TEST BANK for American History A Survey 14e Alan Brinkley. VOLUME 1 & VOLUME 2 by StudyGuide

BANK for American History A Survey 14e Alan Brinkley. VOLUME 1 & VOLUME 2.

Chapter 1 The Collision of Cultures Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The origins of the majority of human existence in North America began A. with migrations from Eurasia over the Bering Strait. B. with the explorations of Christopher Columbus. C. as a result of the development of the wheel. D. long after the last ice age ended. E. from the southern tip of South America. Answer: A Page: 3 2. Scholars estimate that human migration into the Americas over the Bering Strait occurred approximately A. 2,000 years ago. B. 5,000 years ago. C. 9,000 years ago. D. 11,000 years ago. E. 18,000 years ago. Answer: D Page: 3 3. The first truly complex society in the Americas was that of the A. Mayas. B. Aztecs. C. Incas. D. Pueblos. E. Olmec. Answer: E Page: 3 4. The early South American civilizations of Incas, Mayas, and Aztecs all shared the following characteristics EXCEPT A. the use of wheeled vehicles. B. economies primarily based on agriculture. C. substantial cities. D. complex political systems. E. elaborate religious and cultural systems. Answer: A Page: 6

5. The pre-Columbian American peoples in the Pacific Northwest A. did not have permanent settlements. B. developed political systems as sophisticated as those of the Mayas and Aztecs. C. fished salmon as their principal occupation. D. were the most peaceful of pre-Columbian societies. E. were known as the Inuit. Answer: C Page: 6 6. The pre-Columbian North American peoples in the Southwest A. were primarily hunters of small game. B. built large irrigation systems for farming. C. lived in small, nomadic tribes. D. created an economy exclusively based on trade. E. primarily pursued moose and caribou for sustenance. Answer: B Page: 7 7. In the Great Plains region, most pre-Columbian societies A. engaged in sedentary farming. B. lived in small nomadic tribes. C. hunted buffalo for survival. D. used horses. E. developed a harsh religion that required human sacrifice. Answer: A Page: 7 8. Prior to European contact, the eastern third of what is today the United States A. was politically controlled by the Cahokia Indians. B. contained no permanent settlements. C. had the most abundant food resources of any region of the continent. D. was populated by tribes that engaged in hunting and gathering but did not yet farm. E. remained for the most part uninhabited. Answer: C Page: 7 9. Cahokia was a large trading center located near what present-day city? A. St. Louis B. Memphis C. New Orleans D. Baton Rouge E. Detroit Answer: A Page: 7

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10. The agricultural practices of pre-Columbian tribes in the Northeast were characterized by A. extensive irrigation systems. B. the development of metal-tipped plows. C. a sacred respect for trees that kept people from cutting them down. D. a rapid exploitation of the land. E. an emphasis on tobacco cultivation. Answer: D Page: 7 11. Many pre-Columbian tribes east of the Mississippi River were loosely linked by A. the shared use of a series of forts. B. common linguistic roots. C. economic compacts. D. intertribal religious festivals. E. the Iroquois Confederacy. Answer: B Page: 7 12. Native American religions were closely linked to A. the idea of apocalypse. B. human sacrifice. C. ideas of male dominance. D. visions from the world of spirits. E. the natural world. Answer: E Page: 8 13. Which statement best describes the role of women in pre-Columbian North American tribes? A. In some tribes, men took care of the children as the women tended the fields. B. In all tribes, women cared for the children and prepared meals. C. In no tribes did women participate in the social and economic organization of the tribe. D. In all tribes, both women and men engaged in hunting. E. In all tribes, women were responsible for farming. Answer: B Page: 9 14. Regarding knowledge of the Americas prior to the fifteenth century, most Europeans A. were aware of the travels of the Norse seaman Leif Eriksson in the eleventh century. B. believed the Americas consisted of little more than several small islands. C. were entirely unaware of the existence of the Americas. D. assumed that the Americas were largely unpopulated. E. had only heard of America from the travels of Marco Polo. Answer: C Page: 9

15. In the late fifteenth century, the desire in Europe to look for new lands was spurred by A. significant population growth. B. the absence of a merchant class. C. the declining political power of many monarchs. D. the expansion of feudalism. E. a desire to escape the Black Death. Answer: A Page: 10 16. The preeminent European maritime power in the fifteenth century was A. Spain. B. Portugal. C. France. D. the Netherlands. E. England. Answer: B Page: 11 17. Christopher Columbus A. was trained as a sailor through his long service to Italy. B. was a man of little ambition. C. believed that Asia could only be reached by sailing east. D. believed the Americas consisted of a few islands. E. thought the world was much smaller than it is in reality. Answer: E Page: 12 18. In his first voyage in 1492, Christopher Columbus A. sailed along the coast of what is present-day Virginia. B. mistook Cuba for China. C. was briefly captured by natives he encountered. D. was forced to put down a mutiny on the Santa Maria. E. crossed the Atlantic Ocean in six weeks. Answer: B Page: 12 19. Christopher Columbus called the native people he encountered on his voyages “Indians” because A. he believed they came from the East Indies in the Pacific. B. it is what the natives called themselves. C. he mispronounced their actual name. D. Norse seamen had previously used the term. E. he wanted to hide his discovery from rival explorers. Answer: A Page: 12

20. As a result of his third voyage in 1498, Christopher Columbus concluded that A. all of the lands he had seen were in Asia. B. he had never come even remotely close to Asia. C. he had encountered a continent separate from Asia. D. Asia could not be reached by a ship traveling west from Europe. E. the lands he had discovered offered great mineral wealth. Answer: C Page: 12 21. Amerigo Vespucci A. sailed on the voyages with Christopher Columbus. B. was a leading critic of Columbus’s claims. C. hailed from Portugal. D. never traveled to the New World. E. helped popularize the idea that the Americas were new continents. Answer: E Page: 12 22. Who was the first known European to look westward upon the Pacific Ocean, in 1513? A. Amerigo Vespucci B. Vasco de Balboa C. Juan Ponce de León D. Ferdinand Magellan E. Hernando Cortés Answer: B Page: 13 23. What European explorer gave the Pacific Ocean its name? A. Amerigo Vespucci B. Vasco de Balboa C. Juan Ponce de León D. Ferdinand Magellan E. Hernando Cortés Answer: D Page: 13 24. In 1518, Hernando Cortés’s conquest of the Aztecs was made possible largely due to A. political divisions within the Aztec leadership. B. the exposure of the Aztecs to smallpox. C. the brutality of the Spanish conquistadores. D. Spanish alliances with enemies of the Aztecs. E. the Spanish co-opting of the Aztec religion. Answer: B Page: 13

25. Which statement about Spanish settlements in the New World is FALSE? A. Spanish gold and silver mines were enormously productive. B. Spanish colonies would form one of the largest empires in the history of the world. C. The Catholic Church was very interested in spreading Christianity in Mexico. D. The first Spanish settlers were mostly interested in farming. E. Many helped establish elements of European civilization permanently in America. Answer: D Page: 15-16 26. An encomienda was a A. special title given to Spanish explorers of the New World. B. religious ceremony. C. Spanish-run community of assimilated Indians. D. uniform worn by conquistadores. E. license to exact tribute and labor from natives. Answer: E Page: 18 27. The first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States was A. New Orleans. B. St. Augustine. C. Santa Fe. D. St. Louis. E. San Francisco. Answer: B Page: 16 28. In 1680, the Pueblo Indians rose in revolt against Spanish settlers after the Spanish A. attempted to convert the Pueblos to Catholicism. B. made efforts to suppress Indian religious rituals. C. demanded tribute from the Indians. D. began to export Pueblos out of the colony to be sold as slaves. E. banned intermarriage between Spaniards and Pueblos. Answer: B Page: 18 29. To reduce conflicts, Spanish policy toward the Pueblo Indians in the eighteenth century involved all of the following EXCEPT A. intensified efforts at assimilating the Pueblos. B. a willingness to permit the Pueblos to own their own land. C. toleration of tribal religious rituals. D. an expansion of the encomienda system. E. a stop to the commandeering of Indian labor. Answer: D Page: 18

30. What factor is believed to have dramatically reduced New World native populations after contact with Europeans? A. war B. disease C. starvation D. enslavement E. religious conversion Answer: B Page: 19-20 31. In what way did sixteenth-century Europeans benefit from trade between the Americas and Europe? A. Food prices sharply rose as new crops flooded the European market. B. Health care improved as Indian medical practices were widely practiced in Europe. C. A large number of new crops became available in Europe. D. Trade with the Americas ended future food shortages in Europe. E. Forced immigration of Indian slaves reduced labor shortages in Europe. Answer: C Page: 20 32. Which of the following was NOT introduced by Europeans to the New World? A. bananas B. pigs C. sugar D. horses E. corn Answer: E Page: 20 33. In Spanish colonial societies, mestizos A. were considered to be at the top of the social hierarchy. B. came to make up the largest segment of the population. C. were officially illegal but generally tolerated. D. were usually sold into slavery. E. was the name given to Catholic priests, friars, and missionaries. Answer: B Page: 20

34. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding African immigrants to the Americans between 1500 and 1800? A. Almost all came against their will. B. They made up over half of all immigrants to the New World. C. Almost all came against their will, and they made up over half of all immigrants to the New World. D. Almost all came voluntarily, making up somewhat less than half of all immigrants to the New World. E. Almost all came voluntarily. Answer: C Page: 21 35. The portion of West Africa that provided the majority of slaves for the Spanish Empire of the sixteenth century A. was a primitive region dominated by warring tribal societies. B. had little commercial contact with the Mediterranean world. C. was dominated by the Christian faith. D. had well-developed economies and political systems. E. had no important cities or trading centers. Answer: D Page: 21 36. African and American Indian societies tended to be matrilineal, which means A. people traced their heredity through their mothers. B. only women would be the heads of families. C. men could not inherit property. D. women were in control of the social institutions. E. only mothers could act as political leaders. Answer: A Page: 22 37. In the fifteenth century, slavery in Africa A. was considered a permanent condition for the enslaved individual. B. proscribed that children born of enslaved parents were also slaves. C. was introduced by Europeans. D. was made up of an exclusively African slave population. E. generally allowed certain legal protections for the enslaved. Answer: E Page: 23

38. In what chronological order did European countries control the African slave trade? A. the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English B. the English, the Spanish, the Dutch C. the Dutch, the English, the Spanish D. the English, the Dutch, the Portuguese E. the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch Answer: A Page: 23 39. What condition(s) in England in the sixteenth century provided incentive for colonization? A. The availability of farmland was declining while the population was growing. B. The demand for wool was declining while the population was growing. C. Pasture land was being converted to crop production while the population was declining. D. Both the food supply and the population were declining. E. Both the food supply and the population were increasing. Answer: A Page: 25 40. Which statement regarding the economic theory of mercantilism is FALSE? A. It presumed that the world’s wealth was finite. B. It increased competition among nations. C. It reduced the desire for nations to acquire and maintain colonies. D. It assumed that exporting goods was preferable to importing goods. E. Its principles spread throughout Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Answer: C Page: 25 41. In England, during the early sixteenth century, mercantilism thrived mostly on the basis of trade in which commodity? A. spices B. slaves C. lumber D. corn E. wool Answer: E Page: 25 42. In what way were Martin Luther and John Calvin important to English Puritans? A. These two men would help found the Massachusetts Bay Colony. B. Luther and Calvin encouraged the Puritans to leave England for the New World. C. Luther and Calvin advocated ideas of religious reform that influenced Puritan thought. D. They were the most influential English Puritans of the seventeenth century. E. Luther and Calvin helped to break the hold of predestination on the Puritan mind. Answer: C Page: 25-27

43. The teachings of John Calvin A. produced a strong desire among his followers to lead lives that were virtuous. B. were most rapidly accepted in southern Europe. C. were officially adopted by the Church of England. D. were at odds with Catholic doctrines, but not with Catholic practices. E. helped to promote the doctrine of free will so vital to encouraging exploration. Answer: A Page: 27 44. The English Reformation resulted from A. the threat of war between England and France. B. a political dispute between King Henry VIII and the Catholic Church. C. the rise of Lutheranism within the English church. D. the persecution by King James I of liberal priests. E. the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Answer: B Page: 27 45. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, English Puritan discontent was increased by A. the suppression of English Catholics. B. the end of rule by the Stuarts. C. the rising influence of Quakers within the English church. D. Queen Elizabeth’s promotion of English theater. E. the death of Queen Elizabeth. Answer: E Page: 28 46. England’s first experience with colonization came in A. North America. B. the Caribbean. C. Canada. D. Ireland. E. Africa. Answer: D Page: 28 47. From their colonial experiences in Ireland, the English concluded that A. they should not try to convert indigenous peoples to English religious beliefs. B. English colonists should maintain a rigid separation from an indigenous population. C. military expenditures were fiscally wasteful. D. indigenous populations were essential as the major colonial labor source. E. harsh treatment of indigenous populations could lead to rebellion. Answer: B Page: 29

48. Which statement about French colonization in the New World is FALSE? A. French settlers exercised an influence disproportionate to their numbers. B. The French, like the English, tried to remain separate from native peoples. C. The French were more likely than the English to press inland. D. The French colonial economy was based on an extensive fur trade. E. The French often lived among the natives and married Indian women. Answer: B Page: 30 49. The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established in A. Boston. B. Raleigh. C. Roanoke. D. Plymouth. E. Jamestown. Answer: E Page: 30 50. An important consequence of the defeat of the Spanish Armada was that A. France came to dominate Spain. B. Catholicism was swept from western Europe. C. England found the seas more open to their control. D. the Reformation extended into Spain. E. Spain was forced to relinquish its New World empire. Answer: C Page: 31 51. The colony of Virginia was named in honor of A. Virginia Dare. B. Walter Raleigh. C. Humphrey Gilbert. D. Elizabeth I. E. Queen Mary. Answer: D Page: 31 52. The cause of the failure of the Roanoke colony A. was a severe food shortage. B. is historically inconclusive. C. deterred the English from another colonizing effort for forty years. D. was the death of the colony’s governor. E. was a virulent malarial epidemic. Answer: B Page: 32

True/False Questions 53. The civilizations and political systems of pre-Columbian Native Americans north of Mexico were less elaborate than those of the peoples to the south. Answer: True Page: 6 54. When Europeans arrived in North America, native tribes were generally able to unite in opposition to white encroachments on their land. Answer: False Page: 13 55. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the population of the native peoples living in what is now the United States is estimated to be 50 million. Answer: False Page: 10 56. Some historians have suggested that European diseases virtually exterminated many native tribes. Answer: True Page: 19 57. The eleventh-century explorations and discoveries of Leif Eriksson were common knowledge in the European world of the fifteenth century. Answer: False Page: 9 58. Portuguese exploration in the late fifteenth century concentrated on finding a route to the Orient by sailing around Africa. Answer: True Page: 11 59. Christopher Columbus spent his early seafaring years in the service of the Portuguese. Answer: True Page: 12 60. On his first voyage to the New World, Columbus realized that he had not encountered China. Answer: False Page: 12 61. By 1550, Spaniards had explored the coast of North America as far north as Oregon in the west. Answer: True Page: 13

62. The early Spanish settlers were successful at establishing plantations, but not at finding gold or silver. Answer: False Page: 16 63. Spanish mines in America yielded ten times as much gold and silver as the rest of the world’s mines together. Answer: True Page: 16 64. The Pueblo Indians continued to practice their native religious rituals, even though many of them converted to Christianity. Answer: True Page: 18 65. By the seventeenth century, the Spanish had given up their efforts to assimilate the Indians to Spanish ways. Answer: False Page: 18 66. European life was relatively unchanged by the biological and cultural exchanges that took place after discovery of the New World. Answer: False Page: 20 67. As of the sixteenth century, Europeans had generally built up a greater immunity to smallpox than had the Native Americans. Answer: True Page: 19 68. Owing to their commitment to Catholicism, male Spanish immigrants had very little sexual contact with Indian women. Answer: False Page: 20 69. Spanish colonists both enslaved Indians and forced them into indentured servant status. Answer: True Page: 21 70. Cattle, sheep, and sugar were three New World products introduced to Europe. Answer: False Page: 20 71. In contrast with the European tradition, African families tended to be matrilineal. Answer: True Page: 22

72. The internal African slave trade did not become prominent until Europeans began to demand slave labor for the New World. Answer: False Page: 23 73. During the sixteenth century, England was experiencing a decline in food supply and population. Answer: False Page: 25 74. Mercantilists promoted colonization as a means to acquire the inexhaustible wealth of the New World. Answer: False Page: 25 75. The preaching of John Calvin led his followers to lead both anxious and productive lives. Answer: True Page: 27 76. Puritans were the first English colonizers. Answer: False Page: 31 77. The Roanoke disaster virtually killed the colonizing impulse in England for a long time. Answer: False Page: 32

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 78. The significant Indian trading center near present-day St. Louis was called ________. Answer: Cahokia Page: 7 79. The first country to sponsor exploration by sea to the Orient was ________. Answer: Portugal Page: 10-11 80. The first known European to gaze westward across the Pacific was ________. Answer: Vasco de Balboa Page: 13

81. The Spanish Empire at one point claimed the whole of the western world, except for a piece of what is today ________. Answer: Brazil Page: 13 82. The first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States was ________. Answer: St. Augustine Page: 16 83. The licenses granted to Spaniards to exact labor and tribute from natives in specific areas were called ________. Answer: encomiendas Page: 18 84. On his first voyage, Columbus established a short-lived settlement on an island that he named ________. Answer: Hispaniola Page: 12 85. The Spanish referred to peoples of mixed race as ________. Answer: mestizos Page: 20 86. ________ was a native of Genoa sailing in the employ of England near the end of the fifteenth century. Answer: John Cabot Page: 23 87. Those who believed that the world’s wealth was finite were called ________. Answer: mercantilists Page: 25 88. John Calvin introduced the doctrine of ________. Answer: predestination Page: 27 89. The most radical Puritans were called ________. Answer: Separatists Page: 27 90. Puritan discontent in England grew rapidly after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, the last of the ________. Answer: Tudors Page: 28

91. England’s first experience with colonization came in ________. Answer: Ireland Page: 28 92. The only clue to the fate of the Roanoke colony was the cryptic inscription “________” carved on a post. Answer: Croatoan Page: 32 93. The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established at ________. Answer: Jamestown Page: 30 94. King ________ of Spain sent a fleet to invade England near the end of the sixteenth century. Answer: Philip II Page: 31 95. The pioneer of English colonization who was lost at sea while in the service of Queen Elizabeth I was ________. Answer: Humphrey Gilbert Page: 31

Essay Questions 96. Compare the North American Indian civilizations with those in Mexico and South America. 97. How has recent scholarship regarding evidence of widespread Indian deaths caused by European diseases affected the contemporary perception of European contact with the New World? 98. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks for European and American societies resulting from contact and the trade that developed after 1500. 99. What motivated Europeans to establish settlements in the New World? What made it possible for them to undertake those settlements? 100. How did Spanish settlements and attitudes toward native populations in the New World differ from those of the English? 101. Discuss the economic and religious factors critical to English colonization. 102. Why did the Spanish Empire rise and fall between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Chapter 2 Transplantations and Borderlands Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Seventeenth-century English colonial settlements A. were essentially business enterprises. B. were tightly controlled by the English government. C. were effectively isolated from contact with other nations. D. were well-planned and generally quite successful from the start. E. maintained the political and social institutions of England. Answer: A Page: 36 2. Which of the following does NOT describe the site chosen for the Jamestown settlement? A. It was low and swampy and subject to outbreaks of malaria. B. It was inland so as to offer security from natives. C. It bordered the territories of powerful Indian tribes. D. It was surrounded by thick woods. E. It was inaccessible by ship. Answer: E Page: 37 3. In London, the initial promoters of Jamestown encouraged colonists to focus on A. the long-term success of the settlement. B. building a family-centered community. C. developing peaceful relations with the Indians in the area. D. the search for gold. E. converting the local Indians to Christianity. Answer: D Page: 37 4. Between 1608 and 1609, Captain John Smith strengthened the Jamestown settlement by A. improving relations with the local Indians. B. dividing the decision-making authority among the colonists to improve morale. C. imposing work and order on the colonists. D. introducing tobacco to the colonists. E. importing African slaves to rebuild the fort. Answer: C Page: 37

5. The “starving time” in Jamestown during the winter of 1609-1610 was partly the result of A. colonists being kept barricaded in their palisade by local Indians. B. the extermination of the Indians who used to grow crops. C. an influx of rats from settlers’ ships that ate much of the stored grains. D. a drought that led to crop failures. E. the sinking of the colonists’ supply ship in the Atlantic. Answer: A Page: 37-38 6. The first important economic boom in Jamestown resulted from A. the discovery of gold and silver. B. fur trade with the Indians. C. the production of tobacco. D. a development of fisheries and lumber. E. the cultivation of cotton. Answer: C Page: 38-39 7. The cultivation of tobacco around Jamestown resulted in all the following EXCEPT A. the rapid wearing out of the soil. B. the search for new sources of labor. C. rising prosperity for the colony. D. improved relations with the local Indians. E. the expansion of European settlement into the interior. Answer: D Page: 38-39 8. The Virginia Company developed the “headright” system to A. attract new settlers to the colony. B. discourage poor people from moving to the colony. C. require families to migrate together. D. raise revenue from the sale of land. E. cause conflict among the neighboring Indian tribes. Answer: A Page: 38 9. Which of the following statements best characterizes the first years of Jamestown’s existence? A. A majority of its colonists enjoyed significant economic success. B. The settlement was often assaulted by Spanish invaders. C. The settlement was notable for its peaceful relations with local Indians. D. The settlement was notable for its toleration of political freedom. E. The settlement survived despite an enormous loss of life. Answer: E Page: 38

10. When the House of Burgesses was created in Virginia in 1619, A. it gave settlers the full political control of their colony. B. landowning women colonists were allowed to vote. C. colonists were given a share of local political representation. D. it put an end to a violent uprising by disgruntled colonists. E. it recommended that Virginia declare independence from England. Answer: C Page: 39 11. The first blacks imported to Virginia in 1619 A. were most likely indentured servants. B. began a rapid stream of African slaves to the British colonies. C. were preferred to European indentured servants. D. followed Indians into slavery. E. arrived as independent landowners. Answer: A Page: 39 12. The Powhatan Indian Pocahontas A. married Englishman John Smith. B. was kidnapped by John Rolfe. C. created an interest in England in “civilizing” Indians. D. was the cause of a war between the Powhatan Indians and Virginian colonists. E. refused to convert to Christianity. Answer: C Page: 39 13. Warfare between Englishmen and Powhatan Indians in Virginia A. continued without interruption until the early eighteenth century. B. was first triggered by the kidnapping of Pocahontas. C. was primarily a result of religious tensions between natives and settlers. D. was uncommon until the early eighteenth century. E. included an Indian attack on Jamestown that killed hundreds of colonists. Answer: E Page: 39-40 14. The Virginia Company A. never sanctioned military action against the Native Americans of Virginia. B. deeply opposed the importation of Africans to the colonies. C. was absorbed by the crown because it was becoming too powerful. D. had its charter revoked by James I. E. found most of its Virginia ventures to be very profitable. Answer: D Page: 40

15. In which area of technology were Indians more advanced than the Virginia colonists? A. agriculture B. ocean-going vessels C. weaponry D. tools E. animal husbandry Answer: A Page: 40 16. In the seventeenth century, English colonists recognized that corn A. could only be grown in the New World. B. was their most financially valuable crop. C. produced yields greater than any of the European grains. D. was a particularly difficult crop to cultivate. E. could not be grown in the swampy land around Jamestown. Answer: C Page: 40 17. In its beginning, the Maryland colony A. experienced tremendous warfare with local Indians. B. allowed no Protestant settlers. C. was a refuge for English Catholics. D. was led by Captain John Smith. E. experienced considerable conflict with nearby French settlers. Answer: C Page: 40 18. Which the following statements regarding Sir William Berkeley is FALSE? A. He was a dominant political figure in Virginia for more than three decades. B. He encouraged Virginia to develop westward. C. His relations with Indians were violent and bloody. D. He extended political representation for frontier settlers. E. He sent explorers across the Blue Ridge Mountains. Answer: D Page: 41-42 19. By 1670, political representation for colonists in Virginia A. saw elections take place every two years. B. was open to all white men over the age of twenty-one. C. had grown more restrictive. D. favored western counties over eastern counties. E. expanded to include landholding black men. Answer: C Page: 42

20. Bacon’s Rebellion A. spelled the demise of the Virginia Company. B. saw the royal governor of Virginia forced to resign. C. spread throughout several colonies. D. carried on for several years. E. was a conflict between eastern and western Virginia. Answer: E Page: 42 21. The suppression of Bacon’s Rebellion helped spur A. tobacco production. B. slavery in Virginia. C. European investment. D. the triangular trade. E. calls for independence from England. Answer: B Page: 42 22. In 1608, Puritan Separatists who wished to leave England A. began to seek refuge in Virginia. B. emigrated quietly to northern France. C. were encouraged by the Church of England to emigrate. D. chartered a colony in Plymouth. E. could not legally do so without the king’s permission. Answer: E Page: 43 23. In 1620, the Puritan Pilgrims who came to North America A. intended to settle at Cape Cod. B. came over the objections of the Virginia colony. C. were seeking to escape military service in England. D. were Christian missionaries. E. enjoyed a particularly mild winter their first year. Answer: D Page: 48 24. During the early years the survival and growth of the Plymouth colony A. was due in large part to the assistance of the natives. B. led the colonists to grow rich from the surrounding productive farmlands. C. saw the colonists carry out warfare that wiped out much of the local Indian population. D. nevertheless saw two-thirds of its population die. E. was critically important for trade routes with Jamestown to the south. Answer: A Page: 43

25. As compared with that of King James I, King Charles I’s treatment of Puritans was A. more tolerant. B. more hostile. C. little different. D. more likely to advance Puritan thought in England. E. less likely to involve imprisonment for religious beliefs. Answer: B Page: 44 26. The Puritan merchants who founded the Massachusetts Bay colony A. established their capital in Salem. B. took over what had been a royal colony. C. were led by Miles Standish. D. were given their colonial charter by Charles II. E. carried out the largest single migration in the seventeenth century. Answer: E Page: 44-45 27. The Massachusetts Bay Puritans A. lived as grim and joyless people. B. took vows of poverty as evidence of their commitment to their faith. C. created a colonial “theocracy.” D. fought with the surrounding Indians almost immediately. E. introduced freedom of worship to the New World. Answer: C Page: 46 28. The Puritan founders in Massachusetts who described their colony as a “city upon a hill” A. felt they were creating a holy community that would be a model for the world. B. wanted to construct their community on high ground to save it from Indian attacks. C. wanted to create a community that would be open to all peoples of all faiths. D. sought to create a community in which all people were treated as equals. E. wanted to differentiate their community from the materialism and acquisitiveness of New Haven. Answer: A Page: 45 29. Thomas Hooker is associated with establishing the colony of A. Rhode Island. B. Vermont. C. New Hampshire. D. Connecticut. E. Maine. Answer: D Page: 46

30. One reason Roger Williams was deported from the Massachusetts colony was that he A. was a confirmed Separatist. B. argued that the colony should maintain allegiance to the Church of England. C. said the land occupied by the colonists belonged to the Indians. D. attempted to take over the leadership of the colony. E. advocated the principle of plural marriage. Answer: A Page: 46 31. When it was established in 1644, the colony of Rhode Island A. had strong ties to the church in the Massachusetts colony. B. organized the first fully democratic government in North America. C. had no ties to the Massachusetts colony. D. was notable for its religious toleration. E. banned Jews from immigrating. Answer: D Page: 46 32. In 1638, Anne Hutchinson was deported from the Massachusetts colony because she A. was accused of practicing witchcraft. B. argued that only the “elect” were entitled to any religious or political authority. C. challenged the prevailing assumptions of the proper role of women in society. D. was a single mother who refused to marry. E. preached against what she called the “Antinomian heresy.” Answer: C Page: 46 33. Which New England Puritan could LEAST accurately be described as a religious dissenter? A. Anne Hutchinson B. John Winthrop C. Roger Williams D. John Wheelwright E. Thomas Hooker Answer: B Page: 46-47 34. Over time in the seventeenth century, an increasing number of New England Puritans came to view Indian society A. with condescending admiration. B. with fear and contempt. C. as worth preserving. D. as part of the godly community. E. as helpful neighbors and partners in commerce. Answer: B Page: 49

35. In 1637, hostilities broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and which local Native American tribe? A. the Seminoles B. the Powhatans C. the Sioux D. the Wampanoags E. the Pequots Answer: E Page: 49 36. In King Philip’s War, Indians made effective use of a relatively new weapon, the A. flintlock rifle. B. matchlock rifle. C. repeating revolver. D. Gatling gun. E. artillery cannon. Answer: A Page: 50 37. In the 1640s, during the English Civil War, the Cavaliers were A. the forces of Parliament, who were largely Puritans. B. supporters of King Charles I. C. Scottish and Irish gentry desiring to secede from England. D. both the forces of Parliament and supporters of King Charles I. E. neither the forces of Parliament nor supporters of King Charles I. Answer: B Page: 50 38. The English Restoration began with the reign of A. James II. B. Oliver Cromwell. C. George I. D. Elizabeth I. E. Charles II. Answer: E Page: 50 39. The proprietors who founded the Carolina colony A. guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. B. rejected the headright system. C. ruled the colony with dictatorial powers. D. quickly made it a financial success. E. banned the importation of indentured servants. Answer: A Page: 51

40. The Fundamental Constitution for the Carolina colony A. sought to create a society of general equality among Englishmen. B. was influenced by the English philosopher John Locke. C. initially did not include slavery. D. made no provisions for a colonial parliament. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 51 41. The development of the Carolina colony was notable in that A. the colony was able to attract large numbers of settlers from nearby colonies. B. the northern and southern regions were economically and socially distinct from each other. C. its economy was grounded in tobacco production. D. its founders had discouraged the use of slaves. E. it advocated independence from England well before any other mainland colony. Answer: B Page: 51 42. The New York colony A. had its founding proprietors from the Carolina colony. B. made a commitment to representative assemblies. C. emerged after a struggle between the English and the Dutch. D. saw its population grow slowly for its first fifty years. F. banned slavery from its inception. Answer: C Page: 52 43. Like New York, the New Jersey colony A. quickly developed a strong local government. B. had few slaves during its early existence. C. was characterized by a unified and generally peaceful society. D. had great ethnic and religious diversity. E. developed an important class of large landowners. Answer: D Page: 53 44. Which of the following was NOT a Stuart Restoration colony? A. Maryland B. Carolina C. New York D. Pennsylvania E. New Jersey Answer: A Page: 50

45. Unlike Puritans, the Quakers A. accepted the concept of predestination. B. rejected the doctrine of original sin. C. were not persecuted by the English government. D. paid their clergy handsomely. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 53 46. In the seventeenth century, English Quakers A. had a disregard for class or gender distinctions. B. had no paid clergy. C. were pacifists. D. believed all could attain salvation. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 54 47. William Penn A. was a man of great wealth who converted to Quakerism. B. established a moderately successful but never cosmopolitan colony. C. suppressed the local Indians in Pennsylvania with a strong military presence. D. never visited Pennsylvania. F. used unscrupulous and deceptive advertising to attract settlers. Answer: A Page: 54 48. The colony established by people seeking to separate from Pennsylvania was A. Maryland. B. New Jersey. C. Delaware. D. New York. E. Kentucky. Answer: C Page: 54 49. The English colonial settlements in the Caribbean A. concluded it was cheaper to buy new African slaves than to protect those they owned. B. developed their settlements along the same lines as those of the Chesapeake. C. developed significant economic success through the production of tobacco. D. had a smaller percentage of slaves than held by the North American colonies. E. were forced to deal with larger native populations than settlements on the mainland. Answer: A Page: 57

50. Which of the following was NOT an agricultural technique used for improving the soil? A. burning B. planting beans C. planting tobacco D. planting corn and beans together E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 38, 40, 47-48 51. Regarding the origins of slavery in the North American English colonies, A. the practice of using slave labor in England was carried over into the colonies. B. royal colonies were required by their government to use slaves. C. English racism prevented blacks and whites from working together on equal terms. D. many colonies gradually embraced slavery as a solution to their labor troubles. E. proprietary colonies were required by their charters to use slaves. Answer: D Page: 59 52. By 1700, the Spanish colonies north of Mexico A. had attracted considerable interest from the Spanish government. B. were being developed through a string of Catholic missions. C. added little economic value to the Spanish Empire. D. contained more than one million Spanish citizens. E. included the largest Spanish city in the Americas. Answer: C Page: 57 53. Georgia was founded A. to provide a refuge for Catholics. B. to create a military barrier against the Spanish. C. to quickly make money for its investors. D. by Quaker missionaries. E. as a haven for religious dissenters. Answer: B Page: 59 54. Originally, the Georgia colony excluded A. free Africans. B. slaves. C. indentured servants. D. both free Africans and slaves. E. neither free Africans nor slaves. Answer: D Page: 59

55. In colonial North America, the “middle grounds” refers to a region in which A. no one European or Indian group held a clear dominance. B. Indian tribes were largely able to keep European colonists out. C. English colonists quickly became the dominant power. D. Spanish colonists were long the dominant power. E. French colonists managed to hold the balance of power. Answer: A Page: 59-60 56. Which of the following statements regarding the Navigation Acts (1660s) is FALSE? A. English colonies were closed to all trade except that carried by English ships. B. Certain colonial products could be exported only to England. C. All European goods sent to the colonies had to pass through England and were subject to taxes. D. English colonists could only produce products that were also sold in England. E. Duties were imposed on the coastal trade among the English colonies. Answer: D Page: 63 57. The English Parliament enacted the Navigation Acts primarily to benefit A. colonial American tobacco plantations. B. British business and merchants. C. New England merchants. D. Virginian planters. E. business and planters in the British Caribbean. Answer: B Page: 63 58. The Dominion of New England A. preserved existing colonial legislative assemblies. B. was called into being by King Charles II. C. was limited to what now constitutes New England. D. declared the Navigation Acts null and void. E. called for a single royal governor. Answer: E Page: 63 59. Leisler’s Rebellion took place in A. Rhode Island. B. New Jersey. C. Massachusetts. D. New York. E. Connecticut. Answer: D Page: 63

60. The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 A. saw an English king, James II, flee to the European continent. B. enhanced the influence of Catholicism in England. C. helped put in place the Dominion of New England. D. kept the English crown among Englishmen. E. had no effect on colonial governments. Answer: A Page: 63

True/False Questions 61. English colonies in the Chesapeake were first and foremost business enterprises. Answer: True Page: 36 62. The Jamestown settlement was an instant success. Answer: False Page: 37 63. John Smith imposed order on the Jamestown settlement, but he thought it wise not to antagonize local Indians. Answer: False Page: 37 64. The tobacco culture of Virginia created great pressure for territorial expansion. Answer: True Page: 38 65. The first Africans to arrive in Virginia in 1619 were probably servants rather than slaves. Answer: True Page: 39 66. The survival of Jamestown was largely a result of the English borrowing from the agricultural knowledge of the Indians. Answer: True Page: 40 67. Virginia did not become a royal colony until the eve of the American Revolution. Answer: False Page: 40 68. The Englishmen who founded Maryland were Puritans, but not Separatists. Answer: False Page: 40

69. The founders of Maryland encouraged both Protestants and Catholics to migrate to the colony. Answer: True Page: 41 70. Like Virginia, Maryland became a center for the cultivation of tobacco. Answer: True Page: 41 71. During the middle of the seventeenth century, the right to vote in Virginia was becoming more restricted. Answer: True Page: 42 72. Bacon’s Rebellion was undertaken to do away with slavery in Virginia. Answer: False Page: 42 73. Bacon’s Rebellion accelerated the development of slavery in Virginia. Answer: True Page: 42 74. White settlers learned crucial agricultural techniques such as annual burning and the planting of beans to keep insect infestations at bay. Answer: False Page: 47-48 75. England’s Caribbean settlements were the main source of slaves for the English colonies of North America. Answer: True Page: 57 76. The Mayflower Compact set forth the principles of the Puritan religion. Answer: False Page: 43 77. James I of England may have believed in the divine right of kings, but he was not particularly harsh in his treatment of Puritans. Answer: False Page: 44 78. Charles I dissolved Parliament and was later beheaded. Answer: True Page: 50

79. Residents of Massachusetts generally had greater freedom of worship than the Puritans had had in England. Answer: False Page: 45-46 80. Unlike the colonists of Jamestown, the Puritans of Massachusetts established settlements based on families. Answer: True Page: 45 81. Thomas Hooker and Roger Williams were both exiled and executed for their dissent on the major tenets of Puritanism. Answer: False Page: 46 82. Both the Pequot War and King Philip’s War ended disastrously for the Indians. Answer: True Page: 49 83. Indians using bows and arrows often bested English settlers using matchlock rifles. Answer: True Page: 50 84. In the English Civil War, the Cavaliers captured King Charles I and beheaded him. Answer: False Page: 50 85. One result of the Stuart Restoration was the development of new colonies in North America. Answer: True Page: 50 86. Philosopher John Locke helped draw up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina. Answer: True Page: 51 87. The New Jersey colony developed no significant class of large landowners. Answer: True Page: 53 88. Quakers is a term applied to a dissenting English Protestant sect, the Society of Friends. Answer: True Page: 53 89. During its early years, the Pennsylvania colony often faced financial ruin. Answer: False Page: 54

90. Like Pennsylvania, Georgia was founded as a religious colony. Answer: False Page: 59 91. California was first colonized by Spain, which used local Indians as its main source of labor. Answer: True Page: 58 92. The “middle grounds” refers in part to areas on the western edges of English colonial settlements. Answer: True Page: 59 93. The Navigation Acts were designed primarily to control migration into the Americas. Answer: False Page: 62-63 94. The Navigation Acts were a part of the English mercantile system. Answer: True Page: 62 95. The Dominion of New England supported the colonists’ claims for the “rights of Englishmen.” Answer: False Page: 63 96. The Glorious Revolution helped to solidify the Dominion of New England. Answer: False Page: 63

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 97. Captain ________ is associated primarily with the colony of Jamestown. Answer: John Smith Page: 37 98. In Jamestown, the winter of 1609-1610 was known as the “________.” Answer: starving time Page: 37 99. The first truly marketable crop in Virginia was ________. Answer: tobacco Page: 38

100. To entice new workers to the colony, the Virginia Company put in place what it called the ________ system. Answer: headright Page: 39 101. The first meeting of an elected legislature in what is now the United States took place in the Virginia House of ________. Answer: Burgesses Page: 39 102. The Englishman who documented the arrival of the first Africans to British North America was ________. Answer: John Rolfe Page: 40 103. The first English colony to establish the principle of religious toleration was ________. Answer: Maryland Page: 41 104. The royal governor of Virginia who clashed with Nathaniel Bacon was ________. Answer: William Berkeley Page: 41-42 105. The conflict between tidewater Virginia and a rising elite to its west was called ________. Answer: Bacon’s Rebellion Page: 42 106. The Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth wrote the ________ Compact. Answer: Mayflower Page: 43 107. ________, the leader of the Massachusetts Bay colony, sought to have his people serve as a “city upon a hill.” Answer: John Winthrop Page: 45 108. The minister ________ is associated with the establishment of Connecticut. Answer: Thomas Hooker Page: 46 109. Anne Hutchinson preached the ________ heresy. Answer: Antinomian Page: 46

110. King Philip was known among his people as ________. Answer: Metacomet Page: 49 111. The European weapon quickly appropriated by Indians was the ________ rifle. Answer: flintlock Page: 50 112. The founding of Carolina was aided by the English philosopher ________. Answer: John Locke Page: 51 113. The duke of York became King ________. Answer: James II Page: 53 114. The most cosmopolitan of all the English colonies was ________. Answer: Pennsylvania Page: 54 115. The English colony established as a buffer north of Spanish colonial holdings on the Atlantic Ocean was ________. Answer: Georgia Page: 59 116. The founder of Georgia was ________. Answer: James Oglethorpe Page: 59 117. The most concerted attempt by King James II to consolidate control in North America was called the ________. Answer: Dominion of New England Page: 63 118. The Glorious Revolution brought ________ to power in England as joint sovereigns. Answer: William and Mary Page: 63

Essay Questions 119. Compare the experiences of the Roanoke colony with those of the Jamestown colony, and explain what factors led to the failure of the former and the eventual success of the latter. 120. What were the critical differences between the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts?

121. Why did slavery emerge as a major labor source in the North American colonies by the end of the seventeenth century? 122. What role did the Caribbean colonies play in the development of British North America? 123. Describe how the relationship between Europeans and Indians changed as a result of colonization. 124. Which people, Europeans or Indians, enjoyed greater benefit from the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century exchange of technology of weaponry and agriculture? 125. Compare the similarities and differences between Massachusetts Puritans and Pennsylvania Quakers. 126. What were the major characteristics of the Stuart Restoration colonies? 127. What steps did England take to establish greater control over her North American colonies? Why were these steps not always successful? 128. Compare the colonization efforts of England, Spain, and France in the New World.

