TEST BANK for American Destiny Narrative of a Nation (Combined Volume 1 & 2) CONCISE FOURTH EDITION by StudyGuide

TEST BANK for American Destiny Narrative of a Nation (Combined Volume 1 & 2) CONCISE FOURTH EDITION

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 1 Alien Encounters: Europe in the Americas 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Columbus and other early explorers searched for a direct all-water route to Asia because they A) hoped to gain easier access to highly valued Asian goods. B) could help western Europe win the Crusades against the Muslims. C) could prove that the earth was round rather than flat. D) thought Japan and China were rich and not the poor countries Marco Polo described. Answer: A (p. 14) Topic: Columbus’s Great Triumph—and Error Skill: Conceptual 2) The map “European Voyages of Discovery,” depicts the 1497–1499 journey around Africa by which of the following? A) da Gama B) Cabot C) Cartier D) Magellan Answer: A (p. 15) Topic: Columbus’s Great Triumph—and Error Skill: Factual 3) Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal was noted for A) voyaging to the area of Brazil long before Columbus. B) sponsoring the slave trade which brought so much profit to his nation. C) discovering the southern tip of Africa. D) improving and codifying navigational knowledge in order to find a route to Asia. Answer: D (pp. 15–16) Topic: Columbus’s Great Triumph—and Error Skill: Conceptual 4) When Columbus landed in America, the chief reason that he thought he had landed in “the Indies” was A) the ease with which the natives understood his language. B) his discovery of the place of the Grand Khan. C) his firm belief that he had sailed far enough westward to reach them. D) the plants there were similar to those in Asia. Answer: C (p. 16) Topic: Columbus’s Great Triumph—and Error Skill: Conceptual

5) By the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), Spain had authority to exploit all of A) North and South America except Brazil. B) Africa and the Middle East except Egypt. C) South America except Colombia. D) North America and Central America, but not South America. Answer: A (p. 17) Topic: Spain’s American Empire Skill: Factual 6) Your textbook describes Spain’s American empire as A) treating the Indians as equals by establishing joint ventures with them. B) seeing the Americas as lands of opportunity and freedom, yet fearing other countries might introduce slavery. C) failing totally to transplant Spanish culture in the Americas. D) trying to implant Spanish civilization and introduce Christianity, but also committing unprovoked aggression. Answer: D (p. 18) Topic: Spain’s American Empire Skill: Conceptual 7) In the 1670s thousands of Pueblo rebelled to drive the A) Spanish from New Mexico. B) Portuguese out of Brazil. C) Spanish from Florida. D) French out of Texas. Answer: A (p. 20) Topic: Extending Spain’s Empire to the North Skill: Factual 8) When discussing the question of the terrible decimation of the Native American peoples after 1500, your text concludes that most deaths resulted from A) European diseases. B) intertribal warfare. C) modern weaponry. D) extermination of traditional game. Answer: A (p. 20) Topic: Disease and Population Losses Skill: Conceptual

9) The exploration and exploitation of the Americas in the sixteenth century was dominated by A) Holland. B) Spain. C) England. D) France. Answer: B (p. 24) Topic: Spain’s European Rivals Skill: Factual 10) One of the major reasons the Protestant Reformation succeeded was that A) Italian merchants realized it made fewer financial demands on them than Catholicism. B) political figures could use its challenge to Rome’s spiritual authority in order to increase their power. C) the Catholic church was beset by papal luxury and bureaucratic corruption. D) it encouraged democratic revolutions to overthrow monarchies throughout Europe. Answer: C (p. 24) Topic: The Protestant Reformation Skill: Conceptual 11) The king who brought the Protestant Reformation to England by declaring himself head of the English Church in order to divorce his first wife was A) Charles V. B) Henry VIII. C) James I. D) Richard III. Answer: B (p. 25) Topic: The Protestant Reformation Skill: Factual 12) The bold captain encouraged by Queen Elizabeth I to plunder Spanish merchant ships on the high seas was A) Martin Frobisher. B) Sir Walter Raleigh. C) Humphrey Gilbert. D) Francis Drake. Answer: D (p. 26) Topic: English Beginnings in America Skill: Factual

13) Spain could no longer block English entry into the New World because of the A) Treaty of Castile with Philip II of Spain. B) success of Walter Raleigh’s colony at Roanoke Island. C) English destruction of the invading Spanish Armada. D) collapse of Spanish settlements in what became New England. Answer: C (p. 26) Topic: English Beginnings in America Skill: Conceptual 14) In arguing for royal assistance for English colonization, Richard Hakluyt stressed the A) military advantages of building forts to threaten Spanish treasure fleets. B) likelihood of settling religious dissenters and criminals in the New World. C) possibilities of jointly exploiting the New World with Spain. D) need to prevent Dutch expansion. Answer: A (p. 26) Topic: English Beginnings in America Skill: Conceptual 15) According to your text, the organizing force in the effort to found English colonies came from A) Protestant reformers. B) Queen Elizabeth. C) political reformers. D) merchant capitalists. Answer: D (p. 27) Topic: English Beginnings in America Skill: Conceptual 16) The earliest British colonies were initially financed by A) Elizabeth I. B) joint-stock companies. C) James I. D) Protestant dissenters. Answer: B (p. 27) Topic: The Settlement of Virginia Skill: Factual

17) The most direct motive of the London Company in securing its charter was A) providing for religious freedom. B) spreading Christianity. C) relieving unemployment in England. D) making money. Answer: D (p. 27) Topic: The Settlement of Virginia Skill: Factual 18) A serious problem in the early years of Jamestown was the A) lack of pioneering skills among the settlers. B) religious strife between Protestants and Catholics. C) loss of life from constant Spanish raids. D) exclusive focus on public improvements and farming. Answer: A (p. 27) Topic: The Settlement of Virginia Skill: Conceptual 19) The eventual success of the Virginia settlement depended largely upon the A) overthrow of Captain John Smith’s dictatorial leadership. B) negotiation of peace treaties with the Native Americans. C) voluntary withdrawal of the London merchants from involvement in the colony’s affairs. D) cultivation of tobacco. Answer: D (p. 28) Topic: The Settlement of Virginia Skill: Conceptual 20) Initially, the Powhatan Native Americans reacted to the Virginia colonists by A) helping them survive. B) worshipping them as gods. C) eagerly accepting their religion. D) rapidly adopting their technology. Answer: A (p. 29) Topic: The Settlement of Virginia Skill: Conceptual

21) Between 1606 and 1622, the London Company, which established the Virginia Colony, A) was one of the most profitable trading companies ever established. B) sent out thousands of settlers, more than half of whom died. C) invested very little money in the project but guided it effectively. D) populated the colony with convicts and paupers. Answer: B (p. 29) Topic: The Settlement of Virginia Skill: Conceptual 22) In 1624, the charter of the London Company was A) renewed. B) revoked. C) initiated. D) renegotiated. Answer: B (p. 29) Topic: The Settlement of Virginia Skill: Factual 23) Puritans objected to the way Queen Elizabeth I’s bishops interpreted the Protestant doctrine of predestination because the bishops argued that A) the morality of individual behavior on earth had no effect on God’s decision about a person’s salvation. B) people who knew they were saved need not be bound by earthly laws. C) a person’s efforts to lead a good life might cause God to change His mind and save a person who was previously damned. D) the correctness of an individual’s religious beliefs had no effect on whether a person was saved or damned. Answer: C (p. 30) Topic: “Purifying” the Church of England Skill: Conceptual 24) The Pilgrims left England primarily because they A) were expelled from England by the government. B) believed the Church of England was too corrupt to save. C) wanted to form a profitable trading company. D) wanted to establish a colony where everyone could have freedom of religion. Answer: B (p. 31) Topic: Bradford and Plymouth Colony Skill: Conceptual

25) The Mayflower Compact was an early example of the idea that A) a society should be based on a set of rules chosen by its members. B) a colony should treat the Native Americans honestly and fairly. C) the colonists needed to have a financial stake in their success. D) toleration of all religions is a foundation of American society. Answer: A (p. 31) Topic: Bradford and Plymouth Colony Skill: Conceptual 26) The religious dissenters who established Plymouth colony were the A) Ranters. B) Quakers. C) Puritans. D) Pilgrims. Answer: D (p. 31) Topic: Bradford and Plymouth Colony Skill: Factual 27) Many Puritans left England around 1630 to settle in Massachusetts Bay because A) Jamestown and Plymouth were economically successful. B) Anglican cleric William Laud was removing ministers with Puritan sympathies and tightening his centralized control of the church. C) they read about the amazing fertility of the land and decided they would gain great wealth overnight. D) Anglican cleric William Laud ordered them to forfeit their property or leave. Answer: B (p. 33) Topic: Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay Colony Skill: Conceptual 28) According to the leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the inspiration for their organization stemmed from A) a proclamation by Queen Elizabeth I. B) the Mayflower Compact. C) a treaty with the natives. D) the divine. Answer: D (p. 33) Topic: Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay Colony Skill: Conceptual

29) The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was A) Edward Winslow. B) William Bradford. C) John Smith. D) John Winthrop. Answer: D (p. 33) Topic: Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay Colony Skill: Factual 30) The Puritan commonwealth of Massachusetts Bay was characterized by A) true and complete democracy. B) practical democracy. C) communal holding of land. D) toleration for all religions. Answer: B (p. 34) Topic: Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay Colony Skill: Conceptual 31) To whom was William Bradford referring to when he described someone possessed with “many precious parts, but very unsettled in judgment”? A) Ignatius Loyola B) John Winthrop C) Roger Williams D) Anne Hutchinson Answer: C (p. 34) Topic: Troublemakers: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson Skill: Conceptual 32) Rhode Island, distinguished for its religious freedom and rigid separation of church and state, was founded by A) Roger Williams. B) Thomas Hooker. C) William Bradford. D) John Winthrop. Answer: A (p. 34) Topic: Troublemakers: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson Skill: Factual

33) She was banished from Massachusetts for claiming that she regularly received divine insights. A) Betty Sewall B) Anne Bradstreet C) Eliza Pinckney D) Anne Hutchinson Answer: D (p. 35) Topic: Troublemakers: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson Skill: Factual 34) In the proprietary colony, the proprietor’s income resulted primarily from A) profits gained from trading with the Native Americans. B) annual rents from lands granted to settlers. C) import and export duties paid by the colonists. D) payments from the monarchy. Answer: B (p. 37) Topic: Maryland and the Carolinas Skill: Factual 35) The colony founded as a religious refuge for Catholics was A) Rhode Island. B) New Jersey. C) Virginia. D) Maryland. Answer: D (p. 37) Topic: Maryland and the Carolinas Skill: Factual 36) The religion of Maryland’s colonists was A) partly Protestant, but a large majority were Catholic. B) almost entirely Puritan. C) partly Catholic, but a large majority were Protestant. D) almost entirely Catholic. Answer: C (p. 37) Topic: Maryland and the Carolinas Skill: Factual

37) The colony whose charter was a grandiose plan, written with the help of political philosopher John Locke and designed to recreate a hereditary nobility and feudal society was A) New York. B) Maryland. C) New Jersey. D) Carolina. Answer: D (p. 37) Topic: Maryland and the Carolinas Skill: Factual 38) ________ traders were most likely to see Indians as essential trading partners. A) Dutch B) English C) French D) Spanish Answer: C (p. 38) Topic: French and Dutch Settlements Skill: Factual 39) New York was an English colony because the English A) planted a colony there before any other colonizing power. B) immigrants to the area gradually overwhelmed foreign interests. C) captured the area from the Dutch. D) defeated the French in the War of Spanish Succession. Answer: C (p. 39) Topic: The Middle Colonies Skill: Conceptual 40) The Quakers’ religious beliefs were based on A) submission to governmental authority. B) a hierarchical society led by a hereditary nobility. C) an educated and ordained ministry. D) direct, mystical experience of religious truth. Answer: D (p. 39) Topic: The Middle Colonies Skill: Conceptual

41) The proprietor of the colony founded as a haven for Quakers was A) Lord Baltimore. B) William Penn. C) John Oriole. D) Sir John Colleton. Answer: B (p. 40) Topic: The Middle Colonies Skill: Factual 42) Which of the following did NOT contribute to the success of the colony of Pennsylvania? A) the presence of settled colonies on all sides B) fertile soil C) William Penn’s tireless promotion D) the democratic political system put in place by William Penn Answer: D (p. 40) Topic: The Middle Colonies Skill: Conceptual 43) Except possibly for the Spanish friars, most Europeans considered the Native Americans to be A) contemptible heathens. B) their equals in every way. C) people who should be left alone and uncontaminated by European civilization. D) ideal converts to Christianity. Answer: A (p. 40) Topic: Cultural Collisions Skill: Conceptual 44) The attitude of most Native Americans toward their environment can be seen in the way they A) feared Satan’s control of nature. B) obeyed God’s command to dominate and subdue nature. C) diverted rivers, cleared fields, and built roads. D) allowed the wilderness to remain pristine. Answer: C (p. 41) Topic: Cultural Collisions Skill: Conceptual

45) One source of problems between the Europeans and the Native Americans was the common European misunderstanding of the Native Americans’ A) sharp division of labor between men’s and women’s work. B) common language and culture throughout the hemisphere. C) desire to preserve the environment in its purest state. D) idea of communal land tenure. Answer: D (p. 44) Topic: Cultural Collisions Skill: Conceptual 46) According to your text, the cultural chasm between Europeans and Indians was most evident in the area of A) religion; because the language barrier prevented the “worthy” Indians from being properly converted to Christianity. B) material property; because Europeans could not understand why Indians were so devoted to amassing vast collections of personal property. C) warfare; because Europeans fought in large groups to destroy their enemies, whereas Indians fought more often to display their courage or avenge a wrong. D) gender relations; because Europeans were angered by the fact that Indian women refused to work in the fields. Answer: C (pp. 40–44) Topic: Cultural Collisions Skill: Conceptual 47) Which of the following was domesticated by many tribes to form a staple of their diet and contributed enormously to the success of the English colonies? A) cattle B) corn C) rice D) wheat Answer: B (p. 44) Topic: Cultural Fusions Skill: Factual 48) According to your text, which of the following best describes the relative impact of Native American and European cultures on each other? A) Europeans profited extensively; Native Americans gained nothing. B) The influence of European culture was limited to those tribes in immediate contact with colonies. C) The Europeans and the Indians became interdependent. D) Native American culture had no impact on Europeans, whereas European culture totally transformed Native American societies. Answer: C (p. 45) Topic: Cultural Fusions Skill: Conceptual 12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

1.2 True/False Questions 49) Columbus was unaware of Marco Polo’s overland journey to Asia in the thirteenth century. Answer: FALSE (p. 15) Topic: Columbus’s Great Triumph—and Error Skill: Factual 50) The Requerimiento was used by Spanish explorers to justify their conquest of the Native Americans. Answer: TRUE (p. 18) Topic: Spain’s American Empire Skill: Conceptual 51) The plants and animals Europeans introduced to the Americas did not have a negative effect on the existing ecosystem. Answer: FALSE (p. 21) Topic: Ecological Imperialism Skill: Factual 52) The colony Roanoke was established by Sir Walter Raleigh. Answer: TRUE (p. 26) Topic: English Beginnings in America Skill: Factual 53) Because he was such a strong opponent of Catholicism, King James I of England authorized a new translation of the Bible. Answer: FALSE (p. 31) Topic: “Purifying” the Church of England Skill: Conceptual 54) Reverend Thomas Hooker led the group that started the colony of Connecticut. Answer: TRUE (p. 35) Topic: Other New England Colonies Skill: Factual 55) In both the Pequot War and King Philip’s War the New England colonists refused to attack Indian villages. Answer: FALSE (p. 36) Topic: Pequot War and King Philip’s War Skill: Conceptual

56) The Dutch claim to the New Netherlands was based on the explorations of Henry Hudson. Answer: TRUE (pp. 38–39) Topic: French and Dutch Settlements Skill: Factual 57) Most Native Americans eagerly adopted European technology. Answer: TRUE (p. 45) Topic: Cultural Fusions Skill: Conceptual 1.3 Essay Questions 58) What were the major characteristics of the Spanish empire in the Americas? (pp. 17–19) Topic: Spain’s American Empire 59) Describe the common characteristics of initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans. (pp. 40–44) Topic: Cultural Collisions 60) Compare and contrast the colonies of Virginia and Massachusetts Bay in the 17th century. Who were the colonists? Why did they come? How successful were they? (pp. 27–30, 32–34) Topic: The Settlement of Virginia; Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay Colony 61) Explain the major beliefs of the English Puritans. How did their ideas differ from those of the Church of England? (pp. 30–31) Topic: “Purifying” the Church of England 62) Describe the major characteristics of the “Columbian Exchange.” What were its most important results? (pp. 44–45) Topic: Cultural Fusions 1.4 Identification Questions 63) antinomianism A religious doctrine that affirmed that individuals who possessed saving grace were exempt from the rules of good behavior and from the laws of the community. In puritan New England, such beliefs were generally regarded as heresy. (p. 35) Topic: Troublemakers: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson Skill: Factual

64) Arminianism A religious doctrine that held that good works and faith could lead to salvation. In puritan New England, this was regarded as heresy akin to Catholicism because it implied that God’s will was contingent on the acts of man. (p. 30) Topic: “Purifying” the Church of England Skill: Factual 65) Columbian Exchange The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases from Europe, Africa, and Asia to and from the Americas after Columbus’s fateful voyage in 1492. (p. 23) Topic: Ecological Imperialism Skill: Factual 66) conquistadores The Spanish term for “conquerors,” specifically the explorers, adventurers, and soldiers who crushed the native peoples of the Americas. (p. 17) Topic: Spain’s American Empire Skill: Factual 67) encomienda system A feudal labor arrangement, imposed in the Spanish colonies of the Americas, by which Spanish settlers were granted a certain number of Indian subjects who were obliged to pay tribute in goods and labor. (p. 18) Topic: Spain’s American Empire Skill: Factual 68) joint-stock companies Businesses in which investors pooled capital for specific purposes, such as conducting trade and founding colonies. Examples include the English joint-stock companies that founded the Virginia, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay colonies. (p. 25) Topic: The Protestant Reformation Skill: Factual 69) Mayflower Compact An agreement, signed aboard the Mayflower among the Pilgrims en route to Plymouth Plantation (1620), to establish a body politic and to obey the rules of the governors they chose. (p. 31)

Topic: Bradford and Plymouth Colony Skill: Factual 70) predestination The Calvinist belief, accepted by New England puritans, that God had determined who would receive eternal grace at the dawn of time; nothing people did during their lifetime could alter their prospects of salvation. (p. 30) Topic: “Purifying” the Church of England Skill: Factual

71) Protestant Reformation A religious movement of the sixteenth century initially focused on eliminating corruption in the Catholic Church; but under the influence of theologians Martin Luther and John Calvin, it indicted Catholic theology and gave rise to various denominations that advanced alternative interpretations. (p. 24) Topic: The Protestant Reformation Skill: Factual 72) puritans A term, initially derisive, referring to English religious dissenters who believed that the religious practices and administration of the Church of England too closely resembled those of the Catholic Church; many migrated to Massachusetts Bay after 1630 to establish a religious commonwealth based on the principles of John Calvin and others. (p. 30) Topic: “Purifying” the Church of England Skill: Factual 73) Quakers Adherents of a religious organization founded in England in the 1640s who believed that the Holy Spirit lived in all people; they embraced pacifism and religious tolerance, and rejected formal theology. In the decades after 1670, thousands of Quakers emigrated to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. (p. 39) Topic: The Middle Colonies Skill: Factual 74) Treaty of Tordesillas Negotiated by the pope in 1494, this treaty resolved the territorial claims of Spain and Portugal; in the Western Hemisphere Portugal was granted Brazil, while Spain was granted nearly all of the remaining lands. (p. 17) Topic: Spain’s American Empire Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 2 American Society in the Making 2.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) According to your text, the answer to the question, “What is an American?” is that Americans A) were mostly Europeans whose institutions easily fit American conditions. B) have shared a common religious devotion. C) have had faith in democracy and freedom. D) have an identity deeply rooted in their history, but still incomplete and evolving. Answer: D (p. 49) Topic: Do you take risks? Skill: Conceptual 2) Spain’s northern frontier of New Mexico and Texas was characterized by A) creation of a strong Hispanic colony in California by the end of the eighteenth century. B) complete domination of Plains Indians by Spain’s military outposts. C) a total and effective enslavement of the Indians. D) powerful Comanche resistance to the Spanish aided by their use of horses and guns. Answer: D (pp. 49–50) Topic: Society in New Mexico, Texas, and California Skill: Conceptual 3) The map, “Spain’s North American Frontier, c. 1750” shows the northernmost point of Spanish settlement on the Pacific coast was at A) San Francisco. B) Tucson. C) Monterrey. D) San Diego. Answer: A (p. 51) Topic: Society in New Mexico, Texas, and California Skill: Factual 4) Until late in the eighteenth century, the Chesapeake Bay area was characterized by a A) surplus of women settlers. B) well-ordered, church-dominated society. C) remarkably high death rate. D) large number of unmarried widows. Answer: C (p. 53) Topic: The Chesapeake Colonies Skill: Conceptual

5) The map, “English Colonies on the Atlantic Seaboard,” shows that the present state of Vermont was at one time claimed by both A) New York and New Hampshire. B) Maine and Massachusetts. C) France and England. D) England and the Netherlands. Answer: A (p. 53) Topic: The Chesapeake Colonies Skill: Factual 6) The “headright” was commonly used in the southern colonies and some of the middle colonies to A) encourage the development of urban settlements. B) determine the eligibility of a settler for voting and holding office. C) award tracts of land to new arrivals in the colonies. D) provide land for churches. Answer: C (p. 54) Topic: The Lure of Land Skill: Conceptual 7) ________ servants agreed to work for a stated period in return for their transportation to America. A) Journeymen B) Foundling C) Headright D) Indentured Answer: D (p. 55) Topic: The Lure of Land Skill: Factual 8) In 1619 the first African blacks brought to English North America were probably sold in A) Boston. B) Jamestown. C) Plymouth. D) Baltimore. Answer: B (p. 55) Topic: “Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery Skill: Factual

9) Slavery of blacks in the British colonies was A) unique, since no other colonial nation had ever enslaved blacks. B) simply copied from the institution of slavery already existing in England. C) restricted to the southern colonies. D) firmly established by laws in Virginia and Maryland at least as early as 1660. Answer: D (p. 55) Topic: “Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery Skill: Conceptual 10) One inducement for the shift toward slave labor in the late 1600s was that A) slaves were considerably cheaper than indentured servants. B) indentured servitude was prohibited by Parliament. C) slaves proved to be immune to the diseases which afflicted white indentured servants. D) fewer indentured servants were arriving at the same time that it became easier to import slaves. Answer: D (p. 56) Topic: “Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery Skill: Conceptual 11) The great staple of the Virginia colonial economy was A) cotton. B) tobacco. C) indigo. D) sugar cane. Answer: B (p. 57) Topic: Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco Skill: Factual 12) The most accurate statement about tobacco during the seventeenth century is that it A) was immediately encouraged by both King James I and the London Company. B) grew on semicleared land, but required a lot of human labor. C) sold so poorly that there was little interest in growing it. D) was initially grown on large, well-manicured fields. Answer: B (p. 58) Topic: Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco Skill: Conceptual

13) The primary economic problem for Virginia in the late seventeenth century was A) over-production of tobacco. B) the triangular trade. C) unemployed laborers. D) high cost of slaves. Answer: A (p. 59) Topic: Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco Skill: Conceptual 14) Bacon’s Rebellion occurred in A) Pennsylvania. B) Massachusetts. C) South Carolina. D) Virginia. Answer: D (p. 59) Topic: Bacon’s Rebellion Skill: Factual 15) The main supporters of Virginia’s royal governor, Sir William Berkeley, during Bacon’s Rebellion were the A) Virginia Regulators. B) well-established, powerful planters. C) landless freemen. D) western frontier planters. Answer: B (p. 59) Topic: Bacon’s Rebellion Skill: Factual 16) Which of the following brought an end to Bacon’s Rebellion? A) the trial of Nathaniel Bacon B) the execution of Sir William Berkeley C) massive Indian raids on several large plantations D) the arrival of an English naval squadron Answer: D (pp. 59–60) Topic: Bacon’s Rebellion Skill: Conceptual

17) The South Carolina cash crop of indigo A) could be grown side by side with rice in the paddies along the seacoast. B) was resisted by the British woolens industry, which sought to prohibit its production. C) displaced tobacco, which had been an earlier cash crop of the colony. D) was introduced by plantation owner Eliza Lucas. Answer: D (p. 60) Topic: The Carolinas Skill: Conceptual 18) Throughout the colonial era, small-scale manufacturing in the southern colonies was A) more important than agriculture. B) almost nonexistent. C) comparable to that in the northern colonies. D) instrumental in promoting rapid urban growth. Answer: B (p. 60) Topic: The Carolinas Skill: Conceptual 19) Slave labor so dominated the rice plantations of ________ from its founding that by 1730 a majority of its population was black. A) Georgia B) Florida C) Virginia D) South Carolina Answer: D (p. 61) Topic: The Carolinas Skill: Factual 20) Colonial regulations governing the behavior of blacks A) were forced on the colonies by the British. B) were part of each colony’s basic constitution. C) allowed free blacks to vote and serve on juries. D) gave blacks no civil rights and had severe punishments. Answer: D (p. 61) Topic: The Carolinas Skill: Conceptual

21) Which statement about black resistance to slavery is true? A) There was little to no personal violence between blacks and whites because of the deterrent effects of harsh punishments. B) Most runaway slaves were field hands. C) Slaves with valuable skills were treated better and were less likely to run away. D) Organized slave rebellions were infrequent. Answer: D (p. 61) Topic: The Carolinas Skill: Conceptual 22) Formal education for average children in the southern colonies was A) almost nonexistent in their rural society. B) highly developed, with public funding of primary, secondary, and college levels. C) patterned after the village system used in New England. D) not valued, even by the wealthy planter elite. Answer: A (pp. 61–62) Topic: Home and Family in the South Skill: Conceptual 23) The Anglican Church was “established” in certain colonies, which meant that A) every citizen had to pay 10 percent of his or her income to the Anglican Church. B) all laws had to be approved by the church. C) it had the same legal status and privilege as any other religious group. D) its ministers were supported by public funds. Answer: D (p. 62) Topic: Home and Family in the South Skill: Conceptual 24) James Oglethorpe received a charter to establish ________, the final English colony, as a refuge for honest people imprisoned for debt. A) Georgia B) Massachusetts C) Pennsylvania D) South Carolina Answer: A (p. 63) Topic: Georgia and the Back Country Skill: Factual

25) The British government’s primary concern in establishing Georgia was A) gaining commercial profit through royal monopolies. B) allowing prisoners a fresh start in life. C) placing a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida. D) creating a base for raids on Spanish shipping. Answer: C (p. 63) Topic: Georgia and the Back Country Skill: Conceptual 26) In 1771, frontier Regulators from ________, protesting their lack of representation in their colonial assembly, were defeated in a pitched battle with government troops. A) New York B) North Carolina C) Virginia D) Georgia Answer: B (p. 63) Topic: Georgia and the Back Country Skill: Factual 27) Compared to the early colonists in the Chesapeake, those in colonial New England had A) undependable water supplies. B) a far healthier habitat. C) scattered and isolated settlements. D) many more deaths due to malaria. Answer: B (p. 63) Topic: Puritan New England Skill: Conceptual 28) Under the terms of the Halfway Covenant, A) unbaptized church members could receive communion but could not present their own children for baptism. B) only those who could give evidence of God’s grace could become even halfway members of the church. C) halfway members of the church and their children could be baptized, but could not receive communion. D) churches and merchants agreed to meet each other halfway in their dispute over excess profits. Answer: C (p. 65) Topic: Puritan New England Skill: Conceptual

29) The Puritans justified laws requiring church attendance and establishing the death penalty for blaspheming a parent on the grounds that they A) followed the early Christian practices described in the New Testament. B) were based on government’s role as a civil covenant designed to police and maintain social order. C) were intended to create a society which promoted individual religious liberty. D) needed to restore order because of the rampant crime in the colony. Answer: B (p. 65) Topic: Democracies without Democrats Skill: Conceptual 30) As a result of the Glorious Revolution in 1688, ________ became a royal colony in the early 1690s. A) Georgia B) Pennsylvania C) Virginia D) Massachusetts Answer: D (p. 66) Topic: The Dominion of New England Skill: Factual 31) The main evidence presented against the accused witches in Salem Village was the A) sudden increase in birth deformities among livestock. B) frightening total solar eclipse of that year. C) recent and devastating typhoid fever epidemic. D) raving testimony of young girls. Answer: D (pp. 67–68) Topic: Salem Bewitched Skill: Conceptual 32) Which of the following called for the end of the executions of Salem’s “witches” because “it were better that ten witches should escape, than that one innocent person should be condemned”? A) William Phips B) Mary Phips C) Increase Mather D) Cotton Mather Answer: C (p. 68) Topic: Salem Bewitched Skill: Factual

33) The American crop which was easily cultivated, and in the form of liquor was easy to transport and to store, was A) potatoes. B) wheat. C) corn. D) pumpkins. Answer: C (pp. 68–69) Topic: A Merchant’s World Skill: Factual 34) The driving force of the colonial New England economy became A) small textile factories and their workers. B) maritime trade and those engaged in it. C) banking and financial services. D) fishing and whaling. Answer: B (p. 69) Topic: A Merchant’s World Skill: Conceptual 35) Because of their ethnic and religious heterogeneity, the colonies which possessed traits that later would be seen as distinctly “American” were A) the Middle Colonies. B) North and South Carolina. C) Virginia and Maryland. D) the New England colonies. Answer: A (p. 71) Topic: The Middle Colonies: An Intermingling of Peoples Skill: Conceptual 36) In the early eighteenth century, large numbers of ________ Presbyterians immigrated to backcountry Pennsylvania. A) Scots-Irish B) Swedish C) Welsh D) French Answer: A (p. 71) Topic: The Middle Colonies: An Intermingling of Peoples Skill: Factual

37) According to the map, “Ethnic Groups of Eastern North America, 1750,” the group most likely to settle in the backcountry of Pennsylvania were the A) Welsh. B) French. C) Scots-Irish. D) English. Answer: C (p. 72) Topic: The Middle Colonies: An Intermingling of Peoples Skill: Factual 38) Both Leisler’s Rebellion and the “Paxton Boys” uprising A) successfully overthrew existing colonial governments. B) challenged the traditional authority of masters over their slaves. C) led to more women assuming public authority. D) were challenges by outsiders to those who traditionally had power in colonial governments. Answer: D (pp. 73, 76) Topic: Politics of Diversity Skill: Conceptual 39) The New York printer whose trial for seditious libel became one of the most celebrated tests of freedom of the press in the history of journalism was A) James Hamilton. B) John Peter Zenger. C) Benjamin Franklin. D) Jacob Leisler. Answer: B (p. 76) Topic: The Politics of Diversity Skill: Factual 40) The “Paxton Boys” revolt in Pennsylvania A) revealed western dissatisfaction with England. B) was led by German tradesmen. C) revealed western dissatisfaction with the state assembly. D) was led by Benjamin Franklin. Answer: C (p. 76) Topic: The Politics of Diversity Skill: Conceptual

2.2 True/False Questions 41) Throughout most of the seventeenth century, few indentured servants eventually became landowners. Answer: FALSE (p. 55) Topic: The Lure of Land Skill: Conceptual 42) According to the map, “Atlantic Slave Trade, 1451–1870,” the vast majority of enslaved West Africans were brought to Brazil. Answer: TRUE (p. 57) Topic: “Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery Skill: Factual 43) By 1740, the economy of South Carolina was based on the cash crop of cotton. Answer: FALSE (p. 60) Topic: The Carolinas Skill: Factual 44) By present standards, life for most families in the colonial South was uncomfortable. Answer: TRUE (p. 61) Topic: Home and Family in the South Skill: Factual 45) As a result of the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I, Edmund Andros ruled England as Lord Protector. Answer: FALSE (p. 66) Topic: The Dominion of New England Skill: Factual 46) According to your text, the only clergyman who effectively opposed the witchcraft trials in Salem Village was Increase Mather. Answer: TRUE (p. 68) Topic: Salem Bewitched Skill: Factual 47) The pattern of overseas trade developed by New England merchants is known as the “triangular trade.” Answer: TRUE (p. 69) Topic: A Merchant’s World Skill: Factual

48) The Middle Colonies experienced frequent conflicts because of the major ethnic differences among the settlers and the lack of economic opportunity. Answer: FALSE (p. 73) Topic: “The Best Poor Man’s Country” Skill: Conceptual 49) In discussing The Crucible, your text notes that the extraordinarily high rate of premarital pregnancy in puritan New England supports the film’s suggestion of an affair between the elderly John Proctor and young Abigail Williams. Answer: FALSE (pp. 74–75) Topic: Re-Viewing the Past: The Crucible Skill: Conceptual 2.3 Essay Questions 50) Chapter Two of your text describes “American Society in the Making.” Describe three specific examples of how the colonies began to emerge as distinctively American in this era. (pp. 48–78) Topic: American Society in the Making 51) Explain the economic, social, and psychological factors that caused Europeans and Americans to enslave Africans. (pp. 55–56) Topic: “Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery 52) Compare and contrast the climate, terrain, and native populations encountered by settlers to the various colonies. (pp. 48–78) Topic: American Society in the Making 53) Explain how the Middle Colonies were populated. Discuss how the various ethnic groups related and why there were so few English colonists among the population. (pp. 71–72) Topic: The Middle Colonies: An Intermingling of People 2.4 Identification Questions 54) Bacon’s Rebellion An armed uprising in 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon, against Virginia governor Sir William Berkeley. Initially the rebels attacked Indian settlements but later moved against Berkeley’s political faction and burned Jamestown, capital of the colony. After Bacon’s death that year, the rebellion collapsed. (p. 59) Topic: Bacon’s Rebellion Skill: Factual

55) Glorious Revolution The peaceful accession of William II, a Protestant, and Queen Mary to the British throne in 1688, ending the Catholic rule of James II. Many colonists rebelled against governors who had been appointed by James II and demanded greater political rights. (p. 66) Topic: The Dominion of New England Skill: Factual 56) Half-Way Covenant A modification of puritan practice, adopted by many Congregational churches during the 1650s and afterwards, that allowed baptized puritans who had not experienced saving grace to acquire partial church membership and receive sacraments. (p. 65) Topic: Visible Puritan Saints and Others Skill: Factual 57) headright A system of land distribution, adopted first in Virginia and later in Maryland, that granted colonists fifty acres for themselves and another fifty for each “head” (or person) they brought with them to the colony. This system was often used in conjunction with indentured servitude to build large plantations and supply them with labor. (p. 54) Topic: The Lure of the Land Skill: Factual 58) indentured servants Individuals working under a form of contract labor that provided them with free passage to America in return for a promise to work for a fixed period, usually seven years. Indentured servitude was the primary labor system in the Chesapeake colonies for most of the seventeenth century. (p. 55) Topic: The Lure of the Land Skill: Factual 59) Leisler’s Rebellion An uprising in 1689, led by Jacob Leisler, that wrested control of New York’s government following the abdication of King James II. The rebellion ended when Leisler was arrested and executed in 1690. (p. 73) Topic: The Politics of Diversity Skill: Factual 60) triangular trade An oversimplified term for the trade among England, its colonies in the Americas, and slave markets in Africa and the Caribbean. (p. 69) Topic: A Merchant’s World Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 3 America in the British Empire 3.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) One of the few advantages a colonial governor had in conflicts with his colonial subjects was his A) permanent tenure of office. B) complete freedom to maneuver without restrictions imposed on him by the king. C) financial independence from the colonial legislatures. D) power to summon and dismiss the colonial assembly. Answer: D (p. 80) Topic: The British Colonial System Skill: Conceptual 2) In nearly every colony, the most powerful part of the government tended to be the A) governor. B) governor’s council. C) royal judges. D) colonial legislature. Answer: D (p. 80) Topic: The British Colonial System Skill: Factual 3) The Board of Trade’s power to recommend disallowance of colonial laws was A) used against only a small percentage of the laws which it reviewed. B) theoretical only, since the Crown seldom accepted its recommendation. C) used against more than half of the laws which it reviewed. D) ended by a royal order of 1696 because of the colonists’ petition. Answer: A (pp. 80–81) Topic: The British Colonial System Skill: Conceptual 4) The British government of the American colonies A) was strongly centralized from its very beginning. B) became less effective and centralized from 1660 to 1776. C) never developed an effective, centralized government. D) had little subsequent influence on the development of American government. Answer: C (p. 81) Topic: The British Colonial System Skill: Conceptual

5) The seventeenth-century economic theory which viewed colonies primarily as sources of raw materials is most accurately labeled A) mercantilism. B) protectionism. C) free trade. D) imperialism. Answer: A (p. 81) Topic: Mercantilism Skill: Factual 6) A fundamental goal of mercantilism was to A) obtain raw materials from the mother country rather than from its colonies. B) eliminate obstacles to free trade. C) acquire raw materials from the colonies and have the colonies import manufactured goods from the mother country. D) import manufactured goods from colonies because of their cheap labor supply. Answer: C (p. 81) Topic: Mercantilism Skill: Conceptual 7) Beginning in the 1650s, Parliament tried to prohibit foreign goods and vessels from colonial ports and to channel colonial raw materials to England through the A) Mercantile Acts. B) Colonial Trade Office. C) Board of Trade. D) Navigation Acts. Answer: D (p. 82) Topic: The Navigation Acts Skill: Factual 8) The system of Navigation Acts originated in the 1650s in response to the stiff commercial competition offered by the A) Dutch. B) French. C) Spanish. D) Portuguese. Answer: A (p. 82) Topic: The Navigation Acts Skill: Factual

9) The “enumeration” principle in the Navigation Act of 1660 required that A) at least three-fourths of the total value of colonial products had to be shipped in English vessels. B) certain commodities like sugar, tobacco, and indigo could not be shipped outside the British Empire. C) European goods bound for the colonies had to pass through England on the way. D) all colonial commodities had to be sold to British merchants. Answer: B (p. 82) Topic: The Navigation Acts Skill: Factual 10) Which of the following statements about British restrictions on colonial manufacturing is true? A) The Iron Act of 1750 decimated the American iron industry. B) The primary purpose of the Wool Act was to halt the prosperous American wool industry. C) British restrictions on hat manufacturing had enormous consequences on the colonial economy. D) Besides restrictions on wool, hats, and iron, no other restrictions on colonial manufacturing were imposed. Answer: D (p. 83) Topic: The Navigation Acts Skill: Conceptual 11) In practice, the British mercantile system worked so that the A) colonies’ interests predominated over those of the mother country. B) mother country’s interests predominated over those of the colonies. C) colonies and mother country were equal partners, sharing a general imperial interest. D) interests of the northern colonies were favored over the southern colonies. Answer: B (p. 83) Topic: The Effects of Mercantilism Skill: Conceptual 12) The restrictions of English mercantilism on the colonial economies A) destroyed the thriving indigo and cotton plantations. B) bankrupted New England shipbuilders. C) were greatly lessened by governmental inefficiency. D) prohibited the importation of slaves. Answer: C (p. 84) Topic: The Effects of Mercantilism Skill: Conceptual

13) George Whitefield’s greatest contribution to the Great Awakening was his A) intellectually rigorous theological system. B) insistence that the Church of England was the only true church. C) ability to stir an audience emotionally by his oratory. D) strong appeal to the religious establishment. Answer: C (pp. 85–86) Topic: The Great Awakening Skill: Conceptual 14) The Great Awakening tended to emphasize A) an emotional and revivalistic style of religion. B) human reason and scientific observation as the key to truth. C) preaching to those who were already church members. D) the basic goodness and sinlessness of human nature. Answer: A (pp. 85–86) Topic: The Great Awakening Skill: Conceptual 15) The most famous native-born revivalist of the Great Awakening was the intellectually brilliant author of sermons such as “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” He was A) Jonathan Edwards. B) Charles Chauncy. C) Solomon Stoddard. D) Increase Mather. Answer: A (p. 87) Topic: The Rise and Fall of Jonathan Edwards Skill: Factual 16) The view that the universe is based on impersonal, scientific laws which govern the behavior of all matter, animate and inanimate, was basic to the A) Great Awakening. B) Puritans. C) Enlightenment. D) Quakers. Answer: C (p. 88) Topic: The Enlightenment in America Skill: Factual

17) A key contribution to American political thinking was the Enlightenment ideas of John Locke relating to A) personal property. B) religion. C) mercantilism. D) philosophy. Answer: A (p. 89) Topic: The Enlightenment in America Skill: Conceptual 18) America’s most famous Enlightenment figure, inventor of the lightning rod and bifocals, organizer of a hospital and a circulating library, was A) Thomas Jefferson. B) David Rittenhouse. C) Cotton Mather. D) Benjamin Franklin. Answer: D (p. 89) Topic: Colonial Scientific Achievements Skill: Factual 19) The greatest source of trouble between the French in Canada and the British in New England was the A) navigation routes in the Great Lakes. B) control of the fur trade. C) conflict over rights to timber and minerals. D) disputes over the location of the border between Canada and New England. Answer: B (p. 90) Topic: Repercussions of Distant Wars Skill: Conceptual 20) All of the first three colonial wars (King William’s, Queen Anne’s, and King George’s) A) started over essentially colonial issues and involved relatively little European participation. B) resulted in considerable territorial gains for the English. C) resulted in considerable territorial gains for the French. D) arose over essentially European issues and involved relatively little colonial participation. Answer: D (p. 90) Topic: Repercussions of Distant Wars Skill: Conceptual

21) Although forced to surrender in 1754 to French troops constructing Fort Duquesne, the young Virginian who emerged as a hero to fellow colonists was A) Patrick Henry. B) George Washington. C) James Madison. D) Thomas Jefferson. Answer: B (p. 92) Topic: The Great War for the Empire Skill: Factual 22) In 1758 ________ took over British leadership of the French and Indian War, pouring soldiers and money into North America. A) King George II B) Charles Townshend C) Edmund Burke D) William Pitt Answer: D (p. 93) Topic: The Great War for the Empire Skill: Factual 23) According to the map, “British Successes, 1758–1763,” the route General James Wolfe followed in mounting his successful attack on Quebec was A) Lake Ontario. B) the Hudson River. C) Lake Champlain. D) the St. Lawrence River. Answer: D (p. 94) Topic: The Great War for the Empire Skill: Factual 24) Under the Treaty of Paris (1763) ending the French and Indian War, A) Great Britain retained all the conquests that she had made of French and Spanish possessions. B) France retained Canada but lost her sugar islands of Guadaloupe and Martinique. C) France lost all her possessions on the mainland of North America. D) England lost all her possessions in the Western Hemisphere except for North America. Answer: C (p. 95) Topic: Britain Victorious: The Peace of Paris Skill: Factual

25) The British victory in the French and Indian War was due largely to A) British soldiers financed by the British government. B) American soldiers financed by the colonial assemblies. C) American soldiers financed by the British government. D) British soldiers financed by the colonial assemblies. Answer: A (p. 95) Topic: Britain Victorious: The Peace of Paris Skill: Conceptual 26) In governing their American empire after 1763, the new problem which faced the British was A) colonial reluctance to expand into the Ohio River Valley. B) greatly increased expenses of administering a far larger and more complex empire. C) strong American support for a rudimentary colonial union expressed in the popular Albany Plan. D) colonial resentment for the failure of the British to aid them during the French and Indian War. Answer: B (p. 95) Topic: Burdens of an Expanded Empire Skill: Conceptual 27) In 1763 the Ottawa chief, ________, led one last effort to drive the whites back across the Appalachians. A) Corn Planter B) Opechancanough C) Black Hawk D) Pontiac Answer: D (p. 99) Topic: Tightening Imperial Controls Skill: Factual 28) The major purpose of the Proclamation of 1763 was to A) restrict colonial trade with England to British ships. B) force the Native Americans of the Ohio Valley to submit to British authority. C) check colonial expansion across the Appalachians. D) promote colonial land development projects in the Ohio Valley. Answer: C (p. 99) Topic: Tightening Imperial Controls Skill: Conceptual

29) In an effort to help support the increased cost of colonial administration, Parliament passed the ________ Act in 1764, placing tariffs on coffee, wines, and other major imports. A) Tea B) Sugar C) Grenville D) Declaratory Answer: B (p. 99) Topic: The Sugar Act Skill: Factual 30) Americans were most alarmed by the Sugar Act of 1764 because it A) could be used to stop colonial trade altogether. B) deprived them of their right to participate in the sugar trade. C) opened up colonial trade in sugar to the vessels of France and Spain. D) asserted Parliament’s right to tax Americans for revenue purposes. Answer: D (p. 99) Topic: The Sugar Act Skill: Conceptual 31) The concept that every member of Parliament stood for the interests of the entire empire was called ________ representation. A) direct B) actual C) sovereign D) virtual Answer: D (p. 100) Topic: American Colonists Demand Rights Skill: Factual 32) The British reasoned that either Parliament was sovereign in the colonies or not and therefore any distinction between tax legislation and any other form of legislation was A) virtual. B) absolute. C) artificial. D) reasonable. Answer: C (p. 100) Topic: American Colonists Demand Rights Skill: Conceptual

33) Illegal, often violent, resistance by the Sons of Liberty to the ________ may be seen as marking the start of the revolution. A) Proclamation of 1763 B) Sugar Act C) Navigation Acts D) Stamp Act Answer: D (p. 101) Topic: The Stamp Act: The Pot Set to Boiling Skill: Factual 34) One reason that American protests against the Stamp Act were vehement was that it A) was a new form of taxation, having no precedent in England. B) greatly increased the cost of all articles imported into America. C) taxed influential and articulate groups such as lawyers and newspaper editors. D) prohibited the hiring of colonists responsible for printing and distributing the stamps. Answer: C (pp. 102–103) Topic: Rioters or Rebels? Skill: Conceptual 35) The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766 primarily because of the A) pressure from British merchants who had been hurt by the American boycott. B) recognition by Parliament that it had acted unconstitutionally. C) petition sent from the Stamp Act Congress. D) riots and disturbances in the colonies protesting the act. Answer: A (p. 103) Topic: Rioters or Rebels? Skill: Conceptual 36) On the same day it repealed the Stamp Act, Parliament passed the ________ Act stating that the colonies were “subordinate” to its wishes. A) Sovereignty B) Supremacy C) Townshend D) Declaratory Answer: D (p. 103) Topic: The Declaratory Act Skill: Factual

37) The American understanding of the word “constitution” emphasized the A) totality of laws, customs, and institutions developed over time. B) specific written document spelling out and limiting the powers of government. C) constitutionality of all laws passed by legislative bodies. D) guarantee of certain fundamental liberties, such as the right of all adults to vote. Answer: B (p. 103) Topic: The Declaratory Act Skill: Conceptual 38) Which of the following most accurately describes the English government’s position on the meaning of sovereignty? A) Parliament was sovereign over the external affairs of the colonies; the crown was sovereign over Parliament and the colonies’ internal affairs. B) Sovereignty was indivisible and rested ultimately with Parliament. C) Parliament was sovereign over the colonies’ external affairs; the colonial legislatures were sovereign over their internal affairs. D) Sovereignty was indivisible and rested ultimately with the colonial legislatures. Answer: B (p. 104) Topic: The Declaratory Act Skill: Conceptual 39) The belief that a “final, unqualified, indivisible” authority must exist in order to preserve the social order is an example of the A) English view of direct representation. B) American view of sovereignty. C) American view of direct representation. D) English view of sovereignty. Answer: D (p. 104) Topic: The Declaratory Act Skill: Conceptual 40) The 1768 document which criticized the Townshend Acts as infringements on the natural and constitutional rights of the colonists was the A) Declaration of Rights and Grievances. B) Virginia “Resolves.” C) Massachusetts “Circular Letter.” D) Olive Branch Petition. Answer: C (p. 104) Topic: The Townshend Duties Skill: Factual

41) Parliament’s main goal in the Tea Act of 1773 was to A) repeal the Townshend Tea Tax. B) aid the British East India Tea Company. C) force a new tax upon the colonies. D) prohibit the production of tea in the colonies. Answer: B (p. 108) Topic: The Tea Act Crisis Skill: Conceptual 42) The most important American objection to the Tea Act of 1773 was that it A) made tea prohibitively expensive for American consumers. B) was coupled with the arrival of British regiments in Boston to enforce the trade laws. C) seemed to be a trick to trap Americans into paying the Townshend duty on tea. D) closed colonial ports which refused to import English tea. Answer: C (p. 108) Topic: The Tea Act Crisis Skill: Conceptual 43) The militant Boston leader of resistance to the Tea Act and of the Boston “Tea Party” was A) John Adams. B) Patrick Henry. C) John Bernard. D) Sam Adams. Answer: D (p. 108) Topic: The Tea Act Crisis Skill: Factual 44) In response to the Boston Tea Party, the British passed a series of laws which, among other things, closed the port of Boston and strengthened the power of the governor of Massachusetts. In the colonies, these acts were known as the ________ Acts. A) Intolerable B) Suffolk C) Royal Brute D) Supremacy Answer: A (p. 109) Topic: From Resistance to Revolution Skill: Factual

45) The most significant aspect of the Coercive Acts was that they A) indicated Great Britain’s desire to decrease its control of the colonies. B) had little impact on the colonies. C) indicated a change in British policy, from persuasion to punishment. D) did the greatest economic harm to those who could least afford it. Answer: C (p. 109) Topic: From Resistance to Revolution Skill: Conceptual 46) The most conservative proposal before the First Continental Congress in 1774 was the A) Boston Manifesto that denounced the crimes committed by the British government since 1763. B) Continental Association which called for boycotting British goods and cutting off exports to Great Britain. C) plan from Joseph Galloway to create a general government for America capable of blocking Parliament’s proposals. D) Albany Plan from Benjamin Franklin for voluntary union among the colonies. Answer: C (p. 109) Topic: From Resistance to Revolution Skill: Conceptual 47) According to your text, the most significant outcome of the First Continental Congress in the fall of 1774 was the A) demand for colonial representation in Parliament. B) colonies’ hopes for a peaceful re-establishment of relations with England on the same basis as before the Stamp Act crisis. C) formation of a Continental Army with George Washington as commander-in-chief. D) realization that drastic changes must be made in their relationship with England. Answer: D (p. 110) Topic: From Resistance to Revolution Skill: Conceptual 3.2 True/False Questions 48) The Crown reserved the right to veto colonial laws. Answer: TRUE (p. 80) Topic: The British Colonial System Skill: Factual 49) The Iron Act eliminated all duties on colonial pig and bar iron exported to England. Answer: TRUE (p. 83) Topic: The Navigation Acts Skill: Factual

50) The Great Awakening significantly decreased religious tolerance. Answer: FALSE (p. 87) Topic: The Rise and Fall of Jonathan Edwards Skill: Conceptual 51) In the seventeenth century, the English were eager to make an alliance with the Iroquois against the French. Answer: TRUE (p. 90) Topic: Repercussions of Distant Wars Skill: Factual 52) The French prepared for what became the French and Indian War by building a string of forts south from Lake Erie. Answer: TRUE (p. 92) Topic: The Great War for the Empire Skill: Factual 53) Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan (1754) proposed a trans-Atlantic society to promote scientific research. Answer: FALSE (p. 96) Topic: Burdens of an Expanded Empire Skill: Factual 54) According to the map, “Proclamation of 1763,” the British-controlled area west of the Proclamation Line of 1763 was reserved for Native Americans. Answer: TRUE (p. 99) Topic: Tightening Imperial Controls Skill: Factual 55) Thomas Jefferson led the opposition to the Stamp Act in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Answer: FALSE (p. 101) Topic: The Stamp Act: The Pot Set to Boiling Skill: Factual 56) The so-called Boston Massacre had little impact on public opinion. Answer: FALSE (p. 106) Topic: The Boston Massacre Skill: Factual

3.3 Essay Questions 57) Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages the American colonies had under the British colonial system. How did the British justify and implement this system? (pp. 80–81) Topic: The British Colonial System 58) Compare and contrast the major ideas and values of the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment in America. Describe the life and ideas of at least one major American figure in each movement. (pp. 85–89) Topic: The Great Awakening; The Enlightenment in America 59) Describe the American highlights of the colonial wars between 1689 and 1763. Evaluate the major results of those wars for the colonies. (pp. 90–94) Topic: Repercussions of Distant Wars; The Great War for the Empire 60) Summarize the major conflicts between the American colonies and the British from 1763 to 1774. (pp. 100–110) Topic: American Colonists Demand Rights through From Resistance to Revolution 61) Explain how a dispute over taxes became a struggle over sovereignty; include a discussion about the differences in the British and the colonial views on the issue of sovereignty. (pp. 103–104, 109–110) Topic: The Declaratory Act; From Resistance to Revolution 3.4 Identification Questions 62) Albany Plan A proposal, drafted in Albany, New York, in 1754 by Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, for a “plan of union” for the collective defense of the British colonies. Because it held the potential for unifying the colonies against its rule, the British government never adopted the plan. (p. 87) Topic: The Rise and Fall of Jonathan Edwards Skill: Factual 63) Boston Massacre A violent confrontation between British troops and a Boston mob on March 5, 1770; the soldiers opened fire and killed five, and incident that inflamed sentiment against the British. (p. 106) Topic: The Boston Massacre Skill: Factual 64) Coercive Acts A series of laws passed by Parliament in 1774 to punish Boston and Massachusetts for the destruction of tea during the “Boston Tea Party.” Many colonists, who regarded these and similar laws as “intolerable,” moved closer toward war. (p. 109) Topic: From Resistance to Revolution Skill: Factual

65) Enlightenment An intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that celebrated human reason and scientific advances and expressed doubts about the truth claims of sacred texts. (p. 88) Topic: The Enlightenment in America Skill: Factual 66) First Continental Congress An assembly compromised of delegates from twelve colonies that met in Philadelphia in 1774. It denied Parliament’s authority to legislate for the colonies, adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, created a Continental Association to enforce a boycott of British imports, and endorsed a call to take up arms against Britain. (p. 109) Topic: From Resistance to Revolution Skill: Factual 67) French and Indian War Fourth in the series of great wars between Britain and France, this conflict (1754–1763) had its focal point in North America and pitted the French and their Indian allies against the British and their Indian allies. Known in Europe as the Seven Years’ War, this struggle drove the French government from much of North America. (p. 92) Topic: The Great War for the Empire Skill: Factual 68) Great Awakening A widespread evangelical revival movement of the 1740s and 1750s, sparked by the tour of the English evangelical minister George Whitefield. The Awakening spread religious fervor but weakened the authority of established churches. (p. 85) Topic: The Great Awakening Skill: Factual 69) mercantilism A loose system of economic organization designed, through a favorable balance of trade, to guarantee the prosperity of the British empire. Mercantilists advocated possession of colonies as places where the mother country could acquire raw materials not available at home. (p. 81) Topic: Mercantilism Skill: Factual 70) Navigation Acts Seventeenth-century Parliamentary statues to control trade within the British empire so as to benefit Britain and promote its administration of the colonies. (p. 82) Topic: The Navigation Acts Skill: Factual 71) Seven Years’ War The global conflict, sometimes known as the French and Indian War, that lasted from 1756 to 1763 and pitted France and its allies against Britain and its allies. Britain ultimately prevailed, forcing France to surrender its claims to Canada and all territory east of the Mississippi River. (p. 93) Topic: The Great War for the Empire Skill: Factual

72) Stamp Act Congress A meeting in New York City of delegates of most of the colonial assemblies in America to protest the Stamp Act, a revenue measure passed by Parliament in 1765; it was a precursor to the Continental Congress. (p. 101) Topic: The Stamp Act: The Pot Set to Boiling Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 4 The American Revolution 4.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The British commander who sent his troops to capture Patriot supplies in Concord in April 1775 was General A) Thomas Gage. B) William Howe. C) Thomas Hutchinson. D) John Burgoyne. Answer: A (p. 114) Topic: The Shot Heard Round the World Skill: Factual 2) The purpose of the British army’s march on Concord, Massachusetts, in April 1775 was to A) train their troops for what appeared to be inevitable war. B) force Massachusetts leaders to pay for the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party. C) track down the persons responsible for burning the Gaspee. D) seize the war supplies stored there. Answer: D (p. 114) Topic: The Shot Heard Round the World Skill: Conceptual 3) In May 1775 shortly after it convened, the Second Continental Congress A) declared independence from Great Britain because of the battles at Lexington and Concord. B) formed the Continental Army under the leadership of George Washington. C) organized the Continental Association to force England to repeal the Intolerable Acts. D) refused to take any action that might be seen as disloyal to England. Answer: B (p. 116) Topic: The Second Continental Congress Skill: Conceptual 4) The first major battle of the Revolutionary War was the Battle of A) Concord. B) Valley Forge. C) Lexington. D) Bunker Hill. Answer: D (pp. 116–117) Topic: The Battle of Bunker Hill Skill: Factual

5) After the Battle of Bunker Hill, Congress and the bulk of the American people were A) still reluctant to declare independence. B) ready to surrender on any terms the British offered. C) convinced that the war could not be lost. D) forming local militias to fight the British. Answer: A (p. 117) Topic: The Great Declaration Skill: Conceptual 6) In January 1776, the British pushed the colonists toward independence by hiring ________ mercenaries. A) Hessian B) Swiss C) Prussian D) Bavarian Answer: A (p. 118) Topic: The Great Declaration Skill: Factual 7) The author of the tract, Common Sense, which boldly called for complete independence and attacked not only King George III, but also the idea of monarchy itself, was A) John Adams. B) Thomas Jefferson. C) George Washington. D) Thomas Paine. Answer: D (p. 118) Topic: The Great Declaration Skill: Factual 8) “We have it in our power to begin the world again. A government of our own is our natural right. O! ye that love mankind! Ye that dare oppose not only tyranny but the tyrant, stand forth.” This statement is typical of the ideas of A) John Dickinson. B) Thomas Hutchinson. C) William Franklin. D) Thomas Paine. Answer: D (p. 118) Topic: The Great Declaration Skill: Conceptual

9) “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” The above statement was a part of A) a Quaker pamphlet denouncing slavery. B) Jefferson’s general statement of the right of revolution. C) an early petition by the South Carolina assembly demanding an end to the slave trade. D) Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. Answer: B (p. 119) Topic: The Great Declaration Skill: Conceptual 10) Thomas Jefferson’s general statement of the right of revolution in the Declaration of Independence A) rejected the assumptions of most 18th century liberals. B) has had little historical impact. C) was intended by Jefferson to be an expression of the American mind. D) was primarily intended to influence domestic opinion. Answer: C (p. 119) Topic: The Great Declaration Skill: Conceptual 11) An American advantage in the war for independence was A) an incompetent and unprofessional British army. B) a strong centralized government capable of organizing the war effort. C) British reluctance to engage in full-scale war against the colonies. D) the undivided loyalty of Americans to the patriotic cause. Answer: C (p. 120) Topic: 1776: The Balance of Forces Skill: Conceptual 12) A major British advantage in 1776 was their A) control of both Boston and New York City. B) ability to rely on loyal Americans for supplies and troops. C) far larger population than the colonies’. D) strong public support for sending their crack troops for a full-scale attack on the colonies. Answer: C (p. 120) Topic: 1776: The Balance of Forces Skill: Conceptual

13) The best estimate of the proportion of Patriots and Tories during the war for independence is that A) Patriots were more numerous than Tories, but large numbers of Americans were indifferent. B) Tories constituted less than one percent of the American population. C) the population was about evenly divided between the two groups. D) Tories were more numerous than Patriots, but large numbers of Americans were indifferent. Answer: A (p. 121) Topic: Loyalists Skill: Conceptual 14) As a group, the Tories in America A) came from every social and economic class and geographic area. B) were tightly organized through a central committee of loyalists. C) refused to fight for England. D) were treated fairly and tolerantly by Patriots. Answer: A (p. 121) Topic: Loyalists Skill: Conceptual 15) Battles in and around ________ in August and September of 1776 were ignominious defeats for Washington’s forces and seemed to presage an easy British triumph in the war. A) Boston B) Philadelphia C) Baltimore D) New York City Answer: D (p. 122) Topic: The British Take New York City Skill: Factual 16) The battles of Trenton and Princeton in December 1776 were important because A) the British were forced to open peace negotiations. B) the American army’s morale was boosted after a series of defeats. C) American victories caused the British to shift the center of military operations to the southern states. D) France decided to become an open ally of the United States. Answer: B (p. 123) Topic: The British Take New York City Skill: Conceptual

17) The major British defeat of 1777 at ________ was caused mostly by the extremely poor coordination of the campaign. A) Yorktown B) Saratoga C) Trenton D) Valley Forge Answer: B (p. 124) Topic: Saratoga and the French Alliance Skill: Factual 18) In which of the following was there a mutual agreement that the signatories would aid each other in the war or the event of war with Great Britain, while also recognizing the United States as a sovereign and independent state? A) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Germany B) Treaty of Alliance between Spain and the United States C) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Holland D) Treaty of Alliance between France and the United States Answer: D (p. 125) Topic: Saratoga and the French Alliance Skill: Conceptual 19) The United States’ most valuable ally in the Revolution was A) Spain. B) France. C) Holland. D) Germany. Answer: B (p. 125) Topic: Saratoga and the French Alliance Skill: Factual 20) During the winter of 1778, Washington’s army endured severe shortages of food and clothing while camped at A) Valley Forge. B) Germantown. C) Trenton. D) Princeton. Answer: A (p. 126) Topic: Saratoga and the French Alliance Skill: Factual

21) In 1778, fighting in the northern states practically ceased; thereafter, most of the engagements were in the A) Ohio River Valley. B) Canadian frontier. C) Mississippi River Valley. D) South. Answer: D (p. 126) Topic: The War Moves South Skill: Factual 22) The most overwhelming American defeat in the war was General Clinton’s May 1780 capture of A) Boston. B) Philadelphia. C) Trenton. D) Charleston. Answer: D (p. 126) Topic: The War Moves South Skill: Factual 23) The British defeat at Yorktown resulted largely from the A) inability of the British to persuade Tories to join them. B) French fleet winning control of Chesapeake Bay and preventing Cornwallis from escaping from the peninsula by sea. C) ability of Washington to outmaneuver Cornwallis’ much larger army and force him to retreat to the peninsula. D) failure of Cornwallis to receive General Clinton’s orders to withdraw. Answer: B (p. 128) Topic: Victory at Yorktown Skill: Conceptual 24) The American negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference violated their instructions from Congress by A) rejecting any attempt to restore Tory property seized during the Revolution. B) agreeing to continued British control of Canada. C) refusing to rely on the Comte de Vergennes and negotiating a separate treaty with Great Britain. D) surrendering American rights to fish on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland. Answer: C (pp. 129–130) Topic: Negotiating a Favorable Peace Skill: Conceptual

25) The United States received very favorable terms in the Peace of Paris (1783) because the A) American commissioners skillfully played rival European powers against each other. B) French insisted that the United States must be a powerful nation. C) rioting and looting in Great Britain by irate citizens convinced Great Britain that she must end the war immediately. D) Spanish and French threatened to attack British shipping if they did not agree to American terms. Answer: A (p. 130) Topic: Negotiating a Favorable Peace Skill: Conceptual 26) According to the map, “The United States under the Articles of Confederation, 1787,” one state which claimed that its western boundary extended to the Mississippi River was A) North Carolina. B) Pennsylvania. C) Florida. D) New York. Answer: A (p. 131) Topic: The Great Land Ordinances Skill: Factual 27) The union of American states under the Articles of Confederation was a A) centralized system in which the national government held the most power, but the states had control over purely local matters. B) federal system almost exactly like the later union under the Constitution. C) league of friendship, in which the states were sovereign and the national government had only weak delegated powers. D) centralized system with power vested solely in the national government. Answer: C (p. 132) Topic: National Government under the Articles of Confederation Skill: Conceptual 28) Which of the following was NOT a way in which the American government financed the Revolutionary War? A) borrowing from France B) taxing American citizens directly C) printing paper money D) requisitioning funds from the states Answer: B (p. 132) Topic: Financing the War Skill: Conceptual

29) In the new state governments created during the Revolution, power was concentrated in the A) governors. B) courts. C) executive councils. D) legislatures. Answer: D (p. 133) Topic: State Republican Governments Skill: Factual 30) The most significant change in the new state governments was the A) elimination of the office of governor in most states. B) general rejection of the British system as a model. C) elimination of property qualifications for voting and office holding. D) removal of outside control, making them more responsive to public opinion. Answer: D (p. 132) Topic: State Republican Governments Skill: Conceptual 31) During the Revolutionary War, the new constitution of ________ replaced the office of governor with an elected council of twelve members. A) South Carolina B) Pennsylvania C) New York D) Massachusetts Answer: B (p. 133) Topic: State Republican Governments Skill: Factual 32) What happened to social reform when many states wrote constitutions during the Revolution? A) It was neglected because of wartime necessities. B) Many states seized the occasion to introduce important political and social reforms. C) It focused on limiting the ability of the powerful to exploit the powerless. D) It became identified with Loyalism. Answer: B (p. 133) Topic: Social Reform and Antislavery Skill: Conceptual

33) As part of the social reforms accompanying the Revolution, all states which still had them abolished A) primogeniture and entail. B) property qualifications for voters. C) public taxes to support religion. D) slavery and apprenticeship. Answer: A (p. 133) Topic: Social Reform and Antislavery Skill: Factual 34) The movement to separate church and state during the writing of the new state constitutions was most successful in A) Massachusetts. B) South Carolina. C) New Hampshire. D) Virginia. Answer: D (p. 134) Topic: Social Reform and Antislavery Skill: Factual 35) “Our civil rights have no dependence on our religious opinions, any more than our opinions in physics or geometry. Truth is great and will prevail if left to herself.” The author and state of this 1786 statute was A) John Adams, Massachusetts. B) Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania. C) Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. D) Alexander Hamilton, New York. Answer: C (p. 134) Topic: Social Reform and Antislavery Skill: Conceptual 36) The immediate effect of the American Revolution upon slavery was that A) slavery was abolished throughout America as inconsistent with the Declaration of Independence. B) northern states moved toward emancipation of their slaves, and most southern states restricted the importation of slaves. C) slavery came to be justified as a “positive good” by its defenders in the North and South. D) because slavery was still too economically important in both the northern and the southern states, the movement to abolish it failed everywhere. Answer: B (p. 134) Topic: Social Reform and Antislavery Skill: Conceptual

37) The text notes that during and after the Revolution, slavery A) was immediately abolished in the northern states. B) was abolished in all British colonies. C) increased rapidly throughout the colonies. D) died where it was not economically important. Answer: D (p. 134) Topic: Social Reform and Antislavery Skill: Conceptual 38) How did the Revolution affect attitudes toward the education of women? A) The British tried to undermine the Patriots by encouraging female education. B) Women were told their place was in the home, not in schools. C) The idea of female education began to be accepted as important in a republic. D) Because most states granted women the right to vote, they encouraged their education also. Answer: C (p. 136) Topic: Women and the Revolution Skill: Conceptual 39) When analyzing the relationship between the American Revolution and nationalism, your text concludes that a feeling of American nationalism A) provoked the movement toward American independence. B) was actually an obstacle the Patriots had to overcome. C) emerged out of the necessity to unite in order to win the war. D) had been very strong since the founding of the colonies. Answer: C (p. 136) Topic: Growth of a National Spirit Skill: Conceptual 40) A major source of the new feeling of nationalism after the Revolutionary War was the A) common sacrifice by soldiers and civilians during the war. B) inspiration from the patriotic novels of James Fenimore Cooper. C) strong central government created by the Articles of Confederation. D) common dedication to freedom embodied in the attacks on slavery. Answer: A (p. 137) Topic: Growth of a National Spirit Skill: Conceptual

41) The law which divided the western territories into 6-mile-square townships was the A) Northwest Ordinance of 1787. B) Homestead Law of 1793. C) Land Ordinance of 1785. D) Township Act of 1784. Answer: C (p. 137) Topic: The Great Land Ordinances Skill: Factual 42) The measure which established governments for the western territories was the A) Land Ordinance of 1785. B) Treaty of Paris, 1783. C) Proclamation of 1763. D) Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Answer: D (p. 138) Topic: The Great Land Ordinances Skill: Factual 43) In comparing the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 with the system by which Great Britain governed her colonies, it would be most accurate to say that the British system was A) adopted in its entirety as the permanent form of government for the territories. B) rejected completely in favor of immediate statehood for the territories because of the injustices the colonies experienced. C) adopted for the intermediate stage of territorial development, which would give way to statehood in the third stage. D) adopted only for the initial stage of territorial development. Answer: C (p. 138) Topic: The Great Land Ordinances Skill: Conceptual 44) As a general, George Washington A) was a marvelous tactician, like Caesar. B) failed miserably. C) lacked genius but was a remarkable organizer and administrator. D) was a brilliant strategist, like Napoleon. Answer: C (p. 139) Topic: National Heroes Skill: Conceptual

45) George Washington’s greatest strength as a national hero was his A) warm, outgoing personality. B) brilliant strategic and tactical abilities as a military commander. C) powerful oratorical and literary abilities. D) personal sacrifices and his obvious disinclination toward becoming a dictator. Answer: D (p. 139) Topic: National Heroes Skill: Conceptual 46) How did historians react to depiction of the Revolution in The Patriot? A) They praised the accurate historical costumes. B) They were critical of many aspects of the film, especially the totally fictionalized British incineration of an occupied church. C) They thought the Battle of Cowpens was depicted with considerable historical accuracy. D) They praised the nuanced portraits of both the British and the Patriots. Answer: B (pp. 140–141) Topic: Re-Viewing the Past: The Patriot Skill: Conceptual 4.2 True/False Questions 47) Even after the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Continental Congress and most Americans were reluctant to declare independence because they doubted the common people’s capacity for self-government. Answer: TRUE (p. 117) Topic: The Great Declaration Skill: Conceptual 48) The first draft of the Declaration of Independence was prepared by Benjamin Franklin. Answer: FALSE (p. 119) Topic: The Great Declaration Skill: Factual 49) Most Anglican clergy supported the Patriot cause. Answer: FALSE (p. 121) Topic: Loyalists Skill: Factual 50) The drafting of a commercial treaty and a treaty of alliance with France was the outstanding diplomatic outcome of the Battle of Saratoga. Answer: TRUE (p. 125) Topic: Saratoga and the French Alliance Skill: Conceptual

51) In the fighting in the South, General Horatio Gates avoided major battles with the superior forces of General Cornwallis and instead harassed his forces with hit-and-run raids. Answer: FALSE (p. 126) Topic: The War Moves South Skill: Factual 52) The governments created under the new state constitutions were actually less democratic than their colonial predecessors. Answer: FALSE (pp. 133–135) Topic: Social Reform and Antislavery Skill: Conceptual 53) Martha Washington is famous for warning her husband that the rebels should “remember the ladies” as well as the men when they reformed society. Answer: FALSE (p. 135) Topic: Women and the Revolution Skill: Factual 54) The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited governments in new Western states from allowing slavery. Answer: TRUE (p. 138) Topic: The Great Land Ordinances Skill: Factual 4.3 Essay Questions 55) Describe the major events of the Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. Why did the Patriots win? (pp. 113–129) Topic: The American Revolution 56) Summarize how the Declaration of Independence was written. Explain why it was written. Evaluate its major features and values. (pp. 117–120) Topic: The Great Declaration 57) Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the Americans and the British in 1776. In addition to military factors, examine political, economic, and social factors as well. (p. 120) Topic: 1776: The Balance of Forces 58) Describe how the results of the Revolutionary War affected the lives of women in America. (pp. 135–136) Topic: Women and the Revolution

59) Describe specific examples of the growth of a national culture in America promoted by the Revolutionary War and the government under the Articles of Confederation. (pp. 136–137) Topic: Growth of a National Spirit 4.4 Identification Questions 60) Articles of Confederation The charter establishing the first government of the United States, ratified in 1781. The Articles placed the coercive powers to tax and regulate trade within the individual state governments; the national government, widely criticized for being weak, was superseded by the government established by the Constitution of the United States, effective in 1789. (p. 131) Topic: National Government Under the Articles of Confederation Skill: Factual 61) Common Sense An influential tract, published by Thomas Paine in January 1776, calling for American independence from Great Britain and establishment of a republican government. (p. 118) Topic: The Great Declaration Skill: Factual 62) Continental Army The regular or professional army authorized by the Second Continental Congress, mostly under the command of General George Washington during the Revolutionary War. (p. 116) Topic: The Second Continental Congress Skill: Factual 63) Loyalists Sometimes called Tories, the term for American colonists who refused to take up arms against England in the 1770s. (p. 121) Topic: Loyalists Skill: Factual 64) nationalism An affinity for a particular nation; in particular, a sense of national consciousness and loyalty that promotes the interests and attributes of that nation over all others. (p. 136) Topic: Growth of a National Spirit Skill: Factual 65) Northwest Ordinance A 1787 measure of the Continental Congress, passed according to the Articles of Confederation, to provide for governance of the region north of the Ohio River and the eventual admission of up to five territories—ultimately the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The ordinance also prohibited slavery in the region and reserved lands for Indians. (p. 138) Topic: The Great Land Ordinances Skill: Factual

