example, around the ages of _____, the volume of gray matter in the parietal lobes, an area of the brain involved in spatial understanding peaks. A. 5 in girls and age 7 in boys B. 7 in girls and age 10 in boys C. 9 in girls and age 12 in boys D. 11 in girls and age 12 in boys refer to page 340

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

19. Ziaul has an fMRI and his doctor says that he notices that the gray matter has peaked in the lobe of his brain partially involved in dealing with spatial understanding. The doctor is referring to what part of the brain? A. Occipital lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Frontal lobe D. Temporal lobe refer to page 340

20. There are developmental differences in the amount of gray matter in children. For example, around the ages of _____, the volume of gray matter in the frontal lobes, an area of the brain involved in higher-order functions peaks. A. 5 in girls and age 7 in boys B. 7 in girls and age 10 in boys C. 9 in girls and age 12 in boys D. 11 in girls and age 12 in boys refer to page 340

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

21. Hunter has an fMRI and his doctor says that he notices that the gray matter has peaked in the lobe of his brain partially involved in dealing with higher-order thinking. The doctor is referring to what part of the brain? A. Occipital lobe B. Parietal lobes C. Frontal lobe D. Temporal lobe refer to page 340

22. There are developmental differences in the amount of gray matter in children. For example, around the ages of _____, the volume of gray matter in the temporal lobes, an area of the brain involved in language peaks. A. 5 in girls and age 7 in boys B. 7 in both boys and girls C. 9 in girls and age 12 in boys D. 16 for both girls and boys refer to page 340

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

23. Honor has an fMRI and her doctor says that he notices that the gray matter has peaked in the lobe of her brain partially involved in dealing with language. He is referring to what part of the brain? A. Occipital lobe B. Parietal lobes C. Frontal lobe D. Temporal lobe refer to page 340

24. The amount of gray matter in the _____ cortex is likely associated with differences in IQ. A. occipital B. parietal C. frontal D. temporal refer to page 340

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

25. _____ matter is composed of closely packed neurons in the cerebral cortex and _____ matter is made of glial cells, which provide support for neurons. A. White; gray B. Gray; white C. Myelinated; axon D. Axon; myelinated refer to page 340

26. One of the reasons school-age children are faster thinkers and able to filter out distracting information better than younger children is _____. A. myelination B. decrease in white matter C. increase in density of gray matter D. fewer axons refer to page 340

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Abstract that the areas of the brain that are being used to show an increase in synaptic connections.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

27. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the cognitive advances seen in middle childhood that can be traced back to changes in the brain's structure and functioning? A. Loss of density of gray matter B. Increase in white matter C. Changes in the thickness of the cortex D. The thickening of the prefrontal cortex after age 10 refer to pages 340

28. In middle childhood, some of the cognitive advances that can be traced back to changes in the brain's structure and functioning are undoubtedly due to the connections between neurons thickening and myelinating. This process A. begins in the frontal lobes and moves toward the back of the brain. B. begins in the occipital lobe and moves towards the front of the brain. C. begins in several sporadic places around the brain at once. D. cannot be tracked with current technology. refer to page 340

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

29. During middle childhood, children need on average about ___ calories a day to maintain healthy growth and activity levels. A. 1,200 B. 1,600 C. 2,000 D. 2,400 refer to page 341

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the nutritional needs of middle childhood.

30. All of the following are contributing factors to children's unhealthy eating habits EXCEPT A. school vending machines. B. changes in food labeling and daily allowance recommendations. C. television and other advertisements for low-nutrition snacks. D. family influences and eating habits at home. refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the nutritional needs of middle childhood.

31. Many children do not eat breakfast and get at least ___ of their calories from snacks. A. 1/4 B. 1/3 C. 1/2 D. 2/3 refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the nutritional needs of middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

32. Sleep needs decline from about ___ hours a day at age 5 to a little more than ___ hours a day by age 9. A. 8; 7 B. 9; 8 C. 10; 9 D. 11; 10 refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

33. The recommended amount of sleep for first through fifth graders is _____ hours. A. 8-9 B. 10-11 C. 12-13 D. 14-15 refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

34. The average reported amount of sleep for first through fifth grader is _____ hours. A. 8-9 B. 9-10 C. 10-11 D. 12-13 refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

35. Which of the following is NOT a common sleep problem for school-aged children? A. Insomnia B. Daytime sleepiness C. Resistance to go to bed D. Night terrors refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

36. Based on current research, of the following school-aged children, who is likely to get the most sleep? A. Katya, a young girl B. Sabine, an older girl C. Gustavo, a young boy D. Tobias, an older boy refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

37. Based on current research, of the following school-aged children, who is likely to get the least amount of sleep? A. A child with a TV in his room B. A child with a lot of family stress C. A child with a set bedtime D. A child that stalls going to sleep refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

38. A common treatment for children with sleep-disordered breathing is A. nebulizer treatments. B. use of a sleep apnea machine (CPAP) C. surgery to remove the adenoids and tonsils. D. sleeping on the back. refer to page 343

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

39. Which of the following statements about school-age children in non-literate societies and in industrialized societies is correct? A. Children in industrialized countries have more time for play. B. More children in non-literate countries go to work in middle childhood. C. Children in non-literate countries spend more time on household chores. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 343

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 12.3: Understand what gains in motor skills occur, and what kinds of physical play boys and girls engage in. Learn Smart LO: Recall that children's motor skills become smoother and more coordinated in middle and late childhood.

40. Judy is able to walk a 2-inch-wide balance beam, hop and jump accurately into small squares, and perform jumping-jacks. Judy is at least ___ years old. A. 7 B. 9 C. 11 D. 13 refer to page 343

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.3: Understand what gains in motor skills occur, and what kinds of physical play boys and girls engage in. Learn Smart LO: Recall that children's motor skills become smoother and more coordinated in middle and late childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

41. Ahmed is able to hop in a 2-2, 2-3, or 3-3 pattern. He can also play a wide variety of games at this age. Ahmed is at least ___ years old. A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12 refer to page 343

42. Pierre is able to judge and intercept pathways of small balls thrown from a distance. This is greatly helping his baseball game. Pierre is at least ___ years old. A. 6 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10 refer to page 343

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

43. Jonathan and Vinnie are wrestling, hitting, and chasing each other. At the same time, they are laughing and screaming. Jonathan and Vinnie are engaged in _____. A. aggressive play B. evolutionary play C. dominance assertion D. rough-and-tumble play refer to page 344

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.3: Understand what gains in motor skills occur, and what kinds of physical play boys and girls engage in. Learn Smart LO: Describe rough-and-tumble play.

44. Most parents can probably tell you that rough-and-tumble play reaches its peak during A. early childhood. B. middle childhood. C. adolescence. D. none of the above. refer to page 344

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.3: Understand what gains in motor skills occur, and what kinds of physical play boys and girls engage in. Learn Smart LO: Describe rough-and-tumble play.

45. Rough-and-tumble play seems to be universal. Evolutionary psychologists suggest that rough-and-tumble play evolved to A. provide physical exercise. B. help children jockey for dominance in their peer group. C. assess an opponent's strength. D. provide practice in skills used in fighting and hunting. refer to page 344

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

46. Boys spend twice as much time participating in team sports as girls do, and the disparity widens as children grow. Overall, 9-13 year olds' participation in organized sports is about _______ percentage. A. 26 B. 38 C. 17 D. 78 refer to page 344

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.3: Understand what gains in motor skills occur, and what kinds of physical play boys and girls engage in. Learn Smart LO: Discuss gender differences in rough-and-tumble play.

47. By 9 years of age, girls tend to spend more time on _____ than boys do. A. sports B. video games C. homework D. cell phones refer to page 344

48. Research supports which of the following statements about childhood obesity? A. Adoption studies suggest that heredity is not an important factor in obesity. B. Children with overweight parents tend to be overweight. C. A positive correlation exists between activity level and weight gain. D. Television viewing is weakly associated with weight gain. refer to page 345

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall methods of prevention and treatment for obesity.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

49. Research has demonstrated that obesity is caused by A. inherited tendencies, such as a defective appetite-control gene. B. prenatal malnutrition. C. inactivity owing to sedentary lifestyles. D. all of the above. refer to page 345

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall methods of prevention and treatment for obesity.

50. Children who watch ___ hours of television a day are 4.6 times as likely to be overweight as those who watch 2 or less hours. A. 2.5 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 refer to page 347

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall that increased time children and adolescents spend watching TV or on the computer places them at risk for being overweight.

51. A common medical problem of overweight children is high _____. A. cholesterol B. insulin levels C. blood pressure D. All of the above are true. refer to page 347

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall the risks of being overweight in childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

52. Jason has a cold. His pediatrician tells his mother that the cold will probably last for two days. Given the short-term nature of Jason's illness, we would say that he suffers from a(n) _____ medical condition. A. chronic B. acute C. transitional D. age-related refer to page 349

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Discuss acute medical conditions in middle childhood.

53. Eight-year-old Agnes was diagnosed with asthma three years ago. Her condition is referred to as a(n) _____ medical condition. A. chronic B. acute C. degenerative D. longitudinal refer to page 349

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Describe asthma.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

54. An average school-age child experiences _____ bouts a year with colds, the flu, or viruses. A. 1 to 2 B. 4 to 5 C. 6 to 7 D. 9 to 10 refer to page 349

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Discuss acute medical conditions in middle childhood.

55. According to a nationwide survey of 200,000 households, _____ percent of children under the age of 18 have chronic medical conditions. A. 6 B. 12.8 C. 18 D. 25 refer to page 349

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Discuss acute medical conditions in middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

56. Christopher has been having sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and breathing difficulties for the past seven months. A likely diagnosis for Christopher's condition is A. respiratory failure. B. panic attacks. C. asthma. D. pneumonia. refer to page 349

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Describe asthma.

57. From 1980 to 1995, the incidence of asthma has _____. A. decreased. B. increased. C. more than doubled. D. remained stable. refer to page 349

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Describe asthma.

58. Ty is experiencing increased thirst and urination, hunger, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue. Ty's doctor will most likely test him for _____. A. hypertension B. diabetes C. asthma D. cancer refer to page 350

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Discuss chronic medical conditions.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

59. Which child is most likely to stutter? A. a 7-year-old girl B. a 6-year-old boy C. a 10-year-old boy D. a 12-year-old girl refer to page 350

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Describe stuttering.

60. Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to be a cause of stuttering? A. faulty training in articulation and breathing B. defective feedback about one's own speech C. pressure from parents to speak properly D. modeling of a playmate who stutters refer to page 350

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Describe stuttering.

61. Variations in school-age children's health are the result of A. differences in families' knowledge of health habits and preventive care. B. differences in families' income and the diets they eat. C. differing beliefs and attitudes about health and healing among various cultural and ethnic groups. D. all of the above. refer to page 351

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Describe stuttering.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

62. Poor children, a disproportionate number who are minorities, are more likely than other children to A. be in fair or poor health B. have chronic conditions C. experience delayed medical care D. experience all of the above. refer to page 351

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Discuss factors in health and access to healthcare.

63. _____ is (are) the leading cause of death in middle childhood. A. Medical errors B. Illnesses C. Accidents D. Poisoning refer to page 351

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall that injuries are the leading cause of death during middle childhood.

64. To decrease childhood injuries, it is recommended that parents A. use child seats and/or seatbelts. B. have children use bike helmets. C. have working fire detectors in the home. D. attend to all of the above. refer to page 353

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall that injuries are the leading cause of death during middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

65. Which is NOT a typical behavior of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)? A. Going beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior B. Excessive shyness C. Frequent loss of temper C. Fighting, snatching things, and hostility toward authority refer to page 353

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe disruptive conduct disorders.

66. Wyatt has been diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD). What is NOT a typical behavior of children with this disorder? A. Setting fires B. Excessive shyness C. Truancy D. Fighting, snatching things, and hostility toward authority refer to page 353

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe disruptive conduct disorders.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

67. Colton has a history of getting into fights, being expelled from school, and recently broke into a house in his neighborhood. He has also been brought home by the police on several occasions for damaging public property. Based on what you have read in the text, it sounds like Colton may have _____. A. conduct disorder B. generalized anxiety disorder C. oppositional defiant disorder D. autism refer to page 353

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe disruptive conduct disorders.

68. Tabitha worries about everything: school, grades, earthquakes and many other things. She is excessively concerned about how she is regarded by others. Based on what you have read in the text, it sounds like Tabitha may have _____. A. conduct disorder B. generalized anxiety disorder C. obsessive compulsive disorder D. depression refer to page 354

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe anxiety disorders.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

69. Felicia has repeated intrusive thoughts and shows repetitive behaviors tied to those thoughts. Based on what you have read in the text, it sounds like Felicia may have _____. A. conduct disorder B. generalized anxiety disorder C. obsessive compulsive disorder D. depression refer to page 354

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe anxiety disorders.

70. Social phobia affects _______ percent of children. A. 2 B. 5 C. 10 D. 15 refer to page 354

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe anxiety disorders.

71. Which of the following statements about anxiety is FALSE? A. School phobia may be a type of separation anxiety. B. Anxiety disorders tend to run in families. C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a manifestation of anxiety. D. Anxiety is more common among boys than girls. refer to page 354

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe anxiety disorders.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

72. Yvonne is tired all the time, has sleep issues, and has physical complaints with no apparent cause. Based on what you have read in the text, it sounds like Yvonne may have _____. A. conduct disorder B. generalized anxiety disorder C. obsessive compulsive disorder D. depression refer to page 355

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe depressive disorders.

73. Quentin is receiving treatment for an emotional disturbance. His therapist has him express himself through a variety of mediums and with a myriad of materials. Based on what you have read in the text, it sounds like Quentin is receiving _____. A. individual psychotherapy B. family therapy C. art therapy D. behavior therapy refer to page 355

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Recall treatment techniques for mental health conditions in middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

74. Miriam is receiving treatment for an emotional disturbance. Her therapist is using a system of rewards to get her to change her behaviors from undesirable ones to desirable ones. Based on what you have read in the text, it sounds like she is receiving _____. A. individual psychotherapy B. family therapy C. art therapy D. behavior therapy refer to page 355

75. Nadine is receiving treatment for an emotional disturbance. Her therapist has her talk about her feelings and her personality. Based on what you have read in the text, it sounds like he is receiving _____. A. individual psychotherapy B. family therapy C. art therapy D. behavior therapy refer to page 355

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

Essay Questions 76. Physical development slows down considerably in middle childhood. Describe some gender differences in school-age children's physical development. List some of the ethnic variations that a teacher might see in a diverse classroom setting. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

77. Mr. and Mrs. McCarthy are concerned about their son's short stature as he approaches middle childhood. Up until now, their doctors have taken a "wait and see" attitude. What can be done to treat stunted growth in middle childhood? Describe some of the controversies associated with this type of treatment. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

78. Undernourished children suffer physical, cognitive, and psychosocial developmental problems during childhood. Describe the components of proper nutrition in middle childhood. Explain the effects of poor nutrition on a child's cognitive development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

79. Coaches and directors of after-school programs should keep several things in mind when overseeing a program for youth sports. List some of these concerns. Keep in mind that your answer should include both physical and emotional factors that apply to youth sports. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 12.3: Understand what gains in motor skills occur, and what kinds of physical play boys and girls engage in. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

80. Obesity has become a national crisis in the United States. Describe environmental factors that are contributing to the crisis. List some of the treatment methods, for use both at home and at school, which can help combat childhood obesity. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall the risks of being overweight in childhood.

81. Obesity tends to run in families. How can parents who have not been able to control their own weight help their children? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall the risks of being overweight in childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

82. Define the meaning of both acute and chronic childhood medical conditions. Give several examples of each. In your answer, demonstrate how each condition affects the healthy development of school-age children. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Discuss typical acute medical conditions in middle childhood.

83. Describe how cultural and socioeconomic factors affect health care in middle childhood. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Discuss chronic medical conditions.

84. Briefly describe three of the most common mental health conditions and their effect on children's development. What kinds of psychological treatments are available to families who are coping with mental illness? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe disruptive conduct disorders.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

True / False Questions 85. Physical development in middle childhood is more middle childhood than in earlier years. FALSE refer to page 338

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

86. Sometimes in the case of short children without a hormone deficiency, a synthetic growth hormone may be prescribed. TRUE refer to page 339

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

87. The widespread use of fluoride has done little to help oral care in middle childhood. That is why a controversy exists. FALSE refer to pages 339-340

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.1: Describe physical development in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe the major aspects of physical development.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

88. Brain growth in middle childhood is characterized by an increase in white matter and a decrease in gray matter. TRUE refer to page 340

89. Proper nutrition is essential for normal growth. TRUE refer to pages 341-342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the nutritional needs of middle childhood.

90. Many children lack enough sleep for healthy growth and development. TRUE refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

91. Almost half of American children have a TV in their bedroom. TRUE refer to page 342

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

92. Approximately 1 in 50 children under 18 snores. FALSE refer to page 343

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.2: Explain nutritional needs and sleep patterns and problems. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the sleep needs of middle childhood.

93. About 10 percent of school children's free play is "rough-and-tumble." TRUE refer to page 344

94. Many children, mostly girls, engage in organized and competitive sports. FALSE refer to page 344

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

95. Research comparing children today to children in the early 1980s has found that today's youth spend less time on outdoor activities and more time on homework. TRUE refer to page 344

96. An evolutionary advantage to rough-and-tumble play is that it provides a way to establish dominance in the peer group. TRUE refer to page 344

97. Middle childhood is a relatively safe period; the death rate is the lowest in the life span. TRUE refer to page 345

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall that injuries are the leading cause of death during middle childhood.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

98. Concern with body image, especially among young girls, may lead to eating disorders. TRUE refer to page 345

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: describe body image.