Chapter 3 Society and Culture in Provincial America Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Most seventeenth-century English migrants to the North American colonies were A. aristocrats. B. religious dissenters. C. laborers. D. commercial agents. E. landowners. Answer: C Page: 68 2. In the seventeenth century, the great majority of English immigrants who came to the Chesapeake region were A. slaves. B. women. C. convicts. D. indentured servants. E. religious dissenters. Answer: D Page: 68 3. Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the English indenture system? A. Most indentured servants received land upon completion of their contracts. B. Contracts for indenture generally lasted four to five years. C. The presence of indentured servants was a source of social unrest. D. Female indentured servants were typically not allowed to marry while under contract. E. Female indentured servants constituted one-fourth of the total arrivals. Answer: A Page: 68 4. By 1700, English colonial landowners began to rely more heavily on African slavery because A. of a declining birthrate in England. B. of worsening economic conditions in England. C. indentured servants generally refused to work in the southern colonies. D. the English government had come to discourage the practice of indenture. E. colonial parliaments passed laws improving the status of indentured servants. Answer: A Page: 69

5. Regarding colonial life expectancy during the seventeenth century, A. backcountry settlers had a similar life expectancy to that of settlers in coastal areas. B. life expectancy was highest in the southern colonies. C. one in two white children in the Chesapeake died in infancy. D. men had a shorter life expectancy than women. E. life expectancy in New England was unusually high. Answer: E Page: 70 6. During the seventeenth century, English colonists in the Chesapeake saw A. women significantly outnumber men. B. a life expectancy for men of just over forty years. C. few single adults. D. eight out of ten children dying in infancy. E. an increasingly unbalanced sex ratio. Answer: B Page: 70 7. By 1770, the non-Indian population of the English colonies was just over A. 1 million. B. 2 million. C. 4 million. D. 6 million. E. 8 million. Answer: B Page: 69 8. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, medical practitioners A. became increasingly professionalized. B. had little or no knowledge of sterilization. C. grew to understand the link between bacteria and infection. D. were nearly all males. E. rejected purging and bleeding as medical techniques. Answer: B Page: 70 9. The seventeenth-century medical practice of deliberately bleeding a person was based on A. Calvinist religious doctrine. B. scientific experimentation and observation. C. evidence that it helped in the recovery from illness. D. practices acquired from Indians. E. the belief that a person needed to maintain a balance of different bodily fluids. Answer: E Page: 71

10. In the seventeenth century, white women in the colonial Chesapeake A. generally married later than in England. B. generally had a longer life expectancy than their husbands. C. rarely engaged in premarital sex. D. averaged one pregnancy for every two years of marriage. E. bore an average of four children apiece. Answer: D Page: 71 11. Compared to women in colonial Chesapeake, New England women A. were more likely to become widows. B. were more likely to have their family remain intact. C. had fewer children. D. had much less legal authority in their marriages. E. lost their husbands earlier in life. Answer: B Page: 72 12. In colonial New England, A. strict parental control made premarital sexual relations almost nonexistent. B. choosing a spouse independent of a parent’s wishes was common. C. dowries were a common feature of marriage. D. widows tended not to remarry. E. gender equality was reinforced by the prevailing culture. Answer: C Page: 72 13. In colonial New England Puritan communities, women A. were not highly valued. B. were considered to be socially equal to males. C. were expected to be major contributors to the family. D. could not be official members of the church. E. were more likely to become pregnant before marriage than in the South. Answer: C Page: 72 14. In colonial New England Puritan communities, the family was A. highly valued. B. expected to be under the authority of women. C. marked by relatively loose parental supervision. D. both highly valued and expected to be under the authority of women. E. neither highly valued nor expected to be under the authority of women. Answer: A Page: 72

15. The term “middle passage” refers to the movement of enslaved Africans A. from the coastal regions of colonies to their interiors. B. from Africa to Europe. C. from the Caribbean to the mainland colonies. D. between individual North American colonies. E. from Africa to the New World. Answer: E Page: 73 16. The estimated total number of Africans forcibly brought to all of the Americas as slaves is A. 4 million. B. 7 million. C. 11 million. D. 19 million. E. 26 million. Answer: C Page: 73 17. During the seventeenth century, the Royal African Company of England A. deliberately restricted the supply of slaves to the North American colonies. B. lowered the prices of slaves, to increase their sale in the North American colonies. C. sent the majority of its enslaved Africans directly to the Chesapeake colonies. D. would only ship adult African men in the slave trade. E. stopped importing slaves directly from Africa. Answer: A Page: 73 18. What statement regarding slavery in English North America in 1700 is FALSE? A. There were about 25,000 slaves in the colonies. B. Blacks outnumbered whites in some colonies. C. There were twice as many black men as black women. D. The demand for slaves led to a steady rise in the prices paid for them. E. Blacks were heavily concentrated in a few southern colonies. Answer: D Page: 73 19. In English North American colonies, the application of slave codes was based on color and A. nothing more. B. religion. C. laboring skills. D. origin of birth. E. economic status. Answer: A Page: 74-75

20. In comparing the colonial societies of Spanish America and English America, people of mixed races had a A. higher status than pure Africans in Spanish America. B. higher status than pure Africans in English America. C. lower status than pure Africans in Spanish America. D. higher status than pure Africans in both Spanish and English America. E. lower status than pure Africans in both Spanish and English America. Answer: A Page: 75 21. New England, for all its belief in community and liberty, was far from an egalitarian society. “Some must be rich and some poor,” is a statement attributed to which seventeenth-century colonial? A. George Whitefield B. Charles Wesley C. Jonathan Edwards D. John Locke E. John Winthrop Answer: E Page: 90 22. The largest contingent of immigrants during the colonial period were the A. French Huguenots. B. Scots-Irish. C. Moravians and Mennonites. D. Irish Catholics. E. Palatinate Germans. Answer: B Page: 76 23. The seventeenth-century tobacco economy of the Chesapeake region A. was concentrated on many small farms with few slaves. B. went through numerous boom-and-bust cycles. C. often saw production not meet demand. D. saw planters cut back on production as a way of raising prices. E. saw prices rise steadily throughout the period. Answer: B Page: 78

24. Rice production in colonial America A. was very difficult and unhealthy work. B. relied largely on free white labor. C. was a new crop to most Africans. D. was found mostly in the Chesapeake colonies. E. mostly occurred in inland regions. Answer: A Page: 78 25. Which statement about the economy of the northern colonies is true? A. Conditions for farming were more favorable than in the southern colonies. B. Planters were more likely to rely on slave labor. C. Agriculture was not the dominant industry of the economy. D. New England was able to develop several major export crops. E. Agriculture was more diverse than in the southern colonies. Answer: E Page: 79 26. The first significant metals industry in the colonies was developed for A. steel. B. iron. C. gold. D. silver. E. brass. Answer: B Page: 80 27. Industrialization in colonial America was hampered by A. English parliamentary regulations. B. a small domestic market. C. an inadequate labor supply. D. an inadequate transportation network. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 80 28. In the seventeenth century, most colonial families A. owned spinning wheels or looms. B. were self-sufficient. C. did not own a plow. D. grew and processed their own grain. E. used wagons to transfer goods to market. Answer: C Page: 81-82

29. Commerce in colonial America relied in large part on A. barter. B. paper currency. C. gold. D. silver. E. credit. Answer: A Page: 83 30. The “triangular trade” in the Atlantic dealt with which commodity? A. rum B. sugar C. slaves D. molasses E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 83 31. By the mid-eighteenth century, a distinct colonial merchant class came into existence because of A. the abolishment of the British Navigation Acts. B. the development of a substantial colonial manufacturing industry. C. illegal colonial trade in markets outside of the British Empire. D. ready access to manufactured goods. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 83 32. During the eighteenth century, rising consumerism in the American colonies was encouraged by A. increasing class distinctions within society. B. the association of material possessions with personal virtue and refinement. C. the rising ideal of equality of condition among colonists. D. both increasing class distinctions within society, and the association of material possessions with personal virtue and refinement. E. both the rising ideal of equality of condition among colonists, and the association of material possessions with personal virtue and refinement. Answer: D Page: 83

33. Seventeenth-century southern plantations A. enabled planters to control their markets. B. tended to be rough and relatively small. C. used many more slaves than indentured servants. D. rarely saw the landowner do any manual labor. E. created few new wealthy landowners. Answer: B Page: 84 34. The first plantations in colonial North America emerged in the tobacco-growing areas of A. New York and New Jersey. B. North Carolina and South Carolina. C. Georgia and South Carolina. D. Delaware and Pennsylvania. E. Virginia and Maryland. Answer: E Page: 84 35. The percentage of blacks living on a plantation of at least ten slaves was approximately A. one-fourth (25%). B. one-third (33%). C. one-half (50%). D. three-fourths (75%). E. nine-tenths (90%). Answer: D Page: 85 36. Which statement regarding the lives of slaves in colonial North America is true? A. Most slaves worked as house servants. B. Whites rarely intruded upon the conventions of black society. C. Slaves had no opportunity to develop their own society or culture. D. Slave religion was a blend of Christianity and African folk tradition. E. Slaves hardly ever resisted their masters. Answer: D Page: 86 37. In the North American colonies, mulatto children were A. regarded as white by the white society. B. rejected by the rest of the slave community. C. rarely produced. D. rarely recognized by their white fathers. E. freed at birth. Answer: D Page: 86

38. The Stono Rebellion A. led to the death of dozens of white Virginian colonists. B. saw slaves in South Carolina attempt to escape from the colony. C. led to the banning of the slave trade in Maryland. D. prompted Georgia to strengthen its laws on slavery. E. led planters to resume hiring indentured servants for their labor needs. Answer: B Page: 86 39. The most common form of resistance by enslaved Africans to their condition was A. arson. B. destruction of crops. C. running away. D. subtle defiance or evasion of their masters. E. poisoning food. Answer: C Page: 86 40. Which of the following statements about slave work is FALSE? A. Field hand was the predominant occupation of both male and female slaves. B. Some slaves on larger plantations learned trades and crafts. C. Skilled slaves were at times hired out to other planters. D. A few slaves were able to buy their freedom. E. Colonial slave codes forbade teaching slaves skilled trades and crafts. Answer: E Page: 86 41. In Puritan New England, participation in town meetings was limited to A. all land-owning adults. B. “selectmen.” C. adult males who were church members. D. all church members. E. land-owning males. Answer: C Page: 87 42. “Primogeniture” refers to the A. right to vote. B. passing of property to the firstborn son. C. tending of a servant’s indenture. D. arrangement of authority within New England assemblies. E. practice of granting land only to those assured of salvation. Answer: B Page: 88

43. Over time, tensions in Puritan New England communities developed as a result of A. population growth. B. the practices of land inheritance. C. calls for gender equality. D. both population growth and the commercialization of society. E. both population growth and calls for gender equality. Answer: D Page: 88 44. In the outbreaks of witchcraft hysteria that marked New England colonial life, those accused were most commonly A. not members of the church. B. criminals. C. indentured servants. D. women of low social position. E. Indians or slaves. Answer: D Page: 89 45. The witchcraft trials in Salem A. were unique in the history of colonial New England. B. saw the original accusers recant their charges. C. led to prison terms, but no executions. D. provided evidence of a decline in religious fervor. E. almost resulted in the revocation of Massachusetts’s charter. Answer: B Page: 89 46. By the 1770s, the two largest port cities in colonial North America were A. Philadelphia and New York. B. Boston and Newport. C. Philadelphia and Charleston. D. New York and Boston. E. Boston and Charleston. Answer: A Page: 89 47. Class divisions in colonial North American cities were A. sharper than in corresponding European cities. B. more real and visible than in rural places. C. essentially nonexistent. D. weaker in the North than in the South. E. smoothed over by church and social registers. Answer: B Page: 90

48. In the 1760s, the revolutionary crisis in English North America began in cities because A. the majority of the population lived in urban areas. B. cities were the centers of intellectual information. C. rural populations had few grievances with the crown. D. city inhabitants tended to be rowdier than their rural counterparts. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 90 49. In the eighteenth century, religious toleration in the American colonies A. flourished due to the diversity of practices brought by settlers. B. was unmatched in any European nation. C. was enhanced because no single religious code could be imposed on any large area. D. grew despite laws establishing the Church of England as the official colonial religion. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 91 50. The Church of England was the official faith of A. New Jersey. B. Massachusetts. C. Virginia. D. Connecticut. E. all of the colonies. Answer: C Page: 91 51. In the English colonies, Roman Catholics A. suffered their greatest persecution in Maryland. B. made up a large minority population of most colonies. C. were officially illegal. D. were generally well treated. E. suffered their greatest persecution in the Carolinas. Answer: A Page: 92 52. In the English colonies, Jews A. had their largest community in Rhode Island. B. did not live in most of the colonies. C. enjoyed considerable toleration. D. could not practice their religion openly anywhere. E. could not vote or hold office. Answer: E Page: 92

53. “Jeremiads” were A. a measurement of wealth. B. community experiments. C. sermons. D. witchcraft. E. town meetings. Answer: C Page: 92

54. In the mid-1600s, New England Puritan ministers began preaching against the decline of A. family. B. piety. C. community. D. freedom. E. tolerance. Answer: B Page: 92 55. The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s A. began as a call for young men to become ministers. B. had particular appeal with women and young men. C. alienated traditional New England Puritans. D. failed to take root in southern colonies. E. helped to smooth differences within existing congregations. Answer: B Page: 92 56. George Whitefield is associated with the A. growth of American Catholicism. B. founding of the American Baptist Church. C. Quakers. D. Great Awakening. E. Enlightenment. Answer: D Page: 92 57. A leading figure of the Great Awakening, Jonathan Edwards preached A. highly orthodox Puritan ideas. B. the possibility of easy salvation. C. that women should join the ministry. D. that the ideas of predestination were outmoded for the times. E. salvation through good works. Answer: A Page: 93

58. Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thought A. emphasized the importance of religious faith. B. rejected most religious thought. C. had little influence on American intellectual thought. D. challenged concepts such as “natural laws.” E. suggested that people had considerable control over their own lives. Answer: E Page: 93 59. All of the following Americans made important contributions to Enlightenment thought EXCEPT A. James Madison. B. Benjamin Franklin. C. Thomas Jefferson. D. John Locke. E. Thomas Paine. Answer: D Page: 93 60. After the Bible, the first widely circulated publications in colonial America were A. political pamphlets. B. hymnals. C. almanacs. D. historical writings. E. drinking songs. Answer: C Page: 94 61. By 1776, what proportion of white males were literate in colonial America? A. less than a quarter B. about a third C. just less than half D. more than half E. almost all Answer: D Page: 94 62. The Church of England was established as the official religion in all of the following colonies EXCEPT A. Virginia. B. New York. C. Maryland. D. Georgia. E. Massachusetts. Answer: E Page: 91

63. Which statement regarding colonial higher education is true? A. Most colleges were founded by religious groups. B. Colonists placed a low value on any formal education. C. Parliament regulated the establishment of American colleges. D. Most colonial colleges accepted female students. E. Most colonial leaders after 1700 went abroad to study. Answer: A Page: 95 64. The first American college was A. Columbia. B. Harvard. C. Yale. D. William and Mary. E. Princeton. Answer: B Page: 95 65. The verdict of the 1735 libel trial of New York publisher John Peter Zenger A. increased freedom of the press in the colonies. B. restricted the ability of the press to report on government affairs. C. resulted in the closure of several colonial newspapers. D. ruled that criticisms by the press, even if factually accurate, were libelous. E. banned all printed attacks on the king or Parliament in the colonies. Answer: A Page: 96

True/False Questions 66. By the late seventeenth century, European and African immigrants outnumbered natives along the Atlantic coast. Answer: True Page: 69 67. Most indentured servants came to the colonies voluntarily. Answer: True Page: 69 68. Indentured servitude developed out of practices in England. Answer: True Page: 68

69. Immigration was the most important factor for long-term English colonial population growth. Answer: False Page: 70 70. Life expectancy in New England was higher than in England and in the rest of British North America. Answer: True Page: 70 71. Indentured servants were forbidden to marry until their terms of service were over. Answer: True Page: 71 72. In the seventeenth century, it was easy for women to enter the medical field as midwives. Answer: True Page: 70 73. Medical evidence suggests that bleeding a patient could assist in recovery from an illness. Answer: False Page: 71 74. In the Chesapeake region, traditional patterns of male authority gradually took root during the seventeenth century. Answer: True Page: 72 75. Fewer than five percent of African slaves imported to the Americas arrived first in the English colonies. Answer: True Page: 73 76. Black workers did not become generally available in British North America until the early part of the eighteenth century. Answer: False Page: 73 77. Skin color was the only factor in determining whether a person was subject to slave codes. Answer: True Page: 74-75 78. In the seventeenth century, most blacks who came to the English colonies in North America came directly from Africa. Answer: False Page: 73

79. In the early seventeenth century, the legal status of slaves was ambiguous and fluid. Answer: True Page: 73 80. English America recognized no distinctions between pure Africans and people of mixed race. Answer: True Page: 75 81. The first large group of non-English European immigrants to British North America was the Huguenots. Answer: True Page: 75 82. The most numerous of the non-English European immigrants to British North America were the Scots-Irish. Answer: True Page: 76 83. African slaves engaged in the cultivation of rice, but they were not very adept at it. Answer: False Page: 78 84. Colonial agriculture in the northern colonies was more diversified than in the southern colonies. Answer: True Page: 79 85. Parliament passed the Iron Act in 1750 to encourage colonial production of this metal. Answer: False Page: 80 86. The most commonly owned tool on colonial American farms was the plow. Answer: False Page: 81 87. The British Navigation Acts were designed to protect England from foreign competition in the colonies. Answer: True Page: 83 88. There were sharp social distinctions in the colonies, but the English class system did not take root in the colonies. Answer: True Page: 83

89. Seventeenth-century colonial plantations were actually relatively small estates. Answer: True Page: 84 90. Because of their concentration on cotton, most southern plantations grew highly reliant on small towns and cities for their supplies. Answer: False Page: 85 91. Some enslaved Africans became skilled crafts workers. Answer: True Page: 86 92. Very little slave resistance took the form of open rebellion. Answer: True Page: 86 93. The characteristic social unit in New England was the nuclear family living on a farm. Answer: False Page: 87 94. New Englanders did not adopt the English system of primogeniture. Answer: True Page: 88 95. The Salem girls who accused people of being witches never recanted their stories. Answer: False Page: 89 96. Most of those accused of witchcraft in Salem were women of low social position. Answer: True Page: 89 97. Belief in witchcraft was not a common feature of Puritan religious life. Answer: False Page: 89 98. Religious toleration was more pronounced in America than anywhere in Europe. Answer: True Page: 91 99. Puritanism in New England was confined to a single religious denomination. Answer: False Page: 91

100. The revival that was the Great Awakening was rooted in a desire to reinvigorate family life. Answer: False Page: 92 101. The Enlightenment was the product of seventeenth-century scientific and intellectual discoveries. Answer: True Page: 93 102. Enlightenment thought encouraged people to reject their religious faith. Answer: False Page: 93 103. Eighteenth-century literacy among American men was higher than in most European countries. Answer: True Page: 93 104. Harvard College was created by Great Awakening ministers as a school for future ministers. Answer: False Page: 95 105. The case of John Peter Zenger saw the courts rule that criticisms of the government were not libelous if actually true. Answer: True Page: 96 106. During the course of colonial history, colonial legislatures grew increasingly accustomed to operating on orders from Parliament. Answer: False Page: 87

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 107. Most women who entered into the medical profession did so as ________. Answer: midwives Page: 70 108. The dreaded journey in which captured Africans were transported to the Americas to be sold as slaves was called the ________. Answer: middle passage Page: 73

109. French Calvinists were referred to as ________. Answer: Huguenots Page: 75 110. The exchange of rum, slaves, and sugar has been called the ________. Answer: triangular trade Page: 83 111. The most serious colonial slave revolt, called the ________, took place in South Carolina in 1739. Answer: Stono Rebellion Page: 86 112. The first significant colonial metals industry was established in ________, Massachusetts. Answer: Saugus Page: 80 113. Those Puritans who could give evidence of grace, being among the elect, and were admitted to full church membership were called “________.” Answer: visible saints Page: 87 114. The English system of passing property to the firstborn son is called ________. Answer: primogeniture Page: 88 115. The largest outbreak of suspected witchcraft persecution in British North America took place in the community of ________. Answer: Salem Page: 88 116. Puritan sermons of despair were called ________. Answer: jeremiads Page: 92 117. The most outstanding Great Awakening preacher was New England Congregationalist ________. Answer: Jonathan Edwards Page: 93 118. Francis Bacon and John Locke were influential in the ideas of the ________. Answer: Enlightenment Page: 93

119. The first American college, established in 1636, was ________. Answer: Harvard Page: 95 120. Founded in 1755 by a group of laymen, the Academy and College of ________ was a completely secular institution. Answer: Philadelphia Page: 96 121. Cotton Mather promoted the use of inoculation against the disease ________. Answer: smallpox Page: 96 122. In England, a printed attack on a public official, whether true or false, was considered ________. Answer: libelous Page: 96

Essay Questions 123. Discuss the differences between the demographics of the colonial South and those of the colonial North. 124. Characterize colonial medical practices by examining their positive and negative features. 125. Assess the beginnings of slavery in North America (in the main text) and make an argument for which historical explanation for its origins—from the section “Debating the Past: The Origins of Slavery”—seems most accurate. 126. How did the English colonists’ attitudes toward Indians compare with their views toward Africans? 127. How did immigration affect social and economic life in the colonies? 128. What were the critical differences between a southern plantation and a New England town? 129. Assess the character and nature of religion in colonial America. 130. Describe the technological status of eighteenth-century Americans by examining the development and limits of technology. 131. What effect did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening have on life in British North America?

Chapter 4 The Empire in Transition Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In the years after the Glorious Revolution, political power in England increasingly shifted toward A. the monarchy. B. Parliament. C. the citizens. D. the Anglican Church. E. the colonial governors. Answer: B Page: 102 2. During the first half of the eighteenth century, England’s administration of the colonies A. was primarily concerned with checking the growth of New France. B. began to assert greater authority over newspapers and public expression. C. sought new means to tax American merchants. D. was notable for its strict enforcement of trade policies. E. was loose, decentralized, and inefficient. Answer: E Page: 102 3. During the first half of the eighteenth century, royal officials in America A. began to increase the presence of British troops in the colonies. B. contributed to England’s overall lax control of the colonies. C. had no significant influence on colonial finances. D. were generally able and honest administrators. E. chose Philadelphia as the capital of the colonies. Answer: B Page: 102 4. By the 1750s, American colonial assemblies A. exercised a significant degree of authority to levy taxes. B. existed only to implement the policies of the English Parliament. C. felt little loyalty to the English government. D. consisted of colonists all approved by royal governors. E. were petitioning the king to charter new colonies to the west. Answer: A Page: 102

5. The proposed Albany Plan of 1754 A. was intended to give the colonies greater independence from royal authority. B. recognized the land rights of Indian tribes living within the colonies. C. was approved by the colonial assemblies but was vetoed by Parliament. D. revealed the difficulties colonies had in cooperating with each other. E. attempted to create a united front with New France against Indian attacks. Answer: D Page: 103 6. In North American, as a result of the Seven Years’ War, England A. confirmed its commercial supremacy. B. increased its political control of the settled regions. C. shifted its interest away from the Caribbean colonies. D. confirmed its commercial supremacy and increased its political control of the settled regions. E. confirmed its commercial supremacy and shifted its interest away from the Caribbean colonies. Answer: D Page: 103 7. The major participants in the Seven Years’ War in North America were the A. colonists, the English, and the Spanish. B. French, the colonists, and the Spanish. C. Iroquois, the English, and the French. D. French, the Spanish, and the English. E. English, the Iroquois, and the Spanish. Answer: C Page: 103 8. In North America during the eighteenth century, the French differed from the English in Indian relations, in that the French A. offered the Indians more and better trading goods. B. largely isolated themselves from Indian tribes. C. were more tolerant of Indian cultures. D. made little effort to convert Indians to Christianity. E. forced Indians to adjust to European ways. Answer: C Page: 104 9. In North America during the eighteenth century, the most powerful native group was the A. Iroquois. B. Cherokee. C. Seminole. D. Chickasaw. E. Sioux. Answer: A Page: 104

10. Through the first half of the eighteenth century, the Iroquois Confederacy formed agreements and traded with A. England only. B. England, and then France. C. both France and England at the same time. D. France only. E. no European powers. Answer: C Page: 104 11. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 A. ended King William’s War. B. transferred territory from the French to the English in North America. C. was a considerable victory for Spain in North America. D. slowed England’s western expansion of its American colonies. E. transferred territory from the English to the French in the Caribbean. Answer: B Page: 104 12. King George’s War A. inspired the American Revolution. B. failed to resolve European conflicts in North America. C. was a conflict between England and the Iroquois. D. saw English colonists remain out of the conflict. E. saw England acquire Newfoundland from the French. Answer: B Page: 105 13. In the aftermath of King George’s War A. relations among the English, French, and Iroquois deteriorated. B. the French moved out of the Ohio Valley. C. the Iroquois decided not to grant any future trade concessions to the English. D. military activity west of England’s North American colonies steadily declined. E. the English abandoned many of their fortresses in the interior. Answer: A Page: 105 14. The first clash of the French and Indian War took place near what is now A. Detroit. B. Buffalo. C. Pittsburgh. D. St. Louis. E. Chicago. Answer: C Page: 105

15. What future American revolutionary figure surrendered to French forces in 1754 at Fort Necessity in the Ohio Valley? A. George Washington B. Patrick Henry C. James Madison D. Benedict Arnold E. John Adams Answer: A Page: 105 16. During the first stage (1754-1756) of the French and Indian War, A. only the Iroquois Indians were allied with the French. B. the Iroquois were allied with the English but remained largely passive. C. English colonists fought with the support of the Iroquois. D. the colonists fought with the French against the English. E. the colonists fought primarily against the Iroquois. Answer: B Page: 107 17. The French and Indian War was fought in A. India. B. the West Indies. C. the North American interior. D. Europe. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 107 18. During the French and Indian War, British leader William Pitt A. ignored the complaints of colonists. B. gave more authority to conduct the war over to the colonists. C. gradually loosened his tight control over the colonists. D. barred the colonists from military service. F. allowed Indian tribal leaders to dictate British battle strategy. Answer: C Page: 108

19. The beginning of the end of the American phase of the French and Indian War was marked by the French defeat at A. Montreal. B. Quebec. C. Ottawa. D. Louisbourg. E. Fort Necessity. Answer: B Page: 108 20. According to the terms of the Peace of Paris of 1763, A. France surrendered New Orleans and Canada to the British. B. England acquired all French naval vessels docked in North American ports. C. France ceded Canada and all of its claims to land east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans, to Great Britain. D. France agreed to pay England for the cost of the war. E. France ceded all of its Caribbean colonies to England. Answer: C Page: 108 21. Throughout the French and Indian War, the Iroquois A. fought on the side of the French. B. allied themselves with the other tribes of the Ohio Valley. C. viciously fought the French. D. resented having to do more of the fighting than did the British regulars. E. saw French requisition and impressment policies as necessary. Answer: C Page: 108 22. Following the conclusion of the French and Indian War, A. many colonists resented England’s interference in their local affairs. B. colonial expansion westward rapidly progressed. C. many colonists began to call for full independence from England. D. the economy of several American colonies was in ruins. E. the British and Iroquois renewed their alliance. Answer: A Page: 108 23. For Indians in North America, British victory in the French and Indian War A. convinced many tribes to cease in their struggle against European expansion. B. had disastrous effects on their future. C. was cheered only by the Iroquois Confederacy. D. led to an improvement in relations with English colonists. E. encouraged tribes to join the Iroquois Confederacy. Answer: B Page: 108

24. The French and Indian War in North America A. greatly enriched the English government’s finances. B. began a period of almost continual warfare for England. C. demonstrated that increasing England’s control over the colonies would not be easy. D. led England to conclude that its relationship with the colonies was strong. E. led England to conclude that the American colonies were not worth protecting. Answer: C Page: 108 25. When George III assumed the throne of England, he A. was considered to have a brilliant mind for politics. B. was painfully immature. C. faced a full rebellion in the colonies. D. feared using the authority of his monarchy. E. mandated official recognition of the Church of England in all colonies. Answer: B Page: 111 26. When he became British prime minister, George Grenville A. believed the colonial economies could not weather the cost of the recent war. B. criticized William Pitt for being too harsh in dealing with the American colonies. C. began a cost-cutting effort by reducing the number of British officials in America. D. initially sought to further decentralize government authority in the American colonies. E. believed the American colonists had been indulged for far too long. Answer: E Page: 111 27. The Proclamation of 1763 A. disrupted England’s western trade in the colonies. B. was generally effective. C. was supported by many Indian tribes. D. encouraged settlement of the western edge of the colonies. E. led to renewed conflict with the remaining French colonists in the west. Answer: C Page: 112 28. In the 1760s, the Grenville ministry increased its authority in the colonies by A. stationing regular British troops permanently in America. B. banning political meetings. C. closing the port of Boston. D. closing newspapers that criticized the English government. E. outlawing the Sons of Liberty. Answer: A Page: 112

29. The Sugar Act of 1764 was designed to A. damage the market for sugar grown in the colonies. B. eliminate the illegal sugar trade among the colonies, the French, and the West Indies. C. establish new vice-admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers. D. lower the colonial duty on molasses. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 112 30. The Stamp Act of 1765 A. established a royal postal system between the American colonies and England. B. required colonists to pay taxes on most printed documents. C. replaced the Sugar Act of 1764. D. proved to be ineffective, as most colonies refused to accept it. E. cost the British government much more money than it made in revenues. Answer: B Page: 112 31. The Paxton Boys and the Regulators both A. demanded tax relief. B. feared violence from western farmers. C. demanded independence from England. D. sought to increase the authority of local colonial governments. E. demanded the redistribution of the land making up the former French colonies. Answer: A Page: 112 32. Legislation passed by the Grenville ministry in 1764-1765 adversely affected ________ in America. A. New England merchants B. southern planters C. small farmers D. urban workers E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 112 33. Many colonists believed the legislation passed by the Grenville ministry in 1764-1765 A. showed the British were committed to the long-term success of the colonies. B. meant the British were trying to take away their tradition of self-government. C. signified that the British finally understood the desires of the colonists. D. would have little long-term effect on the economy of the colonies. E. would lead to renewed hostilities with Indians in the west. Answer: B Page: 112

34. The Stamp Act of 1765 A. was consistent with traditional parliamentary efforts to regulate commerce. B. placed a heavy financial burden on American colonists. C. helped to unite the colonies in opposition to the English government. D. required the consent of the colonial assemblies before going into effect. E. actually affected only a few New England merchants. Answer: C Page: 112 35. Who among the following took the lead in protesting against the Stamp Act? A. Patrick Henry B. Ben Franklin C. Samuel Adams D. Thomas Jefferson E. George Mason Answer: A Page: 115 36. The “Virginia Resolves” stated that A. Virginians should not be required to pay taxes. B. the English government had no authority over the economic activities of Virginians. C. anyone who supported the right of Parliament to tax was an enemy of the colony. D. independence from England was the only solution to the tax crisis. E. Virginia must do its part to reimburse England for the cost of colonial defense. Answer: C Page: 115 37. British official Thomas Hutchinson A. was an early and outspoken supporter of the Stamp Act. B. called for suppression of colonial demonstrations. C. was murdered during colonial protests against the Stamp Act. D. had his home ransacked by anti-Stamp Act demonstrators. E. signed his name to the “Virginia Resolves” to support the colonists’ position. Answer: D Page: 116 38. In 1766, in response to colonial protests against the Stamp Act, the British government A. closed the port of Boston. B. attempted to arrest the authors of the “Virginia Resolves.” C. created the Currency Act. D. sent additional troops to the colonies. E. rescinded the Stamp Act. Answer: E Page: 116

39. The Declaratory Act of 1766 A. caused renewed protests throughout the colonies. B. was a sweeping assertion of Parliament’s authority over the colonies. C. threatened the colonies with military action should future protests develop. D. was an attempt by outgoing minister George Grenville to save face. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 116 40. The Mutiny (or Quartering) Act of 1765 A. required colonists to evacuate their farms to occupying British soldiers. B. was regarded by objecting colonists as a form of taxation without consent. C. resulted in the killing of several British soldiers by colonists. D. allowed British officers to force colonists into military service for England. E. declared that all ships in the colonial navy must have a British officer on board. Answer: B Page: 117 41. The “internal rebellions” involving tenant farmers of the British colonies had their roots in the A. presumption that taxation without representation was intolerable. B. class system of New England and New York. C. French and Indian War. D. expansion into western lands. E. writings of Ethan Allen. Answer: B Page: 116 42. The Townshend Duties of 1767 A. constituted a form of taxation quite similar to the Stamp Act. B. were ultimately ratified by the New York Assembly. C. drew no immediate objection from the colonists. D. were withdrawn before they took effect. E. were taxes on what were called external transactions. Answer: E Page: 117 43. Colonial protests against the Townshend Duties resulted in A. the Boston Massacre. B. Parliament passing a second Stamp Act. C. an increase in smuggling in port cities such as Boston. D. many colonists joining in nonimportation agreements. E. the Boston Tea Party. Answer: D Page: 117

44. In 1770, the Townshend Duties were ended by A. Charles Townshend. B. the Marquis of Rockingham. C. Lord North. D. George III. E. Lord Chatham. Answer: C Page: 117 45. The Boston Massacre A. was transformed by some colonists into a symbol of British oppression. B. resulted in the death of several British soldiers. C. led to Paul Revere’s midnight ride of warning. D. included a trial in which British soldiers were convicted of murder. E. turned Paul Revere into a martyr for the cause of colonial independence. Answer: A Page: 119 46. The leading colonial figure in the Boston Massacre was A. Samuel Adams. B. Thomas Jefferson. C. Patrick Henry. D. James Otis. E. George Mason. Answer: A Page: 119 47. In the 1760s, “country Whigs” were English colonists who A. feared the political protests would damage the long-term profits of America. B. considered the British government to be corrupt and oppressive. C. defended the British imperial system. D. called on King George III to more firmly assert his authority. E. believed the political philosophy of John Locke gave too much power to the king. Answer: B Page: 119 48. English and American supporters of the English constitution felt it correctly divided power A. among the monarchy, the aristocracy, and representative assemblies. B. between England and the American colonies. C. between the commercial and landholding classes on both sides of the ocean. D. between Parliament and the monarchy. E. among the monarchy, Parliament, and the courts. Answer: A Page: 119

49. In the eighteenth century, the English constitution was A. an unwritten document. B. difficult to change. C. unpopular in both England and America. D. believed to be holding back colonial expansion. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 119 50. Under the English constitution during the eighteenth century, A. only American colonists were denied direct representation in Parliament. B. large areas of England had no direct political representation. C. all seats in American colonial assemblies were appointed. D. each member of Parliament represented a particular geographic area. E. the empire was made up of a federation of commonwealths. Answer: B Page: 120 51. In the eighteenth century, under the English government’s theory of representation, A. the American colonies were represented in Parliament. B. each American colony was allowed one non-voting representative in Parliament. C. the American colonies had no claim to any political representation. D. the king spoke to Parliament on behalf of the American colonies. E. the American colonies were represented by the courts. Answer: A Page: 119-120 52. Taverns were important in the growth of revolutionary sentiment because A. they were the only public places where one could legally speak without fear of arrest. B. they become central meeting places to discuss ideas about resistance. C. the tavern was one of the few places where men and women gathered together to speak. D. colonists increasingly resented the heavy British duties on alcohol. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 120 53. The Tea Act of 1773 A. followed a few years of relative calm between England and the American colonies. B. lowered the price of tea for American colonists. C. was intended to benefit a private British company. D. provided no new tax on tea. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 120-121

54. The colonial boycott of tea in 1773 A. was based on colonists’ anger at having to pay a new tax. B. involved relatively small numbers of people. C. was led by women, who were the primary consumers of tea. D. had little financial effect on England. E. resulted in the arrest of the Daughters of Liberty. Answer: C Page: 121 55. The Boston Tea Party of December 1773 A. triggered acts of resistance in other colonial cities. B. took place after Bostonians failed to turn away ships laden with tea. C. shocked the other colonies into isolating Massachusetts. D. both triggered acts of resistance in other colonial cities and took place after Bostonians failed to turn away ships laden with tea. E. both took place after Bostonians failed to turn away ships laden with tea and shocked the other colonies into isolating Massachusetts. Answer: D Page: 121 56. Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by A. withdrawing its military protection of Massachusetts. B. reducing the powers of self-government in Massachusetts. C. reducing the geographic size of the colony. D. threatening to launch a war against the Massachusetts militia. E. repealing the Tea Act. Answer: B Page: 124 57. The Quebec Act A. granted political rights to Roman Catholics. B. reduced the boundaries of Quebec. C. was approved of by most English colonists. D. was passed by England to appease the French government. E. made the Roman Catholic Church illegal. Answer: A Page: 124 58. Which of the following statements regarding the Coercive Acts is true? A. Massachusetts became politically isolated from the other colonies. B. Colonial boycotts decreased. C. Massachusetts became a martyr in the cause of resistance. D. The acts had little practical effect on the Massachusetts colony. E. The acts were basically ignored by other colonial legislatures. Answer: C Page: 124

59. In 1774, the First Continental Congress A. accepted a plan for a colonial union under British authority. B. proposed that the colonies tax themselves at Parliament’s demand. C. agreed to end colonial boycotts of British trade. D. issued an order for the arrest of all colonists loyal to the king. E. called for the repeal of all oppressive legislation passed since 1763. Answer: E Page: 126 60. In 1775, the Conciliatory Propositions A. called on Parliament to reduce taxes for the sake of colonial peace. B. saw Parliament agree to the terms of the First Continental Congress. C. was an appeal by the British government to colonial moderates. D. temporarily reduced tensions in the colonies. E. forced Parliament to send more troops to Boston. Answer: C Page: 127 61. At the time of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, General Thomas Gage, the commander of the British garrison in Boston, A. considered his army too small to act without reinforcements. B. was convinced that Americans would never actually dare to fight. C. arrested Sam Adams and John Hancock near Lexington. D. offered to resign his command to avoid war. E. believed the colonists’ calls for independence were justified. Answer: A Page: 127 62. The events of Lexington and Concord A. saw the colonists try to surprise the British by seizing a British arsenal. B. saw the Americans lose many more men than the British. C. occurred before there was a formal American declaration of independence. D. was the first victory for George Washington in the conflict with England. E. further alienated Massachusetts from the more moderate colonies in the Chesapeake. Answer: C Page: 127

True/False Questions 63. Eighteenth-century parliamentary leaders were less inclined than seventeenth-century English monarchs to exert control over their empire. Answer: True Page: 102

64. The character of the royal officials in America contributed to the overall looseness of the British imperial system. Answer: True Page: 102 65. Resistance to British imperial authority was centered among western farmers. Answer: False Page: 102 66. Prior to the 1760s, cooperation between colonies was not good. Answer: True Page: 102-103 67. Colonial merchants proved their allegiance to the British during the Seven Years’ War. Answer: False Page: 108 68. In their competition for the allegiance of native tribes, the English could offer more and better goods than the French. Answer: True Page: 104 69. “Creole” refers to a white immigrant of French descent. Answer: True Page: 104 70. The British were more tolerant of Indian culture and Indian religions than were the French. Answer: False Page: 104 71. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signaled a rare French victory over the English. Answer: False Page: 104 72. In the aftermath of King George’s War (1744-1748), relations among the English, French, and Iroquois in North America rapidly deteriorated. Answer: True Page: 105 73. The Peace of Paris (1763) saw the French retain a portion of their holdings on the North American mainland. Answer: False Page: 108

74. Following the Seven Years’ War, the British government faced huge problems of imperial organization but had ample funds to deal with those problems. Answer: False Page: 108 75. During the Seven Years’ War the colonists evidenced an unwillingness to be taxed by Parliament, but they were not reluctant to tax themselves. Answer: False Page: 109 76. The Proclamation of 1763 decreed that Parliament had the right to pass laws dealing with the colonies. Answer: False Page: 112 77. The Proclamation of 1763 failed to meet even the modest expectations of the Indians. Answer: True Page: 112 78. The Currency Act of 1764 gave the colonial legislatures the power to print paper money. Answer: False Page: 112 79. The Paxton Boys and the Regulators were examples of colonists who objected to the Mutiny Act of 1765. Answer: False Page: 112 80. Despite the flurry of parliamentary legislation after 1763, most colonists found ways either to live with or to get around these laws. Answer: True Page: 114 81. In general, the colonists regarded the political burden of the post-1763 imperial program to be worse than the economic burden. Answer: True Page: 114 82. The actual economic burdens of the Stamp Act were relatively light. Answer: True Page: 114 83. The Stamp Act was a direct attempt by Parliament to raise revenues in the colonies without the consent of the colonial legislatures. Answer: True Page: 115

84. The Stamp Act was a parliamentary response to colonial objections to the Declaratory Act. Answer: False Page: 116 85. When the Stamp Act was repealed, the colonists were left with no real grievances against British authority. Answer: False Page: 116-117 86. The colonists largely accepted the Townshend Duties, except for the tax on tea. Answer: False Page: 117 87. The Boston Massacre was the British response to the Boston Tea Party. Answer: False Page: 117-119 88. The Boston Massacre was followed by three years of relative peace and quiet. Answer: True Page: 119 89. Parliament and the colonial legislatures did not always see eye to eye, but at least they shared a similar understanding about the nature of representative government. Answer: False Page: 119 90. Massachusetts’s extensive tavern system contributed to the colony’s revolutionary activity. Answer: True Page: 120 91. The Tea Act of 1773 actually reduced the price of tea to colonial consumers. Answer: True Page: 121 92. The Tea Act of 1773 angered colonial consumers, but not colonial merchants. Answer: False Page: 121 93. The Coercive Acts were first a response to the Boston Massacre. Answer: False Page: 124 94. More people were killed in the Boston Tea Party than in the Boston Massacre. Answer: False Page: 118, 121

95. The Coercive Acts succeeded in isolating Massachusetts as the source of colonial discontent. Answer: False Page: 124 96. The First Continental Congress convened before the events at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. Answer: True Page: 126 97. The Conciliatory Propositions (1775) proposed that the colonists not be taxed by Parliament, but rather tax themselves at Parliament’s demand. Answer: True Page: 127 98. The British move on Lexington and Concord in April 1775 was designed to provoke a major battle and end the war before it could really begin. Answer: False Page: 127

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 99. The 1754 effort to deal with Indian issues on an intercolonial basis was called the ________. Answer: Albany Plan Page: 103 100. During King George’s War, the colonists captured the French fort at ________ on Cape Breton Island, only to be forced to return it to the French during the peace settlement. Answer: Louisbourg Page: 104 101. The dramatic fall of ________ marked the beginning of the end of the American phase of the Seven Years’ War. Answer: Quebec Page: 108 102. The treaty that drove the French out of North America in 1763 was called the ________. Answer: Peace of Paris Page: 108 103. The Ottawa chieftain ________ struck back at English colonists who sought to move west of the Appalachians following the Seven Years’ War. Answer: Pontiac Page: 112

104. The parliamentary attempt to restrict westward movement following the Seven Years’ War was called the ________. Answer: Proclamation of 1763 Page: 112 105. Parliamentary legislation requiring colonists to provision and maintain the British army was called the ________. Answer: Mutiny Act Page: 112 106. The Sugar Act of 1764 created courts called ________ courts, which were designed to deal with accused smugglers. Answer: vice-admiralty Page: 112 107. The Virginian who took the lead in protesting the Stamp Act was ________. Answer: Patrick Henry Page: 115 108. The newly organized Sons of ________ did their best to block enforcement of the Stamp Act. Answer: Liberty Page: 116 109. The legislation confirming parliamentary authority over the colonies was called the ________ Act. Answer: Declaratory Page: 116 110. In 1770 Prime Minister Lord North repealed all of the ________ except the tax on tea. Answer: Townshend Duties Page: 117 111. The Bostonian who took the lead in fomenting public outrage against the Boston Massacre was ________. Answer: Samuel Adams Page: 119 112. In 1772, Samuel Adams proposed the creation of a “committee of ________” to publicize grievances against England. Answer: correspondence Page: 119

113. In 1772, angry colonists of ________ set afire and sank the British schooner Gaspée. Answer: Rhode Island Page: 120-121 114. The ________ colony had the most elaborately developed tavern culture. Answer: Massachusetts Page: 124 115. The British Parliament operated on a theory of representation called ________ representation. Answer: virtual Page: 120 116. The conflict between England and America was made insoluble because of a basic difference of opinion over the nature of ________. Answer: sovereignty Page: 120 117. A private company, Britain’s ________ Company, stood to benefit from the passage of the Tea Act of 1773. Answer: East India Page: 121 118. The ________ Act granted political rights to Roman Catholics. Answer: Quebec Page: 124 119. Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by passing a series of laws called the ________. Answer: Coercive Acts Page: 121, 124 120. The architect of the British military move on Lexington and Concord was General ________. Answer: Thomas Gage Page: 127

Essay Questions 121. Why was British rule in the colonies decentralized? What groups benefited from this and how? 122. Up until the 1760s, how did the British governance of the colonies shape the general attitudes of Americans regarding their rights and responsibilities within the British Empire?

123. What were the policy differences between Britain’s Navigation Acts (mid-1600s) and the various acts passed after 1763? 124. Why did the Navigation Acts not spark colonial rebellion as did the acts passed after 1763? 125. What effect did the French and Indian War have on the coming of the American Revolution? 126. Describe the origins of the American Revolution. 127. What new policies affecting the colonies did Parliament adopt following the French and Indian War, and why did it adopt those policies? 128. Trace the course and nature of colonial objections to British policies between 1763 and 1775. 129. Select any four colonial leaders and explain the specific role each played in the coming of the American Revolution. 130. Select any four acts of Parliament and explain their effect on the colonies and the nature of the colonial objection to each. 131. Was the American Revolution avoidable? What did the British government do that inadvertently encouraged colonial rebellion?