66) Second Continental Congress A gathering of American patriots in May 1775 that organized the Continental army, requisitioned soldiers and supplies, and commissioned George Washington to lead it. (p. 115) Topic: The Second Continental Congress Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 5 The Federalist Era: Nationalism Triumphant 5.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) One example of the inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation was the inability of the United States to A) prevent English annexation of Florida. B) force England to withdraw its troops from American soil after the Revolutionary War. C) force England to abandon military posts it built beyond the boundaries of the original thirteen states. D) prohibit French settlers from claiming American land in the Ohio River Valley. Answer: C (p. 144) Topic: Inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation Skill: Conceptual 2) The nation which caused a major problem for the new government of the Articles of Confederation when it closed the lower Mississippi River to American commerce was A) Spain. B) France. C) Great Britain. D) England. Answer: A (p. 144) Topic: Inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation Skill: Factual 3) After the Revolution, the American balance of exports and imports became A) very unfavorable as British merchants poured low-priced manufactured goods into America. B) quite unfavorable due to over-expansion and overproduction by American industry. C) distinctly favorable as the British West Indies were opened to American trade. D) very favorable as Americans who manufactured low-priced goods flooded the European economy. Answer: A (p. 144) Topic: Inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation Skill: Conceptual 4) Under the Articles of Confederation there was a failed attempt to raise revenue and pressure the British by a(n) A) tariff. B) income tax. C) quitrent. D) foreign property tax. Answer: A (p. 145) Topic: Inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation Skill: Factual

5) In 1786 Massachusetts debtor farmers rebelled against the state government and were defeated in battle. This was ________ Rebellion. A) Bacon’s B) Leisler’s C) Paxton’s D) Shays’s Answer: D (p. 145) Topic: Daniel Shays’s “Little Rebellion” Skill: Factual 6) Which of the following statements about Shays’s Rebellion is true? A) Citizens of other states were generally indifferent to it. B) The central government effectively aided Massachusetts in quelling the rebellion. C) Many leaders, such as Washington, concluded that the central government must be strengthened. D) Most of the rebels were unemployed shipyard workers, frustrated by the depression of the 1780s. Answer: C (p. 146) Topic: Daniel Shays’s “Little Rebellion” Skill: Conceptual 7) It was difficult to amend the Articles of Confederation because amendments had to be approved by A) unanimous consent of members of Congress. B) legislatures in three-fourths of the states. C) specially elected conventions in nine of the thirteen states. D) unanimous consent of the states. Answer: D (p. 146) Topic: To Philadelphia, and the Constitution Skill: Factual 8) When the Annapolis meeting of 1786, which was called to discuss commercial problems, seemed about to fail, ________ proposed a convention in Philadelphia to deal with constitutional reform. A) James Madison B) Alexander Hamilton C) George Washington D) Thomas Jefferson Answer: B (p. 146) Topic: To Philadelphia, and the Constitution Skill: Factual

9) The model for many of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention was the A) British Parliament. B) French Estates General. C) Athenian democracy. D) Roman republic. Answer: D (p. 147) Topic: The Great Convention Skill: Factual 10) The Great Compromise settled the issue of representation in Congress by allowing A) each state two Senators and a number of Representatives that depended on its population. B) the large states to control the Senate and small states to control the House of Representatives. C) the state legislatures to choose both houses of Congress. D) the voters to elect both houses of Congress. Answer: A (p. 149) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Conceptual 11) The principle of the Three-Fifths Compromise was that A) amendments could be made in the Constitution with the consent of three-fifths of the states. B) three-fifths of the members of the House and of the Senate needed to approve all important bills in Congress. C) treaties could be ratified only by a three-fifths majority of the Senators. D) three-fifths of the slaves would be counted in determining each state’s representation and share of direct federal taxes. Answer: D (p. 149) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Conceptual 12) The final form of the Constitution was decided by A) James Madison’s unwillingness to compromise on any issues. B) the give-and-take of practical compromise. C) an alliance of the large, northern states. D) a small group of Southerners dedicated to protecting slavery. Answer: B (p. 149) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Conceptual

13) It was the intention of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention that A) the president would be elected directly by the citizenry. B) the House of Representatives would elect the president because of the effect of the cumbersome Electoral College method. C) members of the Electoral College would directly elect the president. D) the Senate would make nominations and that the House would choose and appoint the president. Answer: B (pp. 149–150) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Conceptual 14) The most drastic departure from past experience under the new constitution was the creation of a A) directly elected Senate. B) national legislature. C) powerful presidency. D) directly elected House of Representatives. Answer: C (p. 149) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Conceptual 15) The president’s veto power and the impeachment power of Congress are both examples of A) substantive due process. B) executive privilege. C) procedural due process. D) checks and balances. Answer: D (p. 149) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Factual 16) The procedure specified for ratifying the Constitution A) depended upon approval of the Constitution by the legislatures of the various states. B) depended upon approval of the Constitution by special conventions in the various states. C) was immediately followed by all 13 states. D) required majority approval in the first national election. Answer: B (p. 151) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution Skill: Factual

17) The map “Ratification of the Federal Constitution 1787–1790” neither totally confirms nor totally refutes the view that those who favored the Constitution tended to live in A) more prosperous coastal regions. B) less settled areas. C) backwoods regions. D) less prosperous areas. Answer: A (p. 151) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution Skill: Factual 18) Which of the following was fearful of the Constitution believing that it “squints toward monarchy”? A) John Jay B) Gouverneur Morris C) Patrick Henry D) Samuel Adams Answer: C (p. 152) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution Skill: Factual 19) Much Anti-Federalist opposition to the Constitution disappeared when A) the Federalists promised amendments to guarantee the civil liberties of the people. B) it became obvious that the constitution would be adopted over their objections. C) Alexander Hamilton threatened to impose an even stronger national government with the assistance of the army. D) it was agreed that an Anti-Federalist would be chosen vice-president. Answer: A (p. 152) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution Skill: Conceptual 20) During the ratification of the Constitution, the bitter disputes in ________ led to the writing of the Federalist Papers. A) Maryland B) Virginia C) Massachusetts D) New York Answer: D (p. 153) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution Skill: Factual

21) As president, George Washington A) aggressively led the Federalist party in election campaigns. B) used his “State of the Union” addresses to advocate legislation. C) was careful not to exceed the powers given him by the Constitution. D) was not concerned about establishing precedents. Answer: C (p. 154) Topic: Washington as President Skill: Conceptual 22) The Bill of Rights guaranteed that Congress would not interfere with the right(s) to A) freedom of speech, press, and religion. B) a two party political system. C) own slaves. D) vote for all adult males. Answer: A (p. 155) Topic: Congress Under Way Skill: Factual 23) The purpose of the ________ Amendment to the Constitution was to mollify those who feared the states would be destroyed by the new government. A) First B) Fourth C) Seventh D) Tenth Answer: D (p. 155) Topic: Congress Under Way Skill: Factual 24) Alexander Hamilton believed that the United States needed a A) completely unregulated economy. B) strong national government. C) political democracy with no restrictions on voting and office holding. D) weak national government. Answer: B (p. 156) Topic: Hamilton and Financial Reform Skill: Conceptual

25) Alexander Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit presented a plan deliberately intended to A) give a special advantage to the rich and thus win their support. B) penalize speculation in government securities. C) aid veterans of the Revolution in financing land purchases. D) provide help to debtor farmers. Answer: A (p. 156) Topic: Hamilton and Financial Reform Skill: Conceptual 26) To secure approval for federal assumption of state debts, Alexander Hamilton promised to A) locate the nation’s permanent capital on the Potomac River. B) repay the southern states which had already paid off much of their debt. C) withdraw his proposal for a Bank of the United States. D) support funds to promote southern manufacturing. Answer: A (p. 157) Topic: Hamilton and Financial Reform Skill: Conceptual 27) ________ advocated a “loose” interpretation of the “necessary and proper” clause to support the creation of a national bank. A) Thomas Jefferson B) Patrick Henry C) James Madison D) Alexander Hamilton Answer: D (p. 158) Topic: Hamilton and Financial Reform Skill: Factual 28) Congress will “take possession of a boundless field of power, no longer susceptible to any definition” if the “necessary and proper clause” is not literally interpreted. This was the sentiment of A) Alexander Hamilton, favoring the Bill of Rights. B) Thomas Jefferson, opposing the National Bank. C) Alexander Hamilton, favoring the National Bank. D) Thomas Jefferson, opposing the Bill of Rights. Answer: B (p. 158) Topic: Hamilton and Financial Reform Skill: Factual

29) The author of the Report on Manufactures, which was a bold call for national economic planning, was A) Thomas Jefferson. B) James Madison. C) Alexander Hamilton. D) Patrick Henry. Answer: C (p. 158) Topic: Hamilton and Financial Reform Skill: Factual 30) Which of the following committed the United States to be “friendly and impartial” in the wars that raged in Europe in the late 1800s? A) Jefferson’s Embargo Declaration, 1807 B) the Treaty of Alliance between France and the United States, 1778 C) Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793 D) the Treaty between the United States and Prussia, 1785 Answer: C (p. 160) Topic: Revolution in France Skill: Factual 31) The conduct of “Citizen” Genet was unacceptable to the American government because he was A) working to overthrow Washington’s administration. B) licensing American vessels as privateers against British shipping. C) involved in political intrigues with Governor Clinton of New York. D) trying to enlist Americans to fight against Napoleon. Answer: B (p. 160) Topic: Revolution in France Skill: Conceptual 32) After Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793, France A) and England each respected American shipping with the other. B) threatened to declare war unless America honored her treaty obligations. C) attacked American shipping, as did England, despite American neutrality. D) respected America’s freedom to trade, but England attacked all American shipping. Answer: C (p. 160) Topic: Revolution in France Skill: Conceptual

33) Concerning the birth of political parties in America, which of the following is the correct connection? A) Republicans: George Washington B) Federalists: James Monroe C) Republicans: Alexander Hamilton D) Republicans: Thomas Jefferson Answer: D (p. 161) Topic: Federalists and Republicans: The Rise of Political Parties Skill: Factual 34) The French Revolution and the ensuing war between France and Great Britain tended to A) widen the split between American political parties. B) unite all political parties to oppose the principles of the French Revolution. C) undermine America’s close relationship with England. D) unite all political parties to support the principles of the French Revolution. Answer: A (p. 162) Topic: Federalists and Republicans: The Rise of Political Parties Skill: Conceptual 35) When confronted by the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, Washington A) lacked the power to suppress it. B) suppressed it peacefully with a tremendous show of force. C) ignored it until it died out. D) met with the leaders to discuss their problems. Answer: B (p. 162) Topic: 1794: Crisis and Resolution Skill: Conceptual 36) In the early 1790s General Anthony Wayne’s decisive defeat of the Native Americans in Ohio in the Battle of ________ opened that territory to settlement. A) Tippecanoe B) Murfreesboro C) Fallen Timbers D) Cowpens Answer: C (pp. 162–163) Topic: 1794: Crisis and Resolution Skill: Factual

37) Under Jay’s Treaty, ________ agreed to abandon its military posts in the American Northwest. A) France B) Holland C) Spain D) Great Britain Answer: D (p. 163) Topic: Jay’s Treaty Skill: Factual 38) In his “Farewell Address,” George Washington indicated his A) support of northern commercial interests. B) belief that political parties were harmful and divisive. C) willingness to run for a third term if nominated. D) support for a military alliance with England. Answer: B (p. 165) Topic: Washington’s Farewell Skill: Conceptual 39) “Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence, the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake.” This warning came from A) George Washington’s “Farewell Address.” B) Alexander Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures. C) John Taylor of Caroline’s An Inquiry Into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States. D) John Adams’s A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America. Answer: A (p. 165) Topic: Washington’s Farewell Skill: Factual 40) In the election of 1796, when John Adams was chosen president, ________ was elected as his vice president. A) Thomas Pinckney B) Thomas Jefferson C) Alexander Hamilton D) John Jay Answer: B (p. 166) Topic: The Election of 1796 Skill: Factual

41) The French demand in 1797–1798 for a bribe as a precondition to negotiations with America was called the A) Lyon-Griswold Tangle. B) Berlin Decree. C) XYZ Affair. D) ABC Affair. Answer: C (p. 166) Topic: The XYZ Affair Skill: Factual 42) The XYZ Affair resulted in A) the creation of a Navy department and military appropriations to pursue the Federalist demands for war with France. B) France unilaterally ending the alliance of 1778 with America. C) France securing an alliance by bribing the American negotiators. D) the creation of a permanent standing army with military appropriations to pursue the Republican demands for war with England. Answer: A (pp. 166–167) Topic: The XYZ Affair Skill: Conceptual 43) The repressive measures which the Federalists passed primarily to smash their Republican opponents were the A) Judiciary Acts of 1801. B) Militia and Quartering Acts. C) Alien and Sedition Acts. D) Kentucky and Virginia Resolves. Answer: C (p. 167) Topic: The Alien and Sedition Acts Skill: Factual 44) James Madison responded to the Alien and Sedition Acts by A) condemning them because they assumed that elected officials were the masters rather than the servants of the people. B) vigorously prosecuting alien critics of the government. C) intentionally violating the Sedition Act to test its constitutionality before the Supreme Court. D) organizing Republicans in Congress to block any Federalist measures until these acts were repealed. Answer: A (p. 167) Topic: The Alien and Sedition Acts Skill: Conceptual

45) According to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves, a law of Congress could be declared unconstitutional by A) the president. B) constitutional conventions in two-thirds of the states. C) one-third of the states acting in common. D) an individual state. Answer: D (p. 168) Topic: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolves Skill: Factual 46) When the French indicated a willingness to reopen the negotiations that had been disrupted by the XYZ Affair, President Adams responded by A) demanding conquest of the remaining Spanish colonies in North and South America. B) pursuing a policy of international peace, despite Federalist demands for war. C) playing upon French fears by discussing an alliance with England. D) disregarding the French overtures because the Federalists had turned American hostility toward the French against the Republicans also. Answer: B (p. 168) Topic: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolves Skill: Conceptual 5.2 True/False Questions 47) According to your text, one of the fundamental points on which delegates to the Constitutional convention agreed was that no group in society, no matter how numerous, should have unrestricted authority. Answer: TRUE (p. 147) Topic: The Great Convention Skill: Conceptual 48) At the outset of the Constitutional convention the delegates decided they would follow their original instructions just to revise the Articles of Confederation. Answer: FALSE (p. 148) Topic: The Great Convention Skill: Conceptual 49) James Madison drafted the Virginia Plan, which favored the interests of the small states. Answer: FALSE (p. 148) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Factual

50) The Federalists tended to be people who were active in commerce and were well-to-do. Answer: TRUE (p. 152) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution Skill: Factual 51) From 1790 to 1792, the forces of the Miami chief Little Turtle suffered a series of crushing defeats at the hands of the American army in Florida. Answer: FALSE (p. 159) Topic: The Ohio Country: A Dark and Bloody Ground Skill: Factual 52) A major reason why American politics were so bitter right after the Revolution is the personal basis of the parties and their controversies. Answer: TRUE (p. 161) Topic: Federalists and Republicans: The Rise of Political Parties Skill: Conceptual 53) The map “The United States and Its Territories, 1787–1802” shows that Florida was controlled by Spain. Answer: TRUE (p. 163) Topic: Jay’s Treaty Skill: Factual 54) Spain agreed to allow Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River in Jay’s Treaty. Answer: FALSE (p. 164) Topic: 1795: All’s Well That Ends Well Skill: Factual 55) In his “Farewell Address,” George Washington urged America to have “temporary” alliances rather than “permanent” alliances with foreign powers. Answer: TRUE (p. 165) Topic: Washington’s Farewell Skill: Factual 56) Supporters of Alexander Hamilton were the people most frequently prosecuted under the Alien and Sedition Acts. Answer: FALSE (p. 167) Topic: The Alien and Sedition Acts Skill: Factual

5.3 Essay Questions 57) Describe the events and trends that led many Americans by 1787 to favor revising the Articles of Confederation. (pp. 144–145) Topic: Inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation 58) Summarize the major assumptions shared by most of the members of the Constitutional convention. Explain the major disagreements during the convention. How were those disagreements settled? (pp. 147–150) Topic: The Great Convention; The Compromises That Produced the Constitution 59) Describe the process of ratifying the Constitution. Compare and contrast the views of those who favored and those who opposed its ratification. (pp. 151–153) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution 60) Describe the establishment of the new American government under George Washington’s administration. What were the major problems faced by his administration and how did it deal with them? (pp. 153–165) Topic: Washington as President 61) Describe the origin of political parties in America and their major conflicts up to 1800. (pp. 161–168) Topic: Federalists and Republicans: The Rise of Political Parties 5.4 Identification Questions 62) Alien and Sedition Acts Four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated Congress in 1798 directed against sympathizers to the French Revolution—chiefly Thomas Jefferson and his Republican party. The laws, which stifled dissent and made it more difficult for immigrants to gain citizenship, had lapsed by 1802 (p. 167) Topic: The Alien and Sedition Acts Skill: Factual 63) Antifederalists Critics of the Constitution who initially opposed its ratification. By the late 1790s, they generally endorsed states’ rights and sought limitations on federal power (p. 152) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution Skill Factual 64) Bank of the United States Established as a joint public and private venture in 1791 at the behest of Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, the Bank of the United States served as a depository of government funds, collected and expended government revenue, and issued notes to serve as a national medium of exchange. The bank’s charter expired in 1811. A Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 (p. 157) Topic: Hamilton and Financial Reform Skill: Factual 74 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

65) Bill of Rights The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution (adopted in 1791); they protected individual liberties and states’ rights against the power of the national government (p. 155) Topic: Congress Under Way Skill: Factual 66) Electoral College An assembly of delegates representing each of the states who choose the president of the United States. This mechanism, established by the U.S. Constitution, was regarded as less volatile than allowing voters to elect the president directly (p. 150) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Factual 67) Farewell Address President Washington’s influential 1796 speech in which he deplored the rise of political factions and warned against “permanent alliances” with foreign nations (p. 165) Topic: Washington’s Farewell Skill: Factual 68) Federalist Papers A series of essays, chiefly written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, explaining and defending the national government proposed by the Constitutional Convention of 1787 (p. 153) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution Skill: Factual 69) Federalists Advocates of a strong national government; they supported ratification of the Constitution and subsequently supported measures to expand federal revenues and functions (p. 152) Topic: Ratifying the Constitution Skill: Factual 70) French Revolution The massive and violent social and political upheaval commencing in 1789 that ended the French monarchy, established a republic, expropriated the land and property of the Catholic Church, and culminated in a bloody reign of terror (p. 159) Topic: Revolution in France Skill: Factual 71) Great Compromise Resolved the differences between the New Jersey and Virginia delegations to the Constitutional Convention by providing for a bicameral legislature: the Senate, with equal representation for each state, and the House of Representatives, apportioned by population (p. 150) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Factual

72) Jay’s Treaty Named after John Jay, the American negotiator, and ratified in 1795, this treaty eased tensions with Great Britain. By its provisions Britain agreed to evacuate forts on the United States’ side of the Great Lakes and submit questions of neutral rights to arbitrators (p. 164) Topic: Jay’s Treaty Skill: Factual 73) judicial review A crucial concept that empowered the Supreme Court to invalidate acts of Congress. Although not explicitly propounded in the U.S. Constitution, Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that the right of judicial review was implicit in the Constitution’s status as “the supreme Law of the Land” (p. 150) Topic: The Compromises That Produced The Constitution Skill: Factual 74) Kentucky and Virginia Resolves Political declarations in favor of states’ rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in opposition to the federal Alien and Sedition Acts. These resolutions, passed by the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures in 1798, maintained that states could nullify federal legislation they regarded as unconstitutional (p. 168) Topic: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolves Skill: Factual 75) New Jersey Plan The proposal to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 by New Jersey delegate William Paterson to create a federal legislature in which each state was represented equally. The concept became embodied in the United States Constitution through the Senate, in which each state has two representatives, though this was counterbalanced by the House of Representatives, in which each state’s representation is proportional to its population (p. 148) Topic: The Compromises That Produced The Constitution Skill: Factual 76) Shays’s rebellion An armed rebellion of western Massachusetts farmers in 1786 to prevent state courts from foreclosing on debtors. Nationalists saw such unrest as proof of the inadequacy of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation (p. 145) Topic: Daniel Shays’s “Little Rebellion” Skill: Factual 77) Three-Fifths Compromise The provision in the Constitution that defined slaves, for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives and state tax payments, not as full persons, but as constituting only three-fifths of a person (p. 149) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Factual

78) Virginia Plan An initiative, proposed by James Madison of Virginia, calling on the Constitutional Convention to declare that seats in the federal legislature would be proportionate to a state’s population, a concept that caused smaller states to propose a New Jersey plan in which each state would have the same number of representatives. The controversy was resolved in the Great Compromise (p. 148) Topic: The Compromises That Produced the Constitution Skill: Factual 79) Whiskey Rebellion A violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers who refused to pay the whiskey tax proposed by Alexander Hamilton. In 1794, the rebels threatened to destroy Pittsburgh; by the time the Union army had arrived, the rebels had dispersed (p. 162) Topic: 1794: Crisis and Resolution Skill: Factual 80) XYZ Affair A political furor caused by French diplomats who in 1797 demanded a bribe before they would enter into negotiations with their American counterparts; some Federalists, furious over this assault on national honor, called for war (p. 167) Topic: The XYZ Affair Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 6 Jeffersonian Democracy 6.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The winner of the presidential election of 1800 was chosen by the A) Senate. B) Electoral College. C) Supreme Court. D) House of Representatives. Answer: D (p. 172) Topic: Jefferson Elected President Skill: Factual 2) In the election of 1800, A) Jefferson’s vice-presidential running mate was George Clinton. B) Jefferson was finally chosen president by the House of Representatives. C) Adams and Jefferson received the same number of electoral votes. D) Jefferson was finally chosen president by the Senate. Answer: B (pp. 172–173) Topic: Jefferson Elected President Skill: Conceptual 3) A direct consequence of the election of 1800 was the constitutional amendment stipulating A) a single electoral college ballot in which the candidate with the most votes became president and the runner-up became vice president. B) the organization of political parties. C) separate electoral college ballots for president and vice-president. D) qualifications of those who could vote for presidential electors. Answer: C (p. 173) Topic: Jefferson Elected President Skill: Conceptual 4) The most important achievement of the Federalist era was the A) protection of freedom of speech. B) establishment and implementation of the Constitution. C) assertion of American rights aggressively against continuing British domination. D) respect of the rights of immigrants. Answer: B (p. 173) Topic: The Federalist Contribution Skill: Conceptual

5) The most significant aspect of the election of 1800 was that A) Jefferson gained an overwhelming vote in the Electoral College. B) the Federalists defeated the Republicans so easily. C) it was not a revolution. D) Jefferson was elected by irregular, if not illegal, means. Answer: C (p. 173) Topic: The Federalist Contribution Skill: Conceptual 6) The politician who sought to preserve America as a nation of minimal government and small, independent farmers was A) John Adams. B) Alexander Hamilton. C) Thomas Jefferson. D) Henry Clay. Answer: C (p. 173) Topic: Thomas Jefferson: Political Theorist Skill: Conceptual 7) One of the few points on which Jefferson agreed with Hamilton was the A) need to commercialize the nation. B) advantages of favoring the British in foreign policy. C) ease with which propertyless city dwellers could be corrupted by demagogues. D) necessity to restrict the power of government as much as possible. Answer: C (p. 174) Topic: Thomas Jefferson: Political Theorist Skill: Conceptual 8) One of the main differences between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton was that Hamilton A) believed that city-dwellers were easily corrupted by demagogues. B) was a Republican. C) thought commercialization and centralization was best for the country. D) opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts. Answer: C (p. 173) Topic: Thomas Jefferson: Political Theorist Skill: Conceptual

9) In discussing the debate about whether Thomas Jefferson fathered a child with his slave, Sally Hemings, your text notes that A) DNA evidence supports the contention that Thomas Jefferson was most likely the father of at least one of Sally Hemings’s children. B) most historians agree with Jefferson’s biographer Dumas Malone that these accusations have no foundation. C) Jefferson’s significance as a statesman would be greatly diminished if this accusation were proven to be true. D) DNA evidence disproves the contention that Thomas Jefferson was the father of at least one of Sally Hemings’s children. Answer: A (p. 174) Topic: Thomas Jefferson: Political Theorist Skill: Conceptual 10) “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans—we are all Federalists.” This was written by A) John Adams. B) Alexander Hamilton. C) Thomas Jefferson. D) George Washington. Answer: C (p. 174) Topic: Jefferson as President Skill: Factual 11) The president known for his “pell-mell” style of plain dress and informal entertaining was A) George Washington. B) John Adams. C) Thomas Jefferson. D) James Madison. Answer: C (p. 175) Topic: Jefferson as President Skill: Factual 12) Thomas Jefferson was politically A) non-partisan. B) inept. C) astute. D) antagonistic. Answer: C (p. 175) Topic: Jefferson as President Skill: Conceptual

13) In his first inaugural address, Jefferson stressed his desire to A) seek revenge on the Federalists for the Alien and Sedition Acts. B) minimize the differences between Federalists and Republicans. C) increase government spending to provide better services for citizens. D) negotiate a mutual defense alliance with Great Britain. Answer: B (p. 175) Topic: Jefferson as President Skill: Conceptual 14) As president, Thomas Jefferson A) appointed only Republicans to his Cabinet. B) followed Washington’s example of dignified pomp and ceremony. C) escalated conflicts between himself and his opponents. D) followed Washington’s example of a non-partisan, balanced Cabinet. Answer: A (p. 175) Topic: Jefferson as President Skill: Factual 15) The purpose of the ________ was to maintain Federalist control of the judicial branch against Jeffersonianism. A) Governmental Reorganization Act of 1799 B) Judiciary Act of 1801 C) Judicial Review Act of 1805 D) Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 Answer: B (p. 176) Topic: Jefferson’s Attack on the Judiciary Skill: Factual 16) The Federalist Chief Justice who established the power of the Supreme Court to invalidate federal laws in Marbury v. Madison (1803) was A) John Marshall. B) Oliver Ellsworth. C) Samuel Chase. D) William Hubard. Answer: A (p. 176) Topic: Jefferson’s Attack on the Judiciary Skill: Factual

17) In Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall cleverly established the power of the Supreme Court to A) issue writs ordering governmental officials to perform certain duties. B) invalidate federal laws held to be in conflict with the Constitution. C) remove governmental officials who refused to perform their duties. D) award damages to governmental officials deprived of their jobs. Answer: B (p. 176) Topic: Jefferson’s Attack on the Judiciary Skill: Conceptual 18) Which of the following statements about the case of Marbury v. Madison is NOT true? A) Marshall found that by right Marbury should have his commission. B) It established the concept of judicial review by declaring something unconstitutional for the first time. C) It bolstered the concept of checks and balances by providing an executive branch “check” on judicial power. D) It found that Congress did not have the power to authorize the Supreme Court to force Madison to give Marbury his commission. Answer: C (p. 176) Topic: Jefferson’s Attack on the Judiciary Skill: Conceptual 19) Republican attempts to impeach Federalist judges resulted in the A) removal of twelve judges, largely on the grounds of political disagreements. B) Supreme Court ruling that judges were not subject to impeachment. C) failure to remove their main target, Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. D) complete failure to remove any of the judges. Answer: C (p. 177) Topic: Jefferson’s Attack on the Judiciary Skill: Conceptual 20) During his first term, Jefferson fought a small naval war, attempting to resist the blackmail of the A) Haitian pirates. B) English. C) French. D) Barbary pirates. Answer: D (p. 177) Topic: The Barbary Pirates Skill: Factual

21) For Jefferson, one of the most important reasons for the Louisiana Purchase was that it A) secured access to the mouth of the Mississippi River. B) supported American claims to gold deposits in the Midwest. C) opened new territory for the expansion of slavery. D) provided land which could be used to back up the new paper money issued by the National Bank. Answer: A (p. 178) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase Skill: Conceptual 22) Prior to the Louisiana Purchase, Napoleon launched an expedition against which former French colony, led by which black revolutionary? A) Saint Domingue; Toussaint Louverture B) Haiti; Maximilien Robespierre C) Cuba; Jose Marti D) Guadeloupe; Louis Delgres Answer: A (p. 179) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase Skill: Factual 23) In the negotiations for what became the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson originally commissioned Robert Livingston and James Monroe to purchase A) everything west of the Mississippi River. B) St. Louis and New Orleans. C) New Orleans and Florida. D) the rights to navigate the Mississippi River. Answer: C (p. 179) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase Skill: Conceptual 24) The leader who abandoned his plans for an empire in the New World and sold Louisiana to the United States was A) Louis XVI. B) Juan Carlos I. C) George III. D) Napoleon. Answer: D (p. 180) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase Skill: Factual

25) In the end, Jefferson justified the purchase of Louisiana by A) reminding the country of the dangers presented by foreigners in North America. B) appealing to the “manifest destiny” of the United States to expand westward to the Pacific. C) amending the Constitution specifically to allow the addition of new territories. D) bowing to “the good sense of the country” which seemed to demand the acquisition despite constitutional difficulties. Answer: D (p. 180) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase Skill: Conceptual 26) The Louisiana Purchase furthered weakened the power of A) Napoleon. B) the Republicans. C) the Federalists. D) Thomas Jefferson. Answer: C (p. 181) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase Skill: Conceptual 27) The die-hard Federalists who organized a scheme to break away from the Union and create a “northern confederacy” in 1804 were the A) Federal Constitutionalists. B) Essex Junto. C) Hartford Convention. D) War Hawks. Answer: B (p. 182) Topic: The Federalists Discredited Skill: Factual 28) The duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr resulted from A) Hamilton’s campaigning against Burr when he ran for governor of New York and then continuing to cast aspersions on Burr’s character. B) Burr’s opposition to Hamilton’s financial program. C) Burr’s refusal to withdraw from the election of 1800, which forced Hamilton to support Jefferson against his better judgment. D) Burr’s accusations that Hamilton had an affair with his wife. Answer: A (p. 182) Topic: The Federalists Discredited Skill: Conceptual

29) One of the purposes of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to A) build military outposts to serve as trading centers with the Native American tribes. B) bring Protestantism to the Native Americans. C) drive the Spanish out of Oregon. D) establish official relations with Native American tribes. Answer: D (p. 183) Topic: Lewis and Clark Skill: Conceptual 30) The western expedition that explored the northwestern area of the Louisiana Purchase from 18041806 was led by A) Zebulon Pike. B) Stanley and Livingston. C) Thomas Freeman. D) Lewis and Clark. Answer: D (pp. 183–184) Topic: Lewis and Clark Skill: Factual 31) In addition to the Lewis and Clark expedition, Jefferson dispatched ________ to explore the upper Mississippi Valley and the Colorado region. A) Zebulon Pike B) Thomas Freeman C) Francis Parkman D) Daniel Boone Answer: A (p. 184) Topic: Lewis and Clark Skill: Factual 32) The “Burr Conspiracy” was an unsuccessful attempt A) to seize the presidency, which Aaron Burr thought was rightfully his. B) by Burr to assassinate Alexander Hamilton. C) to separate a part of the West from the United States. D) by Hamilton to assassinate Aaron Burr. Answer: C (p. 184) Topic: The Burr Conspiracy Skill: Conceptual

33) The Republican who caused Jefferson the most trouble by conspiring with General James Wilkinson and flirting with treason was A) Thomas Pinckney. B) Aaron Burr. C) John Randolph. D) Robert Livingston. Answer: B (p. 184) Topic: The Burr Conspiracy Skill: Factual 34) In Aaron Burr’s trial for treason, A) Burr readily admitted his guilt. B) Hamilton antagonized Burr so much that they fought a duel in which Hamilton was killed. C) neither President Jefferson nor Chief Justice Marshall acted impartially. D) Chief Justice Marshall displayed great impartiality in contrast to Jefferson’s vindictive behavior toward Burr. Answer: C (p. 185) Topic: The Burr Conspiracy Skill: Conceptual 35) The effect of the Berlin and Milan decrees by France and the Orders in Council by Great Britain was to A) encourage trade with Great Britain and discourage trade with France. B) stop all American trade with both countries. C) promote American trade with both countries. D) make trade more difficult for neutral nations. Answer: D (pp. 185–186) Topic: Napoleon and the British Skill: Conceptual 36) Between 1803 and 1806, the main effect upon America of the war between France and England was to A) stimulate the economy dramatically, especially in re-exporting foreign products. B) deepen domestic political divisions between the Republicans and the Federalists. C) disrupt and almost destroy American foreign trade. D) stimulate greatly increased defense spending in preparation for war. Answer: A (p. 186) Topic: Napoleon and the British Skill: Conceptual

37) The British practice of forcibly removing British deserters from American ships was called A) impressment. B) dragoonment. C) involuntary recruitment. D) de-naturalization. Answer: A (p. 187) Topic: The Impressment Controversy Skill: Factual 38) How well did Jefferson handle the foreign policy crisis presented by the impressment controversy? A) He was neither well-informed nor hardheaded. B) He displayed his diplomatic mastery; it was one of his finest moments. C) His handling of the foreign policy crisis went quite well at first until his initial success went to his head. D) His initial bumbling attempts were rectified by Secretary of State James Madison. Answer: A (p. 187) Topic: The Impressment Controversy Skill: Conceptual 39) The episode which immediately prompted the Embargo Act was the A) naval conflict between the Constitution and the Guerriere. B) French blockade of major American ports. C) British refusal to pay American tariffs. D) attack on the Chesapeake by the Leopard. Answer: D (p. 188) Topic: The Embargo Act Skill: Factual 40) Under ________, exports were totally prohibited and only foreign vessels were allowed to import goods to America. A) the Non-Intercourse Act B) the Embargo Act C) Macon’s Bill Number Two D) the Berlin and Milan Decrees Answer: B (p. 188) Topic: The Embargo Act Skill: Factual

41) The Embargo Act of 1807 A) won public acclaim for Jefferson because “he kept us out of war.” B) was resented and resisted by large numbers of Americans. C) easily accomplished its purpose. D) was not supported initially by many Americans, but they eventually saw the wisdom of Jefferson’s policy. Answer: B (p. 189) Topic: The Embargo Act Skill: Conceptual 42) How does the text evaluate the Embargo Act of 1807? A) It was certainly a mistake. B) It showed that Jefferson sometimes chose practical results over moral principles. C) Strong Federalist support ensured its success. D) Even though it was unpopular, Jefferson had no other feasible options. Answer: A (p. 189) Topic: The Embargo Act Skill: Conceptual 43) Congress repealed ________ in 1809 because it harmed American commerce rather than that of the British and French. A) the Non-Intercourse Act B) the Milan Decree C) the Embargo Act D) Macon’s Bill No. 2 Answer: C (p. 189) Topic: The Embargo Act Skill: Factual 44) According to the _____________, trade with Great Britain and France was forbidden and could only resume by presidential proclamation when either power ceased violating the rights of Americans. A) Non-Intercourse Act B) Embargo Act C) Berlin Decree D) Milan Decree Answer: A (p. 189) Topic: The Embargo Act Skill: Factual

45) Thomas Jefferson “prepared the country for democracy” by A) demonstrating that there was almost no difference between the parties. B) introducing legislation to abolish slavery. C) encouraging poor white males to vote. D) proving that a democrat could establish and maintain a stable regime. Answer: D (p. 190) Topic: Jeffersonian Democracy Skill: Conceptual 46) How successful was Jefferson as president by 1805? A) He seemed to have led his fellow Americans into a golden age. B) He was very successful in all areas except domestic policy. C) He had one of the most disastrous first terms ever completed by a president who was re-elected. D) He was very successful in all areas except foreign policy. Answer: A (p. 191) Topic: Jeffersonian Democracy Skill: Conceptual 6.2 True/False Questions 47) In the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received an equal number of electoral votes. Answer: TRUE (p. 172) Topic: Jefferson Elected President Skill: Factual 48) When he became president, Jefferson abolished Hamilton’s financial system. Answer: FALSE (p. 175) Topic: Jefferson as President Skill: Conceptual 49) As a result of Jefferson’s war against the Barbary pirates, the pirates were forced to end their demands for annual protection payments from American ships. Answer: FALSE (p. 177) Topic: The Barbary Pirates Skill: Conceptual 50) France signed a secret treaty with Spain (immediately after settling its difficulties with the U.S. through the Convention of 1800) which returned Louisiana to France. Answer: TRUE (p. 178) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase Skill: Factual

51) Most of the early opposition to the Louisiana Purchase came from Federalists who opposed it because they claimed it undermined the Constitution. Answer: TRUE (p. 181) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase Skill: Conceptual 52) In Aaron Burr’s trial for treason, Chief Justice Marshall insisted that treason need not include overt acts. Answer: FALSE (p. 185) Topic: The Burr Conspiracy Skill: Conceptual 53) During the conflict between Napoleon and the British, the British fleet under Admiral Nelson smashed the combined fleets of France and Spain in the Battle of Austerlitz. Answer: FALSE (p. 185) Topic: Napoleon and the British Skill: Factual 54) Napoleon attempted to establish a naval blockade around England with the Berlin and Milan decrees. Answer: TRUE (p. 185) Topic: Napoleon and the British Skill: Factual 55) British impressment policy was resented by Americans because, by British law, naturalized American citizens were still British subjects and could be impressed. Answer: TRUE (p. 187) Topic: The Impressment Controversy Skill: Conceptual 56) One factor in explaining Jefferson’s success in his first term was his marvelous talent as a writer. Answer: TRUE (p. 190) Topic: Jeffersonian Democracy Skill: Conceptual 6.3 Essay Questions 57) Explain why the election of 1800 is sometimes described as a “revolution.” Why was it important that it most certainly was not a revolution? Describe the transition from the Federalists to the Republicans. (pp. 172–177) Topic: Jefferson Elected President

58) Summarize the ideas and values of Jeffersonian democracy. Evaluate to what extent Jefferson’s actions as president were both consistent and inconsistent with those values. (pp. 172–192) Topic: Jeffersonian Democracy 59) Explain the significance of Marbury v. Madison. Summarize the events which brought this case to the Supreme Court. Explain how the Court ruled in this case. (p. 176) Topic: Jefferson’s Attack on the Judiciary 60) Summarize how the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase. Explain the major obstacles that needed to be overcome. (pp. 177–181) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase 61) Summarize how Jefferson was caught between the French and British governments during his second term. Evaluate how he responded to these dilemmas. (pp. 185–189) Topic: Napoleon and the British; The Impressment Controversy; The Embargo Act 6.4 Identification Questions 62) Embargo Act A law passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting all American exports. President Thomas Jefferson, who proposed the law, sought to pressure Britain and France—then at war with each other— into recognizing neutral rights (p. 188) Topic: The Embargo Act Skill: Factual 63) impressment The policy whereby Britain forced people to serve in its navy. The impressment of sailors—even American citizens—on neutral vessels during the Napoleonic Wars outraged Americans and was a major cause of the War of 1812 (p. 187) Topic: The Impressment Controversey Skill: Factual 64) Lewis and Clark expedition An exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the region stretching to the Pacific, commissioned by President Jefferson. Commanded by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the enterprise (1804–1806) brought back a wealth of information about the region (p. 184) Topic: Lewis and Clark Skill: Factual 65) Louisiana Purchase An 1803 agreement whereby the United States purchased France’s North American Empire, the vast region drained by the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, for $15 million; it doubled the size of the nation (p. 177) Topic: The Louisiana Purchase Skill: Factual 91 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

66) Marbury v. Madison An 1803 Supreme Court ruling that declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the precedent for judicial review of federal laws (p. 176) Topic: Jefferson’s Attack on the Judiciary Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 7 National Growing Pains 7.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Although Macon’s Bill No. 2 temporarily removed all restrictions on trade, A) non-intercourse would be reapplied to either major power if the other ceased violating American neutral rights. B) Americans did not take advantage of the chance to trade with Great Britain. C) Americans preferred to trade with other neutral nations. D) the Embargo Act would be reapplied in December 1810 if war in Europe continued. Answer: A (p. 194) Topic: Madison in Power Skill: Conceptual 2) President Madison reapplied the non-intercourse policy to Great Britain because A) his cabinet members strongly urged him to do so. B) the French threatened to attack American shipping unless he did so. C) he mistakenly believed that France was no longer seizing American ships. D) he had pledged to do so during his election campaign. Answer: C (p. 194) Topic: Madison in Power Skill: Conceptual 3) One of the major reasons for American entry in the War of 1812 was the A) American belief that the Spanish were inspiring Native American resistance to American expansion. B) French attacks on American shipping. C) American belief that the French were inspiring Native American resistance to American expansion. D) American belief that the British were inspiring Native American resistance to American expansion. Answer: D (p. 194) Topic: Tecumseh and Indian Resistance Skill: Conceptual 4) The Shawnee chief who tried to bind all of the tribes east of the Mississippi into a great confederation in the early 1800s was A) Little Turtle. B) Chief Joseph. C) Osceola. D) Tecumseh. Answer: D (p. 195) Topic: Tecumseh and Indian Resistance Skill: Factual

5) Tecumseh’s brother, Tenskwatawa (or “The Prophet”) A) called upon Native Americans to farm and copy the ways of whites. B) was a spy for General William Henry Harrison. C) declared Native Americans should reject white ways, clothes, and liquor. D) was paid by the French to disrupt American settlement of the Ohio River Valley. Answer: C (p. 195) Topic: Tecumseh and Indian Resistance Skill: Conceptual 6) In the early 1800s, American settlers blamed frontier warfare on a scheme by A) General Harrison. B) the French. C) the Federalists. D) the British. Answer: D (p. 196) Topic: Tecumseh and Indian Resistance Skill: Factual 7) Among the causes of the War of 1812 was the A) demand from New England merchants that their shipping be protected. B) desire of Westerners to expand into Canada. C) British repeal of the Orders in Council. D) French blockade of American ports. Answer: B (p. 196) Topic: Depression and Land Hunger Skill: Conceptual 8) The War Hawks called for war against Great Britain because they A) agreed with the New England merchants’ desire to stop impressment of their sailors. B) wanted to defend the national honor and save the republic from British domination. C) hoped to reopen European ports to US trade. D) were trying to divert public attention away from their immoral treatment of the Native Americans. Answer: B (p. 196) Topic: Depression and Land Hunger Skill: Conceptual

9) The greatest opposition to the War of 1812 came from A) churches. B) Westerners. C) expansionists. D) shipowners. Answer: D (p. 196) Topic: Opponents of War Skill: Factual 10) In the War of 1812, Captain Isaac Hull commanded the frigate ________ to a brilliant victory over the H.M.S. Guerriere. A) Chesapeake B) Constitution C) Leopard D) United States Answer: B (p. 197) Topic: The War of 1812 Skill: Factual 11) In the War of 1812, the most effective American action against British shipping was by A) U.S. frigates. B) navies of the individual states. C) pirates in the Caribbean. D) privateering merchantmen. Answer: D (p. 198) Topic: The War of 1812 Skill: Factual 12) The map “The War of 1812” depicts the British tactic in America of a(n) A) naval blockade of the American coast. B) amphibious attack on Boston. C) major offensive by Native Americans from west of the Mississippi. D) coordinated attack on the Mississippi River Valley from Canada and New Orleans. Answer: A (p. 200) Topic: The War of 1812 Skill: Factual

13) The British changed their strategy against the United States in 1814 because A) they could expect the support of France and Spain at that time. B) the war in Europe, which had diverted their attention earlier, was now over. C) the American military effort had broken down completely. D) they had been soundly defeated in Europe. Answer: B (p. 201) Topic: Britain Assumes the Offensive Skill: Conceptual 14) The major U.S. city sacked and burned by the British in 1814 was A) Washington, D.C. B) New Orleans. C) Baltimore. D) Philadelphia. Answer: A (p. 197) Topic: The War of 1812 Skill: Factual 15) The Treaty of Ghent (1814) ending the War of 1812 A) required the British to stop the impressment of seamen. B) simply reestablished the status quo ante bellum. C) clearly defined the rights of neutral nations. D) was merely a temporary halt in the ongoing violent conflicts between the British and the Americans. Answer: B (p. 203) Topic: The Treaty of Ghent Skill: Conceptual 16) During the War of 1812, Federalists in New England A) refused to provide militia to aid in the fight. B) supplied the American army with goods at prices below their cost. C) purchased most of the government bonds to fund the war. D) tried to negotiate an unofficial peace with France. Answer: A (p. 203) Topic: The Hartford Convention Skill: Conceptual

17) In January 1815, which of the following gave states the right to assert their authority should “deliberate, dangerous and palpable infractions of the Constitution” be made? A) the Essex Junto B) the Hartford Convention C) the Federalist Papers D) the Kentucky and Virginia Resolves Answer: B (p. 204) Topic: The Hartford Convention Skill: Factual 18) As a result of the War of 1812, the Federalists A) increased their popularity in all regions. B) were discredited as a political party. C) lost popularity in the South. D) regained the presidency in the election of 1816. Answer: B (p. 204) Topic: The Battle of New Orleans and the End of the War Skill: Conceptual 19) The Battle of New Orleans in 1815 resulted in the A) negotiation of the Treaty of Ghent on terms favorable to the United States. B) acquisition of the area through the Louisiana Purchase. C) emergence of Andrew Jackson as a military hero. D) writing of “The Star-Spangled Banner” by Francis Scott Key. Answer: C (p. 204) Topic: The Battle of New Orleans and the End of the War Skill: Conceptual 20) The measure in which Great Britain and the United States agreed to set a limit on the number of armed vessels on the Great Lakes was the A) Rush-Bagot Agreement. B) Transcontinental Treaty. C) St. Lawrence Accord. D) Monroe Doctrine. Answer: A (p. 206) Topic: Anglo-American Rapprochement Skill: Factual

21) The American general who pursued the Seminole Native Americans into Florida and seized two Spanish forts was A) Henry Dearborn. B) William Henry Harrison. C) Oliver Hazard Perry. D) Andrew Jackson. Answer: D (pp. 206–207) Topic: The Transcontinental Treaty Skill: Factual 22) The Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 A) gave the United States claim to the entire Texas area. B) settled American boundary disputes with Canada. C) established joint occupation of the Oregon country. D) transferred Florida to the United States for $5 million and settled the southern boundary of the Louisiana territory to the Pacific. Answer: D (p. 207) Topic: The Transcontinental Treaty Skill: Conceptual 23) The Monroe Doctrine A) proclaimed President Monroe’s intention of intervening actively in Europe. B) followed precisely a suggestion made earlier by the British government. C) hoped to isolate the United States from involvement in European affairs. D) asserted American claims to all of the Oregon country. Answer: C (p. 207) Topic: The Monroe Doctrine Skill: Conceptual 24) The Monroe Doctrine’s warning against European interference in America came because ________ colonies rebelled to gain their independence. A) France’s B) Spain’s C) Portugal’s D) England’s Answer: B (p. 208) Topic: The Monroe Doctrine Skill: Factual

25) “The American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” The source of this quote is A) the Embargo Act. B) the Transcontinental Treaty. C) Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation. D) the Monroe Doctrine. Answer: D (p. 208) Topic: The Monroe Doctrine Skill: Factual 26) What “may be seen as the final stage in the evolution of American independence”? A) Louisiana Purchase B) Monroe Doctrine C) War of 1812 D) Battle of New Orleans Answer: B (p. 209) Topic: The Monroe Doctrine Skill: Conceptual 27) The “Era of Good Feelings” was noted for the A) absence of organized political parties opposing each other. B) return to the political and economic philosophy of Jefferson. C) exceptionally strong leadership by Monroe as head of his party. D) absence of any divisive political and economic issues. Answer: A (p. 210) Topic: The Era of Good Feelings Skill: Conceptual 28) By 1820 the American population and geographic area both A) remained constant. B) increased by half. C) doubled. D) tripled. Answer: C (p. 211) Topic: The Era of Good Feelings Skill: Factual

29) The original Bank of the United States that Hamilton proposed A) was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1814. B) did not have its charter renewed when it expired in 1811. C) was strongly supported by southern planters. D) was unable to interest foreign investors in purchasing its stock. Answer: B (p. 211) Topic: New Sectional Issues Skill: Conceptual 30) The depression of 1819 was worsened by the policies of A) New England merchants. B) James Madison. C) the second Bank of the United States. D) the Treasury Department. Answer: C (pp. 211–213) Topic: New Sectional Issues Skill: Factual 31) Western opinion on public land policy in the early nineteenth century generally favored A) increasing the price and the minimum size offered for sale. B) reducing the price, but increasing the minimum size offered for sale. C) reducing the price and the minimum size offered for sale. D) increasing the price, but reducing the minimum size offered for sale. Answer: C (p. 213) Topic: New Sectional Issues Skill: Conceptual 32) The group which consistently favored low prices and easy credit for western lands was A) westerner settlers. B) northern manufacturers. C) southern planters. D) northern farmers. Answer: A (p. 213) Topic: New Sectional Issues Skill: Conceptual

33) How was slavery a sectional issue before 1820? A) Westerners tended to disagree with the South because their major markets were in the North. B) The cotton boom dampened southern support of slavery. C) Westerners tended to support the South because most Westerners owned slaves also. D) Most white Americans saw slavery as mainly a local issue. Answer: D (p. 213) Topic: New Sectional Issues Skill: Conceptual 34) The best-known political leader of the North in the early 1820s, who served brilliantly as Monroe’s secretary of state, was A) Daniel Webster. B) James Madison. C) Alexander J. Dallas. D) John Quincy Adams. Answer: D (p. 214) Topic: New Leaders Skill: Factual 35) The gregarious New York politician who never took a political position if he could avoid doing so and who led a political machine known as the Albany Regency was A) De Witt Clinton. B) Martin Van Buren. C) Thomas Hart Benton. D) William Harris Crawford. Answer: B (pp. 215–216) Topic: New Leaders Skill: Factual 36) In the 1820s, the most prominent southern leader, the highly successful secretary of the treasury under Monroe, was A) John C. Calhoun. B) Henry Clay. C) William Henry Harrison. D) William H. Crawford. Answer: D (p. 216) Topic: New Leaders Skill: Factual

37) John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was A) a smooth political manipulator who avoided taking political positions whenever possible. B) a poorly educated, rough-and-tumble, frontier politician. C) possessed by all of the virtues and most of vices of the puritan, being suspicious both of himself and of others. D) devoted to the South, but known for his broad national view of political affairs. Answer: D (p. 216) Topic: New Leaders Skill: Conceptual 38) The outstanding western leader of the 1820s, combining a charismatic personality with great skills at arranging political compromises, was A) John Quincy Adams. B) Martin Van Buren. C) John C. Calhoun. D) Henry Clay. Answer: D (p. 216) Topic: New Leaders Skill: Factual 39) The essential question involved in the Missouri Compromise was whether or not Missouri would A) be allowed to import slaves from abroad. B) include present-day Kansas in its boundaries. C) come into the Union as a free or slave state. D) be forced to pay its share of the cost of the Louisiana Purchase. Answer: C (p. 217) Topic: The Missouri Compromise Skill: Conceptual 40) As a result of the Missouri Compromise, which two states were admitted into the Union? A) Missouri and Maine B) Missouri and Massachusetts C) Arkansas and Kansas D) Rhode Island and Kentucky Answer: A (p. 217) Topic: The Missouri Compromise Skill: Factual

41) The vote in the House of Representatives on Tallmadge’s amendment to the Missouri Enabling Act in 1819 demonstrated that A) the rapidly growing North controlled the House of Representatives. B) only a small minority of politicians favored restricting the expansion of slavery. C) the South retained the power to limit the actions of the House. D) the emerging West held the balance of power in the House. Answer: A (p. 217) Topic: The Missouri Compromise Skill: Conceptual 42) Northern objections to admitting Missouri as a slave state were based on A) the immorality of slavery. B) the overrepresentation they thought Missouri would have because of the Three-Fifths Compromise. C) the loss of revenue the federal treasury would suffer when plantations rather than homesteads were established. D) their fears that this would lead to resumption of the international slave trade. Answer: B (p. 217) Topic: The Missouri Compromise Skill: Conceptual 43) The state admitted to the Union on the condition that, in the future, slavery was prohibited in the area of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36° 30’ line was A) Kansas. B) Ohio. C) Kentucky. D) Missouri. Answer: D (p. 218) Topic: The Missouri Compromise Skill: Factual 44) The election of 1824 was waged on mainly personal grounds because the A) Democrats were trying to destroy their political opponents. B) previous party system had collapsed. C) newspapers encouraged a mudslinging, negative campaign. D) Whigs were out to win at any price. Answer: B (p. 219) Topic: The Election of 1824 Skill: Conceptual

45) The president chosen in 1824 by the House of Representatives when no candidate received a majority of votes in the Electoral College was A) James Monroe. B) Andrew Jackson. C) John Quincy Adams. D) James Madison. Answer: C (p. 219) Topic: The Election of 1824 Skill: Factual 46) As president, John Quincy Adams A) was an inept politician. B) eloquently aroused public support for his programs. C) was extraordinarily sensitive to the mood of public opinion. D) strongly opposed federal support for internal improvements. Answer: A (p. 220) Topic: John Quincy Adams as President Skill: Conceptual 47) The Tariff of 1828 was so high that in the South it was called the A) Tariff of No Return. B) Extravagant Tariff. C) Tariff of Abominations. D) Bloody Tariff. Answer: C (p. 220) Topic: Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest Skill: Factual 48) The “Tariff of Abominations” was so-called by its detractors because it A) threatened to impoverish the South with its excessively high rates. B) established rates on raw materials which were too low to protect southern crops. C) seemed to be designed to promote the candidacy of John Quincy Adams. D) dramatically cut tariffs and flooded the South with cheap imported goods. Answer: A (p. 220) Topic: Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest Skill: Conceptual

49) The author of the South Carolina Exposition and Protest who, drawing on the works of John Locke, stated that it was within the authority of a state to nullify a law within its boundaries if a state convention found an act of Congress unconstitutional was A) Henry Clay. B) John C. Calhoun. C) Andrew Jackson. D) William H. Crawford. Answer: B (p. 220) Topic: Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest Skill: Factual 50) In the face of growing sectionalism, which of the following was NOT a unifying force among the American landscape? A) growth and prosperity B) patriotism C) the uniqueness of the American system of government D) the ideas of preeminent politicians, such as those found in Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest Answer: D (p. 221) Topic: The Meaning of Sectionalism Skill: Conceptual 7.2 True/False Questions 51) William Henry Harrison’s sordid and aggressive behavior toward the Native Americans was a major cause of Tecumseh’s effort to unite tribes against white expansion. Answer: TRUE (p. 195) Topic: Tecumseh and Indian Resistance Skill: Conceptual 52) America should have avoided war with England in 1812 because Napoleon posed a far greater threat than England. Answer: TRUE (p. 197) Topic: Opponents of War Skill: Conceptual 53) Frances Scott Key wrote the lyrics to “The Star Spangled Banner” as he watched the British ransack Washington. Answer: FALSE (p. 202) Topic: “The Star Spangled Banner” Skill: Factual

54) American forces won the Battle of New Orleans because of the firepower they were able to concentrate on the advancing British. Answer: TRUE (p. 205) Topic: The Battle of New Orleans and the End of the War Skill: Conceptual 55) At the time of its origin, the Monroe Doctrine was dismissed with contempt by many European countries. Answer: TRUE (p. 207) Topic: The Monroe Doctrine Skill: Conceptual 56) Despite how serious they were, the War of 1812 and the depression of 1819 had little impact on political issues during the Era of Good Feelings. Answer: FALSE (pp. 211–213) Topic: New Sectional Issues Skill: Conceptual 57) Most of the settlers in Missouri were originally Southerners. Answer: TRUE (p. 217) Topic: The Missouri Compromise Skill: Factual 58) Southerners insisted on admitting Missouri as a slave state to preserve a balance of power in the Senate. Answer: TRUE (p. 217) Topic: The Missouri Compromise Skill: Conceptual 59) In the election of 1824, John Quincy Adams received the most electoral votes, even though he did not have a majority in the Electoral College. Answer: FALSE (p. 219) Topic: The Election of 1824 Skill: Factual 7.3 Essay Questions 60) The title of chapter seven in your text is “National Growing Pains.” Describe those growing pains and explain how they affected the nation between 1808 and 1823. (pp. 194–219) Topic: National Growing Pains

61) Summarize the factors that led the United States to declare war on England in the War of 1812. Evaluate what the United States gained as a result of the war. (pp. 197–206) Topic: The War of 1812 62) Describe the major achievements of American foreign policy from 1814 to 1823. (pp. 206–210) Topic: Anglo-American Rapprochement; The Transcontinental Treaty; The Monroe Doctrine 63) Explain why tariff policy became a controversial sectional issue in the early nineteenth century. Describe how each of the sections tended to view tariffs. What conflicts arose over the differences among the sections? (pp. 211–214) Topic: New Sectional Issues 64) Describe the sectional divisions that led to the Missouri Compromise. Explain how those issues were settled. (pp. 216–219) Topic: The Missouri Compromise 7.4 Identification Questions 65) American System Kentucky Senator Henry Clay’s plan for national economic development; it included protective tariffs, a national bank, and federal subsidies for railroad and canal construction (p. 216) Topic: New Leaders Skill: Factual 66) Era of Good Feelings A period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony (p. 210) Topic: The Era of Good Feelings Skill: Factual 67) Hartford Convention A gathering of New England Federalists from December 1814 through January 1815 to channel opposition to Thomas Jefferson and the War of 1812. Some participants may have regarded the meeting as preparatory to a secession movement by the New England colonies (p. 203) Topic: The Hartford Convention Skill: Factual 68) Missouri Compromise A legislative deal, brokered in 1820, that preserved the balance of slave and free states in the Union by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; it also banned slavery from that part of the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30’ (p. 218) Topic: The Missouri Compromise Skill: Factual

69) Monroe Doctrine A foreign policy edict, propounded by President James Monroe in 1823, declaring that the American continents were no longer open to European colonization or exploitation and that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of European nations (p. 207) Topic: The Monroe Doctrine Skill: Factual 70) Tariff of Abominations An exceptionally high tariff, passed in 1828, that provoked Vice President John C. Calhoun to write the “South Carolina Exposition and Protest”—a defense of the doctrine of nullification (p. 193) Topic: Origins of the “Tariff of Abominations” Skill: Factual 71) Transcontinental Treaty Also called the Adams- Onís Treaty. Ratified in 1821, it acquired Florida and stretched the western boundary of the Louisiana Territory to the Oregon coast (p. 207) Topic: The Transcontinental Treaty Skill: Factual 72) War Hawks Young congressional leaders who in 1811 and 1812 called for war against Great Britain as the only way to defend the national honor (p. 196) Topic: Depression and Land Hunger Skill: Factual 73) War of 1812 A war fought by the United States and Britain from 1812 to 1815 over British restrictions on American shipping (p. 197) Topic: The War of 1812 Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 8 Toward a National Economy 8.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The consumer revolution of the early nineteenth century A) encouraged plain and simple living. B) was accompanied by the emulation of aristocratic manners. C) came at a time of economic stagnation and complacency. D) led to the violent rejection of anything that seemed cosmopolitan or luxurious. Answer: B (p. 223) Topic: Gentility and the Consumer Revolution Skill: Conceptual 2) The ________ was an early nineteenth century development that constituted the combined solution to the problems of locating sufficient capital, transporting raw materials to factories and products to consumers, and supervising large numbers of workers. A) Lowell System B) industrial revolution C) “market revolution” D) Waltham System Answer: C (p. 223) Topic: Gentility and the Consumer Revolution Skill: Factual 3) The first American factory was developed by A) Samuel Slater to spin cotton thread. B) Francis Lowell to weave woolen cloth. C) Robert Fulton to build steamboats. D) Eli Whitney to manufacture cotton gins. Answer: A (p. 224) Topic: Birth of the Factory Skill: Factual 4) The merchant who headed the Boston Associates, owner of the innovative Waltham mills, was A) Francis Cabot Lowell. B) Paul Moody. C) Samuel Slater. D) James Hargreaves. Answer: A (p. 225) Topic: Birth of the Factory Skill: Factual

5) As the gap between owners and workers increased in the 1840s, American workers A) developed a class solidarity similar to that of European workers. B) felt increasingly trapped in the working class. C) failed to become a self-conscious working class. D) had limited opportunities for economic mobility. Answer: C (p. 225) Topic: An Industrial Proletariat? Skill: Conceptual 6) Most workers in the earliest textile factories were A) women and children. B) former hand spinners and hand weavers. C) immigrants. D) displaced farmers. Answer: A (p. 226) Topic: An Industrial Proletariat? Skill: Factual 7) Under the Waltham System, A) laborers performed the work in their own homes. B) laborers often fell heavily in debt to the company store because of easy credit. C) each laborer was responsible for training his own apprentice. D) young farm women worked and lived under strictly supervised conditions. Answer: D (p. 227) Topic: Lowell’s Waltham System: Women as Factory Workers Skill: Conceptual 8) The Boston Associates built textile mills in which young single New England women worked under relatively pleasant conditions. This was called the ________ System. A) Melville B) Concord C) Waltham D) Auburn Answer: C (p. 227) Topic: Lowell’s Waltham System: Women as Factory Workers Skill: Factual

9) The American population more than doubled between 1790 and 1820 primarily because of the A) Louisiana Purchase. B) market revolution. C) high birthrate. D) influx of immigrants. Answer: C (p. 228) Topic: Irish and German Immigrants Skill: Factual 10) In the 1830s and 1840s, most of the thousands of poor and wretched immigrants who flooded into America came from A) Italy and Greece. B) Poland and Russia. C) Ireland and Germany. D) China and Japan. Answer: C (p. 228) Topic: Irish and German Immigrants Skill: Factual 11) The modern method of organizing large enterprises, the corporation, was A) eagerly embraced by most American businesses. B) the basis of most manufacturing by 1830. C) an idea which had not yet occurred to investors in the 1820s. D) developing slowly before 1860. Answer: D (p. 229) Topic: Rise of Corporations Skill: Conceptual 12) In the early nineteenth century, businesses became corporations by obtaining a charter A) through the Interstate Commerce Commission. B) through a special act of a state legislature. C) from the governor in most states. D) through the U.S. Treasury Department. Answer: B (p. 229) Topic: Rise of Corporations Skill: Factual

13) One consequence of American industrialization in the early nineteenth century was A) an increase in the need for foreign goods and thus in the business of merchants. B) a decline in commercial agriculture and thus in the speed of westward settlement. C) the rapid development of labor unions. D) a decline in the need for foreign goods and thus in the business of merchants. Answer: D (p. 230) Topic: Rise of Corporations Skill: Conceptual 14) By far the most important indirect effect of industrialization occurred when the A) federal government constructed an efficient system of canals. B) South began to produce cotton to supply the new textile mills of New England and Great Britain. C) North was forced to locate new sources of liquid capital to fund the growing textile industry. D) federal government built a series of national roads. Answer: B (p. 230) Topic: Cotton Revolutionizes the South Skill: Conceptual 15) A disadvantage of upland or “green-seed” cotton was that it A) required the same type of land as indigo. B) was very difficult to separate the seeds from the lint. C) required the same type of land as rice. D) could only be grown in the mild, humid lowlands near the coast. Answer: B (p. 230) Topic: Cotton Revolutionizes the South Skill: Conceptual 16) The inventor of a cotton gin, which removed seeds from upland cotton, was A) Nathanael Greene. B) Samuel Slater. C) Eli Whitney. D) Francis Cabot Lowell. Answer: C (p. 231) Topic: Cotton Revolutionizes the South Skill: Factual

17) As a result of the cotton gin, A) cotton production soared and the Southern economy boomed. B) Southern production of rice ceased. C) Northern merchants experienced severe economic losses. D) Northern manufacturing was underfunded as investment flowed to the South. Answer: A (p. 231) Topic: Cotton Revolutionizes the South Skill: Conceptual 18) For a generation after 1815, the most expansive force in the American economy was A) shipbuilding. B) banking. C) international commerce. D) cotton. Answer: D (p. 232) Topic: Cotton Revolutionizes the South Skill: Factual 19) The racial beliefs of most white Americans in the last decades of the eighteenth century were characterized by their A) greater respect for white property rights than for black American’s right to personal liberty. B) confidence that slaves were docile children who would never revolt. C) growing desire for the ending of slavery by voluntary manumission. D) continuing faith that slavery was a stagnant and declining institution. Answer: A (p. 233) Topic: Revival of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 20) A successful and bloody slave revolt led to the creation in 1804 of the black republic of A) Grenada. B) Cuba. C) Haiti. D) Guadeloupe. Answer: C (p. 233) Topic: Revival of Slavery Skill: Factual

21) The Republic of Liberia in western Africa A) was a prime example of black political independence in the nineteenth century. B) was founded by the American Colonization Society and was the eventual home to 12,000 American blacks. C) received approximately a million immigrants from the United States prior to 1850. D) was founded by free blacks from the United States. Answer: B (p. 233) Topic: Revival of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 22) The colonization of Sierra Leone in the nineteenth century A) was wildly successful. B) had moderate success due to the support of many important white Southerners. C) was mostly unsuccessful. D) was the springboard for the colonization of several other African nations by emigrating black Americans. Answer: C (p. 233) Topic: Revival of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 23) The cotton boom in the early nineteenth century caused a A) rapid increase in the number of slaves freed by their masters. B) strict enforcement of laws against the interstate slave trade. C) demand for more labor which was met by a renewed growth of slavery. D) steady increase in support for the colonization movement and in the number of former slaves colonized in Africa. Answer: C (p. 234) Topic: Revival of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 24) “Jersey negroes appear to be particularly adapted to this market…We have the right to calculate on large importations in the future, from the success which hitherto attended the sale.” This quote from a Southern newspaper describes the A) international indentured servant trade. B) international slave trade. C) interstate indentured servant trade. D) interstate slave trade. Answer: D (p. 234) Topic: Revival of Slavery Skill: Conceptual

25) One advantage which Northern blacks had over Southern blacks was their A) right to vote in local and national elections. B) ability to organize movements to protest their treatment. C) free access to public buildings and facilities. D) right to testify in court against whites. Answer: B (p. 234) Topic: Revival of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 26) The natural highway for western commerce and communication in the early nineteenth century was the ________ River. A) Missouri B) Ohio C) Mississippi D) Tennessee Answer: C (p. 235) Topic: Roads to Market Skill: Factual 27) The first modern road in the United States was built in the 1790s to connect Philadelphia and A) Boston, Massachusetts. B) Richmond, Virginia. C) Baltimore, Maryland. D) Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Answer: D (p. 236) Topic: Roads to Market Skill: Factual 28) In the 1790s and early 1800s, private companies built roads called A) byways. B) thoroughfares. C) highways. D) turnpikes. Answer: D (p. 236) Topic: Transportation and the Government Skill: Factual

29) Most early “internal improvements” were built A) totally by state and local governments. B) by private businesses, without any financial aid from governments. C) by private businesses, with substantial aid from governments. D) by state governments, with substantial aid from the federal government. Answer: C (p. 236) Topic: Transportation and the Government Skill: Conceptual 30) Which of the following statements about the U.S. highway system in the nineteenth century is true? A) For military purposes, the U.S. government began the task of creating an integrated system of roads across the country. B) The U.S. government concentrated on building roads in mountainous areas and left the rest to privateers. C) The U.S. government had no comprehensive highway program in the nineteenth century. D) The construction of highways was the one subject where sectional rivalries did not surface. Answer: C (p. 236) Topic: Transportation and the Government Skill: Conceptual 31) In the nineteenth century, Congress A) built only one major road, the Old National Road. B) refused to allocate any funds for road building. C) justified its extensive road-building projects as a military necessity. D) did not even discuss the possibility of federal funding for roads. Answer: A (p. 236) Topic: Transportation and the Government Skill: Conceptual 32) American inventor Robert Fulton perfected the first commercially successful A) power loom. B) spinning jenny. C) steamboat. D) cotton gin. Answer: C (p. 237) Topic: Development of Steamboats Skill: Factual

33) A major improvement in the transportation network in the 1820s and 1830s was the construction of A) turnpikes. B) railroads. C) flatboats. D) canals. Answer: D (p. 238) Topic: The Canal Boom Skill: Factual 34) The greatest advantage which early canals offered was A) a direct link between western areas and the eastern seaboard. B) the low cost of their construction. C) their use of cheap, efficient steam engines as their means of power. D) a route by which ocean-going vessels could sail into the back country. Answer: A (p. 238) Topic: The Canal Boom Skill: Conceptual 35) The mayor of New York City who organized information and political influence to convince the state legislature to construct the Erie Canal was A) DeWitt Clinton. B) Thurlow Weed. C) Robert Morris. D) Martin Van Buren. Answer: A (p. 238) Topic: The Canal Boom Skill: Factual 36) “As an organ of communication between the Hudson, the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, the great lakes of the north and west, and their tributary rivers, [the canal] will create the greatest inland trade ever witnessed. The most fertile and extensive regions of America will avail themselves of its facilities for a market.” This was a defense of the A) Erie Canal. B) National Canal. C) Wabash Canal. D) Delaware and Hudson Canal. Answer: A (pp. 238–239) Topic: The Canal Boom Skill: Factual

37) Immediately after the Erie Canal was completed, it A) faced severe competition from a rapidly developing railroad network. B) was a financial success. C) became a source of bitter political wrangling in New York. D) was taken over by the federal government. Answer: B (p. 239) Topic: The Canal Boom Skill: Conceptual 38) In 1818 the first regularly scheduled passenger and freight service between New York and England was opened by the A) Columbia Line. B) McKay Brothers Company. C) Black Ball Line. D) Great Atlantic Shipping Company. Answer: C (p. 240) Topic: New York City: Emporium of the Western World Skill: Factual 39) The Erie Canal A) was constructed by a group of New York merchants. B) was a financial disaster. C) solidly established New York City’s importance in commerce. D) benefited New England through the feeder canals. Answer: C (p. 240) Topic: New York City: Emporium of the Western World Skill: Conceptual 40) Attempts to build canals in ________ often resulted in financial disaster. A) the South B) the Tidewater C) the West D) New England Answer: C (pp. 240–241) Topic: New York City: Emporium of the Western World Skill: Factual

41) Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall thought that manufacturing and business should be A) sharply regulated by the government. B) free from the ancient doctrine of the “sanctity” of contracts. C) neither favored nor regulated by the government but simply left to the laws of the marketplace. D) favored by the government since they promoted order and progress. Answer: D (p. 241) Topic: The Marshall Court Skill: Conceptual 42) The Supreme Court’s decision in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) upheld the A) right of a state to take over a private college. B) principle of the sanctity of contracts. C) right of a state to tax federal properties within its boundaries. D) principle of national supremacy over the states. Answer: B (p. 241) Topic: The Marshall Court Skill: Conceptual 43) The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the National Bank of the United States and also strengthened the implied powers of Congress and aided economic growth when it decided the case of A) Gibbons v. Ogden. B) McCulloch v. Maryland. C) Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge. D) Dartmouth College v. Woodward. Answer: B (p. 241) Topic: The Marshall Court Skill: Factual 44) In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court and Justice Marshall A) exempted the Bank of the United States from taxation by the states. B) upheld the contract which gave Ogden his monopoly on ferry service. C) defined commerce in a very broad sense. D) ruled in favor of the good of the whole community over that of a particular company. Answer: C (p. 242) Topic: The Marshall Court Skill: Conceptual

45) The chief contribution of John Marshall to economic development was his A) rejection of state charters for corporations. B) strong states’ rights philosophy. C) farsighted defense of consumer rights. D) broadly national view of economic affairs. Answer: D (p. 242) Topic: The Marshall Court Skill: Conceptual 46) The Supreme Court decision that promoted economic development by rejecting the absolute sanctity of contracts when they conflicted with improvements for the good of the whole community was A) Dartmouth College v. Woodward. B) Gibbons v. Ogden. C) the Charles River Bridge case. D) McCulloch v. Maryland. Answer: C (pp. 242–243) Topic: The Marshall Court Skill: Factual 8.2 True/False Questions 47) Gentility in America was defined by what people owned rather than by their ancestry. Answer: TRUE (p. 223) Topic: Gentility and the Consumer Revolution Skill: Conceptual 48) British manufacturers were in the forefront of the growth of the modern factory system in the late 1700s. Answer: TRUE (p. 223) Topic: Birth of the Factory Skill: Factual 49) Lowell’s factories concentrated on mass production of a standardized product. Answer: TRUE (p. 225) Topic: Birth of the Factory Skill: Conceptual 50) New technological developments in the early nineteenth century moved rapidly and evenly through American society. Answer: FALSE (p. 229) Topic: The Persistence of the Household System Skill: Conceptual