99. Diabetes rates are decreasing in the United States. FALSE refer to page 350

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Describe diabetes.

100. Disease is the leading cause of death in middle childhood. FALSE refer to page 351

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.4: Identify health and safety concerns. Learn Smart LO: Recall that injuries are the leading cause of death during middle childhood.

101. Disruptive behavioral disorders are most common among young children. FALSE refer to page 353

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe disruptive conduct disorders.

Chapter 12 - Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood

102. The most common mental health issue in middle childhood is anxiety disorders. FALSE refer to page 353

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe anxiety disorders.

103. Anxiety disorders are more common among girls than boys. TRUE refer to page 354

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Describe anxiety disorders.

104. Research suggests that behavioral therapies are more effective than non-behavioral methods. TRUE refer to page 355

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 12.5: Identify common emotional disturbances and treatment techniques. Learn Smart LO: Recall treatment techniques for mental health conditions in middle childhood.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Chapter 13 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, 7- to 11-year-old children are in the _____ stage of development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. preoperational D. concrete operational refer to page 360

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall Piaget's definition of the concrete operational stage.

2. Mia can complete all levels of conservation tasks and reverse processes mentally but she cannot use hypo deductive or inductive reasoning. According to Piaget, Mia is most likely at what stage of cognitive development? A. sensorimotor B. formal operations C. preoperational D. concrete operations refer to page 360

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall Piaget's definition of the concrete operational stage.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

3. For years, Tommy and his younger brother Billy argued every night at dinner over who was to get the bigger glass, even though both glasses held the same amount of liquid. One glass was tall and thin, and the other was short and wide, and each boy always wanted to have the "bigger" glass for himself. One evening, to the delight of his parents, Tommy said to his mother, "Let Billy have the taller glass. I know they both hold the same amount." According to Piaget, this event is indicative of which stage of cognitive development? A. sensorimotor B. solid operations C. preoperational D. concrete operations refer to page 360

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall the actions a child in concrete operations should be able to perform.

4. Lindsey is 8-years-old and is in the concrete operations stage of development. Compared to her 5-year-old brother, Lindsey can better understand A. spatial relations. B. numbers and mathematics. C. conservation. D. all of the above. refer to pages 360, 362

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall the actions a child in concrete operations should be able to perform.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

5. Mohammad has arranged a selection of blue paints from darkest to lightest. Piaget would say that Mohammad is demonstrating: A. centration. B. seriation. C. transitive inference. D. conservation. refer to page 361

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall that children in the concrete operational stage can classify objects and consider their interrelationships.

6. The ability to arrange items according to one or more relevant dimensions is called A. seriation. B. centration. C. decentration. D. horizontal décalage. refer to page 361

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall that children in the concrete operational stage can classify objects and consider their interrelationships.

7. The ability to understand the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship between each of them to a third is called A. centration. B. transitive inference. C. seriation. D. conservation. refer to page 361

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

8. Patty knows that Tysen, her friend from school, is taller than she is. She also knows that she is taller than her new friend Joseph, whom she met at summer camp. Without seeing the two of them together, Patty realizes that Tysen is taller than Joseph. Piaget would say that this demonstrates: A. centration. B. conservation. C. seriation. D. transitive inference. refer to page 361

9. _____ is an understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts. A. Class inclusion B. Transitive inference C. Seriation D. Conservation refer to page 362

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

10. Catrina can arrange a group of sticks in order from the shortest to the longest and can insert an intermediate size stick into the proper place. This activity demonstrates Catrina's achievement in A. conservation. B. seriation and transitive inference. C. inductive and deductive reasoning. D. number and mathematics. refer to page 361

11. Starting with observations about particular members of a class and then drawing general conclusions is called A. inductive reasoning. B. deductive reasoning. C. class inclusion. D. transitive inference. refer to page 362

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

12. Moira's mother told her that all the girls in the third-grade were very nice. So, when Moira sat down to eat with her classmate Henna, she believed that she would be nice. Moving from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member of the class is called A. transitive inference. B. class inclusion. C. deductive reasoning. D. inductive reasoning. refer to page 362

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss aspects of deductive reasoning.

13. Roberto says, "All dogs bark. Spot is a dog. Therefore, Spot barks." This is an example of A. conservation. B. transitive inference. C. inductive reasoning. D. deductive reasoning. refer to page 362

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

14. By age _______ years, children can typically determine whether a ball and a sausage are the same weight. This an example of a conservation of substance problem. A. 5 or 6 B. 7 or 8 C. 9 or 10 D. 11 or 12 refer to page 363

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall that conservation tasks are possible because children in concrete operations can consider several characteristics rather than a single property of an object.

15. _____ explains why children can master different types of conservation problems at different ages. A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Transitive inference D. Horizontal décalage refer to page 363

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall that conservation tasks are possible because children in concrete operations can consider several characteristics rather than a single property of an object.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

16. Carmella knows that a given amount of spaghetti remains the same whether the spaghetti is in long strands or broken into short pieces. She has acquired an understanding of A. conservation. B. centration. C. compensation. D. horizontal décalage. refer to page 362

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall that conservation tasks are possible because children in concrete operations can consider several characteristics rather than a single property of an object.

17. Molly, age 8, is shown a measuring cup full of cornmeal, which is then poured out onto a countertop and spread around. She is asked whether the spread-out cornmeal is the same as, or different from, the cornmeal when it was in the cup. Molly says, "It's just the same, because it's the same cornmeal." In Piaget's terminology, Molly understands the principle of A. identity. B. reversibility. C. horizontal décalage. D. categorization. refer to page 362

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall that conservation tasks are possible because children in concrete operations can consider several characteristics rather than a single property of an object.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

18. Eight-year-old Lucas is shown a ball of brown clay, which is then rolled out into a large, flat disk. He is asked whether the disk contains the same amount of clay. "It's the same amount," Lucas says, "because I could just make it into a ball again." In Piaget's terminology, Lucas understands the principle of A. reversibility. B. identity. C. categorization. D. horizontal décalage. refer to pages 362-363

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall that conservation tasks are possible because children in concrete operations can consider several characteristics rather than a single property of an object.

19. _____ is the ability to consider more than one relevant aspect of a situation at the same time. A. Reversibility B. Horizontal décalage C. Elaboration D. Decentration refer to page 363

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

20. Jorge, age 7, can conserve substance but not weight or volume. According to Piaget, Jorge's conservation abilities demonstrate A. decentration. B. horizontal décalage. C. delayed development. D. that he is still in the preoperational stage. refer to page 363

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall that conservation tasks are possible because children in concrete operations can consider several characteristics rather than a single property of an object.

21. Research indicates that few children before the age of _______ years can solve simple story problems involving addition in which the starting amount is unknown. A. 4 to 5 B. 6 to 7 C. 8 to 9 D. 10 to 11 refer to page 363

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall the actions a child in concrete operations should be able to perform.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

22. Kevin, a middle school student, should be able to A. count in his head. B. add by counting up from the smaller number. C. do simple story problems. D. perform all of the above. refer to page 363

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall the actions a child in concrete operations should be able to perform.

23. When teachers develop classroom lessons that deal with the development of conservation, they must be aware that Piaget stressed the role of A. culture. B. experience. C. intelligence. D. maturation or age. refer to page 364

24. The development of children's moral values A. is unrelated to cognitive growth. B. occurs in stages. C. seems to be primarily dependent on temperament. D. is best described in terms of horizontal décalage. refer to page 364

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall moral reasoning.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

25. Piaget divided the development of children's moral reasoning into A. two major stages roughly corresponding to preoperational and concrete operational thinking. B. four major stages culminating in a morality of constraint. C. three major stages culminating with the concept of equity. D. none of these. refer to page 364

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall moral reasoning.

26. Martin is angry because his sister broke his toy. He does not accept that it could have been an accident, and he wants his sister punished. He appears to be in Piaget's _____ stage of moral development. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth refer to page 364

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the first stage of moral reasoning according to Piaget.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

27. In Piaget's first stage of moral development, a child A. respects opinions of peers. B. understands that rules can be changed. C. judges acts on the basis of intention. D. sees an act as either totally right or totally wrong. refer to page 364

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the first stage of moral reasoning according to Piaget.

28. Gordon, while trying to sneak a cookie before supper, knocked over a glass and broke it. Ramon, while helping set the table for supper, tripped and broke three glasses. Asked which child was naughtier, a child in Piaget's first stage of moral reasoning would probably reply that A. Gordon was naughtier. B. Ramon was naughtier. C. both were equally naughty, because both had destroyed property. D. neither was naughty, because neither had intended to break anything. refer to page 364

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

29. According to Piaget's theory, which of the following statements about moral development is FALSE? A. The development of moral values is a process that coincides with cognitive development. B. Moral development is related to outgrowing the egocentric thinking of childhood and being able to consider different viewpoints. C. Children move from flexible to rigid thinking in their moral development. D. People go through distinct stages of moral development. refer to page 364

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall moral reasoning.

30. In evaluating misbehavior, children in Piaget's first stage of moral reasoning are likely to A. see the intention behind an action rather than the physical consequences of an offense. B. see the physical consequences of an offense rather than the intention behind the act. C. favor mild punishment that helps the culprit understand why an act is wrong. D. see that more than one point of view may exist. refer to page 364

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the first stage of moral reasoning according to Piaget.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

31. Which of Piaget's three stages of moral development corresponds to the concrete operational stage of cognitive development? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. There is no relationship between the two. refer to page 365

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Describe the second stage of moral reasoning according to Piaget.

32. Which of the following statements regarding selective attention in middle childhood is FALSE? A. School-age children can concentrate longer than younger children can B. School-age children cannot focus on and screen out irrelevant information better than younger children can C. Attentional development is primarily enabled by learning D. Attentional development is primarily enabled by neurological maturation refer to page 366

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate changes in processing during middle and late childhood.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

33. _____ refers to knowledge about the processes of memory. A. Working memory B. Sensory memory C. Mnemonics D. Metamemory refer to page 367

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate changes in processing during middle and late childhood.

34. All but which of the following are metamemory characteristics of kindergartners and firstgraders? A. Knowing that people remember better if they study longer B. Knowing that people forget things with time C. Knowing that some things are easier to remember than others D. Knowing that relearning something is easier than learning it the first time refer to page 367

APA LO: 5.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of metamemory.

35. Once Rita reached middle childhood, spelling tests became easier. She seemed to understand more about how her memory worked. In middle childhood, metamemory A. decreases. B. increases. C. is used only by the brightest children. D. has not yet begun to develop. refer to page 367

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of metamemory.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

36. Jimmy is trying to learn his phone number and address. He tells his mother, "Maybe if I say it to myself a hundred times, I will be able to remember it." Jimmy is demonstrating that he is beginning to appreciate A. protomemory. B. metamemory. C. sensory memory. D. elaboration. refer to page 367

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of metamemory.

37. Mrs. Butler should use all but which of the following mnemonic strategies during spelling lessons with her fourth graders? A. Metamemory B. Rehearsal C. Organization D. Elaboration refer to pages 367

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall mnemonic strategies.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

38. Kendra keeps saying her poem over and over again. This rehearsal is a strategy for A. keeping something in working memory. B. transferring information to long-term memory. C. categorizing information. D. retrieving information more effectively from long-term memory. refer to page 367

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe rehearsal.

39. Bob is asked to remember to get a loaf of bread at the store, so he repeats over and over, "bread, bread, bread." His memory strategy is an example of the technique called A. retrieval. B. elaboration. C. encoding. D. rehearsal. refer to page 367

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe rehearsal.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

40. Delia is going grocery shopping for her mother but has lost her shopping list. She tries to recall the items on the list by grouping them under fruits, vegetables, canned goods, and bakery goods. Delia is using A. external memory aids. B. rehearsal. C. elaboration. D. organization. refer to page 368

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Describe organization.

41. Lucy is trying to remember all the things that she has to do after school. She develops a little story in her head that includes all of her after-school tasks. Which memory strategy links items together in a story or scene? A. Organization B. Rehearsal C. Elaboration D. Retrieval refer to page 368

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Define elaboration.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

42. Freddie is trying to learn the names of the first five presidents of the United States. To help him, his mother makes up a story using the five names and then teaches the story to Freddie. She is using the mnemonic device of A. external memory aids. B. elaboration. C. rehearsal. D. organization. refer to page 368

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Define elaboration.

43. As children get older, they improve their memory by A. developing better strategies. B. using strategies more effectively. C. tailoring their strategies to meet specific needs. D. using all of the above. refer to page 368

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood.

44. The _____ is the most widely used intelligence test for school-age children today. A. Otis-Lennon School Ability Test B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children C. Otis-Wechsler Intelligence Scale D. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale refer to page 370

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Describe how individual differences in intelligence can be measured.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

45. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children provides three scores. Which of the following is NOT one of these scores? A. Memory capacity B. Verbal ability C. Performance ability D. Total intelligence score refer to page 370

46. By the time a child reaches the first grade, scores on intelligence tests are A. good predictors of school achievement, especially for highly verbal children. B. good predictors of school achievement for most children but not for highly verbal ones. C. poor predictors of school achievement for most children, especially highly verbal children. D. poor predictors of school achievement for all children. refer to page 370

47. _____ tests do not measure a child's native ability, they _____ intelligence from what children already know. A. Intelligence; infer B. Intelligence; assume C. Achievement; estimate D. Achievement; reassert refer to page 370

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Describe how individual differences in intelligence can be measured.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

48. The Nelsons were against having their son, Cayden, tested at school. The teacher told them that a significant advantage of taking an intelligence test is that it A. helps identify children who are especially bright and children who need special help. B. assesses ability directly rather than inferring it from how much a child has learned. C. evaluates not only academic ability but also many other aspects of intelligence, including social skills, musical and artistic skills, and self-knowledge. D. will be timed, permitting an assessment of the speed at which a child's brain functions. refer to page 370

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Describe how individual differences in intelligence can be measured.

49. One problem with administering intelligence tests to school-age children is that A. these tests have not been standardized. B. IQ scores seem unrelated to school performance. C. these tests may be culturally biased. D. these tests only measure social skills. refer to page 371

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the criticisms of IQ testing.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

50. African Americans have a tendency to score lower than white Americans on IQ tests. Most modern educators maintain that these lower scores reflect A. differences in education, cultural traditions, and other circumstances that affect self-esteem and motivation. B. genetic differences. C. educators' reliance on culture-free tests. D. the failure of Head Start programs. refer to page 371

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Contrast between African American and White American schoolchildren's performance on standardized intelligence tests.

51. Research indicates that _____ children, on average, score 15 points lower than white children on intelligence tests. A. African American B. Hispanic C. Asian American D. None of these; there are no racial or ethnic differences in average IQ score. refer to page 371

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Contrast between African American and White American schoolchildren's performance on standardized intelligence tests.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

52. Which of the following environmental factors may have a negative effect on intelligence test scores? A. Improper nutrition B. Lack of intellectual stimulation C. Below-standard living conditions D. All of the above refer to pages 371-372

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the criticisms of IQ testing.

53. According to your textbook, researchers have found that it is impossible to design a _____ intelligence test, so they have encouraged developers to produce _____ tests. A. culture-fair; culture-free B. culture-free; culture-fair C. nonstandardized; culture-free D. standardized; culture-fair refer to page 372

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Identify the two types of culture-fair tests.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

54. Which of the following is NOT part of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences? A. Spatial intelligence B. Linguistic intelligence C. Musical intelligence D. Intuitive intelligence refer to page 373

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Identify the eight types of intelligence that Gardner proposed.

55. Omar is a remarkable gymnast, hoping for a spot on the Olympic Team. According to Gardner, Omar would score high on _____ intelligence. A. bodily-kinesthetic B. intrapersonal C. interpersonal D. naturalist refer to page 373

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Identify the eight types of intelligence that Gardner proposed.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

56. Victor has good spatial intelligence. This thrills his father, who has been trying to get him to consider which of the following occupational areas? A. Hunting, fishing, farming, and cooking B. Architecture, carpentry, and city planning C. Science, business, and medicine D. Writing, editing, and translating refer to page 373

57. Mrs. Howard has set up different stations in her classroom for a mathematics lesson. Each station emphasizes a different way of learning such as music, discussion, body movements, floor layouts, and metacognitive exercises. This approach is consistent with A. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. B. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. C. standardized assessment practices. D. the Wechsler's intelligence scale. refer to page 373

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

58. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic elements of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? A. Componential intelligence B. Experiential intelligence C. Contextual intelligence D. Naturalist intelligence refer to page 374

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Define the triarchic theory of intelligence.

59. The intelligence test that seeks to measure componential, experiential, and contextual elements of intelligence through multiple-choice and essay questions is the A. Gardner Multiple Intelligences Assessment. B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. C. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. D. Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test. refer to page 374

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Define the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

60. With regard to the kinds of abilities evaluated by IQ tests, Robert Sternberg and other critics of these tests maintain that IQ tests A. place too little emphasis on verbal skills. B. neglect nonacademic aspects of intelligence such as social skills and self-knowledge. C. overemphasize the creative side of intelligence, such as musical or artistic talent. D. place too much emphasis on practical shrewdness ("street smarts"). refer to pages 374-375

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Define the triarchic theory of intelligence.