Chapter Five The American Revolution Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In 1775, as conflicts with England intensified, American colonists A. made extensive efforts to prepare themselves for war. B. were deeply divided about what they were fighting for. C. believed England was not willing to engage in military operations against them. D. saw their larger population as a key advantage over England. E. considered arming slaves to help build up the colonial army. Answer: B Page: 132 2. Published in January 1776, Common Sense was written by A. Thomas Jefferson. B. Thomas Paine. C. James Madison. D. Ben Franklin. E. James Otis. Answer: B Page: 132 3. The author of Common Sense A. sought to concentrate colonial anger on unpopular parliamentary measures. B. was an American who had never been to England. C. sold very few copies of his pamphlet until after the war was won. D. was arrested by British officials and charged with treason. E. considered the English constitution to be the greatest problem facing the colonists. Answer: E Page: 132 4. The Declaration of Independence A. borrowed heavily from previously published colonial documents. B. was never formally approved by the Second Continental Congress. C. avoided making any direct criticism of the king. D. called for the formation of a two-party democracy. E. originally recommended that all slaves be freed. Answer: A Page: 133

5. Financing the Revolution was difficult for the American side because A. hard currency was scarce. B. the printing of paper money was illegal. C. foreign nations refused to loan money for the war effort. D. bonds were not yet in use. E. the colonists’ wealth had all been kept in London. Answer: A Page: 134 6. The war effort by American colonists would be financed primarily by A. spending hard currency. B. printing paper money. C. borrowing from abroad. D. selling bonds. E. melting down jewelry into specie. Answer: C Page: 142 7. As commander of the Continental army, George Washington A. had no shortage of Americans willing to volunteer to fight the British. B. had no previous actual military experience. C. was an early critic of independence. D. saw Congress leave all important military decisions up to his judgment. E. was admired, respected, and trusted by nearly all Patriots. Answer: E Page: 135 8. At the start of the Revolution, American advantages over the British included a A. greater commitment to the war. B. larger number of troops. C. better equipped navy. D. more coherent military command structure. E. better relationship with Native American tribes. Answer: A Page: 136 9. Which of the following took place during the first phase (1775-1776) of the Revolutionary War? A. British troops evacuated Boston. B. American troops captured Quebec. C. The British won a significant victory in North Carolina. D. American troops took Nova Scotia. E. British troops under William Howe captured Philadelphia. Answer: A Page: 138

10. In the Battle of Bunker Hill, A. the Patriots suffered light casualties and won the battle. B. the British suffered heavy casualties. C. Benedict Arnold was wounded. D. the British surrendered their main forces to the Patriots. E. the Patriots refused to withdraw and were all killed. Answer: B Page: 137 11. During the second phase (1776-1778) of the American Revolution, British military efforts were hampered by A. a series of tactical blunders and misfortunes. B. a severe shortage of new soldiers coming from England. C. an American blockade of British ships. D. the American capture of the commanding British general. E. American alliances with Native American tribes in the region. Answer: A Page: 140 12. When George Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night, 1776, he was intent on surprising A. American Loyalists. B. Indians. C. the Hessians. D. British regulars. E. William Howe. Answer: C Page: 139 13. Among the following, who was NOT a British general during the American Revolution? A. Thomas Gage B. William Howe C. John Burgoyne D. Horatio Gates E. Barry St. Leger Answer: D Page: 140 14. The British military campaigns of 1777 saw A. General William Howe stay in camp when he was supposed to have moved south. B. General John Burgoyne suffer a major defeat at Saratoga. C. a major American victory at Philadelphia. D. the British surround and lay siege to George Washington’s army at Valley Forge. E. the British retake Boston and set it afire. Answer: B Page: 140

15. During the American Revolution, the Iroquois Confederacy officially A. declared its neutrality. B. allied itself with the colonists. C. allied itself with the British. D. refused to ally with either combatant until France entered the war. E. disbanded and withdrew to the west. Answer: A Page: 141 16. In early 1778, France A. refused to recognize the United States as a sovereign nation. B. expelled the colonies’ diplomats, including Benjamin Franklin, from Paris. C. agreed to give the Americans money and supplies, but withheld its soldiers. D. declared war on both England and Spain. E. worried that the United States would quit the war against the British. Answer: E Page: 142 17. In the aftermath of the Declaration of Independence, the colonies began to call themselves states. Why? A. their definition as such in the preamble B. in response to the British custom of calling them provinces C. the belief that each was a sovereign entity D. as an extralegal act against British sovereignty E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: C Page: 133 18. Which of the following nations opposed England during the American Revolution? A. Belgium B. Canada C. the Netherlands D. Portugal E. Sweden Answer: C Page: 142 19. In the final phase (1778-81) of the American Revolution, the British A. mounted their largest military assault against the Continental army. B. badly overestimated the support of American Loyalists. C. made a focused effort to win public support in the northern colonies. D. concentrated their efforts on capturing individual Patriots. E. began a policy of “total war” that resulted in several cities being burned to the ground. Answer: B Page: 142

20. As the fighting in the final phase (1778-1781) of the American Revolution carried into communities previously isolated from the war, A. local criticism of Patriots increased. B. American armies engaged in more large, open-field battles. C. support for independence greatly increased. D. large segments of the American population became war refugees. E. more Loyalists began actively helping the British. Answer: C Page: 143 21. Which of the following statements regarding Benedict Arnold is FALSE? A. Arnold was an American military hero early in the war. B. During the war, Arnold grew convinced the American cause was hopeless. C. Arnold conspired with the British to betray a Patriot stronghold at West Point, New York. D. Arnold had previously foiled the advance of Barry St. Leger into the Mohawk Valley. E. Arnold spent the last years of the Revolution as a prisoner of war. Answer: E Page: 144 22. Which of the following was the scene of a substantial British victory in the final phase (17781781) of the American Revolution? A. Cowpens B. Charleston C. Yorktown D. Guilford Court House E. Saratoga Answer: B Page: 144 23. Which of the following statements regarding General Nathaniel Greene is FALSE? A. He led American forces to victory in the battle at Yorktown. B. He divided his forces into fast-moving contingents to confuse and exasperate Cornwallis. C. He was one of the most effective commanders in the American army. D. He replaced Horatio Gates as commander of the southern forces in the Continental army. E. He was forced to withdraw at Guilford Court House after inflicting heavy losses. Answer: A Page: 144-145

24. The battle at Yorktown involved A. the most bloody battle of the war. B. the suicide of the commanding British general. C. evidence that the British were executing prisoners of war. D. a combined French and American army and navy. E. treachery on the part of Benedict Arnold. Answer: D Page: 145 25. The principal Americans who negotiated the peace terms with the British were A. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. B. Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, and John Adams. C. John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin, and Samuel Huntington. D. Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. E. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. Answer: E Page: 145 26. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, A. the United States gained formal British recognition of American independence. B. Spain received Gibraltar from the English. C. the United States received all territory east of the Rocky Mountains. D. France received Canada from the English. E. England was forced to pay reparations to the new American nation. Answer: A Page: 145 27. During the American Revolution, Loyalists A. were forced to leave the colonies soon after the war began. B. were nearly all office holders in the English government. C. were forbidden by the Patriots to move to England until the war had ended. D. constituted perhaps as many as one-third of the white colonial population. E. freed their slaves to help augment British forces in the colonies. Answer: D Page: 145 28. As a result of the American Revolution, the Anglican Church in America was A. weakened. B. banned in most colonies. C. made the official religion of Virginia. D. praised by Patriots for supporting independence. E. tried for aiding and abetting the British. Answer: A Page: 147

29. During the American Revolution, enslaved African Americans in the colonies A. joined the British army in large numbers to fight against their American masters. B. were assisted by the British to escape, as a way to disrupt the American war effort. C. were offered their freedom by Americans if they fought against the British. D. tried to help Loyalists escape to Canada in exchange for their freedom. E. were not significantly affected by the conflict. Answer: B Page: 147 30. The fear of ________ helped prevent English colonists in the Caribbean islands from joining with the continental Americans in the revolt against Britain. A. the British navy B. economic repercussions C. French intervention D. hurricanes E. slave rebellions Answer: E Page: 148 31. Which of the following statements regarding the American Revolution and Native Americans is FALSE? A. The outcome of the war largely weakened the position of Indians. B. Indians generally had better relations with the British than with the Americans. C. Most Indian tribes ultimately chose to fight on the side of the British. D. American Patriots had generally tried to persuade Indians to be neutral in the war. E. Some Indians took advantage of the conflict to launch attacks of their own. Answer: C Page: 148 32. During the American Revolution, female “camp followers” A. assisted in the support of regular troops. B. played traditional female roles and were not involved in combat. C. served to maintain traditional gender distinctions. D. were prostitutes. E. often inadvertently betrayed the position of Washington’s army. Answer: A Page: 149 33. Regarding the status of women, the effect of the American Revolution A. was minimal and short-term. B. was to dismantle the patriarchal legal system. C. was to end the traditional cultural concepts of the female role in society. D. generally weakened the position of women in society. E. led some women to question their position in society. Answer: E Page: 149

34. In 1776, Abigail Adams was an advocate for A. full gender equality in the new postwar nation. B. a woman’s right to vote. C. new protections against abusive and tyrannical men. D. support for impoverished war widows. E. temperance. Answer: C Page: 149 35. The prominent eighteenth-century essayist Judith Sargent Murray placed her greatest emphasis on the right of women to A. vote. B. own property. C. divorce. D. obtain an education. E. serve in combat. Answer: D Page: 149 36. In colonial America, under English common law a married woman A. could not own property. B. had more legal rights than unmarried women. C. had legal authority over her children. D. could not earn wages greater than her husband. E. could only initiate divorce in case of adultery. Answer: A Page: 150 37. Following the American Revolution, as the republic took shape in the 1780s, greater social importance was attached to women in the role of A. wives. B. feminists. C. citizens. D. nurses. E. mothers. Answer: E Page: 150

38. Post-Revolution American trade was strengthened by A. favorable trade agreements with England. B. an English desire to protect American vessels. C. the closing of British ports to American trade. D. British abandonment of impressments. E. the flood of immigration after the war. Answer: C Page: 151 39. In the thinking of most American political leaders, the success of their new republican governments depended on A. a strong defense of civil liberties. B. the development of industries. C. westward expansion. D. the creation of a strong military. E. independent landowners. Answer: E Page: 152 40. For most Revolutionary American political thinkers, the concept of equality meant that there should be equality of A. opportunity. B. rights, regardless of race, sex, or property. C. condition. D. opportunity and of condition. E. rights and of condition. Answer: A Page: 152 41. During the 1780s, in every new state constitution A. state legislatures were to be chosen by a direct popular vote. B. governors were prevented from holding a seat in the legislature. C. property requirements for voting were relaxed or eliminated. D. women were denied the right to vote. E. governors were given the authority to tax. Answer: B Page: 152 42. During the 1780s, most state governments A. moved to limit popular power. B. were notable for their stability. C. found it difficult to revise their constitutions. D. remained strongly elitist. E. eliminated property requirements for voters. Answer: A Page: 152

43. In 1780, Massachusetts sought to revise the power of the governor by A. allowing the legislature to set his salary. B. having him elected directly by the people. C. taking away his authority to veto legislation. D. permitting him to sit in the legislature. E. granting him the power to tax. Answer: B Page: 152 44. The Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty of 1786 A. was written by James Madison. B. called for a complete separation of church and state. C. gave all religious denominations special privileges within the state. D. only applied to Christian denominations. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 152 45. In the 1780s, which statement about slavery in America was true? A. In no state was it illegal. B. Many southern states prohibited the importation of slaves from abroad. C. Virginia passed a law forbidding the manumission of slaves. D. The strongest forces against slavery were found in the western colonies. E. Most whites believed blacks should be integrated into American society as equals. Answer: B Page: 153 46. Under the Articles of Confederation in 1777 there was a federal A. Congress. B. judiciary. C. executive. D. bureaucracy. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 153 47. Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government had the power to A. regulate trade. B. draft troops. C. borrow and issue money. D. levy direct taxes on the people. E. override state laws. Answer: C Page: 153

48. Under the Articles of Confederation, A. each state had one vote in Congress. B. all states had to approve any important measure. C. there could be no amendments to the Articles. D. no legislation could be passed without all states voting on the issue. E. the executive had the power to veto legislative decisions. Answer: A Page: 153 49. The Articles of Confederation were adopted when states gave up their A. power to regulate trade. B. power to make war. C. claims to western lands. D. right to levy their own taxes. E. plans for emancipation. Answer: C Page: 153 50. Shortly after signing the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the British government A. evacuated its forts in America. B. made restitution to slaveholders for slaves the British army had freed during the war. C. attempted to purchase Florida. D. restricted American access to British markets. E. declared war on Spain to take its New World colonies away. Answer: D Page: 154 51. Who did the Congress send to London as a minister in 1784 to resolve the differences between the Confederation and the British regarding the peace treaty of 1783? A. Benjamin Franklin B. James Madison C. John Jay D. John Adams E. George Washington Answer: D Page: 154 52. The Ordinances of 1784 and 1785 represented an attempt to A. eliminate slavery in the western states. B. compromise on the question of slavery expanding into the territories. C. enhance the power of the central government. D. gain redress from the English at the expense of Native Americans. E. provide for the admission of new states into the union. Answer: E Page: 154

53. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 A. created a single territory out of the lands north of Ohio. B. guaranteed freedom of religion throughout the affected areas. C. prohibited slavery within the affected areas. D. abandoned the system created in the 1784 Ordinance. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 155 54. In the early 1790s, the efforts of Little Turtle represented an attempt by Indians to A. accommodate white settlers. B. maintain their lands given through treaties. C. resist white expansion by military force. D. negotiate the sale of Indian lands. E. encourage England to mediate a settlement between Indians and the new nation. Answer: C Page: 156 55. The 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers A. forced the Miami Indians into negotiations with the United States. B. saw the U.S. forces suffer a significant defeat. C. led the United States to temporarily evacuate from the Ohio Valley. D. resulted in the death of General Anthony Wayne. E. represented the last major military victory for Indians against the U.S. Answer: A Page: 156 56. The 1795 Treaty of Greenville A. allowed the Miami Indians navigation rights to the Mississippi. B. compelled the Miami Indians to move out of the Ohio Valley. C. was never signed by any Indian leaders. D. removed all restrictions to white settlement of the Ohio Valley. E. led the United States to recognize the sovereignty of Indian nations. Answer: E Page: 156 57. As leaders of a tax rebellion the 1780s, Daniel Shays and his supporters demanded A. the nation’s capital be moved to New England. B. an end to paper currency. C. a moratorium on debt collection. D. renewed trade agreements with England. E. the right to vote for all white men, regardless of property holdings. Answer: C Page: 157

58. One effect of Shays’s Rebellion was that it A. temporarily brought a halt to the new American government. B. led the federal government to adopt the gold standard. C. led to the downfall of the state government in Massachusetts. D. contributed to the growing belief the national government needed reform. E. encouraged Massachusetts to adopt gradual emancipation. Answer: D Page: 157

True/False Questions 59. The Declaration of Independence borrowed heavily from previously written colonial documents. Answer: True Page: 133 60. The beginning of hostilities in 1775 found the colonies generally unprepared for war. Answer: True Page: 132 61. One effect the Declaration of Independence had was that individual colonies were motivated to reconstitute themselves as “states.” Answer: True Page: 133 62. Following Lexington and Concord, it is safe to say that most Americans now saw that they were fighting for independence from Great Britain. Answer: False Page: 132 63. To Thomas Paine it made “common sense” to break from Parliament, but not from the king. Answer: False Page: 132 64. In composing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson borrowed heavily from the political theories of Thomas Hobbes. Answer: False Page: 133 65. Both Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, and the various state legislatures had the power to tax individual Americans. Answer: False Page: 134

66. When George Washington took command of the Continental army, he did not have a great deal of public confidence. Answer: False Page: 135 67. The Battle of Saratoga (1777) was both a turning point in the Revolutionary War and a victory for the colonists. Answer: True Page: 140 68. During the Revolutionary War, the Iroquois Confederacy was united in its allegiance to Great Britain. Answer: False Page: 141 69. The United States never negotiated a formal alliance with France during the Revolutionary War. Answer: False Page: 142 70. France was an American ally during the Revolutionary War, but it did not provide the Americans with significant amounts of money or munitions. Answer: False Page: 142 71. Loyalist sentiment was thought to be stronger in the South than in the North. Answer: True Page: 142 72. Cornwallis’s defeat at Yorktown led not only to the resignation of Lord North as prime minister, but to public outcries in England against continuing the war. Answer: True Page: 145 73. The Americans violated their alliance with France by negotiating a peace with Great Britain without informing the French. Answer: True Page: 145 74. Few Loyalists were so disaffected as to leave the United States as a result of their opposition to the Revolutionary War. Answer: False Page: 145

75. The influence of the Anglican Church in the United States was strengthened as a result of the Revolutionary War. Answer: False Page: 147 76. Both Quakers and Catholics were strengthened as a result of their support for the Patriot cause and the Revolutionary War. Answer: False Page: 147 77. For some African Americans, the Revolution meant increased exposure to the concept of liberty. Answer: True Page: 147 78. By the end of the Revolutionary War, the position of Native Americans in and near the United States had been strengthened by their support of the Patriot cause. Answer: False Page: 148 79. The Revolutionary War increased already-deep internal divisions among Native American tribes. Answer: True Page: 148 80. Women, sometimes by choice but more often by necessity, flocked to the camps of the Patriot armies during the Revolutionary War. Answer: True Page: 149 81. The American Revolution did little to change the legal status of American women. Answer: True Page: 149 82. Under English common law, a single woman had greater legal rights than a married woman. Answer: True Page: 150 83. The general assumptions of American republicanism were modeled after those of French thinkers. Answer: False Page: 152 84. The republican concept of equality included the belief that not all people would live equally. Answer: True Page: 152

85. New state constitutions drafted during the Revolutionary War sought to expand the power of the executive. Answer: False Page: 152 86. Every new state constitution prevented the state’s governor from holding a seat in the state legislature. Answer: True Page: 152 87. When the United States began as a nation, most citizens were independent property holders. Answer: False Page: 152 88. Only a few of the new state constitutions provided for a two-house legislature. Answer: False Page: 152 89. In 1780, Massachusetts began a trend by expanding the power of the state’s governor. Answer: True Page: 152 90. Thomas Jefferson had deep moral misgivings about slavery, but he could not envision any alternative to it. Answer: True Page: 153 91. The Articles of Confederation provided for a separate judiciary and executive. Answer: False Page: 153 92. The Articles of Confederation could not be amended until all thirteen state legislatures approved. Answer: True Page: 153 93. Throughout the 1780s, the British government refused to send a diplomatic minister to America. Answer: True Page: 154 94. The Confederation’s most important accomplishment was its resolution of controversies over access to the Mississippi River. Answer: False Page: 154

95. The ordinances of 1784 and 1785 were more favorable to settlers than to land speculators. Answer: False Page: 154-155 96. The Northwest Ordinance guaranteed freedom of religion and banned slavery. Answer: True Page: 155 97. The precise rectangular grid pattern imposed on the Northwest Territory became the national model for all subsequent federal land policies. Answer: True Page: 155 98. Violence between Indians and whites on the northwest frontier largely subsided following the establishment of the Constitution of 1787. Answer: False Page: 156 99. Like Bacon’s Rebellion, Shays’s Rebellion occurred in Virginia. Answer: False Page: 157 100. Shays’s Rebellion was such a failure that it lessened the sense of need for a new federal constitution. Answer: False Page: 157

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 101. Many American colonists were enraged when the British began recruiting German mercenaries known as ________. Answer: Hessians Page: 132 102. In writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson borrowed from the contract theory of ________. Answer: John Locke Page: 133 103. The British commander in the Battle of Saratoga was ________. Answer: John Burgoyne Page: 140

104. The blunders of General ________, one of which was leaving John Burgoyne to fight alone, cost the British dearly in 1777. Answer: William Howe Page: 140 105. The American diplomat who negotiated the French Alliance of 1778 was ________. Answer: Benjamin Franklin Page: 142 106. The British commander forced to surrender at Yorktown was Lord ________. Answer: Cornwallis Page: 145 107. As a result of the American Revolution, the ________ denomination was weakened in the colonies because its followers practiced pacifism. Answer: Quaker Page: 147 108. Thomas Jefferson commonly referred to Native Americans as “________.” Answer: noble savages Page: 148 109. During the Revolutionary War, John Adams was asked by ________ to “remember the ladies.” Answer: Abigail Adams Page: 149 110. The Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty was written by ________. Answer: Thomas Jefferson Page: 152 111. The government plan adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 was called the ________. Answer: Articles of Confederation Page: 153 112. In 1787, Jefferson drafted the ________, which banned slavery in lands north of the Ohio River. Answer: Northwest Ordinance Page: 155 113. For the first time, in the Treaty of ________, the new federal government recognized the sovereignty of Indian nations. Answer: Greenville Page: 156

114. During the 1780s, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and others favored a “continental ________”—a 5 percent duty on imported goods. Answer: impost Page: 157 115. ________ led a failed rebellion of western farmers during the mid-1780s. Answer: Daniel Shays Page: 157

Essay Questions 116. Weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each side in fighting the Revolutionary War. 117. Compare the leading personalities on both sides in an explanation as to why the upstart United States was able to defeat England. 118. Describe the significance France played in the American Revolution. 119. Considering the events from 1763 to 1781, what could England have done differently to either prevent war or be more successful in waging war? 120. What impact did the American Revolution have on the rights and status of women? 121. What was the legacy of the American Revolution for Native Americans? 122. Characterize the debate over slavery in America immediately following the Revolution. 123. What was the American ideology of republicanism during the Revolutionary era? 124. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the structure of government as defined by the Articles of Confederation. 125. Considering the causes that led to the American Revolution, make a case that the Articles of Confederation were a logical form of government for the revolutionaries to adopt. 126. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? 127. Detail the problems facing the Confederation over the issue of western land, and explain its success in resolving many of those problems. 128. Why was pressure building for a new constitution during the second half of the 1780s?

Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic Multiple-Choice Questions 1. By the late 1780s, dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation included a belief that the national government A. had grown too powerful. B. was too closely tied to England. C. was pushing America into another war with England. D. was ineffective. E. had sold too much western land to speculators. Answer: D Page: 162 2. In 1786, Alexander Hamilton found an important ally, in his push for a stronger central government, in A. Thomas Jefferson. B. James Madison. C. George Washington. D. Benjamin Franklin. E. Thomas Paine. Answer: B Page: 163 3. Which event, more than any other, convinced George Washington that the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised? A. the Spanish threat to take New Orleans B. the British refusal to evacuate the forts of the Northwest C. Shays’s Rebellion D. the Whiskey Rebellion E. the Battle of Fallen Timbers Answer: C Page: 163 4. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 A. did not fear concentrated government power. B. welcomed the possibilities of direct democracy. C. were suspicious of wealthy property owners. D. well represented the diversity of the national population. E. were well educated by the standards of their time. Answer: E Page: 164

5. At the start of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 the delegates agreed that A. their proceeding would be open to the public. B. states would have proportional voting based on each state’s population. C. the country needed a stronger central government. D. slavery would have to be preserved within the United States. E. the country needed a stronger army to prevent further popular uprisings. Answer: C Page: 163-164 6. The Virginia Plan called for A. retaining the Articles of Confederation, with the addition of a national executive. B. a two-tier national legislature. C. combining the three smallest states into one large state. D. a Senate in which each state would have two members. E. an end to the slave trade and gradual emancipation. Answer: B Page: 164 7. The New Jersey Plan A. proposed a legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate. B. was chosen by the convention delegates to replace the Virginia Plan. C. had the general support of the larger states. D. expanded the taxation and regulatory powers of Congress. E. was proposed by delegate Edmund Randolph. Answer: D Page: 164 8. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 came close to A. abolishing slavery. B. granting citizenship to slaves. C. granting suffrage for free black males. D. abolishing slavery and granting citizenship to slaves. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 164 9. The achievement of the “Great Compromise” of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was its resolution of the problem regarding A. women and voting. B. the definition of citizenship. C. political representation. D. states versus federal authority. E. expansion of slavery into the territories. Answer: C Page: 165

10. In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, for the purpose of political representation, slaves were classified as A. three-fifths of a free person. B. non-taxable. C. property. D. equivalent to children. E. citizens. Answer: A Page: 165 11. In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a major concession to the pro-slavery delegates was the A. agreement that half of all future states would allow slavery. B. strengthened fugitive slave provision. C. continuation of the slave trade for twenty years. D. guarantee of the permanent continuation of slavery where it existed. E. denial of suffrage to free black men. Answer: C Page: 165 12. At the Philadelphia convention, James Madison argued that the ultimate authority of the federal government came from the A. individual states. B. people. C. Congress. D. Constitution. E. rule of law. Answer: B Page: 165 13. James Madison’s ideas regarding republican government A. were drawn from the French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu. B. reflected his fear that a large republic was more likely to result in tyranny. C. assumed that political factions would help in preventing tyranny. D. suggested that the state governments were ultimately sovereign. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 166

14. Under the “checks and balances” system of the Constitution of 1787, federal judges A. were appointed by Congress. B. served for life. C. were elected by state legislatures. D. could not reverse state court rulings. E. served at the pleasure of the executive. Answer: B Page: 166 15. Under the Constitution of 1787, the people would directly elect A. members of the House of Representatives. B. members of the Senate. C. the president. D. federal judges. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 167 16. Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 recommended the document be ratified by A. a direct vote of the people. B. special state ratifying conventions. C. another national convention. D. state legislatures. E. the Confederation Congress. Answer: B Page: 168 17. In the debate over the Constitution of 1787, Antifederalist opponents to the document A. were better organized. B. had the support of George Washington. C. feared that poorly educated men would be elected to prominent political offices. D. believed the new government was not strong enough to maintain order. E. argued that the Constitution would weaken the states. Answer: E Page: 169 18. Who among the following was one of the authors of The Federalist Papers? A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. Alexander Hamilton D. George Mason E. Samuel Adams Answer: C Page: 169

19. The greatest complaint by opponents of the proposed Constitution of 1787 was about the A. absence of a specific listing of personal liberties. B. omission of references to God. C. creation of a federal military. D. naming of the new federal district after Washington. E. failure to abolish slavery. Answer: A Page: 169 20. The “Antifederalists” A. saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution. B. feared that the new government would widely abuse its powers. C. feared that the government too much favored common people over the “well-born.” D. saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the new government would widely abuse its powers. E. saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the government too much favored common people over the “well-born.” Answer: D Page: 169 21. The first state to ratify the Constitution in 1787 was A. New Hampshire. B. Delaware. C. Connecticut. D. New Jersey. E. Rhode Island. Answer: B Page: 169 22. Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution of 1787 under the assumption that A. a provision would be added allowing for the direct election of presidents. B. Thomas Jefferson would become the first president. C. there would be a ban on the importation of slaves. D. a bill of rights would be added later, in the form of amendments. E. it would not be ratified by enough other states to become binding. Answer: D Page: 169 23. In the first national elections in 1789, A. all the presidential electors cast their votes for George Washington. B. Thomas Jefferson was chosen to be vice president. C. the presidential inauguration was held in Philadelphia. D. John Adams campaigned against George Washington. E. Antifederalists won a convincing majority in the Senate. Answer: A Page: 169

24. Nine of the first ten amendments to the Constitution placed limits on the A. states. B. new government. C. rights of individuals. D. courts. E. presidential cabinet. Answer: B Page: 169 25. According to the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Supreme Court was to be A. composed of nine members. B. the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws. C. directly elected by the people. D. both composed of nine members and the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws. E. both composed of nine members and directly elected by the people. Answer: B Page: 170 26. The first secretary of the treasury under the new government of 1789 was A. Alexander Hamilton. B. Thomas Jefferson. C. Robert Morris. D. James Madison. E. Henry Knox. Answer: A Page: 170 27. In the 1790s, those who were labeled Republicans envisioned developing a nation that would A. be highly commercial and urban. B. be largely agricultural and rural. C. be a leading world power. D. eventually control most of North America. E. eventually grant political rights to women and minorities as well as white men. Answer: B Page: 170 28. Federalists controlled the new government under the Constitution for its first A. four years. B. eight years. C. twelve years. D. sixteen years. E. twenty years. Answer: C Page: 170

29. As president, George Washington A. had never envisioned a strong central government. B. considered it his duty to resolve political controversies. C. sought to dominate national politics. D. grew concerned that the federal government was gaining too much power. E. avoided personal involvement with the deliberations of Congress. Answer: E Page: 170 30. The dominant figure of George Washington’s administration was A. George Washington. B. Thomas Jefferson. C. Henry Knox. D. Alexander Hamilton. E. Aaron Burr. Answer: D Page: 170 31. As treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton A. wanted to eliminate the national debt. B. opposed the federal government’s assumption of state debts. C. supported the creation of a national bank. D. encouraged the federal government to focus on the needs of the independent farmer. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 170 32. Under Alexander Hamilton’s plan, a new national bank would A. have a monopoly on the government’s banking business. B. facilitate the collection of taxes. C. provide loans to private businesses. D. act as a storehouse for federal deposits. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 171 33. Alexander Hamilton recommended that the federal government raise revenue through A. an import tax and a personal income tax. B. a sales tax and a property tax. C. an excise tax and an import tax. D. an excise tax and a sales tax. E. a sales tax and a personal income tax. Answer: C Page: 171

34. Alexander Hamilton’s funding plan A. was eventually passed by Congress essentially as Hamilton had desired. B. was supported by James Madison. C. was rejected by Congress. D. called for paying all bondholders only a fraction of the value of the bonds. E. called for dividing bonds between their original purchasers and speculators. Answer: A Page: 171-172 35. Alexander Hamilton’s plan for the federal government to assume state debts was passed by Congress after a deal was made to A. give a pay increase to government employees. B. appoint key Jefferson allies to the Washington administration. C. create two new states in the West. D. locate the nation’s capital between Virginia and Maryland. E. eliminate the national bank. Answer: D Page: 171 36. Opponents of Alexander Hamilton’s proposed national bank argued A. Congress had no authority to create a national bank. B. a national bank would lead to currency inflation. C. a national bank would lead to rampant speculation. D. Congress had no authority to create a national bank, and a national bank would lead to currency inflation. E. a national bank would lead to currency inflation and rampant speculation. Answer: A Page: 171 37. The most sustained opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s economic program came from A. creditors. B. manufacturers. C. the urban wealthy. D. Federalists. E. small farmers. Answer: E Page: 172 38. In the Constitution, political parties were A. not mentioned. B. described as dangerous. C. encouraged. D. viewed as temporary factions. E. specifically proscribed. Answer: A Page: 172

39. The emergence of an alternative political organization to the Federalists was prompted by A. a dispute over President Washington’s policies for westward expansion. B. fear that the Federalists were attempting to end free elections. C. belief that the power of the Federalists needed to be restrained. D. a growing debate over the national bank. E. fear that George Washington would try to run for a third term. Answer: C Page: 173 40. The two preeminent Republicans of the 1790s were A. Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe. B. John Adams and James Madison. C. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. D. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. E. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Answer: D Page: 173 41. During the 1790s, regional support in the United States for Federalists was greatest in the A. rural Deep South. B. rural Far West. C. Northeast. D. Southwest. E. mid-Atlantic region. Answer: C Page: 173 42. In America, the French Revolution was generally praised by A. Federalists. B. Republicans. C. Federalists and Republicans. D. Indians and slaves. E. no one. Answer: B Page: 173 43. The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 saw A. the federal government conduct itself much as it did during Shays’s Rebellion. B. violent clashes between urban merchants and American troops. C. a briefly successful move by Pennsylvania to secede from the Union. D. a failed attempt by Pennsylvania to secede from the Union. E. President Washington lead thousands of troops into the field. Answer: E Page: 174

44. In reference to Indians living in the United States, the Constitution A. made no mention of Indian nations. B. stated Indian tribes were entitled to direct representation in the federal government. C. required the federal government to respect treaties negotiated under the Confederation. D. declared Congress had no legal right to regulate commerce with Indian tribes. E. defined a precise legal standing for Indians and Indian nations. Answer: C Page: 174 45. Jay’s Treaty (1794) A. avoided a likely war with England. B. secured British compensation for recent attacks on American ships. C. led to the withdrawal of British forces posted on the American frontier. D. prompted England to send its first minister since the Revolution to the United States. E. recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth. Answer: A Page: 175 46. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) was negotiated between the United States and A. Great Britain. B. France. C. Spain. D. the Netherlands. E. the Iroquois Confederacy. Answer: C Page: 175 47. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) gave the United States A. the right to navigate the Mississippi River to its mouth. B. the freedom to use the port at New Orleans. C. a desired fixed northern boundary of Florida. D. assurances that Indians in Florida would be prevented from launching northern raids. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 175 48. The election of 1796 saw A. a Federalist president and a Republican vice president take office. B. the Republicans win the presidency for the first time. C. the House of Representatives determine the presidential victor. D. the Federalists reach their height of power and unity. E. John Adams become president on the Republican ticket. Answer: A Page: 177

49. The “XYZ Affair” A. involved foreign interference in an American presidential election. B. involved secret foreign treaties with nearby Indian nations. C. increased tensions between the United States and Great Britain. D. was prompted by a feud between John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. E. led to an undeclared war between the United States and France. Answer: E Page: 177 50. The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) A. gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism. B. were aggressively used by the Adams administration to suppress public criticism. C. were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. D. gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism, and were aggressively used by the Adams administration to that effect. E. were aggressively used by the Adams administration to suppress public criticism until they were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Answer: A Page: 177 51. In the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it was asserted that A. the Republicans had betrayed the spirit of the Constitution. B. the federal government had the right to void state laws. C. the Supreme Court had no constitutional authority to invalidate federal laws. D. the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution was unjust. E. states had the right to nullify federal laws. Answer: E Page: 178 52. In the late 1790s, on the political scene, A. the United States was deeply and bitterly divided. B. the republican form of government had won over most skeptics. C. the power of the Republicans was declining. D. the United States had developed a clear two-party system. E. there was considerable agreement over most important foreign policy questions. Answer: A Page: 178 53. The presidential campaign in 1800 A. saw the Republicans win a decisive victory over the Federalists. B. was notable for the sensational personal slandering of both candidates. C. saw leading Federalists in Congress attempt to engineer the election of Aaron Burr. D. was decided by a newly elected Republican Congress. E. was further complicated by the emergence of a third party, the Whigs. Answer: B Page: 178-179

54. Who described the election of 1800 as the “Revolution of 1800”? A. Thomas Jefferson B. Alexander Hamilton C. John Adams D. James Madison E. George Washington Answer: A Page: 179 55. The Judiciary Act of 1801 A. was passed by the new Republican Congress. B. increased the size of the Supreme Court by two seats. C. was an attempt by Federalists to secure their hold on the courts. D. resulted in the Federalists losing control of the judiciary. E. was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Answer: C Page: 179

True/False Questions 56. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were allied in their commitment to the need for a stronger federal government. Answer: False Page: 163 57. George Washington was greatly alarmed by Shays’s Rebellion. Answer: True Page: 163 58. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 greatly exceeded their instructions from Congress and the states. Answer: True Page: 164 59. The delegates who drafted the new Constitution were products of the American Revolution but had lost their fears of concentrated power. Answer: False Page: 164 60. At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, each delegate voted as an individual. Answer: False Page: 164

61. The Virginia Plan called for a two-house legislature. Answer: True Page: 164 62. The Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan were quite different, but each saw fit to give each state equal representation. Answer: False Page: 164 63. The Constitution was submitted to the states for ratification with the Bill of Rights. Answer: False Page: 168-169 64. The new Constitution banned the slave trade, but it did not ban slavery. Answer: False Page: 165 65. Under the new Constitution, the federal government would have the power to tax, regulate commerce, and control the currency. Answer: True Page: 165 66. Under the new Constitution, federal judges were appointed by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress. Answer: False Page: 166 67. Before the new Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified by all thirteen existing states. Answer: False Page: 168 68. Like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson’s estate freed his slaves after his death. Answer: False Page: 168 69. Supporters of the new Constitution were better organized than were their opponents. Answer: True Page: 169 70. Ratification of the Constitution was given a big boost when New York and Virginia both approved the document early in the ratification process. Answer: False Page: 169

71. The Constitution determined that the number of justices on the Supreme Court would be nine. Answer: False Page: 170 72. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton served as secretaries of state and the treasury, respectively, under President George Washington. Answer: True Page: 170 73. Alexander Hamilton wanted state debts to be assumed by the federal government so that the entire debt could be paid off at once. Answer: False Page: 170 74. Hamilton favored both a tariff on imports and a federal excise tax. Answer: True Page: 171 75. Hamilton favored a government that would benefit the entrenched aristocracy but not speculators. Answer: False Page: 171 76. The most intense debates over Hamilton’s economic program were over his proposal for a national bank. Answer: True Page: 171 77. Hamilton’s economic program had the general support of both manufacturing interests and small farmers. Answer: False Page: 172 78. The new Constitution made no reference to political parties. Answer: True Page: 172 79. The “Republicans” of the 1790s were institutionally related to the Republican Party of the 1850s. Answer: False Page: 172 80. The Federalists were most powerful in the commercial centers of the Northeast. Answer: True Page: 173

81. Jefferson favored an agrarian America, but he did not oppose industrial activity. Answer: True Page: 173 82. The Constitution did little to resolve the place of Indian nations within the new United States. Answer: True Page: 174 83. Not until 1789—after the Constitution was ratified and the president and congress seated— did Great Britain send a minister to the United States. Answer: False Page: 174 84. In the 1790s there was general agreement that organized political parties had no place in a stable republic. Answer: True Page: 176 85. The Federalists fell victim to fierce factional rivalries after Washington’s retirement. Answer: True Page: 176 86. Until the Twelfth Amendment was adopted, the Constitution provided for the candidate receiving the second highest number of electoral votes to become vice president. Answer: True Page: 177 87. The “XYZ Affair” involved the United States and England. Answer: False Page: 177 88. The “XYZ Affair” took place during the administration of President John Adams. Answer: True Page: 177 89. President Adams was an enthusiastic supporter of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Answer: False Page: 178 90. Some Republicans were so upset by the Alien and Sedition Acts that they concluded that the states had the power to nullify acts of Congress. Answer: True Page: 178

91. The election of 1800 was decided in the House of Representatives. Answer: True Page: 179 92. The Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed by a lame duck Federalist Congress. Answer: True Page: 179

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 93. Edmund Randolph and James Madison wanted to strengthen the federal government with their proposed ________ Plan. Answer: Virginia Page: 164 94. At the Philadelphia convention, the small-state plan was called the ________ Plan. Answer: New Jersey Page: 164 95. The so-called Great Compromise settled the difficult problem of ________ at the Philadelphia convention. Answer: representation Page: 165 96. James Madison decided that sovereignty ultimately resided with ________. Answer: the people Page: 165 97. The Constitution’s most distinctive feature was its ________. Answer: separation of powers Page: 166 98. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay were the authors of ________. Answer: The Federalist Papers Page: 169 99. The Antifederalists’ biggest complaint was that the new Constitution did not have a(n) ________. Answer: Bill of Rights Page: 169 100. On September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve amendments, ________ of which came to comprise what we know as the Bill of Rights. Answer: ten Page: 169

101. The opponents of Hamilton and his economic plans called themselves ________. Answer: Republicans Page: 170 102. The institutionalized political factionalism of the 1790s is known as the “________.” Answer: first party system Page: 173 103. Thomas Jefferson promoted a vision of a(n) ________ republic. Answer: agrarian Page: 173 104. At Hamilton’s urging, President Washington dispatched an army to put down the ________. Answer: Whiskey Rebellion Page: 174 105. The United States and England negotiated a commercial treaty in 1794 called ________. Answer: Jay’s Treaty Page: 175 106. Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 gave the United States the right to deposit goods at ________. Answer: New Orleans Page: 175 107. During the late 1790s, the United States fought something called a “quasi war” with ________. Answer: France Page: 177 108. Madison and Jefferson responded to the Alien and Sedition Acts by drafting the ________ Resolutions. Answer: Virginia and Kentucky Page: 178 109. After the election of 1800, the ________ branch of government was the only branch controlled by the Federalists. Answer: judicial Page: 179 110. Jefferson referred to his election as the “________ of 1800.” Answer: Revolution Page: 179

Essay Questions 111. Explain how the structure of the central government, as defined under the Articles of Confederation, was intended to resolve many of the grievances colonists had with the British government prior to the Revolution. 112. What were the primary reasons the Articles of Confederation failed as a structure of government? 113. A number of major compromises were made at the Philadelphia convention. Discuss three of them in detail. 114. Why was there such opposition to the proposed Constitution of 1787? 115. Why did states that initially opposed the proposed Constitution of 1787 ultimately ratify it? 116. Discuss the essential differences between Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians during the 1790s. 117. Who were the primary authors of The Federalist Papers, and what was the significance of these publications? 118. Characterize the “competing visions” the Federalists and the Republicans had for the country during the 1790s. Which side do you believe had the better vision, and why? 119. What steps did Hamilton take to strengthen the federal government? 120. Why was there so much opposition to political parties in the 1790s? Why did the Jeffersonians decide to create a political party? 121. What personal characteristics and political decisions contributed to making George Washington an effective president? 122. In what ways was the Adams administration an expression of Federalist philosophy? In what ways was it not? 123. What was the long-term significance of the elections in 1800?

Chapter 7 The Jeffersonian Era Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Regarding education, early-nineteenth-century Republicans favored A. a nationwide system of free public schools for all male citizens. B. the federal government paying the costs of primary schools. C. private schools as the primary institutions of learning. D. the practice that only the children of elite families received an education. E. free college education for all white male citizens of the republic. Answer: A Page: 184 2. In the early nineteenth century, school education was largely the responsibility of A. private institutions. B. the states. C. individual cities and towns. D. the federal government. E. individual parents. Answer: A Page: 184 3. The writer Judith Sargent Murray argued that women A. should have the same educational opportunities as men. B. were equal to men in intellect and potential. C. should have a role in society apart from their husbands. D. should have opportunities to earn their own livings. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 184 4. Thomas Jefferson believed American Indians were primitive people A. who had been greatly mistreated by white Americans. B. who might become civilized through exposure to white culture. C. who should be completely separated from white society. D. with no redemptive qualities. E. who nevertheless had an education system worth emulating. Answer: B Page: 184-185

5. Around 1800, higher education in the United States A. served about two percent of the white men in the country. B. began to admit many more poor citizens than before. C. gave access to women, blacks, and Indians. D. was increasingly becoming dominated by public institutions. E. saw the number of colleges and universities grow substantially. Answer: E Page: 185 6. The first American medical school was established at A. Harvard. B. William and Mary. C. the University of North Carolina. D. the University of Pennsylvania. E. Columbia. Answer: D Page: 185 7. In the study of medicine during the early nineteenth century, A. anatomy became the leading contributor to medical knowledge. B. municipal leaders sought better public awareness of sanitation to reduce diseases. C. most physicians spoke out against the practice of bleeding and purging. D. most doctors received their training by working with an established physician. E. physicians found the public remarkably receptive to new discoveries and innovations. Answer: D Page: 185 8. The expansion of the medical profession during the early nineteenth century resulted in a A. broad increase in the number of hospitals. B. decline in midwives. C. rapid rise in care for the disabled. D. significant gain in the general body of medical knowledge. E. large jump in average life expectancy. Answer: B Page: 185 9. Noah Webster thought every American schoolboy should be educated A. in a skilled trade. B. to appreciate European culture. C. in community service. D. as a nationalist. E. in Greek and Latin. Answer: D Page: 186

10. The writer Washington Irving is best remembered for his works on A. Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle. B. the American Revolution. C. George Washington. D. Philadelphia society. E. the Mohican Indians. Answer: A Page: 186 11. The religious concept of deism A. emphasized the role of God in the world. B. challenged many of the ideas that had emerged in the Enlightenment. C. incorporated science and reason into religious faith. D. was frowned upon by educated Americans such as Jefferson and Franklin. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 187 12. Religious skepticism resulted in A. the philosophy of “Unitarianism.” B. a wave of revivalism. C. both the philosophy of “Unitarianism” and a wave of revivalism. D. the disestablishment of the Anglican Church. E. no discernable effect on American religious life. Answer: C Page: 187 13. The Second Great Awakening A. rejected the idea of the Trinity. B. was consistent with the ideas of the Enlightenment. C. helped promote universalism and Unitarianism. D. was confined to New England. E. began as an effort by church establishments to revitalize their organizations. Answer: E Page: 187 14. The Second Great Awakening helped spread all of the following denominations EXCEPT the A. Baptists. B. Unitarians. C. Presbyterians. D. Methodists. E. Baptists and Unitarians. Answer: B Page: 187

15. The message of the Second Great Awakening A. called for an active and fervent piety. B. restored the traditional belief in predestination. C. incorporated the belief of skeptical rationalism. D. found its greatest number of converts among young men. E. was rejected by most women as being retrograde and reactionary. Answer: A Page: 190 16. The revivalism of the Second Great Awakening A. was largely limited to white Americans. B. pacified opponents of slavery. C. encouraged racial unrest. D. was rejected by the black American community. E. fostered an anti-egalitarian religious ethos. Answer: C Page: 190 17. During the Second Great Awakening, the Indian revivalist Handsome Lake called for A. the adoption by Indian tribes of white American culture. B. an armed Indian rebellion against white American society. C. the United States to live up to its broken treaties with Indian tribes. D. the return of lands taken from Indian tribes by the United States. E. the restoration of traditional Indian culture. Answer: E Page: 190 18. The cotton gin was invented by A. Robert Fulton. B. Eli Whitney. C. Samuel Slater. D. Albert Gallatin. E. Moses Brown. Answer: B Page: 191 19. The invention of the cotton gin in the late eighteenth century A. allowed for the introduction of cotton in southern coastal states. B. had a profound effect on the textile industry in New England. C. reduced the total number of slaves in the American South. D. led to a great increase in the production of long-staple cotton. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 192

20. Eli Whitney is a major figure in American technology for introducing the A. concept of interchangeable parts. B. first modern factory. C. steam engine. D. mechanized assembly line. E. steel plow. Answer: A Page: 192 21. In the early eighteenth century, the Americans Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston A. invented the steam engine. B. made significant advances in steam-powered navigation. C. developed the nation’s first merchant marine. D. brought the first steam engines from England to the United States. E. launched America’s first railroad engine, the Clermont, in 1807. Answer: B Page: 193 22. The early nineteenth century in America is known as the “turnpike era” because A. most towns and villages became connected by a network of inexpensive roads. B. Americans stopped transporting goods by canal in favor of roads. C. the federal government provided free land to road construction companies. D. concrete was first developed as a long-life road surface. E. many roads were built for profit by private companies. Answer: E Page: 195-195 23. Population data of the United States in 1800 reveals A. ten percent of the non-Indian population lived in towns of more than 8,000. B. no American city had a population larger than 28,000. C. New York was the most populous city in the country. D. the nation remained overwhelmingly agrarian. E. fifteen percent of the population lived in towns of more than 8,000. Answer: D Page: 195 24. In the United States during the early nineteenth century, horse racing A. was largely limited to urban areas of the country. B. first became a spectator sport. C. became a popular sport in most areas of the country. D. was considered a form of gambling and was banned in most towns. E. was considered a waste of valuable horses and frowned upon. Answer: A Page: 195

25. The chief designer of the capital city of Washington was A. Thomas Jefferson. B. Robert Fulton. C. Daniel Burnham. D. Guy Dupont. E. Pierre L’Enfant. Answer: E Page: 196 26. In 1800, Washington, D.C., A. had grown in size equal to Philadelphia. B. was little more than a simple village. C. was widely recognized as a city built on a grand scale. D. had yet to be occupied by the national government. E. had 13,200 residents, according to the census. Answer: B Page: 196 27. In the early nineteenth century, many members of Congress A. had to live in tents when in Washington, D.C. B. considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies. C. stayed in Washington year-round. D. had to live in tents in Washington, D.C., year-round, and considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 196 28. As president, Thomas Jefferson A. sought to convey the public image of a plain, ordinary citizen. B. believed in a passive presidency. C. gave the White House its name. D. tended to keep talented Federalists in office despite objections from Republicans. E. only served one term. Answer: A Page: 196-917 29. In his first term, President Thomas Jefferson A. argued for mandatory military service to mold and improve citizens. B. increased the size of the army. C. increased the size of the navy. D. aggressively used the military to assert American interests abroad. E. helped establish a military academy at West Point. Answer: E Page: 197

30. During his first term, President Thomas Jefferson A. sought to create a tax on personal income. B. restricted the sale of government lands to western settlers. C. saw a doubling of the national debt. D. eliminated all internal taxes. E. drastically increased government spending. Answer: D Page: 197 31. The Supreme Court’s ruling in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) A. stated that Congress had no authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court. B. stated that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress. C. ordered Secretary of State Madison to deliver Marbury his commission. D. stated that Congress had no authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court, and that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress. E. stated that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress, and ordered Secretary of State Madison to deliver Marbury his commission. Answer: D Page: 199 32. John Marshall was A. chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time of Marbury v. Madison. B. appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court by Thomas Jefferson. C. a Republican. D. a former vice president of the United States. E. secretary of state in the Jefferson administration, and Madison’s successor. Answer: A Page: 199 33. In 1802, President Thomas Jefferson believed that if France controlled New Orleans, A. the United States would be forced to build a new port somewhere else on the Gulf Coast. B. Great Britain might decide to declare war on the United States. C. Americans would not be able to settle west of the Mississippi River. D. the United States would run the risk of war with France. E. Napoleon would seize American ships in the harbor for his war with England. Answer: D Page: 202 34. Under the treaty terms for the Louisiana Purchase, A. the United States agreed to make annual payments to France for twenty years. B. the United States would gain exclusive access to the port of New Orleans. C. residents living in Louisiana were to be made citizens of France. D. the land boundaries were not clearly defined. E. the United States had to remain neutral in the war between England and France. Answer: D Page: 203