51) “Sea-island” cotton flourished throughout the South, but its seeds could not be easily separated from the lint. Answer: FALSE (p. 230) Topic: Cotton Revolutionizes the South Skill: Factual 52) According to the chart “Cotton Production and Slave Population, 1800–1860,” the numbers of slaves and of bales of cotton produced both rose steadily in the first half of the nineteenth century. Answer: TRUE (p. 232) Topic: Cotton Revolutionizes the South Skill: Factual 53) The colonization movement was totally controlled by whites. Answer: FALSE (p. 233) Topic: Revival of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 54) White settlers moving west in the early nineteenth century were attracted by the good roads and high standard of living. Answer: FALSE (pp. 234–235) Topic: Roads to Market Skill: Conceptual 55) Turnpikes were the West’s answer to the need for cheap and efficient transportation. Answer: FALSE (p. 236) Topic: Transportation and the Government Skill: Conceptual 56) The development of the steamboat actually retarded the economic maturity of the Northwest. Answer: FALSE (p. 237) Topic: Development of Steamboats Skill: Factual 8.3 Essay Questions 57) Describe the major technological and organizational developments that caused the growth of American industry in the early nineteenth century. (pp. 223–234) Topic: Birth of the Factory

58) How did a working class develop in the early nineteenth century? (pp. 225–227) Topic: An Industrial Proletariat 59) Analyze how the economic changes of the early nineteenth century affected slaves’ lives. (pp. 233–234) Topic: Revival of Slavery 60) Summarize how America’s transportation system changed in the early nineteenth century. Explain how those changes affected Americans in different sections of the country. (pp. 234–240) Topic: Roads to Market 61) Evaluate the role of the Marshall Court in promoting or retarding the growth of a national economy in the early nineteenth century. (pp. 241–243) Topic: The Marshall Court 8.4 Identification Questions 62) American Colonization Society An organization, founded in 1816, that proposed to solve the “Negro problem” by transporting freed slaves from the United States to Africa. Although the society purchased land in Africa (Liberia), few African Americans chose to resettle there (p. 233) Topic: Revival of Slavery Skill: Factual 63) Dartmouth College v. Woodward The 1819 Supreme Court case that held that a state charter—in this case, to Dartmouth College— was a contract and that contracts could not be canceled or altered without the consent of both parties, a ruling that strengthened corporations and encouraged investment (p. 241) Topic: The Marshall Court Skill: Factual 64) Gibbons v. Ogden Supreme Court ruling (1824) that held that no state could pass laws affecting interstate trade, thereby ensuring the federal government’s supremacy in interstate commerce (p. 242) Topic: The Marshall Court Skill: Factual 65) McCulloch v. Maryland An 1819 Supreme Court ruling that state governments could not tax a federal agency—in this case the second Bank of the United States—for “the power to tax involves the power to destroy.” The decision affirmed the doctrine of the implied powers of the federal government (p. 241) Topic: The Marshall Court Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 9 Jacksonian Democracy 9.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Part of the “democratizing” of politics during the age of Jackson was the A) direct election of U.S. senators. B) enfranchisement of women in western states. C) elimination of property qualifications for voting and holding office. D) direct election of the president and vice president. Answer: C (pp. 246–247) Topic: “Democratizing” Politics Skill: Conceptual 2) Prior to the “democratizing” of politics during the age of Jackson, presidential candidates were usually chosen by a A) national convention. B) state legislature. C) congressional caucus. D) national electoral commission. Answer: C (p. 247) Topic: “Democratizing” Politics Skill: Factual 3) During John Quincy Adams’ presidency, the politician who prepared for the next election by relying on his military reputation and portraying himself as losing the presidency in 1824 due to the “corrupt bargain” was A) Henry Clay. B) William Henry Harrison. C) John C. Calhoun. D) Andrew Jackson. Answer: D (p. 247) Topic: 1828: The New Party System in Embryo Skill: Factual 4) In the election of 1828, A) Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams in a contest disgraced by character assassination on both sides. B) Henry Clay was chosen president when the election was thrown into the House of Representatives. C) Andrew Jackson lost because of the “corrupt bargain” between Clay and Adams. D) the negative political campaigns depressed voter turnout. Answer: A (p. 248) Topic: 1828: The New Party System in Embryo Skill: Conceptual

5) Who does the text describe as “the symbol for a new democratically oriented generation”? A) Martin Van Buren B) Henry Clay C) Andrew Jackson D) John C. Calhoun Answer: C (p. 249) Topic: The Jacksonian Appeal Skill: Conceptual 6) The basic concept underlying the “spoils system” was that A) candidates must campaign viciously to “spoil” the chances of their opponents. B) party workers must be rewarded with political office after a successful campaign. C) there was no need to take into account the wishes of the average voter. D) government positions should not be “spoiled” by turning them into political plums. Answer: B (p. 250) Topic: The Spoils System Skill: Conceptual 7) One of the “fundamental tenets of Jacksonian Democracy” was that A) educated and virtuous people should be elected to office. B) long-term stability for government employees improved government services. C) expert knowledge was the key to a democratic government. D) ordinary Americans could do anything. Answer: D (p. 250) Topic: The Spoils System Skill: Conceptual 8) Jackson’s advisers who did not hold regular cabinet appointments were called the A) Locofocos. B) Tennessee Regulars. C) Old Hickories. D) Kitchen Cabinet. Answer: D (p. 250) Topic: President of All the People Skill: Factual

9) Jackson’s view of the presidency differed from his predecessor’s primarily in his belief that the A) scope of federal authority should be expanded at the states’ expense. B) president was the direct representative of all the people and the embodiment of national power. C) federal government should engage in a vigorous program of internal improvements. D) advice of experts was crucial to sound presidential decisions. Answer: B (p. 250) Topic: President of All the People Skill: Conceptual 10) The 1830 debate between Senators Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne focused on A) the doctrine of states’ rights as opposed to national power. B) the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States. C) the “corrupt bargain” during the election of 1824. D) Jackson’s policy of Indian removal. Answer: A (p. 251) Topic: Sectional Tensions Revived Skill: Conceptual 11) In response to the espousal of the states’ rights doctrine on the Senate floor by South Carolinian Robert Hayne, which of the following argued that the Constitution was a compact of the people and that the Union was indissoluble? A) John C. Calhoun B) John Tyler C) Thomas Jefferson D) Daniel Webster Answer: D (p. 251) Topic: Sectional Tensions Revived Skill: Factual 12) Daniel Webster’s “Second Reply to Hayne” A) helped to prevent the formation of a West-South alliance. B) resulted in his impeachment as a senator. C) was a rousing defense of states’ rights. D) made him a hero among those in the West. Answer: A (p. 251) Topic: Sectional Tensions Revived Skill: Conceptual

13) Other than Jackson’s personal popularity, the main campaign issue in the presidential election of 1832 was A) nullification. B) Jackson’s Indian removal policy. C) the spoils system. D) the Bank of the United States. Answer: D (p. 251) Topic: Jackson: “The Bank…I Will Kill It!” Skill: Conceptual 14) Nicholas Biddle realized that he could use the Second National Bank as a A) rudimentary central bank. B) mechanism to undermine President Jackson. C) monopoly to enrich foreign investors. D) means to thwart the political ambitions of Henry Clay. Answer: A (p. 251) Topic: Jackson: “The Bank…I Will Kill It!” Skill: Conceptual 15) ________ was a leading enemy of the Second National Bank of the United States. A) Daniel Webster B) Nicholas Biddle C) Henry Clay D) Andrew Jackson Answer: D (p. 253) Topic: Jackson’s Bank Veto Skill: Factual 16) The senator who pushed for renewal of the Bank of the United States charter in 1832 to provide himself a campaign issue against Jackson was A) Henry Clay. B) John C. Calhoun. C) Martin Van Buren. D) John Eaton. Answer: A (p. 253) Topic: Jackson’s Bank Veto Skill: Factual

17) Jackson defended his veto of the charter of the Second National Bank on the grounds that it was A) too weak to help stabilize the economy. B) unable to attract foreign investors. C) dominated by speculators in western land. D) unconstitutional, despite the Supreme Court. Answer: D (p. 253) Topic: Jackson’s Bank Veto Skill: Conceptual 18) Of the second Bank of the United States, who believed that it was making “the rich richer and the potent more powerful”? A) Nicholas Biddle B) Daniel Webster C) Henry Clay D) Andrew Jackson Answer: D (p. 253) Topic: Jackson’s Bank Veto Skill: Factual 19) Jackson’s most powerful weapon against the Bank of the United States was the A) power to remove Bank officers. B) ability to withdraw government revenues from the Bank. C) Specie Circular, which required the Bank to redeem its notes in gold. D) loyal backing of prominent National Republicans such as Daniel Webster. Answer: B (p. 254) Topic: Jackson’s Bank Veto Skill: Conceptual 20) Jackson’s attitude toward nullification was to A) oppose it because John C. Calhoun supported it. B) support it because it was a Southern doctrine and he was a Southerner. C) oppose it because of his devotion to the Union. D) oppose it as being divisive in practice, but support it as being correct in principle. Answer: C (pp. 254–255) Topic: Jackson versus Calhoun Skill: Conceptual

21) The conflict between Jackson and Calhoun was sharpened by their strong disagreement over the A) Peggy Eaton controversy. B) Maysville Road. C) Second National Bank. D) Webster-Hayne debate. Answer: A (p. 255) Topic: Jackson versus Calhoun Skill: Conceptual 22) Like fellow Westerners, President Jackson A) did not favor internal improvements. B) preferred that local projects be left to the states. C) believed that the federal government should maintain all surpluses. D) thought congressional power should be interpreted broadly. Answer: B (p. 255) Topic: Jackson versus Calhoun Skill: Conceptual 23) Jackson’s policy toward the Native Americans was to A) give them citizenship. B) respect their culture and traditional homelands. C) place them on reservations in each state. D) remove them to lands west of the Mississippi. Answer: D (p. 255) Topic: Indian Removals Skill: Conceptual 24) About the removal of tribes, who wrote in Democracy in America about “the frightful sufferings that attend these forced migrations”? A) John C. Calhoun B) Black Hawk C) John Marshall D) Alexis de Tocqueville Answer: D (p. 256) Topic: Indian Removals Skill: Factual

25) The Native American nation forced to move from Georgia as a result of Jackson’s policies was the A) Seminole. B) Cherokee. C) Sac. D) Choctaw. Answer: B (p. 256) Topic: Indian Removals Skill: Factual 26) Jackson opposed John Marshall’s rulings about the Cherokee Nation in Georgia because he A) was hoping to appease his southern supporters. B) believed no independent nation could be allowed to exist within the United States. C) was a strong advocate of states’ rights. D) hated Native Americans and wanted to destroy them completely. Answer: B (p. 256) Topic: Indian Removals Skill: Conceptual 27) How did white Southerners react to northern criticisms of slavery? A) Whites in the “new” South of Mississippi and Alabama (outnumbered by slaves three to one) feared criticisms of slavery might lead to rebellion. B) A significant minority of pro-Unionist Southerners agreed with the criticisms. C) Most Southerners continued to view slaves as always docile, happy, and childlike. D) Radical South Carolinians were convinced that both the protective tariff and the agitation against slavery were examples of tyranny of the majority. Answer: D (p. 258) Topic: The Nullification Crisis Skill: Conceptual 28) The southern political thinker who most prominently justified southern resistance to the Tariff of 1828 was A) John Tyler. B) John C. Calhoun. C) Andrew Jackson. D) Henry Clay. Answer: B (p. 258) Topic: The Nullification Crisis Skill: Factual

29) South Carolina’s challenge to the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 is called the A) Cotton Controversy. B) Tariff War. C) Abomination Crisis. D) Nullification Crisis. Answer: D (pp. 258–259) Topic: The Nullification Crisis Skill: Factual 30) “The laws of the United States must be executed. I have no discretionary power on the subject…Those who told you that you might peaceably prevent their execution deceived you…Disunion by armed force is treason. Are you really ready to incur its guilt?” This was the response of Andrew Jackson to the actions of A) South Carolina. B) New York. C) Mississippi. D) Georgia. Answer: A (p. 259) Topic: The Nullification Crisis Skill: Factual 31) The outcome of the Nullification Crisis convinced the radical South Carolina planters that A) Jackson could not be trusted to keep his promises. B) Calhoun was not firmly committed to nullification. C) nullification and secession could succeed only with the support of other states. D) the government of the United States was an absolute tyranny. Answer: C (p. 260) Topic: The Nullification Crisis Skill: Conceptual 32) During 1835 and 1836, as a result of the creation of the “pet” banks, A) economic stability and prosperity resumed. B) the money supply shrank dramatically and plunged the country into a depression. C) the Bank of the United States retained all government deposits. D) the money supply increased rapidly and fueled wild speculation in land. Answer: D (p. 260) Topic: Boom and Bust Skill: Conceptual

33) President Jackson issued the ________ in 1836 to require purchase of public land in gold or silver. A) Homestead Circular B) Public Domain Act C) Specie Circular D) Hard Currency Order Answer: C (p. 260) Topic: Boom and Bust Skill: Factual 34) What effect did Jackson’s economic policies have on the business cycle? A) They exaggerated the swings of the economic pendulum through the impact of their ill-considered policies on public thinking. B) They successfully stimulated the economy and ended the Panic of 1837. C) They were successful examples of the workings of the free marketplace and of the success of laissezfaire economics. D) The federal government was so weak that they had almost no effect. Answer: A (p. 260) Topic: Boom and Bust Skill: Conceptual 35) Which of the following caused panic in the country in the spring of 1837? A) the reelection of Andrew Jackson B) the inability of banks to make specie payments C) the rise of the radical Locofoco party D) the purchase of Florida from Spain Answer: B (p. 260) Topic: Boom and Bust Skill: Conceptual 36) Of whom was he speaking when Alexis de Tocqueville said, “Far from wishing to extend Federal power, [he] belongs to the party that wishes to limit that power.”? A) Thomas Jefferson B) John C. Calhoun C) Henry Clay D) Andrew Jackson Answer: D (p. 261) Topic: The Jacksonians Skill: Factual

37) An underlying principle commonly agreed upon by Jacksonians was A) increased government regulation of the economy. B) respect for professional experts in government. C) elimination of slavery and the slave trade. D) suspicion of special privileges and large business corporations. Answer: D (p. 261) Topic: The Jacksonians Skill: Conceptual 38) The Jacksonians who championed giving the “small man” his chance were the A) Locofocos. B) Know-Nothings. C) Barnburners. D) National Republicans. Answer: A (p. 261) Topic: The Jacksonians Skill: Factual 39) The new political coalition which emerged to challenge Democratic control in the 1830s was called the A) Federalists. B) Republicans. C) Bull Moose party. D) Whigs. Answer: D (p. 262) Topic: Rise of the Whigs Skill: Factual 40) The unifying principle of the Whig party was A) support of Henry Clay as a political leader. B) opposition to “King Andrew” Jackson. C) desire to return to property qualifications for voting and holding office. D) rejection of strong government. Answer: B (p. 262) Topic: Rise of the Whigs Skill: Conceptual

41) The Whig party’s strategy in the election of 1836 was to A) run several candidates in the hope that the House of Representatives would decide the election. B) nominate Henry Clay because of his strong opposition to Jacksonian policies. C) boycott the Electoral College and appeal to the voters. D) nominate William Henry Harrison because he could appeal to Jackson supporters. Answer: A (p. 263) Topic: Rise of the Whigs Skill: Conceptual 42) Martin Van Buren’s response to the Panic of 1837 was to A) inflate the currency. B) reestablish the National Bank. C) push for federal funding of internal improvements in order to create jobs. D) reject government interference in the economy. Answer: D (pp. 263, 266) Topic: Martin Van Buren: Jacksonianism without Jackson Skill: Conceptual 43) Martin Van Buren’s chief goal as president was to A) end the Panic of 1837 by active government intervention in the economy. B) find an acceptable substitute for the state banks as a place to keep federal funds. C) increase the tariff in order to protect New England’s “infant industries.” D) institute federal funding for a national transportation network. Answer: B (p. 266) Topic: Martin Van Buren: Jacksonianism without Jackson Skill: Conceptual 44) President Van Buren attempted to “divorce” the government from all banking activities through the A) “pet” banks network. B) Independent Treasury Act. C) Specie Circular. D) Third National Bank. Answer: B (p. 266) Topic: Martin Van Buren: Jacksonianism without Jackson Skill: Factual

45) In the election of 1840 the Whig’s presidential nominee, who was a former military hero whose political opinions were largely unknown, was A) William Henry Harrison. B) Martin Van Buren. C) James K. Polk. D) Zachary Taylor. Answer: A (p. 266) Topic: The Log Cabin Campaign Skill: Factual 46) Over what issue did Davy Crockett split with President Jackson, eventually costing him his congressional seat? A) the Second National Bank B) hunting rights on federal land C) removal of Indians from the South D) cheap land for frontier farmers Answer: C (p. 265) Topic: American Lives: Davy Crockett Skill: Factual 47) Immediately after Harrison’s inauguration, A) Clay emerged as the power behind the throne, directing the naive and weak-willed Harrison. B) Harrison died, was succeeded by the doctrinaire John Tyler, and the political climate of the country changed dramatically. C) Harrison became a surprisingly strong chief executive, modeling himself on Jackson. D) Harrison died and was succeeded by John Tyler, who was easily manipulated by Webster and Clay. Answer: B (p. 267) Topic: The Log Cabin Campaign Skill: Conceptual 9.2 True/False Questions 48) A major characteristic of the new politics of Jacksonian democracy was increased voter turnout. Answer: TRUE (p. 245) Topic: Do you vote? Skill: Conceptual 49) Despite his public image as a common man, Jackson was actually a wealthy land speculator. Answer: TRUE (p. 248) Topic: The Jacksonian Appeal Skill: Factual

50) Andrew Jackson argued that the spoils system should be replaced by a civil service to protect government workers from arbitrary dismissal. Answer: FALSE (p. 250) Topic: The Spoils System Skill: Conceptual 51) Nicholas Biddle’s policies during the 1820s were disastrous for both the Bank of the United States and for the state banks. Answer: FALSE (p. 252) Topic: Jackson: “The Bank…I Will Kill It!” Skill: Conceptual 52) Many critics of the Bank of the United States accused it of monopolizing public funds in the interests of the rich. Answer: TRUE (p. 253) Topic: Jackson: “The Bank…I Will Kill It!” Skill: Conceptual 53) Banks which received government deposits denied to the Bank of the United States were known as “pet” banks. Answer: TRUE (p. 254) Topic: Jackson’s Bank Veto Skill: Factual 54) As a result of Jackson’s reaction to the Supreme Court’s ruling in Worcester v. Georgia, extreme states’ rights supporters in the South were convinced that he would not oppose the doctrine of nullification. Answer: TRUE (p. 256) Topic: The Nullification Crisis Skill: Conceptual 55) The Nullification Crisis ended peacefully because South Carolina embraced Jackson’s Force Bill. Answer: FALSE (p. 259) Topic: The Nullification Crisis Skill: Conceptual 56) Fortunately, Jackson’s and Van Buren’s policies toward banking had no long-term consequences for America’s currency. Answer: FALSE (p. 266) Topic: Martin Van Buren: Jacksonianism without Jackson Skill: Conceptual

9.3 Essay Questions 57) Summarize the major ideas and policies of Jacksonian democracy. (pp. 248–261) Topic: The Jacksonian Appeal 58) Describe the controversy surrounding the Second Bank of the United States during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Explain the points of view of those who defended the Bank and of those who attacked it. (pp. 251–254) Topic: Jackson: “The Bank…I Will Kill It!” 59) Explain the causes of Indian removal initiated under Jackson. Summarize how it was carried out. (pp. 255–258) Topic: Indian Removals 60) Summarize the events of the Nullification Crisis. Explain the constitutional issues that were involved. Describe how this crisis was settled. (pp. 258–260) Topic: The Nullification Crisis 61) Evaluate how Andrew Jackson’s legacy affected both his followers and his political opponents. (pp. 261–267) Topic: The Jacksonians 9.4 Identification Questions 62) Bank war The political dispute over whether to renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States. In 1832, Congress voted to recharter the bank but President Andrew Jackson vetoed the measure and the charter expired in 1836. He argued that the Bank was unconstitutional, a dangerous monopoly, and vulnerable to control by foreign investors (p. 251) Topic: Jackson: “The Bank…I Will Kill It!” Skill: Factual 63) Jacksonian democracy A political doctrine, chiefly associated with Andrew Jackson, that proclaimed the equality of all adult white males—the common man—and disapproved of anything that smacked of special privilege, such as chartered banks (p. 246) Topic: “Democratizing Politics” Skill: Factual 64) nullification A doctrine, forcefully articulated by John C. Calhoun in 1828, asserting that a state could invalidate, within its own boundaries, federal legislation the state regarded as unconstitutional (p. 259) Topic: The Nullification Crisis Skill: Factual

65) second party system A term for the political contention between the Democratic party, as rejuvenated by Andrew Jackson in 1828, and the Whigs, who emerged in response to Jackson (p. 261) Topic: The Jacksonians Skill: Factual 66) Specie Circular An edict, issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836, obliging purchasers of public land to do so with gold coins rather than the paper currency issued by state banks; it caused the speculative boom in real estate to collapse and exacerbated a financial panic the following year (p. 260) Topic: Boom and Bust Skill: Factual 67) spoils system A term, usually derisive, whereby newly elected office-holders appoint loyal members of their own party to public office (p. 250) Topic: The Spoils System Skill: Factual 68) Trail of Tears The name for the 1838 forced removal of Cherokee and other Indians from Georgia and the western Appalachians to Indian Territory in Oklahoma and nearby regions (p. 257) Topic: Indian Removals Skill: Factual 69) Whigs Originally a reference to British politicians who sought to exclude the Catholic Duke of York from succession to the throne in the 1760s; in the United States after the 1830s, it referred to a political party that opposed the Jacksonian Democrats and favored a strong role for the national government, especially in promoting economic growth (p. 262) Topic: Rise of the Whigs Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 10 The Making of Middle-Class America 10.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The famous book in which Alexis de Tocqueville analyzed American society was A) The American Commonwealth. B) Democracy in America. C) Life on the Mississippi. D) Domestic Life of the Americans. Answer: B (p. 270) Topic: Tocqueville: Democracy in America Skill: Factual 2) During the 1830s and 1840s the economic differences between the rich and the poor A) constituted a wide and growing gap, especially in the larger eastern cities. B) remained constant with only a small gap between the two groups. C) shrank dramatically due to the numerous economic opportunities of the growing economy. D) remained constant with a large gap between the two groups. Answer: A (p. 270) Topic: Tocqueville: Democracy in America Skill: Conceptual 3) By the 1830s, non-agricultural work increasingly took place A) outside the home. B) on the farm. C) in the family household. D) in maritime trades. Answer: A (p. 271) Topic: The Family Recast Skill: Conceptual 4) What was the effect of the growth of the factory system and of cities on middle-class families? A) Children became more valuable as future economic assets. B) Mothers’ power increased because they now worked at home. C) More families were able to place their children as apprentices. D) Fathers’ power decreased because they were now absent from home so much. Answer: D (p. 271) Topic: The Family Recast Skill: Conceptual

5) “The formation of the moral and intellectual character of the young is committed mainly to the female hand…The mother forms the character of the future man.” This statement supports the concept of A) the Cult of True Womanhood. B) benevolent hierarchy of skills. C) benevolent empire. D) deputy husband role. Answer: A (p. 272) Topic: The Family Recast Skill: Conceptual 6) Middle-class families in the 1830s had a(n) A) declining birthrate. B) decreasing divorce rate. C) stable birthrate. D) increasing birthrate. Answer: A (p. 272) Topic: The Family Recast Skill: Conceptual 7) Among middle-class families, children came to be seen increasingly as A) seething cauldrons of original sin. B) innocent and morally superior. C) perversely willful. D) future workers. Answer: B (p. 272) Topic: The Family Recast Skill: Conceptual 8) The most effective preacher of the Second Great Awakening was A) Charles Grandison Finney. B) William Ellery Channing. C) Jonathan Edwards. D) George Whitfield. Answer: A (p. 273) Topic: The Second Great Awakening Skill: Factual

9) A typical theme of the Second Great Awakening was that A) God had predestined either salvation or damnation for everyone. B) people did not need to worry about judgment day. C) those who were saved were filled with God’s grace and need not be bound by human laws. D) people could take their salvation into their own hands. Answer: D (p. 273) Topic: The Second Great Awakening Skill: Conceptual 10) Evangelist Charles Grandison Finney’s success depended upon A) his defense of Catholicism. B) a rational approach to religion based on college educated ministers. C) his defense of Calvinism. D) emotional release through personal testimony of salvation. Answer: D (p. 273) Topic: The Second Great Awakening Skill: Conceptual 11) What your text labels “the third pillar of the emerging American middle class,” alongside the family and church, which had neither colonial precedents nor European equivalents, was A) public education. B) consumer culture. C) civil service. D) voluntary associations. Answer: D (p. 274) Topic: The Era of Associations Skill: Conceptual 12) The communitarian group whose members were celibate, held their property in common, valued simplicity and industriousness, stressed equality of labor, and practiced a joyful and fervent religion was A) Brook Farm. B) Oneida. C) the Shakers. D) the Mormons. Answer: C (p. 275) Topic: Backwoods Utopias Skill: Factual

13) The Illinois town founded by Mormon leader Joseph Smith as a semi-independent state within the federal Union was A) Mount Holyoke. B) Amana. C) Nauvoo. D) Salt Lake City. Answer: C (p. 275) Topic: Backwoods Utopias Skill: Factual 14) The communitarian group which attempted to change society the least were the A) Owenites. B) Shakers. C) Mormons. D) Fourierists. Answer: D (pp. 276–277) Topic: Backwoods Utopias Skill: Factual 15) Individual reformers who tried to care for the physically and mentally disabled were A) usually more effective than the more colorful communitarian reformers. B) too unscientific to achieve anything. C) unable to make substantial progress because of the enormous scale of the problems to be corrected. D) usually less effective than the more pragmatic and less flamboyant communitarians. Answer: A (p. 277) Topic: The Age of Reform Skill: Conceptual 16) The pioneer in developing methods for educating deaf people who opened a school for deaf students in 1817 was A) Thomas Gallaudet. B) Lyman Beecher. C) Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe. D) Benjamin Lundy. Answer: A (p. 277) Topic: The Age of Reform Skill: Factual

17) One of the most striking aspects of the various practical reform movements of the early nineteenth century was their A) total dependence on federal funding. B) unwillingness to try new approaches to old problems. C) emphasis on creating special facilities for dealing with social problems. D) hostility toward science. Answer: C (p. 278) Topic: The Age of Reform Skill: Conceptual 18) The Auburn system was a pioneering experiment in A) education for the blind. B) prison reform. C) communal living. D) education for the deaf. Answer: B (p. 279) Topic: The Age of Reform Skill: Factual 19) “[C]hained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience,” is the way which of the following described the deplorable conditions of insane asylums to Massachusetts state legislators? A) Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet B) Angelina Grimke C) Clara Barton D) Dorothea Dix Answer: D (p. 279) Topic: The Age of Reform Skill: Factual 20) During the 1820s, Americans’ per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages A) decreased dramatically with the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening. B) increased to the highest point ever in American experience. C) decreased because of the high prices of corn and rye whiskey. D) increased, but to a rate only half as high as that for present-day Americans. Answer: B (p. 280) Topic: “Demon Rum” Skill: Conceptual

21) Catholic immigrants from Germany and Ireland often A) participated in the Second Great Awakening. B) supported the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions. C) objected to demands for prohibition of all alcohol. D) became leaders in the temperance movement. Answer: C (p. 280) Topic: “Demon Rum” Skill: Conceptual 22) The first effective state law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages was passed by A) Massachusetts. B) Maine. C) Virginia. D) New York. Answer: B (p. 280) Topic: “Demon Rum” Skill: Factual 23) No reform movement of the early nineteenth century was “more significant” and “more ambiguous” than A) temperance. B) prison reform. C) abolitionism. D) women’s rights. Answer: C (p. 280) Topic: The Abolitionist Crusade Skill: Conceptual 24) William Lloyd Garrison’s views on slavery might best be described as A) designed to appeal to southern moderates. B) uncompromising. C) reflecting the northern viewpoint. D) moderate. Answer: B (p. 281) Topic: The Abolitionist Crusade Skill: Conceptual

25) During the 1830s and 1840s, most white Americans thought William Lloyd Garrison’s views were A) supported by scientific research. B) unconvincing and confrontational. C) consistent with the teachings of their churches. D) moderate and levelheaded. Answer: B (p. 282) Topic: The Abolitionist Crusade Skill: Conceptual 26) In his autobiography and speeches, Frederick Douglass insisted that A) emancipation should be gradual. B) returning to Africa was the only hope for American blacks. C) full social, political, and economic equality for blacks was required. D) violent revolts were necessary for slaves to obtain their freedom. Answer: C (p. 283) Topic: The Abolitionist Crusade Skill: Conceptual 27) The most influential black abolitionist was A) Theodore Dwight Weld. B) Elijah Lovejoy. C) Sojourner Truth. D) Frederick Douglass. Answer: D (pp. 282–283) Topic: The Abolitionist Crusade Skill: Factual 28) An important factor in encouraging the growth of the women’s rights movement was the A) female abolitionists’ recognition that, like the slaves, they were born into the caste system which destined them for menial roles in society. B) model of the successful women’s rights movement in England which had already succeeded in winning the vote for women. C) increasing number of professional opportunities for college-educated women. D) female abolitionists’ recognition that the discrimination they faced was unlike the oppression slaves experienced. Answer: A (p. 284) Topic: Women’s Rights Skill: Conceptual

29) One of the few advocates of women’s rights who did not begin her career in the abolitionist movement and who made a frontal assault on all forms of sexual discrimination in Women in the Nineteenth Century was A) Lucretia Mott. B) Margaret Fuller. C) Sarah Grimke. D) Catherine Beecher. Answer: B (p. 284) Topic: Women’s Rights Skill: Factual 30) The co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and author of its Declaration of Sentiments was A) Elizabeth Cady Stanton. B) William Lloyd Garrison. C) Susan B. Anthony. D) Margaret Fuller. Answer: A (p. 285) Topic: Women’s Rights Skill: Factual 31) The Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention states “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal.” A primary author of this statement was A) Margaret Fuller. B) Dorothea Dix. C) Elizabeth Cady Stanton. D) Harriet Beecher Stowe. Answer: C (p. 285) Topic: Women’s Rights Skill: Factual 32) Susan B. Anthony played a prominent role in the women’s rights movement because she was the first to A) give large sums of money. B) see the need for thorough organization. C) write a regular newspaper column on women’s rights. D) advocate working with the abolitionists. Answer: B (p. 285) Topic: Women’s Rights Skill: Conceptual

33) The greatest expression of Romanticism in the United States was through A) Puritanism. B) Unitarianism. C) transcendentalism. D) pragmatism. Answer: C (p. 286) Topic: The Romantic View of Life Skill: Factual 34) Both Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau A) worked actively in abolitionist organizations. B) sought truth through scientific research. C) engaged in civil disobedience to protest the Mexican War. D) objected to many of society’s restrictions on the individual. Answer: D (p. 287) Topic: Emerson and Thoreau Skill: Conceptual 35) “When were the good and the brave ever in a majority?…If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.” The author of these statements was A) Henry David Thoreau. B) Francis Wayland. C) Ralph Waldo Emerson. D) George Catlin. Answer: A (p. 287) Topic: Emerson and Thoreau Skill: Factual 36) The American transcendentalist who defended his refusal to pay taxes to support the Mexican War in his essay “Civil Disobedience” was A) Herman Melville. B) Nathaniel Hawthorne. C) Ralph Waldo Emerson. D) Henry David Thoreau. Answer: D (p. 288) Topic: Emerson and Thoreau Skill: Factual

37) The American writer whose works are filled with examples of wild imagination and fascination with mystery, fright, and the occult is A) Edgar Allan Poe. B) Ralph Waldo Emerson. C) John Greenleaf Whittier. D) Walt Whitman. Answer: A (p. 288) Topic: Edgar Allan Poe Skill: Factual 38) One of Hawthorne’s greatest works, The Scarlet Letter, is a(n) A) grim but sympathetic analysis of the consequences of adultery. B) account of his life with a tribe of cannibals. C) gripping account of the decay of an old New England family. D) collection of rambling, uneven, free verse that seemed shockingly commonplace. Answer: A (p. 289) Topic: Nathaniel Hawthorne Skill: Conceptual 39) Herman Melville’s book which your text calls “one of the finest novels written by an American” is A) Typee. B) The House of the Seven Gables. C) Leaves of Grass. D) Moby-Dick. Answer: D (p. 290) Topic: Herman Melville Skill: Factual 40) “I celebrate myself and sing myself. And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.” This was written by A) Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter. B) Edgar Allan Poe in “The Purloined Letter.” C) Herman Melville in Moby Dick. D) Walt Whitman in “Song of Myself.” Answer: D (p. 291) Topic: Walt Whitman Skill: Factual

41) Walt Whitman’s book of poems in rambling free verse on commonplace topics in coarse language was A) The Waste Land. B) Songs of Innocence. C) New England Songs. D) Leaves of Grass. Answer: D (p. 291) Topic: Walt Whitman Skill: Factual 42) The text describes the works of Walt Whitman as A) the most authentically American of any writer of the period. B) totally rejected by the reading public during his lifetime. C) quickly accepted by readers and reviewers. D) usually rather flowery in language, but disciplined. Answer: A (p. 291) Topic: Walt Whitman Skill: Conceptual 43) Describing the dissemination of culture, the text observes that northern society was permeated by A) widespread indifference to standards of taste and high culture. B) lower-class attempts to unionize factory workers. C) upper-class desire to bring European culture to America. D) middle-class concern for being cultivated and refined. Answer: D (p. 292) Topic: Reading and the Dissemination of Culture Skill: Conceptual 44) The mutual improvement societies which conducted discussions, sponsored libraries, lobbied for better schools, and presented lectures on a variety of topics were called A) forums. B) lyceums. C) art-unions. D) mechanics’ libraries. Answer: B (p. 292) Topic: Reading and the Dissemination of Culture Skill: Factual

45) The most basic goal of the common school movement was A) sexual integration of public schools. B) education for democracy. C) racial integration of public schools. D) private financing of education. Answer: B (p. 293) Topic: Education for Democracy Skill: Conceptual 46) By the 1850s, the common school movement had succeeded in establishing A) free elementary schools and public institutions for teacher training in every state. B) laws requiring school attendance to the age of 16 in every state outside the South. C) free elementary and secondary schools in every state. D) free elementary schools and public institutions for teacher training in every state outside the South. Answer: D (p. 293) Topic: Education for Democracy Skill: Conceptual 47) The most compelling argument for the success of the common schools was that they A) encouraged independent and critical thought among Americans of all social classes. B) promoted class consciousness among the industrial proletariat. C) brought Americans of different economic and ethnic backgrounds together in mutually beneficial contact. D) encouraged people to replace religion and superstition with science and reason. Answer: C (p. 293) Topic: Education for Democracy Skill: Conceptual 48) In Jacksonian America private colleges A) shared the vigorous growth of the common schools. B) expanded slowly and cautiously. C) had too few students for too many colleges. D) had too many students for too few colleges. Answer: C (p. 294) Topic: The State of the Colleges Skill: Conceptual 10.2 True/False Questions 49) Alexis de Tocqueville came to visit America because he thought that democracy was the wave of the future for European society. Answer: TRUE (p. 270) Topic: Tocqueville: Democracy in America Skill: Conceptual 149 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

50) The nineteenth-century view that women were pure of mind and body and selflessly devoted to the care of others was criticized for making a cult out of “womanhood.” Answer: TRUE (p. 272) Topic: The Family Recast Skill: Conceptual 51) The Second Great Awakening began as a counteroffensive to overemotional religious revivals. Answer: FALSE (p. 273) Topic: The Second Great Awakening Skill: Factual 52) Wives of business leaders were often very responsive to the message of the Second Great Awakening. Answer: TRUE (pp. 273–274) Topic: The Second Great Awakening Skill: Conceptual 53) The Oneida Community, led by John Humphrey Noyes, practiced “complex” marriage. Answer: TRUE (p. 276) Topic: Backwoods Utopias Skill: Factual 54) The antislavery movement entered the political arena in 1840 when the Liberty party nominated William Lloyd Garrison for president. Answer: FALSE (p. 282) Topic: The Abolitionist Crusade Skill: Factual 55) When women sought to involve themselves in reform movements before the Civil War, they discovered that their roles as wives and mothers were major advantages in addressing the major social issues. Answer: FALSE (p. 285) Topic: Women’s Rights Skill: Conceptual 56) The transcendentalists were complete individualists who viewed society as no more than the sum of its individual parts. Answer: TRUE (p. 287) Topic: The Romantic View of Life Skill: Conceptual

57) Improved printing techniques greatly reduced the cost of newspapers and books to bring them within the reach of average Americans. Answer: TRUE (p. 292) Topic: Reading and the Dissemination of Culture Skill: Conceptual 58) Despite the obvious needs, there were no efforts to reform the traditional college curriculum in the early nineteenth century. Answer: FALSE (p. 294) Topic: The State of the Colleges Skill: Conceptual 10.3 Essay Questions 59) Why did Alexis de Tocqueville visit America? Summarize his conclusions about American society. Compare and contrast the strengths and limitations of his observations. (pp. 270–271) Topic: Tocqueville: Democracy in America 60) Describe the major changes that occurred in family life in America in the early nineteenth century. (pp. 271–272) Topic: The Family Recast 61) Describe the major reform movements of the early nineteenth century. What assumptions and problem-solving strategies did they share? (pp. 277–286) Topic: The Age of Reform 62) Explain the ideas of the major romantic authors and describe how they affected American culture. Cite specific examples of individual authors described in the text. (pp. 286–292) Topic: The Romantic View of Life 63) Explain how education and middle-class culture were transformed in the early nineteenth century by efforts to create a truly American and democratic society. (pp. 292–295) Topic: Education for Democracy 10.4 Identification Questions 64) abolitionism Worldwide movement to end slavery. In the United States the term chiefly applies to the antebellum reformers whose cause culminated in the Civil War (p. 280) Topic: The Abolitionist Crusade Skill: Factual

65) Cult of True Womanhood An ideal of middleclass womanhood in the early nineteenth century that asserted that women were naturally pious, pure, and submissive; exemplars of Christian precepts; and best-suited to supervise the moral development of the family (p. 272) Topic: The Family Recast Skill: Factual 66) lyceums Locally sponsored public lectures, often featuring writers, that were popular in the nineteenth century (p. 292) Topic: Reading and the Dissemination of Culture Skill: Factual 67) romanticism A loosely defined aesthetic movement originating in the late eighteenth century and flowering during the early nineteenth century; it encompassed literature, philosophy, arts, and music and enshrined feeling and intuition over reason (p. 286) Topic: The Romantic View of Life Skill: Factual 68) Second Great Awakening A wave of religious enthusiasm, commencing in the 1790s and lasting for decades, that stressed the mercy, love, and benevolence of God and emphasized that all people could, through faith and effort, achieve salvation (p. 273) Topic: The Second Great Awakening Skill: Factual 69) Seneca Falls Convention A meeting, held at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848, that affirmed that “all men and women are created equal” and sought the franchise (vote) for women (p. 285) Topic: Women’s Rights Skill: Factual 70) Shakers A religious commune founded by Ann Lee in England that came to America in 1774. Shakers practiced celibacy, believed that God was both Mother and Father, and held property in common (p. 275) Topic: Backwoods Utopias Skill: Factual 71) temperance movement A reform movement of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in which women and ministers played a major role and that advocated moderation in the use of alcoholic beverages, or, preferably, abstinence. The major organizations included the American Temperance Society, the Washingtonian movement, and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (p. 279) Topic: “Demon Rum” Skill: Factual

72) transcendentalism A diverse and loosely defined philosophy that promoted a mystical, intuitive way of looking at life that subordinated facts to feelings. Transcendentalists argued that humans could transcend reason and intellectual capacities by having faith in themselves and in the fundamental benevolence of the universe. They were complete individualists (p. 286) Topic: The Romantic View of Life Skill: Factual 73) utopian Any of countless schemes to create a perfect society (p. 276) Topic: Backwoods Utopias Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 11 Westward Expansion 11.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The staunch states’ rights advocate who became president when William Henry Harrison died was A) Martin Van Buren. B) James K. Polk. C) Zachary Taylor. D) John Tyler. Answer: D (p. 300) Topic: Tyler’s Troubles Skill: Factual 2) Everyone in Tyler’s cabinet except Daniel Webster resigned when Tyler opposed Henry Clay’s plans and A) signed the bill creating a new National Bank. B) called for the annexation of Texas. C) vetoed the new National Bank. D) supported a large tariff increase. Answer: C (p. 300) Topic: Tyler’s Troubles Skill: Factual 3) The peace treaty of 1783 with England granted the United States all the land A) drained by the St. Lawrence River. B) of the Oregon Territory. C) on the eastern bank of the St. Lawrence River. D) drained by rivers flowing into the Atlantic. Answer: D (p. 300) Topic: The Webster-Ashburton Treaty Skill: Factual 4) In the controversy leading to the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, England’s main goal was to A) acquire the timber. B) control the fishing rights. C) build a military road. D) create a secure Canadian border. Answer: C (p. 300) Topic: The Webster-Ashburton Treaty Skill: Conceptual

5) The ________ Treaty settled the disputed boundary between Maine and New Brunswick and demonstrated the growing Anglo-American economic dependence. A) Transcontinental B) Clayton-Bulwer C) Webster-Ashburton D) Gadsden Answer: C (pp. 300–301) Topic: The Webster-Ashburton Treaty Skill: Factual 6) Before Texas gained its independence in 1836, a major conflict between American settlers in Texas and the Mexican government was A) Mexico’s abolition of slavery. B) Mexico’s attempt to require Americans to speak Spanish. C) the effect of the Missouri Compromise on Mexico. D) the weakness of the Mexican central government. Answer: A (p. 301) Topic: The Texas Question Skill: Conceptual 7) In the battle over the independence of Texas, the slaughters at Goliad and at ________, a former mission, made peaceful settlement of the dispute with Mexico almost impossible. A) the Alamo B) the Citadel C) Corpus Christi D) Santa Fe Answer: A (p. 301) Topic: The Texas Question Skill: Factual 8) The leader of the Texas independence movement and first president of the Republic of Texas was A) Stephen F. Austin. B) William B. Travis. C) Davy Crockett. D) Sam Houston. Answer: D (pp. 301–302) Topic: The Texas Question Skill: Factual

9) Sam Houston famously screamed “Remember the Alamo!” at A) Goliad during a decisive American defeat over the Mexicans. B) Mexico City during diplomatic talks with the Mexicans. C) President Jackson’s signing of the annexation of Texas. D) a routing of the Mexican army at the San Jacinto River. Answer: D (p. 302) Topic: The Texas Question Skill: Conceptual 10) Both Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren A) were unwilling to annex Texas. B) attempted to annex Texas. C) refused to recognize Texas. D) warned Mexico to leave Texas alone. Answer: A (p. 303) Topic: The Texas Question Skill: Conceptual 11) Manifest destiny might best be described as the belief that Americans were A) God’s chosen people. B) a melting pot of immigrants. C) obligated to educate the Native Americans. D) destined to abolish slavery. Answer: A (p. 303) Topic: Manifest Destiny Skill: Conceptual 12) Stating that nothing must interfere with the ability of Americans “to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions,” New York journalist John L. O’Sullivan was describing the concept of A) economic determinism. B) transcendentalism. C) manifest destiny. D) progressivism. Answer: C (p. 303) Topic: Manifest Destiny Skill: Conceptual

13) One significant aspect of life on the westward trail in the 1840s was that it A) was actually safer for children than remaining at home. B) was easier for women than for men. C) strongly reinforced the family pattern of “separate spheres.” D) was especially taxing for women. Answer: D (p. 304) Topic: Life on the Trail Skill: Conceptual 14) In 1840, California could be most accurately described as A) unmistakably Mexican, with only a handful of white American settlers. B) still almost entirely controlled and owned by a series of Catholic missions. C) one of the few areas where the Native Americans were guaranteed the same civil rights as whites. D) dominated by white Americans, with only a handful of Mexican settlers. Answer: A (p. 305) Topic: California and Oregon Skill: Conceptual 15) “Oregon fever” referred to A) a common malady of the nineteenth century. B) a deep-seated hate for the Native Americans. C) the desire to go to Oregon. D) Christian attempts to convert the Native Americans. Answer: C (p. 305) Topic: California and Oregon Skill: Conceptual 16) According to the map “Trails West,” the Oregon Trail A) crossed New Mexico Territory before heading north. B) ran along the border between the United States and Canada for much of its route. C) followed a route similar to the Mormon Trail part of the way. D) ran perpendicular to the Old Spanish Trail. Answer: C (p. 306) Topic: California and Oregon Skill: Factual

17) When the Whigs nominated Henry Clay for the presidency in 1844, their platform A) came out strongly for the annexation of Texas. B) ignored the question of Texas. C) supported the acquisition of Oregon. D) condemned all expansion. Answer: B (p. 307) Topic: The Election of 1844 Skill: Factual 18) James K. Polk might best be described as a A) promoter of high tariffs. B) national bank supporter. C) good Jacksonian. D) foe of expansion. Answer: C (p. 307) Topic: The Election of 1844 Skill: Conceptual 19) Upon sensing the expansionist sentiment of voters in the election of 1844, Henry Clay A) stuck firmly to his opposition to the annexation of Texas. B) backed off his firm opposition to the annexation of Texas. C) won the election because of his unyielding support of manifest destiny. D) pushed through a joint resolution making Texas a state. Answer: B (p. 307) Topic: The Election of 1844 Skill: Conceptual 20) In accordance with the joint resolution that annexed Texas, A) Texas became an independent territory. B) up to four new states could be created from its territory. C) the territory of Texas was required to remain consolidated. D) Texas had to wait ten years until it could be granted full statehood. Answer: B (p. 307) Topic: The Election of 1844 Skill: Factual

21) American settlement in the Oregon region was centered in the A) Columbia River Valley. B) Willamette Valley. C) Walla Walla River Valley. D) Cascade Mountains. Answer: B (p. 308) Topic: Polk as President Skill: Factual 22) In 1846 the United States signed a treaty dividing the Oregon territory along the 49th parallel with A) Great Britain. B) Russia. C) France. D) Canada. Answer: A (p. 308) Topic: Polk as President Skill: Factual 23) The reason the final Oregon Treaty between the United States and England was popular is that A) America got all it demanded. B) the war with Mexico had begun. C) the Democrats saw a chance to get even with the Whigs. D) slavery was forbidden in the area. Answer: B (p. 308) Topic: War with Mexico Skill: Conceptual 24) Mexico’s main grievance against the United States was based upon the A) large debts the United States owed Mexico. B) invasion of California by Fremont. C) intrigues of John Slidell. D) annexation of Texas. Answer: D (p. 308) Topic: War with Mexico Skill: Conceptual

25) What happened in the Mexican War? A) The president led the nation into war without a formal declaration of war from Congress. B) American armed forces fought only inside the boundaries of the continental United States. C) Although the Mexican army was larger, better equipped, and well-led, American forces easily conquered Mexico. D) General Winfield Scott led a disastrous and poorly planned campaign against Mexico City. Answer: A (pp. 309–310) Topic: War with Mexico Skill: Conceptual 26) “War exists.” Polk said this to A) the Mexican diplomatic mission. B) General Mariano Paredes, the Mexican head of state. C) Thomas Slidell when authorizing further use of American armed forces. D) Congress when asking for a declaration of war. Answer: D (p. 310) Topic: To the Halls of Montezuma Skill: Factual 27) President Polk’s plans to defeat Mexico included A) driving Santa Anna from power. B) invading Texas. C) establishing a naval blockade of Mexican ports. D) taking possession of California and New Mexico. Answer: D (p. 311) Topic: To the Halls of Montezuma Skill: Conceptual 28) During the Mexican War, what happened in the Southwest? A) American settlers seized Sonoma and established the Republic of California. B General Stephen Kearny’s cavalry expedition from Fort Leavenworth was defeated and captured at the Battle of Santa Fe. C) A virtual civil war broke out between settlers favoring the United States and those supporting Mexico. D) The Mexican army easily defeated the initial efforts of a ragtag army of American settlers to create an independent California. Answer: A (p. 311) Topic: To the Halls of Montezuma Skill: Conceptual

29) The campaign against Mexico City was commanded by General A) Zachary Taylor. B) Stephen Kearny. C) Winfield Scott. D) Thomas Hart Benton. Answer: C (p. 311) Topic: To the Halls of Montezuma Skill: Factual 30) _____ negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo against the orders of President Polk. A) George M. Dallas B) James G. Birney C) Abel P. Upshur D) Nicholas P. Trist Answer: D (p. 312) Topic: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Skill: Factual 31) The Mexican War was ended by the A) Gadsden Purchase. B) Treaty of Vera Cruz. C) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. D) Treaty of San Juoaquin. Answer: C (p. 312) Topic: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Skill: Factual 32) Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States A) promised to respect Mexican sovereignty in the future. B) gained Texas and Oklahoma. C) agreed to continue Mexico’s prohibition of slavery in the Southwest. D) gained New Mexico and Upper California. Answer: D (p. 312) Topic: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Skill: Factual

33) For many Americans, the ultimate justification of manifest destiny and the Mexican War seemed to be the A) prohibition on slavery in the territory gained from Mexico. B) recognition by Europeans that America was also an imperial power. C) discovery of gold in California in 1848. D) guarantee of a transcontinental railroad route through the territory conquered from Mexico. Answer: C (p. 313) Topic: The Fruits of Victory: Further Enlargement of the United States Skill: Conceptual 34) Slavery erupted as a divisive issue after the Mexican War over the question of A) restricting the domestic slave trade. B) continuing slave auctions in Washington, D.C. C) renewing the importation of slaves. D) allowing slavery in the territory conquered from Mexico. Answer: D (p. 314) Topic: Slavery: Storm Clouds Gather Skill: Conceptual 35) The attempt to prohibit slavery from the territory gained by the Mexican War was identified with A) Lewis Cass. B) David Wilmot. C) Henry Clay. D) Zachary Taylor. Answer: B (p. 314) Topic: Slavery: Storm Clouds Gather Skill: Factual 36) “As an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico…neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory.” This is from the A) Compromise of 1850. B) Webster-Ashburton Treaty. C) Wilmot Proviso. D) Tallmadge Amendment. Answer: C (p. 314) Topic: Slavery: Storm Clouds Gather Skill: Factual

37) The original advocate of organizing new territories on the basis of “popular sovereignty” was A) Lewis Cass. B) Nicholas Trist. C) David Wilmot. D) Zachary Taylor. Answer: A (p. 314) Topic: Slavery: Storm Clouds Gather Skill: Factual 38) Zachary Taylor was chosen to run for president by the Whigs in 1848 because of his A) opposition to slavery. B) extensive legislative experience. C) proven ability to campaign. D) military career. Answer: D (pp. 314–315) Topic: The Election of 1848 Skill: Conceptual 39) In 1849 approximately 80,000 Americans migrated to California because of the A) completion of the Santa Fe Trail. B) start of the gold rush. C) end of the Mexican War. D) severe unemployment in the East. Answer: B (p. 316) Topic: The Gold Rush Skill: Factual 40) The California state constitution of 1849 banned slavery for primarily ________ reasons. A) economic B) moral C) religious D) political Answer: A (p. 317) Topic: The Gold Rush Skill: Factual

41) California’s possible admission as a free state caused such a furor because it A) forced slavery to be barred in all territories. B) repealed the Missouri Compromise. C) rejected the idea of “popular sovereignty.” D) broke the balance of power in the Senate between slave and free states. Answer: D (p. 317) Topic: The Gold Rush Skill: Conceptual 42) The senator who initially organized the legislative program that became the Compromise of 1850 was A) David Wilmot. B) Daniel Webster. C) Henry Clay. D) John C. Calhoun. Answer: C (p. 317) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 Skill: Factual 43) In the debates over the Compromise of 1850, Henry Clay’s most famous argument was that A) because God’s “higher law” prohibited any cooperation with the evils of slavery, the North should refuse to compromise. B) the North should yield completely on every point, ceasing even to discuss slavery. C) fugitive slaves who escaped to the North should be guaranteed their freedom. D) slavery did not need to be prohibited by a Wilmot Proviso because the facts of geography and climate prevented its establishment in the Southwest. Answer: D (p. 318) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 Skill: Conceptual 44) “You have got what is worth more than a thousand Wilmot Provisos…You have nature on your side.” This statement is a defense of the Compromise of 1850 by whom? A) Daniel Webster B) Henry Clay C) Millard Fillmore D) Zachary Taylor Answer: B (p. 317) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 Skill: Factual

45) According to the maps accompanying the comparison between the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, the __________ had the largest area of any free territory in 1850. A) Unorganized Territory B) Oregon Territory C) Utah Territory D) area freed by Missouri Compromise Answer: D (p. 319) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 Skill: Factual 46) The Compromise of 1850 included admitting ________ as a free state. A) California B) New Mexico C) Texas D) Maine Answer: A (p. 319) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 Skill: Factual 47) What was the public reaction to the Compromise of 1850? A) Violent antislavery riots condemned it in the North. B) Abolitionists were quite pleased with its steps towards gradual emancipation. C) Mass meetings throughout the country were held to support it. D) Defenders of slavery praised it for preserving the balance between free and slave states in the Senate. Answer: C (p. 319) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 Skill: Conceptual 11.2 True/False Questions 48) Stephen Austin led the first American settlement of Texas. Answer: TRUE (p. 301) Topic: The Texas Question Skill: Factual 49) Americans in Texas responded to Mexican laws on slavery by making their slaves indentured servants for life. Answer: TRUE (p. 301) Topic: The Texas Question Skill: Conceptual

50) Most of the travelers on the Oregon Trail were young families. Answer: TRUE (p. 306) Topic: California and Oregon Skill: Factual 51) As president, James K. Polk was totally unable to realize any of his major objectives. Answer: FALSE (p. 308) Topic: Polk as President Skill: Conceptual 52) The conflict between American troops commanded by General John C. Frémont and Mexican forces at Matamoros provided Polk with an ideal pretext for war with Mexico. Answer: FALSE (pp. 309–310) Topic: To the Halls of Montezuma Skill: Factual 53) General Winfield Scott’s attack upon Mexico City was an inept disaster. Answer: FALSE (pp. 311–312) Topic: To the Halls of Montezuma Skill: Conceptual 54) James W. Marshall discovered gold in the Sacramento Valley in 1848 and set off the gold rush. Answer: TRUE (p. 313) Topic: The Fruits of Victory: Further Enlargement of the United States Skill: Factual 55) The final congressional maneuvering in the Compromise of 1850 was managed by Illinois newcomer William H. Seward. Answer: FALSE (p. 317) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 Skill: Factual 11.3 Essay Questions 56) Explain how the twin issues of expansion and slavery drove the sectional divide in the 1830s and 1840s. (pp. 301–317) Topic: The Texas Question 57) Define the concept of manifest destiny and explain its major assumptions. Summarize the impact this idea had on Americans in the nineteenth century. Explain why people found it appealing. (p. 303) Topic: Manifest Destiny 166 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

58) Describe the migration of Americans to Oregon and California in the 1840s. What types of people migrated and why did they go? Summarize how they related to the existing inhabitants. (pp. 305–307) Topic: California and Oregon 59) Summarize the major causes of the Mexican War. Describe the major events and major results of the war. (pp. 308–319) Topic: War with Mexico 60) Describe the Compromise of 1850. Explain the conflicts and describe how they were resolved. Describe the major figures involved in the Compromise. (pp. 317–319) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 11.4 Identification Questions 61) Compromise of 1850 Several laws that together sought to settle several outstanding issues involving slavery. They banned the slave trade, but not slavery in Washington, DC; admitted California as a free state; applied popular sovereignty to the remaining Mexican Cession territory; settled the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute; and passed a more stringent Fugitive Slave Act (p. 319) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 Skill: Factual 62) Free Soil party A party that emerged in the 1840s in opposition to the expansion of slavery into the territories. Formally organized in 1848, it nominated Martin Van Buren for president. In 1856, Free Soil party members joined with former Whigs and other disaffected voters to form the Republican party (p. 316) Topic: The Election of 1848 Skill: Factual 63) Fugitive Slave Act Initially, a 1793 law to encourage the return of runaway slaves; this law was amended, as part of the Compromise of 1850, so as to authorize federal commissioners to compel citizens to assist in the return of runaway (fugitive) slaves. The law offended Northerners and its nonenforcement offended Southerners (p. 318) Topic: The Compromise of 1850 Skill: Factual 64) gold rush Term for the gold-mining boom in the U.S. western territories in the late 1840s and 1850s (p. 313) Topic: The Fruits of Victory: Further Enlargement of the United States Skill: Factual

65) manifest destiny Originating in the 1840s, a term that referred to support of the expansion of the United States through the acquisition of Texas, Oregon, and parts of Mexico. The term was also used in the 1890s in reference to the conquest of foreign lands not meant to be incorporated into the United States (p. 303) Topic: Manifest Destiny Skill: Factual 66) Mexican War Fought between the United States and Mexico from May 1846 to February 1848, the Mexican War greatly added to the national domain of the United States; see also Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (p. 308) Topic: War with Mexico Skill: Factual 67) popular sovereignty The principle of allowing people to make political decisions by majority vote. As applied to American history, the term generally refers to the 1848 proposal of Michigan Senator Lewis Cass to allow settlers to determine the status of slavery in the territories (p. 314) Topic: Slavery: Storm Clouds Gather Skill: Factual 68) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Signed in 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican War, forcing that nation to relinquish all of the land north of the Rio Grande and Gila Rivers, including what would eventually become California, in return for monetary compensations (p. 312) Topic: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Skill: Factual 69) Wilmot Proviso A proposed amendment to an 1846 appropriations bill that banned slavery from any territory the United States might acquire from Spain. It never passed Congress, but generated a great debate on the authority of the federal government to ban slavery from the territories (p. 314) Topic: Slavery: Storm Clouds Gather Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 12 The Sections Go Their Own Ways 12.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The most important southern crop in the 1840s and 1850s was A) tobacco. B) wheat. C) sugar cane. D) cotton. Answer: D (p. 324) Topic: The South Skill: Factual 2) Which of the following statements about slavery as an economic institution in the 1840s and 1850s is true? A) The price of slaves rose dramatically from 1820. B) The domestic slave trade almost disappeared in these years. C) The slave trade had little impact on slaves’ lives. D) Ownership of slaves became more widespread than in 1820. Answer: A (p. 324) Topic: The Economics of Slavery Skill: Factual 3) Which of the following statements about the “second great migration” of blacks is false? A) The westward shift in cotton cultivation was a contributing factor. B) It affected an enormous number of blacks, but not nearly as many as were originally taken from Africa. C) Sellers could get several hundred dollars more per slave in the Deep South. D) Slaves were transferred from the seaboard to areas surrounding the Mississippi and Arkansas rivers. Answer: B (p. 324) Topic: The Economics of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 4) By 1830, the black population in ____________ exceeded the white population. A) Georgia B) Virginia C) Mississippi D) Alabama Answer: C (p. 324) Topic: The Economics of Slavery Skill: Factual

5) There was a tendency throughout the antebellum period for the ownership of slaves to become A) more concentrated. B) more urban. C) less concentrated. D) less urban. Answer: A (p. 325) Topic: The Economics of Slavery Skill: Factual 6) On the eve of the Civil War, about ________ of white southern families owned at least one slave. A) 75% B) 50% C) 25% D) 10% Answer: C (p. 325) Topic: The Economics of Slavery Skill: Factual 7) By the middle of the nineteenth century much of the South’s cotton trade was controlled by A) New York capitalists. B) English merchants. C) Charleston bankers. D) Richmond textile companies. Answer: A (p. 326) Topic: The Economics of Slavery Skill: Factual 8) Which of the following statements is a true depiction of this era? A) Most children, black and white, were raised by white servants. B) Slaveholding families rejected paternalism. C) Plantations were quite similar to northern farms. D) Plantations produced most of their own clothing and food. Answer: D (p. 327) Topic: Antebellum Plantation Life Skill: Conceptual

9) What was family life like for typical southern planters in the early nineteenth century? A) Plantation wives were supposed to be “ladies” with few responsibilities. B) Husbands and wives had rigidly defined separate spheres. C) Slaveholding families were unlike northern families with similar status. D) Children (black and white) were raised by white servants. Answer: C (p. 327) Topic: Antebellum Plantation Life Skill: Conceptual 10) The United States is the only place in the Western Hemisphere A) that continued to legally import slave labor after 1808. B) where black life expectancy was the same as white life expectancy. C) where black families were not allowed to cohabitate. D) where the slave population grew by natural increase. Answer: D (p. 328) Topic: The Sociology of Slavery Skill: Factual 11) As a social institution, slavery in the United States A) encouraged owners to maximize their profits by working slaves to death so that new slaves needed to be constantly imported to keep the institution from disappearing. B) guaranteed slaves numerous legal and civil rights which whites respected. C) is difficult to generalize about because a key factor in the institution was the behavior of individual masters, which varied greatly. D) totally destroyed anything resembling family relationships among slaves. Answer: C (p. 328) Topic: The Sociology of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 12) What happened to the institution of slavery as slaves became more valuable and as northern opposition to slavery grew more vocal? A) Slave owners became more lenient toward their slaves. B) The system of slavery hardened perceptibly. C) Neither trend had any effect upon slavery. D) Slave owners began to move more actively to emancipate slaves and colonize them in Africa. Answer: B (p. 329) Topic: The Sociology of Slavery Skill: Conceptual

13) In the 1830s, Nat Turner gained notoriety as the leader of the A) scientific agriculture movement in the South. B) antislavery forces in New England. C) most sensational slave uprising in the early nineteenth century. D) secessionist wing of the Southern Democrats. Answer: C (p. 330) Topic: The Sociology of Slavery Skill: Factual 14) What happened to southern interest in abolishing slavery after Nat Turner’s revolt in 1831? A) It grew gradually due to the influence of abolitionism. B) Southern ministers became more militant in their sermons denouncing the evils of slavery. C) Southern states made it increasingly difficult for masters to free their slaves. D) Because new slaves continued to be imported from Africa, it did not matter if some were freed who were already in America. Answer: C (p. 330) Topic: The Sociology of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 15) The existence of what southern institution explains why the South had few cities and little industry? A) established religion B) slavery C) tenant farming D) sharecropping Answer: B (p. 330) Topic: The Sociology of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 16) Southern whites reacted to free blacks by A) educating them to be useful and responsible citizens. B) viewing them as no possible threat to slavery. C) wanting to be rid of them, but trying only half-heartedly to expel them. D) strictly enforcing laws requiring free blacks to emigrate. Answer: C (p. 330) Topic: The Sociology of Slavery Skill: Conceptual

17) The former slave who preached resistance to slavery and planned a major slave uprising in Charleston was A) David Walker. B) James Hamlet. C) Nat Turner. D) Denmark Vesey. Answer: D (p. 331) Topic: Psychological Effects of Slavery Skill: Factual 18) The slave Isabella A) never had to worry about having any of her children sold away from her. B) was treated decently and fairly by the whites who claimed to own her. C) became a leading anti-slavery feminist and changed her name to Sojourner Truth. D) was a religious skeptic who was contemptuous of the religious ferment around her. Answer: C (p. 332) Topic: American Lives: Sojourner Truth Skill: Conceptual 19) Slavery warped southern whites by A) encouraging poor whites to work for someone else to earn a stake to buy some land. B) allowing them too much leisure time. C) causing basically decent people to commit countless petty cruelties. D) encouraging southern slave owners to develop strong emotional bonds with people that they treated as mere possessions. Answer: C (p. 333) Topic: Psychological Effects of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 20) Manufacturing in the antebellum South was A) discouraged by the lack of raw materials. B) impossible because of the shortage of water power. C) virtually non-existent because of the lack of northern investment. D) developing on a small scale, but was discouraged by the temper of southern society. Answer: D (p. 333) Topic: Manufacturing in the South Skill: Conceptual

21) On the eve of the Civil War, the South produced less than ________ of the total manufactured goods in the United States. A) 15 percent B) 30 percent C) 40 percent D) 50 percent Answer: A (p. 333) Topic: Manufacturing in the South Skill: Factual 22) The most obvious change in the North in the decades before the Civil War was the A) decline of the whaling industry. B) rapid expansion of industry. C) halt of emigration from Europe. D) rapid expansion of unionization among unskilled workers. Answer: B (p. 334) Topic: The Northern Industrial Juggernaut Skill: Conceptual 23) The use of steam A) made previous uses of water power obsolete. B) caused longer railroad lines to be built. C) competed with the use of coal in developing factories. D) allowed for greater flexibility in locating factories. Answer: D (p. 334) Topic: The Northern Industrial Juggernaut Skill: Conceptual 24) From 1825 to 1850 American industry was A) remarkably receptive to technological change. B) devastated by cheaper products from England. C) slow to adopt the newest inventions. D) heavily subsidized by the federal government. Answer: A (p. 334) Topic: The Northern Industrial Juggernaut Skill: Conceptual

25) By the 1850s the United States led the world in manufacturing A) steel, iron, and aluminum. B) heavy industrial machinery. C) goods produced with precision instruments. D) both woolen and cotton textiles. Answer: C (p. 334) Topic: The Northern Industrial Juggernaut Skill: Factual 26) What was the effect of immigrant workers on the textile factory system in New England? A) It advanced camaraderie among the varying nationalities. B) It caused a shift in the labor force, as immigrants replaced women as workers. C) There was little to no effect, as factory owners believed young farm women were the most efficient textile workers. D) It was a boon to factory owners who were in need of more skilled workers to run their machines. Answer: B (p. 335) Topic: A Nation of Immigrants Skill: Conceptual 27) Most of the industrial workers in the mid-nineteenth century A) lived in clean, modern company housing. B) were quick to join labor unions and demand decent wages. C) lived in the crowded, squalid slums springing up in major cities. D) were able to have small vegetable gardens and a few chickens. Answer: C (p. 335) Topic: How Wage Earners Lived Skill: Conceptual 28) In the new industrial slums of the 1850s, most factory workers were able to survive because A) the owners provided free housing. B) they formed strong unions to demand higher wages. C) they had a few chickens and small vegetable gardens. D) their wives and children also worked in the factories. Answer: D (p. 335) Topic: How Wage Earners Lived Skill: Conceptual

29) In Commonwealth v. Hunt, Massachusetts courts first established the legality of A) the ten-hour day. B) mechanic’s lien laws. C) child labor laws. D) labor unions. Answer: D (p. 336) Topic: How Wage Earners Lived Skill: Factual 30) Between 1820 and the Civil War, which of the following could be said about the trend toward general unionization? A) There was no trend toward general unionization. B) There was a positive trend toward general unionization. C) It was greatly aided by the Panic of 1857. D) The nationalization of the union movement was in full swing. Answer: A (p. 337) Topic: How Wage Earners Lived Skill: Conceptual 31) The growth of American unions in the antebellum era was retarded by A) widespread employment of women and children in unskilled jobs. B) workers’ class consciousness of themselves as an industrial proletariat. C) traditional European values shared by many immigrants. D) the lack of opportunity for most workers to better their lives. Answer: A (p. 337) Topic: How Wage Earners Lived Skill: Conceptual 32) According to the text, the major paradox of American society before the Civil War was that most Americans continued to A) believe in egalitarian democracy, even though society was becoming more stratified and the economic and social distances between the top and bottom of society were growing. B) claim they were Christians, even though the percentage who were active church members was declining dramatically. C) vote and have faith in the national government, despite how it almost entirely avoided the divisive sectional issues of the day. D) think of themselves as immigrants having deep connections with Europe, even though they no longer retained any ties of culture and language with the country from which their ancestors emigrated. Answer: A (p. 337) Topic: Progress and Poverty Skill: Conceptual

33) Clipper ships designed by Donald McKay were popular because they A) carried bulky loads, the mainstay of commerce. B) were superior to British steamships. C) carried specialty goods, the mainstay of commerce. D) provided fast oceanic transportation. Answer: D (p. 339) Topic: Foreign Commerce Skill: Factual 34) In the 1840s, American shipbuilders lost the advantages they had held in construction since colonial times because of the A) shortage of quality lumber in the United States. B) superior British iron technology. C) development of the steam engine. D) inefficiency of the clipper ship. Answer: B (p. 339) Topic: Steam Conquers the Atlantic Skill: Conceptual 35) The first railroad to begin operating in the United States was the ________ Railroad. A) Boston and Worcester B) Charleston-Hamburg C) Baltimore and Ohio D) New York and Erie Answer: C (p. 340) Topic: Canals and Railroads Skill: Factual 36) Before 1860, about three-fourths of all the money invested in railroads came from A) private investors. B) state governments. C) municipal governments. D) direct congressional appropriations. Answer: A (p. 341) Topic: Financing the Railroads Skill: Factual

37) Public aid for railroad financing before 1860 A) did not occur. B) paid for about three-fourths of all railroad constructions. C) took many forms including loans, investments, and special exemptions. D) was strongly resisted by almost all levels of government. Answer: C (p. 341) Topic: Financing the Railroads Skill: Conceptual 38) Before the Civil War, the railroad that benefited most from federal support for line construction was the ________ Railroad. A) Illinois Central B) New York Central C) Baltimore and Ohio D) Rock Island Line Answer: A (p. 341) Topic: Financing the Railroads Skill: Factual 39) One negative byproduct of railroad construction in the mid-1900s was A) crooked practices by those more interested in making money than the development of the rail lines. B) the shortage of the necessary natural resources such as iron and steel. C) the refusal of Congress to approve federal land grants. D) the decrease in private funding after the federal government began providing money for construction. Answer: A (p. 341) Topic: Financing the Railroads Skill: Conceptual 40) According to the map “Railroads, 1860,” there was a relative lack of railroads A) in the North. B) in the Old Northwest. C) for larger cities. D) in the South. Answer: D (p. 342) Topic: Railroads and the Economy Skill: Factual

41) Developed by John Deere, the first tool that helped to ease the labor shortage in the Mississippi Valley was the A) steam thresher. B) steel plowshare. C) dairy centrifuge. D) combine. Answer: B (p. 342) Topic: Railroads and the Economy Skill: Factual 42) Cyrus Hall McCormick played the leading role in perfecting the A) scythe. B) iron plowshare. C) mechanical reaper. D) corn planter. Answer: C (p. 342) Topic: Railroads and the Economy Skill: Factual 43) The businesses which transformed the economy by encouraging regional concentration of industry and by employing large numbers of salaried managers and developing complex internal structures were the A) canals. B) railroads. C) textile mills. D) banks. Answer: B (p. 343) Topic: Railroads and the Economy Skill: Factual 44) In the mid-nineteenth century, the strongest competition for the railroad came from A) steamboats. B) turnpikes. C) river barges. D) canals. Answer: D (pp. 343–344) Topic: Railroads and the Economy Skill: Factual

45) An economic cause of increasing sectional conflict on the eve of the Civil War was the decreasing importance of the A) canal system. B) cotton crop on the foreign market. C) southern wheat crop. D) Mississippi River. Answer: D (p. 344) Topic: Railroads and the Sectional Conflict Skill: Conceptual 46) The South was particularly backward in railroad construction because it A) had a scattered population. B) used slave labor. C) had too many large cities. D) did not have seasonal fluctuations in its freight traffic. Answer: A (p. 344) Topic: Railroads and the Sectional Conflict Skill: Conceptual 47) The fundamental cause of the South’s lack of railroad construction was the A) competition from already-existing canals. B) attitude of its leaders who were not interested in investing in commerce or industry. C) heavy concentration of the southern population in coastal cities. D) irrational caution of its leaders after their initial heavy investments in commerce and industry lost millions of dollars. Answer: B (p. 344) Topic: Railroads and the Sectional Conflict Skill: Conceptual 48) Between the mid-1840s and the mid-1850s, the American economy A) experienced one of the most remarkable periods of growth in the history of the world. B) continued to stagnate as the result of the Panic of 1837. C) reflected the general mood of caution and pessimism. D) suffered a series of severe depressions which halted and reversed previous economic progress. Answer: A (p. 345) Topic: The Economy on the Eve of Civil War Skill: Conceptual 12.2 True/False Questions 49) Marriages among southern slaves were legally recognized by white society. Answer: FALSE (p. 329) Topic: The Sociology of Slavery Skill: Factual 180 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

50) Most slaveowners discouraged Christianity among slaves because they feared it would encourage slave rebellions. Answer: FALSE (p. 329) Topic: The Sociology of Slavery Skill: Conceptual 51) Denmark Vesey, a former slave, planned an unsuccessful slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina. Answer: TRUE (p. 331) Topic: Psychological Effects of Slavery Skill: Factual 52) The rapid growth of manufacturing from 1820 to 1850 was stimulated by many forces and had mixed results. Answer: TRUE (p. 334) Topic: The Northern Industrial Juggernaut Skill: Conceptual 53) The most significant effect of rapid industrialization on American life was how it changed the character of the workforce. Answer: TRUE (p. 335) Topic: A Nation of Immigrants Skill: Conceptual 54) In the early nineteenth century, the middle-class majority spearheaded numerous reforms to help the urban, unskilled poor. Answer: FALSE (p. 337) Topic: Progress and Poverty Skill: Conceptual 55) The city most dramatically affected by the railroad growth of the 1850s was Chicago. Answer: TRUE (p. 342) Topic: Railroads and the Economy Skill: Factual 56) Compared to other sections, the upper Mississippi Valley was relatively untouched by the Panic of 1857. Answer: FALSE (p. 345) Topic: The Economy on the Eve of Civil War Skill: Conceptual

12.3 Essay Questions 57) Explain how economic and social forces drove the North and South apart in the early nineteenth century. (pp. 323–345) Topic: The Sections Go Their Own Ways 58) Describe the life of slaves on a “typical” southern plantation. Examine both the sociological and psychological aspects of slavery. (pp. 324–333) Topic: The Economics of Slavery 59) Summarize the economic, sociological, and psychological effects of slavery on southern white society. (pp. 324–333) Topic: The Economics of Slavery 60) Explain how industrialization revolutionized America’s society and economy in the early nineteenth century. Analyze how well Americans coped with these changes. (p. 334–344) Topic: The Northern Industrial Juggernaut 61) Summarize how the railroads transformed America’s economy and society in the early nineteenth century. Analyze any effects railroads had on sectional tensions. (pp. 339–344) Topic: Railroads and the Economy 12.4 Identification Questions None in this chapter.