61. Mr. Roberts has decided to use a philosophical model when designing his social studies curriculum for the next semester. Each major topic area will be covered by having students utilize analysis, application, and insight. Which of the following theorists would most likely support Mr. Robert's approach? A. Howard Gardner B. Robert Sternberg C. B. F. Skinner D. Alfred Binet refer to page 374

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Define the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

62. Which word best describes Sternberg's experiential element of intelligence? A. Analytical B. Creative C. Practical D. Spatial refer to page 374

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Define the triarchic theory of intelligence.

63. The major area of linguistic growth in middle childhood is in A. vocabulary. B. grammar. C. syntax. D. pragmatics. refer to page 376

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the advances in language during middle and late childhood.

64. _____ is the proficiency of reading and writing in two different languages. A. Bilingualism B. Biliteracy C. English-immersion D. Dyslexia refer to page 377

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of bilingualism.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

65. Sergio speaks Spanish but is learning English skills. While he is in the process of learning a new language, he is being taught the concepts of his lessons in Spanish so that he can understand them without getting too far behind. Which of the following terms would best describe the type of instruction Sergio is receiving? A. Bilingual education B. Dual-language learning C. English immersion D. Spanish immersion refer to page 377

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall two-way or dual-language learning.

66. Pablo, who speaks Spanish, is in a second-language education class where he interacts with English-speaking and Spanish-speaking students in both English and Spanish. This method of second-language education is best described as A. English-immersion. B. two-way learning. C. bilingual education. D. biliteracy training. refer to page 377

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall two-way or dual-language learning.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

67. The process of phonetic analysis, by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory, is called A. metacogniton. B. decoding. C. metamemory. D. rehearsal. refer to page 378

68. Reading that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words is also called the _____ approach. A. whole-language B. phonetic C. word analysis D. metamemory refer to page 378

69. Mrs. Carruthers advocates the whole-language approach to reading. Which of the following statements is she LEAST likely to make? A. Children learn to read and write naturally, through their own discoveries. B. Phonetic instruction hampers the natural process of learning language. C. A child should learn to sound out and "decode" unfamiliar words. D. A child should use contextual clues when figuring out unfamiliar words. refer to page 378

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate curriculum in whole-language classes.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

70. Regarding reading and comprehension in middle childhood, which of the following statements is correct? A. The whole-language approach has been embraced by all educators as the solution for reading problems in children. B. Metacognition interferes with a child's comprehension. C. The developmental processes that improve reading comprehension are similar to those that improve memory. D. Reading comprehension is best taught through systematic phonics instruction. refer to page 378

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the advances in language during middle and late childhood.

71. Chris is focusing on and reviewing his understanding of what he has been reading. He is using a _____ strategy. A. phonetic B. whole -language C. metacognitive D. rehearsal refer to page 378

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the advances in language during middle and late childhood.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

72. In research that was based on Vygotsky's social interaction model, which children were likely to write stories with fewer errors? A. Children working independently B. Friends working in pairs C. Children working in small groups of three or four D. Children working in large groups of ten or more refer to page 379

73. Hanna is a student who is high in self-efficacy. Which of the following statements about her is FALSE? A. Hanna is likely to try hard in school. B. Hanna believes that she regulates her learning. C. Hanna learns, but it is mostly because of her teachers. D. Hanna is successful in school. refer to page 380

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Discuss self-efficacy and school achievement.

74. Research on gender differences in school performance indicates that girls tend to A. have better classroom behaviors. B. have less confidence. C. be less likely to repeat grades. D. experience all of the above. refer to page 380

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Recall how gender impacts school performance.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

75. Children who do well in school generally have parents who A. help them with their homework every night. B. become close friends with the child's teacher. C. become actively involved in their education. D. use extrinsic motivation. refer to page 380

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Describe how parents impact a child's school achievement.

76. Children who do well in school often have parents who are _____ and who stress _____ rewards for doing good work. A. authoritative; extrinsic B. permissive; intrinsic C. authoritative; intrinsic D. authoritarian; extrinsic refer to page 381

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Describe how parents impact a child's school achievement.

77. Mr. Denton wants to foster the development of intrinsic motivation in his son. Which of the following behaviors would most likely encourage this? A. praise for effort B. praise for a good grade C. money for good grades D. punishment for poor grades refer to page 381

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Describe how parents impact a child's school achievement.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

78. How does socioeconomic status affect educational attainment? A. It influences the family atmosphere. B. It limits the choice of neighborhoods a child lives in. C. It plays a part in the way that parents rear their children. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 381

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Recall the impact of socioeconomic status on school achievement.

79. A network of community resources that children and families can draw upon is called the _____ capital. A. antipoverty B. capital C. social D. wage refer to page 381

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Discuss social capital and school achievement.

80. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 emphasizes A. expanded flexibility. B. accountability. C. parental options. D. all of the above. refer to page 381

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Discuss innovations in education.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

81. Research suggests that homework is most effective when A. it is extensive and time consuming. B. it is moderate and geared towards children's developmental levels. C. it is only used in middle and high school. D. There is little research supporting any benefits of homework. refer to page 382

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Discuss innovations in education.

82. Early teacher identification of children who exhibit social problems may improve children's A. skill and drill approach. B. whole math approach. C. academic outcome. D. all of these. refer to page 383

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Discuss innovations in education.

83. _____ is the automatic advancement of children from one grade to another even if they do not meet academic standards for the grade they are leaving. A. Culture-fair advancement B. Two-way learning C. Social promotion D. Acceleration refer to page 384

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Recall social promotion.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

84. During a parent-teacher conference with the Smiths, Mrs. Thompson expresses concern about their daughter Mary's academic progress. Mary has fallen so far behind that Mrs. Thompson suggests the possibility of having Mary repeat fourth grade. The process of holding students back rather than passing them to the next grade is called A. retention. B. academic prevention. C. social delay. D. demotion. refer to page 384

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Recall social promotion.

85. Lisa is not doing well in the regular class environment and wants her parents to consider letting her enroll in a charter school. Compared to public schools, charter schools have A. larger classes. B. a standard "do the work and receive the grade" philosophy. C. little innovative programming. D. student outcomes that are in dispute. refer to page 384

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Discuss innovations in education.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

86. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of having computers in the classroom? A. Computers open up new possibilities for individualized instruction. B. Computers and the World Wide Web offer opportunities for developing independent research skills. C. Research demonstrates that children who use computers in the classroom score better in international math and science competitions. D. In addition to being able to access large amounts of information, students can learn to critically evaluate the information they find. refer to page 384

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the positive and negative impact from computer and internet use.

87. What is the leading known cause of mental retardation? A. Poor nutrition B. Environmental influences, such as the lack of nurturing by the mother C. Problems in pregnancy and childbirth, such as birth trauma D. Problems in embryonic development, such teratogen exposure or genetic disorders refer to page 385

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Identify a special -needs child.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

88. According to research, dyslexia A. affects more boys than girls. B. has no apparent genetic basis. C. is a language-processing disorder. D. is curable if caught early. refer to page 385

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Define dyslexia.

89. The most commonly diagnosed learning disability is A. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. B. dyslexia. C. mental retardation. D. autism. refer to page 386

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Define dyslexia.

90. Nick's third-grade teacher observes that he is impulsive, inattentive, unable to tolerate frustration, prone to temper tantrums, and unable to sit still during class. Which disorder does Nick meet the criteria for? A. Dyslexia B. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder C. Autism D. Mental retardation refer to page 386

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify characteristics of a child with hyperactivity.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

91. The incidence of ADHD among school-age children worldwide is ___ percent. A. 1 to 3 B. 2 to 11 C. 3 to 7 D. 8 to 12 refer to page 386

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Recall that the number of children diagnosed with ADHD has increased in recent decades.

92. Recent research on ADHD suggests that: A. the disorder has a substantial genetic basis. B. children with ADHD have brain damage. C. a link probably exists between ADHD and food additives. D. vaccines cause this disorder. refer to page 387

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate the possible causes proposed for ADHD.

93. Which of the following characteristics is a definition of giftedness? A. An IQ score of 130 or higher B. Showing high potential or achievement in specific areas, such as mathematics or science C. Creative or productive thinking D. All of the above refer to page 388

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Identify the factors associated with giftedness.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

94. The mental ability that is essential to creativity is known as A. convergent thinking. B. multidimensional thinking. C. metacognition. D. divergent thinking. refer to page 389

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Define divergent thinking.

95. Leigh is a highly gifted child who has skipped third grade and is now taking advanced courses in specific subjects. In which educational approach to teaching gifted children is Leigh participating? A. Inclusion B. Acceleration C. Enrichment D. Advancement refer to page 390

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Recall acceleration programs for gifted children.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Essay Questions 96. Compare and contrast the cognitive abilities and limitations of preoperational versus concrete operational children. In your response, give a specific example of each type of thinking. Answers will vary

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall Piaget's definition of the concrete operational stage.

97. Piaget proposed that moral reasoning develops in three stages. List each of the three stages, and note the corresponding age range of the children in each stage. Describe each stage by explaining how a child in that stage would solve a moral dilemma. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall moral reasoning.

98. In the context of middle childhood, describe the role of each of the following terms in memory and development: mnemonic strategies, external memory aids, rehearsal, organization, and elaboration. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate changes in information processing during middle and late childhood.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

99. Define the term metamemory. Explain its relationship to mnemonic strategies, rehearsal, organization, and elaboration. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of metamemory.

100. Parents are very interested in knowing what their children's IQ is. Describe the traditional approach that schools use to measure intelligence in childhood. Compare this approach to those of Robert Sternberg and Howard Gardner. Answers will vary

101. Explain the influence of schooling and ethnicity on the development and measurement of intelligence. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the criticisms of IQ testing.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

102. Explain how schools meet the needs of students who are non-English-speaking. In your explanation, include the terms English-immersion, bilingual education, and two-way (duallanguage) learning. What are the benefits of being bilingual? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall two-way or dual-language learning.

103. Explain the concepts of decoding and visually based retrieval. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate changes in language during middle and late childhood.

104. "No Child Left Behind" means that each child in school will be given the opportunity to learn, and the level of learning will be monitored and remediated when necessary. When children do not meet the objectives that have been set, school systems make difficult decisions about a student's future. Explain the apparent conflict between social promotion and retention. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Discuss innovations in education.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

105. Define the term learning disability. List and describe the types of disability that are included under this heading. In your answer, explain the following terms: mental retardation, dyslexia, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Identifying a special-needs child.

106. The Martins' daughter Jeannette seems to learn things quickly and to always be a few steps ahead of the other children her age. The Martins think that she may benefit from a more stimulating environment. Define giftedness. How is giftedness assessed, and what can be done in schools to nurture it? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Describe characteristics associated with giftedness.

True / False Questions 107. Eight-year-old Sergio is in second grade. According to Piaget, Sergio is in the concrete operational stage of development. TRUE refer to page 360

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

108. Children in the concrete operational stage can perform tasks using deductive reasoning. FALSE refer to page 362

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the aspects of deductive reasoning.

109. Paola can perform most conservation tasks now but still does not have a complete understanding yet. This is due to centration. FALSE refer to page 363

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall the actions a child in concrete operations should be able to perform.

110. Cultural experience and neurological development contribute to the rate of development of conservation. TRUE refer to page 364

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.1: Describe Piaget's concrete operational child, and explain how he/she differs from younger children. Learn Smart LO: Recall the actions a child in concrete operations should be able to perform.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

111. Memory improves in middle childhood due to the pruning of neurons in the prefrontal cortex. TRUE refer to page 366

112. Speed of processing remains constant through middle childhood and increases in adolescence. FALSE refer to page 367

113. Metamemory is basically thinking about thinking. TRUE refer to page 367

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.2: Explain advances in information-processing skills in middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of metamemory.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

114. Intelligence tests do a good job of predicting academic success. TRUE refer to page 370

115. Some criticize IQ tests as being culturally biased BUT children from different cultures often do worse in schools so the tests are still predicting academic success. TRUE refer to page 372

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Discuss the criticisms of IQ testing.

116. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is controversial because not everyone agrees that IQ has so many factors. TRUE refer to pages 373-374

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

117. "Street smarts" is a part of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. TRUE refer to pages 374-375

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.3: Debate the accuracy of schoolchildren's intelligence measurements. Learn Smart LO: Define the triarchic theory of intelligence.

118. In middle childhood, the major area of linguistic growth is syntax. FALSE refer to page 376

119. One of the reasons second-language learning is controversial is that there is little evidence that being bilingual is helpful and may even be harmful. FALSE refer to page 377

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Recall two-way or dual-language learning.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

120. Early phonics training is a more effective strategy for teaching beginning reading than the whole-language approach. TRUE refer to page 378

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.4: Understand how communicative abilities expand during middle childhood. Learn Smart LO: Identify the phonetic approach.

121. Parents that are involved with their children's academics have children who achieve better. TRUE refer to pages 380-381

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Describe how parents impact a child's school achievement.

122. Socioeconomic status can influence parental beliefs, which, in turn, affects children's achievement in school. TRUE refer to page 381

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Recall the impact of socioeconomic status on school achievement.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

123. Most research suggests that homework should be moderate and only used once a child is in high school. FALSE refer to page 382

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.5: Identify factors which influence school achievement. Learn Smart LO: Discuss innovations in education.

124. The most common learning disability is dyslexia. TRUE refer to page 386

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Define dyslexia.

Chapter 13 - Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

125. An IQ of 120 or higher is needed for "gifted" classification. FALSE refer to page 388

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Identify the factors associated with giftedness.

126. Creativity and IQ are closely linked. TRUE refer to page 389

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 13.6: Explain how schools meet special needs. Learn Smart LO: Define creativity.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

Chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self are called A. industry versus inferiority. B. self-esteem. C. ideal self. D. representational systems. refer to page 394

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.1: Explain how self-concept and self-esteem change in middle childhood, and how children show emotional growth. Learn Smart LO: Identify representational systems of children.

2. Self-esteem reflects a child's assessment of her or his A. ideal self. B. real self. C. global self-worth. D. representational systems. refer to page 394

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.1: Explain how self-concept and self-esteem change in middle childhood, and how children show emotional growth. Learn Smart LO: Identify representational systems of children.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

3. Randolph says, "I am fast at getting my homework done, but I'm slow at doing chores around the house. I guess I'm a sometimes speedy, sometimes slow person." Randolph's ability to think of himself in more than one dimension relies on the maturation of A. object permanence. B. representational systems. C. second-order thinking. D. formal operational thinking. refer to page 394

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 14.1: Explain how self-concept and self-esteem change in middle childhood, and how children show emotional growth. Learn Smart LO: Identify representational systems of children.

4. According to Erikson, a major determinant of self-esteem is a child's view of his or her capacity to A. be liked. B. not feel guilty when initiating an action. C. complete productive work. D. form relationships. refer to page 394

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

5. Lonny feels inferior to most of his friends, but he does feel that he is well-liked by younger children. Lonny's sentiments are best thought of as an example of his A. achievement motivation. B. self-regulation. C. self-awareness. D. representational system. refer to page 394

6. Children's self-concepts in middle childhood are _____ they are in earlier periods of development. A. more repressed than B. simpler than C. more complex than D. the same as refer to page 394

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

7. Marcy views herself as being generally capable and competent in most aspects of her life. Marcy has a high degree of A. purpose. B. trust versus mistrust. C. global self-worth. D. personal identity. refer to page 394

8. The developmental task of middle childhood is resolving the conflict of A. initiative versus shame and guilt. B. productivity versus self-doubt. C. industry versus inferiority. D. industry versus passivity. refer to page 395

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

9. Grace, 17, volunteers at an after-school program and every year she collects money to send to political refugees. She also participates in a tutoring program with her school to help children with learning and behavioral problems. According to Erikson, what can be said about Grace's self-esteem? A. It is impossible to predict her self-esteem based solely on her civic engagement. B. Her self-esteem is high, because helping those less fortunate helps to build it. C. Her self-esteem is low, so she surrounds herself with people who are worse off than she is. D. Her self-esteem is average, since she is probably doing these things in order to get into a good college. refer to page 396

10. Eight-year-old Tanya has just learned how to use a computer word-processing program that allows her to write papers for school. According to Erikson, Tanya's mastery of this skill should lead to feelings of A. competence. B. hope. C. will. D. purpose. refer to page 395

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

11. The virtue that develops with successful resolution of Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis is A. work ethic. B. industriousness. C. competence. D. confidence. refer to page 395

12. By what age do children typically show pride and shame? A. 2 or 3 B. 4 or 5 C. 7 or 8 D. 10 or 11 refer to page 395

13. The ability to stifle the impulse to show negative emotion at inappropriate times is called A. internalized conflict. B. effortful control. C. situational behavior. D. conflicting expression. refer to page 396

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

14. In middle childhood, empathy _____ and prosocial behavior _____. A. decreases; decreases B. increases; increases C. increases; decreases D. decreases; increases refer to page 396

15. Parents who wish to exert a positive influence on their children's emotional growth should A. encourage their children to express feelings constructively. B. discourage their children from sharing their feelings too openly. C. minimize the seriousness of negative situations. D. show disapproval of negative emotions. refer to page 396

16. As discussed in your textbook, which of the following is NOT an African American extended-family tradition? A. Living near or with kin B. Strong sense of family obligation C. Little contact with relatives D. Mutual aid refer to page 397

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Recall the different custodies, and the effects of each.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

17. Coregulation is A. another word for discipline. B. another term for authoritative parenting. C. the virtue resulting from successful resolution of Erikson's crisis of middle childhood. D. a transitional stage of middle childhood in which parent and child share control. refer to page 398

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Describe internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors.