35. Napoleon decided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States because A. the French army on the American continent had been decimated by disease. B. he wanted to raise money for his armies in Europe. C. he believed the Louisiana Territory was a “great desert,” unfit for habitation. D. the French army on the American continent had been decimated by disease, and he wanted to raise money for his armies in Europe. E. he wanted to raise money for his armies in Europe, and he believed the Louisiana Territory was a “great desert” unfit for habitation. Answer: D Page: 202-203 36. When Thomas Jefferson received the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase, he A. felt his government had been asked to pay too much for it. B. was unsure of his constitutional authority to accept it. C. assumed the French would not honor its terms. D. insisted on numerous revisions before accepting it. E. angrily fired Livingston and Monroe for insubordination. Answer: B Page: 203 37. When President Jefferson spoke of “loose construction,” he was referring to A. a political theory. B. the USS Constitution and its hull form. C. an early method of earthwork fortifications. D. a medical theory compatible with the “humors” theory. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 203 38. The Lewis and Clark expedition A. was first planned after the Louisiana Purchase was made. B. was assisted by the guide Sacajawea. C. was led by two men who had little experience with Indians. D. saw both leaders die before the expedition was complete. E. never made it to the Pacific Coast. Answer: B Page: 203

39. The explorations of Zebulon Pike A. included Pike’s successful climb to the top of the peak that now bears his name. B. ended with his death at the hands of Choctaw Indians. C. convinced President Jefferson to form reservations for Indians. D. convinced many farmers not to settle between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. E. were hampered by Pike’s old age and infirm health. Answer: D Page: 204 40. In 1804, the Federalists known as the Essex Junto A. were led by Alexander Hamilton. B. believed slavery could not be allowed to expand into the territories. C. feared that the United States might be divided by secessionists. D. attempted to interest Napoleon in reclaiming Louisiana. E. feared the westward growth of the United States. Answer: E Page: 204 41. The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton was the result of A. a business failure between them. B. a dispute over a woman. C. Hamilton’s election as governor of New York. D. Burr’s belief that Hamilton’s malevolence had cost him the New York governor’s race. E. Burr’s attempt to capture Mexico from the Spanish. Answer: D Page: 205 42. During the Jefferson administration, the British claimed the right to stop American merchant ships and seize A. vessels that had deserters on board from British ships. B. naturalized Americans born on British soil. C. any persons they chose. D. all military cargo. E. any slaves found on board. Answer: B Page: 206 43. The Chesapeake-Leopard incident A. led the United States to prohibit its ships from leaving for foreign ports. B. saw the British sink an American merchant ship. C. led the British government to end its practice of impressment. D. began the War of 1812. E. saw the Americans sink a British naval frigate. Answer: A Page: 206

44. The Embargo of 1807 A. was ineffective. B. helped to put a Federalist in the White House in 1808. C. resulted in the Republican loss of control of Congress in 1808. D. was quickly repealed. E. created a serious economic depression in the nation. Answer: E Page: 206 45. The Non-Intercourse Act reopened American trade with A. Great Britain. B. France. C. both Great Britain and France. D. all nations except Great Britain and France. E. all nations. Answer: D Page: 206 46. In 1810, the Non-Intercourse Act expired and was replaced by A. the Harrison Land Law. B. “Peaceable Coercion.” C. Macon’s Bill No. 2. D. the Tallmadge Amendment. E. Madison’s embargo. Answer: C Page: 206 47. President Thomas Jefferson’s Indian policy included an A. offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society. B. offer to Indians to reorganize their territory as a separate state in the Union. C. insistence that Indians give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest. D. offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and to reorganize their territory as a separate state in the Union. E. offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and an insistence that they give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest. Answer: E Page: 207 48. During William Henry Harrison’s governorship of the Indiana Territory, A. violence between the United States and Indian tribes declined. B. he refused to sign new treaties with Indian tribes. C. all Indian tribes were driven west of the Mississippi River. D. he used threats and bribery as a means to acquire Indian lands. E. he thwarted plans by Indian tribes to elect a separate Indian governor of the territory. Answer: D Page: 207-208

49. Tecumseh A. believed the only effective means to resist white settlers was Indian tribal unity. B. encouraged Indian assimilation into the United States to save their lives. C. had a brother known as “the Shooting Star.” D. fought against William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe. E. experienced a mystical awakening in the process of recovering from alcoholism. Answer: A Page: 209 50. The desire by American southerners to acquire Florida A. led to war between the United States and Spain in 1812. B. was partly motivated by the number of runaway slaves who escaped there. C. was intended to reduce the presence of the British in America. D. was unfulfilled until the 1830s. E. was fervently attacked by leaders such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Answer: B Page: 210 51. In 1812, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun could best be described as A. Jeffersonians. B. pacifists. C. secessionists. D. Federalists. E. war hawks. Answer: E Page: 210-211 52. In the War of 1812, Britain turned its full military attention to America after A. Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo. B. Napoleon’s incarceration at Elba. C. Napoleon’s catastrophic campaign against Russia. D. the American invasion of Canada. E. the American raid and burning of York. Answer: C Page: 211 53. Which statement about the War of 1812 is true? A. England was eager for war with the United States. B. The United States entered the war with enthusiasm and optimism. C. The initial American focus of the war was on controlling the Mississippi River. D. The military struggle on the Great Lakes was a disaster for the United States. E. The outmatched Americans saw no military successes at all during the war. Answer: B Page: 211

54. During the War of 1812, the United States achieved early military success A. on the Atlantic Ocean. B. in New England. C. in the Carolinas. D. on the Great Lakes. E. in the Caribbean. Answer: D Page: 211 55. During the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames A. saw Tecumseh killed while a brigadier general in the British army. B. led to the long American occupation of Canada. C. strengthened the resolve of the Indians in the Northwest. D. saw British forces come from Canada to attack Detroit. E. saw a surprise American attack in the heart of London. Answer: A Page: 211 56. At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in 1814, Andrew Jackson A. was seriously wounded. B. viciously broke the resistance of the Creek. C. captured the city of New Orleans. D. defeated the Spanish at Pensacola. E. turned back the British invasion from the Southwest. Answer: B Page: 211 57. In 1814, the British A. took control of the Ohio Valley. B. repulsed the United States from Florida. C. seized Washington and set fire to the presidential mansion. D. established naval supremacy on the Atlantic Ocean. E. forced the surrender of Fort McHenry in Baltimore. Answer: C Page: 211 58. Following the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote A. “Yankee Doodle.” B. “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” C. “The Pledge of Allegiance.” D. “Stars and Stripes Forever.” E. “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Answer: E Page: 211

59. In the War of 1812, the Battle of New Orleans A. took place weeks after the war had officially ended. B. saw inexperienced British troops face battle-hardened American forces. C. resulted in hundreds of American deaths. D. saw the British lay siege to the city for nearly a month. E. gave the British control of the Mississippi River. Answer: A Page: 213 60. During the War of 1812, the Hartford Convention A. was a gathering of strong supporters of the war. B. saw its participants vote to secede from the United States. C. was made irrelevant by the Battle of New Orleans. D. sought to strengthen the political influence of the South and West. E. aimed to create a new political party, called the Whigs. Answer: C Page: 213 61. The Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812 A. was signed on New Year’s Day, 1815. B. was reluctantly negotiated by the British. C. included the condition that the United States create an Indian buffer state in the Northwest. D. put huge areas of the new lands under the control of the United States. E. began an improvement in relations between England and the United States. Answer: E Page: 213 62. The Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817 called for A. the joint occupation of Oregon by France and the United States. B. the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes by Britain and the United States. C. France to pull out of the fur trade in the Great Lakes region. D. a general trade agreement between the United States and France. E. Spain to give up its claim to Florida, in exchange for navigation rights on the Mississippi. Answer: B Page: 213

True/False Questions 63. Jeffersonians believed in a smaller government, but they also favored a nationwide system of public schools. Answer: True Page: 184

64. The idea of the “republican mother” presumed that it was important that women be educated. Answer: True Page: 184 65. Jefferson believed that Native Americans were uncivilized and innately inferior. Answer: False Page: 184-185 66. Many efforts were made to educate both Native Americans and African slaves to “uplift” them as people. Answer: False Page: 185 67. In the early nineteenth century, primary and secondary education, but not higher education, operated in close conformity to republican ideals. Answer: False Page: 184-185 68. The early nineteenth-century growth of the medical profession resulted in an expansion in opportunities for women. Answer: False Page: 185 69. At the end of the eighteenth century, only a small proportion of white Americans were members of formal churches. Answer: True Page: 187 70. Philosophies such as universalism were not consistent with the doctrines of Calvinism. Answer: True Page: 187 71. The Second Great Awakening succeeded in restoring to prominence traditional doctrines such as predestination. Answer: False Page: 187 72. The revivalism of the Second Great Awakening was essentially restricted to white people. Answer: False Page: 190 73. By the early nineteenth century, the United States began to have cities that approached the major cities of Europe in population. Answer: False Page: 195

74. By the end of Jefferson’s presidency, the capital city of Washington rivaled New York and Philadelphia as a major American city. Answer: False Page: 195-196 75. Jefferson tried to make sure that federal offices went to people who would be loyal to his ideas and to his presidency. Answer: True Page: 197 76. Jefferson as president was able to cut the size of government, but he was not able to reduce the national debt. Answer: False Page: 197 77. Jefferson was not a pacifist, but he did scale down the size of the American armed forces. Answer: True Page: 197 78. Republicans were most suspicious of the judicial branch of government. Answer: True Page: 198 79. John Marshall was a Federalist who served during several Republican administrations. Answer: True Page: 199-200 80. The terms of the Louisiana Purchase were made without the prior approval of either the president or Congress. Answer: True Page: 202-203 81. The Lewis and Clark expedition was organized over President Jefferson’s objections. Answer: False Page: 203 82. Prior to their journey west in 1804, neither Lewis nor Clark had experience dealing with Indians. Answer: False Page: 203 83. Aaron Burr was convicted and imprisoned for the murder of Alexander Hamilton. Answer: False Page: 205

84. The War of 1812 was caused by conflicts on the Atlantic Ocean and in the American West. Answer: True Page: 211 85. On the road to the War of 1812, most Americans regarded England as a greater violator of American neutral rights than France, because England had the stronger navy. Answer: True Page: 206 86. The clash between the Chesapeake and the Leopard resulted in a victory for the British ship. Answer: True Page: 206 87. Congress’s response to the violations of American neutral rights was to prohibit American ships from leaving any American port for any foreign port in the world. Answer: True Page: 206 88. The Battle of Tippecanoe was a rare Indian victory against the United States. Answer: False Page: 209-210 89. At the time of the War of 1812, what is now Florida was held by Spain. Answer: True Page: 210-211 90. Congressmen who were labeled “war hawks” were generally Revolutionary veterans. Answer: False Page: 210-211 91. During the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson made a name for himself in Florida and at New Orleans. Answer: True Page: 211 92. By the time of the War of 1812, the Federalist Party was the minority party nationally, but it was still the majority party in New England. Answer: True Page: 213 93. The Hartford Convention called for secession from the United States. Answer: False Page: 213

94. In the Treaty of Ghent, the British renounced their practice of impressments. Answer: False Page: 213 95. The War of 1812 gave the Indian tribes east of the Mississippi at least a glimmer of better days to come in their ongoing battle to resist white expansion. Answer: False Page: 214

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 96. Judith Sargent Murray is best known for defending the right of women to a(n) ________. Answer: education Page: 184 97. The first American medical school was the ________. Answer: University of Pennsylvania Page: 185 98. Those who accepted the existence of God but regarded Him as a remote being were called ________. Answer: deists Page: 187 99. One of the most striking features of the Second Great Awakening was the preponderance of ________ who were involved in it. Answer: women Page: 190 100. In 1800, Virginia was the scene of a foiled slave revolt to be led by ________. Answer: Gabriel Prosser Page: 190 101. The most important Indian revivalist during the Second Great Awakening was ________. Answer: Handsome Lake Page: 190 102. The first modern factory in America was located in ________, Rhode Island. Answer: Pawtucket Page: 191 103. Eli Whitney’s ________ revolutionized the American South’s economy. Answer: cotton gin Page: 191-192

104. Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston are both associated with ________ navigation. Answer: steam-powered Page: 193 105. During his presidency, Thomas Jefferson best demonstrated his willingness to use force against the ________ states. Answer: Barbary Page: 197-198 106. In 1803, the Supreme Court defined its authority over Congress with its ruling in the case of ________. Answer: Marbury v. Madison Page: 198-199 107. The Treaty of San Ildefonso gave France control of ________. Answer: Louisiana Page: 201 108. Jefferson’s initial interest in the Louisiana Territory centered on the city of ________. Answer: New Orleans Page: 201-202 109. The Lewis and Clark expedition was aided by the Indian woman ________. Answer: Sacajawea Page: 203 110. The Essex Junto was composed of extreme ________ of New England. Answer: Federalists Page: 204 111. Chief Justice John Marshall presided over the treason trial of ________. Answer: Aaron Burr. Page: 205 112. The British practice of stopping American ships and seizing American sailors was called ________. Answer: impressment Page: 206 113. President Jefferson responded to British and French violations of American neutral rights by securing passage of the ________. Answer: Embargo Page: 206

114. On the road to the War of 1812, the British expected an American invasion of ________. Answer: Canada Page: 208 115. Tenskwatawa, otherwise known as the Prophet, was a brother of ________. Answer: Tecumseh Page: 209 116. In 1811, General William Henry Harrison defeated Native Americans at the Battle of ________. Answer: Tippecanoe Page: 209-210 117. During the War of 1812, the United States achieved early military successes on the ________. Answer: Great Lakes Page: 211 118. New England Federalists opposed to the War of 1812 organized the ________ to show their displeasure. Answer: Hartford Convention Page: 213 119. The Treaty of ________ ended the War of 1812. Answer: Ghent Page: 213

Essay Questions 120. Describe the main features of American education during the early nineteenth century. 121. In what ways was Thomas Jefferson’s presidency a confirmation of his ideals? In what ways did it violate those ideals? 122. Was Thomas Jefferson more successful in the domestic or foreign policy arena? Explain. 123. What were the decisions made and actions taken by Thomas Jefferson, during his administration, that most significantly changed the role of the presidency in American politics? 124. Describe the importance of Marbury v. Madison in the evolution of the federal government. 125. What historical events and ideas disturbed church establishments and prompted the Second Great Awakening in American society?

126. How did the Second Great Awakening compare with the First Great Awakening? 127. What evidence supports the claim that American technology underwent a “revolution” between 1790 and 1820? 128. What was the significance of Eli Whitney to the development of the American economy during the first decades of the nineteenth century? 129. In what ways was American nationalism strengthened in the early nineteenth century? In what ways was it challenged? 130. Why did the War of 1812 take place? What resulted from it? 131. What historical events exposed the instability and weakness of the American federal government during its first thirty years of existence? How was the authority of the government strengthened?

Chapter 8 Varieties of American Nationalism Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The experience of American banking during the War of 1812 revealed the need for A. another national bank. B. more state banks. C. a reduction in gold and silver reserves. D. an increase in the number of bank notes in circulation. E. currency backed by both gold and silver. Answer: A Page: 219 2. Which of the following statements about American currency and banking in this era is FALSE? A. Counterfeiting was a serious problem. B. The national bank forbade state banks from issuing their own notes. C. Congress re-chartered the Bank of the United States in 1816. D. Vast quantities of varying bank notes created confusion over currency. E. The second Bank of the United States had more capital than its predecessor. Answer: B Page: 219 3. As a result of the War of 1812, A. politicians spent less time on questions of national economic development. B. American banking was stabilized. C. America’s internal transportation system proved its worthiness. D. American shippers experienced a financial boom. E. the growth of American manufacturing was stimulated. Answer: E Page: 219 4. Francis Cabot Lowell’s contribution to American textile mills included A. the invention of the cotton spindle. B. improving the power loom. C. dramatically expanding the textile industry in the South. D. improving the cotton gin. E. organizing his workers by task into a primitive assembly line. Answer: B Page: 219

5. The first American mill to carry on the processes of spinning and weaving under a single roof was located in A. Boston, Massachusetts. B. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. C. Newport, Rhode Island. D. Springfield, Massachusetts. E. Waltham, Massachusetts. Answer: E Page: 219 6. After the War of 1812, it was clear that the United States needed an improved A. trade policy with Europe. B. system of tariffs. C. system for selling public lands. D. internal transportation system. E. system of currency. Answer: D Page: 220 7. By 1818, the United States’ internal road system A. had been paid for without any federal funds. B. consisted only of a small number of private turnpikes. C. included highways that reached into Ohio and Pennsylvania. D. formed a network that connected most large towns and cities. E. had for the most part been replaced by railroads. Answer: C Page: 220 8. The Lancaster Pike was a road partially financed by the state of A. Massachusetts. B. New York. C. Virginia. D. Pennsylvania. E. Maryland. Answer: D Page: 220 9. By 1818, American steam-powered shipping A. carried more cargo on the Mississippi than all other forms of river transport combined. B. increased the transport of manufactured goods westward. C. stimulated agriculture in both the West and the South. D. had reached as far up the Ohio River as Pittsburgh. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 220

10. On his last day in office, President James Madison influenced “internal improvements” by A. supporting the idea of using federal funds to finance transportation construction. B. vetoing a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals. C. supporting federal financing of scientific and technological research into steam power. D. both supporting the idea of using federal funds to finance transportation construction, and vetoing a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals. E. both supporting the idea of using federal funds to finance transportation construction and supporting federal financing of scientific and technological research into steam power. Answer: D Page: 221 11. Between 1800 and 1820, the population of the United States A. nearly doubled. B. reached five million. C. saw its largest increases in southern states. D. generally ignored the rocky soil of the Old Northwest. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 222 12. In the early nineteenth century, the westward movement of white Americans was encouraged by A. exhausted agricultural lands in the East. B. the spread of the plantation system in the South. C. the federal government’s policy toward Indian tribes in the West. D. exhausted agricultural lands in the East, the spread of the plantation system in the South, and the federal government’s policy toward Indian tribes in the West. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 222 13. In the early nineteenth century, life in the western territories was characterized by A. the mobility of the population. B. a surplus of labor. C. the absence of community institutions. D. generally declining land values. E. frequent visits to the East for finished goods. Answer: A Page: 222

14. In the early nineteenth century, the Deep South A. saw tobacco as its primary crop. B. included a vast, productive region in Alabama and Mississippi. C. was largely developed by wealthy planters. D. was slow to organize into states. E. contemplated seceding from the rest of the Union. Answer: B Page: 222 15. After Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, it A. attempted to close its northern territories to the United States. B. sought cooperative economic and military arrangements with England. C. quickly opened its northern territories to trade with the United States. D. began selling its northern territories to the United States. E. began planning for war against the United States. Answer: C Page: 223 16. The trapper who led a series of forays deep into Mexican territory that ended in disastrous battles with the Mojaves was A. John Jacob Astor. B. William Ashley. C. Rufus King. D. William Crawford. E. Jedediah Smith. Answer: E Page: 224 17. In the early nineteenth century, “mountain men” A. were mostly older settlers of an earlier era. B. had little impact on the character of Far West society. C. were the dominant segment of the population in the Far West. D. frequently warred against Indian and Mexican peoples. E. very often married Indian and Mexican women. Answer: E Page: 224 18. In the early nineteenth century, the explorer Stephen Long A. agreed with the findings and conclusions of Zebulon Pike. B. labeled the Great Plains the “American breadbasket.” C. was one of the most colorful of the “mountain men.” D. discovered the source of the Red River. E. inadvertently brought the United States to the brink of war with Mexico. Answer: A Page: 224

19. The “era of good feelings” following the War of 1812 reflected A. declining violence in the West between the United States and Indian tribes. B. increased political divisions in the United States federal government. C. rising nationalism and optimism in the United States. D. the renewed good relations between the United States and the European continent. E. the need for Americans to band together in the wake of economic depression. Answer: C Page: 224-225 20. Who among the following was a part of the “Virginia Dynasty”? A. Rufus King B. Henry Clay C. John Adams D. James Monroe E. John C. Calhoun Answer: D Page: 225 21. Prior to becoming president, James Monroe had A. served as secretary of state. B. been vice president. C. explored the western frontier. D. fought in the War of 1812. E. switched political parties. Answer: A Page: 225 22. Shortly after becoming president, James Monroe A. acted to limit the future influence of Federalists. B. called for an end to political parties. C. undertook a goodwill tour of the country. D. became the first president to leave the country while in office. E. called for increased manumissions in the South. Answer: C Page: 225 23. During the administration of James Monroe, A. all cabinet positions were filled by New Englanders. B. the Federalist Party in effect ceased to exist. C. Henry Clay became secretary of war. D. his vice president was charged with corruption. E. John C. Calhoun served as secretary of state. Answer: B Page: 225

24. What event prompted Spain to negotiate the sale of Florida to the United States? A. the Missouri Compromise B. the Panic of 1819 C. civil war in Spain D. the Mexican war for independence against Spain E. the Seminole War Answer: E Page: 225-226 25. In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty dealt with the American purchase of A. Texas. B. Ohio. C. Florida. D. Illinois. E. Puerto Rico. Answer: C Page: 226 26. One cause of the Panic of 1819 was A. decreased foreign demand for American agricultural goods. B. restrictive credit practices prior to 1819. C. the announcement that year that dozens of new state banks were to be chartered. D. new management practices within the Bank of the United States. E. an English embargo of American goods. Answer: D Page: 226 27. The Panic of 1819 resulted in a depression that lasted A. six months. B. one year. C. two years. D. four years. E. six years. Answer: E Page: 226 28. The representative from New York who proposed an 1819 amendment prohibiting slavery in Missouri was A. Rufus King. B. James Tallmadge Jr. C. Henry Clay. D. John C. Calhoun. E. John Jacob Astor. Answer: B Page: 226

29. The Missouri Compromise of 1819 A. extended slavery throughout the Louisiana Territory. B. maintained the nation’s equal number of slave and free states. C. was roundly criticized by nationalists in the North. D. denied statehood for Missouri for two more years. E. created a northern boundary of slavery at the 42°40ʹ parallel. Answer: B Page: 227 30. The Supreme Court ruling in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) was a victory for A. corporate contracts. B. the Republican Party. C. state government. D. public education. E. state courts. Answer: A Page: 227 31. In Cohens v. Virginia (1821), Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the constitutionality of A. Supreme Court review of congressional laws. B. state court review of congressional laws. C. state court review of state laws. D. Supreme Court review of state court decisions. E. state court overturning of corporate charters. Answer: D Page: 227 32. In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court confirmed the A. right of the federal government to tax states. B. right of states to tax the Bank of the United States. C. “implied powers” of Congress. D. right of states to prohibit the Bank of the United States. E. right of states to abolish slavery within their borders. Answer: C Page: 227 33. The Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) A. strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. B. narrowed the federal government’s role in regulating the economy. C. declared transportation monopolies unconstitutional. D. reaffirmed the New York court’s ruling regarding interstate trade. E. was a victory for Aaron Ogden, Robert Fulton, and Robert Livingston. Answer: A Page: 228

34. The Supreme Court ruled in Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) that A. individual Americans had the right to buy land from Indian tribes. B. Indians had all the rights and protections afforded to U.S. citizens. C. the federal government had no right to take lands from tribes. D. the laws of the United States invalidated all Indian rights. E. Indians had a basic right to their tribal lands. Answer: E Page: 228 35. In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Marshall Court affirmed federal authority over A. individual states. B. all American Indian tribes. C. the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase. D. both individual states and all American Indian tribes. E. both American Indian tribes and the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase. Answer: D Page: 228 36. The policy expressed in the Monroe Doctrine was principally directed at A. Mexico. B. Europe. C. American Indians. D. Asia. E. southern slaveholders. Answer: B Page: 229 37. The Monroe Doctrine declared that A. European powers should not engage in new colonization of the American continents. B. the United States reserved the right to involve itself in European affairs. C. Cuba should come under the control of the United States. D. European powers should abandon all their interests in the Western Hemisphere. E. the United States had a “manifest destiny” to colonize North America. Answer: A Page: 229 38. The writing of the Monroe Doctrine A. had an immediate and dramatic effect on American policy. B. was primarily based on the earlier writings of Thomas Jefferson. C. was motivated by American interests in Hawaii. D. deeply angered the European powers. E. was an important example of American nationalism. Answer: E Page: 229

39. In the presidential election of 1824, A. Andrew Jackson received the most electoral votes and became president. B. John Q. Adams received the second-most electoral votes and became president. C. Henry Clay received the fourth-most electoral votes and became president. D. William Crawford received the most electoral votes, but died before a president was chosen. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 230 40. The so-called “corrupt bargain” was negotiated between A. Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. B. William Crawford and John Quincy Adams. C. Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. D. John C. Calhoun and Andrew Jackson. E. John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun. Answer: A Page: 230 41. The so-called “corrupt bargain” of 1824 involved A. the sale of public land to supporters of the Monroe administration. B. political payoffs and bribery involving the Treasury Department. C. illegal contracts between the State Department and private corporations. D. federal funds for internal improvements to certain states in exchange for electoral votes. E. a political deal to determine the outcome of the presidential election. Answer: E Page: 230 42. The presidential administration of John Quincy Adams was A. plagued by financial corruption. B. noted for its inability to carry out its policies effectively. C. widely popular in the South for its tariff policies. D. successful in domestic policies, but had little success in foreign policies. E. deeply antagonistic to the ideas behind Clay’s “American System.” Answer: B Page: 230-231 43. During the presidential campaign of 1828, A. Republicans were able to effectively unite. B. President Adams was accused of adultery. C. Andrew Jackson was labeled a murderer. D. the major election issue was the Bank of the United States. E. John Quincy Adams gave a strong showing in the South. Answer: C Page: 231

44. Andrew Jackson’s presidential victory in 1828 was A. extremely narrow. B. decisive but sectional. C. an overwhelming victory. D. a result of the support he received from New England states. E. likely a product of corrupted voting in several key states. Answer: B Page: 231 45. The election of 1828 A. was decided by the House of Representatives. B. saw Andrew Jackson receive the largest majority in American political history. C. saw Andrew Jackson sweep most of New England. D. represented to Jacksonians a victory for the forces of privilege. E. saw the emergence of a new two-party system. Answer: E Page: 231

True/False Questions 46. The War of 1812 demonstrated the growth of an American transportation system. Answer: False Page: 220 47. The first national bank had gone out of existence before the War of 1812. Answer: True Page: 219 48. The end of the War of 1812 suddenly improved the prospects for American industrial development. Answer: False Page: 219 49. President Madison believed that federal funding of internal improvements required a constitutional amendment. Answer: True Page: 221 50. Between 1800 and 1820 the population of America grew very slowly. Answer: False Page: 222

51. Life in the western territories in the early nineteenth century was almost exclusively one of solitary existence and individual self-reliance. Answer: False Page: 222 52. Western settlements were generally opened by people who lived in eastern seaboard cities. Answer: False Page: 222 53. Fur traders consistently relied on Indians to trap, while they served as the middlemen. Answer: False Page: 223 54. President James Monroe began his administration under what seemed to be remarkably favorable circumstances. Answer: True Page: 225 55. As President, James Monroe acted to preserve the “Virginia Dynasty.” Answer: False Page: 225 56. The Federalist Party made a surprising comeback during the presidency of James Monroe. Answer: False Page: 225 57. Western Americans tended to blame the national bank for the Panic of 1819. Answer: True Page: 226 58. New management and more specifically new business practices at the Bank of the United States caused several state banks to fail. Answer: True Page: 226 59. The Missouri Compromise preserved equality between free and slave state representatives in the House of Representatives. Answer: False Page: 227 60. The Marshall Court strengthened the federal government at the expense of the states. Answer: True Page: 227

61. The Marshall Court upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. Answer: True Page: 227 62. The Marshall Court gave its approval to the Bank of the United States even as it ruled that state legislatures could tax the bank. Answer: False Page: 227 63. The Marshall Court accepted the argument that Indian tribes were foreign nations. Answer: False Page: 228 64. In Worcester v. Georgia, the Marshall Court upheld the right of a state legislature to regulate Indian affairs. Answer: False Page: 228 65. The Monroe Doctrine was primarily the work of John Quincy Adams. Answer: True Page: 228 66. The Monroe Doctrine was consistent with the spirit of nationalism at work in the United States during the 1820s. Answer: True Page: 229 67. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, opponents of centralization had also often been opponents of economic growth. Answer: True Page: 229 68. The “tariff of abominations” was most strenuously opposed by the people of New England. Answer: False Page: 231 69. Prior to running for the presidency in 1824, Andrew Jackson was a military man who had never held elective office. Answer: False Page: 230 70. In 1824, Andrew Jackson received the most popular votes and electoral votes. Answer: True Page: 230

71. Both the 1824 and 1828 presidential elections were decided by the House of Representatives. Answer: False Page: 230-231 72. To many in 1828, the election of Andrew Jackson as president was a victory for the “common man.” Answer: True Page: 231

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 73. When Jefferson referred to a “fire bell in the night,” he was talking about the issue of ________. Answer: slavery Page: 218 74. In 1816, Congress chartered a second ________. Answer: Bank of the United States Page: 219 75. The increasingly traveled road between Missouri and New Mexico was called the ________. Answer: Santa Fe Trail Page: 223 76. Pre-Civil War explorers called the Great Plains the “________.” Answer: Great American Desert Page: 224 77. The presidency of James Monroe is often called the “era of ________.” Answer: good feelings Page: 225 78. The series of early presidents from the same state is called the ________. Answer: Virginia Dynasty Page: 225 79. To fulfill the position of secretary of ________ in his cabinet, James Monroe ultimately chose John C. Calhoun. Answer: war Page: 225 80. According to the terms of the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, the United States surrendered its claims to ________. Answer: Texas Page: 226

81. The Missouri Compromise brought Missouri and ________ into the Union. Answer: Maine Page: 227 82. The validity of contracts was upheld in the Supreme Court case of ________. Answer: Fletcher v. Peck Page: 227 83. The Marshall Court strengthened the ability of Congress to regulate interstate commerce in the case of ________. Answer: Gibbons v. Ogden Page: 228 84. Chief Justice John Marshall strengthened the judicial branch of government at the expense of the executive and ________ branches. Answer: legislative Page: 227 85. In 1823, the United States announced the ________ in order to prevent European nations from interfering with the development of new nation-states. Answer: Monroe Doctrine Page: 228-229 86. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay were considered by many to have negotiated what is known as the “________ bargain” of 1824. Answer: corrupt Page: 230 87. Andrew Jackson considered his victory in the year ________ to be as complete and important as that of Jefferson in 1800. Answer: 1828 Page: 231

Essay Questions 88. How did the United States government attempt to stimulate economic growth during the early nineteenth century? 89. What was the “turnpike era” and what were its strengths and weaknesses in transportation? 90. During the first decades of the nineteenth century, what role did the federal government play in “internal improvements” of transportation? 91. Compare life in the Old Northwest with life in the Old Southwest.

92. What factors motivated Americans to engage in a westward migration in the early nineteenth century? What type of American was more likely to move into the West? 93. Describe life in the Far West and compare its realities with the popular image of western life held by eastern Americans. 94. Describe the “era of good feelings” and explain what happened to it. 95. By examining the Missouri Compromise, what can one learn about slavery as a political issue in the United States during the early nineteenth century? 96. What rulings by the Marshall Court enhanced its own power and that of the federal government? 97. What effect did the Marshall Court have on the legal status of Indian tribes? 98. Could the United States have enforced the Monroe Doctrine in 1823? Why or why not? 99. What was the long-term significance of the Monroe Doctrine? 100. Was the “corrupt bargain” of 1824 really corrupt? Explain.

Chapter 9 Jacksonian America Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which statement regarding the American electorate during the 1820s is true? A. The right to vote was expanded to include many more white males. B. The right to vote was restricted to property owners. C. Married white women had the right to vote but could not hold elected office. D. Changes in voting rights first occurred in New England states and then spread west. E. Older states began to expand their property ownership requirements. Answer: A Page: 236 2. In 1840, efforts to expand voting rights in Rhode Island resulted in A. new laws that actually further restricted voting rights. B. federal troops occupying the state capital for two years. C. an effort within the state to secede from the Union. D. two governments claiming control of the state. E. female and black male suffrage for a brief period of time. Answer: D Page: 237 3. The lawyer and activist who led the campaign to expand voting rights in Rhode Island was A. Amos Kendall. B. Joseph Story. C. Daniel Webster. D. Roger Taney. E. Thomas Dorr. Answer: E Page: 237 4. By 1828, in all but one state, presidential electors were chosen by A. state legislatures. B. popular vote. C. lottery. D. Congress. E. state governors. Answer: B Page: 237

5. By the 1830s, political parties were generally regarded as A. being in the control of special interest factions. B. unnecessary to the political process. C. a dangerous threat to the democratic process. D. a desired and essential part of the democratic process. E. an aberration. Answer: D Page: 239 6. In the years after the War of 1812, support for the idea of political parties was greatest in A. Virginia. B. New Jersey. C. New York. D. Rhode Island. E. Pennsylvania. Answer: C Page: 239 7. In the 1830s, one argument in favor of political parties was the idea that A. the parties would provide the training ground for candidates. B. a permanent political opposition made parties sensitive to the people’s will. C. the present system of government had little effective organization. D. inexperienced political candidates would be less likely to gain office. E. parties could create a broader form of consensus than individual leaders. Answer: B Page: 239 8. Today, the oldest political party in the United States is the A. Green Party. B. Socialist Party. C. Libertarian Party. D. Republican Party. E. Democratic Party. Answer: E Page: 239 9. According to Andrew Jackson’s theory of democracy, A. there should be one national political party. B. all white male citizens should be treated equally. C. all white Americans should eventually be given the vote. D. slavery should not extend into the West. E. the South and West deserved special privileges as growing areas. Answer: B Page: 240

10. President Andrew Jackson sought to apply his democratic principles by first targeting A. the wealthy New England aristocracy. B. the southern planter class. C. federal officeholders. D. his Whig opponents. E. the Five Civilized Tribes. Answer: C Page: 240 11. The “spoils system” refers to A. making illegal payoffs to political supporters. B. giving away land taken from Indians to white settlers. C. the destruction of land by overly aggressive settlement. D. giving out jobs as political rewards. E. parceling out federal land to the highest bidder. Answer: D Page: 240 12. In 1832, supporters of President Jackson held a national convention in order to A. force the opposition to make their case in public. B. bring more public attention to their candidate. C. have greater control of the nominating process. D. shore up Jackson’s shaky support among voters in the Northeast. E. make the nominating process more democratic. Answer: E Page: 240 13. As president, Andrew Jackson believed the power of the federal government A. should be reduced. B. should be expanded. C. was supreme over individual states. D. should be expanded and was supreme over individual states. E. should be reduced, and yet was supreme over individual states. Answer: E Page: 240 14. When John C. Calhoun put forth his doctrine of nullification, he was A. a congressman. B. a senator. C. secretary of state. D. vice president. E. governor of South Carolina. Answer: D Page: 241

15. In the 1820s, John C. Calhoun proposed his doctrine of nullification A. to reduce the political power of Andrew Jackson. B. as an alternative to possible secession. C. as a means to end the national bank. D. to support trade tariffs. E. to counter the growing influence of abolitionism in the North. Answer: B Page: 241 16. John C. Calhoun drew his doctrine of nullification ideas from the A. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. B. United States Constitution. C. Missouri Compromise. D. ideas of Madison and Jefferson, and the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution. E. United States Constitution and the Missouri Compromise. Answer: D Page: 241 17. In his doctrine of nullification, John C. Calhoun argued that A. states were the final authority on the constitutionality of federal laws. B. all laws related to a state’s economic development should come from that state. C. states, not Congress, should ratify amendments to the Constitution. D. there should not be a federal court system. E. a state could not impose tariffs and levies on goods made in a neighboring state. Answer: A Page: 241 18. Who of the following saw his close ties and great influence with President Jackson grow stronger as a result of the Peggy Eaton affair? A. DeWitt Clinton B. Martin Van Buren C. Isaac Hill D. Francis Blair E. John C. Calhoun Answer: B Page: 241 19. The political significance of Peggy Eaton on Andrew Jackson’s administration was that A. the presidential aspirations of John C. Calhoun were likely ended. B. John Eaton’s ties with the administration were strengthened. C. Martin Van Buren had a political falling-out with President Jackson. D. the political strength of President Jackson was weakened. E. it encouraged Jackson to liberalize the nation’s divorce and coverture laws. Answer: A Page: 241

20. The Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate of 1830 was begun by a political dispute over A. the value of the two-party system. B. the sale of public land. C. slavery. D. trade with England. E. relations with Indian tribes. Answer: B Page: 241 21. Senator Robert Hayne represented the state of A. New York. B. Ohio. C. Pennsylvania. D. Virginia. E. South Carolina. Answer: E Page: 242 22. In the 1830 Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate, Webster considered Hayne’s arguments to be an attack on A. free states. B. the nation’s tariff policies. C. President Jackson’s leadership. D. federal authority. E. the institution of slavery. Answer: D Page: 242 23. In 1830, what political figure said, “Our Federal Union—It must be preserved”? A. Andrew Jackson B. Robert Hayne C. John C. Calhoun D. Daniel Webster E. Henry Clay Answer: A Page: 242 24. In 1830, what political figure said, “The Union, next to our liberty most dear”? A. Andrew Jackson B. Robert Hayne C. John C. Calhoun D. Daniel Webster E. Henry Clay Answer: C Page: 243

25. In 1833, the nullification crisis came to an end after President Andrew Jackson A. authorized the use of military force to see the acts of Congress were obeyed. B. raised the tariff. C. threatened to arrest supporters of nullification. D. agreed to give a larger share of federal authority to the states. E. acceded to John C. Calhoun’s doctrine of nullification. Answer: A Page: 243 26. The primary goal of the United States’ policy toward Indians in the early 1800s was to A. spread the Christian faith among tribes. B. protect Indians from attacks by white settlers. C. assimilate Indian tribes into white society. D. acquire the land occupied by Indian tribes. E. preserve disappearing Indian traditions and culture. Answer: D Page: 244 27. The Black Hawk War A. constituted a major, although temporary, Indian victory. B. occurred in New England and upstate New York. C. was notable for vicious behavior by the American military. D. was sparked by the kidnapping of the leader of the Fox Indians. E. resulted in the removal of the Five Civilized Tribes to the West. Answer: C Page: 244 28. Although the Supreme Court found in favor of the Cherokee tribes in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia, President Jackson decided A. that Georgia could remove the Cherokee tribes if it served the “public good.” B. the Cherokee had no right to file a legal claim in U.S. courts. C. the entire process of Indian removal was unconstitutional. D. that the Cherokee tribes could only be removed if they were properly compensated. E. the Court could not enforce the order. Answer: E Page: 245 29. The “Trail of Tears” taken by the Cherokees led them to the area that later became A. Texas. B. Oklahoma. C. Missouri. D. New Mexico. E. Nevada. Answer: B Page: 245

30. The first of the “Five Civilized Tribes” to be removed to the West, beginning in 1830, was the A. Creek. B. Seminole. C. Chickasaw. D. Choctaw. E. Cherokee. Answer: D Page: 245 31. Of the “Five Civilized Tribes,” the tribe that best resisted the pressures of removal was the A. Creek. B. Choctaw. C. Seminole. D. Chickasaw. E. Cherokee. Answer: C Page: 245 32. As a result of the U.S. government’s Indian policy in the 1830s and 1840s, A. violence between white Americans and Indian tribes ended. B. all Indian tribes were forced to intermingle on one large reservation. C. new federal attempts were made to assimilate Indian tribes into white society. D. the United States gained control of ten million acres of Indian lands. E. nearly all American Indian societies were removed to west of the Mississippi. Answer: E Page: 246 33. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a federal subsidy to the proposed Maysville Road, because A. he sought to demonstrate his presidential power at a time when it was being questioned. B. the road was not a part of any system of interstate commerce. C. the subsidy was to be paid-for out of tariff revenue, which he opposed. D. he thought the proposal might jeopardize his bid for reelection. E. he thought it would upset the balance created by the Missouri Compromise nine years earlier. Answer: B Page: 247 34. In the 1820s, under Nicholas Biddle, the Bank of the United States A. was financially sound and profitable. B. exercised little influence on state banks. C. restricted credit to growing enterprises. D. prohibited the existence of state banks. E. had to borrow credit from state banks to stay afloat. Answer: A Page: 248

35. In the 1830s, the Bank of the United States was opposed by A. “soft-money” advocates. B. “hard-money” advocates. C. Henry Clay. D. both “soft-money” advocates and “hard-money” advocates. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 248 36. In the debate over the Bank of the United States, President Andrew Jackson agreed with A. the “soft-money” advocates. B. the “hard-money” advocates. C. Henry Clay. D. both “soft-money” and “hard-money” advocates. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 248 37. In 1832, Henry Clay sought to use the debate over the Bank of the United States primarily to A. politically embarrass President Jackson. B. help his reelection to the Senate. C. promote his “American System.” D. boost his presidential candidacy. E. exact revenge on Nicholas Biddle for a perceived slight. Answer: D Page: 248 38. Which of the following statements regarding the Bank of the United States is FALSE? A. The charter of the Bank was due to expire in 1836. B. Nicholas Biddle had the support of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. C. The controversy over the Bank became the leading issue in the 1832 election. D. President Jackson ordered the Bank closed before the expiration of its charter. E. President Jackson went through several secretaries of the treasury before finding one who would help him weaken the bank. Answer: D Page: 243 39. President Andrew Jackson’s success in abolishing the Bank of the United States A. caused serious political damage to his administration. B. led the nation into a period of long economic decline. C. left the nation with an unstable banking system for many years. D. led him to lose the political support of Roger B. Taney. E. seriously damaged his support within the Democratic Party. Answer: C Page: 249

40. The Supreme Court ruling in Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) A. outraged supporters of Andrew Jackson. B. was a victory for federal authority. C. continued the constitutional interpretation set forth by John Marshall. D. affirmed the inviolability of contracts. E. reflected Jacksonian ideas of democracy and economic opportunity. Answer: E Page: 249 41. Jacksonian Democrats A. praised President Jackson as “King Andrew I.” B. faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s. C. were strongest among the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast. D. praised President Jackson as “King Andrew I,” were strongest among the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, and faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 250-251 42. In the 1830s, Democrats were more likely than Whigs to support A. the chartering of banks and corporations. B. territorial expansion. C. established wealth. D. federally supported internal improvements. E. the abolition of slavery. Answer: B Page: 251 43. The so-called Locofocos of the 1830s were A. radical Democrats. B. defenders of monopolies. C. southern slaveholders. D. western farmers. E. radical abolitionists. Answer: A Page: 250 44. The political philosophy of Whigs A. opposed industrialism as a source of concentrated wealth. B. favored expanding the power of the federal government. C. encouraged the rapid western expansion of the nation. D. allied the party with the abolition movement. E. celebrated “honest workers” and “simple farmers.” Answer: B Page: 251

45. Of the following groups, support for the Whigs was weakest among A. wealthy southern planters. B. substantial New England manufacturers. C. small western farmers. D. aristocratic Americans. E. evangelical Protestants. Answer: C Page: 251 46. In the 1820s, Whig support for the Anti-Mason Party demonstrated A. the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters. B. the intention of the party to refrain from political mud-slinging. C. their conviction that Masonry encouraged radical egalitarianism. D. the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters, and the party’s intention to refrain from political mud-slinging. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 251 47. During the 1830s, evangelical Protestants tended to support A. Democrats. B. Irish immigrants. C. Whigs. D. German immigrants. E. Masons. Answer: C Page: 251 48. Who among the following was NOT a leading Whig at some point during his political career? A. Martin Van Buren B. John C. Calhoun C. Daniel Webster D. Henry Clay E. None of these answers is correct, as each was at some point a leading Whig. Answer: A Page: 251

49. During its two-decade history, the Whig Party won the presidency A. zero times. B. one time. C. two times. D. three times. E. four times. Answer: C Page: 254, 257 50. The Whig Party was LEAST successful at A. defining its political position. B. attracting a loyal constituency of voters. C. connecting with evangelical Protestants. D. competing against Democrats in local, state, and congressional races. E. uniting behind a strong national leader. Answer: E Page: 251 51. Martin Van Buren won the presidency in 1836 because A. he was more popular with the public than Andrew Jackson. B. federal spending had supported an economic boom. C. the political opposition offered multiple candidates. D. land speculation had been reduced under President Andrew Jackson. E. his opponent openly advocated ending Indian removal. Answer: C Page: 251 52. In 1836, Congress passed a “distribution” act that required the federal government to A. apply a higher tax to foreign bondholders. B. parcel out Indian land to the states. C. reward loyal Democrats with government jobs. D. make pension payments to veterans of the War of 1812. E. disperse its surplus funds to the states. Answer: E Page: 252 53. In 1836, President Andrew Jackson’s “specie circular” A. resulted in a severe financial panic. B. was defeated by Congress. C. was of considerable political benefit to Martin Van Buren. D. required foreigners doing business in the United States to pay their debts in hard currency. E. caused a significant rise in prices, especially the price of land. Answer: A Page: 252