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 13 The Coming of the Civil War 13.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) As a result of the new fugitive slave law from the Compromise of 1850, A) many Northerners who were not abolitionists were outraged at the sight of people being forced to return to slavery. B) abolitionists no longer aided runaway slaves. C) state governments in Massachusetts and Wisconsin actively helped capture runaway slaves. D) the Underground Railroad was destroyed. Answer: A (p. 349) Topic: Slave-Catchers Come North Skill: Conceptual 2) Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel that brought home the evils of slavery to many in the North was A) Uncle Tom’s Cabin. B) The Impending Crisis. C) Twelve Years a Slave. D) Below the Mason-Dixon Line. Answer: A (p. 350) Topic: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Skill: Factual 3) Harriet Beecher Stowe was A) well known in literary circles prior to the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. B) a strident abolitionist. C) a fugitive slave who wrote about the horrors of the Fugitive Slave Act. D) not a professional writer but had been roused by the Fugitive Slave Act. Answer: D (p. 350) Topic: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Skill: Conceptual 4) The “Young America” movement argued that A) revolutions in other countries were dangerous. B) democracy was unique to America and could not be exported. C) England was the cause of all American problems. D) democracy would triumph everywhere. Answer: D (p. 351) Topic: Diversions Abroad: The “Young America” Movement Skill: Conceptual

5) In the spirit of the “Young America” movement, William Walker attempted repeatedly to gain control of A) El Salvador. B) Cuba. C) Nicaragua. D) Mexico. Answer: C (p. 351) Topic: Diversions Abroad: The “Young America” Movement Skill: Factual 6) The United States attempted to establish some control over a future canal across the isthmus of Central America by negotiating with A) France. B) Spain. C) Great Britain. D) Germany. Answer: C (p. 351) Topic: Diversions Abroad: The “Young America” Movement Skill: Factual 7) The Ostend Manifesto was an American statement that America should buy or seize A) Panama. B) Hawaii. C) Mexico. D) Cuba. Answer: D (p. 351) Topic: Diversions Abroad: The “Young America” Movement Skill: Factual 8) The expansionist mood of “Young America” best explains A) the numerous utopian communities such as the Shakers. B) Lincoln’s election as president. C) the flood of new immigrants. D) Commodore Perry’s expedition to Japan. Answer: D (p. 352) Topic: Diversions Abroad: The “Young America” Movement Skill: Conceptual

9) The most prominent spokesman of the “Young America” movement was A) Ralph Waldo Emerson. B) Horace Greeley. C) Stephen A. Douglas. D) Henry Clay. Answer: C (p. 352) Topic: Stephen Douglas: “The Little Giant” Skill: Factual 10) Who was the “the Henry Clay of his generation,” the man based his politics on expansion and popular sovereignty? A) Stephen A. Douglas B) Abraham Lincoln C) Franklin Pierce D) James Buchanan Answer: A (p. 352) Topic: Stephen Douglas: “The Little Giant” Skill: Factual 11) Stephen A. Douglas believed that Congress should be concerned primarily about A) maintaining a balanced federal budget. B) prohibiting slavery in the territories. C) establishing a plan for gradual, compensated emancipation of slaves. D) rapidly exploiting the continent. Answer: D (p. 352) Topic: Stephen Douglas: “The Little Giant” Skill: Conceptual 12) During the election of 1852, both major political parties A) rejected the Ostend Manifesto. B) attacked the Compromise of 1850. C) supported the Compromise of 1850. D) avoided taking a stand on the Compromise of 1850. Answer: C (p. 352) Topic: Stephen Douglas: “The Little Giant” Skill: Conceptual

13) Stephen Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 partly because of his A) plans for a transcontinental railroad. B) desire to embarrass President Pierce. C) dramatic religious conversion. D) desire to placate the South. Answer: A (p. 354) Topic: The Kansas-Nebraska Act Skill: Conceptual 14) Stephen Douglas staunchly believed that the slavery question in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska should be resolved by A) protecting slavery. B) the Supreme Court. C) banning slavery. D) popular sovereignty. Answer: D (p. 354) Topic: The Kansas-Nebraska Act Skill: Factual 15) The “greatest single step” toward the American Civil War was the A) Fugitive Slave Act. B) Missouri Compromise. C) Kansas-Nebraska Act. D) Compromise of 1850. Answer: C (p. 354) Topic: The Kansas-Nebraska Act Skill: Conceptual 16) Northern feelings seemed to reach a boiling point on the Fugitive Slave Law with the arrest and return of A) William and Ellen Craft. B) Frederick Jenkins. C) Euphemia Williams. D) Anthony Burns. Answer: D (p. 355) Topic: The Kansas-Nebraska Act Skill: Factual

17) The ________ party was most closely associated with Americanism, or nativism. A) Republican B) Free-Soil C) Know-Nothing D) Whig Answer: C (p. 355) Topic: Know-Nothings, Republicans, and the Demise of the Two-Party System Skill: Factual 18) The average settler in Kansas A) was not strongly interested in the slavery question. B) owned large numbers of slaves. C) believed slavery should be abolished. D) moved to Kansas specifically because of the controversy over slavery. Answer: A (p. 356) Topic: “Bleeding Kansas” Skill: Conceptual 19) As seen in the map “Bleeding Kansas,” Kansas Territory was bordered on the east by proslavery A) Illinois. B) Missouri. C) Nebraska. D) Arkansas. Answer: B (p. 357) Topic: “Bleeding Kansas” Skill: Factual 20) A major cause of the disorder in Kansas was the A) continued resistance of Native Americans to white exploitation and expansion. B) immigration of numerous free blacks. C) meddling by Congress in local affairs. D) interference from outsiders from both the North and the South on the slavery issue. Answer: D (pp. 356–357) Topic: “Bleeding Kansas” Skill: Conceptual

21) In May 1856, ________ slaughtered five unarmed, proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek in “bleeding Kansas.” A) John Brown B) Charles Sumner C) William Lloyd Garrison D) Preston Brooks Answer: A (p. 357) Topic: “Bleeding Kansas” Skill: Factual 22) The main responsibility for “bleeding Kansas” rests upon A) Missouri border ruffians who mercilessly attacked the free state partisans. B) the Pierce administration, which did not ensure honest elections because that might alienate the South. C) abolitionist fanatics such as John Brown who were unwilling to compromise their principles and were willing to resort to violence. D) the Buchanan administration, which refused to ensure honest elections because that might alienate the South. Answer: B (p. 357) Topic: “Bleeding Kansas” Skill: Conceptual 23) Senator ________ was beaten unconscious by a member of the House of Representatives after he gave his “The Crime Against Kansas” speech. A) Charles Sumner B) Preston Brooks C) Stephen Douglas D) William Seward Answer: A (pp. 358–359) Topic: Senator Sumner Becomes a Martyr for Abolitionism Skill: Factual 24) James Buchanan received the Democratic presidential nomination in 1856 mainly because he A) took a strong stand for the extension of slavery. B) had a moderate stand on slavery, even though he was a Southerner. C) was overseas during the bitter debate over Kansas. D) had almost no political experience and therefore no political baggage. Answer: C (p. 359) Topic: Buchanan Tries His Hand Skill: Conceptual

25) “An Act of Congress which deprives a person…of his liberty or property merely because he came himself or brought his property into a particular Territory…could hardly be dignified with the name of due process of law.” This statement is from the A) Compromise of 1850. B) Ableman v. Booth decision. C) Kansas-Nebraska Act. D) Dred Scott decision. Answer: D (pp. 360–361) Topic: The Dred Scott Decision Skill: Factual 26) The Supreme Court ruled the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional in the ________ decision. A) Dred Scott B) John Emerson C) Anthony Burns D) Frederick Douglass Answer: A (p. 361) Topic: The Dred Scott Decision Skill: Factual 27) A major implication of the Dred Scott decision was that A) slavery was a nationwide institution, excluded only where states specifically abolished it. B) only a territorial legislature could follow the principle of popular sovereignty. C) only Congress could exclude slavery from a territory. D) slavery was a state institution, legal only where states specifically adopted it. Answer: A (p. 361) Topic: The Dred Scott Decision Skill: Conceptual 28) The Lecompton constitution caused a complete break between President Buchanan and his former political ally, A) Abraham Lincoln. B) Stephen Douglas. C) Jefferson Davis. D) Charles Sumner. Answer: B (p. 362) Topic: The Proslavery Lecompton Constitution Skill: Factual

29) Buchanan’s reaction to the Lecompton constitution was to A) support it because it provided for the gradual emancipation of slaves in Kansas. B) support it as a perfect example of popular sovereignty. C) refuse to submit it to Congress because it permitted slavery. D) support it despite the fraud perpetrated by the proslavery faction. Answer: D (p. 362) Topic: The Proslavery Lecompton Constitution Skill: Conceptual 30) Prior to becoming president, Lincoln’s position on slavery displayed his A) unwillingness to compromise. B) compassion toward the slave owner but condemnation of slavery. C) hatred for slavery and slave owners. D) compassion towards slaves and condemnation of slave owners. Answer: B (p. 363) Topic: The Emergence of Lincoln Skill: Factual 31) In the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas set out to make Lincoln look like a(n) A) abolitionist. B) Free Soiler. C) eastern elitist. D) opportunist. Answer: A (p. 365) Topic: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Skill: Factual 32) During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Lincoln A) supported both political equality for blacks and the Dred Scott decision. B) portrayed Douglas as an opponent of the Dred Scott decision. C) opposed both slavery and social and political equality for blacks. D) supported repealing the Fugitive Slave Act. Answer: C (p. 365) Topic: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Skill: Conceptual

33) During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas argued that territories could circumvent the Dred Scott decision by not enacting the laws necessary for slavery. This was called the A) Ostend Manifesto. B) Peoria Doctrine. C) Freeport Doctrine. D) Dred Scott Proviso. Answer: C (p. 365) Topic: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Skill: Factual 34) “It matters not what way the Supreme Court may hereafter decide as to the abstract question…the people have the lawful means to introduce or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist…unless it is supported by local police regulations.” This statement is from A) James Buchanan’s “Ostend Manifesto.” B) Charles Sumner’s “The Crime Against Kansas.” C) Stephen Douglas’s “Freeport Doctrine.” D) Roger B. Taney’s reasoning in Dred Scott v. Sanford. Answer: C (p. 365) Topic: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Skill: Factual 35) John Brown’s major goal in attacking Harpers Ferry was to A) keep slavery out of Kansas. B) seize the federal arsenal and arm the slaves. C) cut communications between Washington and the South. D) punish the citizens for their support of slave catchers. Answer: B (p. 366) Topic: John Brown’s Raid Skill: Conceptual 36) Before John Brown was executed by Virginia for treason, conspiracy, and murder, A) he behaved like a madman. B) the numerous other plots of his followers were uncovered. C) he behaved with such enormous dignity that many Northerners saw him as a martyr. D) his dramatic confessions implicated numerous abolitionists in his attack on Harpers Ferry. Answer: C (p. 367) Topic: John Brown’s Raid Skill: Conceptual

37) “If it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of…millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done.” This statement was made by whom? A) Hinton Rowan Helper B) Abraham Lincoln C) John Brown D) Stephen A. Douglas Answer: C (p. 367) Topic: John Brown’s Raid Skill: Factual 38) In 1860, the Democratic party A) held two conventions, but united and nominated Stephen Douglas for president. B) collapsed completely and was unable to nominate any presidential candidate. C) held two conventions and split into a northern and a southern faction. D) nominated and elected Abraham Lincoln as president. Answer: C (p. 368) Topic: The Election of 1860 Skill: Conceptual 39) John Bell and the Constitutional Union party had their greatest support in the 1860 election in the A) western states of Oregon and California. B) southern states of Texas, Louisiana, and Alabama. C) northeastern states of Massachusetts, Maine, and New Hampshire. D) border states of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. Answer: D (p. 369) Topic: The Election of 1860 Skill: Factual 40) In the election of 1860, the ________ party nominated John Bell for president and ignored the conflicts rending the nation. A) Democratic (Southern) B) Constitutional Union C) Democratic (Northern) D) Republican Answer: B (p. 369) Topic: The Election of 1860 Skill: Factual

41) Which of the following happened in the election of 1860? A) Lincoln campaigned actively, stressing his opposition to slavery in the territories. B) Southern Democrats swallowed their personal dislike of Douglas and supported him as the last chance to save the Union. C) John Bell demanded that the future extension of slavery be guaranteed. D) Douglas realized he would lose, rose above ambition, and appealed to voters, both North and South, to stand by the Union. Answer: D (p. 370) Topic: The Election of 1860 Skill: Conceptual 42) Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 with a A) thin majority of the popular vote. B) plurality of the popular vote. C) plurality of the Electoral College. D) overwhelming majority of the popular vote. Answer: B (pp. 370–371) Topic: The Election of 1860 Skill: Conceptual 43) Among the most basic justifications for the secession of the South were the A) traditional states’ rights arguments. B) refusals of Lincoln and the Republicans to support constitutional guarantees to protect slavery where it already existed. C) fears of the overpowering Northern economy. D) promises of aid from England and France. Answer: C (p. 371) Topic: The Secession Crisis Skill: Conceptual 44) “We must either submit to degradation, and to the loss of property worth four billions, or we must secede.” The source of this quote is A) the Mississippi convention. B) the Crittenden Compromise. C) Virginia’s “Declaration of Causes of Secession.” D) John C. Calhoun’s A Disquisition on Government. Answer: A (p. 371) Topic: The Secession Crisis Skill: Factual

45) When the states of the lower South seceded, A) Buchanan declared secession illegal and boldly rallied the Unionists in the South to prevent it. B) Lincoln thought secession a bluff and announced no plans to deal with it before assuming office. C) Congress passed, and Buchanan signed, the Crittenden Compromise, guaranteeing the future security of slavery. D) Lincoln indicated his willingness to compromise on extending slavery in the territories. Answer: B (p. 372) Topic: The Secession Crisis Skill: Conceptual 46) After secession began in 1860, the proposed constitutional amendment which would have guaranteed the future existence of slavery south of the old Missouri Compromise line was the A) Compromise of 1860. B) Crittenden Compromise. C) Douglas Amendment. D) Lincoln-Buchanan Compromise. Answer: B (p. 373) Topic: The Secession Crisis Skill: Factual 13.2 True/False Questions 47) Matthew C. Perry led the American expedition that established commercial concessions with Japan. Answer: TRUE (p. 352) Topic: Diversions Abroad: The “Young America” Movement Skill: Factual 48) Franklin Pierce’s cabinet was dominated by radical proslavery politicians. Answer: FALSE (p. 354) Topic: The Kansas-Nebraska Act Skill: Factual 49) Before the Civil War, the Republican party stood for keeping slavery out of the territories but also for allowing it to remain where it already existed. Answer: TRUE (p. 356) Topic: Know-Nothings, Republicans, and the Demise of the Two-Party System Skill: Conceptual 50) Uncertainty and confusion over property rights and boundaries exacerbated the problems of establishing an orderly government in the Kansas Territory. Answer: TRUE (pp. 356–357) Topic: “Bleeding Kansas” Skill: Conceptual 194 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

51) Northerners viewed the Brooks-Sumner affair as illustrative of the brutalizing effect of abolitionism on the North. Answer: FALSE (p. 359) Topic: Senator Sumner Becomes a Martyr for Abolitionism Skill: Conceptual 52) The Lecompton constitution was drafted by an antislavery convention in Kansas and was ultimately supported by the Kansas voters. Answer: FALSE (p. 362) Topic: The Proslavery Lecompton Constitution Skill: Factual 53) Before 1858, Lincoln did not have a particularly distinguished public career. Answer: TRUE (p. 363) Topic: The Emergence of Lincoln Skill: Conceptual 54) In his “Freeport Doctrine” during the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Stephen Douglas called for the gradual emancipation of all slaves. Answer: FALSE (p. 365) Topic: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Skill: Factual 55) By the time of the election of 1860, Stephen Douglas was probably the last hope of avoiding a rupture between the North and South. Answer: TRUE (p. 368) Topic: The Election of 1860 Skill: Conceptual 56) After secession began in 1860, most Southerners feared that the North would forcibly resist secession. Answer: FALSE (p. 372) Topic: The Secession Crisis Skill: Conceptual 13.3 Essay Questions 57) Explain how the Fugitive Slave Law and Uncle Tom’s Cabin both increased sectional tensions in the 1850s. (pp. 348–350) Topic: Slave-Catchers Come North

58) Explain how the concept of popular sovereignty caused the tragedy of “bleeding Kansas.” Summarize how the turmoil in Kansas affected the rest of the country. (pp. 353–357) Topic: The Kansas-Nebraska Act 59) Summarize the Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision. Describe the issues the decision addressed. Explain the implications of the decision. (pp. 360–362) Topic: The Dred Scott Decision 60) Describe the major differences between Lincoln and Douglas that were addressed in their famous debates. (pp. 364–366) Topic: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 61) Describe the highlights of the campaign and the election of 1860. Explain what happened between the election and the presidential inauguration in March 1861. (pp. 367–371) Topic: The Election of 1860 13.4 Identification Questions 62) Crittenden Compromise Legislation proposed by Kentucky Senator John Crittenden during the Secession Crisis in 1860–1861. It called for a constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in all territory south of 36°30’ (the “Missouri Compromise line”) and an ironclad amendment guaranteeing slavery in slave states. President-elect Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposals (p. 373) Topic: The Secession Crisis Skill: Factual 63) Dred Scott decision The 1857 Supreme Court ruling that held that blacks were not citizens and could not sue in a federal court, and, most important, that Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority in banning slavery from the territories. By declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, and making future compromises even more difficult, the decision pushed the nation closer to civil war (p. 360) Topic: The Dred Scott Decision Skill: Factual 64) Kansas-Nebraska Act A compromise law in 1854 that superseded the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states. The law exacerbated sectional tensions when voters came to blows over the question of slavery in Kansas (p. 354) Topic: The Kansas-Nebraska Act Skill: Factual

65) Know-Nothing party A nativist, anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic party that emerged in response to the flood of Catholic immigrants from Ireland and Germany in the 1840s. The party achieved mostly local successes in the Northeast port cities; but in 1856 former President Millard Fillmore, whose Whig party had dissolved, accepted the nomination of southern Know-Nothings but carried only Maryland, a failure that contributed to the movement’s decline (p. 355) Topic: Know-Nothings, Republicans, and the Demise of the Two-Party System Skill: Factual 66) Lecompton constitution A proslavery constitution, drafted in 1857 by delegates for Kansas territory, elected under questionable circumstances, seeking admission to the United States. It was rejected by two territorial governors, supported by President Buchanan, and decisively defeated by Congress (p. 362) Topic: The Proslavery Lecompton Constitution Skill: Factual 67) Ostend Manifesto A confidential 1854 dispatch to the U.S. State Department from American diplomats meeting in Ostend, Belgium, suggesting that the United States would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain refused to sell it to the United States. When word of the document was leaked, Northerners seethed at this “slaveholders’ plot” to extend slavery (p. 351) Topic: Diversions Abroad: The “Young America” Movement Skill: Factual 68) Republican party One of the original two political parties, sometimes called “Democratic Republican,” it was organized by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson and generally stood for states’ rights, an agrarian economy and the interests of farmers and planters over those of financial and commercial groups, who generally supported the Federalist party; both of the original parties faded in the 1820s. A new Republican party emerged in the 1850s in opposition to the extension of slavery in the territories. It also adopted most of the old Whig party’s economic program. The party nominated John C. Fremont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860 (p. 356) Topic: Know-Nothings, Republicans, and the Demise of the Two-Party System Skill: Factual 69) Young America movement The confident enthusiasm, infused with a belief in the nation’s “manifest destiny,” that spread rapidly during the 1850s (p. 351) Topic: Diversions Abroad: The “Young America” Movement Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 14 The War to Save the Union 14.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Between the election of 1860 and his inauguration, Abraham Lincoln A) contacted Jefferson Davis several times. B) worked very closely with President Buchanan. C) made serious attempts to reassure the South. D) did not show much leadership. Answer: D (p. 376) Topic: Lincoln’s Cabinet Skill: Conceptual 2) At the start of the Civil War, Lincoln’s Secretary of State William Seward A) thought he could dominate Lincoln. B) was the most incompetent member of Lincoln’s Cabinet. C) believed Lincoln was far too radical on slavery. D) argued that the North was better off without the slaveholding South. Answer: A (p. 376) Topic: Lincoln’s Cabinet Skill: Conceptual 3) Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded when Lincoln A) ordered the Union army to invade the South. B) approved the execution of Confederates as criminals. C) called for 75,000 volunteers after the fall of Fort Sumter. D) appointed Charles Sumner to his Cabinet. Answer: C (p. 377) Topic: Fort Sumter: The First Shot Skill: Conceptual 4) President Lincoln viewed secession as A) a temporary threat which could be ignored. B) no reason for a civil war. C) part of the right of self-determination. D) a rejection of democracy. Answer: D (p. 377) Topic: Fort Sumter: The First Shot Skill: Conceptual

5) The Civil War was fought to A) destroy slavery. B) please the abolitionists. C) preserve the Union. D) profit northern manufacturers. Answer: C (p. 377) Topic: Fort Sumter: The First Shot Skill: Conceptual 6) Military action early in the Civil War seemed to indicate that A) northern generals were superior. B) southern generals were superior. C) northern enlisted men were superior. D) southern enlisted men were superior. Answer: B (p. 378) Topic: The Blue and the Gray Skill: Conceptual 7) In establishing a new government, the South A) totally rejected all existing federal laws. B) was handicapped by its states’ rights philosophy. C) ignored federal precedents and administrative machinery. D) benefited from its states’ rights philosophy. Answer: B (p. 379) Topic: The Blue and the Gray Skill: Conceptual 8) According to the graph “Men Present for Service During the Civil War,” which of the following statements is true? A) From 1862 to 1864 the South had twice as many soldiers as the North. B) In 1865 the North had twice as many soldiers as the South. C) Between 1862 and 1864 the North and South had approximately the same number of soldiers. D) At all times during the war the North had at least twice as many soldiers as the South. Answer: D (p. 379) Topic: The Blue and the Gray Skill: Factual

9) The first and only president of the Confederacy was A) Robert E. Lee. B) Alexander Hamilton Stephens. C) Jefferson Davis. D) Howell Cobb. Answer: C (p. 380) Topic: The Blue and the Gray Skill: Factual 10) Comparing them as presidents, the basic difference between Lincoln and Davis was that A) Lincoln could not stand criticism. B) Davis allowed personal feelings to distort his judgment. C) Lincoln failed to delegate authority. D) Davis was patient with people who talked too much or did not understand him. Answer: B (p. 380) Topic: The Blue and the Gray Skill: Conceptual 11) The first major battle of the Civil War on July 21, 1861 was a disaster for the Union. It was the Battle of A) Antietam. B) Shiloh. C) Bull Run. D) Sharpsburg. Answer: C (p. 380) Topic: The Test of Battle: Bull Run Skill: Factual 12) After the Union was defeated at Bull Run, Lincoln chose ________ to command the Union forces. A) Winfield Scott B) Ulysses S. Grant C) George B. McClellan D) Winfield Scott Hancock Answer: C (p. 381) Topic: The Test of Battle: Bull Run Skill: Factual

13) Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, and Benjamin Wade were leaders of the A) Radical Republicans. B) Copperheads. C) Lincoln Republicans. D) Peace Democrats. Answer: A (p. 382) Topic: Politics as Usual Skill: Factual 14) Clement L. Vallandigham believed there were two rebellions in progress, “the Secessionist Rebellion,” and “the Abolitionist Rebellion.” Vallandigham was a A) War Democrat. B) Peace Democrat. C) Copperhead. D) Radical Republican. Answer: B (p. 383) Topic: Politics as Usual Skill: Factual 15) Members of the peace societies in the North were often called A) Tories. B) Copperheads. C) Water Moccasins. D) Rattlesnakes. Answer: B (p. 382) Topic: Politics as Usual Skill: Factual 16) The most notorious Peace Democrat was Ohio Congressman A) Benjamin Wade. B) Lambdin Milligan. C) John Slidell. D) Clement L. Vallandigham. Answer: D (p. 383) Topic: Politics as Usual Skill: Factual

17) After the Battle of Bull Run, President Jefferson Davis revised his military strategy to rely primarily upon A) building a strong defense to wear down the Union’s will to fight. B) planning a series of bold invasions of the North. C) breaking the Union’s naval blockade with the assistance of Great Britain. D) using slaves as support troops. Answer: A (p. 383) Topic: Behind Confederate Lines Skill: Conceptual 18) The most vexing problem the Confederacy had during the Civil War was A) food production. B) ammunition. C) manpower. D) finance. Answer: D (p. 383) Topic: Behind Confederate Lines Skill: Factual 19) An examination of the Confederate war effort reveals that A) there was a serious lack of arms and ammunition. B) northern military might was overwhelming. C) southern armies did not lose any battles because of a lack of armaments. D) southern armies were well supplied with shoes and uniforms. Answer: C (p. 383) Topic: Behind Confederate Lines Skill: Conceptual 20) The idea that “cotton is king” played a major role in the way A) the South conducted foreign affairs. B) Lincoln viewed slavery. C) Davis was chosen president of the Confederacy. D) Lincoln viewed foreign policy. Answer: A (p. 383) Topic: Behind Confederate Lines Skill: Conceptual

21) What role did Great Britain play in the Civil War? A) Strong public support in England for the North made no difference in British policies. B) Davis threatened to declare war if England delivered two ironclad rams built for the Union. C) England needed northern wheat more than southern cotton. D) Great Britain strongly supported the Union in every way possible throughout the war. Answer: C (p. 384) Topic: Behind Confederate Lines Skill: Conceptual 22) On what did the South mainly rely to finance the war? A) money from cotton exports B) money in reserves C) tariffs D) the printing of paper currency Answer: D (p. 383) Topic: Behind Confederate Lines Skill: Conceptual 23) The map “Battles in the West,” depicts how control of the ________ was the focus of most of the battles in the West. A) port of New Orleans B) Mississippi River C) Ohio River D) Missouri River Answer: B (p. 385) Topic: War in the West: Shiloh Skill: Factual 24) The early confidence of both sides was rocked by the staggering casualties sustained in 1862 at A) Bull Run. B) Seven Pines. C) Shiloh. D) Vicksburg. Answer: C (p. 384) Topic: War in the West: Shiloh Skill: Factual

25) The basic intellectual and psychological weaknesses of General George McClellan were clearly displayed during A) the Wilderness campaign. B) the Vicksburg campaign. C) Gettysburg. D) the Peninsular campaign. Answer: D (p. 385) Topic: McClellan: The Reluctant Warrior Skill: Factual 26) Even though he did not defeat Lee, McClellan managed at least to stop his 1862 invasion of the North at A) Manassas. B) Antietam. C) Gettysburg. D) Shiloh. Answer: B (p. 387) Topic: Lee Counterattacks: Antietam Skill: Factual 27) The Emancipation Proclamation directly freed A) only slaves in the border states controlled by the Union. B) no slaves. C) only slaves in areas of the South controlled by the Union army. D) all slaves in the South. Answer: B (p. 390) Topic: The Emancipation Proclamation Skill: Conceptual 28) Lincoln justified the Emancipation Proclamation as A) the first step in realizing the goals of the Declaration of Independence. B) a noble goal that would stimulate northern morale. C) carrying out God’s will. D) a military necessity because it would weaken the enemy. Answer: D (p. 390) Topic: The Emancipation Proclamation Skill: Conceptual

29) As a result of the Emancipation Proclamation, A) Democrats made significant political gains in the Northwest by capitalizing on voters’ racist fears. B) Republican politicians vigorously defended the cause of racial justice and black equality. C) the Republican party refused to renominate Lincoln in 1864. D) Democrats vigorously defended the cause of racial justice and black equality. Answer: A (p. 390) Topic: The Emancipation Proclamation Skill: Conceptual 30) Most Republican politicians defended emancipation on the grounds that A) blacks deserved it. B) northern blacks would all move to the South. C) the war’s purpose was to end slavery. D) blacks could then be better assimilated. Answer: B (p. 390) Topic: The Emancipation Proclamation Skill: Conceptual 31) The New York City draft riots in July 1863 were triggered by the Conscription Act of 1863 and A) racial backlash against the Emancipation Proclamation. B) anger over war profiteering by unscrupulous businesses. C) frustration with rampant inflation and stagnant wages. D) anger at New York Democrats who did not support Lincoln’s policies. Answer: A (p. 391) Topic: The Draft Riots Skill: Conceptual 32) How did blacks react to the Emancipation Proclamation? A) They were suspicious about Lincoln’s motives. B) They saw it as a beacon promising future improvement. C) There was no universal black reaction. D) They were largely indifferent to it because it had no immediate impact. Answer: B (p. 392) Topic: The Emancipated People Skill: Conceptual

33) During the Civil War, black soldiers were A) fully integrated into the Union army. B) less than one percent of the Union forces by the war’s end. C) fully integrated into the Confederate army. D) more than ten percent of the Union forces by the war’s end. Answer: D (p. 392) Topic: African American Soldiers Skill: Conceptual 34) In summer 1863, Lee launched his last assault into the North and was defeated in the Battle of ________, which probably decided the fate of the Union. A) Shiloh B) Gettysburg C) Fredericksburg D) Antietam Answer: B (p. 394) Topic: Antietam to Gettysburg Skill: Factual 35) The Mississippi River was controlled by the Union after the fall of A) New Orleans. B) Mobile. C) Vicksburg. D) Louisville. Answer: C (p. 395) Topic: Lincoln Finds His General: Grant at Vicksburg Skill: Factual 36) Grant’s victory at ________ led to Lincoln’s giving him command of all troops west of the Appalachians. A) Gettysburg B) Shiloh C) Antietam D) Vicksburg Answer: D (p. 396) Topic: Lincoln Finds His General: Grant at Vicksburg Skill: Factual

37) After the South seceded, Congress passed several measures previously blocked by southern opposition, including the ________ Act. A) Homestead B) Preemption C) Emancipation D) Habeus Corpus Answer: A (p. 396) Topic: Economic and Social Effects, North and South Skill: Factual 38) The Civil War caused the northern economy to experience A) soaring prices after 1862. B) high levels of unemployment. C) dramatic increases in immigration. D) relatively few strikes. Answer: A (p. 396) Topic: Economic and Social Effects, North and South Skill: Conceptual 39) How did the Civil War affect the American economy? A) By speeding economic change, it helped prepare the way for modern industrial society. B) The enormous number of casualties created severe labor shortages and stifled economic growth. C) The fearful national crisis discouraged selfishness and materialism. D) The wasteful destruction of material resources by the war retarded economic growth. Answer: A (p. 397) Topic: Economic and Social Effects, North and South Skill: Conceptual 40) How did the Civil War affect women and their “proper spheres”? A) Only northern women expanded their “proper spheres” by working as army nurses and replacing male workers. B) Both northern and southern women expanded their “proper spheres” by serving in their respective armies in non-combat roles. C) Both northern and southern women expanded their “proper spheres” by working as army nurses and replacing male workers. D) Only southern women expanded their “proper spheres” by working as army nurses and replacing male workers. Answer: C (pp. 397–398) Topic: Women in Wartime Skill: Conceptual

41) The former Democrat placed on the Lincoln ticket to assure victory in 1864 was A) Joseph E. Johnston. B) George B. McClellan. C) Stephen A. Douglas. D) Andrew Johnson. Answer: D (p. 400) Topic: Sherman in Georgia Skill: Factual 42) The Union general noted for believing in and carrying out the doctrine of total war was A) Robert E. Lee. B) George B. McClellan. C) Lew Wallace. D) William T. Sherman. Answer: D (p. 402) Topic: Sherman in Georgia Skill: Factual 43) Sherman’s march through Georgia and the fall of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, contributed greatly to A) Grant’s victory in the Wilderness. B) the resignation of Jefferson Davis. C) the Emancipation Proclamation. D) Lincoln’s election in November. Answer: D (pp. 400–402) Topic: Sherman in Georgia Skill: Conceptual 44) In his second inaugural address, Lincoln A) urged tolerance and mercy toward the South. B) made no efforts to calm southern fears about his administration. C) reiterated the themes and goals of his first inaugural address. D) claimed he would not interfere with slavery in the states where it already existed. Answer: A (p. 403) Topic: To Appomattox Court House Skill: Conceptual

45) On April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant at A) Lynchburg. B) Gettysburg. C) Richmond. D) Appomattox Court House. Answer: D (p. 403) Topic: To Appomattox Court House Skill: Factual 46) At war’s end, the human toll of the Civil War was A) 600,000, nearly as many as in all other U.S. wars combined. B) 1 million, more than in all other U.S. wars. C) 50,000, about 28 percent of the population. D) 300,000, most of which succumbed to new armament technology. Answer: A (p. 403) Topic: Winners, Losers, and the Future Skill: Factual 47) As a result of the Union victory, people tended to view America as A) evidence that democracy would fail. B) a nation, not just a union of states. C) vulnerable to further secession movements. D) a beacon of freedom for people of color everywhere. Answer: B (p. 406) Topic: Winners, Losers, and the Future Skill: Conceptual 14.2 True/False Questions 48) In the Civil War, the North possessed tremendous advantages over the South in size of population and economic capacity. Answer: TRUE (p. 378) Topic: The Blue and the Gray Skill: Factual 49) The North funded most of the cost of the Civil War by increased income taxes. Answer: FALSE (p. 382) Topic: Paying for the War Skill: Factual

50) The provision of the Confederate conscription act that exempted the owners of 20 or more slaves was popular with most southern whites. Answer: FALSE (p. 383) Topic: Behind Confederate Lines Skill: Conceptual 51) Robert E. Lee displayed an almost instinctive mastery of tactics. Answer: TRUE (p. 386) Topic: McClellan: the Reluctant Warrior Skill: Conceptual 52) Although Hooker’s forces greatly outnumbered the Confederates, he was soundly defeated at Chancellorsville. Answer: TRUE (p. 393) Topic: Antietam to Gettysburg Skill: Factual 53) Shortages of key items and an excess of paper money caused a severe deflation of the Confederate currency. Answer: FALSE (p. 396) Topic: Economic and Social Effects, North and South Skill: Conceptual 54) The first woman physician in America, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, helped to establish the United States Sanitary Commission. Answer: TRUE (pp. 397–398) Topic: Women in Wartime Skill: Factual 55) In the Battle of the Wilderness, Grant demonstrated that he understood that the war could only be won by grinding the South down under the weight of the North’s superior population and resources. Answer: TRUE (p. 399) Topic: Grant in the Wilderness Skill: Conceptual 56) Approximately one million soldiers died in the Civil War. Answer: FALSE (p. 403) Topic: Winners, Losers, and the Future Skill: Factual

14.3 Essay Questions 57) Evaluate Lincoln’s major strengths and weaknesses as a wartime leader. Summarize the major crises and decisions he faced. (pp. 375–406) Topic: Lincoln’s Cabinet 58) Describe the major battles of the Civil War from Fort Sumter to Gettysburg. Explain the factors that account for the course of the war to this point. (pp. 376–394) Topic: Fort Sumter: The First Shot 59) Compare and contrast the economic, political, and social experiences of the Union and the Confederacy on the home front. Explain the similarities and differences. (pp. 378–380) Topic: The Blue and the Gray 60) Summarize the effects of the Civil War on the lives of black people. Describe the roles that northern and southern blacks played during the war. (pp. 392–393) Topic: African American Soldiers 61) Describe the major battles of the Civil War from Gettysburg to Appomattox Court House. Explain the factors that account for the course of the last part of the war. (pp. 395–403) Topic: To Appomattox Court House 14.4 Identification Questions 62) Anaconda Plan General Winfield Scott’s strategy for defeating the Confederacy; its central elements included a naval blockade and seizure of the Mississippi River valley (p. 381) Topic: The Test of Battle: Bull Run Skill: Factual 63) Copperheads Term that initially applied to northern Democrats who resisted Republican war measures and advocated negotiation with the Confederacy. Later in the Civil War, the term became tantamount to an accusation of treason against the Union (p. 382) Topic: Politics As Usual Skill: Factual 64) Emancipation Proclamation A decree by President Abraham Lincoln that freed all slaves in Confederate states that remained in active rebellion on January 1, 1863, when the proclamation went into effect (p. 390) Topic: The Emancipation Proclamation Skill: Factual

65) Homestead Act (1862) Federal law granting 160 acres of public land in the West to any settler who would farm and improve it within five years of the grant; it encouraged migration into the Great Plains (p. 396) Topic: Economic and Social Effects, North and South Skill: Factual 66) Radical Republicans A faction within the Republican party, headed by Thaddeus Stevens and Benjamin Wade, that insisted on black suffrage and federal protection of the civil rights of blacks. After 1867, the Radical Republicans achieved a working majority in Congress and passed legislation promoting Reconstruction (p. 382) Topic: Politics As Usual Skill: Factual 67) Sanitary Commission A private and voluntary medical organization, founded in May 1861, that sought to improve the physical and mental wellbeing of Union soldiers during the Civil War (p. 398) Topic: Women in Wartime Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 15 Reconstruction and the South 15.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) President Lincoln’s proposed plan for reconstructing the Union A) permitted states to apply for readmission after 10 percent of the qualified voters took an oath of allegiance. B) divided the South into zones of military occupation. C) confiscated land from wealthy white Southerners to provide forty acres and a mule for each former slave. D) permitted states to apply for readmission after a majority of the qualified voters took an oath of allegiance. Answer: A (p. 411) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Conceptual 2) President Lincoln believed that Reconstruction should A) be controlled exclusively by Congress. B) harshly punish the white South for its treason. C) abolish slavery and divide the plantation lands among the former slaves. D) avoid vindictiveness toward the South. Answer: D (p. 412) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Conceptual 3) In 1864, Congress rejected Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan when they passed the A) Kansas Bill. B) Wade-Davis Bill. C) Freedmen’s Bureau Bill. D) First Reconstruction Act. Answer: B (p. 412) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Factual 4) The Unionist Democrat placed on the Lincoln ticket to assure victory in 1864 was A) Ulysses S. Grant. B) George B. McClellan. C) Horatio Seymour. D) Andrew Johnson. Answer: D (p. 412) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Factual

5) Andrew Johnson has been described as A) extremely friendly toward black rights. B) an eager defender of traditional southern aristocrats. C) hating all things southern. D) specializing in opposition and alienating members of his own party. Answer: D (p. 412) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Conceptual 6) The Thirteenth Amendment A) authorized presidential reconstruction. B) gave blacks the right vote. C) abolished slavery. D) authorized the income tax. Answer: C (p. 413) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Factual 7) The “ultra” Radical Republicans A) wanted to protect freedmen from exploitation, but not give them the vote. B) ignored black rights. C) demanded immediate civil and political equality for blacks. D) accepted the southern states restored under the Johnson Reconstruction plan. Answer: C (p. 413) Topic: Republican Radicals Skill: Conceptual 8) President Johnson alienated moderate Republicans when he A) vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights bills. B) refused to support the Fourteenth Amendment. C) agreed to compromise with Charles Sumner. D) pardoned Jefferson Davis. Answer: A (p. 414) Topic: Congress Rejects Johnsonian Reconstruction Skill: Conceptual

9) In April, 1866, for the first time in American history, a major piece of legislation became law over a presidential veto. It was the A) Civil Rights Act. B) Wade-Davis Act. C) Thirteenth Amendment. D) Freedman’s Bureau Act. Answer: A (p. 414) Topic: Congress Rejects Johnsonian Reconstruction Skill: Factual 10) In President Johnson’s clash with Congress over Reconstruction policy, Johnson’s worst enemy was A) Thaddeus Stevens. B) Charles Sumner. C) Benjamin Wade. D) the president himself. Answer: D (p. 414) Topic: Congress Rejects Johnsonian Reconstruction Skill: Factual 11) During the bitter days of Reconstruction, most Northerners A) believed in giving black men the vote. B) opposed true equality for blacks. C) completely supported the Radicals. D) supported black political equality, but not social equality. Answer: B (p. 414) Topic: Congress Rejects Johnsonian Reconstruction Skill: Conceptual 12) The ________ Amendment to the Constitution broadly defined American citizenship and “reduced the power of all the states.” A) Thirteenth B) Fourteenth C) Fifteenth D) Sixteenth Answer: B (p. 415) Topic: The Fourteenth Amendment Skill: Factual

13) The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution became embroiled in a debate between black rights and the rights of A) Native Americans. B) non-English speaking immigrants. C) white northern women. D) Irish immigrants. Answer: C (p. 415) Topic: The Fourteenth Amendment Skill: Factual 14) Under the First Reconstruction Act of March, 1867, the former states of the Confederacy (excluding Tennessee) were A) allowed to elect members to the Senate, but not to the House. B) required to confiscate large plantations in the former Confederacy and divide the land among the former slaves. C) readmitted to the Union after each ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. D) divided into five military districts. Answer: D (p. 416) Topic: The Reconstruction Acts Skill: Conceptual 15) Following the passage of the Second Reconstruction Act, white Southerners A) quickly cooperated with the Radical Republicans. B) continued to resist federal policy. C) were able to overturn most black governments. D) threatened to form secessionist governments in exile. Answer: B (p. 416) Topic: The Reconstruction Acts Skill: Conceptual 16) Reconstruction was a period of A) judicial supremacy. B) political inaction and indifference. C) congressional supremacy. D) executive expansion. Answer: C (pp. 416–417) Topic: Congress Supreme Skill: Factual

17) The conflict between the president and Congress came to a head when Johnson A) removed General Ulysses S. Grant from his command. B) dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. C) appointed Salmon P. Chase as secretary of state. D) vetoed the Civil Rights bill. Answer: B (p. 417) Topic: Congress Supreme Skill: Conceptual 18) President Andrew Johnson was A) impeached by the House and convicted by a two-thirds majority of the Senate. B) neither impeached by the House nor convicted by the Senate. C) impeached by the Senate, but not convicted by a two-thirds majority of the House. D) impeached by the House, but not convicted by a two-thirds majority of the Senate. Answer: D (p. 417) Topic: Congress Supreme Skill: Factual 19) Which of the following was at issue in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson? A) the Civil Rights Act B) the Fourteenth Amendment C) the Reconstruction Acts D) the Tenure of Office Act Answer: D (p. 417) Topic: Congress Supreme Skill: Factual 20) The election of 1868 seemed to indicate that A) the white electorate was wholeheartedly behind Grant. B) Horatio Seymour was a very weak candidate. C) most white Americans opposed Radical Reconstruction. D) most white Americans supported Radical Reconstruction. Answer: C (p. 417) Topic: The Fifteenth Amendment Skill: Conceptual

21) The ________ Amendment prohibited states from denying black men the right to vote. A) Twelfth B) Thirteenth C) Fourteenth D) Fifteenth Answer: D (p. 419) Topic: The Fifteenth Amendment Skill: Factual 22) Studies of “black Republican” governments during Radical Reconstruction reveal that A) white scalawags and carpetbaggers were really in charge. B) former slaves dominated southern state governments. C) free blacks from the North dominated southern state governments. D) white scalawags and carpetbaggers were merely window dressing for the black politicians who controlled southern governments. Answer: A (p. 419) Topic: “Black Republican” Reconstruction: Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Skill: Conceptual 23) During Reconstruction, their opponents called southern white Republicans A) scalawags. B) redeemers. C) Uncle Toms. D) carpetbaggers. Answer: A (p. 419) Topic: “Black Republican” Reconstruction: Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Skill: Factual 24) The Freedmen’s Bureau and the “black Republican” governments both A) devoted much energy and money to public education for former slaves. B) found Andrew Johnson to be among their strongest supporters. C) overlooked the importance of political rights and power for former slaves. D) focused only on projects that aided former slaves. Answer: A (p. 421) Topic: “Black Republican” Reconstruction: Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Skill: Conceptual

25) Thaddeus Stevens was the most prominent congressional advocate of a plan to give every adult male ex-slave A) a free education to the sixth grade. B) 100 dollars. C) 40 acres and a mule. D) free transportation to the West. Answer: C (p. 421) Topic: The Ravaged Land Skill: Factual 26) Which of the following most accurately describes southern agriculture after the Civil War? A) Every adult male ex-slave was given forty acres and a mule. B) Both output and productivity declined dramatically. C) “Sharecropping” was outlawed. D) Tobacco replaced cotton as the most valuable crop. Answer: B (p. 422) Topic: The Ravaged Land Skill: Conceptual 27) Freedmen responded to the abolition of slavery by A) more than doubling the cotton output because they worked for themselves. B) homesteading on vast sections of land confiscated from Confederate leaders. C) choosing not to work like slaves so as to have more leisure time. D) forming large collective farms so they did not need to work for whites. Answer: C (p. 422) Topic: The Ravaged Land Skill: Conceptual 28) As a result of black demands for economic independence and the shortage of capital, the South developed the agricultural system known as A) sharecropping. B) gang labor. C) tenant farming. D) wage-crop economics. Answer: A (p. 422) Topic: Sharecropping and the Crop-Lien System Skill: Factual

29) The main cause of southern rural poverty for both whites and blacks was the A) harsh treatment by Radical Republicans. B) lack of enough capital to finance the sharecropping system. C) failure of new varieties of cotton to thrive. D) ill-advised attempt at rapid industrialization. Answer: B (p. 423) Topic: Sharecropping and the Crop-Lien System Skill: Conceptual 30) Under the crop-lien system, both the sharecroppers and the landowners A) profited from the South’s rapid economic progress immediately after the Civil War. B) depended on credit, often at high interest rates, from local merchants and bankers. C) had strong incentives to diversify their crops. D) suffered from shortages of labor and credit due to the South’s rapid industrialization after the Civil War. Answer: B (p. 423) Topic: Sharecropping and the Crop-Lien System Skill: Conceptual 31) During Reconstruction, the South’s share of the national output of manufactured goods A) increased dramatically. B) declined sharply. C) remained steady. D) came to equal that of the North due to cotton and tobacco production. Answer: B (p. 424) Topic: Sharecropping and the Crop-Lien System Skill: Factual 32) Southern white Republicans often controlled the black vote by the influence of the A) Freedmen’s Bureau. B) Free Soil party. C) Ku Klux Klan. D) Union League of America. Answer: D (p. 424) Topic: The White Backlash Skill: Factual

33) The waning support of Northerners for Radical policy was due in part to A) the retirement of President Johnson. B) the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. C) the increasing fissure between northern and southern whites. D) their loyalty to the Democratic party. Answer: A (p. 425) Topic: The White Backlash Skill: Conceptual 34) The three Force Acts (1870–1871) were an attempt by Congress to control groups like the A) carpetbaggers. B) Union League of America. C) scalawags. D) Ku Klux Klan. Answer: D (p. 424) Topic: The White Backlash Skill: Factual 35) The average Northerner lost interest in Reconstruction once it became reasonably certain that the former slaves A) had economic security. B) were guaranteed the vote. C) would not be re-enslaved. D) were guaranteed social equality. Answer: C (p. 425) Topic: The White Backlash Skill: Conceptual 36) Grant’s most serious weakness as president was his failure to A) deal effectively with economic and social problems. B) carry out the will of Congress in Reconstruction. C) control government corruption. D) recognize the importance of the black vote. Answer: A (p. 426) Topic: Grant as President Skill: Conceptual

37) In 1872 Horace Greeley and the Liberal Republicans focused on the issue of A) guaranteeing civil rights and economic aid to former slaves. B) defending laws to help unions and farm organizations. C) granting women the vote. D) supporting civil service reform and low tariffs. Answer: D (p. 426) Topic: Grant as President Skill: Conceptual 38) The apparent winner of the election of 1876, with 203 electoral votes and a quarter of a million more popular votes than his opponent, was A) James G. Blaine. B) Samuel J. Tilden. C) Rutherford B. Hayes. D) Horace Greeley. Answer: B (p. 427) Topic: The Disputed Election of 1876 Skill: Factual 39) In the final count, Tilden received no electoral votes from states in the A) North. B) far West. C) South. D) East. Answer: B (p. 428) Topic: The Compromise of 1877 Skill: Factual 40) The disputed electoral votes in the election of 1876 were decided by the A) House of Representatives. B) electoral commission created by Congress. C) Senate. D) Supreme Court. Answer: B (pp. 427–428) Topic: The Disputed Election of 1876 Skill: Factual

41) The president, as a result of the Compromise of 1877, was A) Rutherford B. Hayes. B) Ulysses S. Grant. C) James A. Garfield. D) Grover Cleveland. Answer: A (p. 429) Topic: The Compromise of 1877 Skill: Factual 42) As a result of the Compromise of 1877, A) the principles of the Radical Republicans became part of the fabric of American politics. B) the power of the president was permanently undermined. C) the Supreme Court stepped in to protect blacks. D) Reconstruction ended and a new political order took shape in the South. Answer: D (p. 429) Topic: The Compromise of 1877 Skill: Conceptual 43) After the Compromise of 1877, the former slaves A) gained economic and political power in the South. B) were condemned to poverty and indignity in the interests of sectional harmony. C) made no more dramatic political or economic gains until after World War II, but also suffered no economic or political losses. D) continued to share in America’s growing wealth and power. Answer: B (p. 429) Topic: The Compromise of 1877 Skill: Conceptual 15.2 True/False Questions 44) At the end of the Civil War, there was more intersectional hatred than might have been expected. Answer: FALSE (p. 411) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Conceptual 45) The main reason that Congress opposed Johnson’s amnesty proclamation was that the Thirteenth Amendment actually increased representation from the southern states because blacks were no longer counted as three-fifths of a person. Answer: TRUE (pp. 412–413) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction; Republican Radicals Skill: Conceptual

46) President Andrew Johnson was his own worst enemy when he issued wholesale pardons to members of the southern aristocracy. Answer: TRUE (p. 414) Topic: Congress Rejects Johnsonian Reconstruction Skill: Conceptual 47) The Fifteenth Amendment made blacks citizens and guaranteed all citizens due process of law. Answer: FALSE (p. 415) Topic: The Fourteenth Amendment Skill: Factual 48) Most black officeholders in Reconstruction governments were illiterate former field hands. Answer: FALSE (p. 419) Topic: “Black Republican” Reconstruction: Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Skill: Factual 49) Despite important gains in southern manufacturing after the Civil War, its share of the national output of manufacturing declined sharply. Answer: TRUE (p. 424) Topic: Sharecropping and the Crop-Lien System Skill: Conceptual 50) By the end of 1875, the three southern states still under Republican control were Mississippi, Tennessee, and Virginia. Answer: FALSE (p. 427) Topic: Grant as President Skill: Factual 51) The Democrats eagerly accepted the rulings of the electoral commission on the disputed electoral votes in the election of 1876. Answer: FALSE (pp. 428–429) Topic: The Disputed Election of 1876 Skill: Factual 15.3 Essay Questions 52) Describe the major successes and failures of Reconstruction. Evaluate the long-term results of Reconstruction for all Americans. (pp. 409–431) Topic: Reconstruction and the South

53) Compare and contrast Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction. In both cases, summarize both proposed measures and those measures actually enacted. (pp. 409–431) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction 54) Summarize the main features of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Explain the purpose of each. Analyze how successful each was in achieving its purpose. (pp. 415–419) Topic: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments 55) Describe the economic, social, and political conditions of black and white Southerners during Reconstruction. Summarize the major causes of these conditions. (pp. 421–422) Topic: The Ravaged Land 56) Describe the Compromise of 1877. Explain its major causes and results. (pp. 427–429) Topic: The Disputed Election of 1876 15.4 Identification Questions 57) Black Codes Special laws passed by southern state and municipal governments after the Civil War that denied free blacks many rights of citizenship (p. 409) Topic: Republican Radicals Skill: Factual 58) carpetbaggers A pejorative term for Northerners who went to the South after the Civil War to exploit the new political power of freed blacks and the disenfranchisement of former Confederates (p. 419) Topic: “Black Republican” Reconstruction: Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Skill: Factual 59) Compromise of 1877 A brokered arrangement whereby Republican and Democratic leaders agreed to settle the disputed 1876 presidential election. Democrats allowed returns that ensured the election of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes; and Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ensuring an end to Reconstruction (p. 429) Topic: The Compromise of 1877 Skill: Factual 60) crop-lien system A system of agriculture in which local landowners and merchants loaned money to farm workers in return for a portion of the harvest of cash crops. By forcing farmers to plant cash crops, the system discouraged diversified agriculture in the South (p. 423) Topic: Sharecropping And the Crop-Lien System Skill: Factual

61) Fifteenth Amendment An amendment (1870), championed by the Republican party, that sought to guarantee the vote to blacks in the South following the Civil War (p. 419) Topic: The Fifteenth Amendment Skill: Factual 62) Force Acts Three laws passed by the Republican-dominated Congress in 1870–1871 to protect black voters in the South. The laws placed state elections under federal jurisdiction and imposed fines and imprisonment on those guilty of interfering with any citizen exercising his right to vote (p. 424) Topic: The White Backlash Skill: Factual 63) Fourteenth Amendment An amendment, passed by Congress in 1866 and ratified in 1868, that prohibited states from depriving citizens of the due process or the equal protection of the laws. Although the amendment was a response to discriminatory laws against blacks in the South, it figured prominently in the expansion of individual rights and liberties during the last half of the twentieth century (p. 415) Topic: The Fourteenth Amendment Skill: Factual 64) Freedmen’s Bureau A federal refugee agency to aid former slaves and destitute whites after the Civil War. It provided them food, clothing, and other necessities as well as helped them find work and set up schools (p. 414) Topic: Congress Rejects Johnsonian Reconstruction Skill: Factual 65) Ku Klux Klan Founded as a social club in 1866 by a handful of former Confederate soldiers in Tennessee, it became a vigilante group that used violence and intimidation to drive African Americans out of politics. The movement declined in the late 1870s but resurfaced in the 1920s as a political organization that opposed all groups— immigrant, religious, and racial—that challenged Protestant white hegemony (p. 424) Topic: The White Backlash Skill: Factual 66) Radical Republicans A faction within the Republican party, headed by Thaddeus Stevens and Benjamin Wade, that insisted on black suffrage and federal protection of the civil rights of blacks. After 1867, the Radical Republicans achieved a working majority in Congress and passed legislation promoting Reconstruction (p. 412) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Factual

67) scalawags White southern Republicans—mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters—who cooperated with the congressionally imposed Reconstruction governments set up in the South following the Civil War (p. 419) Topic: “Black Republican” Reconstruction: Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Skill: Factual 68) sharecropping A type of agriculture, frequently practiced in the South during and after Reconstruction, in which landowners provided land, tools, housing, and seed to a farmer who provided his labor; the resulting crop was divided between them (i.e., shared) (p. 422) Topic: Sharecropping and the Crop-Lien System Skill: Factual 69) Ten Percent Plan A measure drafted by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 to readmit states that had seceded once 10 percent of their prewar voters swore allegiance to the Union and adopted state constitutions outlawing slavery (p. 411) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Factual 70) Thirteenth Amendment Passed in 1865, this amendment declared an end to slavery and negated the Three-fifths Clause in the Constitution, thereby increasing the representation of the southern states in Congress (p. 413) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Factual 71) Wade-Davis bill An 1864 alternative to Lincoln’s “Ten Percent Plan,” this measure required a majority of voters in a southern state to take a loyalty oath in order to begin the process of Reconstruction and guarantee black equality. It also required the repudiation of the Confederate debt. The president exercised a pocket veto, and it never became law (p. 412) Topic: Presidential Reconstruction Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 16 The Conquest of the West 16.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Although the image of the nineteenth century West is of thinly populated, wide-open spaces, by the late 1870s ________ already had almost 250,000 inhabitants. A) Las Vegas B) Sante Fe C) Tucson D) San Francisco Answer: D (p. 434) Topic: The West After the Civil War Skill: Factual 2) In 1882 Congress passed a law that in effect stopped immigration from A) China. B) Russia. C) Mexico. D) Poland. Answer: A (p. 434) Topic: The West After the Civil War Skill: Factual 3) Which of the following statements about immigrants in the West in the late 1800s is false? A) Nearly one-third of all Californians were foreign-born. B) Many Chinese came to the U.S. to serve as cheap labor on the railroads. C) There were large populations of Spanish-speaking immigrants in the Southwest. D) Although a few did live in the West, Irish and German immigrants almost exclusively immigrated to Eastern states. Answer: D (p. 434) Topic: The West After the Civil War Skill: Conceptual 4) On the eve of the Civil War, the American Indians in the West A) were no longer dependent on the buffalo. B) had almost no contact with American and European culture. C) still occupied about 50 percent of the United States. D) were still reluctant to adopt any white technology. Answer: C (p. 434) Topic: The Plains Indians Skill: Conceptual

5) _______ were/was essential to the culture, religion, and sustenance of the Plains Indians. A) Maize B) Hemp C) Bison D) Cattle Answer: C (p. 435) Topic: The Plains Indians Skill: Conceptual 6) The United States treated each tribe A) as a part of a consolidated whole. B) in accordance with the state laws of the territory that they claimed. C) as one sovereign nation. D) as a separate sovereign nation. Answer: D (p. 436) Topic: The Plains Indians Skill: Conceptual 7) In 1851, the government negotiated a new policy with the Plains tribes based on a divide-and-conquer strategy. This was known as the “________” policy. A) reservation B) concentration C) removal and resettlement D) dispersal Answer: B (p. 435) Topic: The Plains Indians Skill: Factual 8) In its treaties with Native Americans, the American government generally A) honored only those made after 1860. B) showed little interest in honoring them. C) considered them legally binding obligations. D) honored only those made before 1860. Answer: B (p. 436) Topic: Indian Wars Skill: Conceptual

9) One of the worst massacres committed by white troops in the Indian Wars occurred in 1864 at A) Medicine Lodge. B) Sand Creek. C) Fort Sully. D) Horse Creek. Answer: B (p. 436) Topic: Indian Wars Skill: Factual 10) In 1867, the government tried a new strategy toward the Plains Indians— A) negotiating with all tribes to achieve a single unified treaty. B) negotiating with each tribe separately. C) forcing the reservation Native Americans to become farmers like other Americans. D) accepting the Indians’ rights to practice their own religions. Answer: C (p. 437) Topic: Indian Wars Skill: Conceptual 11) One of the reasons that a relative handful of Indians could hold off the battle-hardened Civil War veterans of the U.S. Army was because the A) Indians had a highly effective centralized leadership. B) U.S. Army had fewer than 2,000 soldiers to cover over ten million square miles. C) Indian leaders were skillful at organizing campaigns. D) Indians were superb guerilla warriors—the best cavalry soldiers in the world. Answer: D (p. 437) Topic: Indian Wars Skill: Conceptual 12) The government’s administration of Indian affairs was notable over the years for its A) dedicated public servants. B) careful long-range planning. C) pursuit of Native American rights. D) level of corruption. Answer: D (p. 437) Topic: Indian Wars Skill: Conceptual

13) General George A. Custer’s greatest mistake at Little Bighorn was that he A) did not provide his men with sufficient ammunition. B) grossly underestimated the number of Indians. C) delayed the attack until nightfall. D) refused to rest his horses before the attack. Answer: B (p. 438) Topic: Indian Wars Skill: Conceptual 14) The two reasons why fighting on the Plains slackened after Custer’s 1876 defeat are A) epidemic diseases and malnutrition among the tribes. B) the increased settlement by homesteaders and the formation of territorial governments. C) the tribes who defeated Custer either fled to Canada or accepted reservation life. D) the building of the transcontinental railroad and the destruction of the buffalo. Answer: D (p. 439) Topic: The Destruction of Tribal Life Skill: Conceptual 15) The ability of the Plains Indians to resist white expansion was severely damaged by the A) introduction of the horse. B) destruction of the buffalo. C) blizzard of 1873. D) whites’ superior military training. Answer: B (p. 439) Topic: The Destruction of Tribal Life Skill: Conceptual 16) In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act, which was intended to A) persuade Indians to abandon their traditional tribal cultures. B) protect tribal life and customs. C) encourage Native American crafts and trades. D) place all Native Americans on reservations. Answer: A (p. 439) Topic: The Destruction of Tribal Life Skill: Conceptual

17) Under the _______, Indians who accepted land allotments, lived “separate from any tribe,” and “adopted the habits of civilized life” were allowed to become U.S. citizens. A) Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson B) Treaty of Fort Laramie C) Dawes Severalty Act D) “concentration” policy Answer: C (p. 439) Topic: The Destruction of Tribal Life Skill: Factual 18) Partly as a result of the Ghost Dance movement, the army killed some 150 Teton Sioux at ________ in 1890. A) Wounded Knee, South Dakota B) Sand Creek, Colorado C) Washita, Oklahoma D) Mankato, Minnesota Answer: A (pp. 440–441) Topic: The Destruction of Tribal Life Skill: Factual 19) In comparison to its human resources, the natural resources of the nation in the late nineteenth century were A) even more ruthlessly and thoughtlessly exploited. B) far better preserved by a growing conservation movement. C) treated with exactly the same indifference and lack of foresight. D) even better nurtured and developed. Answer: A (p. 441) Topic: The Lure of Gold and Silver in the West Skill: Conceptual 20) Probably the most famous of all the precious metal strikes in the West, the site of the Comstock Lode and the Big Bonanza, was A) Virginia City, Nevada. B) Deadwood, South Dakota. C) Pike’s Peak, Colorado. D) Butte, Montana. Answer: A (p. 442) Topic: The Lure of Gold and Silver in the West Skill: Factual

21) One result of the gold and silver rushes of the late nineteenth century was A) inflation because of the coining of the new metals. B) retarded political development in the West. C) a dramatic decline in the value of the dollar in the world market. D) an improved financial position for America in world trade. Answer: D (p. 442) Topic: The Lure of Gold and Silver in the West Skill: Conceptual 22) Roughing It (1872) by Mark Twain provides us with our most famous pictures of the A) last Plains Indian wars. B) open-range cattle industry. C) farmers’ last frontier. D) mining frontier. Answer: D (p. 442) Topic: The Lure of Gold and Silver in the West Skill: Factual 23) The Homestead Act of 1862 A) failed to fill the West with 160-acre family farms because most landless Americans were simply too poor to become farmers. B) succeeded admirably in planting 160-acre family farms throughout the West. C) did not immediately lead to a West with 160-acre family farms due to Native American defense of their homelands. D) was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Munn v. Illinois. Answer: A (p. 442) Topic: Farmers Struggle to Keep Up Skill: Conceptual 24) The gigantic corporation-controlled farms that were created to take advantage of the newly available acreage in the South and West were known as A) bread-basket farms. B) reservation plots. C) bonanza farms. D) agribusinesses. Answer: C (p. 443) Topic: Farming as Big Business Skill: Factual

25) In the decades following the Civil War, which area of the country became known as the “breadbasket” of America? A) the Plains states west of the Mississippi B) the Deep South C) the North D) the states bordering the eastern side of the Mississippi Answer: A (p. 443) Topic: Farming as Big Business Skill: Conceptual 26) Which of the following is true of the frontier farmers of the 1870s and 1880s? A) Only the “bonanza” farmers survived the drought of the late eighties. B) They farmed the land with little knowledge or concern for preventing erosion or preserving fertility. C) Cultivating the prairie grasslands was quite similar to their experience in Ohio and Illinois. D) Farmers who diversified their crops were most likely to fail. Answer: B (p. 443) Topic: Farming as Big Business Skill: Conceptual 27) The first federal land grant to a railroad was allotted in 1850 to the A) Central Pacific. B) Illinois Central. C) Rock Island Line. D) Baltimore and Ohio. Answer: B (p. 443) Topic: Western Railroad Building Skill: Factual 28) The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 set the pattern for government land grants by giving the builders of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads A) five square miles of public land on each side of their right-of-way for every mile of track laid. B) a ten-year exemption from state taxes. C) a twenty-year exemption from government regulation. D) the right to import an unlimited supply of Chinese labor. Answer: A (p. 444) Topic: Western Railroad Building Skill: Conceptual

29) Transcontinental railroads used their zone of “indemnity” lands to prevent A) military confiscation of lands for forts. B) state taxation of railroad property. C) sale of federal land along the right-of-way. D) homesteading along the railroad. Answer: D (p. 444) Topic: Western Railroad Building Skill: Conceptual 30) The ability to finance the building of the railroad with money received from federal land grants A) allowed the rail operators to come through an economic depression without bankruptcy. B) caused the operators to be extravagant and sometimes even corrupt. C) meant that the railway operators could pay their workers much higher average wages. D) made the rail lines be conservative with operating costs. Answer: B (p. 445) Topic: Western Railroad Building Skill: Conceptual 31) The two railroads joined in 1869 to form the first transcontinental railroad were the A) Great Northern and the Northern Pacific. B) Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy and the New York Central. C) Kansas Pacific and the Chesapeake and Ohio. D) Central Pacific and the Union Pacific. Answer: D (p. 445) Topic: Western Railroad Building Skill: Factual 32) The only transcontinental railroad built without land grants was the A) Southern Pacific. B) Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe. C) Union Pacific. D) Great Northern. Answer: D (p. 445) Topic: Western Railroad Building Skill: Factual

33) Cattle herds were driven across the unsettled grasslands of the ________ Trail on their way to the railroad at Abilene, Kansas. A) Pecos B) Goodnight-Loving C) Chisholm D) Oregon Answer: C (p. 447) Topic: The Cattle Kingdom Skill: Factual 34) The discovery that cattle could feed on the prairie grasses of the public domain of the northern plains led to the development of A) bonanza farms. B) open-range ranching. C) refrigerated railroad cars. D) sharecropping. Answer: B (p. 447) Topic: Open-Range Ranching Skill: Factual 35) Open-range ranching in the late nineteenth century required A) miles of fences. B) large land holdings. C) control of a stable water supply. D) special permits issued by state legislatures. Answer: C (p. 447) Topic: Open-Range Ranching Skill: Conceptual 36) ________ was a former slave who became famous as the cowboy nicknamed “Deadwood Dick.” A) Jim Beckwourth B) Nat Love C) Emanuel Stance D) Blanche K. Bruce Answer: B (p. 446) Topic: American Lives: Nat Love Skill: Factual

37) What accounted for the profitability of open-range ranching? A) high demand and cheap transportation B) strict governmental regulation driving up prices C) overproduction D) corrupt farming practices Answer: A (p. 448) Topic: Open-Range Ranching Skill: Conceptual 38) The future director of the United States Geological Service, ________, advocated a system for dealing with the semiarid conditions of western lands. A) John Wesley Powell B) Othniel C. Marsh C) Mark Hopkins D) Thomas Fitzpatrick Answer: A (p. 448) Topic: Open-Range Ranching Skill: Factual 39) Major John Wesley Powell believed that western lands should be divided into three classes. Which of the following is NOT one of these classes? A) irrigable land B) timber land C) prairie land D) pasturage land Answer: C (p. 448) Topic: Open-Range Ranching Skill: Factual 40) Barbed wire was invented by A) Joseph F. Glidden. B) Joseph G. McCoy. C) Walter Prescott Webb. D) S. D. Butcher. Answer: A (p. 448) Topic: Barbed-Wire Warfare Skill: Factual

41) Barbed wire destroyed the open-range cattle industry because it A) cost so much to fence an entire ranch. B) mangled large numbers of animals. C) prevented the free movement of cattle. D) was too expensive to maintain. Answer: C (p. 449) Topic: Barbed-Wire Warfare Skill: Conceptual 42) Open-range cattle raising was virtually ended by the A) importation of cheap beef from Argentina. B) completion of the transcontinental railroad. C) registration of cattle brands and improvements in scientific breeding. D) combination of the drought of 1886 and the blizzards of 1886-1887. Answer: D (p. 449) Topic: Barbed-Wire Warfare Skill: Conceptual 43) The “conquest of the frontier” was A) mythical because Americans were always finding new frontiers. B) by and large invisible to Americans of the day and never really captured the imagination of Americans. C) a way to evade the destructive consequences of national policies by making them seem to be an expression of human progress. D) one of the most brutal examples of imperialism in world history. Answer: C (p. 449) Topic: Barbed-Wire Warfare Skill: Conceptual 16.2 True/False Questions 44) Because they epitomized freedom and self-reliance, the Plains Indians seldom adopted the products of white culture. Answer: FALSE (p. 435) Topic: The Plains Indians Skill: Conceptual 45) General George Custer’s greatest mistake at Little Bighorn was grossly underestimating the number of Native Americans. Answer: TRUE (p. 438) Topic: Indian Wars Skill: Conceptual

46) Sitting Bull was the leader of the Apaches when they finally surrendered in 1886. Answer: FALSE (p. 440) Topic: The Destruction of Tribal Life Skill: Factual 47) The long-term results of the Dawes Act for Native Americans were disastrous because it almost totally shattered their cultures. Answer: TRUE (p. 440) Topic: The Destruction of Tribal Life Skill: Conceptual 48) Miners in the West were motivated by a desire to achieve sudden prosperity. Answer: TRUE (pp. 441–442) Topic: The Lure of Gold and Silver in the West Skill: Conceptual 49) Bonanza farms were huge corporation-controlled farms in the plains in the early 1880s. Answer: TRUE (p. 443) Topic: Farming as Big Business Skill: Factual 16.3 Essay Questions 50) Summarize the characteristics that many Native American tribes on the Great Plains shared. (pp. 434–436) Topic: The Plains Indians 51) Describe how Indians defended their homelands against white expansion. (pp. 436–438) Topic: Indian Wars 52) Explain how and why the government tried to destroy tribal cultures in the late nineteenth century. (pp. 439–441) Topic: The Destruction of Tribal Life 53) What role did big business play in the West in mining, railroads, and land use? (pp. 441–449) Topic: The Lure of Gold and Silver in the West; Farming as Big Business; Western Railroad Building; The Cattle Kingdom 54) Describe how the resources of the West were exploited by mining, farming, railroad building, and cattle ranching. Summarize the characteristics they shared. (pp. 441–449) Topic: The Lure of Gold and Silver in the West; Farming as Big Business; Western Railroad Building; The Cattle Kingdom 239 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

16.4 Identification Questions 55) Chinese Exclusion Act A law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited Chinese immigration to the United States; it was overturned in 1943 (p. 434) Topic: The West After the Civil War Skill: Factual 56) Comstock Lode The first major vein of silver ore in the United States, discovered in the late 1850s, near Virginia City, Nevada (p. 441) Topic: The Lure of Gold and Silver in the West Skill: Factual 57) Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 An 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of land and allotting some parcels of land to individual Indians with the remainder of the land left open for white settlement. It included provisions for Indian education and eventual citizenship. The law led to corruption, exploitation, and the weakening of Indian tribal culture. It was reversed in 1934 (p. 439) Topic: The Destruction of Tribal Life Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 17 An Industrial Giant Emerges 17.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) By the end of the nineteenth century, U.S. industrial capacity A) had almost caught Great Britain's. B) barely lagged behind Germany's. C) dwarfed both Great Britain's and Germany's. D) did not match Japan's. Answer: C (p. 452) Topic: Essentials of Industrial Growth Skill: Conceptual 2) In the 25 years after the Civil War, railroads A) were the most corrupt business organizations in the United States. B) spent most of their energies in building transcontinental lines. C) barely kept pace with industrial advances. D) were probably the most significant element in American economic development. Answer: D (p. 457) Topic: Railroads: The First Big Business Skill: Conceptual 3) The emphasis in railroad construction after 1865 was on A) organizing integrated systems. B) building cheaper rolling stock. C) eliminating unused feeder and trunk lines. D) perfecting more efficient steam engines. Answer: A (p. 457) Topic: Railroads: The First Big Business Skill: Conceptual 4) In the late nineteenth century “Commodore” Cornelius Vanderbilt, Thomas A. Scott, and Jay Gould organized A) complex, transcontinental railroad lines. B) the radical reform movement. C) the oil trust. D) huge open-range cattle operations. Answer: A (pp. 453–454, 457) Topic: Railroads: The First Big Business Skill: Factual