18. Which of the following coregulation attempts is an appeal to moral values? A. "A big boy like you shouldn't sit on the train while an elderly person stands." B. "If you go another day without bathing, we'll be able to smell you coming." C. "What happened to the helpful boy who was here yesterday?" D. "Aren't you glad your father loves you enough to remind you to wear your boots?" refer to page 398

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Describe internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors.

19. Nine-year-old Stephanie is beginning to internalize the values of her parents and society. Although her parents exercise general supervision over her, when she is not with them she exercises her own form of self-supervision. This phenomenon is called A. coregulation. B. virtue of competence. C. self-regulation. D. self-control. refer to page 398

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

20. Since the early 1960s, mothers have been going out into the workforce in large numbers. Some have joined the job market for economic reasons, others for self-fulfillment. Today, over _____ percent of mothers of school-age children in the United States are in the workforce. A. 50 B. 25 C. 70 D. 90 refer to page 398

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Recall the effects of parents' and work.

21. In general, the more satisfied a mother is with her employment status, the more effective she is likely to be as a parent. However, the effect of her work on her child can depend on the child's A. personality. B. age. C. temperament. D. all of these. refer to pages 398, 399

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

22. What percentage of school-aged children regularly care for themselves at home without adult supervision for at least part of the day? A. 2 percent B. 9 percent C. 25 percent D. 40 percent refer to page 399

23. Which of the following statements is correct regarding poverty and children? A. In the United States, the African American population has the highest percentage of children living in poverty. B. In the United States, the Latino population has the highest percentage of children living in poverty. C. Poverty affects children's self-esteem, but it does not seem to affect their peer relations or conduct. D. Poverty rates are highest in single-father households, regardless of ethnicity. refer to page 399

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

24. Based upon McLoyd's findings, many parents who live in poverty use A. authoritative child rearing. B. inconsistent discipline. C. strict but warm child rearing. C. coregulation. refer to page 400

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Recall the effects of poverty on children and their development.

25. Over the past few decades, what has been the trend regarding the percentage of children under 18 living with two parents in the United States? A. The number is decreasing. B. The number has stabilized. C. The number is increasing. D. The number is fluctuating; no significant trends are evident. refer to page 400

26. According to your textbook, a father's degree of involvement with his children tends to be related to the child's A. well-being. B. religious beliefs. C. relationship with his siblings. D. future career satisfaction. refer to page 402

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

27. How many children under the age of 18 in the United States are involved in divorces each year? A. Fewer than 100,000 B. About 500,000 C. Nearly 750,000 D. More than 1 million refer to page 402

28. Which of the following is an influence on a child's adjustment to divorce? A. The manner in which parents handle issues like custody and visitation B. The child's age or maturity C. The child's relationship with a stepparent D. All of the above are true. refer to page 402

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Recall the different custodies, and the effects of each.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

29. The Johnsons are contemplating divorce. They contacted a counselor to see what they could learn about potential effects on their children. Compared to older children of divorce, younger children A. are less anxious. B. have less realistic perceptions of what caused the divorce. C. are less likely to blame themselves. D. tend to prefer living with their fathers. refer to page 402

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Recall the different custodies, and the effects of each.

30. The number of single-parent families in the United States has more than doubled since 1970 because of rising rates of divorce and because of parenthood outside of marriage. Approximately ____ percent of African American children today live with only one parent. A. 50 B. 34 C. 28 D. 16 refer to page 404

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

31. Studies have found that children in one-parent families tend to do less well socially and academically than do children of two-parent families. Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to this trend? A. Popularity of children B. Economic status of family C. Children's household responsibilities D. Support and discipline experienced by children refer to page 404

32. According to research, which of the following statements about stepfamilies, or blended families, is FALSE? A. Children's loyalty to the absent parent may interfere with the formation of ties to the stepparent. B. Girls are more likely than boys to accept a stepfather as a parent. C. Stepmothers are more involved with their stepchildren than stepfathers. D. Many stepparents assume a "hands-off" attitude toward children of the custodial parent. refer to page 405

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

33. Approximately how many children in the United States live with at least one lesbian or gay parent? A. 100,000 B. 9 million C. 20 million D. 30 million refer to page 405

34. When he was a baby, Charlie was adopted by a homosexual couple in New York. Now at age 17, numerous studies show that Charlie has a 1 in 3 likelihood of A. becoming homosexual. B. having academic or behavioral problems. C. experiencing an inability to form satisfying and lasting romantic relationships. D. None of these; there are no consistent differences between children raised by homosexual parents and children raised by heterosexual parents. refer to page 405

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Recall the different custodies, and the effects of each.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

35. Which of the following statements is correct regarding adopted and non-adopted children? A. Adopted children have significantly more problems with adjustment than non-adopted children. B. Most adjustment problems that adopted children have seem to surface around middle childhood. C. Adopted children demonstrate less prosocial behavior than non-adopted children. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 406

36. Adoptions where parties share information or have direct contact are called _____ adoptions. A. non-secret B. open C. shared D. direct refer to page 406

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

37. Which of the following statements regarding the care of younger siblings by older ones in developing countries is correct? A. Siblings often form weak bonds since the older children simply see themselves as babysitters. B. Parents in developing countries treat children of all ages equally. C. Competition and fighting among siblings is virtually nonexistent in developing countries. D. Older children, particularly girls, are expected to parent younger children. refer to page 407

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Infer sibling relationships.

38. Which of the following factors influences sibling relationships and roles? A. Birth order B. Spacing C. Gender D. All of these refer to page 407

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Infer sibling relationships.

39. Which of the following pairs of siblings is most likely to squabble as children? A. Alexander and his brother Anthony B. Bernadette and her sister Betty C. Clayton and his sister Christina D. All of these pairs of siblings are equally likely to squabble. refer to page 408

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Infer sibling relationships.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

40. Longitudinal research suggests that changes in sibling relationships are most likely to occur when one sibling is between the ages of A. 4 and 5. B. 6 and 7. C. 7 and 9. D. 11 and 14. refer to page 408

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Infer sibling relationships.

41. As an infant, Louie had what most people would describe as a "difficult" temperament. However, Louie is now 6 years old and his father has established a mutually affectionate, cooperative relationship with him. As their relationship has improved, Louie has also behaved more affectionately and cooperatively with his younger brother, who reciprocates. Which of the following is correct in regards to this situation? A. Louie no longer has a "difficult" temperament. B. Louie has indirect influence on his brother. C. Sibling relationships are more important than parent-child relationships. D. Older siblings tend to direct younger siblings' behavior. refer to page 408

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Infer sibling relationships.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

42. When you use phrases like "they are all alike" or "you know how they are," you are showing an unfavorable attitude toward outsiders based on group membership. This bias is called A. discrimination. B. an in-group homogeneity bias. C. prejudice. D. out-group heterogeneity bias. refer to page 408

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of prejudice and how it relates to peer groups.

43. In middle childhood, peer groups A. help children develop social skills. B. allow children to test and adopt values independent of their parents. C. may encourage conformity and prejudice. D. perform all of the above. refer to page 408

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Understand what a peer does for development.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

44. Which of the following statements regarding positive effects of peer groups in middle childhood is FALSE? A. Peer groups help youngsters develop a sense of identity. B. The peer group provides an opportunity to learn leadership and communication skills. C. The peer group encourages nonconformity. D. The peer group helps children develop the skills needed for intimacy. refer to page 408

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Understand what a peer does for development.

45. The Corcorans decided to put their son David in a private school because they were disappointed in the behavior of his friends. Which of the following is most likely to be a negative effect of peer groups during middle childhood? A. Because children compare themselves with their peers rather than with a broader range of people, they gauge their own abilities unrealistically. B. Because members of a peer group tend to be similar, the peer group narrows children's perspectives. C. At a time when children are most susceptible to peer pressure, the peer group exerts pressure to conform. D. The peer group creates emotional insecurity because it distances children from the comfort provided by adults. refer to page 409

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Understand what a peer does for development.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

46. In middle childhood, _____ have more friends, and _____ have closer friends. A. boys; boys B. girls; girls C. boys; girls D. girls; boys refer to page 408

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall the natural way groups are created.

47. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding peer influences on gender development? A. In middle childhood, groups are segregated by gender. B. In middle childhood, groups are based on likes and dislikes rather than gender. C. Girls and boys talk to each other differently. D. Peer groups help children to learn gender-appropriate behaviors. refer to page 409

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall the natural way groups are created.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

48. With regard to the typical composition of peer groups in middle childhood, which of the following statements is correct? A. Peer groups are usually all boys or all girls, because children of the same sex have common interests. B. Peer groups usually consist of both girls and boys, because at this age youngsters have not yet become self-conscious about differences between the sexes, and girls and boys are still at about the same level of maturity. C. Because peer groups are generally neighborhood-based, ages of members usually differ by three to four years. D. Because peer groups are almost always school-based, members are almost always the same age. refer to page 409

49. The Titan twins are the most popular girls in the third grade. Behaviors that influence popularity are derived from A. a child's individual abilities (for example, cognitive and social skills). B. family relationships. C. cultural values. D. all of the above. refer to page 410

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Define the peer status of the popular child.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

50. Popular children tend to have parents who have adopted which of Baumarind's parenting styles? A. Authoritarian B. Permissive C. Authoritative D. Dismissive refer to page 410

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Define the peer status of the popular child.

51. A recent cross-cultural study in China found that in today's quasi-capitalist society, a trait that was prized as recently as 1990 is now "rejected." Which of the following traits do teachers and peers now view negatively? A. Cooperativeness B. Aggressiveness C. Shyness D. Sociability refer to page 410

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

52. Unpopular children tend to make friends with A. younger children. B. other unpopular children. C. children from other classrooms or schools. D. all of the above. refer to page 411

53. If you were to summarize Selman's work regarding friendships, which of the following statements would you use? A. A child's perception of friendship develops in stages. B. Friendship seems to be an innate byproduct of evolution. C. Friendship develops along with psychosexual maturation. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 411

54. Selman's research on children's friendships indicated that most school-age children are in stage A. one. B. two. C. three. D. four. refer to page 411

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

55. The small minority of children who do not learn to control their physical aggression tend to remain physically aggressive throughout childhood, and also have both social and psychological problems. Studies have shown that their aggression _____ these problems. A. causes B. is a reaction to C. is unrelated to D. It is unclear what role aggression plays in these problems. refer to page 412

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Infer proactive and reactive aggression.

56. Children who engage in _____ aggression frequently see other children as trying to hurt them, and they strike out angrily either in retaliation or in self-defense. A. hostile B. proactive C. instrumental D. relational refer to page 412

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

57. Johnny is a middle school student and Raymond is a kindergartner. Based on their ages, Johnny is more likely to engage in _____ aggression, while Raymond is more likely to exhibit _____ aggression. A. social; physical B. indirect; direct C. instrumental; hostile D. hostile; instrumental refer to page 412

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Infer proactive and reactive aggression.

58. During the school years, the nature of aggression changes as _____ aggression increases and _____ decreases. A. instrumental; hostile B. instrumental; relational C. relational; hostile D. hostile; instrumental refer to page 412

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

59. The tendency for some individuals to perceive others as trying to hurt them and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense is A. normal in middle childhood. B. passive. C. not commonly seen in middle childhood. D. called hostile attribution bias. refer to page 413

60. In the United States, about _____ out of 10 television programs portray violence, usually glamorized, glorified, or trivialized. A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 9 refer to page 414

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

61. According to classic research in social psychology, children are more likely to imitate aggressive movie role models if they A. believe the violence on the screen is real. B. identify with the aggressive role model. C. watch without parental supervision. D. all of these. refer to page 415

62. Which statement is true about bullying in U.S. schools? A. Cyberbullying is becoming increasingly common. B. Many schools report student bullying at least once a week. C. Bullying is more common in middle school than in elementary or high school. D. All of these are true. refer to page 415

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Discuss bullying.

63. Children who are victims of bullying tend to have A. little trouble adjusting to school. B. lower than average athletic skills. C. low self-esteem. D. a large, supportive group of friends. refer to page 416

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Discuss bullying.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

64. The correlation between victimization by a bully and self-esteem shows us that bullying victims tend to have low self-esteem. From this correlation we can conclude A. that low self-esteem causes victimization. B. that low self-esteem is caused by victimization. C. that low self-esteem causes bullying. D. None of these; correlation does not prove causation. refer to page 415

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Discuss bullying.

65. Who proposed the concept of the "hurried" child? A. Jean Piaget B. David Elkind C. Michael Rutter D. Erik Erikson refer to page 416

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.4: Identify children's response to stress. Learn Smart LO: Recall stress and modern life.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

66. Karut is growing up in a home and a neighborhood with constant, pervasive violence. He often has trouble sleeping, he cannot concentrate on his homework, and he has been sent home three times already this year for fighting. According to your textbook, what else is Karut likely to experience? A. A harsh awakening out of the violence through a single, life-changing event B. A focusing of this violent energy on his studies to escape his negative environment C. Problems attaching to others for fear of more hurt and loss D. All of the above are likely. refer to page 418

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 14.4: Identify children's response to stress. Learn Smart LO: Recall stress and modern life.

67. Which of the following statements about resilient children is FALSE? A. Exposure to a number of stressful factors at the same time develops and strengthens their ability to cope. B. They tend to have an emotionally supportive relationship with at least one adult. C. They tend to be adaptable and have high self-esteem. D. They often have successful experiences that compensate for their unfortunate circumstances. refer to page 419

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 14.4: Identify children's response to stress. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of resilient children.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

68. Resilient children are those who A. "bounce back" from unfortunate circumstances that would impair most children's development. B. have authoritative parents. C. receive positive and effective treatment for emotional disorders. D. have successfully resolved Erikson's crisis of middle childhood. refer to page 419

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.4: Identify children's response to stress. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of resilient children.

69. Which of the following does NOT contribute as a protective factor? A. Good family relationships B. Child's temperament or personality C. Cognitive functioning D. Greater experience with past stressors (e.g., low SES, parental stress) refer to pages 419-420

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.4: Identify children's response to stress. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the two most important factors that help children's overcome stress.

Essay Questions 70. Compare and contrast Erikson's findings about self-concept and self-esteem. How do representational systems fit in, if at all? Answers will vary

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

71. Describe some of the signs of school-age children's emotional growth. Answers will vary

72. Explain the development of coregulation during middle childhood. Answers will vary

73. Explain the effects of poverty on family atmosphere and psychosocial development in middle childhood. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Explain the effects of poverty on children and their development.

74. Explain the effects of divorce and various custody arrangements on a child's development. How is a father's role important for children's development? Answers will vary

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

75. How do siblings influence and get along with one another in middle childhood? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Infer sibling relationships.

76. How do children's relationships with peers change in middle childhood, and how do they choose their friends during this period? Answers will vary

77. Explain the differences between hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and social (or relational) aggression. Give examples of each. Answers will vary

78. Bullying is a serious issue in many U.S. schools. Explain the various types of bullying and the typical characteristics of bullies and victims. What are some ideas on how to ameliorate bullying in schools? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Discuss bullying.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

79. Discuss the characteristics of Elkind's "hurried" child. In your answer, include contributing factors, and give an example of a hurried child. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.4: Identify children's response to stress. Learn Smart LO: Recall stress and modern life.

True / False Questions 80. Self-concept often becomes more realistic as children enter middle childhood. TRUE refer to page 395

81. According to Erikson, the conflict that one must address in middle childhood is industry versus inferiority. TRUE refer to page 395

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

82. School-age children typically have not internalized shame and pride yet. FALSE refer to page 395

83. There is little relationship between parent's reactions to displays of negative emotions and child's emotional growth. FALSE refer to page 396

84. By middle childhood, parent-child relationships are generally hostile. FALSE refer to page 398

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.2: Understand the effects of family atmosphere and structure, and siblings' role in development. Learn Smart LO: Identify changes in emotional development during the middle and late childhood years.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

85. Development of coregulation may affect the way a family handles conflict and discipline. TRUE refer to page 398

86. Children show more favorable adjustment in traditional two-parent families then in divorced, single-parent, and stepfamilies. TRUE refer to page 401

87. Children living with only one parent are at heightened risk of behavioral and academic problems. TRUE refer to page 403

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

88. Girls tend to have more problems than boys in adjusting to divorce and single-parent living. FALSE refer to page 405

89. Studies show that children living with gay or lesbian parents are more likely to have negative psychosocial outcomes. FALSE refer to page 405

90. The peer group becomes less important in middle childhood. FALSE refer to page 408

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

91. Peer groups help a child develop self-concept but also may foster conformity. TRUE refer to page 408

92. In middle childhood, boys tend to have closer friends but girls have more friends. FALSE refer to page 409

93. Popular children tend to have good cognitive abilities and social skills. TRUE refer to page 410

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Define the peer status of the popular child.

94. Hostile aggression is a means to an end. FALSE refer to page 412

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

95. The hostile attribution bias is a tendency to misinterpret other people's actions as more aggressive. TRUE refer to page 413

96. In middle childhood, victims of bullying tend to be argumentative and provocative. TRUE refer to page 416

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.3: Describe relationships with peers, and factors that influence popularity and aggressive behavior. Learn Smart LO: Discuss bullying.

97. Elkind argues that by "hurrying" a child we are increasing stress for children today. TRUE refer to page 416

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.4: Identify children's response to stress. Learn Smart LO: Recall stress and modern life.

Chapter 14 - Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood

98. Parents who report being burned out at work are more likely to have kids that report they are burned out at school. TRUE refer to page 417

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.4: Identify children's response to stress. Learn Smart LO: Recall stress and modern life.