54. President Martin Van Buren’s “subtreasury” system A. was a financial system to replace the Bank of the United States. B. created a new national bank. C. never became law. D. quickly failed. E. did not pass until his successor’s administration. Answer: A Page: 252-253 55. The presidential election campaign of 1840 saw A. Martin Van Buren drop out of the presidential race. B. the first influence of the “penny press” in politics. C. Henry Clay chosen as the Whig presidential candidate. D. the emergence of the Republican Party. E. William Henry Harrison serve as the Democratic candidate. Answer: B Page: 253 56. William Henry Harrison A. was, in 1840, the youngest man to win the presidency. B. was a simple frontiersman with little money or resources to his name. C. died before he took office. D. was a Republican. E. had been a soldier and Indian fighter, and was a descendant of the Virginia aristocracy. Answer: E Page: 253 57. As president, John Tyler A. was a Whig who had once been a Democrat. B. favored the recharter of the Bank of the United States. C. considered Andrew Jackson to be his political role model. D. approved several internal improvement bills. E. forced John C. Calhoun out of his cabinet. Answer: A Page: 254 58. In 1841, the British government A. supported the rights and freedom of mutinous slaves on the Creole. B. seized the Creole because it carried slaves. C. briefly declared war on American shipping in response to the Creole mutiny. D. refused to trade with American shipping companies that carried slaves. E. returned mutinous slaves from the Creole to Virginia, at the request of President Tyler. Answer: A Page: 255

59. Which statement about the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty is FALSE? A. It settled the Aroostook War. B. It resulted in new territory being added to the United States. C. It included an American pledge not to allow slave ships to land at British ports. D. It included a British pledge not to interfere with American ships. E. It significantly improved Anglo-American relations. Answer: C Page: 255-256

True/False Questions 60. Jacksonian democracy included a weak challenge to the institution of slavery. Answer: False Page: 240 61. The “age of Jackson” was less a triumph for the common man than conservatives feared. Answer: True Page: 236 62. More people gained the right to vote in the 1830s, but requirements for voters to own property remained in place. Answer: False Page: 236 63. The Dorr Rebellion was generally consistent with Jacksonian principles. Answer: True Page: 236-237 64. During the Jacksonian era, free blacks could not vote at all in the South, and could hardly vote anywhere in the North. Answer: True Page: 237 65. One of the major reforms of the Jacksonian period was the introduction of the secret ballot. Answer: False Page: 237 66. In 1840, the number of adult white males who voted in the presidential election had risen to 80 percent. Answer: True Page: 237 67. During the Jacksonian period, political parties were regarded as a threat to democracy. Answer: False Page: 239

68. The Whig Party held the first national party convention. Answer: False Page: 240 69. As president, Andrew Jackson’s first political target was the Bank of the United States. Answer: False Page: 240 70. National political conventions were introduced during the Jacksonian period in order to expand the democratic process. Answer: True Page: 240 71. Andrew Jackson believed a strong federal government would lead to a strong democracy. Answer: False Page: 240 72. As Andrew Jackson’s vice president, John C. Calhoun became a strong Jackson opponent. Answer: True Page: 240-241 73. The Peggy Eaton affair improved Andrew Jackson’s relationship with John C. Calhoun. Answer: False Page: 241 74. The Webster-Hayne debate primarily concerned the issue of the sale of public lands. Answer: False Page: 242 75. Calhoun’s defense of his doctrine of nullification was directed primarily at the issue of tariffs. Answer: True Page: 241 76. Andrew Jackson sided with Robert Hayne in the Webster-Hayne debate. Answer: False Page: 242 77. President Jackson considered those who favored nullification to be traitors. Answer: True Page: 243 78. President Jackson was a strong advocate for protecting the autonomy of Indian tribes. Answer: False Page: 243

79. In the early nineteenth century, many whites viewed Indians as “noble savages.” Answer: False Page: 244 80. President Jackson sought to remove all of the eastern Indian tribes except the “Five Civilized Tribes.” Answer: False Page: 244 81. In the Black Hawk War, white forces attacked Indians as they surrendered and retreated. Answer: True Page: 244 82. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled against the Indian tribe. Answer: False Page: 245 83. Unlike most other tribes, the relocation of the Seminole in Florida was never completed. Answer: True Page: 246 84. In the 1830s, as a result of removal policies, the United States gained control of more than 100 million acres of Indian lands. Answer: True Page: 246 85. President Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road because the road was contained in one state and thus not part of “interstate commerce.” Answer: True Page: 247 86. Opposition to the Bank of the United States came from both “soft-money” and “hard-money” advocates. Answer: True Page: 248 87. The results of the election of 1832 could be interpreted as a defeat for both Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle. Answer: True Page: 248 88. The case of Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge could be interpreted as a victory for the forces of democracy. Answer: True Page: 249

89. Although a political opponent and a supporter of the Bank of the United states, Henry Clay wanted President Jackson to veto the 1932 bill that would recharter the bank. Answer: True Page: 248 90. The Whigs were more concerned with their political philosophy than with winning elections. Answer: False Page: 250 91. Jacksonians were more likely than Whigs to favor territorial expansion. Answer: True Page: 251 92. The Democrats were more likely than Whigs to oppose legislation establishing banks. Answer: True Page: 251 93. The well-to-do were more likely to support Whigs than Democrats. Answer: True Page: 251 94. The Panic of 1837 began the worst American depression to that point. Answer: True Page: 252 95. The “penny press” was more lively and sensationalistic than previous newspapers. Answer: True Page: 256-257 96. The Washington Star was the first of the new “penny press” newspapers. Answer: False Page: 256 97. In 1840 the Whigs elected a president for the first time. Answer: True Page: 254 98. John Tyler saw every cabinet member but one resign together from his administration. Answer: True Page: 254 99. The Aroostook War was the result of tensions between Canada and Maine. Answer: True Page: 255

100. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 was strongly criticized in the United States. Answer: False Page: 256 101. During the Tyler administration, the United States established diplomatic relations with China. Answer: True Page: 256

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 102. The French government had requested Alexis de Tocqueville make a study of American prisons, but he quickly went far beyond the study of prisons and wrote a classic study of American life, titled ________. Answer: Democracy in America Page: 240 103. President Jackson’s attack on federal officeholders led to the introduction of what one of his allies called the “________.” Answer: spoils system Page: 240 104. Jackson’s supporters held a national party ________ as a forum for selecting candidates for president. Answer: convention Page: 240 105. Thomas Dorr and his followers formed a(n) “________.” Answer: People’s party Page: 237 106. John C. Calhoun championed a states’ rights theory called ________. Answer: nullification Page: 241 107. John C. Calhoun argued that the federal government was a creation of the ________. Answer: states Page: 241 108. John C. Calhoun’s most powerful rival within the Jackson administration was ________. Answer: Martin Van Buren Page: 241

109. The main issue of public policy at stake in the Webster-Hayne debate was the ________. Answer: tariff Page: 242 110. The most successful of the “Five Civilized Tribes” when it came to resisting Jackson’s removal policy was the ________ tribe. Answer: Seminole Page: 245 111. The forced Cherokee migration on what was called the Trail of Tears ended in the territory of ________. Answer: Oklahoma Page: 245 112. In the election of 1832, Andrew Jackson was opposed by, and defeated, the National Republican candidate ________. Answer: Henry Clay Page: 248 113. ________ succeeded John Marshall as chief justice of the Supreme Court. Answer: Roger B. Taney Page: 249 114. Radical Jacksonians were known as ________. Answer: Locofocos Page: 250 115. William Morgan mysteriously disappeared shortly before he published a book that allegedly exposed the secrets of ________. Answer: Freemasonry Page: 251 116. The Great Triumvirate consisted of Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and ________. Answer: Daniel Webster Page: 251 117. President Jackson’s distrust of paper currency became obvious when in 1836 he issued an executive order called the “________.” Answer: specie circular Page: 252 118. The former Democrat who became president upon the death of William Henry Harrison was ________. Answer: John Tyler Page: 254

Essay Questions 119. What changes in the political process occurred during the 1820s that support the claim that American democracy was on the rise? 120. How “democratic” was the United States during the 1830s? Who was included in the political process and who was not? 121. What obstacles did Andrew Jackson see to American democracy? What steps did he take to reduce those obstacles? 122. What steps did Andrew Jackson take as president to strengthen the authority of the federal government? What did he believe should be the limit of that authority? 123. How did Andrew Jackson’s ideals of democracy compare with those of Thomas Jefferson? 124. What role did political parties play during the 1830s and 1840s? 125. How had the nation’s general perception of political parties as part of the democratic process changed since 1790, and why? 126. Why did Andrew Jackson not consider native tribes to be a part of democratic America? How did his Indian removal policy fit into his concept of democracy? 127. What were the various tactics employed by the “Five Civilized Tribes” to resist removal? Why were these tactics ultimately unsuccessful in preventing their removal? 128. What alternatives to Indian removal existed, and why were they not taken? 129. For what reasons did Andrew Jackson oppose the doctrine of nullification and the Bank of the United States? What were the consequences of his successful defeat of the doctrine and the Bank? 130. Characterize the presidency of Martin Van Buren. 131. What historical assessment would you give to Andrew Jackson’s presidency? What rating would you give him as president? Explain.

Chapter 10 America’s Economic Revolution Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Between 1820 and 1840, the population of the United States A. rapidly grew, in part due to improved public health. B. saw the proportion of enslaved blacks to free whites increase. C. increased at a slower rate than the populations of Europe. D. remained relatively constant. E. grew in spite of a very low birth rate in America. Answer: A Page: 262 2. Between 1800 and 1830, immigration to the United States A. was the most significant factor in the nation’s population growth. B. consisted mostly of people from southern Europe. C. was at its peak for the century. D. consisted mostly of people from Germany and Russia. E. was not a significant contributor to the national population. Answer: E Page: 262 3. In 1860, the percentage of the population in free states living in towns (places of 2,500 people or more) or cities (8,000 or more) was A. 7 percent. B. 13 percent. C. 26 percent. D. 39 percent. E. 42 percent. Answer: C Page: 263 4. In 1860, the percentage of the population in the South living in towns (places of 2,500 or more) or cities (8,000 or more) was A. 5 percent. B. 10 percent. C. 15 percent. D. 20 percent. E. 33 percent. Answer: B Page: 263

5. Which city did NOT owe its growth to the Great Lakes? A. Milwaukee B. Chicago C. Cleveland D. Cincinnati E. Buffalo Answer: D Page: 263 6. Between 1840 and 1860, the overwhelming majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States came from A. Italy and Russia. B. Ireland and Germany. C. England and Russia. D. England and Ireland. E. Ireland and Italy. Answer: B Page: 263 7. Before 1860, the largest single group of arriving Irish immigrants was A. young, single men. B. families. C. children. D. skilled laborers. E. young, single women. Answer: E Page: 265 8. Before 1860, compared to Irish immigrants, German immigrants to the United States A. generally arrived with more money. B. were less likely to migrate with entire families. C. were more likely to remain in eastern cities. D. came in greater numbers. E. generally moved on to the Southeast. Answer: A Page: 265 9. Prior to 1860, hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants was spurred, in part, by A. the refusal by immigrants to adapt to American culture. B. fears of political radicalism. C. the ability of immigrants to command high wages. D. concerns that immigrants generally did not participate in politics. E. the effect they had on the falling price of African slaves. Answer: B Page: 268

10. The “Know-Nothing” movement was partially directed at reducing the influence of A. Catholics. B. abolitionists. C. Democrats. D. Jews. E. free blacks. Answer: A Page: 268 11. After 1852, the “Know-Nothings” created a new political organization called the A. Copperheads. B. Republican Party. C. Nativist Party. D. Libertarian Party. E. American Party. Answer: E Page: 268 12. Which of the following is true of the differences between canal and turnpike transportation? A. Canal transportation was generally developed before turnpike transportation. B. Canal construction was less expensive than turnpike construction. C. Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could turnpike transports. D. State governments gave little financial support to canal transportation. E. New York was the first to finance turnpike construction. Answer: C Page: 270 13. The Erie Canal was A. limited to flat land. B. built entirely by private investors. C. built without either locks or gates. D. a tremendous financial success. E. a great boon to the growth of Philadelphia. Answer: D Page: 270 14. In the 1820s and 1830s, railroads A. played a relatively small role in the nation’s transportation system. B. standardized both the gauge of tracks and timetables. C. saw their greatest development in the southern slave states. D. became the dominant form of transportation in the nation. E. had not yet been constructed in America. Answer: A Page: 272

15. Which of the following statements regarding American railroads in the 1850s is FALSE? A. Railroads helped weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South. B. Most railroad “trunk lines” were reduced or eliminated. C. Long distance rail lines weakened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi River. D. Chicago was the railroad center of the West. E. Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development. Answer: E Page: 272-274 16. During the 1840s, advances in journalism included all of the following EXCEPT the A. creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization. B. technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint. C. invention of the steam cylinder rotary press. D. introduction of the telegraph system. E. dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers. Answer: B Page: 274 17. Before the 1830s, American corporations could be chartered only by A. an act of Congress. B. presidential executive order. C. state legislatures. D. a public vote. E. a state governor. Answer: C Page: 275 18. In the 1830s, limited liability laws were developed in the United States, which A. protected the stockholders’ full investment in a company. B. restricted the amount of capital a corporation could possess. C. prevented a corporation from being dominated by a small group of stockholders. D. protected corporations from liability lawsuits. E. meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment. Answer: E Page: 275 19. By 1860, factories in the United States A. were concentrated in the Northeast. B. produced goods whose total value greatly exceeded the nation’s agricultural output. C. employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing labor force. D. were concentrated in the Northeast and employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing labor force. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 276

20. Before 1860, the development of machine tools by the United States government resulted in the A. turret lathe. B. universal milling machine. C. precision grinder. D. turret lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 276 21. By 1860, the energy for industrialization in the United States increasingly came from A. water. B. kerosene. C. coal. D. gasoline. E. wood. Answer: C Page: 276 22. Most American industry remained wedded to the most traditional source of power, which was A. water. B. kerosene. C. coal. D. gasoline. E. wood. Answer: A Page: 276 23. In the 1820s and 1830s, the labor force for factory work in the United States A. saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs. B. consisted mostly of European immigrants. C. was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production. D. consisted mostly of European immigrants, saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs, and ultimately was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 277

24. American factory workers in early nineteenth-century textile mills largely consisted of A. families and rural, single women. B. single men. C. unskilled urban workers. D. young immigrants. E. slaves. Answer: A Page: 277 25. When the Lowell factory system began, A. craftsmen were part of the production system. B. workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories. C. workers had few benefits outside of a set wage scale. D. the workday ended when production quotas were met. E. workers rarely stopped working in the mills until retirement. Answer: B Page: 281 26. As the Lowell factory system progressed into the 1840s, A. wages rose, while working hours increased to ten hours. B. female workers staged a successful strike for better living conditions. C. the owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force. D. a paternalistic management system was developed. E. many mill girls moved into management roles in the factory system. Answer: C Page: 282 27. In the 1840s, the dominant immigrant group in New England textile mills was the A. Irish. B. Germans. C. English. D. Italians. E. Chinese. Answer: A Page: 282 28. As the immigrant labor force in New England textile mills grew in the 1840s, A. the workday grew shorter and wages declined. B. payment by piece rates replaced a daily wage. C. women and children were more likely to earn more than men. D. safety conditions began to improve. E. the workday grew longer and wages increased. Answer: B Page: 282

29. The republican vision in the United States included the tradition of the A. skilled artisan. B. yeoman farmer. C. industrial entrepreneur. D. skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer. E. yeoman farmer and the industrial entrepreneur. Answer: D Page: 283 30. The rise of the American factory system A. complemented the nation’s traditional republican ideals. B. resulted in a rise in the status of skilled artisans among consumers. C. saw the government act to maintain the trades of skilled artisans. D. led some northerners to advocate repealing abolition. E. led to the creation of skilled workingmen’s craft societies. Answer: E Page: 283 31. The early union movement among skilled artisans A. was weakened by the Panic of 1837. B. was generally supported by state governments. C. attempted to create one collective national trade union. D. welcomed working women as members. E. was strengthened by the influx of immigrant laborers. Answer: A Page: 283 32. The Massachusetts court case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) declared that A. labor unions were lawful organizations. B. labor strikes were illegal. C. child labor laws were unconstitutional. D. minimum wage laws were a restraint on trade. E. unions must admit working women as members. Answer: A Page: 283 33. All the following factors inhibited the growth of labor unions EXCEPT A. the large number of immigrant workers. B. the political strength of industrial capitalists. C. ethnic divisions among workers. D. the question of whether to include women members. E. hostile laws and hostile courts. Answer: D Page: 284

34. The commercial and industrial growth in the United States prior to 1860 resulted in A. increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor. B. a significant rise in income for nearly all Americans. C. decreasing disparities in income between the rich and poor. D. a significant decrease in income for nearly all Americans. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 284 35. Prior to 1860, American urban society A. considered the conspicuous display of wealth to be poor social behavior. B. saw wealthy people move toward the outer edges of cities. C. included a substantial number of destitute poor. D. saw Irish immigrants have fewer rights than free blacks. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: C Page: 285 36. In most parts of the North, before the Civil War, free blacks could A. vote. B. attend public schools. C. use public services available to whites. D. compete for menial jobs. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Page: 285-286 37. Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States A. increased as most of the working class dropped down the economic ladder. B. increased as the gap between the wealthy and the poor widened. C. was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class. D. decreased as immigration diversified society. E. increased as a result of geographical mobility. Answer: C Page: 286 38. Prior to 1860, the fastest-growing segment in American society was the A. slaves. B. very poor. C. middle class. D. well-to-do. E. very rich. Answer: C Page: 287

39. The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become prosperous without A. a professional education. B. producing a product or service. C. owning land. D. capital. E. marrying. Answer: C Page: 287 40. Before 1860, American middle-class families A. were typically renters. B. rarely employed servants. C. usually saw women holding part-time employment outside of the home. D. became the most influential cultural form of urban America. E. had to cook their meals over an open hearth. Answer: D Page: 287 41. Prior to 1860, the most significant invention for middle-class American homes was the A. cast-iron stove. B. air conditioner. C. icebox. D. electric iron. E. telegraph. Answer: A Page: 287 42. Early American Victorian homes were characterized by A. spare and simple designs that emphasized natural light. B. dark colors, and rooms crowded with heavy furniture. C. small rooms, and a reduction in total living space. D. all members of a family sharing one bedroom. E. a lack of parlors and dining rooms. Answer: B Page: 287 43. Compared to 1800, in 1860 urban American families A. had a declining birth rate. B. were more likely to see their children leave home in search of work. C. were more likely to see income earners work outside the home. D. had a declining birth rate, and were more likely to see income earners work outside the home and see their children leave home in search of work. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 288

44. By 1860, as a result of the social expectations expressed in the “cult of domesticity,” A. unmarried women were generally excluded from all income-earning activities. B. women became increasingly isolated from the public world. C. middle-class wives were given no special role in the family. D. women who read books or magazines were likely to be criticized. E. women increasingly became seen as contributors to the family economy. Answer: B Page: 291 45. All of the following statements regarding American leisure activities prior to 1860 are true EXCEPT that A. Shakespeare was the nation’s most popular playwright. B. reading was a principle leisure activity among affluent Americans. C. minstrel shows were increasingly popular. D. popular tastes in public spectacle tended toward the bizarre and fantastic. E. unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class. Answer: E Page: 290, 292 46. In the 1840s, P. T. Barnum’s American Museum in New York showcased A. nature and natural history. B. American artists. C. human oddities. D. past American leaders and heroes. E. European artists. Answer: C Page: 292 47. In 1860, the typical white male American of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was A. the owner of a family farm. B. a marginal farmer. C. a farmhand who did not own his own land. D. an industrial worker. E. an urban artisan. Answer: A Page: 293 48. For most American farmers, the 1840s and 1850s were a period of A. economic decline, as more people moved to urban centers. B. rising prosperity, due to increased world demand for farm products. C. extreme economic highs and lows brought on by volatile changes in demand. D. economic growth in the West but decline in the East. E. increasing economic connections between the North and South. Answer: B Page: 293

49. The main staple crop of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was A. barley. B. soy. C. corn. D. wheat. E. cotton. Answer: D Page: 294 50. In the 1840s, John Deere introduced significant improvements to the A. tractor. B. thresher. C. cotton gin. D. reaper. E. plow. Answer: E Page: 294 51. In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick improved grain farming when he patented his A. tractor. B. thresher. C. plow. D. reaper. E. mower. Answer: D Page: 294 52. Prior to 1860, the social institution that most bound together rural Americans was the A. church. B. tavern. C. town hall. D. grocery store. E. schoolhouse. Answer: A Page: 294

True/False Questions 53. Immigration contributed little to the American population in the first three decades of the nineteenth century. Answer: True Page: 262

54. Between 1840 and 1860, the South experienced a decline in its percentage of urban residents. Answer: False Page: 263 55. Much of the new pre-Civil War immigration went into the growing cities of the United States. Answer: True Page: 263 56. The great majority of pre-Civil War immigrants came from Ireland and England. Answer: False Page: 263 57. Most of the pre-Civil War Irish and German immigrants who came to the United States did so as families, as opposed to as single men and women. Answer: False Page: 265 58. In the pre-Civil War period, turnpikes were regarded as an improvement over canals as a means of transportation. Answer: False Page: 269 59. The Erie Canal was the greatest construction project Americans had ever undertaken. Answer: True Page: 270 60. Railroads played a relatively minor role in American transportation during the 1820s and 1830s. Answer: True Page: 272 61. The development of a railroad system weakened connections between the Northwest and the South. Answer: True Page: 272 62. One of the first businesses to benefit from the telegraph was the railroads. Answer: True Page: 274 63. In 1844, Samuel Morse showed off his invention by telegraphing news of Zachary Taylor’s nomination for the presidency over the wires from Baltimore to Washington. Answer: False Page: 274

64. Until the Civil War, newspapers relied on mail transported by train for the exchange of news. Answer: False Page: 274 65. By 1860, over half of the manufacturing establishments in the United States were located west of the Mississippi River. Answer: False Page: 276 66. Many of the free blacks in the North were people who had been skilled crafts workers as slaves and who bought or were given their freedom. Answer: True Page: 284 67. Given the rapid increase in population, recruiting a labor force was a fairly easy task in the early years of the American factory system. Answer: False Page: 277 68. The United States military was a center for innovations in new machine tools and industry. Answer: True Page: 276 69. By 1860, the number of American inventions to receive patents reached nearly 2,000. Answer: False Page: 276 70. The transition from farm life to factory life in pre-Civil War America was difficult at best and traumatic at worst. Answer: True Page: 281 71. The paternalistic nature of the Lowell factory system lasted through the Civil War. Answer: False Page: 282 72. Skilled craftsmen organized trade unions due to the rise of the “factory system.” Answer: True Page: 283 73. Commonwealth v. Hunt was a Massachusetts Supreme Court case which declared that labor unions were lawful organizations. Answer: True Page: 283

74. Virtually all of the early craft unions excluded women, even though female workers were numerous in almost every industry. Answer: True Page: 284 75. In most cities of the East prior to the Civil War, the income gap between rich and poor gradually narrowed. Answer: False Page: 284 76. Despite contrasts between great wealth and great poverty, there was very little overt class conflict in pre-Civil War America. Answer: True Page: 286 77. The fastest-growing group in America prior to the Civil War was the working poor. Answer: False Page: 287 78. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the American birth rate declined. Answer: True Page: 288 79. For most Americans in the nineteenth century, vacations were rare. Answer: True Page: 292 80. For most nineteenth-century urban Americans, leisure activities grew more varied. Answer: True Page: 292 81. The pre-Civil War “cult of domesticity” left women increasingly detached from the public world. Answer: True Page: 292 82. Public lectures were one of the most popular forms of entertainment in America prior to the Civil War. Answer: True Page: 292 83. As of the middle of the nineteenth century, the typical citizen of the Northwest was a poor, marginal farmer. Answer: False Page: 293

84. By the 1840s, much of American grain production had become mechanized. Answer: True Page: 294 85. The Northwest was the most self-consciously democratic section of the United States, but it was also a relatively conservative part of the country. Answer: True Page: 294 86. Pre-Civil War rural communities were usually populated by a diverse mix of ethnic groups. Answer: False Page: 294 87. Prior to 1860, rural Americans rarely had contact with the rest of the world. Answer: False Page: 294

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 88. In the early 1850s, a new political body called the American Party was created by a group called the “________.” Answer: Know-Nothings Page: 268 89. When it was completed, the ________ was the greatest construction project the United States had yet undertaken. Answer: Erie Canal Page: 270 90. The first railroad company actually to begin operations was the ________. Answer: Baltimore and Ohio Page: 272 91. By the mid-nineteenth century, the rail center of the West was ________. Answer: Chicago Page: 272 92. The primary assistance from the federal government to railroad companies came in the form of ________. Answer: public land grants Page: 272 93. Samuel Morse invented the ________, which burst into American life in 1844. Answer: telegraph Page: 274

94. The first American cooperative news gathering organization was called the ________. Answer: Associated Press Page: 274 95. Corporate development was aided by laws permitting a system of ________ for individual stockholders. Answer: limited liability Page: 275 96. The most profound economic development in mid-nineteenth-century America was the rise of the ________. Answer: factory Page: 275 97. The process for ________ rubber, treating it to give it greater strength and elasticity, was discovered by Charles Goodyear. Answer: vulcanizing Page: 276 98. Elias Howe’s invention of the ________ required precision grinding machines to construct. Answer: sewing machine Page: 276 99. The recruitment of young women to work and live in a factory setting was called the ________ or Waltham system. Answer: Lowell Page: 277 100. Elaborate rooms with lush dark colors and heavy furniture and drapes were characteristic of the ________ era. Answer: Victorian Page: 287 101. In New York City, the construction of ________, which began in the 1850s, resulted primarily from pressure from members of high society. Answer: Central Park Page: 285 102. The most popular playwright in America in the 1830s was ________. Answer: Shakespeare Page: 290 103. The American Museum that showcased human oddities was opened by ________. Answer: P. T. Barnum Page: 292

104. The ________ was invented by McCormick, while the machine thresher was invented by Case. Answer: automatic reaper Page: 294

Essay Questions 105. How do you account for the terrific growth of American industry prior to the Civil War? 106. Why did railroads become the key American industry in the nineteenth century? 107. Describe the immigrant experience in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s. 108. How did the rise of the factory system change the American family? 109. Describe the major features of American middle-class life during the first half of the nineteenth century. 110. Examine technological developments in America between 1800 and 1860. What are the characteristic features in the advances made throughout this period? 111. Describe the interrelationship between one technological development in the pre-Civil War era and another. 112. What were the advances in new technology that had the greatest effect on the emerging American factory system during the first half of the nineteenth century? 113. How did the emergence of the factory system change the face of American labor during the first half of the nineteenth century? 114. How did American leisure time and activities during the 1830s and 1840s compare with leisure during the 1810s and 1820s? 115. How had the status and role of American women changed between 1800 and 1860? 116. Between 1830 and 1860, what region of the nation changed the most dramatically overall? Explain. 117. Between 1830 and 1860, what region of the nation experienced the most social upheaval? Explain.

Chapter 11 Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The historian who wrote “The South [prior to the Civil War] grew, but did not develop” meant that A. the southern population increased, but new technology had bypassed the region. B. agriculture remained the leading industry of the South, but the plantation system was declining. C. the South had failed to move from an agrarian to an industrial economy. D. the South had expanded as a geographic region but had developed little prosperity. E. the South had created a prosperous plantation system but had not expanded its borders. Answer: C Page: 298 2. Prior to 1860, the center of economic power in the South A. was in Charleston, S.C. B. remained, as it had been, primarily within the upper South. C. remained, as it had been, primarily within the lower South. D. shifted from the lower South to the upper South. E. shifted from the upper South to the lower South. Answer: E Page: 299 3. Tobacco cultivation in the antebellum South A. was easy on the soil. B. was gradually moving westward. C. enjoyed a stable market. D. was centered in the lower South. E. never made a profit. Answer: B Page: 299 4. Rice and sugar production in the antebellum South A. had short growing seasons. B. were concentrated in a relatively small geographic area. C. had difficulty sustaining profits for growers. D. was in considerable decline by the 1850s. E. threatened to overwhelm cotton production in the lower South. Answer: B Page: 299

5. Short-staple cotton A. helped to keep the South a predominantly agricultural region. B. was less coarse than long-staple cotton. C. was easier to process than long-staple cotton. D. was more susceptible to disease than long-staple cotton. E. was only grown in the coastal regions of the upper South. Answer: A Page: 299 6. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the “cotton kingdom” A. was already losing ground to other staples, such as rice and tobacco. B. saw wealthy planters outnumber small planters. C. did not rely on large numbers of slaves imported directly from Africa. D. was the dominant source of the income of the lower South. E. still had not adopted the cotton gin, despite the time and resources that could be saved. Answer: D Page: 300 7. Between 1840 and 1860, the American South’s slave population A. could not meet the South’s labor needs. B. changed little. C. dramatically shifted into the Southwest. D. declined in overall numbers. E. became concentrated in the upper South. Answer: C Page: 300 8. By the time of the Civil War, cotton constituted nearly ________ of the total export trade of the United States. A. one-fourth B. one-tenth C. one-third D. half E. two-thirds Answer: E Page: 300 9. By 1860, the textile manufacturing sector of the American South A. was nonexistent. B. had increased threefold in value over the previous twenty years. C. had declined in value throughout the 1840s and 1850s. D. was equal to one-third of the value of cotton exported that year. E. had come to dominate the South’s economy. Answer: B Page: 300

10. The New Orleans magazine publisher, James B. D. De Bow, championed A. southern economic independence from the North. B. southern commercial and agricultural growth. C. closer economic ties with the North. D. southern economic independence from the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth. E. closer economic ties with the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth. Answer: A Page: 301 11. The South failed to develop a large industrial economy due to all the following factors EXCEPT A. the humid climate. B. little access to liquid capital. C. the profitability of cotton. D. cultural values. E. a shortage of labor. Answer: E Page: 302 12. In the late 1850s, many of the great landholders of the lower South were A. still first-generation settlers. B. part of a wealthy leisure class. C. from longstanding aristocratic families. D. rooted to one plantation for many generations. E. former Old World aristocrats that emigrated from Europe. Answer: A Page: 303 13. Which of the following statements about the southern aristocratic ideal is FALSE? A. Wealthy southern whites adopted an elaborate code of “chivalry.” B. Dueling became a prominent facet of southern planter life. C. Wealthy southern whites prided themselves on their egalitarianism. D. Wealthy southern whites pretended to avoid such “coarse” occupations as trade and commerce. E. Wealthy southern whites often gravitated toward the military. Answer: C Page: 303

14. Prior to 1860, affluent southern white women A. had created the most significant challenge to slavery in the South. B. occupied a significantly different role from their northern counterparts. C. commonly held income-producing jobs. D. typically played an important role in public activities. E. centered their lives in the home. Answer: E Page: 304 15. Prior to 1860, southern women differed from northern women in that they A. tended to have more formal education. B. were expected to be more subordinate to men. C. had fewer children. D. generally had a lesser engagement in the economic life of the family. E. were more likely to take a role in public activities. Answer: B Page: 305 16. In the 1850s, the southern social theorist George Fitzhugh wrote that women A. had an obligation to obey. B. were like children. C. had the single right to be protected. D. were like children, had an obligation to obey, and had the single right to be protected. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 305 17. Prior to 1860, southern white women A. had about the same access to education as northern white women. B. were not expected to engage in manual labor, whatever their social standing. C. generally lived lives that were isolated from the wider world. D. had a birth rate that was lower than the national average. E. were more likely to see their children grow to adulthood than northern white women. Answer: C Page: 305 18. Sexual relationships between white southern men and female slaves was A. virtually unheard of. B. against the law in all slave states. C. encouraged by proponents of slavery such as George Fitzhugh. D. an accepted cause for divorce in the southern court system. E. a common practice. Answer: E Page: 306

19. Most “plain folk” of the Old South A. owned at least one slave. B. were subsistence farmers. C. were passionately antislavery. D. were subsistence farmers who owned at least one slave. E. were subsistence farmers who were passionately antislavery. Answer: B Page: 306 20. Most white southerners owned A. no slaves. B. one slave. C. two slaves. D. three to five slaves. E. six to ten slaves. Answer: A Page: 306 21. Southern, white, lower-class resentment of the aristocratic system was most likely to be found in A. the cities. B. river and ocean port towns. C. the upper South. D. the mountain regions. E. the Deep South. Answer: D Page: 307 22. Southern whites who did not own slaves A. rarely married into the families living on large slave plantations. B. openly opposed the planter elite. C. were forced to move west to maintain a livelihood. D. generally opposed the institution of slavery. E. were largely dependent on the plantation economy. Answer: E Page: 307 23. Perhaps the single strongest unifying factor of pre-Civil War southern whites was their A. kinship relationships. B. contempt of northern capitalism. C. perception of white racial superiority. D. fear of federal authority. E. intense national pride. Answer: C Page: 307

24. Which of the following statements about the poorest class of white southerners is FALSE? A. They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class. B. They were known variously as “crackers” or “sand hillers.” C. They supported themselves by foraging or hunting. D. They suffered from pellagra, hookworm, and malaria. E. They were forced to resort at times to eating clay. Answer: A Page: 307 25. The “peculiar institution” was a southern reference to A. the plantation. B. manufacturing. C. capitalism. D. slavery. E. democracy. Answer: D Page: 307 26. In 1850, outside of the United States, slavery in the Western Hemisphere also existed in A. Colombia. B. Brazil. C. the Virgin Islands. D. Haiti. E. no other country. Answer: B Page: 308 27. Within the American South, the institution of slavery A. isolated blacks and whites from each other. B. created a unique bond between masters and slaves. C. encouraged blacks to develop a society and culture of their own. D. created a unique bond between masters and slaves, while isolating blacks and whites from each other and encouraging blacks to develop a society and culture of their own. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 308 28. The slave codes of the American South A. defined anyone with a trace of African ancestry as black. B. legalized slave marriages. C. were rigidly enforced. D. considered it a crime for an owner to kill a slave. E. banned blacks from attending church. Answer: A Page: 308

29. Though the trade and sale of slaves continued to be legal inside the U.S. until the Civil War, the “slave trade,” the importation of slaves from Africa or any other foreign locale, was made illegal in A. 1808. B. 1809. C. 1812. D. 1815. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 312 30. When emancipation came after the Civil War, it was often the ________ who were the first to leave the plantation of their former owners. A. field hands B. head drivers C. house servants D. subdrivers E. craftsmen Answer: C Page: 310 31. Most enslaved blacks lived A. on small farms. B. on medium- to large-sized plantations. C. in urban areas. D. in rigidly-controlled circumstances. E. in Virginia and the Carolinas. Answer: B Page: 308 32. Which of the following statements regarding slave life is true? A. Slaves had to grow all of their own food. B. Slaves were not given medical care except by their own efforts. C. Slave children did no work until they turned twelve years old. D. It was uncommon to divide slave families for long periods of time. E. After 1808, the proportion of blacks to whites in the nation steadily declined. Answer: E Page: 309

33. Which of the following statements regarding urban slavery is FALSE? A. Some urban slaves were skilled trade workers. B. Urban slaves were prohibited from having contact with free blacks. C. Urban slaves were less supervised than rural slaves. D. Urban slaves had little working competition from European immigrants. E. The line between slavery and freedom in cities was less distinct. Answer: B Page: 311 34. Prior to 1860, free blacks in the South A. were concentrated in the Deep South. B. were required by law to leave the South. C. increased in number in the 1850s, as laws encouraged owners to free “surplus” slaves. D. occasionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves. E. avoided urban centers such as New Orleans or Natchez, where they might attract attention. Answer: D Page: 312 35. To “manumit” means to A. purchase. B. punish. C. work by hand. D. deny. E. set free. Answer: E Page: 312 36. Of the following, the most common form of resistance to slavery was A. group rebellions. B. arson. C. running away. D. subtle defiance. E. poisoning. Answer: D Page: 314 37. One actual slave revolt in the nineteenth-century South was led by A. Nat Turner. B. Denmark Vesey. C. Gabriel Prosser. D. Frederick Douglass. E. Harriet Tubman. Answer: A Page: 314

38. The name given to the effort by whites and blacks to help runaway slaves escape was the A. Frederick Douglass road. B. underground railroad. C. Fugitive Slave Act. D. Cumberland passage. E. Second Middle Passage. Answer: B Page: 314 39. A runaway slave making a successful escape from the American South was A. highly likely. B. likely. C. unlikely. D. highly unlikely. E. impossible. Answer: D Page: 314 40. Regarding religion, American slaves A. were expected to worship in black churches separate from whites. B. had mostly converted to Islam by the early nineteenth century. C. were usually not allowed to attend a church at all. D. shunned Christianity in favor of the polytheistic traditions of Africa. E. often incorporated African features into their Christianity. Answer: E Page: 315 41. As compared to nineteenth-century white practices, religious services for American slaves A. were not allowed, by law, to mention freedom. B. were often more emotional. C. were generally more despondent and melancholy than white services. D. denied all references to their African heritage. E. emphasized subservience and submission to God. Answer: B Page: 315 42. Ways in which slaves expressed elements of their African heritage included A. singing songs and playing musical instruments, such as the banjo. B. keeping family diaries and other written personal records. C. wearing clothing that incorporated traditional African designs or colors. D. speaking in their native African languages when out of the presence of whites. E. celebrating traditional African feasts and rites of passage, in defiance of white law. Answer: A Page: 316

43. In the American slave family, A. most couples did not formally marry. B. black women typically began bearing children later than white women. C. premarital pregnancy was uncommon. D. extended kinship networks were strong and important. E. premarital cohabitation was frowned upon. Answer: D Page: 316 44. Which of the following is true of American slave families in the antebellum South? A. A child of a slave could not be sold after he or she had reached three years of age. B. Blacks typically had weaker family ties than did whites, due to the uncertainties of their lives. C. Up to one-third of families were broken apart by the sale of family members. D. Most slaves who ran away did so to avoid punishment. E. Newly arrived slaves to a plantation were often shunned by the black community. Answer: C Page: 316 45. The central ideology of slavery, and the vital instrument of white control, was A. fraternity. B. maternalism. C. paternalism. D. sorority. E. egalitarianism. Answer: C Page: 317

True/False Questions 46. The North, unlike the South, experienced great economic growth in the mid-nineteenth century. Answer: False Page: 299 47. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the South underwent a much less fundamental transformation than did the North. Answer: True Page: 299 48. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the center of economic power in the South shifted from the upper South to the lower South. Answer: True Page: 299

49. The South had an inadequate transportation system and only a rudimentary financial system as late as the middle of the nineteenth century. Answer: True Page: 300 50. James De Bow argued that the South should pursue agricultural development while relying on the North for industrial goods and capital. Answer: False Page: 302 51. Approximately one-third of southern whites owned slaves. Answer: False Page: 303 52. The southern planter class exercised power far in excess of its numbers. Answer: True Page: 303 53. The southern planter class was quite similar to the landed aristocracies of Europe. Answer: False Page: 303 54. Society in the antebellum South placed the plantation owner at the top of the social order. Answer: True Page: 303 55. Prior to 1860, southern aristocratic ideals were largely myths. Answer: True Page: 303 56. Southern white women had less access to education than their northern counterparts. Answer: True Page: 305 57. Southern women generally had final authority on issues related to the home and children. Answer: False Page: 305 58. The mountain regions were the only parts of the South to resist the movement toward secession when it finally developed. Answer: True Page: 307

59. In the South, small farmers, often as much as great planters, were committed to the plantation system. Answer: True Page: 307 60. In the South, the most significant opposition to the slave system came from the poorest of southern whites. Answer: False Page: 307 61. By the mid-nineteenth century, slavery in the western world existed only in the American South. Answer: False Page: 307-308 62. The slave system may have created separate spheres for blacks and whites, but each race was nonetheless dependent on the other. Answer: True Page: 308 63. Slave codes prevented slaves from owning property, but they encouraged slaves to marry. Answer: False Page: 308 64. According to some scholars, the actual material conditions of American slavery may have been better than those of some northern factory workers and better than those of both peasants and industrial workers in much of nineteenth-century Europe. Answer: True Page: 309 65. Within the slave family, women had special burdens, but also a special authority. Answer: True Page: 309 66. The nuclear family was the dominant kinship model among the slaves of the South. Answer: True Page: 315 67. Household servants were often the first to leave plantations of their former owners when emancipation came after the Civil War. Answer: True Page: 310 68. In southern cities, slave tasks might include mining, lumbering, blacksmith, or carpentry. Answer: True Page: 311

69. From the 1830s on, state laws governing slavery became gradually less rigid. Answer: False Page: 312 70. Most often, resistance to slavery took the form of open rebellion. Answer: False Page: 314 71. For the most part, slaves rejected Christianity. Answer: False Page: 315 72. Slaves were expected by their owners to attend church. Answer: True Page: 315 73. The banjo was an important instrument in slave music. Answer: True Page: 316 74. Slave spirituals were written down and passed on to generations of African Americans. Answer: False Page: 316 75. Most enslaved black couples married with formal wedding vows. Answer: True Page: 315 76. It was common for slaves to hold an entirely hostile attitude toward their owners. Answer: False Page: 308

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 77. It was said that the South “grew, but it did not ________.” Answer: develop Page: 298 78. The most important new product in the South during the mid-nineteenth century was ________ cotton. Answer: short-staple Page: 299

79. To the degree that the South developed a nonfarm commercial sector, it was largely to serve the needs of the ________ economy. Answer: plantation Page: 300 80. On the eve of the Civil War, ________ was the major means of transportation in the South. Answer: water Page: 300 81. The typical white southerners who were not great planters or slaveowners were known as “________.” Answer: plain folk Page: 306 82. The “peculiar institution” was ________. Answer: slavery Page: 307 83. In the mid-nineteenth century, slavery in the Western world existed only in the United States, Brazil, Cuba, and ________. Answer: Puerto Rico Page: 307-308 84. ________ led the only actual large-scale slave revolt in the United States in the nineteenth century. Answer: Nat Turner Page: 314 85. ________ was the leader of an aborted slave revolt in South Carolina in the early 1820s. Answer: Denmark Vesey Page: 314 86. To overcome communication barriers, African slaves learned a simple, common language known as “________” English. Answer: pidgin Page: 314 87. The slave family lacked legal marriage. Nevertheless, the “________” consistently emerged as the dominant kinship model among African Americans. Answer: nuclear family Page: 315

Essay Questions 88. Explain why the southern economy remained largely agricultural during the first half of the nineteenth century. 89. In the first half of the nineteenth century, why did cotton become the major economic crop of the American South? 90. What obstacles to industrialization existed in the South during the nineteenth century? 91. Prior to 1860, how did the role and status of southern women compare to that of northern women? 92. Describe the distinguishing class features of the people who were known as “planters,” “plain folk,” “hill people,” or “crackers.” 93. What were the differences between being a slave in the city and a slave in the country? 94. Compare and contrast the working and living conditions of black southern slaves to the lives of white northern factory workers during the first half of the nineteenth century. 95. What is the difference between slave resistance and slave rebellion? Why was one more prevalent than the other? 96. Consider the American Revolutionary era in the 1760s and 1770s with the slave revolts of the 1820s and 1830s. What factors made participants in the slave revolts much less likely to succeed in their struggle for independence? 97. Between 1800 and 1860, was slavery in the American South becoming stronger or weaker? Explain. 98. Compare and contrast the nature of the black slave family and culture with the free white family and culture during the first half of the nineteenth century.