5) Following the Civil War, most southern railroad systems were A) controlled by European investors. B) unable to afford rolling stock or track maintenance. C) financed by local capital. D) controlled by northern capitalists. Answer: D (p. 454) Topic: Railroads: The First Big Business Skill: Conceptual 6) American land-grant railroads in the late nineteenth century A) seldom took advantage of their land rights. B) found frontier settlement too sparse to justify railroad construction. C) were often forced to return the land grants to state and federal governments. D) sent agents overseas to recruit likely settlers and purchasers of railroad land. Answer: D (p. 454) Topic: Railroads: The First Big Business Skill: Conceptual 7) After the railroads, the second most important development in America's industrial advance in the late nineteenth century was the transformation of A) petroleum production. B) iron manufacturing. C) flour and other grain milling. D) precision tool manufacturing. Answer: B (p. 454) Topic: Iron, Oil, and Electricity Skill: Factual 8) The ________ process directed a stream of air into a mass of molten iron, burning off impurities, and greatly lowered the price of steel. A) tontine B) dumbbell C) Bessemer D) carbon-13 Answer: C (p. 455) Topic: Iron, Oil, and Electricity Skill: Factual

9) Technological changes in the petroleum industry in the late nineteenth century A) were retarded by the monopolistic control exerted by John D. Rockefeller. B) had little impact compared to those in iron and steel. C) occurred rapidly and put a premium on refining efficiency. D) were slow in coming because there was a limited consumer demand for petroleum products. Answer: C (p. 456) Topic: Iron, Oil, and Electricity Skill: Conceptual 10) Known as the “Wizard of Menlo Park,” the inventor of the phonograph and the electric light bulb was A) Alexander Graham Bell. B) Thomas Scott. C) George Westinghouse. D) Thomas A. Edison. Answer: D (p. 456) Topic: Iron, Oil, and Electricity Skill: Factual 11) Which of the following interests of Alexander Graham Bell’s led to the invention of the telephone? A) deaf education B) petroleum manufacturing C) music and recording D) electric lights Answer: A (p. 456) Topic: Iron, Oil, and Electricity Skill: Factual 12) What was the relationship between competition and monopoly in American industry during the postCivil War era? A) inflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to concentration B) deflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to decreased concentration C) inflation combined with an absence of competition to cause expansion to lead to a decreasing concentration D) deflation combined with fierce competition to cause expansion to lead to concentration Answer: D (p. 457) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: The Railroads Skill: Conceptual

13) From 1873 to 1893, the economy was characterized by A) significant government regulation. B) declining productivity. C) intense competition for markets. D) strong inflationary trends. Answer: C (p. 457) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: The Railroads Skill: Conceptual 14) Railroads commonly encouraged large shippers to use their lines by A) giving them rebates. B) selling them stock below the market price. C) providing them private cars. D) refusing to carry goods except under specific contract. Answer: A (p. 457) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: The Railroads Skill: Conceptual 15) As a result of the intense competition among railroads, A) the railroads were unstable financially and vulnerable to any downturn in the business cycle. B) industrial decentralization was encouraged. C) railroad rates dropped dramatically and uniformly on all lines. D) costs for small shippers decreased more than they did for any other group. Answer: A (p. 458) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: The Railroads Skill: Conceptual 16) The first giant corporations, capitalized in the hundreds of millions of dollars, were A) oil refineries. B) steel corporations. C) telegraph and telephone systems. D) interregional railroad systems. Answer: D (p. 458) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: The Railroads Skill: Factual

17) Andrew Carnegie dominated the ________ industry. A) railroad B) steel C) banking D) petroleum Answer: B (pp. 458–459) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: Steel Skill: Factual 18) Andrew Carnegie was one of the first great tycoons to realize the importance of A) cultivating foreign markets. B) developing technological improvements. C) controlling the source of raw material. D) owning retail chains. Answer: B (p. 459) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: Steel Skill: Conceptual 19) When J. P. Morgan assembled United States Steel, he A) was blocked by the Sherman Antitrust Act. B) reversed his earlier commitment to decentralization. C) was sued under the Interstate Commerce Act. D) formed the first billion-dollar corporation. Answer: D (p. 460) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: Steel Skill: Conceptual 20) By the middle of the 1880s, ________ monopolized the oil industry in the United States. A) John D. Rockefeller B) J. P. Morgan C) Harry Sinclair D) Felix Standard Answer: A (p. 461) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: Oil Skill: Factual

21) John D. Rockefeller's success was due primarily to his A) vast knowledge of petroleum technology. B) refusal to compete unfairly. C) perfection of the modern, moving assembly line. D) bold planning and risk-taking. Answer: D (p. 461) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: Oil Skill: Conceptual 22) The theory of evolution by natural selection, which helped Americans justify their exploitation of others, was the work of A) Charles Lyell. B) Charles Darwin. C) Jean Lamarck. D) Gregor Mendel. Answer: B (p. 462) Topic: American Ambivalence to Big Business Skill: Factual 23) In general, as industry expanded A) Americans rejected any type of governmental regulation or interference. B) Americans were mostly unaware of economic regulations. C) Americans advocated against the free enterprise philosophy. D) Americans saw economic regulation as a way to release human energy and increase the area in which business could freely operate. Answer: D (p. 464) Topic: American Ambivalence to Big Business Skill: Conceptual 24) A prominent advocate of social Darwinism, William Graham Sumner was identified with the phrase A) “the invisible hand.” B) “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” C) “it's root, hog, or die.” D) “the voice of the people is the voice of God.” Answer: C (p. 464) Topic: American Ambivalence to Big Business Skill: Conceptual

25) Most Americans reacted to the growth of huge industrial and financial organizations and the increasing complexity of economic relations by A) praising them as results of the free market. B) joining socialists in their demands for government ownership of basic industries. C) fearing monopolistic power, yet being greedy for all the new goods and services. D) doing nothing, since most Americans were unaware of the vast changes in the economy. Answer: C (p. 464) Topic: American Ambivalence to Big Business Skill: Conceptual 26) Generally speaking, the formation of monopolies during the 1870s caused a A) rapid increase in chaos in those industries. B) shortage of consumer goods. C) drop in prices. D) rapid increase in competition in those industries. Answer: C (p. 457) Topic: American Ambivalence to Big Business Skill: Conceptual 27) Henry George, author of Progress and Poverty, advocated A) Marxism. B) laissez-faire economics. C) social Darwinism. D) the single tax. Answer: D (p. 465) Topic: Reformers: George, Bellamy, Lloyd Skill: Factual 28) Henry George, Edward Bellamy, and Henry Demarest Lloyd were all late-nineteenth-century A) oil industry executives. B) railroad executives. C) radical reformers. D) inventors. Answer: C (pp. 465–466) Topic: Reformers: George, Bellamy, Lloyd Skill: Factual

29) The novelist who described America evolving into an ideal socialist state was A) Henry George. B) Henry Demarest Lloyd. C) Richard T. Ely. D) Edward Bellamy. Answer: D (pp. 465–466) Topic: Reformers: George, Bellamy, Lloyd Skill: Factual 30) Which of the following compared nineteenth-century society to a stagecoach in which the favored few rode in comfort while the masses pulled them along life’s route? A) Henry Demarest Lloyd B) Andrew Carnegie C) Edward Bellamy D) Henry George Answer: C (pp. 465–466) Topic: Reformers: George, Bellamy, Lloyd Skill: Factual 31) In The Cooperative Commonwealth, Laurence Gronlund A) defended the Granger laws as the only means by which the family farm could be preserved. B) provided the first serious attempt to explain the ideas of Karl Marx to Americans. C) justified the mergers of gigantic corporations as the best way to increase harmony and efficiency. D) called for a “single tax” to eliminate the profits from land speculation. Answer: B (p. 466) Topic: Reformers: The Marxists Skill: Conceptual 32) The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry was founded in 1867 by A) Henry George. B) Daniel De Leon. C) James S. Hogg. D) Oliver H. Kelley. Answer: D (p. 467) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: Railroad Regulation Skill: Factual

33) Granger-controlled legislatures attempted to A) restore competition among farm machinery manufacturers. B) regulate railroad rates. C) prohibit corporate monopolies. D) subsidize farm prices. Answer: B (pp. 467–469) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: Railroad Regulation Skill: Conceptual 34) The Supreme Court decision in the Wabash case concerned A) patent rights. B) corporation mergers. C) early railroad regulation. D) union rights. Answer: C (p. 468) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: Railroad Regulation Skill: Factual 35) The federal regulatory board, established in 1887 by Congress to supervise the affairs of railroads, investigate complaints, and issue “cease and desist” orders against railroads acting illegally, was the A) Federal Railroad Commission. B) Interstate Commerce Commission. C) Federal Transportation Board. D) General Services Administration. Answer: B (p. 469) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: Railroad Regulation Skill: Factual 36) The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887 A) provided immediate relief for the farmer. B) challenged the philosophy of laissez-faire. C) was exactly what the railroads desired. D) failed so dramatically that the government abandoned this tactic. Answer: B (p. 469) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: Railroad Regulation Skill: Conceptual

37) In 1890, Congress tried to restore competition by outlawing the restraint of interstate trade by corporate monopolies with the ________ Act. A) Sherman Antitrust B) Granger C) Northern Securities D) Hepburn Answer: A (p. 469) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: The Sherman Antitrust Act Skill: Factual 38) The Sherman Antitrust Act was drastically limited by the Supreme Court in A) the Wabash Case. B) Munn v. Illinois. C) Reagan v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company. D) United States v. E. C. Knight Company. Answer: D (p. 469) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: The Sherman Antitrust Act Skill: Factual 39) “Doubtless the power to control the manufacture of a given thing involves, in a certain sense, the control of its disposition…the exercise of that power may result in bringing the operation of commerce into play, it does not control it, and affects it only incidentally and indirectly.” The source of this quote is A) Munn v. Illinois. B) the Sherman Antitrust Act. C) United States v. E. C. Knight Company. D) the Interstate Commerce Act. Answer: C (p. 469) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: The Sherman Antitrust Act Skill: Factual 40) The first union to welcome blacks, women, and immigrants into its ranks was the A) Knights of Labor. B) National Labor Union. C) American Federation of Labor. D) Industrial Workers of the World. Answer: A (p. 471) Topic: The Labor Union Movement Skill: Factual

41) As a result of the ________, membership in the Knights of Labor declined quickly because the public associated unions with violence and radicalism. A) Homestead steel strike B) Haymarket Square riot C) Cigarmakers Union strike D) Pullman strike Answer: B (p. 471) Topic: The American Federation of Labor Skill: Factual 42) Established in 1886, the ________ was the prime example of “bread and butter” unionism. A) National Labor Union B) Knights of Labor C) Socialist Labor Party D) American Federation of Labor Answer: D (p. 472) Topic: The American Federation of Labor Skill: Factual 43) The dramatic labor troubles of 1877 were A) centered in Pennsylvania's coal fields. B) the result of significant gains in prosperity for business. C) more violent and destructive than any previous strike in America. D) the work of foreign labor agitators. Answer: C (p. 473) Topic: Labor Militancy Rebuffed Skill: Conceptual 44) The leader of the American Railway Union in its dramatic 1894 strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company was A) William Kelly. B) Samuel Gompers. C) Terence Powderly. D) Eugene Debs. Answer: D (p. 475) Topic: Labor Militancy Rebuffed Skill: Factual

45) President Cleveland intervened in the Pullman strike on the pretext that A) the mail had to be delivered. B) there was real danger of anarchy. C) strike leaders were not representative of the union. D) passenger traffic was completely disrupted. Answer: A (p. 474) Topic: Labor Militancy Rebuffed Skill: Factual 46) In the late nineteenth century, wealth, power, and influence were A) available to anyone who worked hard and was honest. B) increasingly concentrated among the largest financiers. C) more evenly distributed than at any other previous time in American history. D) increasing among farmers in the Great Plains. Answer: B (p. 474) Topic: Whither America, Whither Democracy? Skill: Conceptual 47) As a result of the centralization and concentration of industry in the late nineteenth century, A) efficiency increased in industries which produced high-quality handmade goods. B) general living standards declined. C) efficiency increased in industries where close coordination of output, distribution, and sales was important. D) large financial institutions' influence in the economy declined significantly. Answer: C (pp. 474–475) Topic: Whither America, Whither Democracy? Skill: Conceptual 48) In the late 1800s, the courts seemed most concerned with protecting A) civil rights. B) the rights of the nascent labor movement. C) the common man. D) the interests of the rich and powerful. Answer: D (p. 475) Topic: Whither America, Whither Democracy? Skill: Conceptual 17.2 True/False Questions 49) During the late nineteenth century, American industrial development included such new industries as packaged breakfast cereals and ready-to-eat canned food. Answer: TRUE (p. 452) Topic: Essentials of Industrial Growth Skill: Factual 252 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

50) In the early twentieth century, J. P. Morgan completely reorganized the American railway system. Answer: TRUE (p. 458) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: The Railroads Skill: Factual 51) Andrew Carnegie believed that great wealth should be used to create an economic family and political dynasty. Answer: FALSE (p. 460) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: Steel Skill: Conceptual 52) The secret business arrangement, known as the trust, was perfected by Samuel C.T. Dodd to allow United States Steel to amass enormous economic power. Answer: FALSE (p. 461) Topic: Competition and Monopoly: Oil Skill: Factual 53) Wealth Against Commonwealth was a vigorous attack on social Darwinism and Standard Oil by Henry Demarest Lloyd. Answer: TRUE (p. 466) Topic: Reformers: George, Bellamy, Lloyd Skill: Factual 54) Samuel Gompers was the leader of the Knights of Labor during their rapid growth and decline. Answer: FALSE (pp. 466, 472) Topic: The Labor Union Movement Skill: Factual 55) As a result of the Haymarket Square riot, the Knights of Labor gained many new recruits. Answer: FALSE (p. 471) Topic: The American Federation of Labor Skill: Conceptual 56) A scab was a person who returned to the country from which he or she emigrated. Answer: FALSE (p. 473) Topic: Labor Militancy Rebuffed Skill: Factual

57) The Homestead strike of 1892 was a violent defeat for the steelworkers by the forces of Andrew Carnegie. Answer: TRUE (p. 474) Topic: Labor Militancy Rebuffed Skill: Factual 17.3 Essay Questions 58) Describe the dramatic industrial growth of the late nineteenth century in at least three industries. Analyze the major causes in each case. (pp. 453–457) Topic: Essentials of Industrial Growth 59) The text describes the twin trends of competition and monopoly in four economic sectors in the late nineteenth century. Choose two of these sectors and describe to what extent those trends were evident. Explain the results of those trends in these two sectors. (pp. 457–462) Topic: Competition and Monopoly 60) The text argues that Americans responded to the dramatic growth of big business in the late nineteenth century with a mixture of fear and greed. Evaluate the evidence used to support the argument. Explain the specific measures the government took in response to that mixture of fear and greed. (pp. 462–465) Topic: American Ambivalence to Big Business 61) Summarize the ideas of the major reformers who criticized industrialism in the late nineteenth century. Evaluate the validity of their criticisms. Explain the alternatives they offered. (pp. 465–466) Topic: Reformers: George, Bellamy, Lloyd 62) Describe the main trends and events in the late-nineteenth-century labor movement. Evaluate the implications of their results for American society. (pp. 471–474) Topic: The Labor Union Movement 17.4 Identification Questions 63) American Federation of Labor (AFL) A union, formed in 1886, that organized skilled workers along craft lines. It focused on workplace issues rather than political or social reform (p. 472) Topic: The American Federation of Labor Skill: Factual 64) Interstate Commerce Act Federal law establishing the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887, the nation’s first regulatory agency (p. 468) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: Railroad Regulation Skill: Factual 254 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

65) Knights of Labor A national labor organization, formed in 1869 and headed by Uriah Stephens and Terence Powderly, that promoted union solidarity, political reform, and sociability among members. Its advocacy of the eight-hour day led to violent strikes in 1886 and the organization’s subsequent decline (p. 471) Topic: The Labor Union Movement Skill: Factual 66) laissez-faire A French term—literally, “to let alone”—used in economic contexts to signify the absence of governmental interference in or regulation of economic matters (p. 462) Topic: American Ambivalence to Big Business Skill: Factual 67) National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry A farmers’ organization, founded in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley, that initially provided social and cultural benefits but then supported legislation, known as the Granger laws, providing for railroad regulation (p. 467) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: Railroad Regulation Skill: Factual 68) Sherman Antitrust Act A federal law, passed in 1890, that outlawed monopolistic organizations that functioned to restrain trade (p. 469) Topic: The Government Reacts to Big Business: The Sherman Antitrust Act Skill: Factual 69) social Darwinism A belief that Charles Darwin’s theory of the evolution of species also applied to social and economic institutions and practices: The “fittest” enterprises or individuals prevailed, while those that were defective naturally faded away; society thus progressed most surely when competition was unrestricted by government (p. 464) Topic: American Ambivalence to Big Business Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 18 American Society in the Industrial Age 18.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following describes most middle-class families of the late nineteenth century? A) Almost no middle-class families were able to afford servants. B) They lost some of the reforming zeal and moral fervor they typically had before the Civil War. C) They continued the trend of an increasing birth rate. D) Children were encouraged to be independent and were often unsupervised. Answer: B (p. 478) Topic: Middle-Class Life Skill: Conceptual 2) In Thorstein Veblen’s Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) he A) praised the middle class for their contributions to economic growth of the United States. B) stated that consumption was a noble way to escape the vagrancy of urban life. C) theorized that middle-class consumption was done mainly for superficial purposes. D) believed that the material culture was solid in its foundation. Answer: C (p. 479) Topic: Middle-Class Life Skill: Conceptual 3) In general, ________ workers were usually well-off as a result of late-nineteenth-century industrialization. A) skilled industrial B) unskilled C) traditional craft D) domestic Answer: A (p. 479) Topic: Skilled and Unskilled Workers Skill: Conceptual 4) As a result of late-nineteenth-century industrial development, A) personal contact between employer and employee tended to disappear. B) workers rose rapidly from the ranks of labor to become manufacturers. C) swings in the business cycle became more moderate. D) artisans’ bargaining power with their employers increased. Answer: A (p. 479) Topic: Skilled and Unskilled Workers Skill: Conceptual

5) In the new types of work women found in the late nineteenth century, they A) were still generally unable to enter the male-dominated professions of teaching and nursing. B) earned less as clerks and “typewriters” than they did as unskilled factory workers. C) had less pleasant working conditions as clerks than they did as unskilled factory workers. D) were often hired as salespersons in department stores because managers considered them easier to control than men. Answer: D (p. 480) Topic: Working Women Skill: Conceptual 6) In the late nineteenth century, educated, middle-class women dominated the new profession of A) home economics. B) journalism. C) nursing. D) college teaching. Answer: C (p. 480) Topic: Working Women Skill: Factual 7) Early social workers who visited working-class homes in the late nineteenth century discovered A) poverty and degradation primarily among the skilled workers in new industries. B) uniform prosperity among all working-class families and occupations. C) uniform poverty and degradation among all working-class families and occupations. D) considerable differences in the standard of living among families in the same occupation. Answer: D (p. 481) Topic: Working-Class Family Life Skill: Conceptual 8) Which of the following statements about society in the late 1800s is true? A) The gap between rich and poor was growing. B) The rich were growing richer and the underprivileged class shrank to lowest levels ever witnessed. C) Recession caused the upper class to shrink significantly. D) The balance between the rich and the poor was about even in an increasingly egalitarian society. Answer: A (p. 482) Topic: Working-Class Attitudes Skill: Conceptual

9) Census records reveal that the average urban American of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries A) experienced considerable geographical mobility. B) was a “new” immigrant. C) lived on starvation wages. D) had a realistic chance of going from rags to riches. Answer: A (p. 482) Topic: Working Your Way Up Skill: Conceptual 10) After 1870, American public education A) finally stabilized after 40 years of enormous change. B) underwent a revolution in teaching methods which stressed strict discipline and rote learning. C) was most forward-looking in the South. D) changed steadily in response to the many social and economic changes of the era. Answer: D (pp. 482–483) Topic: Working Your Way Up Skill: Conceptual 11) In the late 1800s secondary education A) was not yet available. B) became widely available to the masses. C) was available mostly only to Northerners. D) was accessible to those with special abilities or from well-off families. Answer: D (p. 483) Topic: Working Your Way Up Skill: Conceptual 12) Real-life rags-to-riches experiences, like those of Andrew Carnegie, were A) almost universal. B) fairly common. C) nonexistent. D) rare exceptions. Answer: D (p. 483) Topic: Working Your Way Up Skill: Conceptual

13) The main reason for immigration to the United States during the late nineteenth century was the A) industrial revolution in northern Europe. B) religious persecution in southern Europe. C) desire for economic betterment. D) collapse of the peasant economy in northern Europe. Answer: C (p. 484) Topic: The “New” Immigration Skill: Conceptual 14) Before 1882, Americans restricted ________ from immigrating to the United States. A) almost no one B) Irish Catholics C) the Japanese D) political revolutionaries Answer: A (p. 485) Topic: The “New” Immigration Skill: Factual 15) Beginning in the 1880s, the source of American immigration shifted to new immigrants from A) northern and western Europe. B) southern and eastern Europe. C) southern and western Europe. D) northern and eastern Europe. Answer: B (p. 485) Topic: The “New” Immigration Skill: Factual 16) Both the “new” immigrants of the 1880s and the “old” Irish immigrants of the 1840s were mostly A) factory workers. B) peasants. C) children. D) political refugees. Answer: B (p. 486) Topic: New Immigrants Face New Nativism Skill: Factual

17) The so-called “birds of passage” during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were A) a majority of all who entered the United States. B) generally poor workers. C) usually Englishmen and Scotsmen. D) a minority of all who entered the United States. Answer: D (p. 486) Topic: New Immigrants Face New Nativism Skill: Conceptual 18) One of the causes which eventually led to restrictions on immigration was the A) strong Protestantism of the “new” immigrants. B) immigrants' unwillingness to work hard for low wages. C) social Darwinists’ fears that immigrants would undermine American “racial purity.” D) overwhelming number of immigrants who took advantage of the Homestead Act. Answer: C (p. 486) Topic: New Immigrants Face New Nativism Skill: Conceptual 19) Criticisms of immigrants as “longhaired, wild-eyed, bad-smelling, atheistic, reckless foreign wretches” and as “Europe’s human and inhuman rubbish” were characteristic of A) internationalists. B) labor unionists. C) nativists. D) birds of passage. Answer: C (p. 486) Topic: New Immigrants Face New Nativism Skill: Conceptual 20) The new nativism of the late nineteenth century was exemplified by the A) Knights of Labor. B) Grand Army of the Republic. C) American Protective Association. D) Know-Nothing party. Answer: C (p. 487) Topic: New Immigrants Face New Nativism Skill: Factual

21) Although there were additional factors as well, by the final decades of the nineteenth century the chief cause of urban growth was A) rural discontent and migration. B) natural increase among urban families. C) the expansion of industry. D) the improving quality of city life. Answer: C (p. 487) Topic: The Expanding City and Its Problems Skill: Conceptual 22) The “new” immigrants from eastern and southern Europe A) moved west as quickly as possible. B) usually came with some funds in reserve. C) could generally read and write English. D) settled in ethnic neighborhoods in the urban centers. Answer: D (p. 487) Topic: The Expanding City and Its Problems Skill: Conceptual 23) The urban ethnic neighborhoods of the late nineteenth century were A) ghettos in the European sense. B) crowded and unhealthy. C) destroyers of traditional immigrant culture. D) model communities with high living standards. Answer: B (p. 487) Topic: The Expanding City and Its Problems Skill: Conceptual 24) In 1910, which region of the country had the largest proportion of immigrants? A) the Pacific Northwest B) the Mid-Atlantic C) the Upper Midwest D) the Deep South Answer: C (p. 488) Topic: The Expanding City and Its Problems Skill: Conceptual

25) What city was a pioneer in regulating city house construction and sanitation? A) New York B) Chicago C) Philadelphia D) San Francisco Answer: A (p. 489) Topic: Teeming Tenements Skill: Factual 26) A residential apartment building, common in New York in the late 1800s, that was built on a tiny lot without consideration of proper lighting and ventilation was known as a A) settlement house. B) halfway house. C) tenement. D) slum. Answer: C (p. 488) Topic: Teeming Tenements Skill: Conceptual 27) Urban transportation was revolutionized and urban development was redirected in the 1880s by A) subway systems. B) horse carts. C) electric trolleys. D) concrete paving of streets. Answer: C (p. 490) Topic: The Cities Modernize Skill: Factual 28) The first electric trolley car line in America was installed by Frank J. Sprague in A) Brooklyn, New York. B) Richmond, Virginia. C) Boston, Massachusetts. D) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Answer: B (p. 490) Topic: The Cities Modernize Skill: Factual

29) As a result of the streetcar, American cities A) were able to preserve their unique character as “walking cities.” B) were able to postpone the development of suburbs until the late 1940s. C) expanded their geographical area enormously as the upper and middle classes fled city centers. D) experienced a renaissance of their downtown commercial districts. Answer: C (p. 490) Topic: The Cities Modernize Skill: Conceptual 30) Late-nineteenth-century spectator sports were notable for their A) prohibitions on gambling and betting. B) mixture of upper- and working-class interests. C) predominantly rural audiences. D) church sponsorship and high moral tone. Answer: B (p. 491) Topic: Leisure Activities: More Fun and Games Skill: Conceptual 31) In 1891, James Naismith invented the game of A) basketball. B) monopoly. C) water polo. D) baseball. Answer: A (p. 492) Topic: Leisure Activities: More Fun and Games Skill: Factual 32) Walter Camp played a major role in establishing A) baseball as a major sport. B) the role of religion in education. C) football as a major sport. D) the Boy Scouts of America. Answer: C (p. 492) Topic: Leisure Activities: More Fun and Games Skill: Conceptual

33) How did Roman Catholic Church leaders respond to the problems of industrialism? A) They were deeply concerned with the social causes of urban vice and misery. B) They tended to see vice as a personal matter and poverty as an act of God. C) They dominated the Social Gospel movement. D) They strongly defended the right to strike. Answer: B (p. 494) Topic: Christianity's Conscience and the Social Gospel Skill: Conceptual 34) The lay evangelist of the late nineteenth century who conducted vigorous campaigns to convince the poor to abandon their sinful ways was A) Henry Ward Beecher. B) Dwight L. Moody. C) Washington Gladden. D) Charles Grandison Finney. Answer: B (p. 494) Topic: Christianity's Conscience and the Social Gospel Skill: Factual 35) Social Gospelers believed A) the church should focus on improving the spiritual lives of the poor by conducting massive religious revivals. B) God would provide for the faithful. C) the church should focus on improving the lives of the poor, ending child labor, and regulating the power of big corporations. D) poverty grew out of sin and therefore the poor were being punished for their evil ways. Answer: C (p. 495) Topic: Christianity's Conscience and the Social Gospel Skill: Conceptual 36) The most influential preacher of the Social Gospel Movement was A) Washington Gladden. B) Dwight L. Moody. C) William D. P. Bliss. D) Henry Ward Beecher. Answer: A (p. 495) Topic: Christianity's Conscience and the Social Gospel Skill: Factual

37) Characters asked themselves, “What would Jesus do?” in Charles M. Sheldon's best-selling Social Gospel novel, A) Applied Christianity. B) How the Other Half Lives. C) In His Steps. D) A Life for Christ. Answer: C (p. 495) Topic: Christianity's Conscience and the Social Gospel Skill: Factual 38) The community centers started by idealistic young people to guide and help the urban poor were A) Chautauquas. B) lyceums. C) Social Gospel centers. D) settlement houses. Answer: D (p. 495) Topic: The Settlement Houses Skill: Factual 39) The first example of a settlement house in America was established in New York by A) Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell. B) Robert A. Woods. C) Jacob Riis. D) Dr. Stanton Coit. Answer: D (p. 495) Topic: The Settlement Houses Skill: Factual 40) The founder of Chicago's Hull House was A) Jane Addams. B) Dr. Stanton Coit. C) Henry Ward Beecher. D) Lillian Wald. Answer: A (p. 495) Topic: The Settlement Houses Skill: Factual

41) Settlements houses were A) sufficiently funded by private beneficence. B) completely funded by the state. C) funded by private beneficence but in need of state support. D) privately funded and most administrators did not want to deal with the regulations of state support. Answer: C (pp. 495–497) Topic: The Settlement Houses Skill: Conceptual 42) By the 1890s, how did most Americans respond to the changes of industrialization and urbanization? A) They feared the country worshipped material success as its god. B) They were disgusted by the lawlessness and power of modern corporations. C) They continued to be optimistic and uncritical admirers of American civilization. D) They blamed these changes for the increasing rates of divorce, heart disease, and mental illness. Answer: C (p. 497) Topic: Civilization and Its Discontents Skill: Conceptual 43) The response of American intellectuals such as Walt Whitman and Henry Adams to the new industrial civilization was to A) denounce it as leading to the worship of money and material success. B) view it as evidence of the continuing progress of the human race. C) unite the workers to fight for socialism. D) call for Christian revivals to refocus Americans on eternal values. Answer: A (pp. 497–498) Topic: Civilization and Its Discontents Skill: Conceptual 18.2 True/False Questions 44) Thorstein Veblen attacked late-nineteenth-century middle-class culture and its emphasis on conspicuous consumption. Answer: TRUE (p. 479) Topic: Middle-Class Life Skill: Factual 45) One advantage of industrialization for workers was that it tended to moderate the swings of the business cycle. Answer: FALSE (p. 479) Topic: Skilled and Unskilled Workers Skill: Conceptual

46) In the late nineteenth century, middle-class women replaced men as grade school teachers. Answer: TRUE (p. 480) Topic: Working Women Skill: Factual 47) In the late nineteenth century, the economic gap between the very rich and the ordinary citizen grew narrower. Answer: FALSE (p. 482) Topic: Working-Class Attitudes Skill: Conceptual 48) One of the “push” factors causing the “new” immigration of the late nineteenth century was the collapse of the peasant economy in central and southern Europe. Answer: TRUE (p. 484) Topic: The “New” Immigration Skill: Conceptual 49) In the 1890s, the Immigration Restriction League focused on excluding Chinese immigrants. Answer: FALSE (p. 487) Topic: New Immigrants Face New Nativism Skill: Conceptual 50) In the late nineteenth century, the number of saloons declined as they became places where the whole family went. Answer: FALSE (p. 491) Topic: Leisure Activities: More Fun and Games Skill: Conceptual 51) Lillian Wald founded the Henry Street Settlement House in New York City. Answer: TRUE (p. 495) Topic: The Settlement Houses Skill: Factual 18.3 Essay Questions 52) Summarize the major characteristics of the lives of late-nineteenth-century women in both workingclass and middle-class families. (pp. 480–481) Topic: Working Women

53) Describe the major characteristics of working-class life and attitudes in the late nineteenth century. (pp. 481–482) Topic: Working-Class Family Life; Working-Class Attitudes 54) Describe the “new” immigrants in the late nineteenth century. Explain where they emigrated from and why they emigrated. Summarize to what extent they were accepted by American citizens. (pp. 484–485) Topic: The “New” Immigration 55) Explain how and why cities grew in the late nineteenth century. Describe the problems this urban growth caused. (pp. 487–490) Topic: The Expanding City and Its Problems 56) Summarize the late-nineteenth-century secular and religious criticisms directed at America's urban and industrial growth and the solutions these critics provided. (pp. 497–498) Topic: Civilization and Its Discontents 18.4 Identification Questions 57) Nativism A fear or hatred of immigrants, ethnic minorities, or alien political movements (p. 486) Topic: New Immigrants Face New Nativism Skill: Factual 58) new immigration Reference to the influx of immigrants to the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century predominantly from southern and eastern Europe (p. 486) Topic: The “New” Immigration Skill: Factual 59) settlement houses Community centers, founded by reformers such as Jane Addams and Lillian Wald beginning in the 1880s that were located in poor urban districts of major cities; the centers sought to Americanize immigrant families and provide them with social services and a political voice (p. 495) Topic: The Settlement Houses Skill: Factual 60) Social Gospel A doctrine preached by many urban Protestant ministers during the early 1900s that focused on improving living conditions for the city’s poor rather than on saving souls; proponents advocated civil service reform, child labor laws, government regulation of big business, and a graduated income tax (p. 495) Topic: Christianity’s Conscience and the Social Gospel Skill: Factual

61) tenement Four- to six-story residential apartment house, once common in New York and certain other cities, built on a tiny lot with little regard for adequate ventilation or light (p. 488) Topic: Teeming Tenements Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 19 Intellectual and Cultural Trends in the Late Nineteenth Century 19.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) In the late nineteenth century, the way Americans thought was transformed by A) Christian socialism. B) Sigmund Freud. C) industrialization. D) Albert Einstein. Answer: C (p. 501) Topic: Colleges and Universities Skill: Factual 2) In 1870, most American colleges were A) beginning to establish graduate programs based on the model of German universities. B) already well on their way to becoming major centers of research and innovation. C) just completing a decade of significant experiments in curriculum offerings and teaching methods. D) small and intellectually stagnant with few professors of any intellectual repute. Answer: D (p. 501) Topic: Colleges and Universities Skill: Conceptual 3) In 1869, Harvard introduced the _____ system and took the lead in reforming higher education in the Gilded Age. A) elective B) intramural C) German D) honors Answer: A (p. 501) Topic: Colleges and Universities Skill: Factual 4) University President Charles W. Eliot pioneered the A) establishment of law and medical schools. B) adaptation of German teaching techniques to America. C) preparation of graduates for a career as ministers. D) introduction of the elective system. Answer: D (p. 501) Topic: Colleges and Universities Skill: Factual

5) Johns Hopkins became the leader in graduate education under the presidency of A) Henry Adams. B) William Rainey Harper. C) Daniel Coit Gilman. D) Charles W. Eliot. Answer: C (p. 501) Topic: Colleges and Universities Skill: Factual 6) The Morrill Act land-grant university system A) specialized in graduate education. B) provided land deeds to establish universities. C) opened its doors only to women students. D) received almost no assistance from the federal government. Answer: B (p. 502) Topic: Colleges and Universities Skill: Factual 7) Vassar College holds the distinction of A) establishing the first modern graduate school. B) admitting the first woman to college. C) being the first college for women. D) being the first coeducational, racially integrated college. Answer: C (p. 502) Topic: Colleges and Universities Skill: Factual 8) Because of the increase in both the number of college graduates and the influence of alumni, in the late nineteenth century American higher education A) regained its focus on training clergy. B) became the dominant force in the economy. C) was increasingly focused on social activities, fraternities, and organized athletics with winning teams. D) developed programs in graduate education which attracted students from all over the world. Answer: C (p. 503) Topic: Colleges and Universities Skill: Conceptual

9) Under the influence of Charles Darwin, the new social sciences turned much of their energy to studying the A) development of institutions and their interactions with each other. B) evolution-based patterns in human behavior. C) parallels between human and primate forms of social organization. D) immutable natural laws which govern all human behavior. Answer: A (p. 503) Topic: Revolution in the Social Sciences Skill: Conceptual 10) Members of the institutionalist school of economics such as Richard T. Ely and John R. Commons thought that A) Darwin's ideas explained how slowly society evolved. B) religion, not science, was the key to truth. C) economic problems should be totally divorced from moral concerns. D) actual industrial conditions should be studied with practical social reform as a goal. Answer: D (p. 504) Topic: Revolution in the Social Sciences Skill: Conceptual 11) The most influential social Darwinist was the English thinker A) Lester Frank Ward. B) Aldous Huxley. C) Alfred Lord Tennyson. D) Herbert Spencer. Answer: D (p. 504) Topic: Revolution in the Social Sciences Skill: Factual 12) The American disciple of Herbert Spencer, Edward L. Youmans, believed that society was A) best understood using Aristotle's philosophical framework. B) an impersonal set of institutions and could be easily changed. C) an orderly, rule-governed system in which change was not necessary. D) changed only by the force of evolution, which moved with cosmic slowness. Answer: D (p. 504) Topic: Revolution in the Social Sciences Skill: Conceptual

13) According to German educator Johann Friedrich Herbart, good teaching called for A) only facts and a birch rod. B) psychological insight and imagination. C) complete control of the child's environment. D) strict discipline and rote learning. Answer: B (p. 504) Topic: Progressive Education Skill: Conceptual 14) The educator John Dewey insisted that A) education was the fundamental method of social progress. B) schools should only teach the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic. C) churches should assume a larger role in education. D) education should simply reflect the dominant social trends and values. Answer: A (p. 504) Topic: Progressive Education Skill: Conceptual 15) “Education is the fundamental method of social progress and reform.” This statement is typical of the beliefs of A) Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. B) Charlotte Perkins Gilman. C) Herbert Baxter Adams. D) John Dewey. Answer: D (p. 504) Topic: Progressive Education Skill: Conceptual 16) The leader of what was called progressive education was A) John Dewey. B) Johann F. Herbart. C) Horace Mann. D) Francis W. Parker. Answer: A (p. 504) Topic: Progressive Education Skill: Factual

17) The emphasis of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. on evolutionary change had a profound impact upon twentieth-century A) education. B) jurisprudence. C) anthropology. D) medicine. Answer: B (p. 505) Topic: Law and History Skill: Factual 18) The late-nineteenth-century theory of the Teutonic origins of democracy A) argued that the roots of democracy and the rule of law were found in the ancient tribes of northern Europe. B) was violently opposed by Americans of British descent because it portrayed their ancestors so negatively. C) was initially rejected but has been subsequently validated by extensive research by historians and archaeologists. D) argued that the roots of democracy and the rule of law were found in the ancient peoples of the Middle East. Answer: A (p. 505) Topic: Law and History Skill: Conceptual 19) In his frontier thesis, Frederick Jackson Turner argued that A) the frontier was dominated by large corporations. B) democracy began among the Teutonic people. C) the frontier had inhibited democracy. D) the frontier gave Americans their unique character. Answer: D (p. 505) Topic: Law and History Skill: Conceptual 20) The importance of Frederick Jackson Turner’s work was its A) proof of frontier democracy. B) complete explanation of American development. C) purely political viewpoint. D) encouragement of the study of social and economic subjects. Answer: D (p. 505) Topic: Law and History Skill: Conceptual

21) American literature immediately following the Civil War is best described as A) unrealistic, sentimental pandering to middle-class preconceptions. B) philosophic explorations of human nature. C) studies of the complexities of industrial society. D) realistic portrayals of the contemporary world. Answer: A (p. 508) Topic: Realism in Literature Skill: Conceptual 22) The new literary style of the 1870s and 1880s which often examined social problems such as slum conditions and portrayed people of every social class was A) romanticism. B) pragmatism. C) realism. D) neo-classicism. Answer: C (p. 508) Topic: Realism in Literature Skill: Factual 23) The real name of the first great American realist, Mark Twain, was A) Mark Clement. B) Samuel L. Clemens. C) William Dean Howells. D) John Singer Sargent. Answer: B (p. 508) Topic: Mark Twain Skill: Factual 24) The author of novels such as Huckleberry Finn, whose acute reportorial eyes and ears caught the spirit of his age, was A) William Dean Howells. B) Mark Twain. C) Herman Melville. D) Henry James. Answer: B (pp. 508–509) Topic: Mark Twain Skill: Factual

25) In novels like A Hazard of New Fortunes, William Dean Howells A) dealt realistically with sexual love. B) portrayed the whole range of metropolitan life. C) popularized the “local color” school of writing. D) examined the burden of the Puritan past in New England. Answer: B (p. 510) Topic: William Dean Howells Skill: Conceptual 26) The most influential literary critic of the late nineteenth century was A) Mark Twain. B) Henry James. C) Stephen Crane. D) William Dean Howells. Answer: D (p. 510) Topic: William Dean Howells Skill: Factual 27) The late-nineteenth-century naturalist writers, such as Stephen Crane, portrayed A) customs and dialects identified with a particular region of the country. B) society somewhat realistically but emphasized the “smiling aspects” of life. C) humans as mere animals in a merciless Darwinian world. D) virtuous heroines and heroes in mortal combat with dastardly villains. Answer: C (p. 510) Topic: William Dean Howells Skill: Conceptual 28) One of the first books to treat sex forthrightly was A) McTeague. B) Sister Carrie. C) A Modern Instance. D) The Portrait of a Lady. Answer: B (p. 510) Topic: William Dean Howells Skill: Factual

29) The author who spent most of his adult life in Europe writing about the clash between American and European values in a rarefied, overly subtle style was A) William Dean Howells. B) Theodore Dreiser. C) Henry James. D) Stephen Crane. Answer: C (p. 511) Topic: Henry James Skill: Factual 30) In his writing, Henry James was most interested in A) social issues. B) his subjects as individuals. C) the issues faced by artists in the modern world. D) uneducated Americans. Answer: B (p. 511) Topic: Henry James Skill: Conceptual 31) In works like The Gross Clinic, American painter Thomas Eakins A) captured the realism of the new scientific age. B) revealed his great debt to the French impressionists. C) demonstrated his raw, untrained talent. D) explored a brooding, mystical world. Answer: A (p. 511) Topic: Realism in Art Skill: Conceptual 32) American painters of the late nineteenth century such as Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins painted in a style called A) impressionism. B) neo-classicism. C) realism. D) naturalism. Answer: C (p. 511) Topic: Realism in Art Skill: Factual

33) Although he had almost no formal training, Winslow Homer is considered a master because of his A) portrayal of American slums. B) magnificent oils depicting classical subjects. C) non-representational explorations of shape and color. D) brilliant watercolors. Answer: D (p. 511) Topic: Realism in Art Skill: Conceptual 34) The late-nineteenth-century American environment for art was A) rather unproductive in the area of painting. B) friendly only to European artists. C) receptive only to artists working in watercolors. D) congenial to first-rate artists. Answer: D (p. 512) Topic: Realism in Art Skill: Conceptual 35) Probably the most famous painting by an American, Arrangement in Grey and Black, is the work of A) James A. McNeill Whistler. B) Winslow Homer. C) Mary Cassatt. D) Thomas Eakins. Answer: A (p. 513) Topic: Realism in Art Skill: Factual 36) The American expatriate artist deeply influenced by French impressionism was A) Mary Cassatt. B) Charles L. Freer. C) Winslow Homer. D) Thomas Eakins. Answer: A (p. 513) Topic: Realism in Art Skill: Factual

37) Which of the following best describes Darwin's theory of evolution’s impact on religious thought in America? A) It had almost no effect. It did not even have an impact on intellectuals. B) It seriously crippled the appeal of fundamentalist churches. C) It gravely weakened the religious faith of a majority of Americans. D) It did not undermine the faith of a large percentage of the population. Answer: D (pp. 513–515) Topic: The Pragmatic Approach Skill: Conceptual 38) The effects of Darwinism in America were apparent in the philosophy of ________ which stated that all truths are constantly evolving and can be judged only by their concrete results. A) evolutionism B) transcendentalism C) pragmatism D) existentialism Answer: C (p. 513) Topic: The Pragmatic Approach Skill: Factual 39) The most influential philosopher of his times and the main exponent of pragmatism was A) Josiah Royce. B) Charles S. Pierce. C) John R. Commons. D) William James. Answer: D (pp. 513–514) Topic: The Pragmatic Approach Skill: Factual 40) The pragmatic concept that the mind has a “vote” in determining truth was propounded by whom? A) Josiah Royce B) Henry Adams C) William James D) Lester Frank Ward Answer: C (p. 515) Topic: The Pragmatic Approach Skill: Conceptual

41) Pragmatism encouraged A) the use of theory. B) intellectualism. C) materialism. D) conventional morality. Answer: C (p. 515) Topic: The Pragmatic Approach Skill: Conceptual 42) One of the problems with pragmatism was that it A) seemed to be against the American ideal of rugged individualism. B) was based only on emotional appeal. C) originated in Europe. D) seemed to suggest that the end justified the means. Answer: D (p. 515) Topic: The Pragmatic Approach Skill: Conceptual 43) A form of education which illustrated the popular desire for new information in the late nineteenth century was the A) Chautauqua movement. B) kindergarten. C) settlement house reading session. D) lyceum. Answer: A (p. 515) Topic: The Knowledge Revolution Skill: Factual 44) Industrialist Andrew Carnegie donated millions of dollars to help A) build public libraries. B) stimulate new women's colleges. C) underwrite collections of American art. D) promote public appreciation of symphonic music. Answer: A (pp. 515–516) Topic: The Knowledge Revolution Skill: Conceptual

45) To what methods did publishers turn in the nineteenth century to appeal to the masses? A) printing mostly conservative political articles B) lowering cultural and intellectual standards and appealing to emotions C) remaining neutral and ignoring popular or radical causes D) focusing on law, sociology, anthropology, and the implications of pragmatism Answer: B (p. 516) Topic: The Knowledge Revolution Skill: Conceptual 46) The first newspaper editor to reach a truly massive audience without abandoning his basic integrity was A) William Randolph Hearst. B) Joseph Pulitzer. C) Horace Greeley. D) Frank Leslie. Answer: B (p. 516) Topic: The Knowledge Revolution Skill: Factual 47) Harper's, Century, and Atlantic Monthly were all magazines specializing in A) cheap, romantic fiction. B) illustrations of current events. C) colored reproductions of artistic masterpieces. D) serious, conservative articles. Answer: D (p. 516) Topic: The Knowledge Revolution Skill: Conceptual 19.2 True/False Questions 48) The so-called “Seven Sisters” were the first seven women to earn Ph.D. degrees from Harvard. Answer: FALSE (p. 502) Topic: Colleges and Universities Skill: Factual 49) The discipline of economics was revolutionized in the 1890s by Richard Ely who argued that economic laws and theories must be modified as times changed. Answer: TRUE (p. 503) Topic: Revolution in the Social Sciences Skill: Factual

50) John Dewey believed that the sole purpose of education was the instruction of the “three Rs,” which could be achieved through strict discipline and rote learning. Answer: FALSE (p. 504) Topic: Progressive Education Skill: Conceptual 51) Charlotte Perkins Gilman believed that society had been deprived of the creativity and ideas of women through its belief in the domestic ideal. Answer: TRUE (pp. 506–507) Topic: American Lives: Charlotte Perkins Gilman Skill: Conceptual 52) Mark Twain was both a satirist of American optimism in his writings and its victim in many misguided business ventures. Answer: TRUE (pp. 508–509) Topic: Mark Twain Skill: Factual 53) The popularity of William Dean Howells stemmed from his shocking lack of social conscience. Answer: FALSE (pp. 509–510) Topic: William Dean Howells Skill: Conceptual 54) The influence of pragmatism was limited to intellectual circles in leading universities. Answer: FALSE (pp. 513–515) Topic: The Pragmatic Approach Skill: Conceptual 19.3 Essay Questions 55) Summarize the changes that took place at all levels of American education in the late nineteenth century. Summarize the general characteristics these changes shared. (pp. 501–503) Topic: Colleges and Universities 56) Explain how the new social sciences of the late nineteenth century reflected the influence of Darwinism. (pp. 503–504) Topic: Revolution in the Social Sciences 57) Define realism in late-nineteenth-century art and literature. Explain the basic values of realism and describe works of specific writers and artists who would be classified as realists. (pp. 508–511) Topic: Realism in Literature; Realism in Art 282 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

58) Define pragmatism. Explain its major ideas and assumptions. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this philosophy. Evaluate to what extent it is an especially American system of thought. (pp. 513–515) Topic: The Pragmatic Approach 59) Summarize the developments in the late nineteenth century that were inspired by a public thirst for knowledge. Describe the kinds of knowledge that were made available. (pp. 515–516) Topic: The Knowledge Revolution 19.4 Identification Questions 60) pragmatism A philosophical system, chiefly associated with William James, that deemphasized abstraction and assessed ideas and cultural practices based on their practical effects; it helped inspire political and social reform during the late nineteenth century (p. 513) Topic: The Pragmatic Approach Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 20 From Smoke-Filled Rooms to Prairie Wildfire: 1877-1896 20.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The presidents during the last quarter of the nineteenth century A) were weak leaders. B) took strong stands on the issues. C) were elected by landslides. D) dominated both houses of Congress. Answer: A (p. 519) Topic: Congress Ascendant Skill: Conceptual 2) During the late 1800s, the legislative body known as a “rich man's club” was the A) New York State Assembly. B) City Council of New York. C) House of Representatives. D) Senate. Answer: D (p. 519) Topic: Congress Ascendant Skill: Factual 3) During the late nineteenth century, the House of Representatives was A) controlled by a few long-term members. B) disorderly and inefficient. C) admired for its statesmanship. D) more deliberative than the Senate. Answer: B (p. 519) Topic: Congress Ascendant Skill: Conceptual 4) The distinction between the Democrats and the Republicans during the late nineteenth century arose from differences A) in religious affiliation, geographic location, and ethnic background. B) on civil service reform, foreign policy, and protective legislation. C) on civil rights for blacks, Indian policy, and women's rights. D) on tariffs, internal improvements, and currency policy. Answer: A (pp. 519–520) Topic: Congress Ascendant Skill: Conceptual

5) During the latter part of the nineteenth century, Republicans were particularly strong in the ________ states. A) middle Atlantic B) southern C) far western D) New England Answer: D (p. 519) Topic: Congress Ascendant Skill: Factual 6) National elections between 1856 and 1912 were characterized by A) close elections mostly won by the Democrats. B) close elections mostly won by the Republicans. C) contests easily won by the Democrats. D) close elections with an even balance of power. Answer: D (p. 520) Topic: Congress Ascendant Skill: Conceptual 7) The “bloody shirt” issue of the late 1800s refers to A) post-Civil War sectional tensions. B) federal Indian policies. C) conflicts between homesteaders and ranchers. D) conflicts between workers and employers. Answer: A (p. 520) Topic: Recurrent Issues Skill: Conceptual 8) How did politicians respond to the demand for civil service reform? A) Democrats supported and Republicans rejected it. B) Republicans refused to include it in their party platforms. C) Both Democrats and Republicans insisted it would destroy the political parties. D) Republicans supported and Democrats rejected it. Answer: C (p. 521) Topic: Recurrent Issues Skill: Conceptual

9) Political campaigns during the late nineteenth century were characterized by A) extensive debate on the major issues. B) character assassination, bribery, and fraud. C) honesty and integrity. D) restraint of partisanship. Answer: B (p. 522) Topic: Party Politics: Sidestepping the Issues Skill: Conceptual 10) The presidents during the late nineteenth century A) were often elected by landslides, but failed to carry out the voters' wishes. B) took strong stands on the issues, giving the voters clear choices. C) were lackluster leaders who showed little interest in important contemporary questions. D) dominated both houses of the Congress by their patronage powers. Answer: C (p. 522) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Conceptual 11) Rutherford B. Hayes was nominated for the presidency because of his reputation for A) favoring an inflationary monetary policy. B) getting bribes and offices for his supporters. C) political glamour and charisma. D) being honest and moderate. Answer: D (p. 522) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Conceptual 12) In 1881 President ________ was assassinated by Charles Guiteau, an unbalanced office-seeker. A) Rutherford B. Hayes B) Grover Cleveland C) Benjamin Harrison D) James A. Garfield Answer: D (p. 522) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Factual

13) The Pendleton Act of 1883 was a triumph for those Americans who sought ________ reform. A) monetary B) civil service C) immigration D) tariff Answer: B (p. 523) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Factual 14) The New York Democrat who won the “dirty” presidential election of 1884 was A) Grover Cleveland. B) Chester A. Arthur. C) James G. Blaine. D) Benjamin Harrison. Answer: A (pp. 523–524) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Factual 15) Blacks in the South were not totally disfranchised or segregated until A) Cleveland gave his approval in 1887. B) southern states enacted literacy tests and poll taxes in the 1890s. C) Radical Reconstruction ended in 1877. D) the Supreme Court struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Answer: B (p. 526) Topic: African Americans in the South After Reconstruction Skill: Conceptual 16) “If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane.” The source of this quote was A) Minor v. Happersett. B) Plessy v. Ferguson. C) The Gilded Age. D) the Civil Rights Act. Answer: B (p. 526) Topic: African Americans in the South After Reconstruction Skill: Factual

17) The doctrine of “separate but equal” facilities was handed down by the Supreme Court in A) Hall v. De Cuir. B) Plessy v. Ferguson. C) the Civil Rights Cases. D) Munn v. Illinois. Answer: B (p. 526) Topic: African Americans in the South After Reconstruction Skill: Factual 18) The black militant who founded the Afro-American League and called on blacks to use violence when attacked by whites was A) John Marshall Harlan. B) T. Thomas Fortune. C) James Bryce. D) W. E. B. Du Bois. Answer: B (pp. 527–528) Topic: Booker T. Washington: A “Reasonable” Champion for African Americans Skill: Factual 19) The black leader who identified with the Atlanta Compromise was A) Frederick Douglass. B) W. E. B. Du Bois. C) T. Thomas Fortune. D) Booker T. Washington. Answer: D (p. 529) Topic: Booker T. Washington: A “Reasonable” Champion for African Americans Skill: Factual 20) Big-city political bosses and their machines emerged in the late nineteenth century because A) Catholic church leaders sought their protection. B) most immigrants knew little about democracy. C) Protestant churches sought to use them to clean up city governments. D) factory owners encouraged them. Answer: B (p. 529) Topic: City Bosses Skill: Conceptual

21) The most notorious of all city bosses was A) “Hinky Dink” Kenna. B) Daniel P. Moynihan. C) William Marcy Tweed. D) “Big Tim” Sullivan. Answer: C (p. 530) Topic: City Bosses Skill: Factual 22) Many urban reformers resented the boss system because it A) led to increased taxes for public services. B) promoted civil service reform. C) gave political power to poor immigrants. D) encouraged gambling and prostitution. Answer: C (p. 530) Topic: City Bosses Skill: Conceptual 23) The vacuity of American politics in the late nineteenth century may have stemmed from the A) simmering class conflict which politicians could not face. B) inability to deal with foreign threats. C) prevailing sectional and political harmony. D) complacency of the middle-class majority. Answer: D (p. 530) Topic: Crops and Complaints Skill: Conceptual 24) In the late 1880s the Farmers’ Alliance A) was simply a social, non-political organization. B) tried but failed to establish marketing cooperatives for their crops because they could not raise the necessary capital from banks. C) focused on encouraging the latest techniques in scientific agriculture. D) elected state legislators committed to regulating railroad rates and establishing rural free delivery of the mail. Answer: B (p. 531) Topic: The Populist Movement Skill: Conceptual

25) The earlier group from which the Populist movement emerged was the A) Farmers Union. B) Farm Bureau. C) Knights of Labor. D) Farmers’ Alliance. Answer: D (p. 531) Topic: The Populist Movement Skill: Factual 26) In 1892 the Populist nominee for president was former Union General A) Ulysses S. Grant. B) James B. Weaver. C) Tom Watson. D) William T. Sherman. Answer: B (p. 531) Topic: The Populist Movement Skill: Factual 27) The platform of the People's or Populist party called for a A) guaranteed price for wheat. B) high tariff on farm produce. C) graduated income tax. D) social security plan. Answer: C (p. 531) Topic: The Populist Movement Skill: Factual 28) Populist party members saw themselves as A) a victimized majority betrayed by the establishment. B) rural revolutionaries. C) a persecuted minority. D) masses of downtrodden workers. Answer: A (p. 531) Topic: The Populist Movement Skill: Conceptual

29) National ownership of the railroads, unlimited coinage of silver, and the creation of a “subtreasury” were all a part of the platform of which party? A) Populists in 1892 B) Democrats in 1884 C) Republicans in 1896 D) mugwumps in 1870 Answer: A (p. 531) Topic: The Populist Movement Skill: Factual 30) The Minnesota Populist who saw himself as an authority on Shakespeare, economics, and science was A) Ignatius Donnelly. B) “Sockless” Jerry Simpson. C) Tom Watson. D) William A. Peffer. Answer: A (p. 532) Topic: The Populist Movement Skill: Factual 31) Southern black Populists often joined the A) Grange. B) Southern Alliance. C) Farmers Union. D) Colored Farmers’ Alliance. Answer: D (p. 532) Topic: The Populist Movement Skill: Factual 32) After the election of 1892, it became clear that _______ was of utmost interest to voters. A) workers’ rights to unionize B) the coinage of silver C) civil service reform D) black voting rights Answer: B (p. 533) Topic: Showdown on Silver Skill: Factual

33) The debate over the coinage of silver in the late nineteenth century was A) superficial because the key question was halting the inflationary spiral of the economy. B) a smokescreen created by Wall Street bankers to distract the public from their financial manipulations. C) superficial because the key question was halting the deflationary spiral of the economy. D) the key issue to understanding the floundering of the economy in these years. Answer: C (p. 533) Topic: Showdown on Silver Skill: Conceptual 34) The Coinage Act of 1873, which demonetized silver, came to be known as the ________ by the silver interests. A) “Crime of '73” B) “Corrupt Bargain” C) “Miners' Lament” D) “Gold Ring” Answer: A (p. 534) Topic: Showdown on Silver Skill: Factual 35) During 1894 and 1895, at the beginning of Grover Cleveland's presidency, the economy A) floundered in one of the worst depressions in American history. B) was devastated by double-digit inflation. C) surged forward, bringing unrivaled prosperity to all sectors of the economy. D) finally stabilized after a decade of turbulence. Answer: A (p. 535) Topic: The Depression of 1893 Skill: Conceptual 36) The small-town businessman who led an “army” of the unemployed on a march to Washington, D.C. in 1894 was A) Jacob Coxey. B) Eugene Debs. C) Terence Powderly. D) George Pullman. Answer: A (p. 535) Topic: The Depression of 1893 Skill: Factual

37) In early 1895, when the Treasury's gold reserves reached a desperately low point, A) President Cleveland devalued the dollar. B) President Cleveland ordered twenty million dollars worth of silver dollars coined even though this caused significant inflation. C) President Cleveland took the country off the gold standard. D) a banking syndicate headed by J. P. Morgan underwrote a new bond issue and saved the government from bankruptcy. Answer: D (p. 535) Topic: The Depression of 1893 Skill: Conceptual 38) The dramatic “Cross of Gold” speech won the 1896 Democratic presidential nomination for A) Thomas Watson. B) Grover Cleveland. C) Ignatius Donnelly. D) William Jennings Bryan. Answer: D (p. 536) Topic: The Depression of 1893 Skill: Factual 39) What was the main issue propounded by candidate William Jennings Bryan in the election of 1896? A) the proposal to coin both silver and gold B) his desire to have the government print more greenbacks C) changing policy so that the Treasury only coined gold D) the removal of all trade barriers and protective tariffs Answer: A (p. 536) Topic: The Election of 1896 Skill: Conceptual 40) William Jennings Bryan discarded tradition in 1896 by A) conducting a “front porch” campaign for visiting delegations. B) traveling throughout the country giving hundreds of speeches. C) spending millions of dollars on advertising. D) selecting a third-party candidate as his running mate. Answer: B (p. 538) Topic: The Election of 1896 Skill: Conceptual

41) In the election of 1896, McKinley's campaign manager, who raised an enormous campaign fund from business, was A) James G. Blaine. B) Marcus Alonzo Hanna. C) Arthur Sewall. D) Andrew Carnegie. Answer: B (p. 538) Topic: The Election of 1896 Skill: Factual 42) McKinley's campaign manager Marcus Hanna A) rejected party organization. B) allowed McKinley to run his own campaign. C) relied almost exclusively on small donations from individuals. D) blanketed the country with campaign literature. Answer: D (p. 538) Topic: The Election of 1896 Skill: Conceptual 43) Ultimately, the battle between gold and silver, A) proved Bryan right and the country began to coin both. B) remained a politically significant issue for the next century. C) was won by silver after the discovery of silver in Alaska led to an expansion of the money supply based on silver bullion. D) was insignificant because within two decades the country abandoned basing the volume of currency on bullion. Answer: D (pp. 539–540) Topic: The Meaning of the Election Skill: Conceptual 44) Comparing and contrasting McKinley and Bryan in the election of 1896, A) Bryan was pragmatic, while McKinley was an uncompromising idealist. B) McKinley looked toward an idealized rural past, but Bryan welcomed revolutionary forces of the next century. C) Bryan's approach was parochial, whereas McKinley's was national. D) Bryan's approach was national, whereas McKinley's was parochial. Answer: C (p. 540) Topic: The Meaning of the Election Skill: Conceptual

45) McKinley won by carrying states in the A) South, Great Plains, and Rocky Mountains. B) Midwest, Great Plains, and Pacific Coast. C) East, Midwest, and Pacific Coast. D) South, Midwest, and Great Plains. Answer: C (p. 537) Topic: Mapping the Past: Agrarian Discontent and the Populist Challenge Skill: Factual 20.2 True/False Questions 46) President Hayes responded with every power he had available when southern blacks were mistreated after the last federal troops were withdrawn from the former Confederacy as a result of the Compromise of 1877. Answer: FALSE (p. 522) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Factual 47) Chester A. Arthur became more dignified and sober after he became president due to Garfield's assassination. Answer: TRUE (p. 523) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Conceptual 48) In the election of 1888, Harrison gained a plurality of the popular vote, but Cleveland received the majority of the electoral votes and was therefore elected president. Answer: FALSE (p. 539) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Factual 49) In the civil rights cases the Supreme Court upheld laws guaranteeing equal accommodations and access to public places for blacks. Answer: FALSE (pp. 526, 536) Topic: African Americans in the South After Reconstruction Skill: Factual 50) The typical political boss in the late nineteenth century had the goal of reforming city government to make it more responsive to poor urban immigrants. Answer: FALSE (p. 529) Topic: City Bosses Skill: Factual

51) In the 1890s, farmers on the plains were devastated by a severe drought and a downturn in the business cycle. Answer: TRUE (p. 530) Topic: Crops and Complaints Skill: Factual 52) The Coinage Act of 1873, the Bland-Allison Act, and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act were all attempts to inflate the money supply. Answer: FALSE (p. 534) Topic: Showdown on Silver Skill: Factual 53) In 1894 Jacob S. Coxey and his “army” of the unemployed marched to Washington to demand a program of federal public works. Answer: TRUE (p. 535) Topic: Showdown on Silver Skill: Factual 54) In 1896 the Populists nominated Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan for president but substituted Tom Watson for their vice-presidential nominee. Answer: TRUE (p. 537) Topic: Showdown on Silver Skill: Factual 55) McKinley’s front-porch meetings were carefully orchestrated despite the fact that they appeared to be informal and off-the-cuff. Answer: TRUE (p. 538) Topic: The Election of 1896 Skill: Conceptual 20.3 Essay Questions 56) Summarize the major characteristics of politics during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Describe the leading issues and figures. (pp. 519–520) Topic: Congress Ascendant 57) Describe how blacks were treated after the end of Reconstruction. To what extent did Booker T. Washington symbolize the dilemma faced by most black Americans in this era? (pp. 525–529) Topic: African Americans in the South After Reconstruction

58) Explain how Populism emerged from the agricultural discontent of the late nineteenth century. Describe the major values, programs, and figures associated with Populism. (pp. 531–535) Topic: The Populist Movement 59) Describe the controversy over the coinage of silver. How did the controversy ultimately play out? What was its long-term effect? (pp. 533–535) Topic: Showdown on Silver 60) Describe the major issues and events of the presidential election of 1896. Explain why this election is often seen as a turning point in American political history. (pp. 537–540) Topic: The Election of 1896 20.4 Identification Questions 61) Atlanta Compromise A social policy, propounded by black leader Booker T. Washington in 1895, advocating that blacks concentrate on learning useful skills rather than agitate over segregation, disfranchisement, and discrimination. In Washington’s view, black self-help and self-improvement was the surest way to economic advancement (p. 529) Topic: Booker T. Washington: A “Reasonable” Champion for African Americans Skill: Factual 62) Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act An 1878 compromise law that that provided for the limited coinage of silver (p. 534) Topic: Showdown on Silver Skill: Factual 63) civil rights cases A group of cases in 1883 in which the U.S. Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which had prohibited racial discrimination in hotels, theaters, and other privately owned facilities. The Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment barred state governments from discriminating on the basis of race but did not prevent private individuals, businesses, or organizations from doing so (p. 526) Topic: African Americans in the South After Reconstruction Skill: Factual 64) mugwumps A group of eastern Republicans, disgusted with corruption in the party, who campaigned for the Democrats in the 1884 elections. These anticorruption reformers were conservative on the money question and government regulation (p. 524) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Factual

65) Pendleton Act An 1883 law bringing civil service reform to federal employment; it classified many government jobs and required competitive exams for these positions (p. 523) Topic: Lackluster Presidents: From Hayes to Harrison Skill: Factual 66) People’s (Populist) party The People’s party of America was an important “third party,” founded in 1891, that sought to unite various disaffected groups, especially farmers. The party nominated James B. Weaver for president in 1892 and in 1896 joined with the Democratic party in support of William Jennings Bryan for president (p. 531) Topic: The Populist Movement Skill: Factual 67) Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court ruling (1896) that held that racial segregation of public accommodations did not infringe on the “equal protection” clause of the Constitution; this “separate but equal” doctrine was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 (p. 526) Topic: African Americans in the South After Reconstruction Skill: Factual 68) Sherman Silver Purchase Act An 1890 law that obliged the federal government to buy and coin silver, thereby counteracting the deflationary tendencies of the economy at the time; its repeal in 1894, following the Depression of 1893, caused a political uproar (p. 534) Topic: Showdown on Silver Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 21 The Age of Reform 21.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The progressives were A) challenging the fundamental principles of capitalism. B) a totally brand-new movement. C) never a single group seeking a single objective. D) united in their vision of how to reform America. Answer: C (p. 542) Topic: Roots of Progressivism Skill: Conceptual 2) One of the roots of progressivism was the late-nineteenth-century A) effort to regulate and control big business. B) decline in immigration. C) attempt to build an overseas empire. D) harmony between management and labor. Answer: A (p. 543) Topic: Roots of Progressivism Skill: Conceptual 3) A major economic development between 1897 and 1904 was the A) devaluation of the dollar. B) acceleration of the tendency toward industrial concentration. C) successful unionization of basic industries such as steel. D) major depression brought on by Cleveland’s tight money policies. Answer: B (p. 543) Topic: Roots of Progressivism Skill: Conceptual 4) Many in the middle class were attracted to progressive reforms because they A) sought to join conservative business forces in their triumph over working-class socialism. B) feared that their sense of personal importance and ambitions were undermined by aggressive labor unions. C) could make a pragmatic alliance with the “new“ urban immigrants who were the backbone of new militant labor unions. D) felt their ambitions and sense of importance were undermined by the new giant corporations. Answer: D (p. 544) Topic: Roots of Progressivism Skill: Conceptual

5) A denunciation of the “American character” came from the editor of which of the following publications? A) McClure’s B) Atlantic Monthly C) The New York Times D) McCall’s Answer: A (p. 544) Topic: The Muckrakers Skill: Factual 6) A leading magazine editor and crusading reformer of the early twentieth century was A) Eugene V. Debs. B) S. S. McClure. C) Theodore Roosevelt. D) E. A. Ross. Answer: B (p. 544) Topic: The Muckrakers Skill: Factual 7) Theodore Roosevelt called the progressive-era journalists who investigated corruption and fraud in American business and politics A) muckrakers. B) yellow journalists. C) paper tigers. D) whistle blowers. Answer: A (p. 545) Topic: The Muckrakers Skill: Factual 8) Progressive reformers tended to believe that A) social evils were due to human sinfulness. B) social evils were due to human weakness. C) the solution to social problems was to change faulty institutions. D) social evils were God’s ways of testing his people. Answer: C (p. 545) Topic: The Progressive Mind Skill: Conceptual

9) The painters, such as Robert Henri and George Luks, who sympathized with the progressive reforms and who painted city slum scenes were called the A) progressive realists. B) abstract expressionists. C) Ashcan artists. D) socialist realists. Answer: C (p. 545) Topic: The Progressive Mind Skill: Factual 10) How did the theories of Sigmund Freud affect the ideas and behavior of progressive intellectuals? A) They were especially influenced by Freud’s essentially dark view of human nature. B) They strongly agreed with his view that almost all human behavior was determined by an individual’s genetic inheritance. C) They agreed with him that eternal archetypes were the fundamental factors in understanding psychology. D) They often used Freud’s ideas as an excuse to reject Victorian prudery. Answer: D (p. 547) Topic: “Radical“ Progressives: The Wave of the Future Skill: Conceptual 11) The progressives attempted their first political reforms in the A) Senate. B) cities. C) South. D) House of Representatives. Answer: B (p. 547) Topic: Political Reform: Cities First Skill: Factual 12) Samuel M. “Golden Rule“ Jones, Tom L. Johnson, and Seth Low were all A) progressive mayors. B) machine politicians. C) progressive governors. D) Greenwich Village intellectuals. Answer: A (p. 550) Topic: Political Reform: Cities First Skill: Factual

13) The ________ plan was an urban reform, pioneered in Dayton, Ohio, whereby city affairs were administered on a nonpartisan basis by a professional. A) mayoralty B) city manager C) home rule D) city commission Answer: B (p. 550) Topic: Political Reform: Cities First Skill: Factual 14) Russian immigrant and political activist Emma Goldman A) strongly opposed birth control. B) lived and died in almost total obscurity. C) was careful to avoid arrest for her activities. D) was in many ways a typical American immigrant. Answer: D (p. 548) Topic: American Lives: Emma Goldman Skill: Conceptual 15) The banner “progressive“ state during the early years of the twentieth century was A) New York. B) California. C) Wisconsin. D) Massachusetts. Answer: C (p. 550) Topic: Political Reform: The States Skill: Factual 16) Robert La Follette was particularly associated with A) muckraking journalism and character assassination of leading businessmen. B) municipal socialism and labor organizing. C) prohibitions on selling alcohol and tobacco. D) promotion of specialized technical knowledge and legislative reference services to promote progressive reform. Answer: D (p. 550) Topic: Political Reform: The States Skill: Conceptual

17) Headed by Florence Kelley and associated with lawyer Louis Brandeis, the most effective women’s organization of the Progressive Era was the A) Consumer’s League. B) Women’s Trade Union League. C) League of Women Voters. D) National American Woman Suffrage Association. Answer: A (p. 553) Topic: State Social Legislation Skill: Factual 18) In Muller v. Oregon (1908) attorney Louis Brandeis presented a “Brandeis brief“ to the Supreme Court, which was based on A) English, not American, common law. B) abstract, rational principles, not legal precedent. C) economic and sociological evidence. D) American legal precedent. Answer: C (p. 553) Topic: State Social Legislation Skill: Conceptual 19) On the national level, the Progressive Era saw the completion of the struggle for A) unemployment insurance. B) black voting rights. C) old age and survivor’s insurance. D) woman suffrage. Answer: D (p. 553) Topic: Political Reform: The Woman Suffrage Movement Skill: Factual 20) Late-nineteenth-century feminists were handicapped in their campaign for woman suffrage by A) strong opposition in western states. B) their demand for an equal rights amendment. C) Victorian sexual inhibitions. D) their support for equal pay for equal work. Answer: C (p. 553) Topic: Political Reform: The Woman Suffrage Movement Skill: Conceptual

21) Most states that did not have woman suffrage by 1914 and opposed the Nineteenth Amendment in the House of Representatives were in the A) South. B) Midwest. C) North. D) far West. Answer: A (p. 555) Topic: Political Reform: The Woman Suffrage Movement Skill: Factual 22) One of the suffragists’ more successful justifications was the “purity“ argument that A) women’s moral superiority would clean up politics if they were given the vote. B) because women were no more pure or impure than men, they had nothing to lose by voting. C) women must first purify politics through religion, then they should get the vote. D) women’s moral superiority would be endangered by voting unless illiterate blacks and immigrants were disfranchised. Answer: A (p. 559) Topic: Political Reform: The Woman Suffrage Movement Skill: Conceptual 23) As opposed to his successors from Hayes to McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt was A) dignified, soft-spoken, and passive. B) energetic, aggressive, and outspoken. C) uneducated, reticent, and impetuous. D) sensitive, predictable, and apathetic. Answer: B (p. 556) Topic: Theodore Roosevelt: Cowboy in the White House Skill: Conceptual 24) Theodore Roosevelt believed that the most effective means of dealing with big corporations was to A) rely on the laws of supply and demand. B) nationalize basic industries. C) regulate rather than eliminate them. D) take a hands-off approach. Answer: C (p. 557) Topic: Roosevelt and Big Business Skill: Conceptual