99. Protective factors to stress in middle childhood are cognitive ability, family relationships, personality, and compensating experiences. TRUE refer to pages 419-420

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 14.4: Identify children's response to stress. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the two most important factors that help children's overcome stress.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

Chapter 15 Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following terms represents the social construction for the developmental transition between childhood and adulthood? A. Young Adulthood B. Adolescence C. Puberty D. Menarche refer to page 424

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Define adolescence.

2. The process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce is called _____. A. the adolescent growth spurt B. adrenarche C. puberty D. all of the above refer to page 424

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of puberty.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

3. Shelley, age 12, is undergoing rapid physiological growth, and her reproductive functions and sex organs are maturing. This is referred to as _____. A. maturation B. puberty C. coming-of-age D. menarche refer to page 424

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of puberty.

4. Adolescence is generally considered to begin with the _____. A. onset of puberty B. adolescent growth spurt C. first nocturnal emission for boys, and menarche for girls D. attainment of sexual maturity refer to page 424

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Define adolescence.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

5. Which of the following statements is NOT one of the reasons why, in modern industrial societies, it is unclear when adolescence ends? A. Complex industrial societies require a long period of education, which postpones adulthood beyond the attainment of physical maturity. B. Most of these societies have no definitive markers to establish adulthood. C. Puberty in these societies is beginning much later than it used to, because young people are less active and less physically fit. D. Vocational apprenticeships are rare or absent in these societies. refer to page 424

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Characterize the reasons why adolescence takes longer in today's societies.

6. When was adolescence first defined as a separate stage of life in the Western world? A. The 19th century B. The 20th century C. The 1970s D. Post-World War II refer to page 424

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Understand when the concept of adolescence was determined.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

7. Which of the following statements about adolescence in the United States today is FALSE? A. American adolescents face hazards to their physical well-being. B. American adolescents face hazards to their mental health. C. About three in five adolescents will deal with major problems in adolescence. D. Physical hazards of adolescence include early pregnancy and high death rates from accidents, homicide, and suicide. refer to page 426

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Define adolescence.

8. Boys have higher levels of _____ and girls have higher levels of _____. A. androgen; estrogen B. testes; estrogen C. estrogen; androgen D. estrogen; testosterone refer to page 427

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the most noticeable changes of sexual maturation.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

9. The rush of hormonal activity associated with puberty seems to depend on reaching a critical amount of _____ necessary for successful reproduction. A. estrogen B. neurotransmitters C. androgens D. body fat refer to page 427

10. The secretion of gradually increasing levels of androgens, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), influences _____. A. the growth of body and pubic hair B. the development of body odor C. faster body growth D. all of the above refer to page 427

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Describe the role dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) plays in puberty.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

11. Increased levels of ____ may signal the pituitary and sex glands to increase their secretion of hormones. A. DHEA B. GnRH C. leptin D. GPR54 refer to page 427

12. The hormones that stimulate maturation are called __________ in girls and __________ in boys. A. estrogen; testosterone B. androgen; testosterone C. testosterone; estrogen D. androgen; estrogen refer to page 427

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

13. Jenna is experiencing an increased output of her oil- and sweat-producing glands. What other physiological changes is she probably experiencing at this time? A. growth of pubic hair B. the beginning of body growth C. menarche D. the appearance of underarm hair refer to page 427

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Recognize the most noticeable changes of sexual maturation.

14. Most girls first begin to show growth of breasts and pubic hair between the ages of _____. A. 6 and 14 B. 8 and 15 C. 10 and 14 D. 15 and 16 refer to page 428

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

15. Ana's breasts are just starting to develop, she is beginning to grow some pubic hair, and her body is growing rapidly. If she is an average American female, Ana is approximately how old? A. 9 B. 13 C. 15 D. 17 refer to page 428

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Recall the age during which changes related to puberty begin.

16. In boys, the first signs of puberty often begin around age A. 9 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14 refer to page 428

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Recall the age during which changes related to puberty begin.

17. Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic? A. Underarm hair B. Breasts C. Pubic hair D. Ovaries refer to page 429

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

18. Pubic hair is one of the _____. A. signs of menarche B. signs that a young person is capable of reproduction C. primary sex characteristics D. secondary sex characteristics refer to page 429

19. Which of the following is NOT a secondary sex characteristic? A. Axillary hair B. Pubic hair C. Voice changes D. Seminal vesicles refer to page 429

20. The sequence of pubertal events is _____. A. extremely inconsistent in order and timing B. fairly consistent in order but not in timing C. consistent in both order and timing D. consistent in girls but inconsistent in boys refer to page 429

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Recall the timing of puberty.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

21. Which of the following changes is the first sign of puberty in boys? A. Growth of the penis B. Enlargement of the testes and scrotum C. Growth of axillary hair D. A change in voice refer to page 429

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: List the order of appearance of male pubertal changes.

22. Connor, who is going through puberty, is experiencing enlargement of his breasts. Connor must _____. A. not worry because this is normal and temporary B. seek psychotherapy C. have hormone tests right away D. prepare himself for a delay in sexual maturation refer to page 429

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: List the order of appearance of male pubertal changes.

23. Between the ages of 11 and 13, the average girl is _____ than boys. A. taller B. heavier C. stronger D. All of the above are true. refer to page 429

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

24. Fourteen-year-old Warren has undergone a rapid increase in height and weight. Warren is experiencing _____. A. coming-of-age B. the adolescent growth spurt C. menarche D. the secular trend refer to page 429

25. Phillipe is 16 and has just begun his adolescent growth spurt. How old would you predict he will be when the growth spurt ends? A. 13 B. 15 C. 18 D. 21 refer to page 429

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Classify the weight gain and height change that occur in boys and girls.

26. An adolescent generally reaches sexual maturity _____. A. when the primary sex characteristics appear B. at the onset of puberty C. at the onset of the adolescent growth spurt D. after the adolescent growth spurt ends refer to page 429

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Classify the weight gain and height change that occur in boys and girls.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

27. After the period of rapid adolescent growth, females tend to have a more rounded appearance than males, which is mainly due to _____. A. menstruation B. overeating C. layers of fat under the skin D. androgen production refer to page 430

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Understand the body shape differences between boys and girls.

28. The trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago, is an example of a _____ trend. A. behavioral B. psychosocial C. secular D. retrospective refer to page 430

29. The secular trend refers to _____. A. earlier sexual activity B. better nutrition and health care C. earlier physical and sexual maturity D. lengthening adolescence through education refer to page 430

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

30. Puberty began for Molly when she was 9 years old. Her mother began puberty at 11, and her grandmother at 13. This is an example of a _____ trend. A. cross-sectional B. sexual C. physiological D. secular refer to page 430

31. In boys, the principal sign of sexual maturity is the _____. A. ability to maintain an erection B. first nocturnal emission C. growth of the penis D. production of sperm refer to page 430

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Define spermarche.

32. A nocturnal emission is _____. A. a sign of maladjustment B. always associated with erotic dreams C. associated with the end of male puberty D. a normal occurrence during adolescence refer to page 430

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Define spermarche.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

33. A nocturnal emission _____. A. is called a wet dream B. signals the onset of menarche C. can occur early in girls in stressful environments D. occurs in about 30 percent of pubescent boys refer to page 430

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Define spermarche.

34. Menstruation is the _____. A. release of a mature ovum from the ovaries B. monthly shedding of tissue from the lining of the uterus C. onset of puberty in girls D. readiness for conception during ovulation refer to page 430

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Define menarche.

35. Menarche is the _____. A. first menstruation in girls B. period when primary sex characteristics mature C. period when secondary sex characteristics appear D. onset of puberty in girls refer to page 430

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Define menarche.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

36. Research suggests that family relationships might be related to the timing of sexual maturation. Based on this research, which girl would you predict to mature last? A. Adrianna, who has an unaffectionate, uninvolved father B. Beth, who is being raised by a single mother C. Carol, who is exposed to many unrelated male adults D. DeeDee, who has a close, supportive relationship with her father refer to page 431

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Understand the possible cause for the secular trend.

37. Jung tends to worry about being liked, is very cautious in his actions, and feels most comfortable following the rules. He is also popular with his peers and good-natured. According to research from the text, Jung is probably a(n) _____. A. depressed teenager B. late-maturing boy C. early-maturing boy D. preadolescent refer to page 432

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

38. Compared to late-maturing boys, early-maturing boys are _____. A. likely to be more self-conscious and insecure B. more likely to have conduct or behavioral disorders C. better prepared to deal with the changes of adolescence D. more likely to have poor social and coping skills refer to page 432

39. Alice is an adolescent who tends to be shy and introverted, lacks poise, and feels unhappy about having menstrual periods. Alice is probably _____. A. sexually active B. underweight C. an early-maturing girl D. a late-maturing girl refer to page 432

40. Early-maturing girls are at increased risk of _____. A. behavioral problems B. mental health problems C. sexual activity D. all of the above refer to page 432

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

41. _____ maturation is associated with an increase of risky behavior in _____. A. Early; boys and girls B. Early; girls only C. Late; boys and girls D. Late; boys only refer to page 432

42. The most rapid period of brain development occurs during _____. A. early childhood B. middle childhood C. adolescence D. early adulthood refer to page 433

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.3: Understand brain development and how it affects adolescent behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall that adolescent's brains undergo significant structural changes.

43. Adolescents tend to use the _____ in the temporal lobe of the brain for emotional reactions. A. prefrontal cortex B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. thalamus refer to page 433

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 15.3: Understand brain development and how it affects adolescent behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall that the amygdala is the seat of emotions.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

44. The _____ lobe is in charge of the more accurate, reasoned choices associated with adulthood. A. parietal B. frontal C. temporal D. occipital refer to page 433

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.3: Understand brain development and how it affects adolescent behavior. Learn Smart LO: Interpret the maturing of the prefrontal cortex.

45. Sergio is a high school student whose ability to reason and think abstractly appears to be increasing. These higher-order skills are due to the development of the _____. A. prefrontal cortex B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. thalamus refer to page 433

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.3: Understand brain development and how it affects adolescent behavior. Learn Smart LO: Interpret the maturing of the prefrontal cortex.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

46. Even moderate physical activity has health benefits if done regularly for at least _____ minutes almost every day. A. 15 B. 30 C. 45 D. 60 refer to page 434

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Identify the trend in adolescent physical activity.

47. _____ out of 10 early and mid-adolescents consider themselves healthy. A. Five B. Seven C. Nine D. Ten refer to page 434

48. Compared to low-income adolescents, well-off adolescents are likely to possess all the following characteristics except _____. A. being better educated B. drinking and smoking less C. having healthier diets D. being more physically active refer to page 434

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

49. Which of the following is a lifestyle factor that influences adolescent obesity? A. Poverty B. Faulty regulation of metabolism C. Inability to recognize body cues about hunger D. Development of an abnormally large number of fat cells refer to page 434

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Understand the relationship between SES, ethnicity, and obesity.

50. Approximately how many hours of sleep do average adolescents need? A. 6 to 7 hours B. Less than 7 hours C. At least 8 hours D. 10 hours refer to page 435

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Understand the importance of sleep in adolescence.

51. Sixteen-year-old Latasha does not get enough sleep. Which of the following is most likely to be true in this scenario? A. She is at-risk for depression. B. She may do poorly in school. C. She may come from a family with less educated and older parents. D. All of the above may be true. refer to page 435

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Understand the importance of sleep in adolescence.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

52. The brain's natural sleep cycle is controlled by the hormone called _____. A. melatonin B. ceratonin C. DHEA D. REM refer to page 435

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the function of melatonin.

53. Seventeen-year-old Quentin requires _____ hours of sleep each night for healthy development and functioning. A. 6-7 B. Less than 7 C. At least 8 D. 10 refer to page 435

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the function of melatonin.

54. About 34 percent of U.S. teens have a body mass index (BMI) at or above the _____ percentile. A. 85th B. 11th C. 90th D. 60th refer to page 435

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the function of melatonin.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

55. The number of overweight young people has increased _____ percent over the past two decades. A. 100 B. 200 C. 300 D. 400 refer to page 435

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the function of melatonin.

56. Obesity in adolescence _____. A. affects about 25 percent of young people B. has declined in the past two decades owing to greater health consciousness among young people C. usually continues later in life D. is caused solely by too little physical activity and poor eating habits refer to page 436

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Identify rates of obesity in US teens.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

57. Which of the following statements regarding body image is FALSE? A. Girls' increase in body fat at puberty leads to more dissatisfaction with their bodies, whereas boys become more satisfied with their increasing muscularity. B. Fashion magazines, which promote unrealistic ideals of thinness, contribute to girls' dissatisfaction with their bodies. C. About one-quarter of girls are dieting or think they should be. D. Relationships with parents may be a factor that influences adolescent body image. refer to page 436

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Define body image.

58. Which statement is NOT true about changing body images during adolescence? A. Boys and girls both grow increasingly dissatisfied by their appearances. B. Cultural influences emphasize women's appearances which may contribute to girls' increasing dissatisfaction with their appearances. C. Parental attitudes and media images play a greater part than peer influences in encouraging weight concerns. D. Eating disorders among boys and young men are on the rise. refer to page 436

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Define body image.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

59. Terri is underweight, has stopped menstruating, is afraid of becoming fat, and is obsessed with food. She is probably _____. A. anorexic B. bulimic C. an underachiever in school D. a late-maturing adolescent refer to page 437

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of anorexia.

60. Anorexia nervosa typically includes all of the following symptoms except _____. A. a severe loss of body weight B. a distorted body image C. a preoccupation with food D. poor academic achievement refer to pages 437-238

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of anorexia.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

61. Ashley's parents were shocked to discover that she had an eating disorder. Her weight is normal and she appears to eat appropriate meals when her parents are present. Before their discovery of her problem, they most likely would have described Ashley as _____. A. having low self-esteem B. being a perfectionist C. being a good student D. all of these refer to page 438

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Identify the definition of bulimia nervosa.

62. Theories surrounding anorexia claim that _____. A. victims of this disorder have a complete disinterest in food B. people suffering with this disorder engage in early sexual activity C. there is evidence that anorexia can be traced back to medieval times D. all of the above are correct refer to page 438

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Summarize the characteristics that apply to people suffering from anorexia nervosa.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

63. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder typically characterized by all of the following symptoms except _____. A. regular eating binges followed by purging through laxatives or vomiting B. abnormal thinness C. shame, self-contempt, and depression D. a history of dieting and/or excessive exercise refer to page 438

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: List the characteristics of bulimia.

64. Which of the following statements regarding eating disorders is true? A. Bulimia is less common than anorexia. B. The majority of anorexics are female, and the majority of individuals who have bulimia nervosa are male. C. Approximately 3 percent of the population is made up of binge eaters. D. So much overlap exists between anorexia and bulimia that they are considered to be different aspects of a single disorder. refer to page 438

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: List the characteristics of bulimia.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

65. Which of these statements about bulimia are true? A. Bulimia affects about 1 to 2 percent of international populations. B. People with bulimia are usually within normal weight ranges. C. A bulimic person's binges are usually short-lived. D. All of these are true. refer to page 438

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: List the characteristics of bulimia.

66. An effective treatment for bulimia might be _____. A. isolation from family members with negative influences B. cognitive behavioral therapy C. a drug that decreases fat stores in the body D. a low-calorie diet refer to page 438

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Discuss treatments for eating disorders.

67. Substance _____ involves repeated, harmful use of a substance, whereas substance _____ is a physical and/or psychological addiction. A. deprivation; abuse B. abuse; dependence C. dependence; abuse D. deprivation; dependence refer to page 439

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Define substance abuse.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

68. An upsurge in drug use occurred in the early _____. A. 1960s B. 1900s C. 1990s D. 2000s refer to page 439

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Define substance abuse.

69. The most widely used illegal drug in the United States is _____. A. marijuana B. crack cocaine C. heroin D. LSD refer to page 440

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Define substance abuse.

70. Heavy usage of marijuana can _____. A. damage the brain, heart, lungs, and immune system B. impede memory, learning, perception, and judgment C. lessen motivation and interfere with schoolwork and other activities D. cause all of these refer to page 440

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Understand the effects of marijuana use on a person's health and abilities.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

71. Randy, who is 13, regularly drinks beer with three friends of the same age. How much more likely are the boys to become dependent on alcohol than if they had waited seven or eight years before they started drinking? A. Three times B. Four times C. Five times D. Six times refer to page 441

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the age in which substance use often begins.

72. Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking is FALSE? A. The rate of teen smoking has shown a recent decrease. B. A strong relationship exists between adolescents who smoke and parents who smoke. C. Early smoking may damage the DNA in the lungs. D. Over half of high school students are smokers. refer to page 441

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the trends in tobacco use.

73. Depression in young people may be manifested by which of the following moods? A. Irritability B. Boredom C. Inability to experience pleasure D. All of the above refer to page 442

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the incidence of depression in adolescence.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

74. Adolescent girls and adult women are more likely to suffer from depression than are males. Which of the following is a reason for this gender difference? A. Biological changes B. Difference in socialization C. Greater vulnerability to stress in social relationships D. All of the above may explain the gender difference. refer to page 442

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Describe gender differences in adolescent depression.

75. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major causes of death during adolescence? A. Accidents B. Cancer C. Homicide D. Suicide refer to pages 443-444

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: List the most common cause of death among U.S. teenagers.