Chapter 12 Antebellum Culture and Reform Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Reform movements emerged in America in the mid-nineteenth century in part because of a A. pessimistic assumption of the natural weakness of individuals. B. desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change. C. belief that society needed to break free from its old traditions. D. fear that civil war was going to engulf the nation. E. declining importance placed on religious piety. Answer: B Page: 321 2. In the mid-nineteenth century, romanticism A. was consistent with traditional Calvinist assumptions. B. considered instincts to be sinful and necessary to repress. C. had its origins in the American Midwest. D. had its origins in the American Midwest and was consistent with traditional Calvinist assumptions. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 322 3. In the mid-nineteenth century, the general European attitude toward American art and literature A. was one of growing respect and admiration. B. was that American artists had little to offer Europe. C. included praise for American artists for defining a new set of national virtues. D. included criticism of American artists for ignoring romanticism. E. was that it had been hopelessly corrupted by the ideology of unfettered capitalism. Answer: B Page: 322 4. The Hudson River School of painters emphasized in their work the importance of A. democratic ideals. B. the yeoman farmer. C. natural beauty. D. realism. E. the founding fathers. Answer: C Page: 322

5. All of the following painters were associated with the Hudson River School EXCEPT A. James Whistler. B. Thomas Cole. C. Frederic Church. D. Albert Bierstadt. E. Asher Durand. Answer: A Page: 322 6. Which of the following features was NOT a characteristic of the Hudson River School? A. canvases that tended to be very large in size B. an assumption that America was a land of greater promise than Europe C. a belief that democracy was the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment D. the exceptional popularity many of its artists enjoyed with the American public E. portraits of some of the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas Answer: C Page: 322 7. All of the following people helped create a distinct American literature EXCEPT A. Walt Whitman. B. Herman Melville. C. James Fenimore Cooper. D. Edgar Allan Poe. E. Sydney Smith. Answer: E Page: 323 8. Through novels such as The Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper examined the significance of A. America’s westward expansion. B. the American free-enterprise system. C. religious spiritualism in America. D. racism in America. E. slavery in the democratic mind. Answer: A Page: 322 9. Walt Whitman A. intensely disagreed with the American transcendentalists. B. rejected much of romanticism. C. celebrated the liberation of the individual. D. was a strong critic of American democracy. E. became a strong defender of southern institutions, especially slavery. Answer: C Page: 323

10. Herman Melville’s most important literary work was A. Leaves of Grass. B. Moby Dick. C. The Deerslayer. D. “The Raven.” E. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Answer: B Page: 323 11. The writings of Edgar Allan Poe were A. primarily sad and macabre. B. mostly ignored during his lifetime. C. largely focused on southern society. D. acclaimed by many American writers in his time. E. completely ignored in Europe after his death. Answer: A Page: 323 12. Prior to the Civil War, southern writers A. developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people. B. romanticized the institution of slavery. C. brought a robust, vulgar humor to American literature. D. developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people; brought a robust, vulgar humor to American literature; and romanticized the institution of slavery. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 324 13. Transcendentalists A. rejected European intellectuals. B. regarded reason to be the most important human faculty. C. argued that emotional responses inhibited the internal development of individuals. D. believed all individuals should develop their intellectualism. E. argued for the liberating potential of “understanding.” Answer: B Page: 324 14. The transcendentalist writer Ralph Waldo Emerson A. believed American thinkers should be allied with European intellectuals. B. asserted that through nature, individuals could find personal fulfillment. C. was a leading critic of the American political system. D. asserted that organized religion served no useful purpose in society. E. remained a deeply religious clergyman throughout his life. Answer: B Page: 324

15. The transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau A. was more conventional in his thinking than Ralph Waldo Emerson. B. felt every individual should balance society’s expectations with one’s own instincts. C. argued that being part of society helped individuals to transcend their egotism. D. established a college for transcendentalism at Walden Pond. E. argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States. Answer: E Page: 324 16. The transcendentalist movement A. anticipated the environmental protection movement of the twentieth century. B. understood the interconnectedness of species. C. made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment. D. understood the interconnectedness of species and made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 325 17. The primary goal of the 1840s community experiment known as Brook Farm was to A. create a society where individuals did not have to work. B. allow individuals to live without any social limits on their behavior. C. eliminate social sexual discrimination through the practice of celibacy. D. permit all members to realize their full potential as individual beings. E. show that communal living was more efficient and productive than family life. Answer: D Page: 325 18. Who among the following was NOT a participant in American communal living? A. Nathaniel Hawthorne B. Walt Whitman C. George Ripley D. John Humphrey Noyes E. Robert Owen Answer: B Page: 325 19. One of the most enduring of the pre-Civil War utopian colonies was A. Oneida. B. New Harmony. C. Brook Farm. D. Walden. E. Nauvoo. Answer: A Page: 326

20. In redefining gender roles, the experimental 1840s Oneida Community A. put women in charge of all major aspects of the community. B. was a controversial experiment in “free love.” C. demanded celibacy from all its participants. D. carefully monitored sexual behavior in order to protect women. E. put fathers in charge of child-rearing and taking care of the home. Answer: D Page: 326 21. Which of the following was arguably the most distinctive feature of Shakerism? A. the admittance of women only B. communal raising of children C. polygamy D. free love E. complete celibacy Answer: E Page: 326 22. Shaker societies A. asserted that God was female. B. established most of their communities in the South. C. saw women exercise more power than men. D. first began in the United States in the 1840s. E. were eventually forced to move to Utah. Answer: C Page: 326 23. Mormonism A. believed in human perfectibility. B. emphasized individual liberty. C. was founded by Brigham Young. D. began in the Midwest. E. always rejected polygamy. Answer: A Page: 328 24. Which statement about Mormonism is FALSE? A. Its founder was murdered. B. It advocated sexual equality. C. Early Mormons practiced polygamy. D. The first Mormons were generally marginally poor. E. Early Mormons met with much persecution from their neighbors. Answer: B Page: 328

25. Nineteenth-century Protestant revivalists such as the New Light revivalists A. sought to revive the ideals of Calvinism. B. believed that no individual could control his or her personal salvation. C. took the lead in the cause to end slavery. D. formed a crusade against personal immorality. E. believed temperance was detracting from other, loftier reform movements. Answer: D Page: 329 26. In the 1840s, the organized movement against drunkenness in the United States A. linked alcohol to crime and poverty. B. grew largely out of immigrant communities. C. was actively opposed by a large majority of Americans. D. remained a minor social movement. E. spent much of its time and resources battling evangelical Protestants. Answer: A Page: 329 27. In the 1830s and 1840s, cholera epidemics in the United States A. were transmitted to humans by fleas living on rats. B. led many cities to build water treatment facilities. C. were diminished, as physicians gained a basic understanding of bacteria. D. typically killed more than half of those who contracted the disease. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 328 28. According to the nineteenth-century “science” of phrenology, what could be discerned from the shape of an individual’s skull? A. life expectancy B. likelihood of succumbing to infectious diseases C. future earning potential D. chances of having children E. character and intelligence Answer: E Page: 330 29. During the nineteenth century, the largest obstacle to improved medical care in America was the A. absence of regulations in the medical profession. B. absence of basic knowledge about disease. C. low social status of medical professionals. D. difficulty of medical experimentation. E. apathy of the general population towards preventive health. Answer: B Page: 331

30. In the 1840s in the United States, an initial understanding of germ theory was developed by A. Edward Jenner. B. William Morton. C. Oliver Wendell Holmes. D. James Warren. E. Ignaz Semmelweis. Answer: C Page: 331 31. Prior to 1860, public education in the United States A. did not exist. B. gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world. C. was legally denied for all non-whites. D. was funded by the federal government. E. emphasized independence and creativity. Answer: B Page: 332 32. The nineteenth-century reformer Horace Mann believed that education should promote A. capitalism. B. democracy. C. racial equality. D. economic equality. E. Christianity. Answer: B Page: 332 33. The Massachusetts reformer who built a national movement for new methods of treating the mentally ill was A. Susan B. Anthony. B. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. C. Lucretia Mott. D. Angelina Grimke. E. Dorothea Dix. Answer: E Page: 333 34. Prior to 1860, prison reform in the United States A. included the practice of solitary confinement. B. led to widespread calls to end capital punishment. C. focused on punishment, not on rehabilitation. D. began largely in the West and spread to the East. E. decried the racial bias of the judicial system. Answer: A Page: 333

35. The nineteenth-century practice of placing American Indians on reservations was partially designed to A. isolate and protect Indians from white society. B. help “regenerate” the Indian. C. allow Indians to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society. D. isolate and protect the Indians from white society, help “regenerate” them, and allow them to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 336 36. In 1840, one catalyst for an American feminist movement was a London convention that dealt with A. woman suffrage. B. prostitution. C. abolition. D. temperance. E. prison reform. Answer: C Page: 336 37. The 1848 Seneca Falls, New York, convention on women’s rights A. issued a manifesto patterned after the Declaration of Independence. B. asserted that women should have a place in society distinctly different from that of men. C. refused to allow men to attend. D. called on the government to treat both genders and all races with equality. E. shied away from demanding female suffrage, as this was too radical at the time. Answer: A Page: 336 38. Prior to the Civil War, the religious denomination most active in feminism was the A. Baptists. B. Quakers. C. Presbyterians. D. Unitarians. E. Methodists. Answer: B Page: 336

39. Which of the following nineteenth-century leaders is primarily known for her pioneering work in the American feminist movement? A. “Mother” Ann Lee B. Harriet Tubman C. Sojourner Truth D. Rachel Eaton E. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Answer: E Page: 336 40. In the early nineteenth century, the American Colonization Society A. was founded by white Virginians opposed to slavery. B. called for an immediate end to slavery. C. opposed the idea of compensation for owners who freed their slaves. D. carried out a large-scale resettlement of freed slaves. E. was strongly supported by American blacks. Answer: A Page: 337 41. The American Colonization Society helped to transport blacks from the United States to A. the Caribbean. B. Liberia. C. Angola. D. England. E. Canada. Answer: B Page: 337 42. William Lloyd Garrison believed the abolitionist movement should A. stress the damage that slavery did to blacks rather than to whites. B. seek the gradual elimination of slavery. C. demand freedom for slaves, but deny them citizenship. D. organize slave rebellions throughout the American South. E. join forces with the more established American Colonization Society. Answer: A Page: 338 43. Prior to the Civil War, free blacks in the North tended to be A. deeply antagonistic toward William Lloyd Garrison. B. indifferent to slavery in the South. C. anxious to leave the United States. D. in favor of the “back to Africa” movement. E. strongly opposed to southern slavery. Answer: E Page: 338

44. The black abolitionist who called for uncompromising opposition to and a violent overthrow of slavery in his 1829 Walker’s Appeal…to the Colored Citizens was A. William Lloyd Garrison. B. Frederick Douglass. C. Elijah Lovejoy. D. Benjamin Lundy. E. David Walker. Answer: E Page: 339 45. Frederick Douglass A. was born free but was sold into slavery as a youth. B. wrote for William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper. C. spent years lecturing in England against slavery. D. was an ordained minister. E. argued that blacks wanted only an end to slavery, and not full social equality. Answer: C Page: 339 46. In the 1840s, abolitionists in the United States constituted A. a small percentage of the national population. B. approximately one-quarter of the national population. C. the majority of the population in the North. D. the largest reform movement in the nation. E. approximately one-third of the national population. Answer: A Page: 339 47. One leading abolitionist who was murdered for his activism was A. William Lloyd Garrison. B. Frederick Douglass. C. Sojourner Truth. D. Benjamin Lundy. E. Elijah Lovejoy. Answer: E Page: 340 48. In the 1830s and 1840s, abolitionists were divided A. by radicals and moderates within their ranks. B. over whether or not to use violence. C. by calls for northern and southern separation. D. over the question of female equality. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 340-343

49. In the 1840s, William Lloyd Garrison spoke against A. equality for women. B. defensive wars. C. ending the asylum system. D. northern disunion from the South. E. extreme pacifism. Answer: B Page: 341 50. The Supreme Court ruling in Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) A. prohibited the interstate slave trade. B. led to the passage of “personal liberty laws.” C. angered abolitionists. D. abolished slavery in the District of Columbia. E. forced state officials to assist in the capture of runaways. Answer: B Page: 341 51. Prior to the Civil War, the Liberty Party A. supported the rights of slave owners. B. opposed the admission of California into the Union in 1850. C. promoted “free soil.” D. focused on strengthening the fugitive slave laws. E. campaigned for outright abolition. Answer: C Page: 341 52. The effect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin on the nation was to A. spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience. B. reveal the ugly extent of the vicious slave trade to America. C. ignite such anger in the South that several states soon seceded from the Union. D. offer the first written history of American slavery. E. help humanize southern slaveholders in the minds of northern readers. Answer: A Page: 342

True/False Questions 53. Above all, nineteenth-century reform movements in the United States promoted racial equality. Answer: False Page: 321

54. The romantic movement originated in American intellectual circles. Answer: False Page: 322 55. Hudson River School artists felt America had more promise than Europe. Answer: True Page: 322 56. Many of the Hudson River School artists expressed a nostalgic view of nature. Answer: True Page: 322 57. James Fenimore Cooper thought Americans should become more like Europeans. Answer: False Page: 332 58. Herman Melville was less exuberant in his celebration of the human spirit than was Walt Whitman. Answer: True Page: 323 59. Edgar Allan Poe’s writings focused on the bleak nature of the human spirit and emotions. Answer: True Page: 323 60. Mark Twain was the leading writer in the southern romantic tradition. Answer: False Page: 323-324 61. American transcendentalists borrowed heavily from European thinkers. Answer: True Page: 324 62. Ralph Waldo Emerson was both a minister and a transcendentalist philosopher. Answer: True Page: 324 63. Henry David Thoreau favored the solitary life, but was publicly against civil disobedience. Answer: False Page: 324 64. Both Brook Farm and New Harmony were essentially failures as communal experiments. Answer: True Page: 325

65. The Oneida Community sought to redefine gender roles and engage in “free love.” Answer: False Page: 326 66. Both the Oneida Community and the Shakers were committed to celibacy. Answer: False Page: 326 67. Like other mid-nineteenth-century experiments in social organization, Mormons believed in human perfectibility. Answer: True Page: 328 68. The Mormons were forced to abandon their settlement at Nauvoo due to persecution from neighbors. Answer: True Page: 328 69. The search for social discipline was particularly clear in the battle over prohibition laws, which pitted established Catholics against new Protestants immigrants, to many of whom drinking was an important social ritual and an integral part of the life of their communities. Answer: False Page: 329 70. Evangelical Protestantism was at odds with the reform spirit of the pre-Civil War period. Answer: False Page: 329 71. Nearly a quarter of the population of New Orleans died in 1833 as a result of a cholera outbreak. Answer: True Page: 329-330 72. Sylvester Graham encouraged people to eat more fruits and vegetables and less meat. Answer: True Page: 330 73. The study of the human brain through phrenology was the origin of modern psychology. Answer: False Page: 330 74. Most early nineteenth-century American physicians opposed efforts to regulate the profession. They considered the licensing of physicians to be “undemocratic.” Answer: True Page: 331

75. By the 1850s, the principle of tax-supported elementary schools had been established in every state. Answer: True Page: 332 76. By 1860, public schools in the United States had failed to produce significant improvement in education. Answer: False Page: 332 77. By the beginning of the Civil War, the United States had one of the highest literacy rates of any nation of the world. Answer: True Page: 332 78. Horace Mann believed public education should promote both democracy and social order. Answer: True Page: 332 79. Reformers of the pre-Civil War period thought it was possible to rehabilitate criminals through solitary confinement. Answer: True Page: 333 80. Reformers believed the concept of Indian reservations was beneficial to both whites and Indians. Answer: True Page: 333-334 81. By the 1840s, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott sought to apply the equality of treatment they received in the abolition movement to all aspects of female life. Answer: False Page: 336 82. The Seneca Falls “Declaration of Sentiments” included a demand that women have the right to vote. Answer: True Page: 336 83. The American Colonization Society called for the gradual freeing of slaves and monetary compensation to slaves’ former owners. Answer: True Page: 337

84. Many blacks rejected the American Colonization Society’s offer to return them to Africa. Answer: True Page: 337 85. In the North, abolitionists were a small, dissenting minority of the total population. Answer: True Page: 337 86. William Lloyd Garrison was assassinated for his advocacy of abolitionism. Answer: False Page: 338 87. William Lloyd Garrison was a harsh critic of the United States government. Answer: True Page: 338 88. Amistad was an American slave ship originally destined for Florida. Answer: False Page: 341 89. The antislavery Liberty Party never campaigned for outright abolitionism. Answer: True Page: 341 90. Americans in the free-soil movement sought to open up sections of the West to blacks. Answer: False Page: 341 91. The events depicted in Uncle Tom’s Cabin were taken from news accounts. Answer: False Page: 342

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 92. The first great school of American painters in the first half of the nineteenth century was known as the ________ School. Answer: Hudson River Page: 322 93. Walt Whitman’s first book of poems was titled ________. Answer: Leaves of Grass Page: 323

94. Edgar Allan Poe’s most famous poem was titled “________.” Answer: The Raven Page: 323 95. According to the transcendentalists, ________ was the highest human faculty. Answer: reason Page: 324 96. If the government required an individual to violate the individual’s personal moral code, Henry David Thoreau advocated ________ as a legitimate reply. Answer: civil disobedience Page: 325 97. Nathaniel Hawthorne briefly lived at the ________ experiment in communal living. Answer: Brook Farm Page: 325 98. John Humphrey Noyes is associated with the ________ community. Answer: Oneida Page: 326 99. The most distinctive feature of the Shakers was their commitment to ________. Answer: celibacy Page: 326 100. The original founder of Mormonism, in the state of ________, was Joseph Smith. Answer: New York Page: 327 101. Joseph Smith and Elijah Lovejoy were both ________. Answer: assassinated Page: 328, 340 102. One of the more radical doctrines the Mormons followed was the marriage practice known as ________. Answer: polygamy Page: 328 103. In the first half of the nineteenth century, ________ epidemics devastated several American cities. Answer: cholera Page: 329

104. The pre-Civil War reformer most concerned about expanding public education was ________, from the state of Massachusetts. Answer: Horace Mann Page: 332 105. The term “penitentiary” comes from the word ________. Answer: penitence Page: 333 106. Many of the women involved in feminist efforts of this era were ________, as they had been taught to expect the absence of gender-based restrictions in their own communities. Answer: Quakers Page: 336 107. Much of William Lloyd Garrison’s philosophy can be found in his newspaper, the ________. Answer: Liberator Page: 337 108. The title of Frederick Douglass’s autobiography is ________ of Frederick Douglass. Answer: Narrative of the Life Page: 339 109. The Supreme Court case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania concerned the issue of ________. Answer: fugitive slaves Page: 341 110. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the novel ________, which first appeared as a serial in an antislavery weekly. Answer: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Page: 342

Essay Questions 111. What were the social factors that motivated the many reform movements in the North before the Civil War? 112. What elements of romanticism can be found in mid-nineteenth-century American art and literature? 113. Describe the essential tenets of the transcendentalist philosophy. 114. How do the ideas of nineteenth-century transcendentalism link to twentieth-century ecology?

115. What were the motives for the founding of the many communal living societies in the first half of the nineteenth century? 116. Why did most communal living “experiments” generally quickly fail? 117. Why were many utopian communities critical of the traditional role and status of women in American society? What alternatives did these communities offer? 118. Of the major experiments in utopian living, which do you believe had the most long-term influence on modern society? Explain. 119. Compare American medical care in the colonial period with medical care in the first half of the nineteenth century. What aspects of care had changed and what had remained the same? 120. Why did a feminist movement come into being in the United States during the 1840s? 121. Discuss the various ideas and divisions within the antislavery movement. 122. How could one argue that William Lloyd Garrison both helped and hurt the cause of abolition?

Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Within the ideology of Manifest Destiny were all the following beliefs EXCEPT that A. the United States was destined by God and history to expand in size. B. the United States should create a vast new “empire of liberty.” C. United States expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada. D. the growth of the United States was not selfish but altruistic. E. None of these answers is correct, as all of these were beliefs encompassed by the ideology of Manifest Destiny. Answer: C Page: 349 2. In the 1840s, critics of territorial expansion by the United States A. enjoyed considerable political support. B. found their greatest support in the “penny press.” C. warned it would increase the controversy over slavery. D. warned that further expansion would cause rifts with Indian tribes. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 349 3. By 1830, Texas A. was an independent republic. B. saw the United States unsuccessfully attempt to purchase it, twice. C. barred slavery within its borders. D. had a population with more people from Mexico than from the United States. E. still had no legal American settlements in its borders. Answer: B Page: 349 4. In the 1820s, most of the settlers from the United States who migrated to Texas were A. white southerners and their slaves. B. white northerners. C. free blacks. D. Far West whites. E. recently-arrived European immigrants. Answer: A Page: 349

5. In the 1820s and 1830s, the government of Mexico A. consistently opposed American immigration into Texas. B. consistently favored American immigration into Texas. C. remained noncommittal about American immigration into Texas. D. moved from opposing to favoring American immigration into Texas. E. moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas. Answer: E Page: 349-350 6. In 1836, the Battle of the Alamo A. saw the American garrison executed after it had surrendered. B. saw the death of Davy Crockett. C. began the Mexican War. D. led Americans in Texas to proclaim their independence from Mexico. E. was a surprising victory for American forces in Texas. Answer: B Page: 350 7. In 1836, the Battle of San Jacinto A. was a victory for General Santa Anna. B. saw British troops fight alongside Mexican troops. C. resulted in victory for forces led by Stephen Austin. D. led to independence for Texas. E. saw Sam Houston briefly taken prisoner. Answer: D Page: 350 8. In 1836, Texas did not immediately join the United States because A. Congress feared that giving statehood to Texas might lead to war with Mexico. B. the American leadership in Texas delayed in applying for statehood. C. President Andrew Jackson thought that action would add to sectional tensions. D. England had forged its own political ties to Texas. E. Texas settlers overwhelmingly did not want to be part of the United States. Answer: C Page: 351 9. In the mid-1840s, the Oregon country in the Pacific Northwest A. remained the center of the French fur-trading empire. B. was primarily occupied by Great Britain. C. contained many more English settlers than Americans. D. was of little interest to the American government. E. included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease. Answer: E Page: 351

10. Before the early 1850s, Americans who traveled west on the overland trails were generally A. relatively young people who traveled in family groups. B. over the age of thirty. C. from the eastern seaboard states. D. wealthy. E. domestic servants and prostitutes. Answer: A Page: 352 11. Which of the following towns served as a major departure point for migrants traveling west on the overland trails? A. Independence, Missouri B. Cedar Rapids, Iowa C. Ames, Iowa D. St. Louis, Missouri E. Kansas City, Missouri Answer: A Page: 352 12. Between 1840 and 1860, most migrants traveling west on the overland trails A. experienced frequent Indian attacks, which was a leading cause of death. B. usually faced trips that lasted between two to three months. C. rode in wagons much more than they walked on foot. D. found the journey to be a very communal experience. E. saw men generally working harder during the trip than women. Answer: D Page: 354 13. The presidential election of 1844 A. was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren. B. was a contest between two solidly pro-expansionists. C. was won by a Democrat. D. saw a northerner win the presidency. E. was primarily a referendum on the leadership of John Tyler. Answer: C Page: 355 14. In 1844, President James K. Polk supported the acquisition of A. Oregon. B. Texas. C. Cuba. D. Oregon and Texas. E. Cuba and Texas. Answer: D Page: 355

15. As president, James K. Polk A. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute. B. won congressional approval for the annexation of Texas. C. convinced the British government to divide Oregon at the 54°40ʹ parallel. D. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute, and won congressional approval for the annexation of Texas. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 354-355 16. In 1845, the immediate cause of war with Mexico was A. a border dispute. B. tariffs. C. Mexico’s debt to the United States. D. the issue of slavery. E. the Alamo. Answer: A Page: 355-356 17. The Mexican War resulted from A. the United States provoking Mexico to fight. B. Mexico provoking the United States to fight. C. Texas citizens attacking Mexican forces. D. Mexican forces attacking Americans in California. E. Texas citizens staging an attack by Mexican forces. Answer: A Page: 357 18. During the Mexican War, A. President Polk considered Zachary Taylor to be his closest ally in Mexico. B. President Polk personally plotted military strategy for the United States. C. victory came more easily than President Polk had anticipated. D. the actual fighting was confined to Texas and Mexico. E. President Polk tried to placate Whigs by minimizing military offensives. Answer: B Page: 358 19. The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War was A. Zachary Taylor’s taking of Monterrey. B. the Bear Flag revolution in California. C. Stephen Kearny’s capture of Santa Fe. D. Winfield Scott’s seizure of Mexico City. E. Nicholas Trist’s diplomatic maneuvering. Answer: D Page: 358

20. Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States A. officially acquired only Texas. B. gave up rights to California (for a time) in exchange for New Mexico and Texas. C. established an open border with Mexico. D. established an American protectorate over Mexico. E. agreed to pay millions to Mexico. Answer: E Page: 358 21. When President Polk received the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he A. readily accepted the treaty. B. faced criticism for failing to acquire all of Mexico. C. angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions. D. made plans for a military occupation of Mexico City. E. became concerned about the expansion of slavery into the new territories. Answer: C Page: 358 22. In the 1840s, regional critics of President James K. Polk claimed his policies favored the A. North. B. South. C. East. D. West. E. Northwest. Answer: B Page: 359 23. The Wilmot Proviso A. banned all slavery west of the Mississippi River. B. passed in the House and was signed into law. C. overturned the Missouri Compromise. D. was an appropriation to pay for peace with Mexico. E. prohibited slavery in any land acquired from Mexico. Answer: E Page: 359 24. When it came to the issue of the extension of slavery, President James K. Polk favored A. the Missouri Compromise. B. popular sovereignty. C. free soil. D. abolitionism. E. the Wilmot Proviso. Answer: A Page: 369

25. In the 1848 elections, the new party that emerged as a political force was the A. Liberty Party. B. Know-Nothing Party. C. Free-Soil Party. D. Republican Party. E. Whig Party. Answer: C Page: 359 26. In the California gold rush, A. most of the participants were seasoned miners. B. a majority of the participants found some quantities of gold. C. upwards of ninety-five percent of the “Forty-niners” were men. D. few of the participants ended up staying in California. E. Chinese immigrants who arrived were unable to find work. Answer: C Page: 359 27. The Chinese who came to California during the gold rush A. typically planned to remain permanently in the state. B. usually came with their families. C. more often worked as merchants than miners. D. had aspirations similar to those of American participants. E. found themselves banned from working in the mines. Answer: D Page: 359 28. As a result of the gold rush, by 1850, A. Californian Indians saw their social conditions improve. B. California had a large surplus of labor. C. California had a very diverse population. D. California had a population larger than any state in the Union. E. California became virulently antislavery. Answer: C Page: 359 29. In 1849, President Zachary Taylor favored admitting California A. as a free state. B. as a slave state. C. with no determination on the issue of slavery. D. as a territory. E. as two separate states, one slave and one free. Answer: A Page: 361

30. The admission of California into the United States was a divisive national issue because A. westerners in other territories believed they deserved statehood before California. B. California’s entry would upset the nation’s numerical balance of free and slave states. C. most Californians opposed entry into the United States. D. California adopted a constitution that allowed slavery. E. lawmakers believed California gold would upset the currency and cause inflation. Answer: B Page: 361 31. During the debate on the Compromise of 1850, A. Daniel Webster managed to forge a successful compromise. B. John C. Calhoun called for southern secession if California were admitted as a free state. C. Stephen A. Douglas stepped down as secretary of state. D. Jefferson Davis resigned from the Senate. E. President Zachary Taylor suddenly died. Answer: E Page: 362 32. The Compromise of 1850 allowed for the admission of California A. as a slave state. B. along with a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act. C. along with an agreement to construct a transcontinental railroad. D. with the agreement that there would be no additional states added for ten years. E. as a free state, along with Utah and New Mexico as slave states. Answer: B Page: 361 33. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act A. intensified the debate over slavery. B. upset southerners as much as northerners. C. was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise. D. upset southerners as much as northerners, but was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 363 34. In the election of 1852, A. neither party endorsed the Compromise of 1850. B. the Free-Soil Party gained strength. C. the Democrats selected a war hero as their candidate. D. the Whigs were united. E. the Free-Soil Party endorsed the Compromise of 1850. Answer: B Page: 363

35. In the 1850s, in an effort to undercut the Fugitive Slave Act, some northern states A. called for secession from the South. B. proposed a national referendum on the slave issue. C. passed laws preventing the deportation of fugitive slaves. D. forbid fugitive slave hunters from traveling in their state. E. began actively funding the underground railroad. Answer: C Page: 363 36. In the 1850s, the “Young America” movement A. called for a national resolution of the slave controversy. B. supported the expansion of American democracy throughout the world. C. was promoted by Whigs. D. called for a constitutional ban on slavery. E. believed America should avoid the slavery controversy by limiting future expansion. Answer: B Page: 363 37. The 1854 Ostend Manifesto A. enraged southern slaveowners. B. was directed at limiting England’s influence in the Caribbean. C. was part of an attempt by the United States to acquire Cuba. D. saw several European powers denounce American slavery. E. prohibited slavery in the Hawaiian Islands. Answer: C Page: 363 38. In the 1850s, the issue of slavery complicated the proposal to build a transcontinental railroad, as A. it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor. B. non-slaveowning northerners and slaveowning southerners could not agree on a route. C. British banks refused to help fund the project as long as slavery existed in the United States. D. it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor, and British banks refused to help fund the projects as long as slavery existed in the U.S. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 363 39. The 1853 Gadsden Purchase A. temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South. B. was made with England. C. advanced the interests of southern railroads. D. fulfilled the treaty ending the Mexican War. E. cost the United States government $25 million. Answer: C Page: 364

40. Which of the following statements regarding the Kansas-Nebraska Act is FALSE? A. It divided and destroyed the Whig Party. B. It led to the creation of the Republican Party. C. It created two new territories. D. It explicitly repealed the Missouri Compromise. E. It was sponsored by Henry Clay. Answer: E Page: 364 41. The political party that came into being largely in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was the A. Republican Party. B. Know-Nothings. C. Populist Party. D. Abolitionist Party. E. Jayhawk Party. Answer: A Page: 364 42. In the mid-1850s, the struggle over Kansas saw A. President Franklin Pierce oppose pro-slavery settlers in the territory. B. John Brown murder several pro-slavery settlers. C. the Missouri legislature ban its own citizens from entering Kansas. D. federal troops take military control of the region. E. a large antislavery posse sack the pro-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. Answer: B Page: 365 43. The 1856 beating of Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate A. was in response to a pro-slavery speech he had given. B. was a vicious assault carried out by a member of the House of Representatives. C. was strongly condemned in the South. D. resulted in Sumner’s death from his injuries weeks later. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 365 44. The ideology of Free-Soil included A. opposition to the expansion of slavery. B. a call to end slavery in the United States as soon as possible. C. the use of military force to suppress slavery. D. the argument that slavery was tremendously harmful to American blacks. E. an argument for black male suffrage. Answer: A Page: 365-366

45. Southern defenders of slavery made all the following arguments EXCEPT that A. southern slaves enjoyed better conditions than northern industrial workers. B. blacks were inherently unfit to take care of themselves. C. slavery allowed whites and blacks to live together peacefully. D. black codes protected slaves from abuse. E. the southern way of life was superior to any other in the world. Answer: D Page: 367 46. In The Pro-Slavery Argument (1837), John C. Calhoun stated that slavery was A. likely to be adopted by non-slave states within fifty years. B. a “necessary evil.” C. a “positive good.” D. likely to end in the United States within fifty years. E. the “American way of life.” Answer: C Page: 367 47. The first Republican candidate for president was A. James Buchanan. B. Stephen Douglas. C. Abraham Lincoln. D. Millard Fillmore. E. John C. Frémont. Answer: E Page: 368 48. The election of 1856 saw A. no significant third party in the field. B. the Whig Party make a strong comeback. C. the Democrats elect a young and forceful pro-slavery leader. D. former president Millard Fillmore in the running. E. the Republicans run against the idea of internal improvements. Answer: D Page: 368 49. The Supreme Court held in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) A. that Scott must be freed under federal law. B. slaves were property unless they moved to a free state. C. states were not allowed to abolish slavery within their borders. D. the freedom of a slave could not be purchased by a black person. E. the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Answer: E Page: 368

50. James Buchanan A. weakly endorsed the Dred Scott decision. B. supported the admission of Kansas as a slave state. C. pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution. D. weakly endorsed the Dred Scott decision, supported the admission of Kansas as a slave state, and pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 368 51. The 1857 Lecompton (Kansas) constitution was A. twice rejected by a majority of Kansas voters. B. rejected, then approved by Kansas voters. C. antislavery. D. written by Stephen Douglas. D. approved and later reaffirmed by Kansas voters. Answer: A Page: 368-369 52. Kansas entered the United States A. after several southern states had left the Union. B. as a slave state. C. well after the Civil War ended. D. during the administration of Abraham Lincoln. E. at the same time the former Confederate states rejoined the Union. Answer: A Page: 369 53. In the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates, A. Lincoln called for a full and immediate abolition of slavery. B. Lincoln made his case so strongly that he was elected to the Senate. C. the two men agreed that a civil war over slavery was inevitable. D. Douglas asserted that slavery was legal but not immoral. E. Lincoln argued slavery was a threat to the growth of white free labor. Answer: E Page: 369 54. During the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates, it became clear that Lincoln A. believed slavery was morally wrong. B. was not an abolitionist. C. did not believe racial equality was feasible at the time. D. believed slavery was morally wrong, but he was not an abolitionist and he did not believe racial equality was feasible at the time. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 369-370

55. As a result of his 1858 debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln A. gained many new supporters outside of Illinois. B. won election to the United States Senate. C. came to be regarded by southerners as an antislavery fanatic. D. was appointed to the leadership of the Republican Party. E. was appointed to an open House seat by the Republican governor of Illinois. Answer: A Page: 370 56. Following John Brown’s 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, many southerners assumed A. the raid was the isolated act of an antislavery fanatic. B. the North was dominated by people intent on destroying the South. C. northern politicians would use the raid as an excuse to further restrict slavery. D. the abolitionist movement would shortly fall into disgrace. E. his execution would put a stop to northern agitation over slavery once and for all. Answer: B Page: 370 57. In the 1860 elections, the political party most deeply divided over slavery was the A. Republican Party. B. Whig Party. C. Know-Nothing Party. D. Constitutional Union Party. E. Democratic Party. Answer: E Page: 370 58. In the election of 1860, A. Abraham Lincoln was elected with much less than half of the popular vote. B. the Republican political platform called for an end to slavery. C. Abraham Lincoln’s relative obscurity proved to be a drawback. D. Stephen Douglas narrowly lost in the electoral vote. E. disenchanted northern Democrats nominated John Bell for president. Answer: A Page: 370 59. In the election of 1860, A. the Republicans called for a suspension of plans for a transcontinental railroad. B. Stephen Douglas received a larger popular vote than Abraham Lincoln. C. John Bell and J. C. Breckinridge, taken together, bested Lincoln in the popular vote. D. the Republicans won a narrow majority in Congress. E. white southerners concluded that their position in the Union was hopeless. Answer: E Page: 371

True/False Questions 60. Some advocates of Manifest Destiny believed the United States should control the Western Hemisphere. Answer: True Page: 349 61. President Andrew Jackson did not favor the annexation of Texas. Answer: True Page: 351 62. Texas was a territory of Mexico at the time that it came into the Union. Answer: False Page: 350, 355 63. In the 1820s, the United States and Britain jointly occupied Oregon. Answer: True Page: 351 64. Indian attacks on white migrants as they traveled west were rare. Answer: True Page: 353 65. On the trails westward, almost everyone, male and female, walked most of the time. Answer: True Page: 354 66. Most travelers going west found the experience both exhilarating and solitary. Answer: False Page: 354 67. The presidential election of 1844 was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren. Answer: False Page: 354 68. In 1844, the Democratic Party was more pro-expansionist than was the Whig Party. Answer: True Page: 354-355 69. President Polk was willing to go to war over Oregon rather than accept a divide at the 49th parallel. Answer: False Page: 355

70. The immediate cause of war between the United States and Mexico was a border dispute. Answer: True Page: 355-356 71. The United States went to war with Mexico in 1846 without a formal declaration of war. Answer: False Page: 357 72. President Polk used the American victory over Mexico to secure his reelection. Answer: False Page: 359 73. In the Mexican War, American troops seized the capital of Mexico City. Answer: True Page: 358 74. The Wilmot Proviso passed Congress but was vetoed by President Polk. Answer: False Page: 359 75. The Free-Soil Party first appeared in 1848. Answer: True Page: 359 76. Only a tiny fraction of the so-called Forty-niners ever discovered gold in California. Answer: True Page: 360 77. Most participants in the California gold rush left the state within a few months. Answer: False Page: 361 78. California’s population was very homogeneous. Answer: False Page: 361 79. President Taylor favored admitting California to the Union as a free state. Answer: True Page: 361 80. The Compromise of 1850 essentially restored the Missouri Compromise. Answer: False Page: 361-362

81. The Compromise of 1850 was the product of broad agreement on common national ideals. Answer: False Page: 361-362 82. Both major parties endorsed the Compromise of 1850. Answer: True Page: 361-362 83. The Compromise of 1850 included a Fugitive Slave Act. Answer: True Page: 361-362 84. The “Young America” movement sought to unite the nation. Answer: True Page: 363 85. The Ostend Manifesto angered many antislavery northerners. Answer: True Page: 363 86. The Gadsden Purchase served to accentuate sectional rivalry. Answer: True Page: 363 87. Stephen Douglas was a strong opponent of the transcontinental railroad. Answer: False Page: 363 88. The Kansas-Nebraska Act included an explicit repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Answer: True Page: 364 89. The Kansas-Nebraska Act played a major role in the demise of the Whig Party. Answer: True Page: 364 90. The Kansas-Nebraska Act helped create the Republican Party. Answer: True Page: 364 91. Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner were on opposite sides in the battle over “Bleeding Kansas.” Answer: True Page: 365

92. The author of Uncle Tom`s Cabin was a pro-slavery woman. Answer: False Page: 366 93. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican candidate to run for president. Answer: False Page: 368 94. In 1856, the Republican Party deliberately selected a candidate directly connected to the issue of “Bleeding Kansas.” Answer: False Page: 368 95. Millard Fillmore was the third presidential candidate in 1856. Answer: True Page: 368 96. The Dred Scott decision represented a stunning defeat for the pro-slavery movement. Answer: False Page: 368 97. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled with the majority in the Dred Scott case. Answer: True Page: 368 98. The Dred Scott decision endorsed the Missouri Compromise. Answer: False Page: 368 99. President James Buchanan opposed the Dred Scott decision. Answer: False Page: 368 100. The Lecompton constitution was a pro-slavery document. Answer: True Page: 368 101. In the end, Kansas voters rejected the Lecompton constitution. Answer: True Page: 368-369 102. Lincoln and the Republicans advocated the social equality of the races. Answer: False Page: 369

103. Abraham Lincoln believed that slavery was wrong, but he was not an abolitionist. Answer: True Page: 369 104. John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry was supported by the Republican Party. Answer: False Page: 370 105. The Democrats ran two candidates in the election of 1860. Answer: True Page: 370 106. To broaden its appeal in 1860, the Republicans endorsed a number of traditionally Whig Party ideas. Answer: True Page: 370 107. Lincoln was elected in 1860 with less than a majority of the popular vote. Answer: True Page: 370

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 108. During the 1840s, the United States added more than one ________ square miles of new territory under its control. Answer: million Page: 348 109. Advocates of Manifest Destiny conceived of an American “empire of ________.” Answer: liberty Page: 349 110. ________ from Missouri established the first legal American settlement in Texas in 1822. Answer: Stephen Austin Page: 349 111. Mexican residents of Texas were known as ________. Answer: Tejanos Page: 350 112. The United States and Great Britain agreed on the “joint occupation” of ________. Answer: Oregon Page: 351

113. The victor in the 1844 presidential race was the previously unheralded ________. Answer: James K. Polk Page: 354 114. The Democratic platform of 1844 called for the reoccupation of ________ and the reannexation of Texas. Answer: Oregon Page: 355 115. Northern states tried to stop local officials from helping southerners retrieve their runaway slaves, by passing ________ laws. Answer: personal liberty Page: 361 116. The notion that people should be able to vote on the matter of slavery in the territories was called ________. Answer: popular sovereignty Page: 359 117. The Compromise of 1850 was made for the entry of ________ into the Union. Answer: California Page: 361-362 118. American diplomats issued the ________ Manifesto in an effort to acquire Cuba. Answer: Ostend Page: 363 119. ________ led the raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, attempting to seize control of the federal arsenal. Answer: John Brown Page: 370 120. ________ stated that southerners should stop apologizing for slavery and defend it as “a good—a positive good.” Answer: John C. Calhoun Page: 367 121. In 1856, the Democrats picked ________ to be their “uncontroversial” candidate for president. Answer: James Buchanan Page: 368 122. The Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional in the ________ v. Sandford Supreme Court decision. Answer: Dred Scott Page: 368

123. Abraham Lincoln gained national recognition from his 1858 debates with Stephen ________. Answer: Douglas Page: 369 124. John Brown was executed following his raid on ________. Answer: Harpers Ferry Page: 370 125. In 1860, John Bell was the presidential candidate of the ________ Party. Answer: Constitutional Union Page: 370

Essay Questions 126. Describe the territorial gains made by the United States between 1830 and 1860. 127. Why was the United States able to add so much new territory to its control in the 1840s? 128. Assess the ideology known as Manifest Destiny. Looking back, was it more helpful or hurtful? 129. Compare the westward expansion of the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century with westward expansion during the eighteenth century. What was similar and what was different? 130. Describe the characteristics one would expect of a party of migrants on the western overland trail. What would a typical journey be like? 131. How did participants in the California gold rush differ from other migrants to the West prior to 1860? 132. How did the slave issue affect the United States’ westward expansion? 133. Why did the United States go to war with Mexico in 1846? 134. What were the major consequences of the Mexican War? 135. Assess and rate the presidency of James K. Polk. 136. Why was the Compromise of 1850 written? How did it affect national politics? 137. Why did the Whig Party collapse and the Republican Party come into being?

138. Why were the Democratic presidents of the 1850s so ineffectual? 139. What evidence suggests the South between 1850 and 1860 was becoming inflexible on the issue of slavery? 140. Since 1800, what were the factors in the regional development of the United States that made civil war more likely? 141. Prior to his election as president, describe Abraham’s Lincoln’s positions on slavery. 142. Could the Civil War have been avoided?