25) Roosevelt reacted to the creation of the Northern Securities Company by A) suing to have it dissolved under the Sherman Antitrust Act. B) summoning J. P. Morgan and James J. Hill to the White House for a tongue-lashing. C) threatening to nationalize the railroads involved unless they voluntarily dissolved their merger. D) hailing it as an example of responsible behavior by big business. Answer: A (p. 557) Topic: Roosevelt and Big Business Skill: Conceptual 26) The first progressive president and the advocate of the “Square Deal“ was A) William McKinley. B) Woodrow Wilson. C) Theodore Roosevelt. D) William H. Taft. Answer: C (p. 559) Topic: Roosevelt and the Coal Strike Skill: Factual 27) The primary result of the 1906 Hepburn Act was to A) prohibit child labor in goods sold in interstate commerce. B) make the Federal Food and Drug Administration more powerful and active. C) preserve millions of wilderness acres in the West. D) make the Interstate Commerce Commission more powerful and active. Answer: D (p. 560) Topic: TR’s Triumphs Skill: Conceptual 28) Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle exposed A) filthy conditions in Chicago slaughterhouses. B) corruption in Philadelphia’s police department. C) insider manipulations in the stock market. D) bribery and fraud in Boston elections. Answer: A (p. 560) Topic: TR’s Triumphs Skill: Conceptual

29) Roosevelt sent officials to Chicago to investigate the condition of its slaughterhouses based on which of the following books? A) Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.’s Slaughterhouse-Five B) Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle C) Jack London’s Stockyard! D) Hamlin Garland’s Crumbling Idols Answer: B (p. 560) Topic: TR’s Triumphs Skill: Factual 30) During his second term, when the progressive movement became steadily more liberal, Theodore Roosevelt A) criticized it as socialistic. B) refused to advance beyond his earlier moderate reforms. C) also took more liberal positions. D) flirted with socialism. Answer: C (p. 561) Topic: Roosevelt Tilts Left Skill: Conceptual 31) Theodore Roosevelt handpicked ________ to succeed him and carry out his policies. A) William McKinley B) Woodrow Wilson C) Charles Evans Hughes D) William Howard Taft Answer: D (p. 561) Topic: William Howard Taft: The Listless Progressive, or More Is Less Skill: Factual 32) Taft’s major liability as president was his A) sweeping use of executive power. B) total reversal of Roosevelt’s major policies. C) impetuous, aggressive, and spiteful personality. D) lack of physical and mental stamina. Answer: D (p. 562) Topic: William Howard Taft: The Listless Progressive, or More Is Less Skill: Conceptual

33) Taft got into political hot water in the 1910 Ballinger-Pinchot controversy, which dealt with A) railroad legislation. B) life-insurance scandals. C) conservation. D) adulterated food. Answer: C (p. 563) Topic: William Howard Taft: The Listless Progressive, or More Is Less Skill: Factual 34) The politician who advocated a New Nationalism was A) Theodore Roosevelt. B) William Howard Taft. C) Robert La Follette. D) Woodrow Wilson. Answer: A (p. 563) Topic: Breakup of the Republican Party Skill: Factual 35) “The betterment we seek must be accomplished…mainly through the National Government.” This 1910 call for the expansion of federal power was made by progressive A) William McKinley. B) Theodore Roosevelt. C) William H. Taft. D) William Jennings Bryan. Answer: B (pp. 563–564) Topic: Breakup of the Republican Party Skill: Factual 36) In 1912 the breakup of the Republican party produced an independent third party, the Progressives, led by A) Louis Brandeis. B) William Howard Taft. C) Albert J. Beveridge. D) Theodore Roosevelt. Answer: D (p. 564) Topic: Breakup of the Republican Party Skill: Factual

37) Woodrow Wilson advocated a program called the A) New Nationalism. B) Square Deal. C) Fair Deal. D) New Freedom. Answer: D (p. 564) Topic: The Election of 1912 Skill: Factual 38) Woodrow Wilson’s 1912 platform included A) political centralization. B) close economic integration. C) strict regulation and control of corporations. D) restoration of competition. Answer: D (p. 565) Topic: The Election of 1912 Skill: Conceptual 39) When it was passed in 1913, the Federal Reserve Act A) gave the country a central banking system for the first time since Andrew Jackson. B) decentralized and democratized the federal banking system. C) removed America from the gold standard for the first time. D) immediately weakened the power of the great New York banks. Answer: A (pp. 567, 572) Topic: Wilson: The New Freedom Skill: Conceptual 40) As part of the New Freedom, the ________ Act prohibited both price discrimination, which encouraged monopolies, and interlocking directorates created to control competition. A) Hepburn B) Sherman Antitrust C) Clayton Antitrust D) Federal Trade Answer: C (pp. 566–567) Topic: Wilson: The New Freedom Skill: Factual

41) In his first term as president, Woodrow Wilson A) used his power imaginatively and aggressively. B) courageously fought against racial segregation. C) failed to achieve most of his goals because of congressional opposition. D) was an inept and uninspiring leader. Answer: A (p. 566) Topic: Wilson: The New Freedom Skill: Conceptual 42) What happened to Wilson’s New Freedom once he was president? A) The differences between the New Freedom and the New Nationalism tended to disappear in practice. B) Wilson insisted upon enacting it in a rigid and doctrinaire way. C) Wilson was so poor a politician that he was unable to persuade Congress to pass any legislation he wanted. D) Wilson used it as an excuse for entering the Great War. Answer: A (p. 567) Topic: Wilson: The New Freedom Skill: Conceptual 43) When it came to non-whites, white progressives tended to be A) firm defenders of their civil rights. B) strongly prejudiced against them. C) advocates of special job and welfare programs for them. D) indifferent and unconcerned about them. Answer: B (p. 568) Topic: The Progressives and Minority Rights Skill: Conceptual 44) One of the most prominent black militants of the Progressive Era was A) Booker T. Washington. B) W. E. B. Du Bois. C) Oswald Garrison Villard. D) William English Walling. Answer: B (p. 570) Topic: Black Militancy Skill: Factual

45) Of whom was W. E. B. Du Bois speaking when he said: “He belittles the emasculating effects of caste distinctions, and opposes the higher training and ambitions of our brightest minds”? A) Frederick Douglass B) Marcus Garvey C) Booker T. Washington D) Carter G. Woodson Answer: C (p. 570) Topic: Black Militancy Skill: Factual 46) The organization formed in 1909 by a group of liberal whites and blacks to eradicate racial discrimination was the A) Southern Christian Leadership Conference. B) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. C) Urban League. D) Congress of Racial Equality. Answer: B (p. 571) Topic: Black Militancy Skill: Factual 47) Which statement about the progressives’ reaction to black militancy is correct? A) Theodore Roosevelt was a founding member of the NAACP. B) Woodrow Wilson was actively hostile to blacks. C) Theodore Roosevelt believed that justice for blacks in the South would come only by federal intervention. D) Woodrow Wilson sponsored the first significant civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. Answer: B (p. 571) Topic: Black Militancy Skill: Conceptual 21.2 True/False Questions 48) Social and economic changes in the late nineteenth century led the progressives to value efficiency and careful organization. Answer: TRUE (pp. 542–543) Topic: Roots of Progressivism Skill: Conceptual 49) As reformers, the progressives clearly challenged the fundamental principles of capitalism. Answer: FALSE (p. 545) Topic: The Progressive Mind Skill: Conceptual

50) “Big Bill“ Haywood led the Industrial Workers of the World, the strongly anti-capitalist union formed in 1905. Answer: TRUE (p. 546) Topic: “Radical“ Progressives: The Wave of the Future Skill: Factual 51) For most progressives, the twin roots of the evils plaguing American society were racism and poverty. Answer: FALSE (p. 550) Topic: Political Reform: Cities First Skill: Conceptual 52) The late-nineteenth-century social legislation that tried to create better working and living conditions for the poor was made possible by a liberal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Answer: FALSE (pp. 551–552) Topic: State Social Legislation Skill: Conceptual 53) The national woman suffrage campaign of the Congressional Union was headed by Alice Paul. Answer: TRUE (p. 554) Topic: Political Reform: The Woman Suffrage Movement Skill: Factual 54) Prior to becoming president, Theodore Roosevelt had been a rancher in the Dakota Territory and had written several books about American history. Answer: TRUE (p. 556) Topic: Theodore Roosevelt: Cowboy in the White House Skill: Factual 55) Theodore Roosevelt’s bookish ways made him cautious about using force. Answer: FALSE (pp. 556–567) Topic: Theodore Roosevelt: Cowboy in the White House Skill: Factual 56) During the 1902 coal strike, Theodore Roosevelt took the bold step of calling Congress into special session to pass emergency legislation. Answer: FALSE (pp. 558–559) Topic: Roosevelt and the Coal Strike Skill: Factual

57) The progressives tended to view Native Americans as fundamentally capable of adopting the ways of white “civilization.“ Answer: FALSE (p. 568) Topic: The Progressives and Minority Rights Skill: Conceptual 21.3 Essay Questions 58) Summarize the causes of progressivism. Explain its basic assumptions and values. (pp. 542–544) Topic: Roots of Progressivism 59) Describe the typical progressive reforms at the municipal, state, and national levels. Summarize the most important problems the progressives tried to solve. Explain their basic goals. (pp. 550–555) Topic: Roots of Progressivism 60) Explain why Theodore Roosevelt is often seen as the first progressive president. Evaluate his major achievements, programs, and goals as a president and later as a presidential candidate. (pp. 556–561) Topic: Theodore Roosevelt: Cowboy in the White House 61) Explain the issues in the election of 1912. Describe the candidates and their platforms. Describe how President Wilson fulfilled his campaign promises. (pp. 564–565) Topic: The Election of 1912 62) Summarize how the progressives viewed minority groups and how minorities responded to the progressives. (pp. 568–569) Topic: The Progressives and Minority Rights 21.4 Identification Questions 63) Ashcan School Artists in the early twentieth century who used as their subject matter the things and people found in city streets and slums. Ashcan artists often supported progressive political and social reform (p. 545) Topic: The Progressive Mind Skill: Factual 64) Clayton Antitrust Act Legislation that strengthened antitrust laws. Passed in 1914, it outlawed interlocking directorates, exempted labor unions from antitrust laws, and limited the use of injunctions in labor disputes (pp. 566–567) Topic: Wilson: The New Freedom Skill: Factual

65) Conservation The efficient management and use of natural resources, such as forests, grasslands, and rivers; it represents a “middle-of-the-road” policy as opposed to the uncontrolled exploitation of such resources or the preservation those resources from any human exploiters (p. 561) Topic: Roosevelt Tilts Left Skill: Factual 66) Federal Reserve Act A 1913 law establishing a Federal Reserve Board, which controlled the rediscount rate and thus the money supply; this helped regularize the national banking system (p. 566) Topic: Wilson: The New Freedom Skill: Factual 67) Hepburn Act Federal legislation, passed in 1906, that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission sufficient power to inspect railroad companies’ records, set maximum rates, and outlaw free passes (p. 560) Topic: TR’s Triumphs Skill: Factual 68) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) A militant labor organization, founded in 1905 and inspired by European anarchists, that advocated “abolition of the wage system” and called for a single union of all workers, regardless of trade or skill level; it was repressed during and after World War I (p. 546) Topic: “Radical” Progressives: The Wave of the Future Skill: Factual 69) muckraker A term for progressive investigative journalists who exposed the seamy side of American life at the turn of the twentieth century by “raking up the muck” (p. 545) Topic: The Muckrackers Skill: Factual 70) National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) An organization, founded in 1890, that united the National Woman Suffrage Association, headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, and the American Woman Suffrage Association, headed by Lucy Stone. After ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment granting women the vote in 1920, the NAWSA became the League of Women Voters (p. 554) Topic: Political Reform: The Woman Suffrage Movement Skill: Factual 71) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) A national interracial organization, founded in 1909, that promoted the rights of African Americans. Initially it fought against lynching, but from 1955 through 1977, under the leadership of Roy Wilkins, it launched the campaign that overturned legalized segregation and it backed civil rights legislation. The NAACP remains the nation’s largest African American organization (p. 571) Topic: Black Militancy Skill: Factual 313 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

72) New Freedom Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson’s term in the 1912 presidential campaign for a proposed policy that would restore competition by breaking up the trusts and punishing corporations that violated rules of business conduct (p. 564) Topic: The Election of 1912 Skill: Factual 73) New Nationalism Progressive candidate Theodore Roosevelt’s term in the 1912 presidential election for an expansion of federal power to regulate big business and enact legislation to promote social justice (pp. 563–564) Topic: Breakup of the Republican Party Skill: Factual 74) Niagara movement A response by W. E. B. Du Bois and other blacks, following a meeting in Niagara Falls in 1905, in opposition to Booker T. Washington’s advocacy of black accommodation to white prejudice; these leaders drafted a political program to achieve equal opportunity, equal justice, and an end to segregation that led to the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (pp. 570–571) Topic: Black Militancy Skill: Factual 75) Progressivism A cluster of movements for various forms of social change—some of them contradictory—during the early twentieth century; progressives generally opposed corruption and inefficiency in government, monopoly power among corporations, and wayward behavior among immigrants and others (p. 543) Topic: Roots of Progressivism Skill: Factual 76) Square Deal The phrase, initially employed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, to describe an arbitrated settlement between workers and an employer, but more generally employed as a goal to promote fair business practices and to punish “bad” corporations that used their economic clout unfairly (p. 559) Topic: Roosevelt and the Coal Strike Skill: Factual 77) Underwood Tariff A 1913 reform law that lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax (p. 566) Topic: Wilson: The New Freedom Skill: Factual 78) woman suffrage The right of women to vote, ensured by the passage and ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment (1920) (p. 553) Topic: Political Reform: The Woman Suffrage Movement Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 22 From Isolation to Empire 22.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) After the Civil War, most Americans’ attitude toward foreign affairs was that they A) wanted America to become a military ally of England. B) condemned imperialism and interference in other nations’ affairs by all nations as immoral and undemocratic. C) gave little thought to foreign affairs. D) realized that the Monroe Doctrine was undemocratic. Answer: C (p. 574) Topic: From Isolation to Empire Skill: Conceptual 2) American attitudes toward Europe in the late nineteenth century were characterized by A) veneration for Europe as the center of learning and fine art. B) suspicion of European society as decadent and aristocratic. C) envy of European imperialism. D) the belief that America was basically an extension of Europe. Answer: B (p. 575) Topic: Isolation or Imperialism? Skill: Conceptual 3) During the Civil War, ________ established a protectorate over Mexico and installed Archduke Maximilian as emperor. A) Spain B) Austria C) Germany D) France Answer: D (p. 575) Topic: Origins of the Large Policy: Coveting Colonies Skill: Factual 4) In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from A) England. B) France. C) Russia. D) Canada. Answer: C (pp. 575–576) Topic: Origins of the Large Policy: Coveting Colonies Skill: Factual

5) The aggressive secretary of state who instigated the purchase of Alaska and pushed his expansionist policies was A) Josiah Strong. B) John Fiske. C) Henry Cabot Lodge. D) William H. Seward. Answer: D (pp. 575–576) Topic: Origins of the Large Policy: Coveting Colonies Skill: Factual 6) President Grant tried and failed to annex the A) Dominican Republic. B) Philippines. C) Solomon Islands. D) Bahamas. Answer: A (p. 576) Topic: Origins of the Large Policy: Coveting Colonies Skill: Factual 7) One reason for growing support for an overseas empire among Americans after the Civil War was the desire to A) carry out God’s will to spread the virtues of the Anglo-Saxon race beyond North America. B) establish a colonial empire before the major European powers were able to do so. C) create “infant industries“ overseas to exploit the cheap labor. D) establish a series of colonies to which the former slaves could be sent. Answer: A (p. 576) Topic: Origins of the Large Policy: Coveting Colonies Skill: Conceptual 8) Alfred Thayer Mahan argued in the 1890s that national security and prosperity rested on a powerful A) economy. B) Congress. C) president. D) navy. Answer: D (p. 577) Topic: Origins of the Large Policy: Coveting Colonies Skill: Factual

9) Queen Liliuokalani’s “Hawaii for Hawaiians“ movement led to A) immediate annexation by the United States. B) American support for self-determination for Hawaiians. C) establishment of a constitutional monarchy. D) an American-led coup and the abolition of the monarchy. Answer: D (pp. 578–579) Topic: Toward an Empire in the Pacific Skill: Conceptual 10) Queen Liliuokalani is best described as a(n) A) radical communist. B) determined nationalist. C) resolute advocate of democracy. D) ardent socialist. Answer: B (p. 578) Topic: Toward an Empire in the Pacific Skill: Conceptual 11) After the Civil War, America extended its overseas influence and empire in the A) Middle East and Europe. B) Near East and Australia. C) Pacific and Latin America. D) Middle East and Africa. Answer: C (p. 579) Topic: Toward an Empire in the Pacific Skill: Factual 12) From 1893 to 1898, American expansionists tried to annex the A) Virgin Islands. B) Philippines. C) Dominican Republic. D) Hawaiian Islands. Answer: D (p. 578–579) Topic: Toward an Empire in the Pacific Skill: Factual

13) President Cleveland’s reaction to the possibility of annexing Hawaii was to A) withdraw the treaty annexing Hawaii from the Senate, but refuse to oust the American revolutionaries by force. B) send the army and navy to guarantee American control of the islands. C) withdraw the treaty annexing Hawaii from the Senate and use force to oust the American revolutionaries. D) negotiate a treaty annexing Hawaii but fail to push it through the Republican-dominated Senate. Answer: A (p. 578–579) Topic: Toward an Empire in the Pacific Skill: Conceptual 14) Americans had stronger reasons for extending their influence in Latin America rather than in the Pacific because they A) feared they would be shut off from Latin American markets by European imperialism. B) were accustomed to protecting American interests in Latin America under the Monroe Doctrine. C) saw a greater need to bring Christianity to the inhabitants. D) had much smaller economic interests in Latin America. Answer: B (pp. 579, 592) Topic: Toward an Empire in Latin America Skill: Conceptual 15) In the 1890s a nasty dispute erupted between the United States and Great Britain over A) the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana. B) seal hunting in the Bering Sea. C) British occupation of the port of Corinto, Nicaragua. D) the boundary between Argentina and British Guiana. Answer: A (p. 579) Topic: Toward an Empire in Latin America Skill: Conceptual 16) An unfortunate effect of the dispute between America and Great Britain over Venezuela’s boundary was that it A) encouraged Americans to believe they could achieve their foreign policy goals by threat and bluster. B) disrupted the international coffee market. C) encouraged American isolationism. D) demonstrated America’s continuing weakness in world affairs. Answer: A (p. 579) Topic: Toward an Empire in Latin America Skill: Conceptual

17) Before the Spanish-American War, newspapers tried to increase circulation by A) denouncing McKinley’s imperialism. B) publishing tales of Cuban atrocities. C) decrying British interference in the Caribbean. D) publishing tales of Spanish atrocities. Answer: D (p. 581) Topic: The Cuban Revolution Skill: Conceptual 18) The major issue in the Spanish-American War was the independence of A) Venezuela. B) Cuba. C) Honduras. D) Haiti. Answer: B (p. 582) Topic: The Cuban Revolution Skill: Factual 19) Faced with public clamor for war with Spain, McKinley A) played upon and increased the war fever by his irresponsible statements. B) caved in to pressures from Wall Street investors who wanted war. C) refused to panic, but reluctantly and hesitantly sent Congress a war message. D) refused to send a declaration of war to Congress, which declared war on its own. Answer: C (pp. 581–582) Topic: The Cuban Revolution Skill: Conceptual 20) In February 1898 the American battleship ________ mysteriously exploded in Havana harbor. A) Vermont B) Massachusetts C) Iowa D) Maine Answer: D (p. 581) Topic: The Cuban Revolution Skill: Factual

21) Around the same time McKinley was sending a war message to Congress, the Spanish A) ordered troops to sink the Maine, and the Cubans begged the Spanish and the Americans to end hostilities. B) and the Cubans called for a ceasefire and sent a message to Congress in hopes of adverting an all out war. C) and the Cuban nationalists were negotiating a surrender. D) ordered troops to end the fighting, but the Cubans began insisting on complete independence. Answer: D (p. 581) Topic: The Cuban Revolution Skill: Conceptual 22) The leader of the Filipino nationalist forces during the 1890s was A) Depuy de Lôme. B) Emilio Aguinaldo. C) Valeriano Weyler. D) Calixto Garcia. Answer: B (p. 583) Topic: The “Splendid Little“ Spanish-American War Skill: Factual 23) In the first battle of the Spanish-American War, Commodore George Dewey A) routed the Spanish fleet in Havana harbor and blockaded Cuba. B) devastated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. C) raided Havana and kidnapped Spanish General Valeriano Weyler. D) was humiliated in a surprise attack by the Spanish navy. Answer: B (p. 583) Topic: The “Splendid Little“ Spanish-American War Skill: Conceptual 24) The American politician who formed a volunteer unit, the “Rough Riders,“ and participated in storming San Juan Hill was A) Theodore Roosevelt. B) Woodrow Wilson. C) Henry Cabot Lodge. D) Benjamin Harrison. Answer: A (p. 584) Topic: The “Splendid Little“ Spanish-American War Skill: Factual

25) After the Spanish-American War, heated debates raged over the imperialism of annexing A) Cuba. B) the Philippine Islands. C) Puerto Rico. D) the Dominican Republic. Answer: B (p. 585) Topic: Developing a Colonial Policy Skill: Factual 26) Expansionists who wished to annex the Philippines seemed most interested in A) establishing the Philippines as the gateway to Asian markets. B) extending constitutional rights to the inhabitants. C) preserving the integrity of the Open Door policy. D) spreading democracy and Christianity to “uncivilized“ peoples. Answer: A (p. 585) Topic: Developing a Colonial Policy Skill: Conceptual 27) Some anti-imperialists objected to annexing the Philippines because it would A) increase the power of the Democrats in Congress. B) limit immigration from Asia. C) be unconstitutional if statehood was not a possibility. D) increase the power of the Republicans in Congress. Answer: C (p. 585) Topic: The Anti-Imperialists Skill: Conceptual 28) When America refused to withdraw its armed forces, the Filipinos A) demanded to be included in the treaty negotiations. B) appealed to the Spanish for military aid. C) sent a special delegation to tour America and appeal directly to the people. D) launched a guerrilla war against the American forces. Answer: D (p. 587) Topic: The Philippine Insurrection Skill: Conceptual

29) In what become known as the “insular cases“ the Supreme Court ruled that A) Congress was not bound to follow the Constitution in legislating for colonies. B) colonies could never become states. C) Congress must follow the Constitution when legislating for colonies. D) annexation of the Philippines was unconstitutional. Answer: A (p. 588) Topic: Cuba and the United States Skill: Conceptual 30) In 1900, the United States insisted that the constitution of ________ grant America naval bases and authorize American intervention whenever necessary to protect life, property, and individual liberty. A) the Philippines B) Puerto Rico C) Cuba D) Panama Answer: C (p. 588) Topic: Cuba and the United States Skill: Factual 31) Under the Platt Amendment, A) America promised it would not acquire the Philippines as a result of the Spanish-American War. B) Cuba was forced to promise to grant naval bases to America and to avoid treaties with any foreign power which might compromise its independence. C) America promised to grant independence to the Philippines by 1925. D) Cuba promised to allow American businesses to do as they wished. Answer: B (pp. 588–589) Topic: Cuba and the United States Skill: Conceptual 32) Early in the twentieth century, the United States announced that it must “exercise...an international police power“ in the Western Hemisphere in the A) Teller Amendment. B) Platt Amendment. C) “Open Door“ policy. D) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Answer: D (p. 592) Topic: The United States in the Caribbean and Central America Skill: Factual

33) The United States treated Cuba as a protectorate for approximately ________ years at the beginning of the twentieth century. A) 35 B) 25 C) 15 D) 5 Answer: A (p. 592) Topic: The United States in the Caribbean and Central America Skill: Factual 34) The principle architect of America’s Open Door policy was A) John Hay. B) Alfred Thayer Mahan. C) Richard Olney. D) Theodore Roosevelt. Answer: A (p. 593) Topic: The Open Door Policy in China Skill: Factual 35) The Open Door policy attempted to preserve the chances for American business to enter the markets of A) India. B) Japan. C) Central America. D) China. Answer: D (p. 593) Topic: The Open Door Policy in China Skill: Factual 36) The announcement by the United States that it believed in the preservation of the “Chinese territorial and administrative entity” and in “the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire” was part of the A) Open Door policy. B) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. C) Good Neighbor policy. D) Peking Accord. Answer: A (p. 593) Topic: The Open Door Policy in China Skill: Factual

37) At the turn of the twentieth century, the so-called Boxer Rebellion broke out in A) Japan. B) China. C) the Philippines. D) Cuba. Answer: B (p. 593) Topic: The Open Door Policy in China Skill: Factual 38) According to the “Gentlemen’s Agreement“ negotiated by Roosevelt in 1907, A) the main issues of the Russo-Japanese War were peacefully settled. B) China promised not to issue passports for laborers seeking work in America. C) Chinese immigration was severely restricted. D) Japan promised not to issue passports for laborers seeking work in America. Answer: D (pp. 594–595) Topic: The Open Door Policy in China Skill: Conceptual 39) A canal across the Isthmus of Panama was initially started by the A) English. B) Germans. C) French. D) Dutch. Answer: C (p. 595) Topic: The Panama Canal Skill: Factual 40) When Panama revolted against Colombia, Roosevelt A) dispatched the cruiser Nashville to Panama to help Colombia quell the revolt. B) stayed neutral even though he supported Panama. C) ordered the cruiser Nashville to Panama to prevent Colombia from subduing the revolution. D) stayed neutral even though he supported Columbia. Answer: C (p. 596) Topic: The Panama Canal Skill: Conceptual

41) In order to build the Panama Canal on the terms he wanted, President Roosevelt intervened militarily to aid the Panamanian revolt against A) Nicaragua. B) Honduras. C) Colombia. D) El Salvador. Answer: C (p. 596) Topic: The Panama Canal Skill: Factual 42) After recognizing the new Republic of Panama, Secretary Hay negotiated a treaty that gave the United States control over a ten-mile wide Canal Zone for A) 100 years. B) 25 years. C) perpetuity. D) 50 years and a day. Answer: C (p. 596) Topic: The Panama Canal Skill: Factual 43) The Panama Canal opened for ship traffic A) during the Spanish-American War. B) on the eve of World War I. C) in the 1920s. D) after World War II. Answer: B (pp. 597–599) Topic: The Panama Canal Skill: Factual 44) President ________ called his policy of influencing other countries without actually controlling them “dollar diplomacy.“ A) William Howard Taft B) Woodrow Wilson C) William McKinley D) Theodore Roosevelt Answer: A (p. 598) Topic: The Panama Canal Skill: Factual

45) American imperialism in the post-Spanish-American War era was A) short in duration. B) steadily increasing. C) non-existent. D) long-lasting. Answer: A (p. 598) Topic: Imperialism without Colonies Skill: Conceptual 46) American statesmen who pursued a foreign policy of imperialism without colonies A) were essentially greedy, thinking only of increasing profits by overseas expansion without any regard for the consequences for the people being exploited. B) refused to accept their proper role in world affairs as a major power. C) genuinely, but incorrectly, believed that they were exporting democracy along with capitalism and industrialization. D) were totally undirected and unfocused with virtually no goals. Answer: C (p. 598) Topic: Imperialism without Colonies Skill: Conceptual 47) The American foreign policy of trying to penetrate underdeveloped areas economically without the problem of governing them was A) successful because it supported broad-based economic development. B) foolish because it did not maximize the profits of American companies overseas. C) far-sighted in its sensitivity to different social and cultural patterns. D) self-defeating because it was not supported by local people. Answer: D (p. 598) Topic: Imperialism without Colonies Skill: Conceptual 48) On the eve of World War I the United States was a A) world power. B) marginal regional power. C) major, but rapidly declining, world power. D) major power economically, but still a very minor power politically. Answer: A (p. 599) Topic: Imperialism without Colonies Skill: Conceptual

49) By the beginning of World War I, how did most Americans view their role in the world? A) They had rejected the isolationism of earlier generations. B) They were keenly aware of the implications of extending American influence into underdeveloped nations. C) They did as they wanted in foreign affairs, unlimited by any rational analysis of the probable consequences. D) They had a sophisticated understanding of the implications of America’s new status as a world power. Answer: C (p. 599) Topic: Imperialism without Colonies Skill: Conceptual 22.2 True/False Questions 50) One of the most appealing reasons for many Americans to look beyond American boundaries in the late nineteenth century was the excitement and adventure of overseas activities. Answer: TRUE (p. 576) Topic: Origins of the Large Policy: Coveting Colonies Skill: Conceptual 51) Despite his later fame as a global strategist, Alfred Thayer Mahan had no disciples and no measurable influence in his lifetime. Answer: FALSE (p. 577) Topic: Origins of the Large Policy: Coveting Colonies Skill: Factual 52) Dupuy de Lôme’s letter praising President McKinley pleased many Americans when it was stolen and published. Answer: FALSE (p. 581) Topic: The Cuban Revolution Skill: Conceptual 53) Congress disclaimed any intention of adding Cuban territory to the United States with the Teller Amendment. Answer: TRUE (p. 582) Topic: The “Splendid Little“ Spanish-American War Skill: Factual 54) As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States gained Guam and Puerto Rico. Answer: TRUE (p. 585) Topic: The “Splendid Little“ Spanish-American War Skill: Factual

55) For McKinley, the most compelling reason for advocating the annexation of the Philippines was that he saw no other practical alternative. Answer: TRUE (p. 586) Topic: The Anti-Imperialists Skill: Conceptual 56) In the long run, probably the most remarkable characteristic of the Open Door policy was how traditional and conservative it actually was. Answer: FALSE (p. 593) Topic: The Open Door Policy in China Skill: Conceptual 57) Theodore Roosevelt’s successful mediation of the conflict between Japan and Russia led to the Treaty of Portsmouth. Answer: TRUE (p. 594) Topic: The Open Door Policy in China Skill: Factual 58) Roosevelt’s major fault in the Panamanian revolution was that he almost totally disregarded LatinAmerican sensibilities. Answer: TRUE (p. 596) Topic: The Panama Canal Skill: Conceptual 59) Between the Spanish-American War and World War I, American economic penetration in the Caribbean decreased. Answer: FALSE (pp. 598–599) Topic: The Panama Canal Skill: Factual 22.3 Essay Questions 60) Explain the basic assumptions and causes behind American imperialism in the late nineteenth century. Evaluate how consistent these ideas were with traditional ideas about America’s place in the world. (pp. 575–577) Topic: Origins of Large Policy: Coveting Colonies 61) Summarize the major highlights of the establishment of an American empire in the Pacific in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. (pp. 575–579) Topic: Toward an Empire in the Pacific

62) Summarize how and explain why the United States established an empire in Latin America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Explain the conflicts that resulted from establishing this empire. (pp. 579–580) Topic: Toward an Empire in Latin America 63) Summarize the causes, major events, and results of the Spanish-American War. (pp. 582–585) Topic: The “Splendid Little” Spanish-American War 64) Define “imperialism without colonies.“ Evaluate American foreign policy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as an example of this. (pp. 598–599) Topic: Imperialism without Colonies 22.4 Identification Questions 65) dollar diplomacy A policy of President William Taft to promote American economic penetration to underdeveloped nations, especially in Latin America; it sought to strengthen American influence without requiring the presence of U.S. troops (p. 597) Topic: The Panama Canal Skill: Factual 66) Open Door policy A policy, propounded by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899, affirming the territorial integrity of China and a policy of free trade (p. 593) Topic: The Open Door Policy in China Skill: Factual 67) Platt Amendment A law, passed in 1901 and superseding the Teller Amendment, which stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of American forces from Cuba; it also transferred ownership of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay to the United States (p. 589) Topic: Cuba and the United States Skill: Factual 68) “reconcentration” camps A term that referred to the Spanish refugee camps into which Cuban farmers were herded in 1896 to prevent them from providing assistance to rebels fighting for Cuban independence from Spain (p. 580) Topic: The Cuban Revolution Skill: Factual 69) Teller Amendment A rider to the 1898 war resolution with Spain whereby Congress pledged that it did not intend to annex Cuba and that it would recognize Cuban independence from Spain (p. 582) Topic: The “Splendid Little” Spanish American War Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 23 Woodrow Wilson and the Great War 23.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) President Wilson’s basic approach to foreign relations was that he A) favored aggressive military expansion by America. B) thought the Open Door policy and the Panama Canal should be abandoned as imperialistic. C) wanted to spread the gospel of American democracy to enlighten the unfortunate and ignorant. D) demonstrated a hard-headed, almost cynical, realism. Answer: C (p. 602) Topic: Wilson’s “Moral” Diplomacy Skill: Conceptual 2) The idealistic president who set out to raise the moral tone of American foreign policy by denouncing dollar diplomacy was A) William Howard Taft. B) Theodore Roosevelt. C) Woodrow Wilson. D) William McKinley. Answer: C (p. 602) Topic: Wilson’s “Moral” Diplomacy Skill: Factual 3) Wilson became deeply involved in Mexican politics in response to the reactionary General ________, who led the 1913 coup and had his former chief murdered. A) Francisco Madera B) Adolfo Diaz C) Francisco Villa D) Victoriano Huerta Answer: D (p. 602) Topic: Wilson’s “Moral” Diplomacy Skill: Factual 4) After Victoriano Huerta fled from power, President Wilson made a mistake regarding his policy toward Mexico. What was it? A) He maintained strict neutrality. B) He supported the provisionary government because of their commitment to social reform. C) He landed the marines at Vera Cruz to restore stability. D) He supported one of Huerta’s generals, Francisco “Pancho” Villa. Answer: D (p. 603) Topic: Wilson’s “Moral” Diplomacy Skill: Conceptual

5) In 1916, United States troops, commanded by General John J. Pershing, invaded ________ to capture “Pancho” Villa. A) Haiti B) Puerto Rico C) Nicaragua D) Mexico Answer: D (p. 603) Topic: Wilson’s “Moral” Diplomacy Skill: Factual 6) The Great War was precipitated by the A) Austrians launching a massive offensive across Switzerland in order to outflank and surprise the French. B) assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by a Serbian nationalist. C) French invading Germany to seek revenge for their humiliation in the Franco-Prussian War. D) inability of the French and the Germans to reach a peaceful settlement in their dispute over control of the Alsace-Lorraine region. Answer: B (p. 603) Topic: Europe Explodes in War Skill: Conceptual 7) At the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, the Allied Powers included A) Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turkey, and Germany. B) Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Germany. C) the United States, Great Britain, and France. D) Great Britain, France, and Russia. Answer: D (p. 603) Topic: Europe Explodes in War Skill: Factual 8) Many Americans favored neutrality during the Great War because A) they believed the Central Powers were going to be victorious within the first six months. B) over two-thirds of all Americans were either first- or second-generation immigrants. C) they believed the Allies were going to win the war within the first six months. D) Americans traditionally feared entanglement in European affairs. Answer: D (p. 603) Topic: Europe Explodes in War Skill: Conceptual

9) American attitudes towards the two sides in the Great War were most influenced by A) German propaganda. B) conflicts over freedom of the seas. C) British propaganda. D) Wilson’s militarism. Answer: B (p. 604) Topic: Freedom of the Seas Skill: Conceptual 10) What was the effect of the Great War upon the American economy from 1914 to 1916? A) Because of Wilson’s embargo, there was almost no effect. B) Trade with the Central Powers almost quadrupled to $3.2 billion a year, while that with the Allies fell to a trickle. C) Because of Wilson’s embargo, the economy suffered a severe recession. D) Trade with the Allies almost quadrupled to $3.2 billion a year, while that with the Central Powers almost disappeared. Answer: D (p. 604) Topic: Freedom of the Seas Skill: Conceptual 11) Wilson’s policy of holding the Germans to “strict accountability” for any American losses resulting from violations of freedom of the seas A) did not reflect most Americans’ neutrality. B) was strongly opposed by Secretary of State Bryan. C) was supported by his demands for greatly increased military appropriations. D) was consistent with international law. Answer: B (p. 605) Topic: Freedom of the Seas Skill: Conceptual 12) Many Americans were shocked and outraged when the British liner ________ was torpedoed and almost 1200 people died. A) Prince of Wales B) Laconia C) Sussex D) Lusitania Answer: D (p. 605) Topic: Freedom of the Seas Skill: Factual

13) After the German sinking of a French channel steamer in March 1916, A) the United States declared war on Germany. B) the Americans protested, and the Germans pledged to stop attacks on merchant ships without warning. C) the Americans protested and the Germans responded by sinking the Lusitania. D) Wilson came to believe the United States should enter the war but was convinced by Theodore Roosevelt to remain neutral. Answer: B (p. 608) Topic: Freedom of the Seas Skill: Conceptual 14) In wooing the progressives in the election of 1916, Wilson A) reversed himself and put into effect almost every important plank of the 1912 Progressive platform. B) chose Theodore Roosevelt as his running mate. C) appointed well-known progressive Felix Frankfurter to the Supreme Court. D) continued to oppose “class legislation” which favored “special interests.” Answer: A (p. 609) Topic: The Election of 1916 Skill: Conceptual 15) In the presidential election of 1916, the leading issue was A) Wilson’s inept efforts at domestic reform. B) American policy toward the warring powers. C) government regulation of business. D) child-labor legislation. Answer: B (p. 609) Topic: The Election of 1916 Skill: Conceptual 16) In February, 1917, the U.S. learned of the ________ Telegram in which Germany offered a military alliance to Mexico if the U.S. entered the war on the Allied side. A) Zimmermann B) Nogales C) Ludendorf D) Hindenburg Answer: A (p. 610) Topic: The Road to War Skill: Factual

17) Which of the following is an accurate description of Woodrow Wilson’s reaction toward the U.S. declaration of war in 1917? A) energized and aggressive B) belligerent and resolute C) agonized and idealistic D) noncommittal and depressed Answer: C (pp. 610–611) Topic: The Road to War Skill: Conceptual 18) If the United States had not entered the Great War, it is likely that A) the Central Powers would have won in 1918. B) there would have been a negotiated settlement because of the mutual exhaustion of both sides. C) the Bolshevik revolution would have succeeded in spreading to the rest of Europe. D) Germany would have invaded England. Answer: A (pp. 610–611) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy Skill: Conceptual 19) When the United States entered the Great War, from a military point of view, the country was A) lacking both a standing army and navy. B) poorly prepared. C) extremely well prepared. D) lacking an adequate navy, although the army was first-rate and well-equipped. Answer: B (p. 611) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy Skill: Conceptual 20) As a wartime leader, Wilson was A) too idealistic and unrealistic. B) lucky that America was so well prepared for war. C) uncompromising and blundering. D) forceful and inspiring. Answer: D (p. 612) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy Skill: Conceptual

21) During the Great War, the government agency which had almost dictatorial powers to allocate scarce materials and fix prices was the A) United States Railroad Administration. B) Council of National Defense. C) War Industries Board. D) War Labor Policies Board. Answer: C (p. 612) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy Skill: Factual 22) The alliance between leaders in the military and in business, the foundation of which was laid by President Wilson during World War I, is known as the A) Iron Triangle. B) military requirement. C) industrial-military complex. D) mobilization effort. Answer: C (p. 612) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy Skill: Factual 23) What happened as a result of Wilson’s mobilization of the home front in the war? A) The government’s regulation of the economy was extensive. B) It was so ineffective that America failed to aid the Allied forces in time to prevent their defeat. C) There was virtually no cooperation between business and the military. D) The government totally deregulated the economy in order to unleash the productive forces of free enterprise. Answer: A (p. 612) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy Skill: Interpretive 24) The former mining engineer and head of the Belgian Relief Commission, whom Wilson named to mobilize America’s agricultural resources, was A) William Jennings Bryan. B) Herbert Hoover. C) William G. McAdoo. D) Frank P. Walsh. Answer: B (p. 612) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy Skill: Factual

25) Farm income during the Great War A) dropped. B) increased slightly. C) rose dramatically. D) failed to keep up with inflation. Answer: C (p. 612) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy Skill: Conceptual 26) During the Great War, the federal government asked citizens to A) continue vigorous consumer spending. B) invest in the stock market. C) increase domestic food consumption. D) buy “Victory” and “Liberty” bonds. Answer: D (p. 613) Topic: Paying for the War Skill: Conceptual 27) The head of the Committee on Public Information, which portrayed Germany as determined to dominate the world, was A) Bernard Baruch. B) Herbert Hoover. C) Fritz Kreisler. D) George Creel. Answer: D (p. 614) Topic: Propaganda and Civil Liberties Skill: Factual 28) During the Great War, those most often suspected of disloyalty were A) German-Americans. B) Chinese-Americans. C) Italian-Americans. D) Japanese-Americans. Answer: A (p. 614) Topic: Propaganda and Civil Liberties Skill: Factual

29) During the Great War, mere criticism of the government became cause for arrest and imprisonment under the ________ Act. A) Espionage B) Sedition C) Trading-with-the-Enemies D) Homeland Security Answer: B (p. 614) Topic: Propaganda and Civil Liberties Skill: Factual 30) Which former presidential candidate was sentenced to ten years in prison under the Sedition Act for making an antiwar speech? A) George Creel B) Henry Cabot Lodge C) Robert La Follette D) Eugene V. Debs Answer: D (p. 614) Topic: Propaganda and Civil Liberties Skill: Factual 31) The Great War triggered a major movement of A) farmers to urban centers. B) urbanites to rural communities. C) southern blacks to northern cities. D) European immigrants to the United States. Answer: C (p. 617) Topic: Women and Blacks in Wartime Skill: Conceptual 32) Most black Americans reacted to the Great War with A) cynicism about the irony of a racist society fighting to make the world safe for democracy. B) optimism that the walls of prejudice were beginning to crumble. C) delight that the armed forces were desegregated. D) disgust with a “white man’s war” which did not concern them. Answer: B (p. 618) Topic: Women and Blacks in Wartime Skill: Conceptual

33) The American Expeditionary Force was commanded by General A) John J. Pershing. B) Arthur MacArthur. C) Newton D. Baker. D) George C. Marshall. Answer: A (p. 619) Topic: Americans: To the Trenches and Over the Top Skill: Factual 34) On what day did the Germans sign the armistice ending the fighting in World War I? A) July 4, 1917 B) March 14, 1918 C) May 14, 1918 D) November 11, 1918 Answer: D (p. 619) Topic: Americans: To the Trenches and Over the Top Skill: Factual 35) In their greatest engagement of the war, in September, 1918, despite the heavy loss of 120,000 casualties, American troops won the Battle of A) Belleau Wood. B) Chateau-Thierry. C) Verdun. D) Argonne Forest. Answer: D (p. 619) Topic: Americans: To the Trenches and Over the Top Skill: Factual 36) President Wilson’s plan for a lasting peace after the Great War was known as the A) Fourteen Points. B) Versailles Plan. C) League of Nations. D) Peace Without Victory Plan. Answer: A (p. 620) Topic: Preparing for Peace Skill: Factual

37) Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points included A) freedom of the seas. B) ending European imperialism. C) world disarmament. D) industrial development of the Third World. Answer: A (p. 620) Topic: Preparing for Peace Skill: Factual 38) When President Wilson left the United States to attend the peace conference in Paris he A) garnered respect from the Republicans in Congress. B) was the first U.S. president to leave American territory. C) assured American involvement in and acceptance of the League of Nations. D) had to take great precautions because of the Spanish flu epidemic. Answer: B (p. 621) Topic: Preparing for Peace Skill: Conceptual 39) Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Vittorio Orlando were A) the commanding generals of the French, English, and Italian armies. B) jailed for criticizing the war in America. C) members of the so-called Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference. D) the first three presidents of the League of Nations. Answer: C (p. 621) Topic: The Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles Treaty Skill: Conceptual 40) The peace settlement reached at the Paris conference of 1919 was called the ________ Treaty. A) Tuileries Garden B) Chartres C) League of Nations D) Versailles Answer: D (pp. 621–622) Topic: The Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles Treaty Skill: Factual

41) How did American liberals who took Wilson’s pre-treaty statements literally react to the treaty that Wilson brought home from Paris? A) They were dismayed by its rejection of the League of Nations. B) They approved of its absolute commitment to the principle of self-determination. C) They agreed with forcing Germany to accept responsibility for causing war. D) They were abysmally disappointed by what they considered a betrayal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Answer: D (p. 622) Topic: The Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles Treaty Skill: Conceptual 42) Wilson believed that any weaknesses in the Versailles Treaty could be overcome by the A) Fourteen Points. B) World Court. C) League of Nations. D) Lodge Reservations. Answer: C (p. 623) Topic: The Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles Treaty Skill: Conceptual 43) The leader of the Republican opposition in the Senate to Wilson’s League of Nations was A) William G. McAdoo. B) Newton D. Baker. C) Henry Cabot Lodge. D) Warren G. Harding. Answer: C (p. 624) Topic: The Senate Rejects the League of Nations Skill: Factual 44) When it appeared as if the Versailles Treaty, without reservations, would not be approved by the necessary two-thirds of the Senate, Wilson A) compromised with the “mild” reservationists. B) used all his political influence on fellow Democrats. C) attempted to rally support for the treaty by a nationwide speaking tour. D) lost all interest in the treaty. Answer: C (p. 626) Topic: The Senate Rejects the League of Nations Skill: Conceptual

45) Due in large part to the _______, the U.S. Congress, after great debate, voted down the Treaty of Versailles. A) War Aims and Peace Proposals B) Irreconcilables Pledge C) Fourteen Points D) Lodge Reservations Answer: D (pp. 626–627) Topic: The Senate Rejects the League of Nations Skill: Conceptual 46) One basic reason why the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the Versailles Treaty was the A) refusal of both Woodrow Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge to compromise. B) conflict between the treaty and the Monroe Doctrine. C) uncompromising opposition of the “irreconcilables.” D) failure of the treaty to include a League of Nations. Answer: A (p. 626) Topic: The Senate Rejects the League of Nations Skill: Conceptual 47) The work of radicals in the labor movement led to A) the belief by many Americans that unions were associated with communism. B) harmony in the industrial workforce for the first time since the Great War. C) increased participation in unions by all major industries. D) the development of collective bargaining. Answer: A (p. 627) Topic: The Red Scare Skill: Conceptual 48) In the 1919–1920 red scare, radicals were ruthlessly suppressed by Attorney General A) A. Mitchell Palmer. B) J. Edgar Hoover. C) Oliver Wendell Holmes. D) Calvin Coolidge. Answer: A (p. 627) Topic: The Red Scare Skill: Factual

49) The results of the presidential election of 1920 reflected most Americans’ A) support of the League of Nations. B) dislike of the Lodge Reservations. C) continuing faith in Woodrow Wilson. D) rejection of reform and idealism. Answer: D (p. 629) Topic: The Election of 1920 Skill: Conceptual 50) The most significant result of the Senate’s failure to ratify the Versailles Treaty was the A) creation of a powerful campaign issue for the Democrats. B) decision by Wilson to seek re-election. C) rejection of effective world government. D) loss of the possibility of world peace. Answer: D (p. 629) Topic: The Election of 1920 Skill: Conceptual 23.2 True/False Questions 51) When the Great War began in 1914, President Wilson called upon Americans to be “crusaders for world democracy.” Answer: FALSE (p. 603) Topic: Europe Explodes in War Skill: Factual 52) In the 1916 Sussex Pledge, Germany promised it would no longer sink unarmed merchant ships without warning them. Answer: TRUE (p. 608) Topic: Freedom of the Seas Skill: Factual 53) In February 1917, the Germans unleashed their submarines against all ships heading for Allied ports, knowing it would bring America into the war. Answer: TRUE (p. 610) Topic: The Road to War Skill: Factual 54) During the Great War, the National War Labor Board prohibited union organizing in major war industries. Answer: FALSE (p. 613) Topic: Workers in Wartime Skill: Factual 342 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

55) Many progressives criticized the Great War for depriving the urban poor of needed resources. Answer: FALSE (p. 615) Topic: Wartime Reforms Skill: Conceptual 56) Most American women who took industrial jobs during the Great War were able to keep them when the war ended. Answer: FALSE (p. 616) Topic: Women and Blacks in Wartime Skill: Conceptual 57) In the last weeks of the war, Wilson demonstrated that he could be a brilliant diplomat. Answer: TRUE (pp. 619–620) Topic: Preparing for Peace Skill: Conceptual 58) Senator William Borah led the “irreconcilables” in their opposition to the Versailles Treaty. Answer: TRUE (p. 625) Topic: The Senate Rejects the League of Nations Skill: Factual 59) Strikes in the steel industry in 1919 were one of the background causes of the red scare. Answer: TRUE (p. 627) Topic: The Red Scare Skill: Conceptual 60) The Great War officially ended for America when Congress passed a joint peace resolution in 1921. Answer: TRUE (p. 629) Topic: The Election of 1920 Skill: Conceptual 23.3 Essay Questions 61) Explain Wilson’s missionary diplomacy, particularly with Mexico. What were the results of this policy? (pp. 602–603) Topic: Wilson’s “Moral” Diplomacy 62) Explain why Americans were neutral at the beginning of the Great War and why they abandoned that policy. Summarize American involvement in the Great War and explain why America’s entry determined the outcome of the war. (pp. 603–608) Topic: Europe Explodes in War 343 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

63) Explain how the American government mobilized society for fighting the Great War. Evaluate how this mobilization affected American society. (pp. 611–613) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy 64) Summarize Wilson’s role in peace negotiations and treaty ratification after the Great War. Explain Wilson’s goals and assumptions when the negotiations began. Evaluate how successful he was in realizing those goals. (pp. 621–624) Topic: The Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles Treaty 65) Summarize how Americans reacted to the end of the Great War. Evaluate how those reactions were both continuations from and rejections of the Great War. (pp. 624–627) Topic: The Senate Rejects the League of Nations 23.4 Identification Questions 66) Allied Powers The military alliance during World War I, chiefly consisting of Britain, France, Russia, and Italy, that opposed the Central Powers, chiefly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey (p. 603) Topic: Europe Explodes in War Skill: Factual 67) Central Powers Germany and its World War I allies—Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria (p. 603) Topic: Europe Explodes in War Skill: Factual 68) Espionage Act A law passed in 1917 that made it a crime to obstruct the nation’s effort to win World War I (p. 614) Topic: Propaganda and Civil Liberties Skill: Factual 69) Fourteen Points A comprehensive plan, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918, to negotiate an end to World War I. It called for freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, national self-determination and an end to colonial rule and secret diplomacy (p. 620) Topic: Preparing for Peace Skill: Factual 70) League of Nations A worldwide assembly of nations, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson, that was included in the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I. The refusal of the United States to join the League limited its effectiveness (p. 623) Topic: The Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles Treaty Skill: Factual

71) “red scare” Public hysteria over Bolshevik influence in the United States after World War I; it led to the arrest or deportation of thousands of radicals, labor activists, and ethnic leaders (p. 627) Topic: The Red Scare Skill: Factual 72) Sedition Act Federal legislation, first passed in 1798 and expired in 1801, that placed limits on freedom of speech during wartime. Another such act was passed in 1918 and led to the imprisonment of Socialist Eugene V. Debs and others during World War I (p. 614) Topic: Propaganda and Civil Liberties Skill: Factual 73) War Industries Board (WIB) A federal agency, established during World War I, that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity (p. 612) Topic: Mobilizing the Economy Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 24 Postwar Society and Culture: Change and Adjustment 24.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) During the 1920s, how were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe affected by the new quota system of immigration? A) They continued to immigrate at the same rate as from 1900 to 1914. B) They found it much more difficult to immigrate. C) They found it much easier to immigrate. D) There was a larger quota for them than they could use. Answer: B (p. 632) Topic: Closing the Gates to New Immigrants Skill: Conceptual 2) In addition to closing its gates to eastern European immigrants in the 1920s, the United States also A) prohibited immigration from Canada. B) experienced increasing anti-Semitism. C) prohibited immigration from Latin America. D) experienced decreasing anti-Catholicism. Answer: B (p. 632) Topic: Closing the Gates to New Immigrants Skill: Conceptual 3) One of the new urban social patterns of the 1920s was the A) disappearance of the differences between working-class and middle-class family structures. B) emergence of the idea of intrafamily democracy. C) absence of serious public discussion about child raising. D) triumph of patriarchal family values. Answer: B (p. 634) Topic: New Urban Social Patterns Skill: Conceptual 4) During the 1920s, young men and women A) replaced “dating” with “paying a call.” B) were actually more old-fashioned in their sexual behavior than their grandparents. C) glorified respect for social and parental authority. D) related in an increasingly relaxed and uninhibited fashion. Answer: D (p. 635) Topic: The Younger Generation Skill: Conceptual

5) “The Chicago school” of urban sociology and accounts of the “lady murderesses” Beulah Annan and Belva Gaertner reflected societal concerns about A) birth control. B) women’s delicate “constitutions.” C) city life. D) the use of alcohol. Answer: C (p. 639) Topic: Re-Viewing the Past: Chicago Skill: Conceptual 6) Feminist Margaret Sanger was one of the A) leaders of divorce reform. B) strongest proponents of birth control. C) major critics of an equal rights amendment. D) chief opponents of prohibition. Answer: B (p. 636) Topic: The “New” Woman Skill: Conceptual 7) Those considered “social feminists” in the 1920s A) were entirely focused on passing the Equal Rights Amendment. B) sought protective legislation for working women. C) were led by Alice Paul. D) fought doggedly for the liberalization of birth control. Answer: B (p. 637) Topic: The “New” Woman Skill: Factual 8) After winning the vote, most women in the 1920s A) made major social and economic gains. B) eliminated the double standard. C) lost interest in agitating for change. D) became actively involved in electoral politics. Answer: C (p. 637) Topic: The “New” Woman Skill: Conceptual

9) In the 1920s, ________ led the campaign for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. A) Gertrude Ederle B) Edna St. Vincent Millay C) Margaret Sanger D) Alice Paul Answer: D (p. 637) Topic: The “New” Woman Skill: Factual 10) The 1920s saw immense changes in popular culture because of the two new technologies of A) telephones and telegraphs. B) phonographs and televisions. C) motion pictures and radios. D) microphones and typewriters. Answer: C (p. 640) Topic: Popular Culture: Movies and Radio Skill: Factual 11) The first significant talking movie was A) The Great Train Robbery. B) Birth of a Nation. C) The Jazz Singer. D) Modern Times. Answer: C (p. 640) Topic: Popular Culture: Movies and Radio Skill: Factual 12) The greatest film star of his era, who won fame as a sad little tramp, was A) Buster Keaton. B) Charlie Chaplin. C) Harold Lloyd. D) Groucho Marx. Answer: B (p. 640) Topic: Popular Culture: Movies and Radio Skill: Factual

13) During the 1920s, American sports were A) languishing because people had neither money nor time to devote to them. B) extraordinarily popular. C) relatively unaffected by the influence of radio and advertising. D) still regionally based. Answer: B (p. 641) Topic: The Golden Age of Sports Skill: Conceptual 14) The Sac and Fox Indian who was probably the greatest all-around athlete of the twentieth century was A) Jack Dempsey. B) “Red” Grange. C) “Big Bill” Tilden. D) Jim Thorpe. Answer: D (p. 641) Topic: The Golden Age of Sports Skill: Factual 15) The “Sultan of Swat” who transformed baseball during the 1920s with his hitting prowess was A) Babe Ruth. B) Christy Mathewson. C) Lou Gehrig. D) Cy Young. Answer: A (p. 641) Topic: The Golden Age of Sports Skill: Factual 16) In the 1920s, many rural Americans thought of the new city-oriented culture as A) encouraging people to turn to Christianity. B) blighted by sin and materialism. C) supporting their attempts to preserve traditional values. D) providing good jobs and economic mobility for their children. Answer: B (p. 642) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Fundamentalism Skill: Conceptual

17) Urban-rural tensions of the twenties produced a resurgence of A) nostalgia for Old World values. B) religious fundamentalism. C) agrarian radicalism. D) urban progressivism. Answer: B (p. 642) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Fundamentalism Skill: Conceptual 18) The popular politician who was the greatest asset of religious fundamentalists campaigning against teaching Darwin’s theory of evolution in the schools was A) William Jennings Bryan. B) Warren G. Harding. C) Charles Evans Hughes. D) Theodore Roosevelt. Answer: A (p. 643) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Fundamentalism Skill: Factual 19) The chief counsel for the defendant, John T. Scopes, in the famous “Monkey Trial” was A) Louis Brandeis. B ) Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. C) Clarence Darrow. D) William Jennings Bryan. Answer: C (p. 643) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Fundamentalism Skill: Factual 20) The 1925 Dayton, Tennessee “Monkey Trial” dealt with A) promoting free speech. B) limiting freedom of religion. C) halting cruelty to animals. D) teaching evolution in the public schools. Answer: D (p. 643) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Fundamentalism Skill: Conceptual

21) The prohibition movement was most strongly supported by ________ Americans. A) rural B) immigrant C) working-class D) Catholic Answer: A (p. 644) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Prohibition Skill: Factual 22) Prohibition was a typical progressive reform because it was A) strongly supported in rural America. B) favored by German and Italian immigrants. C) backed by the working class. D) designed to frustrate “the interests.” Answer: D (p. 644) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Prohibition Skill: Conceptual 23) The infamous gangster who grabbed wealth and power in Chicago during prohibition was A) “Machine Gun” Kelly. B) Al Capone. C) “Pretty Boy” Floyd. D) Clyde Barrow. Answer: B (p. 645) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Prohibition Skill: Factual 24) The most horrible example of the social malaise of the 1920s, was the A) campaign for birth control. B) intimidation of the red scare. C) hypocrisy of prohibition. D) revival of the Ku Klux Klan. Answer: D (p. 645) Topic: The Ku Klux Klan Skill: Conceptual

25) A major factor in the collapse of the Ku Klux Klan in the late 1920s was the A) growing public awareness of its cruelty. B) federal crack-down on its violence. C) increase in rural prosperity. D) increase in ethnically and racially mixed marriages. Answer: A (p. 646) Topic: The Ku Klux Klan Skill: Conceptual 26) The literature of the 1920s reflected the A) hopeful experimentation of the progressives. B) disillusionment of the intellectuals. C) romantic innocence of an earlier age. D) liberal faith in the basic goodness and reasonableness of people. Answer: B (p. 646) Topic: Literary Trends Skill: Conceptual 27) The Sacco-Vanzetti case that inspired many intellectuals implied that American justice had little sympathy towards A) religious fundamentalism. B) radicals and aliens. C) Roman Catholics. D) unemployed artists. Answer: B (p. 646) Topic: Literary Trends Skill: Factual 28) The symbol of the “lost generation” and the author of The Great Gatsby was A) Ezra Pound. B) Carl Sandburg. C) F. Scott Fitzgerald. D) Ernest Hemingway. Answer: C (p. 646) Topic: Literary Trends Skill: Factual

29) The expatriate novelist Ernest Hemingway A) was the least talented of the many American expatriates who gained some fame in this era. B) was most famous for his Pulitzer Prize winning novel, This Side of Paradise. C) had a verbose, rather uncontrolled style which had almost no influence on other writers. D) portrayed a world of rootless desperation, amorality, and outrage at life’s meaninglessness. Answer: D (p. 647) Topic: Literary Trends Skill: Conceptual 30) In an effort to escape postwar life and culture, which of the following authored a portrait of the nineteenth century? A) Ernest Hemingway B) Ezra Pound C) Edna Saint Vincent Millay D) Edith Wharton Answer: D (p. 647) Topic: Literary Trends Skill: Conceptual 31) America’s foremost cynic of the 1920s, who displayed witty contempt for almost everything, was A) H. L. Mencken. B) Edith Wharton. C) Gertrude Stein. D) Sinclair Lewis. Answer: A (p. 647) Topic: Literary Trends Skill: Factual 32) Probably America’s most popular novelist of the 1920s, ________ satirized contemporary society in Main Street and Babbitt. A) H. L. Mencken B) Sinclair Lewis C) Ernest Hemingway D) F. Scott Fitzgerald Answer: B (p. 648) Topic: Literary Trends Skill: Factual

33) During the 1920s black Americans experienced A) increasing union membership. B) decreasing militancy and activism. C) discrimination and concentration in northern ghettos. D) optimism based on gains in civil rights. Answer: C (p. 648) Topic: The “New Negro” Skill: Conceptual 34) The leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, whose slogan was “Back to Africa,” was A) Marcus Garvey. B) W. E. B. Du Bois. C) Booker T. Washington. D) Langston Hughes. Answer: A (p. 649) Topic: The “New Negro” Skill: Factual 35) The flourishing of black literature, theatre, and music during the twenties was known as the A) Back to Africa Movement. B) Cotton Club Rebellion. C) Black Power Movement. D) Harlem Renaissance. Answer: D (p. 650) Topic: The “New Negro” Skill: Factual 36) The most important cause of prosperity during the “new era” was the A) continued federal regulation of the economy. B) improved efficiency among American manufacturers. C) almost complete federal deregulation of the economy. D) program of federal subsidies for basic research. Answer: B (p. 651) Topic: Economic Expansion Skill: Conceptual

37) Bruce Barton’s best-selling book, The Man Nobody Knows, described A) Charles Lindbergh’s early life as an aviator. B) Jesus as the founder of modern business. C) the sexual scandals of the Coolidge administration. D) Charlie Chaplin’s career as a singer. Answer: B (pp. 651–652) Topic: The Age of the Consumer Skill: Conceptual 38) During the 1920s, the ________ industry had the single most important impact on the nation’s booming economy. A) housing B) steel C) automobile D) motion picture Answer: C (p. 652) Topic: The Age of the Consumer Skill: Factual 39) The individual most responsible for the growth of the automobile industry was A) Frank Stearns. B) Ramson E. Olds. C) Henry Ford. D) Rudolph Diesel. Answer: C (p. 653) Topic: Henry Ford Skill: Factual 40) It would be accurate to say that Henry Ford A) realized mass production could make a car cheap enough for the average consumer. B) was one of America’s greatest inventors. C) campaigned against ignorance and anti-Semitism. D) was highly popular with most Americans because of his sophistication and devotion to art. Answer: A (p. 653) Topic: Henry Ford Skill: Conceptual

41) Henry Ford believed that an important aspect in increasing output was A) increasing wages. B) replacing humans with machines. C) innovation and new car design. D) giving workers freedom with little supervision. Answer: A (p. 653) Topic: Henry Ford Skill: Conceptual 42) The almost simultaneous developments in airplanes and automobiles in the early twentieth century were due to the fact that both developments were stimulated by the A) extensive research funds provided by the federal government. B) growth of consumer culture. C) necessity for new weapons in the Great War. D) invention of the internal combustion engine. Answer: D (p. 654) Topic: The Airplane Skill: Conceptual 43) In May 1927, the first solo non-stop flight from New York to Paris was made in the Spirit of St. Louis by A) Malcolm Lockheed. B) Wilbur Wright. C) John B. Rae. D) Charles Lindbergh. Answer: D (p. 654) Topic: The Airplane Skill: Factual 44) In retrospect, the era of the 1920s seems to be clearly a period of A) rapid transition during which the complex modern world was emerging. B) peace and tranquility during which Americans shared a fundamental agreement on basic values and issues. C) foolish innocence during which the major issues confronting the country were ignored. D) nostalgic retreat to the lost values of an earlier and simpler society. Answer: A (p. 654) Topic: The Airplane Skill: Conceptual

24.2 True/False Questions 45) Almost immediately after the end of the Great War there was a flood of European immigrants seeking to enter the United States. Answer: TRUE (p. 632) Topic: Closing the Gates to New Immigrants Skill: Conceptual 46) “Re-viewing the Past: Chicago,” notes that Chicago’s tale of illicit sex and “all that jazz” grossly exaggerated the 1920s fascination with “lady murderesses” and the negative impact of city life. Answer: FALSE (pp. 638–639) Topic: Re-Viewing the Past: Chicago Skill: Conceptual 47) During the 1920s the National Woman’s party and the social feminists united to push protective legislation for women and children through Congress. Answer: FALSE (p. 637) Topic: The “New” Woman Skill: Conceptual 48) Nearly all the prominent political leaders of both parties equivocated shamelessly on the liquor question in the 1920s. Answer: TRUE (p. 645) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Prohibition Skill: Conceptual 49) Coming after the disappointments of the Great War, the steady gains of the 1920s led to a sense of resignation among many blacks. Answer: FALSE (p. 649) Topic: The “New Negro” Skill: Conceptual 50) The prosperity of the “new era” of the 1920s was encouraged by the strongly pro-business attitude of the federal government. Answer: TRUE (p. 651) Topic: Economic Expansion Skill: Conceptual

51) Henry Ford published virulent anti-Semitic propaganda. Answer: TRUE (p. 654) Topic: Henry Ford Skill: Factual 24.3 Essay Questions 52) Compare and contrast the new social patterns which emerged in Americans’ lives in the 1920s with those social patterns which remained basically unchanged. (pp. 633–635) Topic: New Urban Social Patterns 53) The 1920s is sometimes seen as a golden age of sports and popular culture. Do you agree or disagree? Support your point of view with evidence from trends, developments, and major figures. (pp. 637–642) Topic: Popular Culture: Movies and Radio; The Golden Age of Sports 54) Summarize the major urban-rural conflicts of the 1920s. Evaluate the opposing values and assumptions that formed the foundation of these conflicts. (pp. 642–644) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Fundamentalism 55) Who comprised the “lost generation”? Describe their common characteristics as well as the achievements of some of the major figures. (pp. 646–648) Topic: Literary Trends 56) Describe the major technological and economic trends that transformed American society in the 1920s. Describe the leading figures and their accomplishments. (pp. 651–654) Topic: Economic Expansion 24.4 Identification Questions 57) Harlem Renaissance A modern artistic and literary movement that celebrated African American life and culture in early twentieth-century Harlem, New York. Among its key figures were Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, and Zora Neale Hurston (literature); Duke Ellington (music); Jacob Lawrence (painting); and Aaron Douglas (sculpture) (p. 650) Topic: The “New Negro” Skill: Factual 58) National Origins Act A federal law, passed in 1929 that curtailed immigration, especially from southern and eastern Europe and Asia (p. 632) Topic: Closing the Gates to New Immigrants Skill: Factual

59) Scopes trial Also called the “Monkey Trial,” it was a celebrated 1924 contest that pitted Darwinian evolutionists against fundamentalist “Creationists.” John T. Scopes, a teacher charged with defying Tennessee law by teaching evolution, was found guilty and fined $100 (p. 643) Topic: Urban-Rural Conflicts: Fundamentalism Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 25 From “Normalcy” to Economic Collapse: 1921–1933 25.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The term with which President Warren G. Harding is frequently identified is A) New Nationalism. B) “normalcy.” C) progressive individualism. D) New Freedom. Answer: B (p. 657) Topic: Harding and “Normalcy” Skill: Conceptual 2) The Ohio gang is associated with President A) Warren G. Harding. B) Calvin Coolidge. C) Herbert Hoover. D) Woodrow Wilson. Answer: A (p. 657) Topic: Harding and “Normalcy” Skill: Factual 3) Of his life in the White House, which of the following presidents referred to it as a “prison”? A) Herbert Hoover B) Franklin D. Roosevelt C) Woodrow Wilson D) Warren G. Harding Answer: D (p. 657) Topic: Harding and “Normalcy” Skill: Factual 4) His admirers regarded Andrew Mellon as the greatest secretary of the treasury since Alexander Hamilton because he A) proposed reducing the income tax on high incomes and abolishing the inheritance tax. B) opposed lower tax rates for incomes under $66,000. C) supported the farm bloc. D) continued low tariffs on industrial products. Answer: A (p. 657) Topic: “The Business of the United States is Business” Skill: Conceptual

5) During the 1920s, appointments to federal regulatory agencies such as the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Reserve Board were generally A) liberal. B) pro-big business. C) radical. D) delayed by Congress. Answer: B (pp. 658–659) Topic: “The Business of the United States is Business” Skill: Conceptual 6) Charles R. Forbes, a Harding appointee, stole millions of dollars from the A) Department of the Interior. B) Library of Congress. C) Veterans Bureau. D) Department of the Treasury. Answer: C (p. 657) Topic: The Harding Scandals Skill: Factual 7) The illegal leasing of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, was the worst scandal involving the administration of President A) Woodrow Wilson. B) Calvin Coolidge. C) Herbert Hoover. D) Warren G. Harding. Answer: D (p. 659) Topic: The Harding Scandals Skill: Factual 8) Harding’s Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, was A) devoted to preservation of the wilderness. B) the only honest member of Harding’s administration. C) implicated in the Teapot Dome scandal. D) too mentally ill to stand trial for his crimes. Answer: C (p. 659) Topic: The Harding Scandals Skill: Conceptual

9) Immediately after the Great War, Americans generally were A) retreating into isolationism. B) anxious to participate in international organizations. C) reluctant to abandon the rest of the world. D) optimistic about a “good neighbor” policy with Latin America. Answer: A (p. 662) Topic: Peace without a Sword Skill: Conceptual 10) The Five-Power Treaty signed by the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy in 1922 committed them to A) respecting one another’s interest in the Pacific islands. B) limiting their armed forces to a fixed ratio. C) respecting one another’s interest in the Indian Ocean. D) limiting their battleships to a fixed ratio. Answer: D (p. 663) Topic: Peace without a Sword Skill: Conceptual 11) Under the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, the United States agreed to A) join the League of Nations despite its previous objections. B) cooperate with the World Court in all matters outside of the Western Hemisphere. C) reduce its navy by half during the next ten years. D) renounce war as a solution in international controversies. Answer: D (p. 664) Topic: The Peace Movement Skill: Conceptual 12) Members of the peace movement of the 1920s believed that A) peace could be attained by pointing out the moral disadvantages of war. B) international cooperation was the key to peace. C) membership in the World Court was the essential to the foundation of world peace. D) the U.S. should not sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Answer: A (p. 664) Topic: The Peace Movement Skill: Conceptual

13) Herbert Hoover’s administration reversed the policies of President Wilson toward Latin America by A) adopting the approach of the Roosevelt Corollary. B) declaring the right to intervene dependent on the doctrine of self-preservation. C) trying to teach the Latin Americans “to elect good men.” D) stating unequivocally that the United States had the right to intervene to preserve any and all U.S. interests. Answer: B (p. 665) Topic: The Good Neighbor Policy Skill: Conceptual 14) The significant change in American policy toward the Caribbean that occurred in the 1930s was A) withdrawing American marines occupying Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. B) insisting it had the right to intervene in Latin American internal affairs whenever it wanted to. C) forming a regional Alliance for Progress to encourage economic development in Latin America. D) demanding that European powers should not acquire any additional colonies in the Caribbean. Answer: A (p. 665) Topic: The Good Neighbor Policy Skill: Conceptual 15) The totalitarian challenge to the United States and the European democracies began with the 1931 invasion of Manchuria by A) Vietnam. B) Russia. C) Germany. D) Japan. Answer: D (p. 665) Topic: The Totalitarian Challenge Skill: Factual 16) Under the Stimson Doctrine, the United States A) renounced the U.S. claim of the right to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin America. B) applied the principle of the Open Door Policy to Africa as well as Asia. C) announced a complete boycott of any aggressor nation. D) declared that it would never recognize the legality of seizures made in violation of U.S. treaty rights. Answer: D (p. 665) Topic: The Totalitarian Challenge Skill: Conceptual

17) The democracies failed to unite to resist totalitarianism during the 1920s and 1930s because they disagreed with each other over the A) futures of their colonies. B) role of the League of Nations. C) morality of using force in foreign policy. D) repayment of debts from the Great War. Answer: D (p. 666) Topic: War Debts and Reparations Skill: Conceptual 18) The 1924 ________ Plan attempted to solve Germany’s post-war financial problems by granting it a $200 million loan. A) Dawes B) Young C) La Follette D) Mellon Answer: A (p. 667) Topic: War Debts and Reparations Skill: Factual 19) The Republican elected president in 1928, the “intellectual leader, almost the philosopher, of the New Era,” was A) Herbert Hoover. B) Calvin Coolidge. C) Warren G. Harding. D) William H. Taft. Answer: A (p. 667) Topic: The Election of 1928 Skill: Factual 20) The Democratic candidate for president in 1928 was ________, an anti-prohibition Catholic from New York City. A) James M. Cox B) Al Smith C) “Big Tim” Sullivan D) Leonard Wood Answer: B (p. 668) Topic: The Election of 1928 Skill: Factual