76. The leading cause of death among American adolescents is _____. A. suicide B. sexually transmitted diseases C. cancer D. motor vehicle accidents refer to page 443

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

77. Firearm-related deaths of 15- to 19-year olds constitute more than _____ percent of all homicides in that age group. A. 65 B. 75 C. 85 D. 95 refer to page 443

78. Suicide is the _____ leading cause of death for U.S. adolescents ages 15 to 19. A. 1st B. 4th C. 8th D. 10th refer to page 443

79. Which of the following statements regarding adolescent suicide is true? A. African American girls have the highest suicide rate. B. Native American boys have the highest rates in the United States. C. A teenager who has previously attempted suicide is unlikely to try again. D. Suicide rates are low among homosexual and bisexual adolescents. refer to page 444

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Describe adolescent deaths from suicide.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

80. Protective factors shown to reduce the risk of suicide include all of the following EXCEPT A. connectedness to family and school. B. emotional well-being. C. attention to physical attractiveness. D. parental availability to the child. refer to page 444

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Describe adolescent deaths from suicide.

81. Which of the following is NOT true of suicide? A. Young people who attempt suicide tend to have histories of emotional illness. B. Alcohol plays a part in half all teenage suicides. C. The prefrontal cortex has not been identified in postmortem brain studies of suicide victims. D. Protective factors include connectedness to family and school. refer to page 444

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Describe adolescent deaths from suicide.

Essay Questions 82. The developmental period of adolescence is often considered to be a social construction. Describe what this expression means, and explain its historical significance. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Define adolescence.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

83. What are some of the opportunities and risks of adolescence? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Recall the findings of a national survey on adolescent risk behaviors.

84. Adolescence is a transition period. Describe the factors that mark the beginning and the end of adolescence. Answers will vary

85. Explain the physical characteristics of pubertal development in both boys and girls. In your explanation, include the following terms: primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics, and menarche. Answers will vary

86. Explain the differences in adjustment of girls who mature early and those who mature late. Answers will vary

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

87. What brain developments occur during adolescence and how do they affect adolescent behavior? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.3: Understand brain development and how it affects adolescent behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall the adolescents' brains undergo significant structural changes.

88. How much physical activity do adolescents participate in? In your answer, discuss gender differences and possible solutions for the problems that exist. Answers will vary

89. Explain anorexia and bulimia. Describe the characteristics of adolescents who struggle with these eating disorders, as well as the interventions that have been successful in controlling the disorders. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Recall the definition of anorexia nervosa.

90. What are some recent trends regarding adolescent drug abuse? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Define substance abuse.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

91. Explain the factors involved with adolescent suicide. What gender differences exist, and what can be done to prevent suicide? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Describe adolescent deaths from suicide.

True / False Questions 92. The beginning and ending of adolescence is clearly marked in Western cultures but not in Eastern cultures. FALSE refer to page 424

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Define adolescence.

93. In the United States today, adolescence lasts about a decade. TRUE refer to page 424

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Define adolescence.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

94. In many societies, there are rites of passage when adolescence is reached. TRUE refer to page 425

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Recall the timing of puberty.

95. Risky behaviors like smoking, drinking, and promiscuity are generally not established until late in adolescence. FALSE refer to page 426

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.1: Define adolescence, and explain the opportunities and risks it entails. Learn Smart LO: Recall the timing of puberty.

96. Puberty begins earlier in boys than girls. FALSE refer to page 428

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

97. The adolescent growth spurt occurs at the same time for both males and females. FALSE refer to page 429

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Classify the weight gain and height change that occur in boys and girls.

98. Puberty ends typically when a person can reproduce. TRUE refer to page 430

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Define spermarche.

99. The secular explains declining religious involvement in U.S. adolescents. FALSE refer to page 430

100. The average U.S. girl begins menarche around age 12 or 13. TRUE refer to page 430

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

101. Puberty tends to be more favorable and easier to adjust to for females. FALSE refer to page 432

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.2: Describe the physical changes adolescents experience, and how these changes affect them psychologically. Learn Smart LO: Understand the connection between body fat and puberty.

102. Puberty marks the end of brain development. FALSE refer to page 433

103. Adolescents are more likely to process emotions in the amygdala then adults who use the frontal lobe. TRUE refer to page 433

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.3: Understand brain development and how it affects adolescent behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall that the amygdala is the seat of emotions.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

104. One of the reasons for bad decision making in adolescents is the immaturity of the prefrontal cortex. TRUE refer to page 433

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.3: Understand brain development and how it affects adolescent behavior. Learn Smart LO: Interpret the maturing of the prefrontal cortex.

105. The use of drugs and alcohol in adolescence is not likely to cause much damage due to plasticity. TRUE refer to page 433

106. Girls are more likely than boys to get regular exercise in adolescence. FALSE refer to page 434

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

107. The adolescent years are fraught with health concerns. FALSE refer to page 434

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Physical and mental health in adolescence.

108. Many adolescents do not get enough sleep because the high school schedule is incongruent with natural body rhythms. TRUE refer to page 435

109. Outcomes for anorexia are generally more successful than for bulimia. FALSE refer to page 438

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Discuss treatments for eating disorders.

Chapter 15 - Physical Development and Health in Adolescence

110. Adolescent substance abuse and dependence have declined in recent years. TRUE refer to page 439

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 15.4: Describe common health problems and health risks and how they can be prevented. Learn Smart LO: Characterize the effects addictive drugs have on adolescents.

111. The leading cause of death in adolescence is from firearms. FALSE refer to page 443

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Chapter 16 Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Bethany solves a physics problem by developing and testing several hypotheses. According to Piaget, this is an example of the _____ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. formal operational D. concrete operational refer to page 448

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Summarize formal operational thought.

2. Morgan is reading Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken for the fourth time since elementary school, but she only now understands what the poem means in terms of her life and the decisions she will make. Morgan is showing signs of _____. A. centration B. formal operations C. egocentrism D. apparent hypocrisy refer to page 448

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Summarize formal operational thought.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

3. What distinguishes Piaget's stage of formal operations from his earlier stages? A. Ability to decenter B. Conservation abilities C. Ability to think abstractly D. All of these refer to page 448

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Summarize formal operational thought.

4. Individuals in the _____ stage of cognitive development are able to deal effectively with hypothetical situations. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational refer to page 448

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Summarize formal operational thought.

5. A classic Piagetian test of formal reasoning is the _____. A. pendulum problem B. mountain task C. conservation task D. moral dilemma refer to page 449

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Summarize formal operational thought.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

6. Stuart is 15 and likes "brain teaser" puzzles and word problems. He thinks about all possible alternatives and tries to eliminate them logically, one by one. This is an example of _____ reasoning. A. transductive-inductive B. hypothetical-deductive C. preconventional-deductive D. postconventional-inductive refer to page 448

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define hypothetical deductive reasoning.

7. David's automotive teacher enters him in a troubleshooting competition. He will be given a car that will not start and then has to find the problem and repair the car as quickly as possible. The day of the competition, David goes right to the car and tries to start it. When the engine turns over, but does not start up, his mind lights up with a list of potential problems and the diagnostic procedures to verify them. David is demonstrating _____. A. transductive interference B. hypothetical-deductive reasoning C. centration D. situational fixation refer to page 448

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define hypothetical deductive reasoning.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

8. Mary Jane's question "What if . . . ?" when she approaches a task or a puzzle is a sign of _____. A. egocentrism B. the personal fable C. imaginary audience D. hypothetical-deductive reasoning refer to page 448

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define hypothetical deductive reasoning.

9. Piaget's formal reasoning tasks are significant in assessing cognitive development because finding a solution requires _____. A. varying one factor at a time while holding the rest constant B. seeing the situation from someone else's point of view C. internalizing standards established by others D. choosing from conflicting standards by exercising one's own judgment refer to page 450

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define hypothetical deductive reasoning.

10. Which of the following is NOT a problem with Piaget's conception of formal operations? A. It fails to consider growth in metacognition. B. It overestimates older children's abilities. C. It overemphasizes writing and language abilities. D. It deemphasizes the influence of the situation and culture. refer to pages 450-451

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall criticisms of Piaget's theory as it relates to formal operational thought.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

11. Regarding Piaget's conception of cognitive development, many critics maintain that Piaget _____ the abilities of younger children and _____ the abilities of older children. A. underestimated; overestimated B. overestimated; underestimated C. emphasized; ignored D. ignored; emphasized refer to pages 450-451

12. Which of the following is considered a drawback of Piaget's theory? A. Piaget overestimated some older children's abilities. B. Piaget focused too heavily on individual differences. C. Piaget focused too heavily on cultural and social influences. D. Piaget focused too heavily on metacognition. refer to pages 450-451

13. According to Elkind, adolescents find fault with their parents because _____. A. their cognitive development allows them to think about ideals, and they see how their parents fall short B. they need to separate emotionally from their parents in order to leave home C. they are too self-centered to recognize their parents' good qualities D. they feel the need to rebel against parental authority refer to page 451

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall Elkind's immature characteristics of adolescent thinking.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

14. Dinnertime conversations at the Watts' house have not been peaceful since Bryden turned 15. Which of the following reflects Bryden's desire to try out, and show off, his newfound formal reasoning abilities? A. Argumentativeness B. Personal fable C. Apparent hypocrisy D. Conventional moral reasoning refer to page 451

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall Elkind's immature characteristics of adolescent thinking.

15. With regard to adolescents' thinking, indecisiveness refers to the _____. A. inability to make up one's mind even about simple matters B. failure to decide what is interesting to oneself as opposed to what is interesting to others C. inability to solve the pendulum problem, as a result of delayed attainment of formal operations D. inability to decide on a solution to a moral dilemma problem, as a result of being at the preconventional level of moral reasoning refer to page 451

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

16. Doug recently took part in a demonstration for homeless people. When his mother asked him to let her take some of his older clothing to the Salvation Army, Doug said "I haven't outgrown them! You're always picking on me anyway, and now you want to take the clothes off my back!" This is a clear reflection of A. idealism and criticalness. B. argumentativeness. C. indecisiveness. D. apparent hypocrisy. refer to page 451

17. Delia, 14, often becomes self-conscious because she believes other people are watching and talking about her. This happens at church, school, and family gatherings. Delia is experiencing _____. A. shyness B. paranoia C. an imaginary audience D. a personal fable refer to page 452

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall the imaginary audience.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

18. When 13-year-old Andre comes out of the locker room in his gym shorts, he hears some girls laughing nearby and assumes they are laughing at the way his legs look. According to Elkind, Andre's thinking reflects the operation of _____. A. an imaginary audience B. the personal fable C. paranoia D. argumentativeness refer to page 452

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall the imaginary audience.

19. Lana spends hours rewriting and perfecting English papers in case they are selected to be read in front of the class. Which of the following is the best explanation for the imaginary audience in adolescents' thought? A. Delayed attainment of formal operations B. Delayed attainment of postconventional moral reasoning C. Failure to realize that everyone is subject to the consequences of his or her actions D. Inability to distinguish what interests oneself from what interests others refer to page 452

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall the imaginary audience.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

20. When getting ready for school in the morning, Roberto spends a great deal of time choosing his clothes and fixing his hair. He is very concerned about fitting in with the other kids at school. His great concern with his appearance suggests that Roberto is dealing with _____. A. a personal fable B. an imaginary audience C. apparent hypocrisy D. concrete-operations refer to page 452

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall the imaginary audience.

21. Jennifer recognizes that AIDS is a serious health risk, yet she sometimes engages in unprotected sex. She believes that bad things can happen to others but will never happen to her. Jennifer is exhibiting which of the following phenomena? A. Imaginary audience B. Egocentric thought C. Personal fable D. Preoperational thought refer to page 452

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall the personal fable.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

22. Roland's belief that harm might come to others but not to himself is called _____. A. the personal fable B. apparent hypocrisy C. conventional thinking D. the imaginary audience refer to page 452

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall the personal fable.

23. Eduardo is 17 and loves mountain biking. He pays no attention to warnings about closed trails and often comments "Nothing will happen to me." Eduardo exemplifies which aspect of adolescent thinking? A. Argumentativeness B. Postconventional reasoning C. Personal fable D. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning refer to page 452

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall the personal fable.

24. Elkind's notions of the imaginary audience and the personal fable _____. A. are linked with the emergence of the ability to take an outsider's perspective B. are universal features of cognitive development in adolescence C. are unrelated to specific social experiences D. can be characteristic of youngsters who are experiencing difficulties in adjustment refer to page 452

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

25. Jacob has begun to understand that the language he uses when he hangs out with his friends and the language he uses when he is at work has to be different. Jacob is gaining an understanding of _____. A. formal operations B. syntax C. social perspective taking D. symbols refer to page 452

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define social perspective taking.

26. Thomas works part-time at a department store. His managers often express how pleased they are that he is able to understand the customer's point of view. This is a result of Thomas' _____. A. understanding of abstract vocabulary B. social perspective taking C. pubilect D. use of puns, irony, and metaphors refer to page 452

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define social perspective taking.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

27. Henri is asked which twentieth-century artist became famous for painting pictures of soup cans and celebrities. He correctly answers "Andy Warhol." This recall of information can best be described as __________ knowledge. A. conceptual B. declarative C. procedural D. structural refer to page 453

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Discuss declarative knowledge.

28. Frieda, age 16, is a boating enthusiast who can tie 20 different kinds of knots. This type of knowledge is most aptly described as __________ knowledge. A. conceptual B. declarative C. procedural D. functional refer to page 453

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define procedural knowledge.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

29. _____ studied moral development by presenting hypothetical dilemmas to subjects to determine what they would recommend as a course of action. A. Fowler B. Erikson C. Marcia D. Kohlberg refer to page 454

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

30. Kohlberg's view of the relationship between cognitive development and moral development was that _____. A. advances in cognitive development are necessary for advances in moral development B. advanced cognitive development guarantees advanced moral development C. advanced cognitive development impedes moral development because it suppresses intuitive, emotional responses D. moral development proceeds independently of cognitive development refer to page 454

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

31. Kohlberg asked subjects to respond to moral dilemmas because he wanted to _____. A. determine the prevailing values among different age groups B. determine the shortcomings in the moral education of Americans C. understand and measure the moral reasoning behind people's solutions of moral dilemmas D. demonstrate gender differences in moral reasoning refer to page 454

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

32. The study on which Kohlberg based his theory of moral reasoning was a _____. A. cross-sectional study of American males of all ages B. longitudinal study of a group of males, beginning at ages 10 to 16 C. longitudinal cross-cultural study of males and females, beginning at ages 10 to 16 D. longitudinal cross-cultural study of males of all ages refer to page 454

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

33. Austin, age 6, is angry when his 2-year-old sister disturbs his toy trains. Asked why he should not hit her, he says, "Because Mommy will spank me." In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, Austin's response is typical of _____. A. preconventional morality B. morality of autonomous moral principles C. conventional morality D. morality of conscience refer to pages 454-455

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level I of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

34. Kristin believes that a person should always tell the truth because that is what a good girl or boy does. She seeks to please others. This type of moral reasoning is characteristic of Kohlberg's level of _____. A. instrumental purpose and exchange B. morality of conventional role conformity C. morality of universal ethical principles D. autonomous moral principles refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level II of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

35. Gene has just been paid cash for some small home repairs. Gene is displeased with the government's spending priorities and, therefore, is hesitant to report the income on his tax return. He eventually decides to report the money because he feels that obeying the law is essential to the well-being of society. This reflects which level of moral reasoning? A. Preconventional B. Conventional C. Postconventional D. Transition to level II refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level II of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

36. Diane disagrees with the government's rules on voter registration. She realizes that the law is written with good intentions, but she disagrees with it and is working to get it changed. Diane falls within Kohlberg's __________ stage of moral development. A. preconventional B. conventional C. postconventional D. transition to level II refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level III of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

37. Preconventional morality is characteristic of _____. A. young children B. some adolescents C. some adults D. all of the above refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level I of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

38. Kohlberg suggested that the majority of adolescents and adults are at which level of moral reasoning? A. Preconventional B. Conventional role conformity C. Autonomous moral principles D. None of these; adolescents and adults are fairly evenly distributed at all levels. refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level II of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

39. What is the distinguishing feature of autonomous moral principles? A. Thinking of morality in terms of pleasing others or obeying the law B. Internalizing the standards of others C. Recognizing conflicts between moral standards and making one's own judgment based on principles of fairness and justice D. Acting under external controls and influences refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level III of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

40. Three teenagers are talking about euthanasia and give the following responses. Which one demonstrates preconventional moral reasoning? A. Andrea says, "I think it's right, because nothing justifies making people suffer when there is no hope of recovery." B. Christian says, "I'd never kill anyone, not even to end dreadful pain, because I would probably be caught and sentenced to death or life imprisonment." C. Caroline says, "It's absolutely wrong, obviously, because it's against the law." D. All of the above demonstrate preconventional morality. refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level I of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

41. Ian, a high school junior, is studying day and night in the hope of being admitted to the prestigious university from which his mother graduated. When his friends ask him why he works so hard, Ian responds, "I'd just as soon go to a community college, but it will make my mother really happy if I go to her school." Ian is demonstrating _____ moral reasoning. A. preconventional B. conventional C. postconventional D. formal operational refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level II of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

42. Three teenagers are asked why they do not use drugs. Which statement demonstrates conventional moral reasoning? A. "I couldn't let my parents down by getting into trouble because of drugs." B. "I'm afraid of getting arrested or thrown out of school." C. "Actually, I think drugs should be legalized, but I don't take drugs because I think people have a responsibility to keep their minds and bodies in good shape." D. All of these demonstrate conventional moral reasoning. refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level II of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

43. Georgia works part-time in an office where nearly all of the other workers take office supplies home with them. Georgia does not because, even though she is unlikely to get in trouble and no one else seems to think it is wrong, she feels she owes it to her employer and to herself not to cheat. "I'm better than that," Georgia reasons. Which level of morality best describes Georgia? A. Postconventional B. Conventional C. Preconventional D. None of these; Georgia's thinking does not fit into any of Kohlberg's categories. refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level III of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

44. Chandra is asked whether or not it is okay for a police officer to take the life of a man who is threatening the lives of many others. She responds by saying that it is the officer's duty to take the man's life because he was hired for the purpose of protecting innocent people. Chandra is most likely at which stage of Kohlberg's moral reasoning? A. Stage 2 B. Stage 3 C. Stage 4 D. Stage 5 refer to pages 455-456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level II of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

45. Research on Kohlberg's theory indicates that a person's stage of moral development _____. A. correlates positively with socioeconomic status B. does not correlate with age C. is inversely related to IQ D. is unrelated to education refer to page 457

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

46. Which of the following is a motivator of moral activity? A. Empathy B. Guilt C. Internalization of prosocial norms D. All of these refer to page 457

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

47. Carol Gilligan has criticized Kohlberg's description of moral development because his theory _____. A. focuses on Western European moral values B. proposes too many stages of development C. emphasizes cognitive development rather than emotional development D. emphasizes values more important to males rather than to females refer to page 459

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall Gilligan's views on Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

48. According to Carol Gilligan, males emphasize _____ in moral judgments, whereas females focus on _____. A. justice; responsibility to others B. responsibility to others; justice C. maintaining friendships; not getting into trouble D. the good of the few; the good of the many refer to page 459

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall Gilligan's views on Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

49. Regarding Kohlberg's and Gilligan's perspectives on moral development, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Kohlberg emphasized a justice perspective and Gilligan emphasized a care perspective. B. Kohlberg's theory is regarded as more accurate than Gilligan's. C. Gilligan's theory was based more on female responses than on male responses. D. Research reveals no gender differences in moral reasoning. refer to page 459

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall Gilligan's views on Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

50. Which of the following statements regarding cross-cultural studies of Kohlberg's theories is correct? A. Cross-cultural studies fully support Kohlberg's theory. B. Cross-cultural studies have failed to support the beginning stages of Kohlberg's theory. C. Cross-cultural studies support Kohlberg's sequence of stages, up to a point. D. Cross-cultural studies have failed to support any aspect of Kohlberg's theory. refer to page 459

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall Gilligan's views on Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

51. About _____ percent of adolescents engage in some sort of community service or volunteering activity. A. 25 B. 33 C. 50 D. 66 refer to page 460

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Understand the gender differences in prosocial behavior.