Chapter 14 The Civil War Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The first state to secede from the Union, in 1860, was A. Alabama. B. South Carolina. C. Georgia. D. Mississippi. E. Virginia. Answer: B Page: 375 2. In 1860, President James Buchanan asserted A. that no state had the constitutional right to secede from the United States. B. that the federal government had no authority to stop a state from seceding from the Union. C. that South Carolina could not take Fort Sumter. D. both that South Carolina could not take Fort Sumter, and that the federal government had no authority to stop a state from seceding from the Union. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 375 3. The Confederate States of America was formed A. before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated president. B. after eleven southern states had seceded. C. after Fort Sumter fell to forces from seceding states. D. in a meeting hall in Washington, D.C. E. despite the passage of the Crittenden Compromise. Answer: A Page: 375 4. The Crittenden Compromise found its greatest support in A. Republican senators. B. southern senators. C. President Abraham Lincoln. D. abolitionists. E. the western territories. Answer: B Page: 375

5. On April 14, 1861, Fort Sumter surrendered after A. Confederate forces bombarded it. B. President Lincoln chose to not resupply the fort. C. southern soldiers occupied the fort. D. the fort’s commander decided to join the Confederacy. E. the Union commanding officer, Robert Anderson, was killed. Answer: A Page: 377 6. All of the following slave states remained in the Union EXCEPT A. Kentucky. B. Arkansas. C. Maryland. D. Missouri. E. Delaware. Answer: B Page: 376 7. At the start of the Civil War, the A. South had a massive reserve of cash. B. South had more combat-age males. C. South had more and better railroads. D. North was unified by a commitment to end slavery. E. North had a much more substantial economy. Answer: E Page: 377 8. The 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act was designed to help A. industry. B. education. C. banks. D. railroads. E. free blacks. Answer: B Page: 379 9. Which of the following federally-chartered corporations did the Union create to build the transcontinental railroad? A. Union Pacific B. Western Pacific C. Central Pacific D. Western Pacific and Central Pacific E. Union Pacific and Central Pacific Answer: E Page: 379

10. Taxes enacted by the United States Congress to help finance the Civil War A. were strongly supported by most citizens in the Union. B. allowed the federal government to avoid incurring significant debt. C. kept the sale of public bonds low. D. included a new income tax. E. were vetoed by President Lincoln. Answer: D Page: 379 11. During the Civil War, “greenbacks” issued by the federal government A. steadily gained in value as the war progressed. B. were backed by silver. C. fluctuated in value depending on the fortunes of the northern armies. D. were backed by gold. E. were backed by gold and silver. Answer: C Page: 379 12. At the start of the Civil War, the armed forces of the United States A. saw many of its soldiers stationed in the West. B. did not include a navy. C. consisted of roughly 400,000 troops. D. was largely made up of military draftees. D. had almost entirely defected to the Confederate side. Answer: A Page: 380 13. In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln realized that volunteer state militias A. would have to do the bulk of fighting for the Union. B. could not wage an effective military campaign. C. would provide all the military manpower the Union would require. D. could not be counted on to serve longer than three months. E. would operate as a drag on the more efficient and experienced United States army. Answer: A Page: 380 14. The Union’s national draft law A. proved to be unnecessary in the war effort. B. severely discouraged voluntary enlistment. C. allowed no provisions for escaping service. D. saw little in the way of opposition from the public. E. resulted in murderous attacks in New York City against free blacks. Answer: E Page: 379

15. In his capacity as commander in chief, President Abraham Lincoln A. argued it was essential that the laws of the Constitution be upheld during the war. B. increased the size of the army without the approval of Congress. C. quickly called on Congress to enact a naval blockade of the South. D. moved cautiously in asserting his war powers. E. waited for Congress to declare war before dispatching troops to the South. Answer: B Page: 381 16. “Copperheads” were A. northerners who secretly spied for the Confederacy. B. often arrested on the order of President Lincoln. C. largely members of the Republican Party. D. intent on using the Civil War to rapidly end slavery. E. strong Lincoln supporters who often suppressed dissent violently. Answer: B Page: 380 17. In the election of 1864, President Abraham Lincoln A. emphasized the success of the Republican Party in fighting the Civil War. B. won by a narrow margin in the electoral vote. C. faced a Democratic opponent who was a former Union general. D. proposed a truce in the Civil War. E. was greatly aided by Robert E. Lee’s surrender just before Election Day. Answer: C Page: 384 18. All of the following were “Radical Republicans” EXCEPT A. Abraham Lincoln. B. Thaddeus Stevens. C. Charles Sumner. D. Benjamin Wade. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 384 19. The Confiscation Act of 1861 A. saw the Confederate government claim the right to seize free blacks in the South. B. gave Union troops the authority to seize Confederate property. C. empowered banks in the Union to freeze the financial assets of all slaveholders. D. declared that slaves used by Confederate states in the war effort were free. E. abolished slavery in the District of Columbia and the western territories. Answer: D Page: 385

20. In the Emancipation Proclamation, President Abraham Lincoln declared freedom for slaves A. in the parts of the Confederacy already under Union control. B. in the slave states that had remained loyal to the Union. C. that joined the Union military. D. throughout all states that existed as part of the United States prior to the Civil War. E. in the parts of the Confederacy still in rebellion. Answer: E Page: 385 21. African American soldiers in the Union A. constituted a large segment of the initial volunteers who joined the war effort. B. died in combat in larger numbers than white soldiers. C. were not paid for their military service. D. experienced a higher mortality rate than white soldiers. E. were allowed only to dig trenches and transport water. Answer: D Page: 385 22. The United States Sanitary Commission A. was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. B. helped turn nursing into a female-dominated profession. C. was welcomed by male doctors. D. defied the traditional stereotype of women. E. banned women from working in frontline field hospitals. Answer: B Page: 386-387 23. Politically, the Confederate constitution A. was almost identical in many respects to the Constitution of the United States. B. gave states the right to secede. C. allowed states the right to abolish slavery. D. gave the president and vice president four-year terms. E. did not allow anti-secessionists to serve in the Confederate government. Answer: A Page: 388 24. Prior to becoming president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis had A. been vice president of the United States. B. called for a gradual phase-out of slavery. C. begged South Carolina not to leave the Union. D. called for the imprisonment of abolitionists. E. been regarded as a moderate on secession. Answer: E Page: 388

25. Comparison of the leadership practices of Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln reveals that A. Davis had less success in controlling the members of his cabinet. B. Lincoln spent more time on routine matters of state. C. Davis spent much more time dealing with party politics. D. Davis demonstrated few administrative abilities. E. Davis attempted to strategize, make, and control all military decisions personally. Answer: E Page: 392 26. In the Confederacy during the Civil War, A. southern politicians were strongly united in supporting secession and the war. B. formal political parties quickly developed. C. President Jefferson Davis developed a reputation for reckless political action. D. many southerners resisted efforts by the Davis government to exert its authority. E. the national government was almost completely impotent in its dealings with the states. Answer: D Page: 388 27. The Confederacy financed its war effort primarily through A. selling bonds. B. printing money. C. foreign loans. D. an income tax. E. seizure of northern assets. Answer: B Page: 388 28. Between 1861 and 1864, the cost of goods in the Confederacy rose by A. 200 percent. B. 600 percent. C. 1,000 percent. D. 3,000 percent. E. 9,000 percent. Answer: E Page: 388 29. In the Confederacy, a military draft A. was not considered necessary until the last months of the Civil War. B. never allowed for the hiring of substitutes. C. compelled slaves to serve as soldiers. D. aroused opposition from poorer whites for its expensive substitute policy. E. forced all white males between the ages of 18 and 25 to serve for three years. Answer: D Page: 389

30. The wartime South saw A. an increase in the sale of cotton overseas. B. numerous bloody slave revolts. C. almost no black-market commerce. D. a significant decline in the production of goods. E. women forced out of the public sphere. Answer: D Page: 389 31. In the South in 1865, as a result of the Civil War, A. there were more women than men in some states. B. large numbers of widowed southern women married Union soldiers. C. few women could find employment. D. the traditional roles of women were reinforced and maintained. E. women were granted the right to vote for their wartime service. Answer: A Page: 390 32. The most important Union military commander was A. George McClellan. B. Ulysses S. Grant. C. Abraham Lincoln. D. William Tecumseh Sherman. E. George Meade. Answer: C Page: 391 33. President Abraham Lincoln believed the main objective of the Union armies was to A. occupy Confederate territory. B. free southern slaves. C. destroy Confederate armies. D. control Confederate ports. E. capture Richmond. Answer: C Page: 391 34. General Ulysses S. Grant A. did not agree with Abraham Lincoln’s general strategic objectives. B. followed Winfield Scott as Lincoln’s military chief of staff. C. believed the key to victory was to capture the Confederate capital. D. was ultimately succeeded by Henry W. Halleck as chief of staff of the army. E. thought the main Union effort should target enemy armies and resources. Answer: E Page: 392

35. Which of the following statements about George B. McClellan is FALSE? A. He ran against Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1864. B. He originally served as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. C. He was found to have, in Lincoln’s opinion, a wholly inadequate grasp of strategy. D. He returned to the field in March 1862. E. He was eventually replaced by General Henry W. Halleck. Answer: B Page: 391-392 36. The Union’s Committee on the Conduct of the War A. greatly interfered with the military chain of command and the conduct of the war. B. was organized by President Abraham Lincoln. C. limited the financial expenditures by the military. D. criticized Union generals for having too many combat deaths on both sides. E. was consistently opposed by Radical Republicans such as Benjamin Wade. Answer: A Page: 392 37. As president, Jefferson Davis A. deferred all major military strategy to Robert E. Lee. B. created an effective central command system. C. had virtually no knowledge at all of military tactics and strategy. D. relied heavily on the advice of Braxton Bragg. E. offered experienced military advice to his generals. Answer: E Page: 392 38. In the Civil War, at lower levels of military command, A. northern and southern commanders had markedly different backgrounds. B. amateur officers played important roles in both the Union and Confederate armies. C. professional officers on both sides were mostly Ivy League graduates. D. amateur officers played important roles in both the Union and Confederate armies; and the professional officers on both sides were mostly Ivy League graduates. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 393 39. In naval warfare during the Civil War, A. the Union blockade of the South was largely ineffective. B. the Confederacy managed to build a navy equal to that of the Union. C. both the Union and Confederate militaries developed ironclads. D. the Confederacy devastated Union fleets with ironclad warships. E. the Confederacy managed to seize key Union ports such as Baltimore. Answer: C Page: 393

40. During the Civil War, naval activity was particularly important on the A. Chesapeake. B. western rivers. C. southern gulf. D. Great Lakes. E. Outer Banks. Answer: B Page: 394 41. In the course of the Civil War, A. the ruling classes of England and France strongly opposed the Confederacy. B. the English government consistently supported the Confederacy. C. the French government formally recognized the Confederacy. D. English textile workers thrown out of jobs came to resent and oppose the Union. E. popular support for the Union was strong in England. Answer: E Page: 394 42. In 1861, the so-called Trent affair A. saw the capture of Union diplomats by the Confederate government. B. created an international diplomatic crisis for Abraham Lincoln. C. led England to form closer political ties with the Lincoln administration. D. resulted in France recalling its ambassador from the United States. E. was eventually resolved with an indirect apology by England. Answer: B Page: 394 43. In the Civil War, the number of deaths for every 100,000 of the population was A. 500. B. 1,000. C. 2,000. D. 4,000. E. 5,000. Answer: C Page: 395 44. During the Civil War, as a result of new technology in weapons, A. infantry troops began to fight standing in line formations. B. the Gatling gun became the primary combat weapon. C. battlefields became more organized. D. attention to defensive fortifications increased. E. soldiers were forced to carry rudimentary gas masks. Answer: D Page: 395

45. Which of the following technologies was NOT a part of warfare during the Civil War? A. hot-air balloons B. repeating rifles C. submarines D. dynamite E. torpedoes Answer: D Page: 395 46. During the Civil War, railroad transportation A. encouraged smaller engagements with fewer troops. B. acted to limit the mobility of armies. C. forced commanders to organize their campaigns around topography. D. both encouraged smaller engagements with fewer troops, and acted to limit the mobility of armies. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 397 47. The U.S. Military Telegraph Corps was headed by Thomas Scott and what future tycoon? A. John D. Rockefeller B. Cornelius Vanderbilt C. J. Pierpont Morgan D. Jay Gould E. Andrew Carnegie Answer: E Page: 397 48. In 1861, the First Battle of Manassas A. saw a much larger Union force oppose Confederate troops. B. was a victory for the Confederates. C. ended in a stalemate. D. was witnessed by President Lincoln. E. proved a severe blow to Confederate morale. Answer: B Page: 397 49. The state admitted to the Union during the Civil War was A. Iowa. B. Minnesota. C. Wisconsin. D. West Virginia. E. Nevada. Answer: D Page: 398

50. A major federal victory occurred in April 1862 when Union troops captured the city of A. New Orleans. B. Vicksburg. C. Mobile. D. Chattanooga. E. Charleston. Answer: A Page: 398 51. By the end of 1862, Union forces A. had made considerable progress in the West. B. were having little success in the East. C. had closed the mouth of the Mississippi to Confederate trade. D. had both made considerable progress in the West and closed the mouth of the Mississippi to Confederate trade. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 398, 401 52. The Peninsular campaign in 1862 A. saw General George McClellan plan an ambitious assault on Richmond. B. was an example of General McClellan’s conservative approach to battle. C. ultimately ended in a Union withdrawal back to northern Virginia. D. both was an example of General McClellan’s conservative approach to battle, and ultimately ended in a Union withdrawal back to northern Virginia. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 398-401 53. The Battle of Antietam in 1862 A. led President Abraham Lincoln to remove George McClellan from command. B. was a significant Confederate victory. C. saw Robert E. Lee field an army twice the size of the Union forces. D. both saw Robert E. Lee field an army twice the size of the Union forces, and led President Abraham Lincoln to remove George McClellan from command. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 401

54. The prominent commander who was wounded in the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863 and subsequently died from pneumonia was A. George McClellan. B. Joseph Hooker. C. Ambrose Burnside. D. Thomas Jackson. E. George Meade. Answer: D Page: 402 55. The Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 A. saw a quick Union victory. B. allowed the North to split the Confederacy in two. C. briefly revived the military hopes of the Confederacy. D. was decided by a massive assault by Union troops. E. put George McClellan back in good standing with President Lincoln. Answer: B Page: 402 56. As the Battle of Vicksburg was ending, another major battle was taking place in A. Shiloh. B. Antietam. C. Chickamauga. D. Atlanta. E. Gettysburg. Answer: E Page: 403 57. The Battle of Gettysburg A. represented the last time Confederate forces seriously threatened Union territory. B. saw Union General George Meade lose nearly a third of his army. C. saw Union General George Meade clearly be more aggressive than Robert E. Lee. D. saw Robert E. Lee poised for victory after his attack on Cemetery Ridge. E. was a Union victory, thanks to Meade having found a copy of Lee’s orders. Answer: A Page: 403 58. In the Battle of Gettysburg, in order to reach dug-in Union forces, General George Pickett’s division had to cross A. an open field. B. a broad river. C. a steep hill. D. thick woods. E. an abandoned town. Answer: A Page: 403

59. General Grant’s Union forces attacked General Lee’s Confederate forces in the month-long A. Battle of Gettysburg. B. Wilderness campaign. C. Battle of Chickamauga. D. siege of Vicksburg. E. clash at Nashville. Answer: B Page: 404 60. In 1864, General William T. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” A. attempted to avoid the civilian population. B. saw him face more resistance than Grant faced to his north. C. never reached the Atlantic Ocean. D. resulted in mass starvation among Sherman’s troops. E. was designed to demoralize southerners. Answer: E Page: 406 61. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House after A. President Jefferson Davis announced the Confederate government was defeated. B. President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. C. Lee recognized the futility of continued fighting. D. President Lincoln met President Davis. E. President Jefferson Davis was captured by Union forces. Answer: C Page: 406

True/False Questions 62. The Confederacy was organized before Lincoln was inaugurated. Answer: True Page: 375 63. President Buchanan did not believe that a state had the legal right to secede from the Union. Answer: True Page: 375 64. The Crittenden Compromise was essentially acceptable to Lincoln and the Republicans. Answer: False Page: 375 65. No additional states seceded from the Union once the war had begun. Answer: False Page: 377

66. The material advantages of the South were obvious right from the start of the war. Answer: False Page: 377 67. The South was committed to fighting a defensive war. Answer: True Page: 377 68. The North financed the Civil War primarily by borrowing money. Answer: True Page: 379 69. To build up the Union army, Lincoln originally relied much more on volunteers in state militias than he did an increase in the regular army. Answer: True Page: 380 70. Lincoln dared to fight the Civil War without a formal declaration of war, but he did not dare suspend habeas corpus. Answer: False Page: 382 71. Despite being a Democrat, Andrew Johnson was selected to run with Lincoln in 1864. Answer: True Page: 384 72. Charles Sumner was a “Radical Republican.” Answer: True Page: 384 73. The Emancipation Proclamation was made into law by Congress. Answer: False Page: 385 74. The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to all of the slave states. Answer: True Page: 385 75. African American mortality rates in the war were higher than that of whites. Answer: True Page: 385

76. Black fighting men captured by the Confederates were treated the same as white prisoners of war. Answer: False Page: 386 77. The United States Sanitary Commission, an organization of civilian volunteers, was led by Horace Greeley. Answer: False Page: 386-387 78. The Civil War helped transform nursing into a female profession, but these nurses encountered considerable resistance from male doctors. Answer: True Page: 387 79. The National Woman’s Loyal League worked simultaneously for the abolition of slavery and for the vote for women. Answer: True Page: 387 80. The Confederate constitution was almost identical to the Constitution of the United States. Answer: True Page: 388 81. The Confederate constitution explicitly acknowledged the sovereignty of individual states and the right of secession. Answer: False Page: 388 82. The Confederacy financed the Civil War primarily by printing paper money. Answer: True Page: 388 83. Feelings of states’ rights were so strong in the South that it was impossible for the Confederate government to take any steps toward centralization. Answer: False Page: 389 84. In both the North and the South, draftees could avoid military service if they hired substitutes. Answer: True Page: 380, 388 85. George McClellan was the most important military commander in the Union. Answer: False Page: 391

86. Lincoln understood that the proper objective of his armies was the occupation of Confederate territory. Answer: False Page: 391 87. As commander in chief, Lincoln was given a fairly free hand by Congress in conducting the war as he saw fit. Answer: False Page: 392 88. Jefferson Davis, unlike Lincoln, was a trained professional soldier. Answer: True Page: 392 89. The North had such an overwhelming advantage in naval power that its blockade of the South was completely effective from the start. Answer: False Page: 393 90. In the early part of the Civil War, the sympathies of the ruling classes in France and England lay with the Confederacy. Answer: True Page: 394 91. “Cotton diplomacy” worked to the extent that England extended diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy. Answer: False Page: 394 92. Torpedoes and submarines were used, to little effect, during the Civil War. Answer: True Page: 394 93. By the end of the Civil War, telegraph communication was used by both the North and South. Answer: True Page: 397 94. Military campaigns during the Civil War came to be organized around railroad lines. Answer: True Page: 397

95. The First Battle of Bull Run dealt a severe blow to Union morale and dispelled the illusion that the war would be a short one. Answer: True Page: 397 96. In the early part of the war, Ulysses S. Grant campaigned in the western theater. Answer: True Page: 398 97. Both Antietam and Shiloh could be described as Union victories. Answer: True Page: 398, 401 98. General McClellan was a great trainer of soldiers, but his excessive caution often exasperated Lincoln. Answer: True Page: 398, 401 99. After the Battle of Gettysburg, the weakened Confederate armies were never again able to seriously threaten northern territory. Answer: True Page: 403 100. Ulysses S. Grant believed in using the North’s great advantage in troops and material resources to overwhelm the South. Answer: True Page: 404 101. General Sherman’s “March to the Sea” faced bitter opposition through Georgia and South Carolina from Confederate forces. Answer: False Page: 406 102. Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis both agreed that the Confederacy must surrender at the Appomattox Court House. Answer: False Page: 406

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 103. The last-ditch effort by a Kentucky senator to avoid the Civil War was called the ________ Compromise. Answer: Crittenden Page: 375

104. The Republicans sought to encourage the development of the West by passing the ________ Act. Answer: Homestead Page: 379 105. In 1861 Congress passed the ________ Act, which declared that all slaves used for “insurrectionary” purposes would be considered freed. Answer: Confiscation Page: 385 106. The North printed paper currency, or ________, in order to finance the Civil War. Answer: greenbacks Page: 379 107. Four days of draft riots in ________ in 1863 were among the bloodiest riots in all of American history. Answer: New York City Page: 380 108. Black enlistment in the Union military increased after the ________ was issued. Answer: Emancipation Proclamation Page: 385 109. The ________ Infantry was the best known of the black Union regiments. Answer: Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Page: 385 110. In 1864 the Republicans changed their name to the ________ Party. Answer: Union Page: 384 111. Wartime targets of military arrest in the North were Peace Democrats, also known as ________. Answer: Copperheads Page: 380 112. Not until 1864 did Lincoln find a military commander he could trust: ________. Answer: Ulysses S. Grant Page: 392 113. An English steamer, the ________, was carrying Confederate diplomats when it was boarded by Union troops; the diplomats were arrested and taken to Boston. Answer: Trent Page: 394

114. The first ironclad ships to engage in a naval battle were the Merrimac (also known as Virginia) and the ________. Answer: Monitor Page: 395 115. The battle at ________ proved to be a devastating defeat for McClellan’s replacement, General Ambrose E. Burnside. Answer: Fredericksburg Page: 401 116. At the Battle of ________ in May 1863, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was wounded and subsequently died of pneumonia. Answer: Chancellorsville Page: 402 117. The most celebrated battle of the Civil War was fought at ________ in early July of 1863. Answer: Gettysburg Page: 402-403 118. During the siege of ________, Lee proposed an invasion of Pennsylvania, which would, he argued, divert Union troops north and remove the pressure on the lower Mississippi. Answer: Vicksburg Page: 402

Essay Questions 119. What advantages and disadvantages did each side have when the Civil War began? 120. How did Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis compare as presidents and military commanders? 121. What problems did each side have as they mobilized to fight the Civil War? 122. Why did some southern states remain in the Union in 1861, and what steps did the federal government take during the war to maintain their support? 123. Why was the South so confident of its “cotton diplomacy”? Why did it fail? 124. In what ways did women participate in the Civil War, and how did their activities compare with the involvement of women in the American Revolution? 125. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do, and how did it alter the Civil War? 126. Describe the debate in the North over the involvement of African Americans in the Civil War, and assess the significance of their participation in the war.

127. How did new technology change the strategy of war? 128. Why was the death toll in the Civil War so tremendous? 129. Why might the Civil War be described as the first “modern war”? 130. Why did 1863 prove to be such a pivotal year on the battlefield? 131. Which battle—Vicksburg or Gettysburg—was more significant in determining the outcome of the Civil War? 132. Given the material and manpower advantage of the North, what factors enabled the South to wage war as long as it did? 133. Why did the North have to effectively destroy much of the South in order to the win the Civil War? 134. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee as military commanders.

Chapter 15 Reconstruction and the New South Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In the final days of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln A. insisted that the Confederacy had no legal right to exist. B. argued it best to readmit the Confederate states to the Union without condition. C. called on the Confederacy to negotiate a peace treaty with the United States. D. met with Jefferson Davis in Richmond, Virginia. E. declared that the Confederate government must repudiate its constitution. Answer: A Page: 412 2. At the end of the Civil War, the number of slaves that emerged from bondage was A. about 800,000. B. about 1 million. C. about 2.5 million. D. almost 4 million. E. almost 6 million. Answer: D Page: 413 3. In 1865, southern blacks defined “freedom” as A. independence from white control. B. acquiring the legal rights to live as did whites. C. land reform. D. both independence from white control, and land reform. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 413 4. In 1865, southern whites defined “freedom” as A. the right to use federal assistance to recover from the Civil War. B. controlling their future without northern interference. C. the right of southern states to remain outside of the Union. D. the removal of freed blacks from their states. E. monetary compensation for lost slaves. Answer: B Page: 413

5. The Freedmen’s Bureau A. distributed food to millions of southern blacks. B. pushed for voting rights for former male slaves. C. gave forty acres of land and a mule to millions of southern blacks. D. was created to operate for only five years. E. created millions of federal public works jobs for former slaves. Answer: A Page: 414 6. As Republicans planned for Reconstruction, A. Conservatives sought many conditions to readmit the former Confederate states. B. Radicals sought a range of punishments for white southerners. C. President Lincoln suggested that no conditions be put on the former Confederate states. D. they were hampered by the fact that no thought had been given to the task until the end of the war. E. Moderates believed the South should be readmitted without any concessions on black rights. Answer: B Page: 414 7. President Abraham Lincoln’s “10 percent” plan for the South referred to the A. area of land in each state that should be reserved for former slaves. B. ratio of federal to state money to be spent in rebuilding the southern economy. C. ratio of federal troops to freed slaves in each southern state. D. percentage of freed slaves who must be given the vote before setting up a state government. E. number of white voters required to take loyalty oaths before setting up a state government. Answer: E Page: 414 8. The Wade-Davis Bill A. essentially followed President Lincoln’s Reconstruction plans. B. was criticized by Conservative Republicans for being too mild. C. called for the disenfranchisement of leading Confederates. D. denied reentry into the Union by former Confederate states for 10 years. E. quickly became the law of the land. Answer: C Page: 415 9. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln A. involved a larger conspiracy to kill other members of the administration. B. saw John Wilkes Booth convicted of the murder of the president. C. brought a Radical Republican to the presidency. D. was intended to bring Andrew Johnson into the presidency. E. had been planned at the highest levels of the Confederate government. Answer: A Page: 415

10. As president, Andrew Johnson A. quickly sided with the Radical Republicans. B. proposed delaying the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. C. long delayed presenting his own plans for Reconstruction. D. offered amnesty to southerners who pledged their loyalty to the United States. E. argued the South should be readmitted to the Union without conditions. Answer: D Page: 415-416 11. In the 1860s, Black Codes were A. holdovers from the antebellum era that were repealed by southern state governments. B. passed by Congress to govern former Confederate states. C. enacted by the Freedmen’s Bureau to give freed blacks voting rights. D. vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. E. designed to give whites control over freedmen. Answer: E Page: 416 12. The Fourteenth Amendment A. ended slavery throughout the United States. B. gave voting rights to all male Americans. C. gave citizenship rights to all people born in the United States. D. was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. E. was written in such a way as to appease the woman’s suffrage movement. Answer: C Page: 416 13. In 1867, congressional plans for Reconstruction A. were rejected by every former Confederate state. B. replaced federal military commanders in the South with civilian leaders. C. granted forty acres of land to every adult male former slave. D. required new state governments in the South to give voting rights to black males. E. required that state legislatures ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Answer: D Page: 417 14. The Fifteenth Amendment dealt with the issue of A. slavery. B. citizenship. C. cruel and unusual punishment. D. income tax. E. suffrage. Answer: E Page: 417

15. The Tenure of Office Act A. gave the Senate the power to appoint members of the president’s cabinet. B. was designed to limit President Andrew Johnson’s authority. C. was roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. D. was both designed to limit President Andrew Johnson’s authority and roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 417 16. As a result of the Supreme Court’s ruling in Ex parte Milligan, Radical Republicans A. reduced the number of justices on the Court. B. established military tribunals in additional southern states. C. proposed abolishing the Court. D. tempered many of their Reconstruction plans. E. ended military tribunals in favor of civil courts. Answer: C Page: 417 17. In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was impeached because he A. violated the Tenure of Office Act. B. offered political opposition to Radical Republicans. C. dismissed Edwin Stanton from office. D. both violated the Tenure of Office Act and dismissed Edwin Stanton from office. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 418 18. At the conclusion of President Andrew Johnson’s impeachment trial, A. a majority of senators voted to acquit. B. Johnson resigned from office just prior to the vote. C. every Senate Republican voted to convict. D. Johnson was convicted and then pardoned by the Senate. E. Johnson was acquitted by one vote. Answer: E Page: 418 19. During Reconstruction, the term “scalawags” referred to A. southern white Republicans. B. free black southerners. C. southerners who moved north. D. white southerners who still embraced their former affiliation with the Confederacy. E. northerners who moved south. Answer: A Page: 419

20. During Reconstruction, most “carpetbaggers” were A. white southerners who moved to the North. B. freedmen who moved out of the South. C. former confederates who moved to the West. D. northern white veterans who moved to the South. E. northern politicians who took offices in southern states. Answer: D Page: 419 21. During Reconstruction, southern African American officeholders A. filled as many as five seats in the United States Senate. B. were excluded from state constitutional conventions. C. did not serve in the federal Congress or Senate. D. rarely engaged in illegal political activities. E. underrepresented the total number of blacks living in the South. Answer: E Page: 419 22. During Reconstruction, there was a dramatic improvement in southern A. transportation. B. education. C. industry. D. banking. E. agriculture. Answer: B Page: 420 23. During Reconstruction, the southern school system A. eventually reached 40 percent of all black children. B. did not allow blacks to be teachers. C. initially were not segregated. D. only offered primary instruction. E. barely reached any children of former slaves. Answer: A Page: 420 24. During Reconstruction, regarding land ownership in the South, A. the Freedmen’s Bureau distributed millions of acres of land to freedmen. B. most plantations abandoned during the Civil War remained vacant. C. ownership by both whites and blacks increased. D. the federal government vigorously acted to confiscate land owned by former Confederates. E. ownership by whites declined, while ownership by blacks increased. Answer: E Page: 421

25. Black sharecropping A. represented a continuation of the pre-Civil War gang-labor system. B. differed sharply from the tenant system. C. usually led to economic independence. D. was a very common occupation of former slaves. E. involved close white supervision, which recalled the days of slavery. Answer: D Page: 423 26. During Reconstruction, per capita income for southerners A. rose for blacks. B. rose for whites. C. declined for whites. D. rose for blacks and whites. E. rose for blacks and declined for whites. Answer: E Page: 422 27. During Reconstruction, the black labor force worked A. approximately the same number of hours as during slavery. B. significantly fewer hours than had been the case during slavery. C. more hours than had been the case during slavery. D. significantly more hours than the white labor force. E. significantly less hours than the white labor force. Answer: B Page: 422 28. After the Civil War, most poor rural southerners relied on credit from A. local banks. B. the federal government. C. northern financial institutions. D. country stores. E. state governments. Answer: D Page: 422 29. In the South, the crop-lien system along with the burdensome credit system A. encouraged the planting of cash crops. B. nearly disappeared during Reconstruction. C. led to crop diversification. D. was generally imposed on blacks, but not white farmers. E. saw interest rates rise as high as 20 or 30 percent. Answer: A Page: 423

30. After the Civil War, most southern black women A. did field work. B. played a role in the family that was very different from that of white women. C. engaged in income-producing activities. D. did not hold a job outside of the home. E. still could not marry with any legal standing. Answer: C Page: 424 31. In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant A. was nominated by both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. B. won a huge victory. C. entered the White House with no political experience. D. relied on many of his former military advisors to join his administration. E. ran against Republican Reconstruction policies. Answer: C Page: 424 32. All of the following were involved in scandals during the Grant administration EXCEPT A. President Ulysses Grant. B. Secretary of War William Belknap. C. Vice President Schuyler Colfax. D. Treasury Secretary Benjamin Bristow. E. None of these answers is correct, as all were involved in scandals. Answer: A Page: 424 33. The Panic of 1873 A. began after the southern crop-lien system collapsed. B. saw Republicans call on Grant to go off the gold standard. C. saw President Grant favor putting more paper currency into circulation. D. began after revelations of corruption in the Grant administration. E. was the nation’s worst economic depression to that time. Answer: E Page: 425 34. During the Johnson administration, the United States acquired A. Alaska. B. Hawaii. C. Guam. D. the Virgin Islands. E. Puerto Rico. Answer: A Page: 425

35. The Alabama claims A. saw the United States refuse to pay Alabama for losses incurred during the Civil War. B. involved complaints by the United States against England. C. ended an experiment in black landownership. D. marked a renewed effort in asserting the rights of states over federal authority. E. were found by the Supreme Court to invalidate Radical Reconstruction. Answer: B Page: 425 36. The “redeemed” governments of the South A. saw an end to occupation by federal troops. B. suppressed the activities of white supremacists. C. saw the Republican Party win control of southern state governments. D. saw an end to occupation by federal troops, and suppressed the activities of white supremacists. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 426 37. Congressional passage of the Enforcement Acts in 1870-1871 A. was aimed at reducing white repression of blacks in the South. B. was designed to support the Black Codes. C. was vetoed by President Ulysses Grant. D. gave legal protection to the Ku Klux Klan. E. allowed white southerners to maintain a police state. Answer: A Page: 426 38. National support for Reconstruction was undermined by A. the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment. B. the growing political strength of Democrats. C. the Panic of 1873. D. perceptions of black-and-carpetbag misgovernment in the South. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 426-427 39. The elections of 1876 saw A. the Supreme Court decide the presidential election. B. a Democrat become president for the first time since the Civil War. C. the candidate with the most popular votes fail to get elected. D. Ulysses Grant make an unsuccessful bid for an unprecedented third term. E. the governor of New York become president. Answer: C Page: 427

40. As president, Rutherford B. Hayes A. refused to make political compromises with Democrats. B. promised to serve only one term. C. helped to unify Republicans and Democrats. D. called for a modest expansion of Reconstruction programs. E. promised to take the South back from the “Redeemers.” Answer: B Page: 429 41. Congressional Reconstruction might have been more effective if A. the federal government had not involved itself with redistributing income. B. the federal government had not passed the Enforcement Acts. C. Radical Republicans had not put Jefferson Davis on trial for treason. D. the Freedmen’s Bureau had been ended sooner. E. the federal government had better enforced the laws designed to assist blacks. Answer: E Page: 429-430 42. After Reconstruction, political power under southern “Redeemers” A. was very often restricted and conservative. B. typically relied on raising taxes for its funding. C. increased state services for the poor. D. ignored the interests of industrialists. E. helped consolidate the “Solid South” for the Republican Party. Answer: A Page: 430 43. Advocates of the “New South” A. opposed using northern capital. B. discouraged white women from working outside of the home. C. promoted southern industry and railroad development. D. challenged the assumptions of white supremacy. E. in fact advocated a return to the plantation system of the antebellum South. Answer: C Page: 431 44. In the South during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, A. textile manufacturing increased ninefold. B. southerners became more dependent on agriculture than ever. C. per capita income fell sharply. D. most industrial growth came from coal mining. E. the average income reached 80 percent of that in the North. Answer: A Page: 431

45. During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, southern agriculture A. saw a significant diversification of its crops. B. saw a decline in absentee ownership of farmland. C. regained the profitability it had had prior to the Civil War. D. saw a deceleration of the processes begun in the postwar years. E. saw the great majority of farmers live under the tenant system. Answer: E Page: 434 46. Among other ideas, Booker T. Washington A. rejected the ideology of the “New South creed.” B. favored industrial over classical education. C. called on the federal government to offer job training for blacks. D. proposed an exodus of blacks from the South to the West. E. argued that blacks spent too much time trying to impress the white middle class. Answer: B Page: 435 47. In his 1895 “Atlanta Compromise” speech, Booker T. Washington A. called for political and civil rights for black Americans. B. criticized the federal government for abandoning southern blacks. C. argued that blacks should honor their African forebears. D. stated that blacks should give up in seeking equality with whites. E. called for tacit acceptance of the emerging system of racial segregation. Answer: E Page: 436 48. The Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that A. communities could have schools for whites only if there were no schools for blacks. B. the Fourteenth Amendment was unconstitutional. C. racial segregation was legal if whites and blacks had equal “accommodations.” D. private institutions were exempt from laws against racial discrimination. E. segregation by race in education was inherently unconstitutional. Answer: C Page: 436-437 49. In the 1890s, pressure in the South to restrict black voting rights came from A. poor white farmers. B. wealthy southerners. C. advocates of Jim Crow. D. both poor white farmers and wealthy southerners. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 437-438

50. Jim Crow laws A. imposed a system of state-supported segregation. B. attacked the problem of lynching. C. led immediately to a dramatic black exodus from the South. D. challenged white Redeemer rule in the South. E. did not apply to public parks, beaches, or picnic areas. Answer: A Page: 438 51. In the 1890s, voting percentages in the South A. increased for blacks only. B. increased for whites only. C. declined for blacks only. D. increased for whites and declined for blacks. E. decreased for both whites and blacks. Answer: E Page: 437 52. In the 1890s, the black journalist Ida B. Wells devoted her writing to attacking A. the legality of segregation. B. restrictions on black education. C. the loss of black voting rights. D. the crime of lynching. E. the arguments of Booker T. Washington. Answer: D Page: 439

True/False Questions 53. Reconstruction was neither a vicious tyranny, as white southerners charged, nor a thoroughgoing reform, as many northerners claimed. Answer: True Page: 411 54. Even at the end of his life, Lincoln continued to insist that the Confederate government had no legal right to exist. Answer: True Page: 412 55. After the Civil War was over, African Americans responded by separating themselves from white institutions. Answer: True Page: 413

56. During Reconstruction, all adult male former slaves were given the constitutional right to vote. Answer: True Page: 415 57. The Freedmen’s Bureau was a civilian agency under the control of the State Department. Answer: False Page: 414 58. The Freedmen’s Bureau was confined by law to providing assistance only to former slaves and their families. Answer: False Page: 414 59. Radical Republicans favored a reconstruction process that would readmit the former Confederate states to the Union quickly. Answer: False Page: 415 60. By the time of his death, Lincoln’s sympathies had shifted from essential allegiance to the moderate wing of his party to casting his lot with the Radical Republicans. Answer: False Page: 415 61. The Wade-Davis Bill sought to make it more difficult than Lincoln desired for those states which had left the Union to return. Answer: True Page: 415 62. Leaders of the Confederacy were found to have aided John Wilkes Booth to carry out the plan to assassinate President Lincoln. Answer: False Page: 415 63. The Black Codes helped President Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction. Answer: False Page: 416 64. President Johnson vetoed both the Freedmen’s Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Answer: True Page: 416 65. The congressional elections of 1866 resulted in a resounding victory for the Republicans. Answer: True Page: 416

66. Virginia, Texas, and Mississippi were among the first states to comply with congressional Reconstruction. Answer: False Page: 417 67. President Johnson was impeached, but not convicted. Answer: True Page: 418 68. “Scalawags” were southerners who moved north after the Civil War. Answer: False Page: 419 69. The most numerous Republicans in the South were the black freedmen. Answer: True Page: 419 70. In the South as a whole, the percentage of black officeholders during Reconstruction was always far lower than the percentage of blacks in the population. Answer: True Page: 419 71. State expenditures by southern governments during Reconstruction were large, but only in comparison with the meager state budgets of the pre-Civil War years. Answer: True Page: 420 72. The most ambitious goal of the Radical Republicans was to reform landownership in the South. Answer: True Page: 421 73. Despite defeat in the Civil War, white landownership actually increased during Reconstruction. Answer: False Page: 421 74. During Reconstruction, though the black share of profits were rising, the total profits of southern agriculture were declining. Answer: True Page: 422 75. As sharecroppers, the black labor force in the South worked hours that were just as long as had been the case under slavery. Answer: False Page: 423

76. During Reconstruction, black family roles soon came to resemble similar roles within white families. Answer: True Page: 424 77. Without the support of black voters in 1868, Ulysses S. Grant would have had only a minority of the popular vote. Answer: True Page: 424 78. Grant played a leadership role among the “Liberal Republicans.” Answer: False Page: 424 79. “Seward’s Folly” refers to a financial scandal involving Grant’s secretary of state, William Seward. Answer: False Page: 425 80. The Panic of 1873 was the worst the country had faced to that point in its history. Answer: True Page: 425 81. Grant’s response to bad economic times was to approve plans to increase the amount of money in circulation. Answer: False Page: 425 82. The Grant administration achieved its greatest successes in foreign affairs. Answer: True Page: 425 83. The Democratic presidential candidate in 1876 won a majority of the popular vote, but he did not win the presidency. Answer: True Page: 427 84. In most parts of the South, the “Redeemer” government constituted a genuinely new ruling class. Answer: True Page: 431

85. Spokesmen for the New South advocated industrial development for the South, but seldom challenged white supremacy in the process. Answer: True Page: 431 86. African Americans were able to work in all types of industry in the South. Answer: False Page: 433 87. Tenant farming increased significantly in the South in the two decades following Reconstruction. Answer: True Page: 434 88. The “New South creed” was expounded by whites, not blacks. Answer: False Page: 434 89. Booker T. Washington argued that blacks should concentrate on self-improvement before political rights. Answer: True Page: 435 90. The Supreme Court generally struck down civil rights laws and upheld black voting rights in the late nineteenth century. Answer: False Page: 436-437 91. Segregation of the races in the late nineteenth-century South resulted in declining violence against blacks. Answer: False Page: 439 92. In late-nineteenth-century southern politics, economic issues played a secondary role to the issue of race. Answer: True Page: 440

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 93. General Oliver O. Howard ran the ________, an agency that established schools and helped provide basic services for former slaves following the Civil War. Answer: Freedmen’s Bureau Page: 414

94. Lincoln wanted ex-Confederate states admitted to the Union when ________ percent of a state’s white voters took a loyalty oath. Answer: 10 Page: 414 95. State laws designed to restore slavery in all but name in the post-Civil War South were called the ________. Answer: Black Codes Page: 416 96. The Fourteenth Amendment offered the first national definition of ________. Answer: citizenship Page: 416 97. The Tenure of Office Act was designed to protect the job of Secretary of War ________. Answer: Edwin Stanton Page: 417 98. Many of the so-called scalawags were former southern ________. Answer: Whigs Page: 419 99. The most numerous Republicans in the South were the ________. Answer: black freedmen Page: 419 100. After the Civil War, most black agricultural workers toiled as tenants of white landowners and were known as ________. Answer: sharecroppers Page: 422 101. Enemies of President Grant and “Grantism” were called ________ Republicans. Answer: Liberal Page: 424 102. The Panic of 1873 began with the failure of a leading investment banking firm, ________. Answer: Jay Cooke and Company Page: 425 103. The Treaty of Washington provided for ________ with Britain over “Alabama claims.” Answer: international arbitration Page: 425 104. “Seward’s Folly” refers to the American purchase of ________. Answer: Alaska Page: 425

105. An end to Reconstruction was achieved by the ________ of 1877. Answer: Compromise Page: 427 106. The last ________ were withdrawn from the South by President Hayes. Answer: federal troops Page: 429 107. Democrats restored to power in the South were known variously as the “________” or the “Bourbons.” Answer: Redeemers Page: 430 108. Booker T. Washington outlined his basic philosophy in an 1895 speech that has come to be called the ________ Compromise. Answer: Atlanta Page: 435 109. In 1896 the Supreme Court declared that “separate but equal” in matters of race relations was constitutional, in the case of ________. Answer: Plessy v. Ferguson Page: 436 110. Ida B. Wells was a black journalist who was most concerned about stopping the practice of ________ in the late nineteenth-century South. Answer: lynching Page: 440

Essay Questions 111. In 1865, what major challenges faced the nation? How did the various plans for reconstructing the nation attempt to address those challenges? 112. How did Lincoln’s plan differ from those of the Radical Republicans? 113. How did the assassination of Abraham Lincoln affect Reconstruction? 114. Why did the elections of 1866 empower Radical Republicans? 115. Why has the presidency of Andrew Johnson generally been considered a failure by historians? 116. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached? Did he deserve to be removed from office?

117. What did the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution do? How successful was each in practice? 118. Assess the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. 119. In what ways did Reconstruction succeed? In what ways did it fail? What has been its legacy? 120. “The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.” Explain this assessment by W. E. B. Du Bois of the Reconstruction era by offering the historical evidence that supports each of the three parts of the quote. 121. Describe and compare the status of southern African Americans in 1861 with their status in 1876. 122. Why would the legacy of Reconstruction matter throughout the twentieth century? 123. What was “new” and what was “old” in the “New South”? 124. Describe “Jim Crow.” 125. Compare the conditions of black Americans living in the South in the 1850s with the those of the 1870s.