21) Herbert Hoover’s victory in 1928 was A) by such a large margin that the Republicans seemed on the verge of disappearing as a political party. B) by the slimmest possible margin in both the popular vote and the Electoral College. C) a smashing triumph, appearing to doom the Democrats to extinction. D) achieved only in the Electoral College, not the popular vote. Answer: C (p. 668) Topic: The Election of 1928 Skill: Conceptual 22) During the twenties, large manufacturers A) continued to be attacked and broken up by the trust-busting presidents. B) did their best to bankrupt and destroy their competitors. C) used their monopolistic power to gain the maximum profit in the short run. D) often sought market stability through trade associations. Answer: D (pp. 668–669) Topic: Economic Problems Skill: Conceptual 23) The weakest element in the economy during the 1920s was A) retailing. B) petroleum. C) steel. D) agriculture. Answer: D (p. 669) Topic: Economic Problems Skill: Factual 24) President Hoover believed that direct economic aid to farmers A) should have been included as part of a global plan of economic recovery. B) was necessary to ease the agricultural depression of the 1920s. C) should be opposed as a matter of principle. D) was compatible with traditional ideals of individualism. Answer: C (p. 669) Topic: Economic Problems Skill: Conceptual

25) The primary economic weakness undermining the prosperity of the 1920s was the A) extensive fragmentation in the financial markets. B) maldistribution of resources. C) excessive government regulation. D) increasing industrial consolidation. Answer: B (p. 669) Topic: Economic Problems Skill: Conceptual 26) The October 1929 collapse of ________ signaled the end of speculative boom. A) Morgan Guarantee and Trust B) Ford Motor C) the New York Stock Exchange D) Standard Oil Answer: C (p. 670) Topic: The Stock Market Crash of 1929 Skill: Factual 27) The president during the stock market collapse and the start of the Great Depression was A) Calvin Coolidge. B) Woodrow Wilson. C) Warren G. Harding. D) Herbert Hoover. Answer: D (pp. 670–671) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Factual 28) The Great Depression was a worldwide phenomenon caused chiefly by the A) worldwide stock market booms of 1930. B) faulty tax policies of the Hoover administration. C) illegal financial manipulations by large bankers. D) economic imbalances resulting from the chaos of the Great War. Answer: D (p. 670) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Conceptual

29) The economic problems causing the Great Depression came to a head mainly because of the A) anti-business attitudes in Congress. B) overconsumption of consumer goods. C) easy credit policies of the Federal Reserve Board. D) production shortages in basic consumer goods. Answer: C (p. 670) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Conceptual 30) Herbert Hoover’s primary response to the Great Depression was to A) let the Depression run its own course. B) expand direct federal relief to the unemployed. C) try to restore public confidence. D) increase direct federal assistance for the hungry and homeless. Answer: C (p. 671) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Conceptual 31) Hoover’s program for ending the Depression called for the federal government to A) take control of bankrupt state and local relief programs. B) provide direct federal relief to the unemployed. C) lend funds to banks and corporations on the verge of collapse. D) intervene actively in the economy by prohibiting manufacturers from cutting wages or laying off workers. Answer: C (p. 671) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Conceptual 32) Hoover’s plans for ending the Great Depression A) might have been theoretically sound, but flexibility was needed in their implementation. B) demonstrated little faith in his power to persuade people to act in the public interest. C) showed his willingness to experiment boldly and persistently to search for solutions. D) relied too heavily on legal compulsion to succeed. Answer: A (p. 671) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Conceptual

33) During the Great Depression, President Hoover permitted the Federal Farm Board to A) authorize a reduction in wages and output. B) increase tariffs so that any excess food would be used for domestic consumption. C) check the rapid increase in agricultural prices. D) establish stabilization corporations to purchase surplus wheat and cotton. Answer: D (p. 671) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Factual 34) One important aspect of the way Hoover dealt with the Depression was his A) overeagerness to use federal resources when state and local agencies complained they did not have enough resources. B) rejection of laissez-faire economics. C) refusal to allow federal funds to be used for direct relief for individuals. D) willingness to force people to act in the public interest. Answer: C (p. 672) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Conceptual 35) In 1932, Hoover approved creating the ________ to lend money to insurance companies, railroads, and banks. A) Federal Financial Emergency Board B) Reconstruction Finance Corporation C) Federal Reserve Board D) National Recovery Administration Answer: B (p. 672) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Factual 36) Herbert Hoover’s response to the Great Depression was inadequate because it was A) too innovative and experimental. B) based on laissez-faire economics. C) a rejection of basic American values. D) too rigid and uncompromising. Answer: D (pp. 672–673) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Conceptual

37) What was the effect of the federal government’s attempt to balance the budget during the Depression? A) It set a good example for the populace on how to live within one’s means. B) It increased federal revenue but not enough to ease suffering. C) It made the Depression worse and put the federal government further into debt. D) It increased consumer confidence and brought about the beginning of recovery. Answer: C (p. 672) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Conceptual 38) During the Great Depression, “Hoovervilles” became homes for A) homeless people. B) displaced Native Americans. C) rebellious farmers. D) Mexicans awaiting deportation. Answer: A (p. 673) Topic: The Economy Hits Bottom Skill: Factual 39) In the early 1930s, federal immigration agents rounded up ________ for deportation because of fear they might become dependent on public funds. A) Polish Americans B) Mexican Americans C) Russian Jews D) Italian Americans Answer: B (p. 673) Topic: The Economy Hits Bottom Skill: Factual 40) The Bonus Army which came to Washington, D.C. in 1932, consisted largely of A) unemployed steelworkers. B) municipal, county, and state employees. C) leftwing activists. D) unemployed veterans. Answer: D (p. 673) Topic: The Economy Hits Bottom Skill: Factual

41) Disgruntled by the events of the 1920s, a considerable number of members of which group became interested in communism? A) Democrats B) industrial workers C) farmers D) intellectuals Answer: D (p. 674) Topic: The Economy Hits Bottom Skill: Conceptual 42) How were families of the unemployed affected by the Great Depression? A) Grandparents tended to become more important than parents. B) Wives’ influence tended to increase. C) Parents’ authority tended to increase. D) The birthrate increased sharply. Answer: B (p. 675) Topic: The Depression and Its Victims Skill: Conceptual 43) Franklin D. Roosevelt owed his nomination for president to his success as A) mayor of New York City. B) U.S. Senator from Ohio. C) governor of New York. D) secretary of commerce. Answer: C (p. 675) Topic: The Election of 1932 Skill: Factual 44) During the 1920s, Franklin D. Roosevelt’s political ideas were A) shaped by his extensive study of the writings of John Maynard Keynes. B) uniformly in agreement with the socialism of Eugene Debs and Norman Thomas. C) profoundly influenced by his experience of daily contact with the poor as a social worker. D) consistent with the basic values of Coolidge prosperity. Answer: D (p. 675) Topic: The Election of 1932 Skill: Conceptual

45) President Franklin Roosevelt called his plan of reform and recovery the A) Square Deal. B) New Deal. C) New Nationalism. D) New Era. Answer: B (p. 676) Topic: The Election of 1932 Skill: Factual 46) Unlike the policies of his opponent, Franklin Roosevelt pledged during his campaign that his administration would A) do what was necessary to protect individuals and advance the public good. B) protect big business and allow prosperity to trickle down. C) act conservatively in its approach to the nation’s problems. D) adhere to the conventional limitations of governmental power. (p. 676) Answer: A Topic: The Election of 1932 Skill: Conceptual 47) The heart of Roosevelt’s New Deal was A) decreasing the size of the federal government. B) laissez-faire economics. C) democratic socialism. D) bold, persistent experimentation. Answer: D (p. 676) Topic: The Election of 1932 Skill: Conceptual 25.2 True/False Questions 48) Treasury Secretary Mellon believed that decreasing taxes on the rich would increase investment in potentially productive business enterprises. Answer: TRUE (p. 657) Topic: “The Business of the United States is Business” Skill: Factual 49) In selecting a presidential nominee for the election of 1924, the Democrats quickly united behind Governor Al Smith of New York. Answer: FALSE (p. 662) Topic: Coolidge Prosperity Skill: Factual

50) When the United States signed the Four-Power, Five-Power, and Nine-Power treaties, the State Department, for the first time, competently understood the full implications of such international agreements. Answer: FALSE (p. 663) Topic: Peace without a Sword Skill: Conceptual 51) In the 1920s, Congress condemned the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace as a communistinfluenced organization and forced it to suspend its activities. Answer: FALSE (p. 664) Topic: The Peace Movement Skill: Factual 52) The war debt issue of the 1920s was greatly aggravated by the fact that the Allies tried to include their debts to the United States as part of the reparations the Germans were forced to pay. Answer: TRUE (p. 666) Topic: War Debts and Reparations Skill: Conceptual 53) During the 1920s, the federal government continued to actively oppose the movement toward industrial and corporate consolidation. Answer: FALSE (pp. 668–669) Topic: Economic Problems Skill: Factual 54) Fortunately for President Hoover, America’s financial system did not crack under the strain of the stock market crash and the Depression. Answer: FALSE (pp. 670–673) Topic: Hoover and the Depression Skill: Factual 55) In the early 1930s, members of the “farm holiday” movements refused to ship their crops to market to protest low prices. Answer: TRUE (p. 673) Topic: The Economy Hits Bottom Skill: Factual 56) As a result of the Great Depression, a considerable number of industrial workers joined the Communist party. Answer: FALSE (p. 674) Topic: The Economy Hits Bottom Skill: Factual 372 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

57) In between Roosevelt’s election and his inauguration, Hoover and Roosevelt collaborated on numerous joint projects to end the Depression. Answer: FALSE (pp. 675–676) Topic: The Election of 1932 Skill: Factual 25.3 Essay Questions 58) Describe the achievements and shortcomings of Harding’s administration. Evaluate what these indicate about American politics and society at that time. (pp. 656–657) Topic: Harding and “Normalcy” 59) Summarize the major foreign policy challenges and opportunities the United States faced in the 1920s. Describe how the United States responded to these challenges. Explain the basic assumptions that led the government to choose those responses. (pp. 662–664) Topic: Peace without a Sword 60) Describe the major characteristics of the American economy during the New Era. Compare and contrast its strengths and its weaknesses. (pp. 666–674) Topic: War Debts and Reparations 61) Summarize the basic causes of the stock market crash and the Great Depression. Evaluate their relative weight as causes of the Great Depression. (pp. 668–674) Topic: Economic Problems 62) Describe the major effects of the early years of the Great Depression for Americans. Summarize the responses of the Hoover administration to this crisis. (pp. 670–674) Topic: Hoover and the Depression 25.4 Identification Questions 63) Bonus Army A gathering of 20,000 Great War veterans in Washington, D.C. in June 1932, to demand immediate payment of their “adjusted compensation” bonuses voted by Congress in 1924. Congress rejected their demands, and President Hoover ordered U.S. troops to drive them from the capital (p. 673) Topic: The Economy Hits Bottom Skill: Factual

64) “good neighbor” President Herbert Hoover’s policy to promote better relations between the United States and nations in the Western Hemisphere; it declared America’s intention to disclaim the right to intervention pronounced in the Platt Amendment and the Roosevelt Corollary (p. 665) Topic: The Good Neighbor Policy Skill: Factual 65) Teapot Dome scandal A scandal during the administration of Warren Harding in which the Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, accepted bribes from oil companies that then leased the Teapot Dome federal oil reserve in Wyoming (p. 659) Topic: The Harding Scandals Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 26 The New Deal: 1933–1941 26.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) By the day of FDR’s inauguration in 1933, banking operations A) had been suspended in four-fifths of the states. B) continued, despite several well-publicized failures. C) had collapsed totally throughout the country. D) remained largely unaffected by the Depression. Answer: A (p. 679) Topic: The Hundred Days Skill: Conceptual 2) The “Hundred Days” refers to the enormous amount of legislation enacted during the A) last three months of FDR’s first administration. B) first three months of FDR’s first administration. C) interim between FDR’s election and his inauguration. D) first three months of FDR’s second administration. Answer: B (p. 679) Topic: The Hundred Days Skill: Conceptual 3) The Civilian Conservation Corps was intended primarily to A) assist large manufacturers in their recycling efforts. B) aid western states in restoring land ruined by over-grazing. C) create soil conservation and reforestation jobs for unemployed young men. D) help farmers preserve land from erosion. Answer: C (p. 680) Topic: The National Recovery Administration (NRA) Skill: Conceptual 4) In the early New Deal, FDR hoped to stimulate business recovery through the partial suspension of antitrust laws, but with worker protection, in the ________ Act. A) Emergency Bank B) Glass-Steagall C) Reconstruction Finance D) National Industrial Recovery Answer: D (p. 680) Topic: The National Recovery Administration (NRA) Skill: Factual

5) Which of the following was NOT a result of the National Industrial Recovery Act? A) federal regulation of wages and hours B) increased union membership C) the end of the Depression D) an increase in prices and a limiting of production Answer: C (p. 680) Topic: The National Recovery Administration (NRA) Skill: Conceptual 6) The labor organization led by John L. Lewis, which fought to organize the semi-skilled and unskilled workers in major mass production industries in the 1930s, was the A) American Federation of Labor. B) Teamsters Union. C) Committee for Industrial Organization. D) Industrial Workers of the World. Answer: C (p. 681) Topic: The National Recovery Administration (NRA) Skill: Factual 7) The Agricultural Adjustment Act sought to raise farm income by A) restricting commodity production. B) granting all producers cash payments. C) increasing commodity production. D) deregulating prices and production. Answer: A (p. 681) Topic: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) Skill: Conceptual 8) Perhaps the most serious weakness of the Agricultural Adjustment Act was A) allowing destruction of crops and livestock. B) failing to assist tenant farmers and sharecroppers. C) encouraging overproduction of basic commodities. D) promoting rural migration to urban centers. Answer: B (p. 681) Topic: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) Skill: Conceptual

9) The philosophy of the New Deal is best described as A) totally rejecting previous American ideas and experiences. B) emerging from FDR’s long fascination with social and economic theories. C) lacking any consistent ideological base. D) rooted firmly in Wilson’s New Freedom. Answer: C (p. 684) Topic: The New Deal Spirit Skill: Conceptual 10) The Civil Works Administration A) offered “handouts” to the unemployed. B) aided financially ailing state governments. C) provided unemployment insurance to all workers engaged in interstate commerce. D) created jobs for the unemployed. Answer: D (p. 685) Topic: The Unemployed Skill: Conceptual 11) The New Deal program that provided billions of dollars for roads, stadiums, actors, writers, and artists was the ________ Administration. A) Federal Emergency Relief B) National Recovery C) Manpower Training D) Works Progress Answer: D (p. 685) Topic: The Unemployed Skill: Factual 12) The novel that best portrayed the desperate plight of millions impoverished by the Depression was The Grapes of Wrath written by A) Sinclair Lewis. B) Ernest Hemingway. C) Willa Cather. D) John Steinbeck. Answer: D (p. 686) Topic: Literature During the Depression Skill: Factual

13) The author of The Sound and the Fury, and perhaps the finest novelist of the era, was A) Thomas Wolfe. B) Margaret Mitchell. C) William Faulkner. D) John Dos Passos. Answer: C (p. 686) Topic: Literature During the Depression Skill: Factual 14) The most formidable of the extremists opposing Roosevelt and leader of the Share Our Wealth movement was A) Norman Thomas. B) Father Charles E. Coughlin. C) Dr. Francis E. Townsend. D) Huey P. Long. Answer: D (pp. 686–687) Topic: Three Extremists: Long, Coughlin, and Townsend Skill: Factual 15) The popular “Radio Priest” whose program criticized Roosevelt and came to resemble fascism was A) Francis Townsend. B) Fulton J. Sheen. C) Billy Sunday. D) Charles Coughlin. Answer: D (p. 687) Topic: Three Extremists: Long, Coughlin, and Townsend Skill: Factual 16) FDR’s critic who presented a popular scheme for old-age pensions was A) Upton Sinclair. B) Father Charles Coughlin. C) Huey P. Long. D) Dr. Francis Townsend. Answer: D (p. 688) Topic: Three Extremists: Long, Coughlin, and Townsend Skill: Factual

17) Justice Brandeis urged Roosevelt to A) adopt a more business-friendly attitude. B) restore competition and increase corporate taxation. C) increase enforcement of the National Industrial Recovery Act. D) appoint Long, Coughlin, and Townsend to Cabinet positions. Answer: B (p. 688) Topic: Three Extremists: Long, Coughlin, and Townsend Skill: Conceptual 18) The New Deal measure that the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional in Schechter v. United States was the ________ Act. A) National Industrial Recovery B) Agricultural Adjustment C) Wealth Tax D) Tennessee Valley Authority Answer: A (p. 688) Topic: Three Extremists: Long, Coughlin, and Townsend Skill: Factual 19) The “Second” New Deal measure giving workers the right to bargain collectively and prohibiting employers from interfering with union organization activities in their factories was the ________ Act. A) National Industrial Recovery B) National Labor Relations or Wagner C) Taft-Hartley D) Works Progress Administration Answer: B (p. 688) Topic: The Second New Deal Skill: Factual 20) The presidential election of 1936 is most accurately seen as a A) reaction against and rejection of FDR’s first term. B) sign of FDR’s fading popularity. C) dramatic example of communism’s appeal during the Depression. D) tremendous vote of confidence for FDR. Answer: D (p. 691) Topic: The Election of 1936 Skill: Conceptual

21) The chief obstacle to New Deal legislation, which FDR tried to outmaneuver in 1937, was A) the Supreme Court. B) former President Herbert Hoover. C) the National Association of Manufacturers. D) Senator Huey P. Long. Answer: A (p. 691) Topic: Roosevelt Tries to Undermine the Supreme Court Skill: Factual 22) FDR sought to make the Supreme Court more “pro-New Deal” in 1937 by proposing that A) the number of justices should be increased. B) Congress should be able to recall judges. C) the four conservative justices should be forced to retire. D) the justices should be reconfirmed by the Senate every four years. Answer: A (p. 692) Topic: Roosevelt Tries to Undermine the Supreme Court Skill: Conceptual 23) The result of Roosevelt’s “court packing” plan was A) a serious loss of prestige for Roosevelt but the saving of Second New Deal legislation. B) a surge in popularity for the president and passage of all of his “must” legislation in 1937. C) the retirement of all conservative Supreme Court judges and ensuing passage of Second New Deal legislation. D) the appointment of conservative judges by the Senate as revenge followed by Supreme Court rejection of Second New Deal legislation. Answer: A (p. 692) Topic: Roosevelt Tries to Undermine the Supreme Court Skill: Conceptual 24) When the United Automobile Workers conducted “sit-down strikes” against General Motors, Roosevelt A) thought them illegal, but refused to intervene. B) sent in the National Guard to drive the workers out of the plants. C) pledged his support to the strikers. D) ordered both sides into binding arbitration. Answer: A (p. 692) Topic: The New Deal Winds Down Skill: Conceptual

25) Roosevelt’s popularity slumped sharply during the late 1930s, partly because of the A) failure of the various Neutrality Acts. B) corruption within the WPA. C) continued crop failures on the Great Plains. D) recession of 1937–1938. Answer: D (p. 693) Topic: The New Deal Winds Down Skill: Conceptual 26) As the 1938 elections approached, Roosevelt sought to “purge” A) liberal members of the Democratic party. B) a number of conservative Democratic senators. C) Democrats who supported Congressman William Lemke for President in 1936. D) Cabinet members who leaked classified information to the newspapers. Answer: B (p. 693) Topic: The New Deal Winds Down Skill: Conceptual 27) One of the problems with the New Deal was that it A) increased the size of the federal bureaucracy and made government more difficult to monitor. B) was guided by FDR’s stubborn unwillingness to modify his ultimate objectives. C) discouraged the growth of unions. D) was limited by FDR’s very strict and narrow interpretation of constitutional limits on presidential power. Answer: A (p. 694) Topic: Significance of the New Deal Skill: Conceptual 28) The “most significant” aspect of the “Roosevelt revolution” was that it A) caused a proliferation of federal agencies. B) committed the country to the idea of federal responsibility for the national welfare. C) demonstrated the need for strong, activist presidents in the modern era. D) caused the expansion of federal power. Answer: B (p. 694) Topic: Significance of the New Deal Skill: Conceptual

29) In addition to heading an informal network of Washington women in key posts, Eleanor Roosevelt was noted for her special interest in better treatment for A) children with handicaps. B) immigrants. C) blacks. D) Native Americans. Answer: C (p. 695) Topic: Women as New Dealers: The Network Skill: Factual 30) During FDR’s first two terms, ________ dramatically shifted their support from the Republicans to the Democrats. A) small businessmen B) women C) Catholics D) blacks Answer: D (p. 695) Topic: Blacks During the New Deal Skill: Factual 31) The New Deal’s Commissioner of Indian Affairs who tried to implement more pluralistic policies was A) Harry Hopkins. B) Hugh S. Johnson. C) Raymond Moley. D) John Collier. Answer: D (p. 696) Topic: A New Deal for Indians Skill: Factual 32) The New Deal’s Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 encouraged A) terminating the reservation system. B) a separate Civil Works Administration for the Native American population. C) returning individually owned lands to tribal control. D) transferring tribal lands to individual ownership. Answer: C (pp. 696–697) Topic: A New Deal for Indians Skill: Conceptual

33) Franklin Roosevelt is best described as A) far too inflexible to be an effective leader. B) cold and awkward in his relations with the public. C) one of the most effective chief executives in the nation’s history. D) an excellent administrator who created clear lines of authority and responsibility. Answer: C (p. 698) Topic: The Role of Roosevelt Skill: Conceptual 34) Roosevelt communicated directly and effectively with the public through A) a regular newspaper column, “Ask the President.” B) frequent public appearances. C) press assistants who orchestrated his messages. D) “fireside chats.” Answer: D (p. 698) Topic: The Role of Roosevelt Skill: Factual 35) During FDR’s first term, 1933–1937, the hallmark of American foreign policy was A) neutrality and isolationism. B) dollar diplomacy. C) stopping the spread of fascism. D) confronting the Soviet Union. Answer: A (pp. 698–699) Topic: The Triumph of Isolationism Skill: Conceptual 36) The invasion of which African country is demonstrative of the expansionist aims of Italy during the 1930s? A) Chad B) Algeria C) Sudan D) Ethiopia Answer: D (p. 698) Topic: The Triumph of Isolationism Skill: Factual

37) How did the Neutrality Act of 1935 treat the sale of munitions? A) It banned their sale to all countries except when the president should proclaim that a state of war existed. B) It limited their sale to only Great Britain and France, because they had repaid their loans from the Great War. C) It approved of their sale to those nations “protected” by the Monroe Doctrine. D) It forbade their sale to all belligerents whenever the president should proclaim that a state of war existed. Answer: D (pp. 698–699) Topic: The Triumph of Isolationism Skill: Conceptual 38) Democracy and fascism clashed in 1936 when civil war broke out in A) Italy. B) Spain. C) France. D) Austria. Answer: B (p. 699) Topic: The Triumph of Isolationism Skill: Factual 39) In March 1939 Adolph Hitler broke his promise made at Munich and seized A) Denmark. B) France. C) Austria. D) Czechoslovakia. Answer: D (p. 700) Topic: War Again in Asia and Europe Skill: Factual 40) In 1939, Britain and France declared war after Germany invaded A) Czechoslovakia. B) Austria. C) Holland. D) Poland. Answer: D (p. 700) Topic: War Again in Asia and Europe Skill: Factual

41) How did the German attack on Poland affect Americans’ thinking? A) It confirmed their isolationism and made them even more unwilling to support any hints of mobilization for war. B) Keeping out of the war remained an almost universal hope, but preventing a Nazi victory became their ultimate objective. C) They rallied to the Allied cause, demanding an immediate declaration of war against Germany. D) Americans realized war could no longer be avoided, but were unwilling to begin mobilization for war. Answer: B (p. 701) Topic: War Again in Asia and Europe Skill: Conceptual 42) The federally funded top-secret atomic bomb program established by Roosevelt in 1939 was known as the A) Einstein Program. B) Luftwaffe. C) Manhattan Project. D) A-Bomb Experiment. Answer: C (p. 701) Topic: War Again in Asia and Europe Skill: Factual 43) In 1940, the Roosevelt administration “traded” 50 World War I destroyers to Great Britain for A) 240 aircraft. B) air bases in Canada. C) twelve battleships. D) naval bases in the Caribbean. Answer: D (pp. 701–702) Topic: War Again in Asia and Europe Skill: Conceptual 44) In early 1941, FDR proposed aiding the financially exhausted British under the ________ Act. A) Burke-Wadsworth B) Lend-Lease C) War Resources D) Neutrality Answer: B (p. 703) Topic: The Undeclared War Skill: Factual

45) FDR spoke for the hopes of many for a better post-war world when he expressed his goal of A) “making the world safe for democracy.” B) Four Freedoms. C) One World. D) “peace in our time.” Answer: B (p. 703) Topic: The Undeclared War Skill: Factual 46) At the end of November, 1941, the United States was A) still unwilling to aid England. B) fighting an undeclared naval war with Japan. C) virtually unprepared for the possibility of war. D) fighting an undeclared naval war with Germany. Answer: D (p. 703) Topic: The Undeclared War Skill: Conceptual 26.2 True/False Questions 47) The “bank holiday” declared by Franklin Roosevelt restored public confidence but determined that banks would now be publicly owned institutions. Answer: FALSE (pp. 678–679) Topic: The Hundred Days Skill: Conceptual 48) Private power companies generally opposed the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Answer: TRUE (p. 683) Topic: The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Skill: Conceptual 49) One of FDR’s major accomplishments was eliminating battles for influence in the government among special interest groups. Answer: FALSE (p. 684) Topic: The New Deal Spirit Skill: Conceptual 50) A state-federal system of unemployment insurance was one provision of the Social Security Act. Answer: TRUE (p. 689) Topic: The Second New Deal Skill: Factual

51) FDR created the Rural Electrification Administration in order to build federally funded hydroelectric dams in the Midwest. Answer: FALSE (p. 689) Topic: The Second New Deal Skill: Factual 52) Despite their best efforts, Eleanor Roosevelt and Molly Dewson were unable to increase the number of women employed in important positions in government. Answer: FALSE (pp. 694–695) Topic: Women as New Dealers: The Network Skill: Factual 53) FDR’s policy toward the 1933 London World Economic Conference indicated that he placed the revival of the American economy ahead of general world recovery. Answer: TRUE (p. 698) Topic: The Triumph of Isolationism Skill: Conceptual 54) According to “Re-Viewing the Past,” Cinderella Man is generally quite accurate, but it ignores the ethnic divisions of the era. Answer: TRUE (pp. 704–705) Topic: Re-Viewing the Past: Cinderella Man Skill: Conceptual 26.3 Essay Questions 55) Summarize the major programs, assumptions, and methods of the First New Deal. (pp. 684–690) Topic: The New Deal Spirit 56) Compare and contrast the First and Second New Deals. Analyze the factors that led to the Second New Deal. (pp. 678–697) Topic: The Second New Deal 57) Explain the long-term significance of the New Deal. Summarize its impact on factory workers, blacks, women, and Native Americans. (pp. 693–694) Topic: Significance of the New Deal 58) Summarize the highlights of American foreign policy from 1933 to the beginning of World War II in Europe. Explain the assumptions and values that guided it. (pp. 698–699) Topic: The Triumph of Isolationism

59) Summarize the response of FDR’s administration to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Compare and contrast the response of the administration with the response of the American public. (pp. 699–702) Topic: War Again in Asia and Europe 26.4 Identification Questions 60) Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) New Deal legislation that raised farm prices by restricting output of staple crops. It restricted production and paid subsidies to growers; declared unconstitutional in 1936 (p. 681) Topic: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) Skill: Factual 61) Axis Powers A term for the alliance between Nazi Germany and Italy after 1936 and, after 1940, Japan (p. 702) Topic: War Again in Asia and Europe Skill: Factual 62) Blitzkrieg A German tactic in World War II, translated as “lightning war,” involving the coordinated attack of air and armored firepower (p. 701) Topic: War Again in Asia and Europe Skill: Factual 63) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) A New Deal program to provide government jobs in reforestation, flood control, and other conservation projects to young men between ages eighteen and twenty-five (p. 680) Topic: The National Recovery Administration (NRA) Skill: Factual 64) Lend-Lease Act A military aid measure, proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 and adopted by Congress, empowering the president to sell, lend, lease, or transfer $7 billion of war material to any country whose defense he declared as vital to that of the United States (p. 703) Topic: The Undeclared War Skill: Factual 65) Manhattan Project The code name for the extensive United States military project, established in 1942, to produce fissionable uranium and plutonium, and to design and build an atomic bomb. Costing nearly $2 billion, the effort culminated in the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 (p. 701) Topic: War Again in Asia and Europe Skill: Factual

66) National Recovery Administration (NRA) A New Deal agency, established in 1933, to promote economic recovery, that promulgated industry-wide codes to control production, prices, and wages (p. 680) Topic: The National Recovery Administration (NRA) Skill: Factual 67) neutrality acts Legislation affirming nonbelligerency in the event of war. In relation to American history, such legislation was passed in 1794 to preclude American entanglement in the Napoleonic Wars; similar laws were passed just before and after World War I, especially during the 1930s (pp. 698–699) Topic: The Triumph of Isolationism Skill: Factual 68) New Deal A broad program of legislation proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to promote recovery from the Great Depression and provide relief for those in distress (p. 679) Topic: The Hundred Days Skill: Factual 69) Social Security Act A component of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, it established in 1935 a system of old-age, unemployment, and survivors’ insurance funded by wage and payroll taxes (p. 689) Topic: The Second New Deal Skill: Factual 70) Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) A New Deal agency that built and operated dams and power plants on the Tennessee River; it also promoted flood control, soil conservation, and reforestation (p. 683) Topic: The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Skill: Factual 71) Wagner Act Officially the National Labor Relations Act and sometimes called Labor’s Magna Carta, it gave workers the right to organize and bargain collectively. It also created the National Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections and stop unfair labor practices by employers (p. 688) Topic: The Second New Deal Skill: Factual 72) Works Progress Administration (WPA) A New Deal agency, established in 1935 and run by Harry Hopkins, that spent $11 billion on federal works projects and provided employment for 8.5 million persons (p. 685) Topic: The Unemployed Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 27 War and Peace: 1941–1945 27.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) In conferences with the Japanese ambassador in the spring of 1941, Secretary of State Cordell Hull A) attempted to satisfy Japanese demands for raw materials. B) threatened Japan with war unless it withdrew from the Philippines. C) insisted that Japan withdraw from China and pledge no further aggression. D) demonstrated his sophisticated appreciation of the military and political situation in East Asia. Answer: C (p. 709) Topic: The Road to Pearl Harbor Skill: Conceptual 2) The United States declared war on Japan after the surprise attack on December 7, 1941 on A) Manchuria. B) French Indochina. C) Pearl Harbor. D) Midway Island. Answer: C (p. 710) Topic: The Road to Pearl Harbor Skill: Factual 3) Roosevelt's greatest accomplishment as a wartime leader was his A) energetic diplomacy at Yalta. B) skillful administration of war production. C) brilliant military strategy. D) ability to inspire people with a sense of national purpose. Answer: D (p. 710) Topic: Mobilizing the Home Front Skill: Conceptual 4) The World War II board which exercised complete control over domestic prices and wages was the A) Office of War Mobilization. B) Supplies Priorities and Allocation Board. C) Office of Production Management. D) National Defense Mediation Board. Answer: A (p. 711) Topic: The War Economy Skill: Factual

5) How did the war effort between 1941 and 1945 affect the U.S. standard of living? A) It lowered the standard of living for women workers. B) It had almost no adverse effect on the average person's standard of living. C) It greatly improved the average person's standard of living. D) It lowered the standard of living for industrial workers. Answer: B (pp. 711–712) Topic: The War Economy Skill: Conceptual 6) Between 1941 and 1945, spending by the federal government was A) twice as much as in its entire previous history. B) paid for entirely by a greatly expanded income tax. C) almost exactly the same as New Deal expenditures from 1936 to 1940. D) paid for almost entirely by a national sales tax. Answer: A (p. 712) Topic: The War Economy Skill: Factual 7) To pay almost 40% of the cost of World War II, the government A) borrowed from corporations. B) simply printed as much paper money as needed. C) increased taxes. D) borrowed from Great Britain. Answer: C (p. 712) Topic: The War Economy Skill: Factual 8) A major social effect of World War II on American life was a A) declining marriage rate. B) return of women to the role of full-time housewives. C) general decrease in the income of workers and farmers. D) tendency for the population to shift to California and other far western states. Answer: D (p. 712) Topic: War and Social Change Skill: Conceptual

9) During World War II, American families experienced A) decreasing marriage and birth rates. B) increasing marriage rates, but decreasing birth rates. C) decreasing marriage rates, but increasing birth rates. D) increasing marriage and birth rates. Answer: D (p. 712) Topic: War and Social Change Skill: Conceptual 10) The lives of black Americans improved during and immediately after World War II because A) the armed forces were fully integrated. B) Hitler's brutal treatment of Jews led Americans to reexamine their own racial views. C) black leaders patiently waited for justice while patriotically and unquestioningly supporting the war. D) Roosevelt made the realization of democracy and equality at home a top wartime priority. Answer: B (p. 712) Topic: Minorities in Time of War: Blacks, Hispanics, and Indians Skill: Conceptual 11) During World War II, black males were A) not allowed to serve in the armed forces. B) not allowed to serve in the military overseas. C) incorporated into the regular services without regard to race. D) permitted to join the various military services, but were segregated. Answer: D (p. 713) Topic: Minorities in Time of War: Blacks, Hispanics, and Indians Skill: Conceptual 12) In 1943, young ________ were attacked by rioting sailors in Los Angeles. A) blacks B) Japanese C) Hispanics D) Chinese Answer: C (p. 714) Topic: Minorities in Time of War: Blacks, Hispanics, and Indians Skill: Factual

13) Over 100,000 ________ were relocated and interned in the U.S. during World War II. A) Chinese Americans B) Italian Americans C) Japanese Americans D) German Americans Answer: C (p. 715) Topic: Internment of Japanese Americans Skill: Factual 14) “The very fact that no sabotage has taken place to date is a disturbing and confirming indication that such an act will be taken.” So said General John L. Dewitt justifying A) American entry into the war. B) increased patrols in German American neighborhoods. C) the requirement that all citizens of Japanese or German descent carry identification cards. D) the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans. Answer: D (p. 715) Topic: Internment of Japanese Americans Skill: Factual 15) In regards to female entry into the traditionally male-dominated workforce, unions A) doubted women could handle the work. B) actively sought women to fill their ranks. C) defended women’s abilities to industrial employers. D) were ambivalent as long as the work was done. Answer: A (p. 716) Topic: Women's Contribution to the War Effort Skill: Conceptual 16) What happened when women entered the work force during World War II? A) Black women generally had fewer problems. B) Male resistance evaporated as the demand for labor grew. C) The government created an extensive daycare program for women with young children. D) Men welcomed them immediately because of the wartime crisis. Answer: B (p. 716) Topic: Women's Contribution to the War Effort Skill: Conceptual

17) Immediately after Pearl Harbor, American and British strategists decided to A) concentrate first against Japan. B) develop the atomic bomb. C) concentrate first against Germany. D) develop radar. Answer: C (p. 718) Topic: Allied Strategy: Europe First Skill: Conceptual 18) In November 1942, Allied forces made their first attack on Nazi-controlled territory by landing in A) France. B) Italy. C) Sicily. D) French North Africa. Answer: D (p. 719) Topic: Allied Strategy: Europe First Skill: Factual 19) According to the map “The Liberation of Europe,” which of the following was a site of a major Allied victory? A) Berlin B) Warsaw C) Vienna D) Stalingrad Answer: D (p. 719) Topic: Allied Strategy: Europe First Skill: Factual 20) The Allied campaign in Italy A) allowed a dramatically successful invasion of Germany from the south. B) was disappointing, even though it weakened the enemy. C) was a humiliating defeat for Eisenhower. D) advanced far more rapidly than expected. Answer: B (p. 720) Topic: Allied Strategy: Europe First Skill: Conceptual

21) On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Allies invaded A) Denmark. B) Italy. C) North Africa. D) France. Answer: D (p. 720) Topic: Germany Overwhelmed Skill: Factual 22) A desperate German counterattack in December 1944, at the German-Belgian border, almost broke the Allied lines. This was the Battle of A) the Bulge. B) Ypres. C) Agincourt. D) the Argonne. Answer: A (p. 720) Topic: Germany Overwhelmed Skill: Factual 23) Prior to 1943, Americans A) had no idea that the Nazis were persecuting Jews. B) urged Roosevelt to liberate the concentration camps. C) dismissed the news of Jewish persecution as either propaganda or serious exaggeration. D) were keenly aware of the deaths of millions of Jews in German death camps. Answer: C (p. 721) Topic: Germany Overwhelmed Skill: Conceptual 24) In response to the slaughter of Jews by the Nazis, the Roosevelt administration A) did almost nothing. B) destroyed railroads leading to the death camps. C) helped Jewish refugees escape. D) bombed the death camps. Answer: A (p. 721) Topic: Germany Overwhelmed Skill: Conceptual

25) The technological development which revolutionized naval warfare in World War II was the A) submarine. B) airplane. C) shortwave radio. D) anti-aircraft gun. Answer: B (p. 724) Topic: The Naval War in the Pacific Skill: Factual 26) The initiative in the Pacific shifted to the Americans as a result of the 1942 battles of A) Coral Sea and Midway. B) Manila and Tarawa. C) Saipan and Guadalcanal. D) Okinawa and Iwo Jima. Answer: A (p. 724) Topic: The Naval War in the Pacific Skill: Factual 27) The brilliant and egocentric commander of American land forces in the Pacific was A) Chester Nimitz. B) George S. Patton. C) Bernard Montgomery. D) Douglas MacArthur. Answer: D (p. 725) Topic: The Naval War in the Pacific Skill: Factual 28) The American strategy in the Pacific called for a A) single drive from New Guinea toward the Philippines. B) two-pronged drive from New Guinea toward the Philippines and from the central Pacific toward Tokyo. C) three-pronged drive from New Guinea toward the Philippines, from the central Pacific toward Tokyo, and from Australia toward the Gilbert Islands. D) single drive from the central Pacific toward Tokyo. Answer: B (p. 725) Topic: The Naval War in the Pacific Skill: Conceptual

29) The American strategy in the Pacific to conquer only strategic islands was called A) “leapfrogging.” B) “island bingo.” C) “island hopping.” D) “containment.” Answer: C (p. 725) Topic: Island Hopping Skill: Factual 30) In August 1942, Americans began their campaign in the Pacific by attacking the island of A) Eniwetok. B) Guadalcanal. C) Okinawa. D) Iwo Jima. Answer: B (p. 725) Topic: Island Hopping Skill: Factual 31) As a result of the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle for Leyte Gulf, Japan A) was destroyed as a sea power. B) controlled the major Pacific sea lanes. C) conquered the Philippines. D) gained an early advantage against the American navy. Answer: A (p. 726) Topic: Island Hopping Skill: Conceptual 32) When President Roosevelt died in April 1945, he was succeeded by A) Dwight Eisenhower. B) Henry Wallace. C) Thomas E. Dewey. D) Harry Truman. Answer: D (p. 727) Topic: Building the Atom Bomb Skill: Factual

33) During the early 1940s, the Manhattan Project was established to create the A) atomic bomb. B) United Nations. C) jet airplane. D) Central Intelligence Agency. Answer: A (p. 727) Topic: Building the Atom Bomb Skill: Factual 34) President Truman dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki because he A) thought bombing Tokyo would have left Japan without a government to surrender. B) wanted to persuade the Soviet Union to intervene in the fight against Japan. C) hoped to bring the war to a quick end and save lives. D) did not have enough U.S. soldiers for a conventional invasion of Japan. Answer: C (pp. 727–728) Topic: Building the Atom Bomb Skill: Conceptual 35) A new period of international cooperation was entered with the signing of what in San Francisco in June 1945? A) the Armistice B) the United Nations Charter C) the Non-Aggression Pact D) the League of Nations Charter Answer: B (p. 728) Topic: Building the Atom Bomb Skill: Conceptual 36) During World War II, mass persuasion campaigns promoted a ______ viewpoint. A) pro-German B) pacifistic C) pro-Soviet D) isolationist Answer: C (p. 728) Topic: Wartime Diplomacy Skill: Conceptual

37) How well did the Soviets cooperate with the Americans during the war? A) They refused to sign the Declaration of the United Nations of 1942. B) They shared a common commitment to defeating Hitler and seemed willing to cooperate on postwar problems. C) They reinstated the Comintern to promulgate world revolution. D) They cooperated only reluctantly and with great hesitation. Answer: B (p. 729) Topic: Wartime Diplomacy Skill: Conceptual 38) The real center of authority in the United Nations was the A) General Assembly. B) Economic and Social Council. C) Security Council. D) World Court. Answer: C (p. 729) Topic: Wartime Diplomacy Skill: Factual 39) One of the major limitations of the United Nations Security Council was that A) only great powers could be members. B) neither the English nor the French were initially members. C) all of its actions had to be approved by the General Assembly. D) any great power could block UN action. Answer: D (p. 729) Topic: Wartime Diplomacy Skill: Conceptual 40) How one understands the disagreements among the Allies which emerged late in the war depends on how one views the A) postwar Soviet system. B) collapse of the British empire. C) United Nations. D) American worldview. Answer: A (p. 730) Topic: Allied Suspicion of Stalin Skill: Conceptual

41) A major cause of friction between the Soviets and the other Allies was A) Soviet plans to invade Italy during the last phases of the war. B) England's expulsion of British communists after the Soviet Union was invaded by Germany. C) France's hopes to annex large parts of Germany. D) Soviet resentment of the British-American delay in opening a second front. Answer: D (p. 730) Topic: Allied Suspicion of Stalin Skill: Conceptual 42) At the ________ Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to Soviet annexation of large sections of eastern Poland. A) Casablanca B) Yalta C) Potsdam D) Geneva Answer: B (p. 730) Topic: Yalta and Potsdam Skill: Factual 43) Stalin believed that dominating Poland through an unpopular pro-Soviet government A) would be bitterly resisted by the U.S. and England. B) was not necessary for future Soviet security. C) would be popular with Polish-Americans. D) was of no strategic importance to Britain or the United States. Answer: D (pp. 730–731) Topic: Yalta and Potsdam Skill: Conceptual 44) At the Potsdam meeting in July 1945, the victorious Allies agreed to A) hold free elections in all of Europe liberated from the Nazis. B) have future discussions on international control of the atomic bomb. C) divide Germany into four zones of occupation. D) exact no reparations from Germany because the reparations after World War I had helped cause World War II. Answer: C (p. 729) Topic: Yalta and Potsdam Skill: Conceptual

45) World War II “caused a fundamental change in international politics.” One aspect of this change was the A) sudden independence gained by many former European colonies in Africa. B) formation of a world government under the United Nations. C) triumph of isolationism in America. D) reduction of all the western European nations to the status of second-class powers. Answer: D (p. 731) Topic: Yalta and Potsdam Skill: Conceptual 27.2 True/False Questions 46) During World War II, about two million men and women entered the American armed forces. Answer: FALSE (p. 710) Topic: Mobilizing the Home Front Skill: Factual 47) Keynesian economists were proven false when government spending during World War II sparked economic growth. Answer: FALSE (p. 711) Topic: Mobilizing the Home Front Skill: Conceptual 48) During World War II, the income tax was extended to most workers and the payroll-deduction system for taxes was adopted. Answer: TRUE (p. 712) Topic: The War Economy Skill: Factual 49) World War II tended to reverse the Indian New Deal policies of encouraging preservation of traditional cultures. Answer: TRUE (p. 714) Topic: Minorities in Time of War: Blacks, Hispanics, and Indians Skill: Conceptual 50) The many hasty marriages at the beginning of World War II were followed by a dramatic rise in divorces at the end of the war. Answer: TRUE (p. 717) Topic: Women's Contribution to the War Effort Skill: Factual

51) Winston Churchill insisted that the first priority for American and British strategy should be easing the pressure on the Soviet Union. Answer: FALSE (pp. 717–718) Topic: Allied Strategy: Europe First Skill: Conceptual 52) Although many strategists thought it should be bypassed, General MacArthur believed that the American army should retake the Philippines on its way to Japan. Answer: TRUE (p. 725) Topic: The Naval War in the Pacific Skill: Factual 53) The total battlefield dead in World War II was about 20 million. Answer: TRUE (p. 728) Topic: Building the Atom Bomb Skill: Factual 54) The best-selling Mission to Moscow by Joseph E. Davies was one of the few strongly anti-Soviet books published during the war. Answer: FALSE (p. 728) Topic: Wartime Diplomacy Skill: Factual 55) When Henry Luce of Time declared that the postwar era would be the “American century,” he was voicing an opinion which few Americans shared. Answer: FALSE (p. 731) Topic: Yalta and Potsdam Skill: Conceptual 27.3 Essay Questions 56) Summarize the steps the Roosevelt administration took to transform the economy from peacetime to wartime production. Explain how the economic changes caused by the war affected Americans' lives. (pp. 711–717) Topic: The War Economy 57) Summarize the effects of World War II on the lives of women and minorities. Compare what women and minorities gained from the war with what they lost. (pp. 712–717) Topic: Minorities in Time of War: Blacks, Hispanics, and Indians

58) Describe the basic strategy and major campaigns of World War II in Europe from 1941 to 1945. (pp. 717–720) Topic: Allied Strategy: Europe First 59) Describe the basic strategy and major campaigns of World War II in the Pacific from 1941 to 1945. (pp. 721, 724–726) Topic: The Naval War in the Pacific 60) Summarize the highlights of American foreign policy from 1941 to 1945. Explain the basic assumptions that guided this policy. Explain how and why this policy began to change in 1945. (pp. 728–731) Topic: Wartime Diplomacy 27.4 Identification Questions 61) Allies In the context of United States history, a term that refers to the nations that opposed the Axis Powers, chiefly Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan, during World War II. The Allies included Britain, France (except during the Nazi occupation, 1940–1944), the Soviet Union (1941–1945), the United States (1941–1945), and China (p. 718) Topic: Allied Strategy: Europe First Skill: Factual 62) D-Day June 6, 1944, the day Allied troops crossed the English Channel, landed on the coast of Normandy, and opened a second front in Western Europe during World War II. The “D” stands for “disembarkation”—to leave a ship and go ashore (p. 720) Topic: Germany Overwhelmed Skill: Factual 63) internment camps Detainment centers, mostly located in western states, that held approximately 110,000 Japanese aliens and American citizens of Japanese origin during World War II (p. 715) Topic: Internment of Japanese Americas Skill: Factual 64) Potsdam Conference A wartime conference (April 1945) held in occupied Germany where Allied leaders divided Germany and Berlin into four occupation zones, agreed to try Nazi leaders as war criminals, and planned the exacting of reparations from Germany (p. 731) Topic: Yalta and Potsdam Skill: Factual 65) United Nations (UN) An international organization, founded in 1945, that sought to promote discussion and negotiation and thereby avoid war; it was joined by nearly all nations (p. 729) Topic: Wartime Diplomacy Skill: Factual

66) Yalta Conference A wartime conference (February 1945) held in the Russian Crimea, where the Allies—Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill (Britain), and Josef Stalin (Soviet Union)—agreed to final plans for the defeat and joint occupation of Germany; it also provided for free elections in Poland, but such elections were never held (p. 730) Topic: Yalta and Potsdam Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 28 Collision Courses, Abroad and at Home: 1946–1960 28.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following industries led the economic boom of the postwar era? A) cars B) aircraft C) housing D) tourism, in particular motels Answer: A (p. 734) Topic: The Postwar Economy Skill: Factual 2) The 1944 GI Bill of Rights gave A) soldiers absolute freedom of speech. B) veterans guaranteed jobs with the federal government. C) women the right to join the armed forces. D) veterans subsidies for education or opening a small business. Answer: D (p. 734) Topic: The Postwar Economy Skill: Factual 3) The ________ Act of 1947 authorized the president to seek court injunctions to prevent strikes that endangered the national interest. A) Smith-Connally B) Taft-Hartley C) Wagner D) Open Shop Answer: B (p. 735) Topic: Truman Becomes President Skill: Factual 4) The diplomat whose article “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” shaped America’s containment policy was A) John Foster Dulles. B) George C. Marshall. C) Dean Acheson. D) George F. Kennan. Answer: D (p. 735) Topic: The Containment Policy Skill: Factual

5) Containment policy was based on the assumption that A) the Soviet Union would constantly seek to expand. B) England’s colonial empire was collapsing. C) labor unions were becoming too powerful. D) the Soviet Union was simply the old czarist Russia in new clothing. Answer: A (pp. 735–736) Topic: The Containment Policy Skill: Conceptual 6) In 1946, Bernard Baruch offered an American plan to the United Nations for eventually A) eliminating all barriers to international trade. B) outlawing atomic weapons. C) eradicating poverty and malnutrition in the world. D) transferring control of all atomic weapons to the United Nations. Answer: B (p. 736) Topic: The Atomic Bomb: A “Winning” Weapon? Skill: Factual 7) The Truman Doctrine was created to A) industrialize Latin America. B) resist perceived Soviet expansion in China and Burma. C) industrialize Japan. D) resist perceived Soviet expansion in Greece and Turkey. Answer: D (p. 736) Topic: A Turning Point in Greece Skill: Factual 8) What 1947 U.S. policy is described in the following statement? “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” A) Eisenhower Doctrine B) Atlantic Charter C) Truman Doctrine D) Marshall Plan Answer: C (p. 736) Topic: A Turning Point in Greece Skill: Factual

9) The Marshall Plan provided A) aid for a coalition government in China. B) funding for the organization of NATO. C) massive economic assistance for Europe. D) logistics for the Berlin airlift. Answer: C (p. 737) Topic: The Marshall Plan and the Lesson of History Skill: Factual 10) After the United States proposed the Marshall Plan, Stalin A) quickly began to strengthen Soviet armed forces. B) sent representatives to the first meetings, but then withdrew because he realized the Soviets would need to match American funding. C) countered immediately with his own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact. D) sent representatives to the first meetings, but then withdrew because of fears that Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe would become tied to the American economy. Answer: D (p. 737) Topic: The Marshall Plan and the Lesson of History Skill: Conceptual 11) In June 1948, the Soviet Union challenged the policies of the Allies in Western Europe by closing A) its own borders to world trade. B) Warsaw to Western visitors. C) off Allied surface access to Berlin. D) East Germany to all Western powers. Answer: C (p. 737) Topic: The Marshall Plan and the Lesson of History Skill: Conceptual 12) In 1946, President Truman alienated southern conservatives by A) completely desegregating the armed forces despite the opposition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. B) inviting leading black civil rights leaders to the White House to advise him on domestic policy. C) establishing a Committee on Civil Rights which recommended antilynching and antipoll tax legislation. D) speaking to the NAACP national meeting and endorsing antilynching legislation. Answer: C (p. 739) Topic: The Election of 1948 Skill: Conceptual

13) The winner of the 1948 presidential contest, in one of the most stunning upsets in modern politics, was A) Dwight D. Eisenhower. B) Henry Wallace. C) Thomas E. Dewey. D) Harry Truman. Answer: D (p. 739) Topic: The Election of 1948 Skill: Factual 14) Harry Truman called his national policies and programs the A) New Deal. B) Fair Deal. C) Fair Plan. D) New Frontier. Answer: B (p. 739) Topic: The Election of 1948 Skill: Factual 15) The original purpose of NATO was to create a A) mutual defense pact against the Soviet Union. B) free trade zone between Western Europe and the United States. C) ten-year plan for the economic recovery of Western Europe. D) financial mechanism to stabilize currency exchange rates of the Western nations. Answer: A (p. 740) Topic: Containing Communism Abroad Skill: Conceptual 16) The American ally and leader of the Chinese Nationalists after World War II was A) Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong). B) Chou En-lai (Zhou Enlai). C) Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi). D) Sun Yat-sen. Answer: C (p. 749) Topic: Containing Communism Abroad Skill: Factual

17) After Mao Zedong’s 1949 victory in China, Truman was A) looking for an excuse to invade China to overthrow Mao’s government. B) condemned for involving American troops in an unwinnable land war in Asia. C) eager to establish normal relations with China as soon as possible. D) criticized by conservatives for not backing Chiang Kai-shek strongly enough. Answer: D (p. 740) Topic: Containing Communism Abroad Skill: Conceptual 18) After World War II, Korea was taken from Japan and A) placed under a United Nations protectorate for the next ten years. B) divided into four zones of occupation by the victorious Allied powers. C) occupied by the American army under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. D) divided along the 38th parallel between the occupying forces of the Soviets and the Americans. Answer: D (p. 741) Topic: Hot War in Korea Skill: Conceptual 19) Officially, the Korean War was a struggle between North Korea and the A) Americans. B) South Koreans. C) United Nations. D) NATO allies. Answer: C (p. 741) Topic: Hot War in Korea Skill: Factual 20) During the Korean War, Truman removed General ________ from his command for insubordination. A) George C. Marshall B) Omar N. Bradley C) Douglas MacArthur D) George Patton Answer: C (p. 742) Topic: Hot War in Korea Skill: Factual

21) Speaking of a potential conflict with ___________, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Omar N. Bradley, said in 1951 that it “would involve us in the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time and with the wrong enemy.” A) Korea B) Egypt C) Soviet Union D) China Answer: D (p. 742) Topic: Hot War in Korea Skill: Conceptual 22) The president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and former State Department official accused of being a communist was A) Dr. Klaus Fuchs. B) Alger Hiss. C) Harry Gold. D) Julius Rosenberg. Answer: B (p. 744) Topic: The Communist Issue at Home Skill: Factual 23) In the 1950s, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted and executed for A) conspiring to assassinate President Truman. B) selling NATO deployment plans to the Soviets. C) selling American secret codes to the Nazis during World War II. D) betraying atomic secrets to the Soviets. Answer: D (p. 744) Topic: The Communist Issue at Home Skill: Conceptual 24) The Wisconsin senator identified with wild charges about communists in government was A) Robert Taft. B) Roy Cohn. C) Joseph McCarthy. D) Adlai Stevenson. Answer: C (p. 744) Topic: McCarthyism Skill: Factual

25) “The reason we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores, but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this nation.” This statement was from a speech given in 1950 by whom? A) Joseph McCarthy B) Roger Baldwin C) Douglas MacArthur D) Eugene Dennis Answer: A (p. 744) Topic: McCarthyism Skill: Conceptual 26) In 1952, Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Republican party effectively used the issue of the ________ to defeat the Democrats. A) Korean War B) decline in agricultural prices C) housing shortages D) escalating national debt Answer: A (p. 745) Topic: Dwight D. Eisenhower Skill: Conceptual 27) President Eisenhower’s program included A) deficit spending to stimulate the economy. B) expanding the role of national government in the areas of health and human services. C) increased taxes to balance the budget. D) running his administration on sound business principles. Answer: D (p. 746) Topic: Dwight D. Eisenhower Skill: Conceptual 28) The politician who called his program of being flexible without compromising his basic values “dynamic conservatism” or “progressive moderation” was A) Henry A. Wallace. B) Dwight D. Eisenhower. C) Adlai E. Stevenson. D) Harry S. Truman. Answer: B (p. 746) Topic: Dwight D. Eisenhower Skill: Factual

29) Eisenhower’s secretary of state who advocated emphasizing massive retaliation with nuclear weapons rather than containment with conventional forces was A) John Foster Dulles. B) Sherman Adams. C) Dean Rusk. D) Dean Acheson. Answer: A (pp. 746–747) Topic: The Eisenhower-Dulles Foreign Policy Skill: Factual 30) Eisenhower and Dulles concluded that their “new look” policy of massive retaliation worked when their willingness to use tactical nuclear weapons and their vague warnings seemed to force the A) Soviet to evacuate their troops from Hungary. B) North Koreans to disavow their alliance with China. C) Soviets to reopen ground access to Berlin. D) Chinese to sign an armistice in Korea. Answer: D (p. 747) Topic: The Eisenhower-Dulles Foreign Policy Skill: Conceptual 31) In its Middle Eastern policy, the Truman administration consistently supported A) Israel. B) Egypt. C) Jordan. D) Iraq. Answer: A (p. 748) Topic: Israel and the Middle East Skill: Factual 32) The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine declared that the United States’ policy in the Middle East was to A) protect Israel at all costs. B) use armed force to stop communist aggression. C) continue its monopoly of the area’s oil. D) promote regime change in countries with undemocratic governments. Answer: B (p. 749) Topic: Israel and the Middle East Skill: Conceptual

33) What did Nasser do in response to Eisenhower’s refusal to finance the Aswan Dam? A) invaded Israel B) nationalized the Suez Canal C) came to Washington and spoke before Congress D) denounced communism Answer: B (p. 749) Topic: Israel and the Middle East Skill: Conceptual 34) One result of the 1957 Soviet launch of Sputnik was that A) Khrushchev behaved more calmly in international affairs. B) Eisenhower publicly outlined Soviet military weaknesses to calm American fears. C) the doctrine of massive retaliation became obsolete. D) Eisenhower moved American bombers to Turkey and northern Africa. Answer: C (pp. 750–751) Topic: Eisenhower and Khrushchev Skill: Conceptual 35) During the Cold War, American policy toward Latin America was characterized by A) support of military dictators who joined the United States in resisting Soviet influence. B) massive aid to improve public education and public health. C) liberal economic aid to end poverty. D) promotion of land reform and wealth redistribution. Answer: A (p. 751) Topic: Latin America Aroused Skill: Conceptual 36) The successful Cuban revolution of January 1959 was led by A) Fulgencio Batista. B) Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. C) Fidel Castro. D) Che Guevara. Answer: C (p. 751) Topic: Latin America Aroused Skill: Factual

37) Eisenhower backed a new federally funded highway system, the largest public works project in U.S. history, because A) he needed the political capital for his next election. B) the economy needed stimulation after a mini-recession. C) he wanted to impress allies and enemies alike with U.S. capabilities. D) he wanted to ensure safe passage out of threatened cities in case of nuclear attack. Answer: D (pp. 751–752) Topic: Fighting the Cold War at Home Skill: Conceptual 38) In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court A) prohibited racial segregation in public universities. B) ruled the Smith Act unconstitutional. C) prohibited racial segregation in public schools. D) established the “separate but equal” principle of racial segregation. Answer: D (p. 753) Topic: Blacks Challenge Segregation Skill: Factual 39) The landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision which ruled that segregated “educational facilities [in public schools] are inherently unequal” and unconstitutional was A) Berea College v. Kentucky. B) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. C) Cumming v. Country Board of Education. D) United States v. Raines. Answer: B (p. 753) Topic: Blacks Challenge Segregation Skill: Factual 40) “In the field of public education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place…Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” The source of this quote is A) Plessy v. Ferguson. B) Sweatt v. Painter. C) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. D) United States v. Raines. Answer: C (p. 753) Topic: Blacks Challenge Segregation Skill: Factual

41) In 1957, President Eisenhower sent troops to protect black high school students in A) Oxford, Mississippi. B) Selma, Alabama. C) Topeka, Kansas. D) Little Rock, Arkansas. Answer: D (p. 754) Topic: Blacks Challenge Segregation Skill: Factual 42) What important fight against the institutional foundations of segregation was brought on by the actions of Rosa Parks? A) the integration of Central High School in Little Rock B) the Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott C) the March on Washington D) the Selma to Montgomery March Answer: B (p. 754) Topic: Direct Action Protests: The Montgomery Bus Boycott Skill: Conceptual 43) Campaigning in 1960, John Kennedy’s ________ was a major obstacle for him in the presidential race. A) Episcopalianism B) liberal civil rights record C) Catholicism D) criticism of the Cold War Answer: C (p. 755) Topic: The Election of 1960 Skill: Factual 44) The closely watched series of television debates between candidates John Kennedy and Richard Nixon in 1960 probably A) helped Kennedy win the presidency. B) had little or no bearing on the presidential election. C) helped Nixon close the gap between himself and Kennedy. D) exposed Nixon’s inabilities to grasp key domestic and foreign issues. Answer: A (p. 757) Topic: The Election of 1960 Skill: Conceptual 28.2 True/False Questions 45) Between 1945 and 1947, the American economy experienced severe deflation. Answer: FALSE (p. 734) Topic: The Postwar Economy Skill: Conceptual 415 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

46) George Kennan’s influential article on containment, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” precisely explained how the U.S. should contain the Soviets and which areas of the world were crucial places to apply containment. Answer: FALSE (p. 735) Topic: The Containment Policy Skill: Conceptual 47) In 1948, former vice-president Henry Wallace ran against Truman as a candidate of the States’ Rights party. Answer: FALSE (p. 739) Topic: The Election of 1948 Skill: Factual 48) When the United Nations pushed toward the Yalu River during the Korean War, Chinese forces poured across the border with Korea and overwhelmed the UN forces. Answer: TRUE (p. 742) Topic: Hot War in Korea Skill: Factual 49) Truman responded to charges that he was “soft” on communists by vigorously defending Americans’ rights to freedom of speech and association. Answer: FALSE (p. 744) Topic: The Communist Issue at Home Skill: Conceptual 50) President Eisenhower’s program included reducing spending and cutting federal programs. Answer: TRUE (p. 746) Topic: Dwight D. Eisenhower Skill: Factual 51) Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anticommunist crusade collapsed when he conducted televised hearings to investigate communist influence in the American Red Cross. Answer: FALSE (p. 747) Topic: McCarthy Self-Destructs Skill: Factual 52) At the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh crushed the French. Answer: TRUE (p. 748) Topic: Asian Policy After Korea Skill: Factual

53) Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser triggered an international crisis when he nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956. Answer: TRUE (p. 749) Topic: Israel and the Middle East Skill: Factual 54) As a result of American fears of “godless” communism, “one nation under God” was added to the Pledge of Allegiance and “In God we Trust” was added to the nation’s currency. Answer: TRUE (p. 752) Topic: Fighting the Cold War at Home Skill: Conceptual 28.3 Essay Questions 55) Summarize the key trends and events in the Cold War abroad under President Truman. (pp. 735–738) Topic: The Containment Policy 56) Summarize the key events of the Cold War in East Asia during the terms of presidents Truman and Eisenhower. (pp. 740–743) Topic: Containing Communism Abroad 57) Evaluate the domestic effects of the Cold War for Americans. (pp. 743–745) Topic: The Communist Issue at Home 58) Summarize the key trends and events in the Cold War abroad under President Eisenhower. (pp. 745–747) Topic: The Eisenhower-Dulles Foreign Policy 59) Summarize some of the major developments in civil rights from 1950 to 1960. (pp. 752–755) Topic: Blacks Challenge Segregation 28.4 Identification Questions 60) Berlin airlift U.S. effort to deliver supplies including 2 million tons of food and coal by air to West Berlin in 1948–1949 in response to the Soviet blockade of the city (p. 738) Topic: The Marshall Plan and the Lesson of History Skill: Factual

61) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka The 1954 Supreme Court decision that held that racially segregated education, which prevailed in much of the South, was unconstitutional. The ruling overturned the doctrine of “separate but equal” that had provided the legal justification for racial segregation ever since the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision (p. 753) Topic: Blacks Challenge Segregation Skill: Factual 62) Fair Deal President Harry Truman’s 1949 program for expanded economic opportunity and civil rights (p. 739) Topic: The Election of 1948 Skill: Factual 63) Marshall Plan A proposal, propounded in 1947 by Secretary of State George Marshall, to use American aid to rebuild the war-torn economies of European nations. Adopted by Congress in 1948 as the European Recovery Program, it pumped some $13 billion into Europe during the next five years (p. 737) Topic: The Marshall Plan and the Lesson of History Skill: Factual 64) massive retaliation The “New Look” military policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles relying on nuclear weapons to inhibit communist aggression during the 1950s (p. 747) Topic: The Eisenhower-Dulles Foreign Policy Skill: Factual 65) military-industrial complex A term, popularized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 farewell address, for the concert of interests among the U.S. military and its chief corporate contractors (p. 757) Topic: The Election of 1960 Skill: Factual 66) New Frontier President John F. Kennedy’s term for a revitalized national agenda, particularly in relation to foreign policy and space exploration (p. 755) Topic: The Election of 1960 Skill: Factual 67) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) A military mutual-defense pact, formed in 1948, by the United States, Canada, and ten European nations, including Great Britain, France, and West Germany; the Soviet Union countered with the formation of the Warsaw Pact among communist regimes in Eastern Europe (p. 740) Topic: Containing Communism Abroad Skill: Factual

68) NSC-68 A secret policy statement, proposed by the National Security Council in 1950, calling for a large, ongoing military commitment to contain Soviet communism; it was accepted by President Harry Truman after the North Korean invasion of South Korea (pp. 740–741) Topic: Containing Communism Abroad Skill: Factual 69) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) A civil rights organization, founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King, Jr. and his followers, that espoused Christian nonviolence but organized mass protests to challenge segregation and discrimination; it played a major role in support of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (p. 755) Topic: Direct Action Protests: The Montgomery Bus Boycott Skill: Factual 70) Taft-Hartley Act A 1947 federal law that outlawed the closed shop and secondary boycotts and obliged union leaders to sign affidavits declaring that they were not communists (p. 735) Topic: Truman Becomes President Skill: Factual 71) Truman Doctrine A foreign policy, articulated by President Harry Truman in 1947, that provided financial aid to Greek and Turkish governments then under threat by communist rebels (p. 736) Topic: A Turning Point in Greece Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 29 From Camelot to Watergate: 1961–1975 29.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) In April 1961, the CIA-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba A) led to direct involvement of American troops in Cuba. B) was unable to land because of bad weather. C) failed because the Cuban people did not aid the invaders and the invaders were forced to surrender. D) ousted Castro's government for a short time. Answer: C (p. 762) Topic: The Cuban Crises Skill: Conceptual 2) In 1962, Soviet Premier Khrushchev precipitated “the most dangerous confrontation of the Cold War” by A) starting the Berlin Blockade. B) threatening a military takeover of West Berlin unless the United States left Cuba alone. C) sending Soviet forces to help Castro defeat the Bay of Pigs invasion. D) moving guided missiles to and building launching pads in Cuba. Answer: D (p. 762) Topic: The Cuban Crises Skill: Conceptual 3) During the Cuban missile crisis, President Kennedy ordered a A) walkout at the United Nations. B) naval blockade of Cuba. C) plot to assassinate Castro. D) secret invasion of Cuba. Answer: B (p. 763) Topic: The Cuban Crises Skill: Factual 4) One indication of decreasing Soviet-American tensions was a treaty A) agreeing to submit future conflicts to the World Court. B) prohibiting the sale of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear nations. C) banning the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. D) granting “most-favored-nation” trading status to each other. Answer: C (p. 763) Topic: The Cuban Crises Skill: Conceptual

5) From the 1950s until his death in 1963, the United States backed the South Vietnamese regime of A) Ngo Dinh Nhu. B) Ho Chi Minh. C) Bao Dai. D) Ngo Dinh Diem. Answer: D (p. 763) Topic: JFK’s Vietnam War Skill: Factual 6) Kennedy's initial approach to the race question was A) daring, because he integrated the National Guard. B) exceedingly cautious. C) focused on the grass roots level of voting rights. D) concerned primarily with electing black members of Congress. Answer: B (p. 765) Topic: “We Shall Overcome”: The Civil Rights Movement Skill: Conceptual 7) Bus boycotts, lunch counter sit-ins, and freedom rides were all attempts to promote A) racial integration. B) black separatism. C) academic freedom. D) racial segregation. Answer: A (pp. 764–765) Topic: “We Shall Overcome”: The Civil Rights Movement Skill: Factual 8) The leader of the nonviolent civil rights movement was A) James Farmer. B) Malcolm X. C) Stokely Carmichael. D) Martin Luther King, Jr. Answer: D (p. 765) Topic: “We Shall Overcome”: The Civil Rights Movement Skill: Factual

9) Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X of the Black Muslims urged solving racial turmoil by A) practicing Christian nonviolence. B) supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Great Society. C) rejecting white American society. D) returning to Africa. Answer: C (pp. 764–765) Topic: “We Shall Overcome”: The Civil Rights Movement Skill: Conceptual 10) “When you take a cross-country drive and find it necessary to sleep night after night in the uncomfortable corners of your automobile because no motel will accept you; when you are humiliated day in and day out by nagging signs reading ‘white’ and ‘colored’; when your first name becomes ‘nigger’ and your middle name becomes ‘boy’…then you will understand why we find it so difficult to wait.” This passage is from jailhouse correspondence from which civil rights activist? A) Malcolm X B) Thurgood Marshall C) Stokely Carmichael D) Martin Luther King, Jr. Answer: D (p. 765) Topic: “We Shall Overcome”: The Civil Rights Movement Skill: Factual 11) The Warren Report on the assassination of President Kennedy did not end charges of a conspiracy because it A) protected information about CIA assassination attempts against Fidel Castro. B) denounced conspiracy theorists as “kooks.” C) concluded that there was evidence of more than one gunman. D) failed to investigate the possible role of the mafia. Answer: A (p. 766) Topic: Tragedy in Dallas: JFK Assassinated Skill: Conceptual 12) Racial discrimination by employers and formal racial segregation of all sorts were outlawed by the A) Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. B) Twenty-third Amendment. C) Civil Rights Act of 1964. D) Civil Rights Act of 1957. Answer: C (p. 767) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Factual

13) The federal government and President Johnson declared “war” on poverty during the A) New Deal. B) Great Frontier. C) Great Society. D) New Frontier. Answer: C (p. 767) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Factual 14) One cause of poverty after 1945 was that A) the percentage of the population with disabling mental, physical, or emotional conditions increased dramatically. B) white racism became increasingly entrenched in both the North and the South. C) many white ethnic groups in America were traditionally opposed to wage labor. D) technological advancements raised job requirements and made it harder for those without educational or special skills to earn a living. Answer: D (p. 767) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Conceptual 15) How does the text evaluate the overall impact of the Great Society? A) It was a remarkable outpouring of important legislation, but its achievements were far short of what it had promised. B) Because President Johnson persuaded Congress to pass only a few of his projects, it was a considerable success under those circumstances. C) It resulted in major new legislation, which significantly lowered unemployment by job training for the poor. D) It succeeded in its goal of reducing the size and scope of the federal government's domestic programs. Answer: A (p. 769) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Conceptual 16) Which event transformed 1960s student activism into a mass political movement? A) the publishing of Jack Kerouac’s On the Road B) the fight for black rights at the University of California at Berkeley C) Lyndon Johnson’s escalation of the Vietnam War D) Martin Luther King’s March on Washington Answer: C (p. 772) Topic: From the “Beat Movement” to Student Radicalism Skill: Factual

17) In the ________ Resolution of 1964, Congress gave President Johnson a blank check for the war in Vietnam. A) Hanoi B) Mekong River C) Gulf of Tonkin D) My Lai Answer: C (pp. 722–723) Topic: Johnson Escalates the War Skill: Factual 18) The ________ Trail was the major supply route from North to South Vietnam. A) Ngo Dinh Diem B) Mao C) Gulf of Tonkin D) Ho Chi Minh Answer: D (p. 773) Topic: Johnson Escalates the War Skill: Factual 19) What was the response of the Soviet Union and China to the increasing number of American ground forces in Vietnam? A) an equally large increase in Soviet and Chinese troops in the region B) an offer to broker a peace agreement C) willful blindness D) an increase in aid to North Korea Answer: D (pp. 773–774) Topic: Johnson Escalates the War Skill: Conceptual 20) In 1968, the low-key senator from Minnesota who challenged Lyndon Johnson for the Democratic party's nomination for the presidency was A) George McGovern. B) Hubert Humphrey. C) Eugene McCarthy. D) Robert Kennedy. Answer: C (p. 774) Topic: The Election of 1968 Skill: Factual

21) The Vietcong ________ offensive in January 1968 caught the U.S. totally by surprise and caused great chaos throughout South Vietnam. A) Iron Triangle B) Pleiku C) Tet D) My Lai Answer: C (p. 774) Topic: The Election of 1968 Skill: Factual 22) In 1968 ________ was assassinated just after he won the Democratic primary in California. A) Martin Luther King, Jr. B) Hubert H. Humphrey C) Eugene C. McCarthy D) Robert F. Kennedy Answer: D (p. 775) Topic: The Election of 1968 Skill: Factual 23) George C. Wallace ran for the presidency in 1968 on a platform that included A) federal ownership of bankrupt railroads. B) busing to achieve desegregation of schools. C) an end to forced desegregation of schools. D) withdrawing American troops from Vietnam. Answer: C (p. 775) Topic: The Election of 1968 Skill: Conceptual 24) The Democratic party's nominee for president in 1968 was A) Robert F. Kennedy. B) Hubert H. Humphrey. C) Lyndon Johnson. D) George McGovern. Answer: B (p. 775) Topic: The Election of 1968 Skill: Factual