52. Which of the following factors influences school achievement? A. Socioeconomic status B. Students' beliefs in their ability to succeed C. Peer influence D. All of the above refer to page 461

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Generalize the importance of SES and family characteristics on academic success.

53. A student with high self-efficacy would be expected to do all of the following EXCEPT _____. A. set challenging academic goals B. persist in the face of difficulties C. become easily frustrated D. seek help when necessary refer to page 461

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Define self-efficacy.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

54. In a study examining students' perceived self-efficacy and their social studies grades, high self-efficacy was related to the grade _____. A. the student hoped for B. expected C. actually achieved D. all of these refer to page 461

55. The Paulings want their children to grow up with a strong sense of self-efficacy. Which of the following would you recommend? A. Parents should reward their children when they get good grades. B. Parents should set high expectations for their children's level of accomplishment. C. Parents should help children have learning experiences that build a belief in their ability to succeed. D. All of these above are recommended. refer to page 461

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Define self-efficacy.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

56. Joy's parents allow her to participate in family discussions, they listen to her viewpoints on issues, and encourage her to achieve. When Joy's grades are poor, they encourage her to try harder and make suggestions about how she can better manage her homework time. In Baumrind's terminology, Joy's parents use a(n) _____ parenting style. A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. inconsistent refer to page 462

57. Nadine's parents tell her what is right and wrong and expect her to conform to their wishes. They encourage Nadine to do well in school and to obey all the rules. If she does not, she is grounded. Nadine's parents use a(n) _____ parenting style. A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. inconsistent refer to pages 462-463

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

58. Ron's parents feel that he should be responsible for his own behavior and his grades. They make few rules and allow Ron to solve his own problems. They care about their son but choose not to get involved in his school activities. Baumrind would describe this parenting style as _____. A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. inconsistent refer to page 463

59. _____ parenting is positively associated with academic achievement. A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Permissive D. Inconsistent refer to page 462

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

60. Research suggests that, in the majority culture, children of authoritative parents _____ than children raised by authoritarian or permissive parents. A. maintain better academic achievement B. demonstrate fewer behavioral problems C. are more socially competent D. All of the above are correct. refer to page 463

61. Asian American students tend to do well in school and tend to have parents who employ a(n) _____ parenting style. A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. neglectful D. permissive refer to page 464

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Define authoritarian parenting in relation to academics.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

62. The Archers are looking at different high schools for their daughter Kendra. Good high schools have all but which of the following characteristics? A. Orderly atmosphere B. High expectations for achievement C. Mandatory extracurricular involvement D. Teacher involvement in decision making refer to page 464

63. Which of the following family characteristics increases the probability of becoming a school dropout? A. Low income B. Single-parent or remarried household C. Member of a minority group D. All of these refer to pages 465-466

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

64. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why students drop out of high school? A. Overly involved parents who put too much pressure on the student B. Overly high teacher expectations C. Students' overconfidence, which causes them to study insufficiently D. Students' lack of active engagement in schooling refer to page 466

65. The most important factor in whether or not a student finishes school is the student's _____. A. familial socioeconomic status B. level of active engagement C. number of friends D. gender refer to page 466

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

66. The factors that promote active engagement in school include all the following EXCEPT _____. A. family encouragement B. small class sizes C. a warm, supportive school environment D. working part-time refer to page 466

67. Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in the sciences is FALSE? A. More boys than girls plan careers in math and the sciences. B. More boys than girls take engineering courses. C. More girls than boys take teaching courses. D. More boys than girls take computer science. refer to page 466

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Describe gender differences in academic achievement.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

68. Some students' vocational aspirations may be hindered by the educational system itself because _____. A. many schools value and cultivate only a narrow range of abilities B. students who are able to memorize and analyze tend to do best on intelligence and achievement tests, and high scores on these tests give access to particular vocations C. students who perform well on tests tend to become high achievers D. all of the above. refer to page 466

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Understand factors related to high occupational goals in adolescence.

69. The most successful school-to-work programs offer instruction in all of the following EXCEPT ______. A. peer support and counseling B. basic skills and apprenticeship C. first aid and first response D. job placement and mentoring refer to page 467

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

70. According to your textbook, what is the major shortcoming of vocational counseling in high school? A. Counselors are trained to help students primarily in male-dominated vocations. B. Vocational counseling helps only those students who seek low-level, entry positions. C. Most counseling is aimed at college-bound students. D. Parents are not encouraged to take part in the vocational planning process. refer to page 467

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Understand factors related to high occupational goals in adolescence.

71. Which of the following statements is a criticism of vocational training programs in the United States? A. The programs are not comprehensive. B. Few programs exist to teach students about the job market. C. The programs are not tied to the needs of business and industry. D. All of the above are correct. refer to page 467

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Understand factors related to high occupational goals in adolescence.

73. Which statement is true of adolescents in the workplace? A. An estimated 80 to 90 percent of adolescents are employed at some time during high school. B. Students referred to as "accelerators" work over 20 hours and may use drugs or alcohol earlier as a result of their exposure to adult life. C. Research suggesting that taking a paid job during high school is detrimental is inconclusive. D. All of the above are true.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

refer to page 468

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Understand factors related to high occupational goals in adolescence.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Essay Questions 74. High school English teachers know that assignments can be relatively complex because of the level of thinking that students develop during this time. Explain the relationship between formal operations, abstract thinking, and hypothetical-deductive reasoning. How might students' cognitive development affect their performance on writing assignments? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define hypothetical deductive reasoning.

75. Create an example that demonstrates understanding of each of the following thought patterns from Elkind's work on adolescence: idealism and criticalness, apparent hypocrisy, self-consciousness, and an assumption of specialness and invulnerability. Do NOT use an example that was given in class or in the text. Answers will vary

76. Describe imaginary audiences and personal fables in the context of Elkind's work, and explain their connection to adolescent egocentrism. Answers will vary

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

77. Describe Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning, and explain how they are linked to intellectual development. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

78. Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development that was followed by Gilligan's work in the same area of study. Explain the differences between the work of Kohlberg and Gilligan. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall Gilligan's views on Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

79. Discuss individual differences in prosocial behaviors such as volunteering. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe prosocial moral reasoning.

80. What factors can affect the level of success achieved in secondary school, and what are some of the factors associated with student dropouts? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Generalize the importance of SES and family characteristics on academic success.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

81. List some of the gender stereotypes that exist in educational and vocational planning. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Describe gender differences in school performance.

82. The community plays an important role in the education of its children. Explain how neighborhood influences contribute to school success. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Generalize the importance of SES and family characteristics on academic success.

83. Some students have to work both to help support their families and to provide themselves with needed materials and clothes. Others work so that they can have a better lifestyle that includes recreation opportunities, cars, and stereo and computer equipment. What effect does part-time work have on education? Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Understand factors related to high occupational goals in adolescence.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

True / False Questions 84. Piaget's final stage is the preoperational stage of cognitive development. TRUE refer to page 448

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Summarize formal operational thought.

85. Hypothetical deductive reasoning is the ability to think about what could be as well as what is. TRUE refer to page 448

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define hypothetical deductive reasoning.

86. Piaget focused on individual differences in the formal operational stage. FALSE refer to page 450

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Summarize formal operational thought.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

87. According to Elkind, in formal operations, adolescents gain new cognitive abilities but they are unsure how to use them. TRUE refer to page 451

88. Elkind's personal fable is the idea that everyone is looking at you. FALSE refer to page 452

89. Research has shown that liberals are more creative than conservatives. TRUE refer to page 453

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

90. Functional changes in the brains of adolescents lead to gains in information-processing capacity and amount of knowledge in long-term memory. FALSE refer to pages 453-454

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.1: Explain how adolescents' thinking and use of language differ from younger children's. Learn Smart LO: Define structural change in adolescent thought.

91. The order of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in order from lowest to highest is: preconventional, conventional, and autonomous. TRUE refer to page 455

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

92. According to research, many adults and teens are at level 3 of Kohlberg's moral development. FALSE refer to page 456

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Describe level III of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

93. Moral reasoning is positively correlated with IQ. TRUE refer to page 457

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

94. According to Fowlers theory of faith development, most adolescents are in the stage of conventional faith. TRUE refer to page 458

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall theorists important to the discussion of moral development.

95. One criticism of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is that some of the cross-cultural research fails to support. TRUE refer to page 459

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall Gilligan's views on Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

96. Gilligan argues that Kohlberg underestimates caring by focusing on justice. TRUE refer to page 459

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall Gilligan's views on Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

97. Prosocial behavior starts to increase in adolescence, particularly among boys. FALSE refer to page 459

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 16.2: Describe moral development and prosocial behavior. Learn Smart LO: Understand gender differences in prosocial behavior.

98. Internationally, data shows that girls are better readers than boys. TRUE refer to page 461

99. Authoritarian parents seem to raise teens for greater academic success. FALSE refer to page 463

Chapter 16 - Cognitive Development in Adolescence

100. Dropout rates are highest among teens from low-SES families. TRUE refer to page 464

101. Students learn more when asked to read materials in a hard-to-read font. TRUE refer to page 466

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Generalize the importance of SES and family characteristics on academic success.

102. Vocational programs for non-college-bound students are strong in the United States. FALSE refer to page 467

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Understand factors related to high occupational goals in adolescence.

103. Long-term effects of teens working suggests that they should not work long hours. TRUE refer to page 468

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 16.3: Identify influences affecting adolescents' school success and educational and vocational planning and preparation. Learn Smart LO: Understand factors related to high occupational goals in adolescence.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

Chapter 17 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The search for identity begins in adolescence and ends when A. a theory of self has been achieved. B. intimacy is achieved. C. a person reaches adulthood. D. none of these; the search for identity is lifelong. refer to page 472

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Know the key components of the fifth stage of Erikson's theory as they relate to adolescents' search for identity.

2. According to Erik Erikson, the primary risk of adolescence is A. illness. B. identity confusion. C. cliquish behavior. D. premature sexual activity. refer to page 473

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

3. According to Erikson, the conflict of adolescence is A. industry versus inferiority. B. identity versus identity confusion. C. identity versus inferiority. D. industry versus identity confusion. refer to page 472

4. Thirteen-year-old Latrell is pondering his own talents, interests, and needs, as well as his place in society. According to Erikson, this struggle represents the psychosocial crisis of A. autonomy versus shame and doubt. B. industry versus inferiority. C. identity versus identity confusion. D. intimacy versus isolation. refer to page 472

APA LO: 5.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Know the key components of the fifth stage of Erikson's theory as they relate to adolescents' search for identity.

5. Teenagers' cliquish behavior and intolerance of differences represents what Erikson refers to as A. defenses against identity confusion. B. forms of regression. C. defensive behavior. D. signs of the "virtue of fidelity." refer to page 473

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Know the key components of the fifth stage of Erikson's theory as they relate to adolescents' search for identity.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

6. Twenty-eight-year-old Mary has worked at the same bookstore since she was 19 and has now begun to question both her choice of occupation and the direction of her life. According to Erikson, this appears to be a manifestation of A. retrenchment. B. identity confusion. C. regression. D. ego inferiority. refer to page 473

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Know the key components of the fifth stage of Erikson's theory as they relate to adolescents' search for identity.

7. The theoretical concept of the search for identity as a healthy part of normal human development can be attributed to A. Sigmund Freud. B. Erik Erikson. C. James Marcia. D. David Elkind. refer to page 472

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Know the key components of the fifth stage of Erikson's theory as they relate to adolescents' search for identity.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

8. Which of the following items is NOT one of the major issues to be resolved in forming an identity? A. Occupation B. Values C. Sexual identity D. Physical health refer to pages 472-473

9. The psychological moratorium is what Erikson referred to as a A. time-out period during which adolescents search for commitments. B. period comparable to Freud's latency period. C. cooling-off period in the generational conflict between adolescents and their parents. D. period during which adolescents develop mature intimacy. refer to page 473

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Describe the features of psychological moratorium.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

10. Which of the following statements about adolescent males' development of identity and intimacy most closely reflects Erikson's theory? A. Mature intimacy cannot occur until after the development of a stable identity. B. Typically, identity development precedes mature intimacy, but the reverse also occurs fairly frequently. C. Mature intimacy and identity development occur at the same time for males. D. The development of identity and mature intimacy are separate processes; the timing of one has no relationship to the timing of the other. refer to page 473

11. Which of the following most closely matches Erikson's concept of fidelity? A. Loyalty B. Acceptance of parental values C. Mature intimacy D. Courage and strength refer to page 473

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Define fidelity.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

12. In Erikson's theory, which virtue arises from the crisis of identity versus identity confusion? A. Purpose B. Hope C. Fidelity D. Competence refer to page 473

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Define fidelity.

13. The concept of "identity statuses" is associated with A. Sigmund Freud. B. Carol Gilligan. C. Erik Erikson. D. James Marcia. refer to page 473

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Name the psychologist who identified the four identity statuses in adolescence.

14. James Marcia's research on identity in adolescence is based on the theory of A. Sigmund Freud. B. Carol Gilligan. C. Lawrence Kohlberg. D. Erik Erikson. refer to page 475

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

15. Which of the following is NOT one of Marcia's four identity statuses? A. Achievement B. Foreclosure C. Moratorium D. Fidelity refer to pages 474-475

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate the four identity statuses.

16. According to Marcia, adolescents who make commitments for their future based on plans that were made by others are in a state of A. moratorium. B. foreclosure. C. achievement. D. commitment. refer to page 475

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Describe identity foreclosure.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

17. Shelly has always been told that she is good with children. Both of her parents are teachers, and Shelly has never questioned their expectation that she will also become a teacher. What is Shelly's identity status? A. Achievement B. Diffusion C. Moratorium D. Foreclosure refer to page 475

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Describe identity foreclosure.

18. Strong commitment after an active search of choices is known as A. individuation. B. identity achievement. C. autonomy. D. moratorium resolution. refer to pages 474-475

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Describe identity achievement.

19. About half of all late adolescents are in which of Marcia's identity statuses? A. Moratorium or achievement B. Diffusion or Moratorium C. Achievement or foreclosure D. Foreclosure or diffusion refer to page 475

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate the four identity statuses.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

20. Marcia defines _____ as a period of conscious decision-making during adolescence. A. identity status B. crisis C. commitment D. identity confusion refer to page 474

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Recall Marcia's definition of crisis.

21. Renaldo is a high school student trying to decide which college to attend. If he goes to Alfred University, he will major in music and become a teacher. If he goes to Kent State, he will study architecture and become an urban planner. According to James Marcia, Renaldo is in a period of A. commitment. B. diffusion. C. fidelity. D. crisis. refer to page 474

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Recall Marcia's definition of crisis.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

22. Which of the following terms does Marcia use to describe a personal investment in an occupation or a system of beliefs? A. fidelity B. crisis C. commitment D. identity refer to page 474

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Recall Marcia's definition of commitment.

23. Russell, age 17, seems to have no real concern for his future. He knows that soon he must decide on college, but he is rather passive and vague about his goals for the future. Which of the following is Russell's identity status? A. Achievement B. Foreclosure C. Diffusion D. Moratorium refer to page 475

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Describe identity diffusion.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

24. Amanda's mother and grandfather are doctors who attended Yale University. It is expected that Amanda will follow in their footsteps, but she is struggling with making her decision. She is no longer certain of what she wants to do and is progressively more troubled with the pressure that her family is exerting on her. According to James Marcia, which of the following terms best describes Amanda's identity status? A. Foreclosure B. Achievement C. Moratorium D. Diffusion refer to page 475

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Describe identity moratorium.