25) While millions of Americans watched on television, police used force against unruly protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in A) Kent, Ohio. B) Miami, Florida. C) Chicago, Illinois. D) Washington, D.C. Answer: C (pp. 775–776) Topic: The Election of 1968 Skill: Conceptual 26) During his first term, President Nixon thought his chief task was A) solving the problem of the Vietnam War. B) reducing urban crime. C) balancing the federal budget. D) reassuring civil rights leaders that progress would continue. Answer: A (p. 776) Topic: Nixon as President: “Vietnamizing” the War Skill: Conceptual 27) President Richard Nixon's principal plan for ending the American commitment in the Vietnam conflict was A) threatening to invade China unless the North Vietnamese forces withdrew. B) withdrawing American troops unilaterally. C) ordering a naval blockade of the port of Haiphong. D) building up the South Vietnamese army in order to withdraw American troops. Answer: D (p. 776) Topic: Nixon as President: “Vietnamizing” the War Skill: Conceptual 28) Early in 1970, Americans learned of a massacre by U.S. forces of defenseless villagers in A) Hue. B) My Lai. C) Quang Tri. D) Pleiku. Answer: B (pp. 776–777) Topic: Nixon as President: “Vietnamizing” the War Skill: Factual

29) The demonstrations at Kent State and Jackson State in which six students were killed were a response to Nixon's decision to A) call up the National Guard to serve in Vietnam. B) invade Cambodia to attack North Vietnamese sanctuaries. C) bomb Hanoi. D) abolish student draft deferments. Answer: B (pp. 777–778) Topic: The Cambodian “Incursion” Skill: Conceptual 30) As a result of the nationwide condemnation of the invasion of Cambodia, A) Nixon initiated a series of “fireside-like” chats with the American public to gain their understanding and endorsement. B) Nixon quickly pulled American ground troops out of Cambodia. C) Nixon ordered curfews on all college campuses. D) Nixon was required to increase the draft in order to have enough troops to fight a two-front war. Answer: B (p. 778) Topic: The Cambodian “Incursion” Skill: Conceptual 31) Richard Nixon relied heavily on the judgments of National Security Adviser A) Dean Rusk. B) Elliot Richardson. C) Henry Kissinger. D) John Dean. Answer: C (p. 778) Topic: Détente with Communism Skill: Factual 32) Nixon's new policy of trying to relax tensions with the Chinese and the Soviets was called A) constructive engagement. B) entente cordiale. C) peaceful coexistence. D) détente. Answer: D (p. 778) Topic: Détente with Communism Skill: Factual

33) In February 1972, Nixon dramatically reversed previous American policy by visiting and establishing relations with A) China. B) Albania. C) Libya. D) Cuba. Answer: A (p. 778) Topic: Détente with Communism Skill: Factual 34) Nixon and Kissinger’s May 1972 trip to Moscow resulted in A) increased tensions between the two superpowers over their inability to reach any agreement. B) disagreement over the pace and direction of Soviet Union’s nuclear program. C) an agreement to stop production of nuclear ballistic missiles and to permit large sales of American grain to the Soviet Union. D) an agreement to reduce all nuclear weapons in their armaments and a promise by the U.S. to disengage in Vietnam. Answer: C (p. 778) Topic: Topic: Détente with Communism Skill: Conceptual 35) Under the terms of the January 1973 peace settlement, the North Vietnamese A) agreed to cut off all military and economic ties to the Soviets and Chinese. B) guaranteed the future security of a pro-American government in South Vietnam if the United Nations would send an international peacekeeping force. C) were promised massive postwar aid to rebuild their country. D) retained large portions of South Vietnam in exchange for releasing American prisoners of war within 60 days. Answer: D (pp. 779–780) Topic: Nixon in Triumph Skill: Conceptual 36) The major economic problem facing President Nixon when he took office in 1969 was A) large-scale employment. B) an increasing trade deficit. C) runaway inflation. D) a deepening recession. Answer: C (p. 780) Topic: Domestic Policy Under Nixon Skill: Conceptual

37) In 1971, President Nixon tried to control inflation by A) freezing wages and prices for 90 days. B) spurring investment through major tax cuts for the wealthy. C) increasing the supply of money in the economy. D) returning the dollar to the gold standard. Answer: A (p. 780) Topic: Domestic Policy Under Nixon Skill: Conceptual 38) The Watergate scandal began on June 17, 1972 when burglars from the Committee to Re-elect the President were arrested while A) placing eavesdropping devices in the secret meeting rooms in the Pentagon. B) destroying records of illegal campaign contributions to President Nixon. C) placing illegal wiretaps on telephones of journalists critical of the Nixon administration. D) installing eavesdropping devices at the Democratic party headquarters. Answer: D (p. 781) Topic: The Watergate Break-in and Cover-Up Skill: Conceptual 39) President Nixon's lawyer who provided key testimony against him during the Watergate scandal was A) John Dean III. B) Richard Kleindeinst. C) L. Patrick Gray. D) H. R. Haldeman. Answer: A (p. 782) Topic: The Watergate Break-in and Cover-Up Skill: Factual 40) The first Watergate special prosecutor whom Nixon fired in the Saturday Night Massacre was A) Elliott Richardson. B) Peter Rodino. C) Archibald Cox. D) Sam Ervin. Answer: C (pp. 782–783) Topic: The Watergate Break-in and Cover-Up Skill: Factual

41) The key evidence in the Watergate Affair, several pieces of which were deliberately erased or disposed of, were Nixon’s A) letters offering to pay the burglars to keep quiet. B) nightly memos that detailed all the directives he gave to “the plumbers.” C) secret tape recordings of White House conversations and telephone calls. D) extensive diaries which detailed the many illegal acts he authorized. Answer: C (pp. 783–784) Topic: The Watergate Break-in and Cover-Up Skill: Conceptual 42) When Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned because of charges of income tax evasion in 1973, he was replaced by A) Nelson A. Rockefeller. B) Gerald R. Ford. C) Howard H. Baker, Jr. D) Henry Kissinger. Answer: B (p. 783) Topic: The Watergate Break-in and Cover-Up Skill: Factual 43) The edited transcripts of the presidential tapes A) portrayed Nixon as decisive. B) gave the American public faith in Nixon’s leadership abilities despite providing evidence of some presidential wrongdoing. C) were almost completely undecipherable. D) shocked the American public with the way Nixon conducted himself in private. Answer: D (p. 783) Topic: The Judgment on Watergate: “Expletive Deleted” Skill: Conceptual 44) In July 1974, the Supreme Court ruled that President Nixon had to give the subpoenaed tapes to the special prosecutor because A) the doctrine of executive privilege was unconstitutional. B) failure to do so was a clear violation of the constitutional mandate of a separation of powers. C) no person could withhold evidence that was demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial. D) all materials generated by the Office of the President were public property. Answer: C (p. 784) Topic: The Judgment on Watergate: “Expletive Deleted” Skill: Conceptual

45) The key felony committed by Richard Nixon, which the Watergate tapes revealed, was A) planning the Watergate burglary. B) obstructing justice by instructing the CIA to persuade the FBI not to follow up its leads in the case. C) violating the constitution by waging war secretly and illegally against both Cambodia and Laos. D) ordering the Internal Revenue Service to harass his political enemies. Answer: B (p. 784) Topic: The Judgment on Watergate: “Expletive Deleted” Skill: Conceptual 46) Ultimately, President Nixon A) was impeached. B) resigned from office. C) was impeached by the House but found not guilty by the Senate. D) ended his full second term in office with the cloud of Watergate over his head. Answer: B (p. 784) Topic: Nixon Resigns, Ford Becomes President Skill: Factual 47) In describing the fall of Richard Nixon, his A) resignation marked both the beginning and the end of an era. B) easygoing personality did not fit the demands of the office. C) resignation revealed his deep remorse and sorrow for his transgressions against the country. D) unquestioning self-confidence and blinding pride led to his downfall. Answer: A (p. 784) Topic: Nixon Resigns, Ford Becomes President Skill: Conceptual 29.2 True/False Questions 48) “The most dangerous confrontation of the Cold War” happened when President Kennedy established a naval blockade of Cuba during the missile crisis. Answer: FALSE (p. 762) Topic: The Cuban Crises Skill: Conceptual 49) As presidents, both Kennedy and Johnson focused their energies on social welfare legislation. Answer: FALSE (pp. 767–769) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Conceptual

50) President Johnson refused to support the Voting Rights Act of 1965 because it would destroy the Democratic party in the South. Answer: FALSE (p. 769) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Factual 51) As the result of urban riots linked to racial unrest, many whites moved to the suburbs. Answer: TRUE (p. 771) Topic: New Racial Turmoil Skill: Factual 52) Despite huge losses, the Tet offensive was a psychological victory for the communists. Answer: TRUE (p. 774) Topic: The Election of 1968 Skill: Conceptual 53) Richard Nixon chose Gerald Ford, an obscure politician, for his running mate in 1968. Answer: FALSE (p. 775) Topic: The Election of 1968 Skill: Factual 54) In the presidential election of 1972, Richard Nixon easily defeated the Democratic candidate, George McGovern. Answer: TRUE (p. 779) Topic: Nixon in Triumph Skill: Factual 55) During the Watergate crisis, the phrase “expletive deleted,” became identified with President Nixon. Answer: TRUE (p. 783) Topic: The Judgment on Watergate: “Expletive Deleted” Skill: Factual 56) After the Supreme Court ordered Nixon to give the subpoenaed secret tape recordings to Congress and the special prosecutor, it became evident that the president would be impeached by the House of Representatives and convicted by the Senate. Answer: TRUE (p. 784) Topic: The Judgment on Watergate: “Expletive Deleted” Skill: Factual

29.3 Essay Questions 57) What themes, moods, and trends are captured by the chapter title “From Camelot to Watergate”? Provide specific examples that support your conclusion. (pp. 760–785) Topic: From Camelot to Watergate 58) Compare and contrast the goals and the achievements of the civil rights movement and of the Great Society. (pp. 764–765) Topic: “We Shall Overcome”: The Civil Rights Movement 59) Summarize the major events in the Vietnam War under President Johnson. Explain the assumptions on which his policies were based. Evaluate the domestic, political, and economic impacts of his policies. (pp. 772–774) Topic: Johnson Escalates the War 60) Summarize the major events in the Vietnam War under President Nixon. Explain the assumptions on which his policies were based. Evaluate the domestic, political, and economic impacts of his policies. (pp. 776–778) Topic: Nixon as President: “Vietnamizing” the War 61) Describe the Watergate scandal. Explain its causes and implications. Evaluate the major constitutional issues that were involved. (pp. 781–784) Topic: The Watergate Break-in and Cover-up 29.4 Identification Questions 62) Bay of Pigs fiasco A military debacle in April 1961, during an American-organized effort to invade Cuba and drive Fidel Castro, the communist ruler, from power. The invasion force of some 1,500 Cuban exiles was routed at the Bay of Pigs, a major embarrassment for President John F. Kennedy (p. 762) Topic: The Cuban Crises Skill: Factual 63) beat school Also known as “beats,” “beatniks,” or the “beat generation”—nonconformists in the late 1950s who rejected conventional dress and sexual standards and cultivated avant-garde literature and music (p. 771) Topic: From the “Beat Movement” to Student Radicalism Skill: Factual

64) Berlin wall Erected by East Germany in 1961 and torn down by a Dutch company in 1989, the wall isolated West Berlin from the surrounding areas in communist controlled East Berlin and East Germany (p. 762) Topic: The Cuban Crises Skill: Factual 65) Civil Rights Act of 1964 Legislation outlawing discrimination in public accommodations and employment on the basis of race, skin color, sex, religion, or national origin (p. 767) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Factual 66) Cuban missile crisis The showdown between the United States and the Soviet Union during October 1962, after the Soviet Union had sneaked medium-range nuclear missiles into communist Cuba. After President John F. Kennedy publicly demanded their removal and ordered the blockade of Cuba, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to do so, averting a nuclear (p. 762) Topic: The Cuban Crises Skill: Factual 67) détente A French term, meaning the relaxation of tensions, applied to an easing of Cold War antagonisms during the 1970s. Under President Richard Nixon and foreign affairs adviser Henry Kissinger, détente was a strategy to allow the United States to weaken the bonds between the Soviet Union and communist China (p. 778) Topic: Détente with Communism Skill: Factual 68) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) A federal agency created in 1970 to oversee environmental monitoring and cleanup programs (p. 780) Topic: Domestic Policy Under Nixon Skill: Factual 69) Great Society The sweeping legislative agenda of President Lyndon Johnson; it sought to end poverty, promote civil rights, and improve housing, health care, and education. The program was criticized as costly and ineffective (p. 767) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Factual 70) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Congressional action, undertaken at President Johnson’s request, giving the President the authority to deploy U.S. troops to repel aggression in Southeast Asia. This provided congressional sanction for the escalation of the Vietnam war (pp. 772–773) Topic: Johnson Escalates the War Skill: Factual

71) Medicare A social welfare measure, enacted in 1965, providing hospitalization insurance for people over sixty-five and a voluntary plan to cover doctor bills paid in part by the federal government (p. 769) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Factual 72) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) A treaty, signed by the United States and the Soviet Union in 1972, restricting the testing and deployment of nuclear ballistic missiles, the first of several such treaties (p. 768) Topic: Détente with Communism Skill: Factual 73) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) A civil rights organization, founded in 1960, that drew heavily on younger activists and college students. After 1965, under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael and then H. Rap Brown, the group advocated “Black Power.” (p. 764) Topic: “We Shall Overcome”: The Civil Rights Movement Skill: Factual 74) Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) An organization created by leftist college students in the early 1960s; it organized protests against racial bigotry, corporate exploitation of workers, and, especially after 1965, the Vietnam war (p. 771) Topic: From the “Beat Movement” to Student Radicalism Skill: Factual 75) Tet offensive A wide-ranging offensive, launched by North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops throughout South Vietnam in February 1968. It failed to cause the South Vietnamese government to collapse, but persuaded many Americans that the war was not winnable. President Lyndon B. Johnson announced his decision not to run for reelection several months later (p. 774) Topic: The Election of 1968 Skill: Factual 76) United States v. Richard M. Nixon A Supreme Court ruling (1974) that obliged President Richard Nixon to turn over to the Watergate special prosecutor sixty-four White House audiotapes; these helped prove that Nixon had known about the cover-up of the Watergate burglary (p. 784) Topic: The Judgment on Watergate: “Expletive Deleted” Skill: Factual 77) Voting Rights Act of 1965 Federal legislation that empowered federal registrars to intervene when southern states and municipalities refused to let African Americans register to vote (p. 769) Topic: Lyndon Baines Johnson: The Great Society Skill: Factual

78) Watergate scandal A complex scandal involving attempts to cover up illegal actions taken by administration officials and leading to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974 (p. 782) Topic: The Watergate Break-in and Cover-up Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 30 Running on Empty: 1975–1991 30.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries united to boycott oil shipments to the West in response to U.S. A) aid to Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. B) policy prohibiting immigration from Arab countries in the 1970s. C) weaknesses revealed by the withdrawal from Vietnam. D) efforts to suppress the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Answer: A (p. 788) Topic: The Oil Crisis Skill: Conceptual 2) When President Nixon was forced to resign because of the Watergate scandal, he was succeeded by A) Ronald Reagan. B) Nelson Rockefeller. C) Jimmy Carter. D) Gerald Ford. Answer: D (p. 788) Topic: Ford as President Skill: Factual 3) When the South Vietnamese army and government collapsed in 1975, Congress A) decided to send U.S. marines to Cambodia to break the North Vietnamese supply lines. B) poured more arms into the South to stop North Vietnam's advance. C) refused to send more arms to South Vietnam. D) called upon the United Nations to send a peacekeeping force to stabilize Vietnam. Answer: C (p. 789) Topic: The Fall of South Vietnam Skill: Conceptual 4) When Gerald Ford decided to seek the Republican presidential nomination in 1976, he faced stiff opposition from A) Howard H. Baker, Jr. B) Edward W. Brooke. C) Ronald Reagan. D) Robert Dole. Answer: C (p. 790) Topic: Ford versus Carter Skill: Factual

5) A major factor in Carter's election as president in 1976 was A) his outstanding performance in the televised debates. B) the strong support of labor union members. C) the refusal of Reagan supporters to aid Ford. D) his extensive congressional experience. Answer: B (p. 790) Topic: Ford versus Carter Skill: Conceptual 6) As president, Jimmy Carter was noted for A) surrounding himself with Washington insiders. B) working patiently and persistently with Congress to enact his programs. C) trying to set a tone of democratic simplicity and moral fervor in his administration. D) avoiding contact with average people and their concerns. Answer: C (p. 790) Topic: The Carter Presidency Skill: Conceptual 7) Many of Carter's political problems were caused by his A) unwillingness to reach out to average citizens. B) poor grasp of economics. C) willingness to rely upon the Washington “establishment” for advisors. D) lack of follow-through with Congress. Answer: D (p. 790) Topic: The Carter Presidency Skill: Conceptual 8) President ________ complained that Americans were suffering from a sense of national malaise because they were so focused on materialism that they were experiencing “a moral and spiritual crisis.” A) Carter B) Reagan C) Bush D) Ford Answer: A (pp. 790–791) Topic: A National Malaise Skill: Factual

9) The most disturbing economic problem to vex the nation during the Carter years was A) inner-city decay and white flight to the suburbs. B) a combination of stagnation and inflation. C) the collapse of the savings and loan system. D) the increasing inequality of income and wealth distribution. Answer: B (p. 791) Topic: Stagflation: The Weird Economy Skill: Conceptual 10) President Carter claimed that his most important concern in foreign affairs was to A) contain the international communist conspiracy. B) eradicate world poverty. C) eliminate state-sponsored terrorism. D) defend basic human rights. Answer: D (p. 792) Topic: “Constant Decency” in Action Skill: Conceptual 11) President Carter withdrew the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II) from the Senate and boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics after the Soviets invaded A) Poland. B) Afghanistan. C) Lithuania. D) Iran. Answer: B (p. 792) Topic: “Constant Decency” in Action Skill: Factual 12) President Carter's most striking diplomatic achievement was helping to negotiate the ________ between Israel and Egypt. A) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty B) Golan Heights Pact C) Camp David Accords D) West Bank Security Agreement Answer: C (p. 792) Topic: “Constant Decency” in Action Skill: Factual

13) Under the terms of the Camp David Accords, A) the United States, Israel, and Egypt signed a mutual defense treaty. B) Egypt promised to withdraw from the territory it captured from Israel in the 1967 Israeli-Egypt war in exchange for Israel's commitment to solving the problems of the Palestinian refugees. C) Israel promised to withdraw from the territory it captured from Egypt in the 1967 Israeli-Egypt war in exchange for Egypt's recognition of Israel as a nation. D) Egypt promised to withdraw its forces from Israel's West Bank settlements. Answer: C (pp. 792–793) Topic: “Constant Decency” in Action Skill: Conceptual 14) From November 1979 to January 1981, American embassy personnel were held hostage as a result of the dramatic revolution in A) Libya. B) Iraq. C) Lebanon. D) Iran. Answer: D (pp. 793–794) Topic: The Iran Crisis: Origins Skill: Factual 15) The 1979 Iranian Revolution was led by A) Muhammad Reza Pahlavi. B) Ali Khamenei. C) General Fazollah Zahedi. D) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Answer: D (p. 793) Topic: The Iran Crisis: Origins Skill: Factual 16) During the early stages of the Iranian hostage crisis, A) there was a remarkable emotional response and sense of unity in America. B) Carter refused to employ economic pressure on the Iranian government. C) the American public and most foreign observers disapproved of Carter's restraint. D) the American public was bitterly divided over America's role in Iran and how to respond to the hostage crisis. Answer: A (p. 794) Topic: The Iran Crisis: Carter's Dilemma Skill: Conceptual

17) The 1980 Republican nominee, Ronald Reagan was A) seriously limited by his age during the 1980 campaign. B) never a serious contender for the presidential nomination before 1980. C) a New Deal Democrat before World War II. D) a political newcomer without much charisma. Answer: C (p. 794) Topic: The Election of 1980 Skill: Conceptual 18) As a result of the election of 1980, the Republicans A) gained control of both houses of Congress. B) won control of the Senate and cut deeply into the Democratic majority in the House. C) gained seats in both the House and the Senate, although the Democrats still controlled both. D) won control of the House and cut deeply into the Democratic majority in the Senate. Answer: B (p. 794) Topic: The Election of 1980 Skill: Conceptual 19) During his last weeks in office, Carter devoted himself to A) ratifying the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. B) ending the Iranian hostage crisis. C) negotiating the Camp David Accords. D) appointing Democrats as federal judges. Answer: B (p. 795) Topic: The Election of 1980 Skill: Conceptual 20) Among Reagan's highest priorities as president was A) promoting basic human rights in other countries. B) decreasing defense spending. C) balancing the budget. D) cutting federal taxes. Answer: D (p. 795) Topic: Reagan as President Skill: Conceptual

21) Reagan's tax policy (“Reaganomics”) argued that A) the federal government should create jobs to decrease unemployment and increase wages. B) tax rates for the wealthy should be significantly increased since they had the largest discretionary income. C) reduced taxes would increase investments and in turn stimulate production, jobs, and prosperity. D) increased taxes would reduce the federal deficit, lowering interest rates and cutting inflation. Answer: C (p. 795) Topic: Reagan as President Skill: Conceptual 22) Reagan actively sought to overthrow the left-wing governments in A) Nicaragua and Grenada. B) Indonesia and Thailand. C) Iraq and Iran. D) Venezuela and El Salvador. Answer: A (p. 796) Topic: Reagan as President Skill: Factual 23) American marines became part of an international peacekeeping force in 1982 as a result of the Palestine Liberation Organization attacks on Israel from A) Jordan. B) Egypt. C) Syria. D) Lebanon. Answer: D (p. 796) Topic: Reagan as President Skill: Factual 24) In 1984, Democrat presidential nominee Walter Mondale chose ________ as his running nominee mate because she was expected to appeal to conservative Democrats and Republican women. A) Gloria Steinem B) Diane Feinstein C) Patricia Schroeder D) Geraldine Ferraro Answer: D (p. 796) Topic: Four More Years Skill: Factual

25) The organizer of the Moral Majority to combat homosexuality, communism, and abortion was A) Jerry Falwell. B) Billy Graham. C) Oral Roberts. D) Robert H. Schuller. Answer: A (p. 796) Topic: Four More Years Skill: Factual 26) President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, or Star Wars, was a plan for A) a computer-controlled system to destroy enemy missiles in outer space. B) mutual reductions of Soviet and American stockpiles of nuclear warheads. C) an elaborate series of spy satellites to monitor Soviet military activity. D) mutual reductions of Soviet and U.S. delivery systems for nuclear warheads. Answer: A (p. 798) Topic: “The Reagan Revolution” Skill: Conceptual 27) In 1986, NASA programs suffered a setback as a result of the A) decision by Reagan to appoint a political crony to head NASA. B) explosion of the space shuttle Challenger. C) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. D) Glenn Committee investigations of corruption in the space agency. Answer: B (p. 798) Topic: “The Reagan Revolution” Skill: Conceptual 28) The Income Tax Act of 1986, supported by the Reagan administration, A) raised tax rates significantly for corporations and for capital gains. B) lowered the lowest taxable income rate from 30 percent to 10 percent. C) was a significant attempt to solve the problem of a huge federal deficit by increasing the taxes of those most able to afford them. D) lowered tax rates significantly for corporations and the wealthy. Answer: D (p. 798) Topic: “The Reagan Revolution” Skill: Conceptual

29) In 1981, President Reagan appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court, A) Ruth Bader Ginsburg. B) Elizabeth Dole. C) Phyllis Schlafly. D) Sandra Day O'Connor. Answer: D (p. 798) Topic: “The Reagan Revolution” Skill: Factual 30) One major trend during the Reagan years which produced massive social and economic changes was the A) frenzied merger movement fueled by “junk bonds.” B) significant increase in labor union membership among white collar workers. C) establishment of minority quotas to attack racial and sexual discrimination in employment. D) increased federal funding for social programs such as welfare. Answer: A (p. 798) Topic: The New Merger Movement Skill: Conceptual 31) A major consequence of Reagan's presidency was a A) more realistic view of the threat posed by the Soviet Union. B) dramatic growth in the strength of blue-collar unions. C) startling escalation of annual federal deficits and of the national debt. D) major decrease in military spending. Answer: C (p. 799) Topic: “A Job for Life”: Layoffs Hit Home Skill: Conceptual 32) The economic trends of the 1980s and the policies of the Reagan administration A) disproportionately benefited wealthy Americans. B) revitalized sagging “rust belt” industries in the Northeast. C) dramatically increased the share of the national wealth for the poorest Americans. D) brought new wealth to low-skilled or semi-skilled workers. Answer: A (p. 802) Topic: Corporate Restructuring Skill: Conceptual

33) Bill Gates and Paul Allen A) dropped out of high school to focus on computer programming. B) failed miserably in their attempt to create and market a program for the Altair computer. C) made their breakthrough when IBM asked them to write the operating system for its new state-of-theart personal computer. D) came from blue-collar backgrounds. Answer: C (pp. 800–801) Topic: American Lives: Bill Gates Skill: Conceptual 34) The National Security Council aide who arranged the secret sale of weapons to Iran and the transfer of the profits from that sale to the Nicaraguan Contras was A) Lawrence Walsh. B) Michael Milken. C) Oliver North. D) Paul Volcker. Answer: C (p. 803) Topic: Rogue Foreign Policy Skill: Factual 35) The U.S. public did not hold President Reagan personally responsible for the financial scandals of his administration or the Iran-Contra Arms deal because he was A) determined to punish those responsible for these scandals. B) unable to communicate his basic values effectively. C) primarily a celebrity rather than a politician. D) not an able or involved administrator. Answer: D (p. 803) Topic: Assessing the Regan Revolution Skill: Conceptual 36) In evaluating the achievements of Reagan's presidency, he A) communicated so poorly that he had little impact on the political climate. B) encouraged a Darwinian chaos through deregulation which strengthened those corporations that survived. C) was directly responsible for the restructuring of American corporations. D) led the nation with first-rate organizational and administrative skills honed in previous roles in business and government. Answer: B (p. 804) Topic: Assessing the Regan Revolution Skill: Conceptual

37) In 1988, Massachusetts Governor ________ was nominated by the Democrats for president based on his record as an efficient manager. A) Gary Hart B) Michael Dukakis C) Edward Kennedy D) Albert Gore Answer: B (p. 804) Topic: The Election of 1988 Skill: Factual 38) In the 1988 presidential campaign, George H. W. Bush exploited A) his record as a World War II hero. B) concerns about government inattention to the emerging energy crisis. C) fears of renewed inflation. D) white Americans' racial fears of violent crime. Answer: D (p. 804) Topic: The Election of 1988 Skill: Conceptual 39) As president, George H. W. Bush focused his crime-fighting initiative on the issue of A) hospital fraud in Medicare and Medicaid. B) violence against women and children. C) the flow of illegal drugs across American borders. D) stock market manipulation by insiders. Answer: C (p. 804) Topic: George H. W. Bush as President Skill: Conceptual 40) After his election in 1988, President Bush A) displayed the same lack of interest in the details of government as President Reagan. B) saw his standing in public opinion polls drop dramatically because of his inept handling of foreign affairs. C) angered Reagan loyalists by supporting abortion rights and gun control. D) tried to shed the tough image he created during the campaign. Answer: D (p. 804) Topic: George H. W. Bush as President Skill: Conceptual

41) The main reason for the collapse of Soviet-style communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 and 1990 was A) Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's refusal to use force to keep old-line communist governments in power in Eastern Europe. B) the aggressive stance taken toward Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev by presidents Reagan and Bush. C) pressure from a United Nations' boycott of Soviet trade in order to pressure Soviet withdrawal from Eastern Europe. D) the rebellions in Eastern Europe against Gorbachev's heavy-handed attempts to crush any attempts to reform pro-Soviet governments. Answer: A (p. 805) Topic: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe Skill: Conceptual 42) The dismantling of communist governments in the Soviet Union’s European satellites was generally peaceful, except in ______________, where the dictator was executed. A) Romania B) Hungary C) Czechoslovakia D) Bulgaria Answer: A (p. 805) Topic: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe Skill: Factual 43) To which Central American nation did President Bush dispatch American troops after General Manuel Noriega refused to relinquish power after his figurehead candidate lost a national election? A) Granada B) Nicaragua C) Cuba D) Panama Answer: D (p. 806) Topic: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe Skill: Factual 44) In August 1991, hard-line communists launched an unsuccessful coup against Soviet President A) Boris Yeltsin. B) Eduard Shevardnadze. C) Mikhail Gorbachev. D) Vladimir Putin. Answer: C (p. 806) Topic: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe Skill: Factual

45) In August 1990, Iraq's President ________ launched a massive attack on Kuwait, precipitating a major war in the Persian Gulf. A) Fahd Bin Abdel Aziz B) Saddam Hussein C) Hosni Mubarek D) Muammar al-Qaddafi Answer: B (p. 806) Topic: The War in the Persian Gulf Skill: Factual 46) At the end of the Persian Gulf War, A) President Bush was highly criticized by the American public for embroiling U.S. troops in the Middle East. B) there was general ambivalence by the American public regarding U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf and of President Bush’s performance in general. C) people generally approved of the war, but not President Bush’s performance as chief executive. D) an overwhelming majority of the American public approved of President Bush’s handling of the war and his performance as president. Answer: D (p. 807) Topic: The War in the Persian Gulf Skill: Conceptual 47) After the war in the Persian Gulf, President George H. W. Bush was criticized because he A) inflicted enormous civilian casualties through extensive bombing. B) did not capture Baghdad and crush the Iraqi army. C) supported economic sanctions against Iraq that had disastrous effects on the health of children and the elderly. D) discouraged Kurds and pro-Iranian Muslims from trying to overthrow Saddam Hussein. Answer: B (p. 808) Topic: The War in the Persian Gulf Skill: Conceptual 48) Whose pledge to not raise taxes came back to haunt him after he was elected? A) Newt Gingrich B) William Clinton C) George H. W. Bush D) George W. Bush Answer: C (p. 808) Topic: Deficits Skill: Factual

49) During the presidency of George H. W. Bush, which of the following events did NOT play a role in the ballooning federal deficit? A) President Bush’s refusal to raise any taxes B) the cost of the Persian Gulf War C) the savings and loan bailout D) the refusal to reduce spending on popular entitlement programs Answer: A (p. 808) Topic: Deficits Skill: Conceptual 50) President George H. W. Bush was faced with the need for enormous sums of money to bail out the ailing ________ industry. A) savings and loan B) computer C) pharmaceutical D) automobile Answer: A (p. 808) Topic: Deficits Skill: Factual 30.2 True/False Questions 51) According to the text, Ford managed the economy more successfully than any other recent president. Answer: FALSE (pp. 788–789) Topic: Ford as President Skill: Conceptual 52) “Stagflation” is a term used to describe an economy in which, among other things, prices remain stagnant. Answer: FALSE (p. 791) Topic: Stagflation: The Weird Economy Skill: Factual 53) The Central Intelligence Agency backed the 1953 coup that overthrew the Iranian government and placed the shah in control. Answer: TRUE (p. 793) Topic: The Iran Crisis: Origins Skill: Factual 54) In the 1984 election, the only element of the Democrats' New Deal coalition that voted solidly for Mondale was blue-collar workers. Answer: FALSE (p. 797) Topic: Four More Years Skill: Factual 449 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

55) Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost was designed to stimulate the economy by decentralizing the Soviet administration. Answer: FALSE (p. 797) Topic: “The Reagan Revolution” Skill: Factual 56) The person most responsible for the frenzy of corporate mergers in the 1980s was Michael Milken, who specialized in selling “junk bonds.” Answer: TRUE (p. 798) Topic: The New Merger Movement Skill: Factual 57) By the end of Reagan's second term, the standard of living for the poorest fifth of Americans had fallen almost 10 percent, while that of the wealthiest had risen by almost 20 percent. Answer: TRUE (p. 802) Topic: Corporate Restructuring Skill: Factual 58) During the Persian Gulf War, at the behest of Islamic fundamentalists, Saudi Arabia refused American troops access to their soil. Answer: FALSE (p. 806) Topic: The War in the Persian Gulf Skill: Conceptual 59) By the late 1980s, U.S. aspirations had become smaller and more sensible. Answer: TRUE (p. 809) Topic: Deficits Skill: Conceptual 30.3 Essay Questions 60) Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Carter and Reagan. Explain their assumptions. Summarize their successes and failures. (pp 790–804) Topic: The Carter Presidency; Reagan as President 61) Describe the Iranian crisis, examining both its postwar origins and the dilemmas it presented for President Carter. (pp. 793–794) Topic: The Iran Crisis: Carter's Dilemma

62) Explain why Ronald Reagan was so popular. Evaluate to what extent he will be viewed as a success or a failure as president by future historians. Support your argument with specific examples from his presidency. (pp. 795–798) Topic: Reagan as President 63) Discuss the foreign policy of George H. W. Bush. Evaluate his successes and failures. (pp. 804–805) Topic: George H. W. Bush as President 64) Discuss and compare the U.S. economy during the presidencies of Carter, Reagan, and George H. W. Bush. Make sure to include in a discussion of the policies of each in relation to taxes and the federal deficit. (pp. 790–792, 798–802, 808–809) Topic: Stagflation: The Weird Economy; Reagan as President; Deficits 30.4 Identification Questions 65) Camp David Accords A 1978 peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, mediated by President Jimmy Carter, signed at Camp David, a presidential retreat near Washington, DC (p. 792) Topic: “Constant Decency” in Action Skill: Factual 66) Iran-Contra affair Scandal involving high officials in the Reagan administration accused of funding the Contra rebels in Nicaragua in violation of 1984 Congressional laws explicitly prohibiting such aid. The Contra funding came from the secret sale of arms to Iran (p. 803) Topic: Assessing the Reagan Revolution Skill: Factual 67) Iranian hostage crisis Protracted crisis that began in 1979 when Islamic militants seized the American embassy in Tehran, Iran, and held scores of its employees hostage. The militants had been enraged by American support for the deposed Shah of Iran. The crisis, which lasted over a year, contributed to President Jimmy Carter’s defeat in his reelection campaign in 1980 (p. 794) Topic: The Iran Crisis: Carter’s Dilemma Skill: Factual 68) Moral Majority A term associated with the organization by that name, founded in 1979 by the Reverend Jerry Falwell to combat “amoral liberals,” drug abuse, “coddling” of criminals, homosexuality, communism, and abortion (p. 796) Topic: Four More Years Skill: Factual

69) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) A cartel of oil-producing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that gained substantial power over the world economy in the mid- to late– 1970s (p. 788) Topic: The Oil Crisis Skill: Factual 70) Persian Gulf War The 1991 war following Iraq’s takeover of Kuwait; the United States and a coalition of allies defeated the army of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein but failed to drive him from power (pp. 806–807) Topic: The War in the Persian Gulf Skill: Factual 71) Reaganomics A label pinned on President Ronald Reagan’s policies of tax cuts, social welfare cuts, and increased military spending; it generated huge federal deficits, but also promoted the reorganization of large corporations (p. 795) Topic: Reagan as President Skill: Factual 72) stagflation A term coined in the 1970s to describe the period’s economic downturn and simultaneous deflation in prices (p. 791) Topic: Stagflation: The Weird Economy Skill: Factual 73) Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) The concept of a space-based missile defense system—popularly known as “Star Wars,” after the movie by that name—proposed by President Ronald Reagan in 1983. Controversial and costly, the concept was never fully realized (p. 798) Topic: “The Reagan Revolution” Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 31 From Boomers to Millennials 31.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) A “Millennial” is someone A) born from 1946 to 1964. B) who acts like they are from another generation. C) born after 1980. D) who lived in the 1970s and 1980s. Answer: C (p. 811) Topic: Why do you go to college? Skill: Factual 2) As compared to Millennials, Boomers are more likely to A) seek a meaningful philosophy of life. B) seek material wealth. C) be engaged in private concerns rather than grand social schemes. D) be worried about finding suitable employment. Answer: A (p. 811) Topic: Why do you go to college? Skill: Conceptual 3) The Immigration Act of 1965 was different from the previous quota-based immigration system in that it A) allowed immigration based on the nation’s existing ethnic patterns. B) gave amnesty to illegal immigrants who had lived in the United States for a long time. C) gave preference to Asian and Latin American immigrants. D) favored those with specialized job skills and education. Answer: D (p. 812) Topic: The New Immigration Skill: Conceptual 4) In response to the new waves of immigrants, in 1986 Congress A) realized that poverty in the immigrants’ homelands drove them to flee to the U.S. Congress greatly increased foreign aid and economic development to those countries. B) insisted that all new immigrants prove they were financially independent. C) offered amnesty to long-term illegal immigrants and penalized employers who hired illegal immigrants in the future. D) denied federal benefits to illegal immigrants and their children, even if their children were born in the U.S. and were citizens. Answer: C (p. 812) Topic: The New Immigration Skill: Conceptual

5) In the 1970s, most immigrants were from A) Europe and the Middle East. B) Asia and Latin America. C) Canada and Mexico. D) Latin America and Europe. Answer: B (p. 812) Topic: The New Immigration Skill: Factual 6) One example of the new political power of immigrants was the wage concessions granted to the United Farm Workers union and its largely Mexican membership under the leadership of A) Che Guevara. B) Carlos Cardenas. C) Hector Ruiz. D) César Chávez. Answer: D (p. 813) Topic: The New Immigration Skill: Factual 7) To what Southeast Asian country did Barack Obama move when he was six years old? A) Thailand B) Indonesia C) Cambodia D) Vietnam Answer: B (p. 814) Topic: American Lives: Barack Obama Skill: Factual 8) As part of his struggle with the issue of race, Barack Obama changed his name to Barack from A) Barry. B) Bryan. C) Luo. D) Bob. Answer: A (p. 815) Topic: American Lives: Barack Obama Skill: Factual

9) Dr. Benjamin Spock’s Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care was extremely influential in the early lives of Boomers. According to Spock, women who held jobs outside the home A) were good role models for their children. B) were more likely to succumb to common medical crises. C) were guilty of neglecting their children. D) should be venerated by society. Answer: C (p. 816) Topic: The Emergence of Modern Feminism Skill: Conceptual 10) Female characters in 1950s popular television were heavily influenced by A) working women, with Rosie the Riveter being the prototype. B) the emergence of feminism. C) the ideas of Harvard political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in Who Are We? D) the work of Dr. Spock and other psychologists who placed the utmost importance on women’s nurturing sides. Answer: D (p. 816) Topic: The Emergence of Modern Feminism Skill: Conceptual 11) Who described the “problem that had no name” in her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique? A) Phyllis Schlafly B) Norma McCorvey C) Simone de Beauvoir D) Betty Friedan Answer: D (p. 817) Topic: The Emergence of Modern Feminism Skill: Factual 12) “The time has come for a new movement toward true equality for all women in America and toward a fully equal partnership of the sexes.” This was part of the 1966 founding statement of the A) National Organization for Women. B) National Woman’s party. C) National Federation of Republican Women. D) National Council of Women. Answer: A (p. 817) Topic: The Emergence of Modern Feminism Skill: Factual

13) In the 1970 battle to repeal New York’s antiabortion law, who were the main opponents of repeal? A) liberals and the medical establishment B) incumbent politicians and conservative state judges C) conservatives and the Roman Catholic Church D) the justices of the Supreme Court along with a majority of Congress Answer: C (p. 818) Topic: The Emergence of Modern Feminism Skill: Conceptual 14) What was the constitutional basis for the Supreme Court’s ruling in Roe v. Wade? A) right to life B) freedom of speech C) right to privacy D) prohibition against unreasonable searches Answer: C (p. 818) Topic: Roe v. Wade Skill: Factual 15) The “right of privacy” was established by the Supreme Court in A) Griswold v. Connecticut. B) Roe v. Wade. C) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. D) Planned Parenthood Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey. Answer: A (p. 818) Topic: Roe v. Wade Skill: Factual 16) Under the decision in Roe v. Wade A) a baby in utero had a right to life starting at three months; prior to that the state could not prevent a woman from obtaining an abortion. B) a mother’s right of privacy took precedence until the final three months of pregnancy when a fetus could likely survive without the mother. C) abortions without restriction were legalized. D) although a fetus did not have a right to life, its right to privacy began at six months. Answer: B (p. 818) Topic: Roe v. Wade Skill: Conceptual

17) In regards to the women’s rights agenda, conservatives A) were successful in so severely limiting abortion that it became almost impossible to obtain. B) were never able to energize a base. C) got the majority of their support from the highly educated elite. D) were able to defeat the ERA with support from working-class women. Answer: D (pp. 819–820) Topic: Conservative Counterattack Skill: Conceptual 18) ______________ led a nationwide campaign against the ratification of the ERA. A) Betty Friedan B) Phyllis Schlafly C) Geraldine Ferraro D) Norma McCorvey Answer: B (p. 819) Topic: Conservative Counterattack Skill: Conceptual 19) The 1970s recession and the strain it placed on women and families led to the demise of the A) Equal Rights Amendment. B) Displaced Homemaker Act. C) Equal Opportunity Commission. D) Carter Commission on Women's Rights and Opportunities. Answer: A (p. 820) Topic: Conservative Counterattack Skill: Factual 20) What happened to the Equal Rights Amendment? A) It became the Twenty-eighth Amendment to the Constitution. B) It failed to gain any momentum and was passed by only three states. C) It provisionally became law and still awaits passage by a few states. D) It fell three states short of passage. Answer: D (p. 820) Topic: Conservative Counterattack Skill: Factual

21) Which of the following was a seminal event in the gay and lesbian rights movement? A) the Stonewall riot B) disturbances at Haight-Ashbury C) the American Psychiatric Association’s publication stating that homosexuality was a mental illness D) the Supreme Court’s decision in Reed v. Reed Answer: A (p. 820) Topic: The Rise of Gay and Lesbian Rights Skill: Conceptual 22) The first openly gay man to run for office in California, who led the fight against a California law that would fire gay teachers, was A) Barney Frank. B) Harvey Milk. C) George Moscone. D) Rock Hudson. Answer: B (p. 820) Topic: The Rise of Gay and Lesbian Rights Skill; Factual 23) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is caused by the____________, which destroys the body’s defenses against infection and makes a person vulnerable to many diseases. A) human herpesvirus B) human papillomavirus C) human T-lymphotropic virus D) human immunodeficiency virus Answer: D (p. 821) Topic: AIDS Skill: Factual 24) The 1985 revelation by what handsome romantic actor that he was dying of AIDS first brought widespread public attention to this epidemic? A) Rock Hudson B) Paul Newman C) Richard Chamberlain D) Montgomery Cliff Answer: A (p. 821) Topic: AIDS Skill: Factual

25) Which of the following statements about the AIDS epidemic in the late 1980s and early 1990s is FALSE? A) Fear of AIDS exacerbated the homophobia of many. B) “Safe” sex campaigns began to distribute condoms, even to many high schools. C) Ronald Regan refused to recognize the AIDS epidemic as a public health crisis. D) The AIDS epidemic forced many to confront homosexuality for the first time. Answer: C (p. 821) Topic: AIDS Skill: Conceptual 26) In 2000, __________ was the first state to recognize same-sex civil unions. A) Maine B) Vermont C) Massachusetts D) California Answer: B (p. 823) Topic: Publicly Gay Skill: Factual 27) What was the response of President George W. Bush to same-sex marriage? A) He was generally opposed, but steered away from the topic. B) He supported civil unions but not marriage of same-sex couples. C) He opposed it and even proposed a constitutional amendment to prohibit it. D) He generally supported it, but refused to assist the cause in any way. Answer: C (p. 823) Topic: Publicly Gay Skill: Conceptual 28) What happened after Vermont legalized same-sex civil unions? A) Massachusetts passed a law that it would not recognize such unions. B) Within the next five years, six states passed similar laws. C) The Roman Catholic Church became a surprising ally to the cause. D) The tide of public opinion began to sway against same-sex marriage, with Millennials leading the way. Answer: B (p. 823) Topic: Publicly Gay Skill: Conceptual

29) Fearing the nation’s loss of its moral compass, conservative leaders during the 1970s and 1980s actively tried to implement the goals of the ____________ movement. A) law and order B) crime and punishment C) civil rights D) criminal justice Answer: A (p. 823) Topic: Crime and Punishment Skill: Factual 30) The Supreme Court’s decision in Furman A) legalized capital punishment. B) found that juries needed more input in capital punishment decisions. C) found jury-imposed capital punishment racially biased and therefore unconstitutional. D) legalized capital punishment as long as juries had discretion. Answer: C (p. 824) Topic: Crime and Punishment Skill: Conceptual 31) After 1970, the American criminal justice system was characterized by A) a decrease in the average length of sentences served by prisoners. B) the elimination of the death penalty in almost all states. C) a dramatic increase in the prison population. D) the phasing out of mandatory sentencing. Answer: C (p. 824) Topic: Crime and Punishment Skill: Conceptual 32) During the 1980s, one factor that intensified the problem of violent crime in the inner cities was a shift in drug use to A) LSD. B) “crack.” C) marijuana. D) methamphetamine. Answer: B (p. 824) Topic: Crack and Urban Gangs Skill: Factual

33) By 2010, what percentage of African American men in their twenties were in prison, on probation, or on parole? A) 30 B) 10 C) 5 D) 25 Answer: A (p. 824) Topic: Crack and Urban Gangs Skill: Factual 34) Which of the following was NOT a reason for the postwar demographic change that resulted in the “rise of the suburbs”? A) the federal government’s commitment to the creation of a highway system B) cheap home mortgages under the G.I. Bill of 1946 C) rejection of loans by the Federal Housing Authority in older residential areas D) inexpensive housing built especially for veterans on large tracts of land Answer: C (pp. 826–827) Topic: From Main Street to Mall to Internet Skill: Conceptual 35) What retail shift was brought about by Sam Walton in the 1980s? A) the use of professional salespeople and creation of a “shopping experience” B) the creation of large, shopper-accessible warehouses C) the move, against trend, to the downtown of many small communities D) the closing of physical shops and the move to exclusively online merchandising Answer: B (p. 827) Topic: From Main Street to Mall to Internet Skill: Conceptual 36) As compared to Boomers, a Millennial is more likely to A) need public interaction in order to feel satisfied. B) hold a job in the service sector. C) lead a life characterized by private pursuits. D) engage in pursuits that require social interaction. Answer: C (p. 827) Topic: From Main Street to Mall to Internet Skill: Conceptual

37) By 1990, membership in churches and synagogues A) deeply declined from previous decades. B) experienced an increase from the previous four decades. C) remained steady, except for the Roman Catholic Church, which saw deep declines. D) remained steady, except for mainstream Protestant churches, which saw sharp increases. Answer: B (p. 827) Topic: From Community to Facebook Skill: Conceptual 38) In 1990, what percentage of Americans reported that they belonged to a church? A) 20 B) 33 C) 50 D) 66 Answer: D (p. 828) Topic: From Community to Facebook Skill: Factual 39) According to the surgeon general in 2010, Millennials lack of exercise and resulting obesity is, in part, a result of the A) decline in gym memberships. B) increase in online education. C) skyrocketing use of electronic media. D) increase in team sports at the expense of individualized exercise routines. Answer: C (p. 828) Topic: From Community to Facebook Skill: Conceptual 40) Which of the following is an example of the transformation of social activity in the twenty-first century? A) increased participation in team sports B) decline in television viewing C) the rise of online learning D) the increased use of public transportation Answer: C (p. 828) Topic: From Community to Facebook Skill: Conceptual

41) One reason for the increased participation in online education is A) it spares commuters from having to find parking on college campuses. B) most students prefer to not interact with real people in classrooms. C) the lack of face-to-face contact tends to increase test scores. D) its cost to students is minimal. Answer: A (p. 829) Topic: From Community to Facebook Skill: Conceptual 42) As of January 1, 2011 what percentage of the American population will be over 65? A) one-fourth B) one-fifth C) one-sixth D) one-seventh Answer: D (p. 831) Topic: Greying of the Boomers Skill: Factual 43) By the time Millennials reach sixty-five, the percentage of the American population over sixty-five will be A) less than it ever has been. B) less than on January 1, 2011. C) greater than on January 1, 2011. D) about the same as on January 1, 2011, given mortality rates. Answer: C (p. 831) Topic: Greying of the Boomers Skill: Conceptual 44) Which of the following statements about the nation’s aging population is TRUE? A) On January 1, 2011 one-fifth of the nation’s population was over sixty-five. B) As the nation ages, the use of the nation’s wealth has begun to shift from health care and pensions to more economically productive activities. C) Social Security will always remain solvent, but the monthly payments may drop as the nation ages. D) The pressure on Congress from the elderly population to increase old age benefits has endangered the Social Security Trust Fund. Answer: D (p. 832) Topic: Greying of the Boomers Skill: Conceptual

45) The life span of the average American born in the year 2000 is A) 85. B) 77. C) 50. D) 67. Answer: B (p. 832) Topic: Greying of the Boomers Skill: Factual 31.2 True/False Questions 46) From 1970 to 2000 the largest immigrant group to the United States was Asians. Answer: FALSE (p. 812) Topic: The New Immigration Skill: Factual 47) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that protects women from discrimination in hiring and promotion was passed thanks to Virginia Senator Howard Smith who worked tirelessly to promote female equality. Answer: FALSE (p. 812) Topic: The Emergence of Modern Feminism Skill: Conceptual 48) The right to privacy was established in Griswold v. Connecticut, a case regarding a woman’s right to an abortion. Answer: FALSE (p. 818) Topic: Roe v. Wade Skill: Factual 49) Conservatives rallied behind Phyllis Schlafly to campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution. Answer: TRUE (p. 819) Topic: Conservative Counterattack Skill: Factual 50) Prior to 1973, the American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as a treatable mental illness. Answer: TRUE (p. 820) Topic: The Rise of Gay and Lesbian Rights Skill: Factual

51) During the 1980s, the law and order movement inspired by Richard Nixon was rejected by most voters. Answer: FALSE (p. 823) Topic: Crime and Punishment Skill: Conceptual 52) The text describes rap music as conveying an attitude of defiance and raw rage. Answer: TRUE (p. 825) Topic: Violence and Popular Culture Skill: Conceptual 53) “White flight” from the inner cities was spurred on by the postwar policies of the federal government. Answer: TRUE (p. 826) Topic: From Main Street to Mall to Internet Skill: Conceptual 54) During the 1990s, membership in mainstream Protestant churches dramatically increased. Answer: FALSE (p. 828) Topic: From Community to Facebook Skill: Factual 55) Only 31 percent of Americans between the ages of eighteen and thirty-nine believe that they will be able to collect Social Security benefits when they retire. Answer: TRUE (p. 832) Topic: Greying of the Boomers Skill: Factual 31.3 Essay Questions 56) Discuss the differences between the Boomers and Millennials. Explain the transformation from public to private life in U.S. society. (pp. 811–832) Topic: From Boomers to Millennials 57) Discuss the impact of immigration on U.S. society. How have immigrants themselves changed over time? (pp. 812–813) Topic: The New Immigration 58) Describe the emergence of the feminist movement. What have been its major achievements? What setbacks has it faced and why? (pp. 816–819) Topic: The Emergence of Modern Feminism

59) Explain the development of the movement for gay and lesbian rights. Discuss how public opinion relative to this issue has evolved over time. (pp. 820–823) Topic: The Rise of Gay and Lesbian Rights 60) Summarize the key factors leading to the increased fear of crime in the 1990s. In your analysis, which of these factors was most important? (pp. 823–825) Topic: Crime and Punishment 31.4 Identification Questions 61) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) A deadly, and very often sexually transmitted disease that emerged in the 1980s and that at first spread chiefly among injection drug users and gay male populations, but soon affected all communities. The disease is a complex of deadly pathologies resulting from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By 2000, AIDS deaths in the United States had surpassed 40,000 (p. 821) Topic: AIDS Skill: Factual 62) Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) A proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution to outlaw discrimination on the basis of sex. Although first proposed in 1923, the amendment was not passed by Congress until 1972; but the ratification movement fell short and the ERA was not added to the Constitution (p. 817) Topic: The Emergence of Modern Feminism Skill: Factual 63) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) A virus, usually spread through sexual contact, that attacks the immune system, sometimes fatally. HIV, which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), first appeared in the United States in the 1980s (p. 821) Topic: AIDS Skill: Factual 64) National Organization for Women (NOW) An organization, founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan and other feminists, to promote equal rights for women, changes in divorce laws, and legalization of abortion (p. 817) Topic: The Emergence of Modern Feminism Skill: Factual

American Destiny, 4e (Carnes) Chapter 32 Shocks and Responses: 1992–Present 32.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The failed real estate development that led to an investigation of Bill and Hillary Clinton for illegal financial dealings was called A) Brentwood. B) Walnut Grove. C) Blue Springs. D) Whitewater. Answer: D (p. 835) Topic: A New Face: Bill Clinton Skill: Factual 2) Bill Clinton's response in the 1992 presidential campaign to allegations about a long-term extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers A) demonstrated his difficulty in connecting with average Americans. B) was so ineffective that he was almost forced to withdraw from the nominating process. C) was clear evidence of his ability to address the American people directly, but with very carefully chosen words. D) revealed his forthright integrity and strong moral character. Answer: C (p. 835) Topic: A New Face: Bill Clinton Skill: Conceptual 3) What Texas billionaire ran as an independent candidate for president in 1992, spending his own money to present a direct platform that combined both liberal and conservative planks? A) T. Boone Pickens B) Patrick Buchanan C) Ross Perot D) Lamar Alexander Answer: C (p. 836) Topic: The Election of 1992 Skill: Factual 4) Clinton used his executive authority to strengthen the Supreme Court majority that opposed the Reagan-Bush position on A) abortion. B) the death penalty. C) federal financing of political campaigns. D) affirmative action. Answer: A (p. 836) Topic: A New Start: Clinton as President Skill: Conceptual 467 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

5) In his first budget, President Clinton presented a controversial proposal to A) increase Social Security taxes by 10 percent over two years. B) reduce the federal deficit by raising taxes and reducing spending. C) follow the model of “Reaganomics” by cutting taxes sharply. D) cut the Pentagon's budget by 25 percent. Answer: B (p. 836) Topic: A New Start: Clinton As President Skill: Conceptual 6) Clinton's most important initiative in his first term was a failed attempt to reform the A) welfare system. B) military budget. C) Social Security system. D) health insurance system. Answer: D (p. 836) Topic: A New Start: Clinton as President Skill: Factual 7) Public pressure surrounding the Whitewater scandal forced the appointment of ________ as a special prosecutor. A) Bernard Shaw B) Janet Reno C) Burt Lance D) Kenneth W. Starr Answer: D (p. 836) Topic: Emergence of the Republican Majority Skill: Factual 8) Campaigning on a “Contract with America,” Georgia Representative ________ led the Republicans to victory in the congressional elections of 1994. A) Newt Gingrich B) Jeb Bush C) Bob Barr D) John McCain Answer: A (p. 837) Topic: Emergence of the Republican Majority Skill: Factual

9) Despite his extensive experience as Senate majority leader, Kansas Republican ________ proved to be a poor campaigner as the Republican nominee for president in 1996. A) Dan Quayle B) Lamar Alexander C) George W. Bush D) Robert Dole Answer: D (p. 837) Topic: Election of 1996 Skill: Factual 10) President Clinton's attempt to hide his sexual encounters with White House intern ________ was a major factor in his impeachment and trial on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. A) Linda Tripp B) Paula Jones C) Monica Lewinsky D) Gennifer Flowers Answer: C (p. 837) Topic: Clinton Impeached Skill: Factual 11) Although ________ was originally appointed as a special prosecutor to investigate the Whitewater scandal, he provided the evidence for accusing Clinton of sexual impropriety, perjury, and obstruction of justice. A) Patrick Fitzgerald B) Robert Bork C) Lawrence Walsh D) Kenneth W. Starr Answer: D (p. 838) Topic: Clinton Impeached Skill: Factual 12) During the impeachment of President Clinton, A) the vote to impeach him in the House was overwhelmingly bipartisan. B) Chief Justice William Rehnquist threw out most of the charges against him. C) Democratic senators successfully argued that his sexual indiscretions did not meet the Constitution's standard of “high crimes and misdemeanors.” D) Republican senators were not able to unite to convict him and remove him from office, even though they had enough votes to do so. Answer: C (p. 839) Topic: Clinton Impeached Skill: Conceptual

13) Clinton's economic policies helped his political survival because the American economy A) reduced its foreign trade deficit while increasing its exports. B) grew steadily while avoiding unemployment, inflation, and recession. C) concentrated on the emerging problems of global warming and the exhaustion of fossil fuels. D) turned away from the globalization represented by the World Trade Organization and the proposed North America Free Trade Agreement. Answer: B (p. 839) Topic: Clinton's Legacy Skill: Conceptual 14) Despite considerable effort, President Clinton failed to negotiate peace between A) Russia and the Ukraine. B) Serbia and Bosnia. C) Israel and the Palestinians. D) Iran and Iraq. Answer: C (p. 839) Topic: Clinton's Legacy Skill: Factual 15) The main issue in the 2000 presidential campaign was, A) “How deeply could the defense budget be cut with the end of the Cold War?” B) “How should the United States deal with the threat of terrorism?” C) “What should be done with enormous federal surpluses that were projected?” D) “How can the United States help to bring peace to the Middle East?” Answer: C (p. 841) Topic: The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote Skill: Conceptual 16) Which of the following statements about the 2000 presidential election is most accurate? A) The fate of disputed punch-card ballots in Florida determined the winner. B) George W. Bush received a narrow majority of both popular and electoral votes. C) The Supreme Court decided the winner after the Electoral College deadlocked. D) Green party candidate Ralph Nader carried Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and Oregon. Answer: A (p. 841) Topic: The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote Skill: Conceptual

17) After the fall of the Soviet Union, a major cause of increased terrorism was the conflict between A) Muslims and Christians in poor nations. B) religious fundamentalists of many faiths and modern secularism. C) military dictators and advocates of democracy. D) Israel and the Palestinians. Answer: D (p. 841) Topic: The New Terrorism Skill: Conceptual 18) In addition to the attack on the World Trade Center, the al-Qaeda terrorist network of Osama bin Laden was also linked to the A) bombing of a Pan American airliner over Lockerbie, Scotland. B) attack on the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro. C) bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa. D) destruction of a West German club frequented by American soldiers. Answer: C (p. 842) Topic: September 11, 2001 Skill: Factual 19) Although the U.S. government had supplied them with money and weapons in the 1980s, ________ became the first target of George W. Bush's “war on terror” because he believed they were protecting Osama bin Laden. A) Hezbollah in Lebanon B) the Taliban in Afghanistan C) the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in Syria D) Hamas in Palestine Answer: B (pp. 843–844) Topic: America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan Skill: Factual 20) During the 2000 campaign, George W. Bush endorsed the Powell doctrine that American troops should A) only be used in cooperation with the United Nations. B) only be deployed when the military objective was absolutely clear, when they had an overwhelming military advantage, and when they could be disengaged safely. C) be used anywhere they could be of assistance in nation building. D) only be used in cooperation with NATO. Answer: B (p. 844) Topic: America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan Skill: Conceptual

21) Analyzing the events leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, President Bush A) relied heavily upon information from United Nations inspectors. B) followed his father's example of patiently building a large coalition among the other major world powers to help share the burden of the war. C) refused to seek congressional support for war appropriations. D) ignored the advice of Secretary of State Colin Powell. Answer: D (p. 844) Topic: The Second Iraq War Skill: Conceptual 22) The Democratic candidate for president in 2004 was A) John Kerry. B) John Edwards. C) Al Gore. D) Howard Dean. Answer: A (p. 845) Topic: 2004: Bush Wins a Second Term Skill: Factual 23) In the 2004 election, George W. Bush A) was essentially given the presidency by the Supreme Court. B) prevailed in both the popular vote and in the Electoral College. C) lost the popular vote but won the Electoral College. D) won the presidency in a landslide. Answer: B (p. 846) Topic: 2004: Bush Wins a Second Term Skill: Factual 24) As compared to the 1980s, in 2009 A) crime had increased, along with addiction to drugs such as crack. B) crime rates remained the same but incarceration rates increased. C) urban crime declined, but incidents of shocking violence still rocked the nation. D) tougher gun control laws led to a decrease in crime. Answer: C (p. 846) Topic: Crime: Good News and Bad Skill: Conceptual

25) In analyzing Hurricane Katrina, it is fair to say that A) this was the worst natural disaster in American history. B) FEMA's quick and effective response relieved the sufferings of thousands. C) warnings from engineers about the levees and canals in New Orleans were ignored. D) New Orleans officials had an elaborate evacuation plan for people who did not own cars, but those people did not follow it. Answer: C (p. 848) Topic: Hurricane Katrina Skill: Conceptual 26) As the Iraq insurgency intensified in 2004, A) the differences between the Iraqi factions threatened to fracture the country into separate nations. B) Shiites boycotted the election of the National Assembly and threatened to fracture Iraq. C) the new Iraqi constitution managed to guarantee individual liberty in an Islamic framework. D) U.S. public opinion continued to be united behind President Bush's policy. Answer: A (p. 848) Topic: Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” Skill: Conceptual 27) As a result of the ongoing instability in Iraq, the 2006 midterm election was a A) resounding victory for the Republicans who the country trusted to figure out a sound fiscal way to pay for the war. B) vote of confidence for President Bush and his Iraqi policy. C) victory for the Democrats because the nation was weary with the war and its cost. D) victory for the Democrats who supported President Bush’s war policy so as not to appear “unpatriotic.” Answer: C (p. 852) Topic: Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” Skill: Conceptual 28) The first woman to ever hold the position of Speaker of the House of Representatives is A) Geraldine Ferraro. B) Olympia Snowe. C) Jeanette Rankin. D) Nancy Pelosi. Answer: D (p. 852) Topic: Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” Skill: Factual

29) Which of the following characterizes President Bush’s policy in Iraq after appointing General David Petraeus to command in January 2007? A) a drastic withdrawal of American troops B) a greater dependence on U.N. peacekeeping forces with a modest increase in U.S. troop levels C) a surge in troop levels and use of a policy of “clear, hold, and build” D) status quo on troop levels as he fought with Congress for additional funding Answer: C (p. 852) Topic: Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” Skill: Factual 30) Which of the following became a major weakness for the presidential candidacy of John McCain? A) his “maverick” voting record in Congress B) selection of the inexperienced Sarah Palin as his running mate C) lack of proof of his claim that he was a prisoner of war in Vietnam D) Barack Obama’s vast experience Answer: B (p. 852) Topic: 2008: McCain v. Obama Skill: Conceptual 31) What event pushed the 2008 presidential campaign out of the headlines just as things were heating up? A) escalating violence in Iraq B) a North Korean missile attack on South Korea C) increasing evidence of Iranian nuclear capabilities D) a meltdown in the U.S. financial system Answer: D (p. 853) Topic: 2008: McCain v. Obama Skill: Conceptual 32) Which of the following was an initial cause of the 2008–2009 financial crisis? A) consumer refusal to spend followed by a stock market crash B) lack of individual savings and faulty mortgages C) the refusal of banks to extend credit or lend capital D) the cost of the war and the ballooning federal deficit Answer: B (pp. 853–854) Topic: Financial Meltdown Skill: Conceptual

33) Which of the following was a result of the 2008-2009 financial crisis? A) a stock market crash greater than the Great Depression B) double-digit inflation C) lack of capital and mass layoffs D) increased investment in mortgage securities Answer: C (pp. 853–854) Topic: Financial Meltdown Skill: Conceptual 34) In the final months of his presidency, George W. Bush’s response to the financial crisis was A) to refuse the use federal funds to assist private banks. B) to support a $700 billion dollar bailout of banks by buying up toxic mortgage bundles. C) incredibly restrained; he did not want to act because of his lame duck status. D) to support a modest bailout of homeowners affected by the crisis. Answer: B (p. 854) Topic: Financial Meltdown Skill: Conceptual 35) Who looked out of touch when he commented that “the fundamentals of our economy are strong” on October 15, 2008, hours before the stock market fell 500 points? A) George W. Bush B) Barack Obama C) Sarah Palin D) John McCain Answer: D (p. 854) Topic: “Yes We Can”: Obama Elected President Skill: Factual 36) What was Barack Obama’s slogan in the 2008 presidential election? A) “America Needs a Change” B) “Putting People First” C) “Yes We Can” D) “Kinder, Gentler Nation” Answer: C (p. 855) Topic: “Yes We Can”: Obama Elected President Skill: Factual

37) In the first few months of Barack Obama’s presidency, A) the economy made a remarkable recovery. B) he was consumed with the financial crisis. C) he removed all U.S. troops from Iraq. D) he removed all U.S. troops from Afghanistan. Answer: B (p. 855) Topic: Obama as President Skill: Conceptual 38) As compared to the year 2000, the U.S. government in 2009 A) operated at a surplus. B) faced similar financial woes. C) was in better financial health because of a wartime economy. D) had massive deficits that loomed over the economic recovery. Answer: D (p. 856) Topic: Obama as President Skill: Conceptual 39) In 2010, what was President Obama’s biggest legislative victory? A) immigration reform B) health care reform C) government oversight of the banking industry D) the removal of all combat troops from Iraq Answer: B (p. 857) Topic: Health Care Reform Skill: Factual 40) President Obama’s health care legislation A) had complete and total support by Democrats. B) socialized the U.S. health care system. C) was the first major health care reform since 1965. D) was passed with the assistance of a few Republican who broke party lines. Answer: C (p. 857) Topic: Health Care Reform Skill: Conceptual

41) In 2010, which state enacted a strict immigration law requiring immigrants to carry alien registration forms and authorizing police to stop anyone suspected of being an illegal immigrant? A) Texas B) Arizona C) California D) New Mexico Answer: B (p. 858) Topic: Immigration Reform Skill: Factual 42) A main Republican criticism of Obama’s immigration reform plan was that it A) did not include a “pathway to citizenship.” B) was too detailed and specific. C) ignored the desires of the Hispanic electorate. D) did not provide for adequate border policing and would encourage illegal immigration. Answer: D (p. 858) Topic: Immigration Reform Skill: Conceptual 43) Regarding an international agreement to curb greenhouse gasses, President Obama A) withdrew support for such an arrangement because he worried about the effect of new regulations on a struggling U.S. economy. B) ardently fought for passage of such an arrangement hoping it would promote the use of alternative energy. C) passionately believed that a faltering economy should not impact the passage of such an agreement. D) had the Kyoto agreements ratified by the Senate within his first six months as president. Answer: A (p. 858) Topic: Environmental Concerns and Disaster in the Gulf Skill: Conceptual 44) Which of the following events did President Obama call the “worst environmental disaster America has faced”? A) the failure of the Senate to ratify the Kyoto agreements B) the refusal of U.S. businesses to invest in alternative sources of energy C) the explosion of a British Petroleum oil well in the Gulf of Mexico D) global warming and the melting of the polar ice caps Answer: C (p. 859) Topic: Environmental Concerns and Disaster in the Gulf Skill: Conceptual

45) In the Afghan election in the fall of 2009, Hamid Karzai A) was defeated but seated as president with the help of the U.S. military. B) won by default after his chief opposition withdrew. C) won but had to go into hiding because of Taliban resistance. D) was appointed by provincial governors after the election was marred by fraud and declared null by UN monitors. Answer: B (p. 861) Topic: Afghanistan, Again Skill: Conceptual 46) Which of the following characterized U.S. policy in Afghanistan in 2009? A) withdrawal of U.S. troops and peace talks with the Taliban B) less military involvement and more civilian assistance to Hamid Karzai C) increased use of the air force and drastic decrease of the army and marines D) a surge in U.S. troops and use of unmanned planes Answer: D (p. 861) Topic: Afghanistan, Again Skill: Conceptual 47) In the summer of 2010, President Obama appointed David Petraeus as Commander of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan after A) he fired the previous commander for insubordination. B) he decided to remove all combat troops from Afghanistan. C) the Taliban came to power in popular elections. D) the previous commander refused interviews with the popular press resulting in charges of lack of transparency. Answer: B (p. 862) Topic: Afghanistan, Again Skill: Conceptual 48) According to the text, what can we “learn” from history? A) the ability to predict the course of human events B) insight into underlying forces that generate historical change C) that the past is truly the past and the future is uncertain and unpredictable D) how to tell when and where a major conflict will arise Answer: B (p. 862) Topic: The Persistent Past and Imponderable Future Skill: Conceptual

32.2 True/False Questions 49) Clinton's choice of Senator Al Gore as his 1992 running mate significantly weakened the Democratic ticket. Answer: FALSE (p. 835) Topic: A New Face: Bill Clinton Skill: Factual 50) In the 1994 congressional elections, Republicans won control of both houses of Congress and attempted to enact their “Contract with America.” Answer: TRUE (p. 837) Topic: Emergence of the Republican Majority Skill: Factual 51) President Clinton's testimony about his relationship with Monica Lewinsky was filled with evasive legalisms. Answer: TRUE (p. 838) Topic: Clinton Impeached Skill: Conceptual 52) The Supreme Court decided the presidential election of 2000 on the grounds that a selective hand recount of disputed ballots in Florida violated the Constitution's guarantee of equal protection. Answer: TRUE (p. 841) Topic: The 2000 Election: George W. Bush Wins by One Vote Skill: Factual 53) In the 2004 campaign, John Kerry tried to distinguish himself from President Bush by ardently supporting same-sex marriage. Answer: FALSE (p. 846) Topic: 2004: Bush Wins a Second Term Skill: Conceptual 54) Hurricane Katrina was the worst natural disaster in the nation’s history. Answer: FALSE (pp. 847–848) Topic: Hurricane Katrina Skill: Factual 55) In 2007, because Congress reduced funding for the Iraq war, President Bush was unable to implement his planned “surge” in troops. Answer: FALSE (p. 852) Topic: Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” Skill: Conceptual 479 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

56) News of huge executive bonuses given to those leading many of the big banks that received federal bailout money caused President Obama to require full and immediate repayment. Answer: FALSE (p. 856) Topic: Obama as President Skill: Conceptual 57) In denouncing President Obama’s health care reform, Republicans insisted that Americans did not want the federal government to control health care. Answer: TRUE (p. 857) Topic: Health Care Reform Skill; Conceptual 58) Despite his opposition to the “surge” of troops in Iraq, in late 2009 President Obama authorized his own “surge” by sending 30,000 additional troops to Afghanistan. Answer: TRUE (p. 861) Topic: Afghanistan, Again Skill: Conceptual 32.3 Essay Questions 59) Summarize the events that led to the impeachment of President Clinton. What issues did this case present to the American people and their political system? Discuss the impact of the impeachment on President Clinton’s legacy. (pp. 837–839) Topic: Clinton Impeached 60) Compare the state of the economy when President George W. Bush assumed office and when Barack Obama took office. What events and policies explain the differences? (pp. 840, 853–854) Topic: Clinton’s Legacy; 2008 McCain v. Obama 61) Describe the evolution of U.S. military involvement in Afghanistan and how U.S. policy toward Afghanistan has changed over time. (pp. 843–844) Topic: America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan 62) What were the main causes of the 2008-2009 financial crisis? How did the government respond to the economic meltdown? (pp. 853–854) Topic: Financial Meltdown 63) Discuss the reasons for increased medical costs in the United States. Explain the health care reform legislation that Congress passed in 2010. (pp. 856–857) Topic: Health Care Reform

32.4 Identification Questions 64) axis of evil A pejorative phrase, coined by President George W. Bush in 2002, referring to states that supported terrorism and sought weapons of mass destruction. He specifically identified Iraq, Iran, and North Korea (p. 844) Topic: The Second Iraq War Skill: Factual 65) Contract with America A pledge, signed by many Republicans running for Congress in 1994, to support conservative reforms limiting federal power and expenditures. Championed by House Speaker Newt Gingrich, it contributed to a Republican electoral victory; but opposition by President Bill Clinton, a Democrat, prevented passage of much of the contract’s legislative agenda (p. 837) Topic: Emergence of the Republican Majority Skill: Factual 66) improvised explosive device (IED) Also known as “roadside bombs,” IEDs are homemade bombs that usually consist of captured artillery shells that are wired to a detonator. Either they are exploded remotely or by suicide bombers. IEDs accounted for over a third of the casualties sustained by American and United Nations forces in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars (p. 851) Topic: Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” Skill: Factual 67) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) A 1993 accord signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to reduce and eventually eliminate barriers to trade, including tariffs, among the signatories (p. 839) Topic: Clinton’s Legacy Skill: Factual 68) “surge” The sudden increase in troop strength that appeared to have been used successfully against the Iraq insurgency in 2007. President Barack Obama similarly adopted a surge in 2009 to stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan (pp. 852, 861) Topic: Iraq Insurgency and Bush’s “Surge” Skill: Factual 69) war on terror Initially, a worldwide campaign to catch and prosecute those guilty of the September 11, 2001, attacks; as terrorist attacks spread throughout the world, the war became defined far more broadly (pp. 843–844) Topic: America Fights Back: War in Afghanistan Skill: Factual