25. An adolescent who is in crisis and is actively searching and considering alternatives is in which of Marcia's identity statuses? A. Moratorium B. Foreclosure C. Commitment D. Diffusion refer to page 475

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Describe identity moratorium.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

26. Michael, a high school senior, is going to college but he cannot decide on a major and a career. He has considered political science, education, and criminal justice but thinks there may be other possibilities he will discover once he is in college. Michael plans to keep his options open for a year or two before he makes a decision. According to Marcia, Michael's identity status is A. achievement. B. diffusion. C. foreclosure. D. moratorium. refer to page 475

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Describe identity moratorium.

27. Carol Gilligan found that females define their identity in terms of A. imagination. B. personal relationships. C. competition. D. independence from parents. refer to page 476

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Recall the views on gender proposed by Marcia.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

28. Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in identity formation is correct? A. Individual differences may be more important than gender differences. B. Gilligan proposes that a large part of female identity achievement is based on the ability to achieve a separate identity. C. Erikson states that women must achieve identity before they achieve intimacy. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 476

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Recall the views on gender proposed by Marcia.

29. Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in self-esteem is FALSE? A. Overall, men and boys have higher self-esteem than women and girls. B. Female self-esteem seems to be linked to striving for individual achievement. C. Gender differences in self-esteem are small. D. Both females and males tend to gain self-esteem as they age. refer to page 476

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Identify the gender differences in self-esteem in adolescence.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

30. Elaine has begun to explore her ethnicity but is confused about what it means to her. According to research, Elaine is in which stage of ethnic identity? A. Diffused B. Foreclosed C. Moratorium D. Achieved refer to page 476

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify ethnic identity formation with respect to Marcia's four identity statuses.

31. Diego has explored his identity and understands and accepts his ethnicity. Which ethnic identity status characterizes Diego? A. Diffuse B. Foreclosed C. Moratorium D. Achieved refer to page 476

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

32. Juanita has done little to explore her ethnicity and does not clearly understand the issues involved. Her ethnic identity status is A. diffused. B. foreclosed. C. moratorium. D. achieved. refer to page 476

33. Sexual orientation becomes a pressing issue during A. middle childhood. B. the phallic stage. C. adolescence. D. young adulthood. refer to page 478

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.2: Understand what determines sexual orientation, what sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior. Learn Smart LO: Define sexual orientation.

34. Physical attraction toward others of the same sex is referred to as A. heterosexual. B. homosexual. C. bisexual. D. transsexual. refer to page 478

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

35. Recent research suggests that a homosexual orientation may be the result of which of the following? A. Disturbed family relationships B. Environmental influences C. Anatomical differences in the brain D. Teratogens refer to page 479

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 17.2: Understand what determines sexual orientation, what sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior. Learn Smart LO: Understand genetic and environmental factors associated with homosexual orientation.

36. Teenagers who are gay or lesbian A. fear strong disapproval or disruption in the family. B. often feel isolated in a hostile environment. C. may be subject to prejudice and violence. D. experience all of the above. refer to page 480

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

37. The faculty at a large urban high school are developing a program that will help students avoid "risky" sexual behavior. They have learned from research that adolescents who _____ are most at risk for pregnancy and STIs. A. do not use contraceptives B. have multiple partners C. begin sexual activity early D. engage in all of the above refer to page 480

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 17.2: Understand what determines sexual orientation, what sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify the reasons for the high prevalence of STI's among teenagers.

38. According to one study, sexual risk-taking can best be reduced by A. economic status. B. parental relationships. C. self-regulation. D. age of first sexual activity. refer to page 480

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

39. Counselors who work with students at high schools know that the most important predictor for early sexual activity is A. intense sexual desire. B. love. C. curiosity. D. peer group norms supporting sexual activity. refer to page 481

40. Approximately ___ percent of sexually active teenagers use some type of contraception most of the time. A. 30 B. 50 C. 70 D. 90 refer to page 481

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

41. The most common STI in adolescents is A. HPV. B. AIDS. C. chlamydia. D. herpes. refer to page 484

42. The STI with the most direct link to cancer is A. HPV. B. AIDS. C. chlamydia. D. herpes. refer to page 484

43. The most common curable STI is A. HPV. B. AIDS. C. chlamydia. D. herpes. refer to page 484

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

44. More than _____ percent of teenage girls have been pregnant at least once before the age of 20. A. 20 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50 refer to page 485

45. The decline in teenage pregnancy and birth rates during the 1990s is most likely due to A. the increased use of contraceptives. B. an increase in the number of gay and lesbian teenagers. C. a growing problem with infertility. D. none of these; the rates have not declined. refer to page 485

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 17.2: Understand what determines sexual orientation, what sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall rates of teenage pregnancy in the United States.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

46. Which of the following statements regarding teenage pregnancies is FALSE? A. About two-thirds of the pregnancies end in abortions. B. More than half of pregnant teens have their babies and plan to raise them independently. C. Teenage birthrates are the lowest in decades. D. Most teenage pregnancies are unintended. refer to page 485

47. The pregnancy rate for girls ages 15 to 19 has fallen most sharply among A. Whites. B. African Americans. C. Hispanics. D. Asians. refer to page 485

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.2: Understand what determines sexual orientation, what sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior. Learn Smart LO: Recall rates of teenage pregnancy in the United States.

48. Approximately what percentage of teenage pregnancies is unintended? A. 90 percent B. 80 percent C. 70 percent D. 60 percent refer to page 485

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

49. A California study found that teenage mothers are likely to have been exposed to A. emotional abuse. B. sexual abuse. C. parental divorce. D. all of the above. refer to page 486

50. Unwed teenage mothers and their children are likely to suffer financial hardship because A. child support laws are spottily enforced. B. adolescent fathers often have poor school performance and limited financial resources. C. court-ordered payments are inadequate. D. of all of the above. refer to page 486

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 17.2: Understand what determines sexual orientation, what sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior. Learn Smart LO: List outcomes of teenage pregnancy.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

51. Which of the following statements regarding teenage mothers and their children is FALSE? A. Teenage mothers are likely to drop out of school and have repeated pregnancies. B. Teenage unwed mothers and their families are likely to suffer financial hardship. C. Teenage mothers are likely to give birth to low-birth-weight babies regardless of socioeconomic status. D. Teenage mothers with proper prenatal care are not likely to give birth to low-birth-weight babies. refer to page 486

52. A pattern of emotional turmoil that can involve conflict with family, alienation from adult society, reckless behavior, and rejection of adult values is called A. puberty. B. adolescent egocentrism. C. adolescent rebellion. D. identity formation. refer to page 488

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Describe adolescent rebellion.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

53. Research suggests that _____ adolescents display classic adolescent rebellion. A. virtually all B. approximately 75 percent of C. approximately 20 percent of D. approximately 5 percent of refer to page 488

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Describe adolescent rebellion.

54. Larson's research on how adolescents spend their time indicates the increasing importance of A. parents. B. teachers. C. siblings. D. peers. refer to page 489

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Explain the role of peers in adolescent development.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

55. Which of the following statements regarding adolescents and family relationships is FALSE? A. As adolescents age, their feelings about contact with parents becomes more positive. B. Mexican American girls tend to become closer to their parents during puberty. C. African American teenagers maintain more intimate family relationships than white teenagers do. D. High school students spend more of their free time with friends than with family. refer to page 489

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Recall the foundation for parent-children relationships in adolescence.

56. _____ Americans tend to maintain more intimate family relationships and less intense peer relations than do white teenagers. A. Chinese B. African C. Mexican D. Arab refer to page 489

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Recall the foundation for parent-children relationships in adolescence.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

57. "Parents and teenagers do not like each other and do not get along well with each other." This statement expresses A. a prevalent but mistaken myth about personal relationships in adolescence. B. a notion that is well supported by research. C. the opinions of most U.S. teenagers. D. James Marcia's concept of identity foreclosure. refer to page 489

58. Everyday living seems like a battle at the Davidson house. With three teenagers at home, what is likely to be at the root of the conflict between the Davidson adolescents and their parents? A. Contradictory values on major issues B. Tension between dependency on parents and the need to be independent C. Wide mood swings D. Drug use refer to page 490

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Define individuation.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

59. According to research cited in your textbook, which of the following is 16-year-old Kevin and his father most likely to argue about? A. Religion B. Chores C. Politics D. Values refer to page 490

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Understand the content of arguments between adolescents and their parents.

60. Most arguments between young teenagers and their parents are about A. drugs. B. sexual activity. C. career choices. D. chores and school work. refer to page 490

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Understand the content of arguments between adolescents and their parents.

61. Family conflict is most frequent during _____ adolescence and most intense in _____ adolescence. A. early; late B. early; mid C. mid; late D. late; early refer to page 490

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

62. An adolescent struggle for personal identity is called A. independence. B. dependence. C. rebellion. D. individuation. refer to page 490

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Define individuation.

63. When parents demonstrate an authoritative parenting style, teenagers A. have lower self-esteem. B. suffer declines in emotional health. C. tend to become more self-confident and competent. D. evaluate their own conduct negatively. refer to page 491

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Describe authoritative parenting.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

64. Which of the following statements about the effect of economic stress on families is correct? A. Economic stress negatively affects children in single-parent families, but children in twoparent families tend to be buffered from its effects. B. Children of unemployed single mothers usually excel in school as a way of forgetting about their mother's problems. C. Children of unemployed single parents are less negatively affected if their mothers have strong, supportive kinship networks. D. All of the above are true. refer to page 493

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Summarize the negative outcomes of financial hardship for adolescents.

65. When children enter adolescence, their relationships with their siblings typically change in which of the following ways? A. They spend more time together than before. B. They become more distant. C. They have more need for emotional gratification from the sibling bond. D. They fight more. refer to page 494

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Recall trends in sibling relationships in adolescent development.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

66. The influence of peers is _____ in early adolescence and _____ during middle and late adolescence. A. weakest; increases B. strongest; declines C. unimportant; essential D. strongest; increases refer to page 495

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Explain the role of peers in adolescent development.

67. A structured group of friends is called a A. group. B. clique. C. crowd. D. dyadic. refer to page 495

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Define cliques.

68. In adolescence, friendships tend to be A. intense. B. casual. C. competitive. D. conflicted. refer to page 495

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Describe the importance of friends during adolescence.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

69. Friendships in adolescence are likely to be more intimate, loyal, and supportive than those in middle childhood because teenagers A. spend so much time talking to one another on the telephone. B. find in their friends the intimacy they lack at home. C. are more egocentric and therefore better able to understand their friends' feelings and point of view. D. are better able to express and share their feelings because of advances in cognitive and emotional development. refer to page 495

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Describe the importance of friends during adolescence.

70. As young people get older and more experienced in romantic relationships, A. romantic interactions become more intense. B. fulfillment of romantic roles becomes less important. C. insecurity escalates. D. they rely on a wider social network for emotional support. refer to page 496

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Recall the developmental progression of romantic relationships in adolescence.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

71. The strongest influence on aggressive antisocial behavior, accounting for over 60 percent of the variance is A. genes. B. parenting. C. peers. D. media refer to page 499

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.4: Identify causes of antisocial behavior, and what can be done to reduce the risk of juvenile delinquency. Learn Smart LO: Understand that antisocial behavior is affected by environmental and genetic risk factors.

72. Which of the following is a potential warning sign for early-onset delinquency? A. Parent child hostility B. Peer deviance C. Lack of social support D. All of the above are true. refer to page 499

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.4: Identify causes of antisocial behavior, and what can be done to reduce the risk of juvenile delinquency. Learn Smart LO: Differentiate early-onset from late-onset antisocial behavior.

73. In terms of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, effective early interventions and delinquency-prevention programs operate on the _____ level and the _____ level. A. microsystem; macrosystem B. mesosystem; exosystem C. microsystem; exosystem D. mesosystem; macrosystem refer to page 501

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

74. Researchers analyzing the long-term effects of some early childhood intervention programs have found that adolescents who had taken part in these programs as children A. were just as likely to get in trouble with the law as were children who did not participate in such programs. B. were less likely to get in trouble with the law. C. had lower self-esteem. D. had few aspirations for the future. refer to page 501

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.4: Identify causes of antisocial behavior, and what can be done to reduce the risk of juvenile delinquency. Learn Smart LO: Characterize components of effective delinquency programs.

75. Which of the following criteria has NOT been repeatedly mentioned as a marker of emerging adulthood? A. Moving away from home B. Learning to involve others in decision-making C. Becoming financially self-supporting D. Having children refer to pages 501-502

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.5: Explain how various cultures define what it means to become an adult, and what markers confer adult status. Learn Smart LO: Define emerging adulthood.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

76. Since the 1990s surveys of emerging adulthood, Americans have repeatedly come up with three top criteria for adulthood. Which of the following is NOT one of those criteria? A. Accepting responsibility for oneself B. Making independent decisions C. Becoming financially independent D. Moving out of their parent's house refer to page 502

Essay Questions 77. Explain the significance of Erikson's crisis of identity versus identity confusion. Answers will vary

78. Define Marcia's terms crisis and commitment, and describe their relationship to each of the following identity statuses: identity achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity diffusion. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Illustrate the four identity statuses.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

79. Discuss how gender and ethnicity affect identity formation. Make sure to include the role cultural socialization plays in ethnic identity. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify ethnic identity formation with regard to Marcia's four identity statuses.

80. Controversy remains as to whether sexual orientation is decisively shaped before birth or at an early age. Discuss factors believed to contribute to sexual orientation. Answers will vary

81. Identify the sexual practices common among adolescents, and cite factors that lead some teens to engage in risky sexual behavior. Answers will vary

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

82. Discuss the usual outcomes of early sexual activity. Describe the issues that adolescents have to face in dealing with teenage pregnancy. Answers will vary

83. Describe adolescent rebellion. Give some examples, and discuss its frequency among today's teens. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Describe adolescent rebellion.

84. During adolescence, change occurs in the relationships among adolescents, peers, and parents. Describe how these relationships change, and mention both the positive and negative effects of these changes. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Recall the components of the foundation for parent-children relationships in adolescents.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

85. Adolescents' families, schools, and communities are often witnesses to and victims of adolescent antisocial behavior. Describe the consequences of this behavior. Explain some of the root causes of antisocial behavior, and list what can be done to reduce these risks. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.4: Identify causes of antisocial behavior, and what can be done to reduce the risk of juvenile delinquency. Learn Smart LO: Describe causes and consequences of antisocial behavior, as well as interventions for antisocial teenagers

86. Describe the different characteristics of emerging adulthood for adolescents living in various westernized cultures. Give examples of how adolescence varies across cultures. Answers will vary

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand Connect LO: 17.5: Explain how various cultures define what it means to become an adult, and what markers confer adult status. Learn Smart LO: Define emerging adulthood.

True / False Questions 87. According to Erikson, the focus of adolescence is identity versus confusion. TRUE refer to page 472

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

88. Identity formation includes attitudes about religion. Research indicates that 84 percent of U.S. teens believe in God, and over half say religion is important to them. TRUE refer to page 473

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Define identity formation.

89. According to Marcia's theory, developing an identity requires both crisis and commitment. TRUE refer to page 474

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Recall Marcia's definition of crisis.

90. Erikson and Gilligan argue that for boys, identity and intimacy develop together. FALSE refer to page 476

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Describe Gilligan's view of the female identity search.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

91. Ethnic identity status is the same as Marcia's more global theory of identity status: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement. TRUE refer to page 476

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Exemplify ethnic identity formation with respect to Marcia's four identity statuses.

92. Celebrating Kwanzaa is an example of cultural socialization. TRUE refer to page 477

APA LO: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply Connect LO: 17.1: Explain how adolescents form an identity, and the roles gender and ethnicity play. Learn Smart LO: Define cultural socialization.

93. Sexual orientation appears to be primarily environmental. FALSE refer to page 479

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

94. Teenage sexual activity is much more prevalent than in the past. FALSE refer to page 480

95. Pledges to maintain virginity have shown little to no impact on sexual behavior other than to decrease the likelihood to take precautions during sex. TRUE refer to page 482

96. Herpes is the most common STI in adolescence. FALSE refer to page 484

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

97. STIs are more likely to be detected in boys than in girls. TRUE refer to page 484

98. Teen pregnancy and birthrates in the United States have declined in recent years. TRUE refer to page 478

99. Full-scale adolescent rebellion is the norm for most teens in the United States. FALSE refer to page 488

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Describe adolescent rebellion.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

100. Adolescents may spend an increasing amount of time with peers but parents still are close and influential. TRUE refer to page 489

101. Conflict with parents tends to increase sharply over the teenage years, peaking in late adolescence. FALSE refer to page 490

102. Authoritarian parenting styles are most closely related to positive outcomes in emerging adulthood. FALSE refer to page 490

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Describe authoritative parenting.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

103. Economic stress is primarily a factor in teen relationships with their families only in single-parent homes. FALSE refer to page 493

104. The influence of peer groups is strongest in early adolescence. TRUE refer to page 495

APA LO: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember Connect LO: 17.3: Describe how adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers. Learn Smart LO: Explain the role of peers in adolescent development.

Chapter 17 - Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

105. Programs that address environmental risk factors have had success in preventing juvenile delinquency. TRUE refer to page 501

106. The most widely held view about emerging adulthood is conformity with social norms. FALSE refer to page 502