Chapter 16 The Conquest of the Far West Multiple-Choice Questions 1. By the mid-1840s, the American West A. contained few migrants from the United States. B. was extensively populated. C. had seen the elimination of nearly all Indian tribes. D. closely resembled its popular image. E. was still an empty, desolate land. Answer: B Page: 443 2. Which of the following Indian tribes was NOT found on the Pacific coast of the Far West? A. Chumash B. Chinook C. Pomo D. Creek E. Serrano Answer: D Page: 444 3. In the mid-nineteenth century, the Plains Indians were A. usually able to unite against white aggression. B. not as vulnerable to disease as eastern tribes. C. among the least aggressive of all American Indians. D. mostly sedentary farmers. E. the most widespread Indian groups in the West. Answer: E Page: 444 4. Which tribe should NOT be included among the Plains Indians? A. Yurok B. Sioux C. Arapaho D. Pawnee E. Cheyenne Answer: A Page: 445

5. Which of the following statements regarding Hispanic New Mexico is FALSE? A. At the time of the Mexican War, Hispanics greatly outnumbered Anglo-Americans. B. The Spanish had had settlements in the area since the seventeenth century. C. Taos Indians, allied with Navajos and Apaches, forced out Anglo-Americans until 1847. D. Military victories by the U.S. Army led to a large increase in Hispanic migration. E. Descendants of the original settlers engaged primarily in cattle and sheep ranching. Answer: C Page: 445-446 6. During the mid-nineteenth century, Hispanics living in California A. lost ownership of large areas of lands. B. saw an expansion in the power of californios. C. attempted to revive the Spanish mission society. D. joined with white Americans to drive out Indians. E. increasingly became part of the state’s middle class. Answer: A Page: 446 7. During the nineteenth century, in the Far West the term “coolie” A. was a description for all Asian immigrants. B. was an epithet used by whites to describe members of Chinese tongs. C. applied to all non-Indians who came to the Far West before the California gold rush. D. was a slang term for prostitutes in mining towns. E. referred to Chinese indentured servants. Answer: E Page: 447 8. In the 1840s and 1850s, in the Far West, the response by white Americans to the Chinese A. moved from initial hostility to gradual acceptance. B. was one of consistent acceptance. C. was one of consistent hostility. D. moved from initial acceptance to gradual hostility. E. depended mainly on whether the white American was pro-slavery or antislavery. Answer: D Page: 447 9. The Chinese from California became the major source of labor for the transcontinental railroad because A. they had no other employment prospects. B. they worked for lower wages than what whites would accept. C. most were experienced in railroad construction. D. most were forced into working for the railroads. E. their more well-established unions won the railroad contracts. Answer: B Page: 447

10. In the 1870s in the Far West, the largest single Chinese community was located in A. Seattle. B. Sacramento. C. San Diego. D. Los Angeles. E. San Francisco. Answer: E Page: 448 11. Chinese tongs were A. secret societies. B. prostitutes. C. community officials. D. merchants. E. indentured servants. Answer: A Page: 448 12. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 A. resulted in the deportation of half of the Chinese in the United States. B. was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. C. banned Chinese in the United States from becoming naturalized citizens. D. was only applied in California. E. had little effect on the size of the Chinese population in America. Answer: C Page: 449 13. The Homestead Act of 1862 A. gave without condition 160 acres to all settlers who would move to the West. B. only applied to public lands within the borders of an organized state. C. saw settlers on the Plains complain the claims were too large for grain farming. D. proved to be enormously popular with western ranchers. E. was expanded by the Timber Culture Act. Answer: E Page: 450 14. By 1900, one of the three American territories in the contiguous United States that had NOT been granted statehood was A. Arizona. B. Utah. C. Colorado. D. Nebraska. E. South Dakota. Answer: A Page: 451

15. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working class in the western economy was A. highly multiracial. B. highly divided along racial lines. C. paid higher wages than workers in the East. D. both highly multiracial and paid higher wages than workers in the East. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 451 16. In the late nineteenth century, which of the following was NOT a major western industry? A. mining B. fur trading C. ranching D. commercial farming E. timbering Answer: B Page: 451 17. Mining in the West A. did not see any great mineral strikes until after the Civil War. B. flourished until the 1930s. C. saw corporations move in first, followed by individual prospectors. D. kept ranchers and farmers from establishing their own economic base. E. saw individual prospectors move in first, followed by corporations. Answer: E Page: 451 18. The Comstock Lode primarily produced A. copper. B. silver. C. gold. D. lead. E. zinc. Answer: B Page: 452 19. Women in nineteenth-century western mining towns A. were nearly all single when they first arrived. B. had few economic opportunities outside of prostitution. C. often found work doing domestic tasks. D. generally worked as miners. E. often greatly outnumbered the men. Answer: C Page: 452

20. The western cattle industry saw Mexican ranchers first develop A. saddles. B. spurs. C. lariats. D. leather chaps. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 453 21. In the 1860s, cattle drives from Texas to Missouri A. saw the herds suffer heavy losses. B. proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets. C. established a link to the booming urban markets of the East. D. both proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets, and established a link to the booming urban markets of the East. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 453 22. The town that reigned as the railhead of the cattle kingdom for many years was A. Sedalia, Missouri. B. Abilene, Kansas. C. Dallas, Texas. D. Omaha, Nebraska. E. Deadwood, South Dakota. Answer: B Page: 454 23. In the late nineteenth century, “range wars” in the West were often between A. white Americans and Indians. B. white American ranchers and Mexican ranchers. C. white American ranchers and Chinese ranchers. D. individual white American ranchers and large American ranching corporations. E. white American ranchers and farmers. Answer: E Page: 454 24. In the 1880s, the open-range cattle industry declined as a result of A. Indian wars. B. drought. C. disease. D. competition from Mexico. E. changing consumer habits in the East. Answer: B Page: 454

25. In the late nineteenth century, the popular image of the American West A. presented a heroic image of cowboys. B. perceived the region to be a place offering true freedom. C. was promoted by the Rocky Mountain School. D. both presented a heroic image of cowboys, and was promoted by the Rocky Mountain School. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 455, 459 26. The Rocky Mountain School of painting A. marked a sharp departure from the artistic style of the Hudson River Valley painters. B. helped inspire the growth of tourism in the West. C. emphasized the primitive art of Indians and other indigenous peoples. D. first gained popular acceptance in the early twentieth century. E. was a significant influence on the abstract art that would soon flourish in Europe. Answer: B Page: 455 27. In Owen Wister’s novel, The Virginian (1902), the American cowboy was A. castigated for his poor relations with Indians, Mexicans, and Chinese. B. lamented as having lost his innocence and decency. C. seen as fast disappearing, as urbanization spread west. D. criticized for being too quick to use violence. E. portrayed as a simple and virtuous frontiersman. Answer: E Page: 456 28. William Cody’s Wild West shows A. showed the realities of life on the frontier. B. proved to be popular in Europe as well as the United States. C. did not include representations of Indians. D. ignored the fact that Cody had never actually lived in the West himself. E. often competed against those of sharpshooter Annie Oakley. Answer: B Page: 457 29. All of the following writers and artists made significant contributions to the romanticizing of the American West EXCEPT A. Frederic Remington. B. Mark Twain. C. Theodore Roosevelt. D. James Whistler. E. Frederick Jackson Turner. Answer: D Page: 457-458

30. In “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” Frederick Jackson Turner claimed A. that the end of the “frontier” also marked the end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life. B. the United States should expand its northern and southern borders into Canada and Mexico to create new frontier land. C. the western wars between whites and Indians were a national disgrace. D. most of the frontier land was of little practical use for Americans. E. the frontier had repressed individualism, nationalism, and democracy in America. Answer: A Page: 459 31. Before 1860, the traditional policy of the federal government was to regard Indians as A. members of dependent states. B. a natural enemy of the United States. C. wards of the president of the United States. D. non-humans. E. citizens of the United States. Answer: C Page: 460 32. In the 1850s, the U.S. policy of “concentration” for Indians A. set the basis for Indian policy for the rest of the century. B. affirmed and continued the previous federal treatment of Indians. C. had many benefits for both whites and Indians. D. reduced conflicts between whites and Indians. E. assigned all tribes to their own defined reservations. Answer: E Page: 460 33. The decimation of American buffalo herds in the late nineteenth century A. destroyed the ability of Plains Indians to resist the advance of white settlers. B. was accelerated by the eastern fad of owning a buffalo robe. C. happened almost entirely in the space of a single decade. D. was fostered by the railroad companies. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 461

34. The Sand Creek Massacre of 1864 A. involved the killing of Indian women and children. B. saw the death of Chief Black Kettle. C. was carried out by George Custer. D. moved Colonel J. M. Chivington to denounce the U.S. Army. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 461 35. The 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn A. took place in Wyoming. B. saw the destruction of the entire Seventh Cavalry. C. was a short-lived Indian victory. D. marked the start of prolonged warfare in the Dakotas. E. saw the Sioux united under Sitting Bull and Geronimo. Answer: C Page: 462 36. The Indian leader who said, “I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever,” was A. Black Kettle. B. Sitting Bull. C. Chief Joseph. D. Crazy Horse. E. Cochise. Answer: C Page: 464 37. In 1886, the end of formal warfare between the United States and American Indians was marked by the surrender of A. Cochise. B. Wovoka. C. Mangas Colorados. D. Sitting Bull. E. Geronimo. Answer: E Page: 464 38. In 1890, the “Ghost Dance” A. was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians. B. honored all the Indians who had died in battle with white Americans. C. marked the resumption of hostilities by Plains Indians. D. was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians, inspired by the Paiute prophet Chief Joseph. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 465

39. In 1890 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, A. Plains Indians mounted their last major attack on white Americans. B. the U.S. Seventh Cavalry massacred more than 300 Indians. C. the Sioux attempted to leave the reservation for Canada. D. the U.S. Seventh Cavalry suffered no casualties. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 465 40. The Dawes Act of 1887 A. was intended to preserve traditional Indian culture. B. denied U.S. citizenship to landowning Indian adults. C. was viewed by the U.S. government as a plan to save the Indians. D. ended the U.S. government’s effort to assimilate Indian tribes. E. reaffirmed tribal ownership of western lands in the face of white claims to it. Answer: C Page: 465 41. In the late nineteenth century, the western agricultural economy A. attracted mostly settlers who had little to no experience with farming. B. saw the Plains states experience a drought during the 1870s. C. began a long and steady improvement after 1880. D. saw the development of massive irrigation projects. E. saw the railroad become the most important factor in its development. Answer: E Page: 466 42. In the late nineteenth century, fences for Plains farms were usually made from A. barbed wire. B. stones. C. wood. D. sod. E. brick. Answer: A Page: 467 43. In the late nineteenth century, regarding western agriculture, A. the prices paid for American farm goods rose after the 1880s. B. the reality of farming was very much like its popular image with the public. C. commercial farmers were not self-sufficient and made little effort to become so. D. farmers increasingly owned the land on which they worked. E. American farm families were relatively unaffected by the effects of world production. Answer: C Page: 467

44. Which of the following was NOT a significant source of resentment for late-nineteenthcentury farmers? A. railroads B. state governments C. banks D. manufacturers E. prices Answer: B Page: 468 45. During the late nineteenth century, Plains farm life A. was marked by active community life. B. became increasingly profitable for most. C. was generally admired by the growing urban public. D. often lacked any access to the outside world. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Page: 468 46. In his writings during the late 1800s, the popular author Hamlin Garland A. romanticized agrarian life in the West. B. criticized western farmers for failing to develop a stable industry. C. reflected the growing disillusionment of western farmers. D. argued the Plains should be abandoned by Americans. F. suggested the trials of rural life refined and enlarged the human spirit. Answer: C Page: 468

True/False Questions 47. The real West of the mid-nineteenth century bore little resemblance to its popular image. Answer: True Page: 443 48. More than 300,000 Indians lived on the Pacific coast before the arrival of Spanish settlers. Answer: True Page: 444 49. Permanent settlements were somewhat rare among the Plains Indians. Answer: True Page: 444

50. Plains Indians were formidable foes of white settlers because they were usually able to present a united front. Answer: False Page: 444 51. Plains Indians were not particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases brought from the eastern United States. Answer: False Page: 445 52. In the mid-nineteenth century, Hispanic society in the Southwest grew, despite the increasing Anglo-American settlement in that area. Answer: True Page: 446 53. The power of the Navajo and Apache tribes in the Southwest was broken by Hispanic settlers before the arrival of the U.S. Army. Answer: False Page: 446 54. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Hispanic presence in California was concentrated in the working class. Answer: True Page: 447 55. By 1880, more than 200,000 Chinese had settled in the United States. Answer: True Page: 447 56. White hostility to Chinese immigrants was rooted in the perception that they were lazy. Answer: False Page: 447 57. A number of Chinese immigrants worked in the mines of California before turning to the railroad for employment. Answer: True Page: 447 58. A homestead unit of 160 acres was too small for grain farming on the Great Plains. Answer: True Page: 450 59. The Timber Culture Act and the Desert Land Act were both designed to limit individual homesteaders in the American West. Answer: False Page: 450

60. By the end of the nineteenth century, the American West was firmly tied to the increasingly powerful industrial economy of the East. Answer: True Page: 451 61. The western working class was highly multiracial and stratified along racial lines. Answer: True Page: 451 62. The most valuable mineral in the great Comstock Lode was gold. Answer: False Page: 452 63. Women in western mining towns were almost always prostitutes. Answer: False Page: 452 64. In the 1870s, nearly one out of every eighty miners was killed on the job. Answer: True Page: 453 65. The number of men in mining towns greatly outnumbered the number of women. Answer: True Page: 452 66. Those who flocked to mining towns and failed to strike it rich most often left the West. Answer: False Page: 453 67. By ancestry, the western cattle industry was Mexican and Texan. Answer: True Page: 453 68. The 1866 attempt to create a “long drive” between Texas and Missouri ended in failure. Answer: False Page: 453 69. During the latter half of the nineteenth century, the structure of the cattle industry became increasingly corporate. Answer: True Page: 454

70. The post-1850 federal government reservation policy for American Indians had few benefits for either whites or Indians. Answer: False Page: 460 71. Management of Indian affairs by the federal government was in the hands of the army. Answer: False Page: 460 72. Between 1865 and 1875, the number of buffalo in the American West declined from 15 million to under 1,000. Answer: True Page: 461 73. The Sand Creek Massacre was a rare story of Indians killing whites. Answer: False Page: 461 74. At the end of the Civil War, whites stepped up their wars against the western Indians on several fronts. Answer: True Page: 462 75. Custer’s defeat at Little Bighorn in 1876 was made possible in part by an unusually large gathering of tribal warriors. Answer: True Page: 462 76. The story of the Nez Percé Indians is of a peaceful tribe forced to turn terribly violent. Answer: False Page: 462-464 77. White agents who observed the Indian “Ghost Dance” often did not understand it. Answer: True Page: 465 78. The Dawes Severalty Act sought the gradual elimination of most tribal ownership of land. Answer: True Page: 465 79. American Indians were generally willing to accept the terms of the Dawes Act. Answer: False Page: 465-466

80. Commercial farmers in the Midwest and West were forced to become self-sufficient. Answer: False Page: 467 81. Late nineteenth-century American farmers increasingly sold their produce in competitive international markets and bought their supplies in a domestic market protected by tariffs. Answer: True Page: 468 82. Hamlin Garland wrote novels celebrating the hope and spirit of the American West. Answer: False Page: 468

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 83. The most widespread Indian groups in the West were the ________. Answer: Plains Indians Page: 444 84. Many of the Plains Indians subsisted largely through hunting ________. Answer: buffalo Page: 444 85. Beginning in 1865, more than 12,000 Chinese found work building the ________. Answer: transcontinental railroad Page: 447 86. Secret societies, known as ________, were organized by Chinese Americans. Answer: tongs Page: 448 87. The Workingmen’s Party of California was created in 1878 by Irish immigrant ________ to capitalize on hostility to the Chinese. Answer: Denis Kearney Page: 449 88. In 1882, Congress responded to racist pressure by passing the Chinese ________ Act. Answer: Exclusion Page: 449 89. Hispanic societies survived in the ________ in part because they were so far from the centers of English-speaking society. Page: Southwest Page: 446

90. The ________ established the first tentative links between Texas cattle breeders and eastern markets. Answer: long drives Page: 453-454 91. Range wars in the West were fought between ranchers and ________. Answer: farmers Page: 454 92. Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran were painters from the “________ School” who celebrated the West in their art. Answer: Rocky Mountain Page: 455 93. Buffalo Bill Cody headed the most popular ________ shows in the late nineteenth century. Answer: Wild West Page: 456 94. Frederick Jackson Turner wrote of the significance of the ________ in American history. Answer: frontier Page: 458-459 95. The ________ Act of 1887 sought to assimilate Native Americans into the larger white culture. Answer: Dawes Severalty Page: 465 96. In 1851, a new reservation policy known as “________” replaced the idea that large numbers of tribes could live in one great enclave. Answer: concentration Page: 460 97. The last Indian tribe to maintain organized resistance against whites was the Chiricahua ________. Answer: Apaches Page: 464 98. A Paiute prophet named Wovoka was responsible for the “________.” Answer: Ghost Dance Page: 465 99. The 1890 massacre of cold and starving Sioux at ________ signaled the end of the western wars against the Native American. Answer: Wounded Knee Page: 465

100. The western farmers’ first and most burning grievance was directed against the ________. Answer: railroads Page: 468

Essay Questions 101. From the time of initial colonial contact to the close of the nineteenth century, the relationship between Native Americans and white Americans was marked by a high degree of violence by whites toward Natives. What were the popular ideas and cultural beliefs found in white American society that motivated this violence? 102. In the late nineteenth century, why was assimilation between the peoples of the United States and Indian tribes difficult to attain? 103. Assess the Chinese experience in the West during the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite strong discrimination, why did they stay in the United States and how did they manage to support themselves? 104. What economic factors would motivate someone to move to the West during the second half of the nineteenth century? 105. What deep-rooted American ideals and beliefs are found in the mythic status of western cowboys? 106. Compare the myths and the realities of the American cowboy. 107. In what ways did the American West not conform to its popular image? 108. Describe the origins and development of the Texas cattle industry. 109. What was Frederick Jackson Turner’s “frontier thesis,” and what are the criticisms of it? 110. Describe and assess the evolution of white American attitudes and policy toward American Indian groups in the last half of the nineteenth century. 111. How did Native Americans respond to federal government policies—and to military actions against them? 112. Describe the rise and decline of the western Plains farmer in the late nineteenth century.

Chapter 17 Industrial Supremacy Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In the late nineteenth century, industry in the United States A. obtained the bulk of its raw materials from Central and South America. B. faced a growing shortage of laborers. C. saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth. D. lacked adequate capital to expand the domestic market. E. suffered from an entrepreneurial deficit. Answer: C Page: 473 2. Who among the following began to develop an oil empire by taking control of competing oil companies in Ohio? A. Cyrus Field B. J. P. Morgan C. John D. Rockefeller D. Andrew Carnegie E. Samuel Morse Answer: C Page: 479 3. Prior to the Civil War, the steel industry in the United States A. boomed as a result of the expanding U.S. Navy. B. emerged as an important supplier for railroad construction. C. largely replaced the iron industry. D. resulted in the construction of large commercial ocean freighters. E. barely developed at all. Answer: E Page: 473 4. The process of making steel developed by Henry Bessemer A. included blowing air through molten iron. B. involved adding ingredients to molten iron. C. was also developed by an American, William Kelly. D. included both blowing air through and adding ingredients to molten iron. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 473

5. The open-hearth process of making steel A. was replaced by the Bessemer process. B. was first done in the United States. C. produced small quantities of high-grade steel. D. made the production of large-dimension pieces possible. E. was ridiculed by established steelmakers such as Abram Hewitt. Answer: D Page: 473 6. In the United States, the steel industry first emerged in A. Pennsylvania and Ohio. B. Vermont and Massachusetts. C. Illinois and Indiana. D. New Jersey and New York. E. Alabama and Mississippi. Answer: A Page: 473 7. All the following cities became important centers for steel production EXCEPT A. Pittsburgh. B. Chicago. C. Atlanta. D. Birmingham. E. Detroit. Answer: C Page: 473 8. In the late nineteenth century, the needs of the American steel industry directly contributed to the further development of all of the following EXCEPT A. the automobile industry. B. steam engine technology. C. freighters on the Great Lakes. D. the Pennsylvania Railroad. E. the oil industry. Answer: A Page: 473 9. The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in A. Ohio. B. Texas. C. California. D. Michigan. E. Pennsylvania. Answer: E Page: 473

10. In the 1870s, the “internal combustion engine” was developed in A. Europe. B. the United States. C. Asia. D. Africa. E. Australia. Answer: A Page: 473 11. In 1917, automobile production in the United States A. was the nation’s largest industry. B. saw Charles and Frank Duryea build the first practical gasoline-powered car. C. saw nearly five million cars on American roads. D. was almost nonexistent. E. finally became feasible thanks to the innovations of Henry Ford. Answer: C Page: 474 12. Orville and Wilbur Wright’s first successful airplane flight in 1903 A. took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. B. lasted just over one minute. C. did not in fact take off by itself. D. took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina and did not in fact take off by itself. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 474 13. In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations A. occurred as federal funding for research greatly expanded. B. led to a diversification of research interests. C. developed similar research goals as in Europe. D. was deemed unnecessary, since so many American university laboratories existed. E. centralized the sources of research funding. Answer: B Page: 475 14. In the early twentieth century, a principle goal of “Taylorism” was to A. make industrial workers more independent in carrying out their jobs. B. emphasize the importance of craft and quality in the workplace. C. encourage industrial workers to act creatively to solve production problems. D. create a large labor force of highly skilled workers. E. organize industrial production into many simple tasks. Answer: E Page: 476

15. A key to Henry Ford’s success in the mass production of automobiles was A. the use of welds instead of rivets to speed production. B. a reduction in the size of his labor force. C. the moving assembly line. D. the training of highly skilled workers. E. his encouragement of labor unions in organizing his factories. Answer: C Page: 476 16. In 1929, the base price of a Ford Model T was A. $290. B. $470. C. $630. D. $950. E. $1120. Answer: A Page: 476 17. Which of the following statements about the American railroad industry in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? A. It included the nation’s largest businesses. B. It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations. C. It relied partially on government subsidies for its growth. D. It was among the first to adopt new corporate form of organization. E. It became a national symbol of concentrated economic power. Answer: B Page: 477-478 18. During the late nineteenth century, the growth of large corporations was helped by A. sales of company stock to the public. B. “limited liability” laws. C. the realization that great ventures could not be financed by any single person. D. both sales of company stock to the public and “limited liability” laws. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 478 19. Who among the following was NOT significantly associated with the steel industry? A. Henry Bessemer B. Andrew Carnegie C. J. Pierpont Morgan D. Henry Clay Frick E. James J. Hill Answer: E Page: 478

20. The business structure of Carnegie Steel was a good example of A. vertical integration. B. horizontal integration. C. diagonal integration. D. central integration. E. vertical and horizontal integration. Answer: A Page: 479 21. The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of A. vertical integration. B. horizontal integration. C. diagonal integration. D. central integration. E. vertical and horizontal integration. Answer: E Page: 479 22. To John D. Rockefeller, the great “curse” of business in the late nineteenth century was A. government regulation. B. cutthroat competition. C. the income tax. D. the corporate tax. E. the chronic labor shortage. Answer: B Page: 479 23. In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century, A. one percent of businesses controlled one-third of all manufacturing. B. almost all corporations had achieved stability through “pool” arrangements. C. federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices. D. most states had made it illegal for one corporation to buy another one. E. rampant competitiveness and labor shortages helped to keep prices down and wages up. Answer: A Page: 480 24. In the late nineteenth century, most American business millionaires A. railed against the implications of Social Darwinism. B. came from financially humble origins. C. were living examples of “self-made men.” D. had made their fortunes in the railroad industry. E. began their careers from positions of wealth and privilege. Answer: E Page: 480

25. The theory of Social Darwinism A. argued the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth. B. contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth. C. was created by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies. D. was used to justify the social consequences of industrial capitalism. E. argued that it behooved industrial titans to spread their wealth to the lower classes. Answer: D Page: 481-482 26. In the late nineteenth century, Social Darwinists argued that people who failed economically in the United States did so because A. they had not received a college education. B. racism and other prejudices held them back. C. they were not fit enough to survive in the market. D. business wealth was concentrated into the hands of a few. E. they were not members of “the elect.” Answer: C Page: 481 27. In the late nineteenth century, the first and most important promoter of Social Darwinism was A. Henry George. B. Horatio Alger. C. Russell Conwell. D. Jacob Riis. E. Herbert Spencer. Answer: E Page: 481 28. According to the ideas expressed by Andrew Carnegie in his The Gospel of Wealth, A. successful businessmen had every right to live as they pleased. B. only pious Americans would prosper. C. it was the “Christian duty” of every American to become wealthy. D. the rich had great responsibilities to society. E. the wealthy had earned their money through God’s blessing alone. Answer: D Page: 485 29. In his books, Horatio Alger A. offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy. B. took critical issue with the ideas of Social Darwinism. C. emphasized the value of personal character in business. D. criticized child labor in American industry. E. argued that wealth and privilege were ultimately hollow achievements. Answer: C Page: 486

30. The late-nineteenth-century sociologist Lester Frank Ward A. suggested that industrialism was creating “organization men.” B. believed that government intervention in society would be harmful. C. sought to apply Darwinian laws to human society. D. argued that people could do little to alter the economic stratification of society. E. believed that human intelligence, not natural selection, shaped society. Answer: E Page: 485 31. In the late nineteenth century, Daniel De Leon A. created the ideas of laissez-faire capitalism. B. led the Socialist Labor Party in the United States. C. argued that large corporations were ultimately of benefit to American workers. D. led the American Federation of Labor. E. became a strong advocate of Taylorism. Answer: B Page: 485 32. In the late nineteenth century, the social writer Henry George argued in favor of A. taxing only the richest Americans. B. a single land tax to replace all other taxes. C. government efforts to increase land values. D. heavier taxes on the raw materials of industry. E. abolishing all taxes. Answer: B Page: 486 33. Edward Bellamy’s 1888 book, Looking Backward, A. described an America engaged in a second civil war due to concentrated wealth. B. promoted the virtues of economic competition. C. depicted a world presided over by an industrialist-king modeled on J. P. Morgan. D. accepted the necessity of class divisions in a capitalist economy. E. imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust. Answer: E Page: 486-487 34. In the late nineteenth century, due to the growth of industrial capitalism, American workers A. saw a rise in their standard of living. B. experienced a loss in their control over their own work. C. were forced to contend with arduous and dangerous working conditions. D. both saw a rise in their standard of living, and experienced a loss in their control over their own work. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 489

35. During the 1870s and 1880s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from A. Italy and the Slavic countries. B. England and northern Europe. C. Poland, Hungary, and Russia. D. Japan and China. E. Mexico. Answer: B Page: 489 36. Until its repeal in 1885, the Labor Contract Law A. discouraged immigration from non-European countries. B. prevented the formation of labor unions. C. put many new immigrants in debt to American businessmen. D. was an attempt to reform American business practices. E. mandated that each worker sign an individual contract with a company. Answer: C Page: 490 37. By 1900, the average yearly income of American workers A. was about $600. B. allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living. C. remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles. D. both allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living and remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 490 38. In 1900, regarding work conditions in American factories, A. workers generally controlled the pace of production. B. laborers could expect to work at least sixty hours a week. C. job security for industrial workers had significantly increased since 1865. D. while safety conditions were poor, mechanization reduced the overall rate of accidents. E. first-generation workers generally had little trouble adjusting to the nature of industrial labor. Answer: B Page: 490 39. During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States A. increased significantly. B. was unregulated by laws in most states. C. saw more children working in factories than in agriculture. D. both increased significantly and saw more children working in factories than in agriculture. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 491

40. The Molly Maguires were a militant A. offshoot of the Knights of Labor. B. anti-immigration organization. C. woman suffrage organization. D. anarchist group. E. labor union in the coal industry. Answer: E Page: 492-493 41. The great railroad strike of 1877 A. began in the West and spread east. B. saw the federal government refuse to intervene. C. was launched in response to a wage cut. D. saw organized labor gain its first major victory in the United States. E. resulted in only two deaths around the country. Answer: C Page: 493 42. The Knights of Labor A. was primarily a trade union. B. did not allow women to join. C. began as a secret fraternal organization. D. focused its efforts on improving wages and reducing hours. E. tried in particular to enlist support for their cause from lawyers. Answer: C Page: 493 43. At its height in 1886, the Knights of Labor were led by A. Uriah S. Stephens. B. Eugene V. Debs. C. Henry Clay Frick. D. Terence V. Powderly. E. John Peter Altgeld. Answer: D Page: 493 44. Samuel Gompers was the leader of the A. American Federation of Labor. B. Molly Maguires. C. Knights of Labor. D. Congress of Industrial Organization. E. American Railway Union. Answer: A Page: 494

45. The Haymarket Square riot of 1886 A. l public outrage over the police firing into a crowd of workers. B. resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists. C. took place in Indianapolis. D. resulted in a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company. E. was the catalyst for several wide-ranging labor reforms. Answer: B Page: 495 46. During the late nineteenth century, anarchists in the United States A. were relatively peaceful. B. were linked with violence and terrorism in the public mind. C. became tied to the labor movement in the public mind. D. were both relatively peaceful and linked with violence and terrorism in the public mind. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 495 47. In what industry did the Homestead strike of 1892 occur? A. steel B. railroad C. meatpacking D. coal E. oil Answer: A Page: 495 48. Which of the following events did NOT occur during the Homestead strike of 1892? A. Henry Frick shut down the plant in an attempt to destroy the Amalgamated union. B. The entire Pennsylvania National Guard was ordered to protect strikebreakers. C. Hundreds of guards hired by Homestead were defeated in a deadly battle with strikers. D. One radical made a failed attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick. E. The Amalgamated trade union won the strike. Answer: E Page: 495 49. The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company, A. ordered rail workers to move into company-owned housing. B. referred to workers as his “children.” C. cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy. D. refused to implement an eight-hour work day. E. began hiring African American workers in his factories. Answer: C Page: 496

50. The Pullman strike of 1894 A. saw the president of the United States order federal troops to break the strike. B. was ultimately successful for the strikers. C. had little effect on rail transportation throughout the nation. D. ended when George Pullman dropped his demand that workers live in company housing. E. ended when Governor John Peter Altgeld called out the militia to protect employers. Answer: A Page: 496 51. Eugene V. Debs played a leading role in what labor event? A. Homestead strike B. Pullman strike C. Haymarket Square riot D. Railroad strike of 1877 E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 496 52. In the late nineteenth century, organized labor failed to make great gains for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. tensions between ethnic and racial groups, which divided the work force. B. labor unions, which faced powerful and wealthy corporations. C. geographical mobility, which served to dilute institutional ties and class consciousness. D. major labor organizations, which represented only a small percentage of the industrial work force. E. state and federal laws to protect the rights of workers, which did not exist. Answer: E Page: 496-497

True/False Questions 53. America’s rise to industrial supremacy was not as sudden as has been suggested. Answer: True Page: 472 54. The American oil industry emerged in the late nineteenth century largely in response to the needs of the steel industry. Answer: True Page: 473 55. The open-hearth process made possible the production of steel in great quantities and large dimensions. Answer: True Page: 473

56. Henry Ford built the first gasoline-driven motor vehicle in America. Answer: False Page: 474 57. The significant use of air power in World War I quickly led to the development of commercial air flights. Answer: False Page: 474 58. “Scientific management” was seen as a way to increase the decision-making abilities of employees in the workplace. Answer: False Page: 476 59. Carnegie Steel was a good example of vertical integration. Answer: True Page: 479 60. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company was an example of a combination of horizontal and vertical integration. Answer: True Page: 479 61. The history of American business organization saw the “pool” replace the “trust.” Answer: False Page: 479 62. The new rationale for capitalism in the late nineteenth century rested on an older ideology of individualism. Answer: True Page: 480 63. Most of the late nineteenth-century business tycoons began their careers in poverty or lowerclass circumstances. Answer: False Page: 480 64. Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner could both be called Social Darwinists. Answer: True Page: 481 65. Social Darwinism was an ideology that had its critics, but it did have a lot to do with the realities of the late nineteenth-century corporate economy. Answer: False Page: 481

66. Social Darwinism was designed to eliminate competition in the marketplace. Answer: False Page: 481 67. Andrew Carnegie’s The Gospel of Wealth promoted philanthropy by the rich. Answer: True Page: 485 68. Horatio Alger spoke out against child labor in his novels. Answer: False Page: 485 69. Lester Frank Ward was a sociologist who rejected applying Darwinian laws to human society. Answer: True Page: 485 70. Henry George sought to do away with social ills by levying a “single tax” on corporate profits. Answer: False Page: 485 71. Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward discovered a utopian world in eighteenth-century America. Answer: False Page: 486 72. Neither Henry George nor Edward Bellamy was an advocate of revolution. Answer: True Page: 486 73. The economy began to fluctuate erratically beginning in 1873. Answer: True Page: 487 74. In the 1870s, most immigrants to the United States came from southern Europe. Answer: False Page: 489 75. At the end of the nineteenth century, the average income of an American worker was somewhat higher than the minimum required to maintain a reasonable level of comfort. Answer: False Page: 490

76. By 1900, factory work in the United States required ever-increasing levels of skill. Answer: False Page: 491 77. The great railroad strike of 1877 was put down by both state militias and federal troops. Answer: True Page: 493 78. Congress’s decision in 1885 to abolish the Labor Contract Law was a victory for labor. Answer: True Page: 490 79. The Knights of Labor accepted both the eight-hour day and the wage system. Answer: False Page: 493 80. The Knights of Labor were followed by the American Federation of Labor as the most significant national labor union. Answer: True Page: 494 81. Both the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor favored the concept of one big union. Answer: False Page: 494 82. Originally, the American Federation of Labor was not willing to engage in strikes. Answer: False Page: 495 83. In the Homestead strike of 1892, the Pinkertons were brought in on the side of labor. Answer: False Page: 495 84. Governor John Peter Altgeld and Grover Cleveland found themselves on the same side in the Pullman strike. Answer: False Page: 496 85. By 1900, some workers had the legal right to compensation for injuries suffered on the job. Answer: True Page: 496

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 86. ________ invented the incandescent or electric lightbulb. Answer: Thomas Edison Page: 476 87. The ________ process involves blowing air through molten iron to burn out the impurities. Answer: Bessemer Page: 473 88. The first oil well was drilled in 1859 in western Pennsylvania by ________. Answer: Edwin Drake Page: 473 89. Charles and Frank Duryea built the first gasoline-driven ________ in America in 1893. Answer: motor vehicle Page: 474 90. One of the first corporate laboratories in the United States was opened by ________ in 1900. Answer: General Electric Page: 475 91. The principal agent of industrial progress in the late nineteenth century was the ________. Answer: railroad Page: 477 92. The central figure adopting the new corporate form of organization in the steel industry was ________. Answer: Andrew Carnegie Page: 478 93. The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation is called ________. Answer: horizontal integration Page: 479 94. The taking over of all the different businesses on which a company relies to produce its primary product is called ________. Answer: vertical integration Page: 479 95. A central corporate body that would buy up the stock of various members of a trust and establish direct formal ownership of those corporations was called a ________. Answer: holding company Page: 479-480

96. The first and most important proponent of Social Darwinism was the English philosopher ________. Answer: Herbert Spencer Page: 481 97. Andrew Carnegie elaborated his philosophy in a 1901 book titled ________. Answer: The Gospel of Wealth Page: 485 98. Russell Conwell became prominent in the late nineteenth century by delivering his “________” lecture more than 6,000 times. Answer: Acres of Diamonds Page: 485 99. The most famous writer of the success story in the late nineteenth century was ________. Answer: Horatio Alger Page: 485 100. The author made famous by her 1869 book Little Women was ________. Answer: Louisa May Alcott Page: 488-489 101. Henry George expounded on the virtues of his “________” in a book titled Progress and Poverty. Answer: single tax Page: 486 102. Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward promoted a philosophy he called ________. Answer: nationalism Page: 486-487 103. Members of a militant labor organization that used harsh tactics against coal operators in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania called themselves the ________. Answer: Molly Maguires Page: 492-493 104. The first major national labor conflict was the ________ of 1877. Answer: great railroad strike Page: 493 105. The most important leader of the Knights of Labor was ________. Answer: Terence V. Powderly Page: 493

106. The Haymarket Square riot, which occurred in the city of Chicago, raised American fears of ________. Answer: anarchism Page: 495 107. In the Homestead strike of 1892, Andrew Carnegie’s chief lieutenant was ________. Answer: Henry Clay Frick Page: 495 108. The 1894 strike against the Pullman Company was led in part by ________, the head of the American Railway Union. Answer: Eugene V. Debs Page: 496

Essay Questions 109. Describe the key technological developments that account for American industrial growth in the late nineteenth century. 110. What technological advances made in the first half of the nineteenth century continued to be of great benefit to businesses during the late nineteenth century? 111. Cite some specific examples in which the rise of corporations both benefited and hurt working-class Americans. 112. Why were railroads such an important factor in the growth of industrial strength in America? 113. What developments occurred within emerging corporations that resulted in a concentration of wealth and power? 114. What factors in society and the business community during the late nineteenth century that would likely determine an individual’s prospects for economic success were not considered in the ideal of the “self-made man”? 115. Which aspects of Social Darwinism do you believe are true and which are false? Why? 116. In the late nineteenth century, proponents of the “self-made man” argued that the growing industrial economy was compatible with traditional American individualism. Agree or disagree. 117. Compare the ideas and practices of “self-made man” proponents with the ideas and practices of the utopian communities of earlier in the nineteenth century. 118. What were the factors that led many corporations to treat their workers so poorly?

119. In the late nineteenth century, what benefits did the growth of corporate industrialism offer to the American working class? 120. Why were labor unions not more successful during the late nineteenth century? 121. Why was there no sustained commitment to labor radicalism in the late nineteenth century?

Chapter 18 The Age of the City Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The 1920 census of the United States revealed that A. the western frontier had ended. B. a majority of Americans lived in “urban” areas. C. for the first time since 1790, American women outnumbered men. D. the majority of the nation’s population had arrived as immigrants since 1880. E. California was now the most populous state. Answer: B Page: 502 2. In the late nineteenth century, the population in urban areas of the United States A. increased mainly as a result of longer life expectancy. B. experienced massive growth even where there was little immigration. C. rose as the number of children born into urban families doubled between 1870 and 1900. D. soared as the rates of infant mortality and disease significantly declined. E. were mostly foreign-born immigrants and their children. Answer: E Page: 505 3. The largest number of immigrants to the United States in the late nineteenth century came from A. southern and eastern Europe. B. Mexico and Central America. C. Great Britain and Germany. D. China and Japan. E. Ireland and Italy. Answer: A Page: 504 4. In the late nineteenth century, immigrants in the United States A. were generally better educated than immigrants who arrived a generation before. B. took up semi-skilled craft jobs. C. avoided ports like Ellis Island for fear they would be denied entry. D. generally lacked the capital to buy farmland. E. settled overwhelmingly in the relatively empty Northwest. Answer: D Page: 505

5. Roughly what percentage of the populations of Chicago, New York, and Detroit was made up of immigrants by 1890? A. 20-30 percent B. 40-50 percent C. 50-60 percent D. 60-65 percent E. 80-85 percent Answer: E Page: 505 6. In the late nineteenth century, many immigrants to the United States A. were already experienced as urban-dwelling, industrial workers. B. found the transition to their new country to be fairly easy. C. formed close-knit ethnic communities within cities. D. totally cut their links to their native countries. E. read English-language newspapers and frequented chain stores. Answer: C Page: 505 7. Compared to other immigrant ethnic groups in the late nineteenth century, Jewish immigrants A. advanced rapidly economically. B. placed a high value on education. C. huddled together in ethnic neighborhoods. D. both advanced rapidly economically, and huddled together in ethnic neighborhoods. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 506 8. Compared with the first generation, second-generation immigrants were more likely to A. hold on to their old ethnic habits. B. lose faith in the United States due to the hardships they experienced. C. break from their traditional culture. D. resist external social pressures to assimilate. E. return to the Old World for good. Answer: C Page: 506 9. In the late nineteenth century, the assimilation of immigrants was encouraged by A. the sale of American products. B. public education. C. church leaders. D. religious reform. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 507

10. The primary goal of the American Protective Association was to A. require immigrants to sign loyalty oaths to the United States government. B. limit immigration to those who already had relatives living in the United States. C. give “native” Americans preference over immigrants in employment opportunities. D. stop immigrants from entering the United States. E. make English the official language of the United States. Answer: D Page: 507 11. In 1894, the Immigration Restriction League A. sought a ban on all immigration to the United States for fifteen years. B. proposed screening immigrants to allow only the “desirable” ones to enter. C. sought a ban on immigrants from Europe, but not Asia. D. called for the establishment of a tax on all immigrants. E. pushed strongly for the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Answer: B Page: 507 12. In 1882, the first group of immigrants to be excluded from the United States on the basis of nationality were A. Chinese. B. Japanese. C. Mexicans. D. Slavs. E. Irish. Answer: A Page: 507 13. One significant innovation of urban America in the late nineteenth century was A. city fire-fighting companies. B. large public parks. C. paved roads. D. public hospitals. E. water treatment facilities. Answer: B Page: 508 14. The principle force behind the creation of great public buildings in the late nineteenth century was A. wealthy residents. B. community service organizations. C. state governments. D. the federal government. E. ethnic political machines. Answer: A Page: 508

15. The “city beautiful” movement in the United States was inspired, in part, by A. the economic depression of 1893. B. the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. C. the new technology of skyscrapers. D. both the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and the new technology of skyscrapers. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 509 16. In the late nineteenth century, suburbs on the edges of American cities were largely populated by A. very poor people. B. the working class. C. moderately well-to-do people. D. people from all income backgrounds. E. very wealthy people. Answer: C Page: 509 17. In 1894, the population density of Manhattan in New York was A. significantly lower than the density of New York today. B. equal to the density of Paris. C. significantly lower than that of most major European cities. D. greater than in all major American cities except Boston. E. far greater than the most crowded European cities. Answer: E Page: 510 18. Tenement buildings in urban America were A. first constructed in Chicago in the 1880s. B. intended to be occupied as single-family dwellings. C. initially praised as an improvement in housing for the poor. D. subsidized by city governments. E. considered luxury housing by most urban residents. Answer: C Page: 511 19. In the 1890s, Jacob Riis A. favored stopping immigration as a way to improve urban American cities. B. crusaded to expose political corruption in major American cities. C. documented the stories of wealthy Americans who came from humble origins. D. reported on the living conditions of the urban poor to encourage improvements. E. pushed for the creation of mass transit systems and outlying suburbs in America’s cities. Answer: D Page: 511

20. By 1900, the transportation systems of American cities included A. elevated railroads. B. subways. C. electric trolleys and cable cars. D. suspension bridges. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 512 21. In 1884, the first “modern” skyscraper built in the United States A. had no elevators. B. was located in Boston. C. was constructed with steel girders. D. was built entirely of brick. E. was located in New York City. Answer: C Page: 512 22. In the early twentieth century, efforts to improve environmental problems in American cities A. were nonexistent. B. focused on the wealthy and ignored the urban poor. C. included a new federal environmental regulatory agency. D. led many cities to ban horses from their streets. E. did not yet include the construction of sewage disposal systems. Answer: C Page: 513 23. In the late nineteenth century, efforts to reduce poverty in America A. saw the Salvation Army focus primarily on establishing shelters for the homeless. B. saw charitable organizations try to limit aid to only those deemed “deserving poor.” C. included federally-funded studies attempting to identify the causes of poverty. D. generally were led by reformers who had grown up in impoverished communities. E. included public works programs funded by municipal property taxes. Answer: B Page: 513 24. In the late nineteenth century, crime in large American urban centers A. led many city governments to create professional public police departments. B. swelled in the twenty years between 1880 and 1900. C. was often blamed on the violent proclivities of immigrant groups. D. was often blamed on the violent proclivities of immigrant groups, and led many city governments to create professional public police departments. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 513

25. Theodore Dreiser’s 1900 novel, Sister Carrie, dealt with A. his belief that religious organizations were perverting society. B. the qualities of the upper class. C. the need to return to a more rural and natural life. D. the dehumanization of mass communications. E. social dislocations and injustices of the present. Answer: E Page: 523 26. In the late nineteenth century, political “machines” in cities owed their existence to the A. rapid growth of urban America. B. influx of millions of immigrants. C. lack of Democratic and Republican organization in cities. D. rapid growth of urban America and the influx of millions of immigrants. E. influx of millions of immigrants and the lack of Democratic and Republican organization in cities. Answer: D Page: 514 27. In the late nineteenth century, urban political bosses did all of the following EXCEPT A. reward followers with patronage. B. win votes for their political organization. C. provide material assistance to the poor. D. enrich themselves through graft and corruption. E. reduce the costs of city services. Answer: E Page: 514 28. In the late nineteenth century, the Tammany Hall political machine A. saw its most famous boss, William M. Tweed, sent to prison. B. was one of the few machines that did not engage in graft and corruption. C. operated out of Chicago. D. operated out of Chicago and saw its most famous boss, William M. Tweed, sent to prison. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 514 29. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, incomes in the United States A. rose for almost all Americans. B. declined for most unskilled workers. C. remained the same for most Americans. D. increased for white Americans, but decreased for most other ethnic groups. E. grew more unequal, while the middle class shrunk. Answer: A Page: 515

30. During the late nineteenth century, all of the following innovations occurred in consumer goods EXCEPT the A. emergence of ready-made clothing. B. formation of credit card companies. C. ability to refrigerate foods artificially. D. opening of large department stores. E. development and mass production of tin cans. Answer: B Page: 515, 517 31. The national network of grocery stores that started in the 1850s was A. A & P. B. Food Lion. C. Seven-Eleven. D. Piggly Wiggly. E. Harris Teeter. Answer: A Page: 515 32. In the 1890s, Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League sought to A. encourage immigrants to become greater consumers. B. improve the safety and quality of consumer products. C. protect family businesses from the competition of corporate retailers. D. improve the wages and working conditions of employees of manufacturers and retailers. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Page: 516 33. At the end of the nineteenth century, most Americans viewed leisure time as A. the province solely of children and the elderly. B. the equivalent of laziness. C. something not attainable for the average worker. D. reserved for the extremely wealthy. E. being desirable. Answer: E Page: 517 34. In the late nineteenth century, leisure activities tended to be divided by A. gender. B. class. C. race. D. both race and gender. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 517

35. The nineteenth-century game of “rounders” became the modern sport of A. basketball. B. baseball. C. golf. D. football. E. soccer. Answer: B Page: 517 36. In 1869, Princeton and Rutgers played the first intercollegiate game in America of A. baseball. B. boxing. C. football. D. basketball. E. soccer. Answer: C Page: 519 37. In the nineteenth century, vaudeville theater A. consisted of a variety of stage acts. B. only employed white performers. C. had been created in the United States. D. both consisted of a variety of stage acts, and only employed white performers. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 521 38. At the turn of the twentieth century, motion pictures A. had been invented by D. W. Griffith. B. were the first true mass entertainment medium. C. operated under strict morality codes. D. both were the first true mass entertainment medium, and operated under strict morality codes. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 521 39. Which of the following statements regarding Coney Island is FALSE? A. The average daily attendance at Luna Park in 1904 was 90,000 people. B. Many visitors relaxed their conventions of Victorian social behavior. C. The park developed a reputation for wholesome family attractions. D. The park experienced phenomenal popularity until after World War I. E. The park provided lavish reproductions of exotic places and spectacular adventures. Answer: C Page: 518-519

40. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the growth of newspapers A. resulted in most large cities being serviced by one dominant paper. B. led to a significant decline in the telegraph industry. C. was largely due to national population growth. D. saw circulation increase much more rapidly than the general population. E. did not coincide with a rise in journalists’ salaries. Answer: D Page: 522 41. Which American writer is LEAST associated with the trend toward social realism in literature in the late nineteenth century? A. Mark Twain B. Upton Sinclair C. Frank Norris D. Stephen Crane E. Theodore Dreiser Answer: A Page: 523 42. The American artistic movement known as the “Ashcan school” A. portrayed an idealized image of rural life. B. was strongly influenced by Old World masters. C. included the painter Edward Hopper. D. was most identified with the work of John Singer Sargent. E. rejected expressionism and abstraction as artistic fads. Answer: C Page: 523 43. Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution met initial resistance from A. theologians. B. scientists. C. educators. D. both theologians and educators. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 524 44. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by A. scientific inquiry. B. inherited ideals. C. democratic tradition. D. moral principles. E. religious faith. Answer: A Page: 524

45. Which American thinker is LEAST associated with study using scientific methods? A. Henry James B. William Graham Sumner C. Charles Darwin D. John Dewey E. Edward A. Ross Answer: A Page: 525 46. Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? A. It was a period of rapid expansion for public schools. B. By 1900, most states required compulsory school attendance. C. Educational opportunities extended to Indian tribes as well. D. Southern blacks had far less access to education than southern whites. E. Funding for public education was highest in rural areas. Answer: E Page: 526 47. In the late nineteenth century, American universities A. significantly grew in number due to the Morrill Land Grant Act. B. had a strong commitment to practical knowledge. C. began to form relationships with the private sector and the government. D. both had a strong commitment to practical knowledge, and began to form relationships with the private sector and the government. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 526 48. During the late nineteenth century, college education for American women A. did not exist. B. had expanded significantly. C. offered no coeducational opportunities. D. allowed women to be schooled only by male faculty. E. had no real effect on the marrying age of nineteenth-century women. Answer: B Page: 526

True/False Questions 49. The great movement of people from rural to urban areas was unique to the United States. Answer: False Page: 501

50. Without immigration, American cities would have grown relatively slowly. Answer: True Page: 502 51. Among the new immigrant arrivals to late nineteenth-century America, no single national group could be said to have dominated the scene. Answer: True Page: 504-505 52. Prejudice against immigrants was so strong that it mattered little whether or not a new immigrant arrived in the United States with an important skill. Answer: False Page: 505-506 53. The assimilation process of the late nineteenth century was aided by the public schools. Answer: True Page: 507 54. Efforts to restrict the numbers of immigrants coming into the United States had met with little success by the end of the nineteenth century. Answer: True Page: 508 55. In the late nineteenth century, most city parks were simply lands between houses and other buildings that had yet to be developed. Answer: False Page: 508 56. In the late nineteenth century, the construction of the majority of great cultural institutions was paid for by wealthy residents. Answer: True Page: 508 57. As a result of the “city beautiful” movement, most major American cities were largely rebuilt during the late nineteenth century. Answer: False Page: 509 58. In late-nineteenth-century cities, it was not uncommon for the very wealthy to live in the heart of the city. Answer: True Page: 509

59. At the end of the nineteenth century, the population density of Manhattan was higher than that of the most crowded cities of Europe. Answer: True Page: 510 60. When the first tenements were built in 1850, they were viewed as a great improvement in housing for the poor. Answer: True Page: 511 61. Electric trolleys were in use in American cities before World War I. Answer: True Page: 512 62. The first American subway system came into use in Boston in 1897. Answer: True Page: 512 63. The Chrysler Building in New York City is considered the first modern American skyscraper. Answer: False Page: 512 64. Although the plight of poor children in cities often drew the most attention of late-nineteenthcentury reformers, little was done to improve the children’s situations. Answer: True Page: 513 65. Immigrant Americans were more likely to commit crimes than were native-born Americans. Answer: False Page: 513 66. Reform organizations of the late nineteenth century proved to be more permanent than the urban political machines. Answer: False Page: 515 67. The new consumer economy appealed to women as consumers and hired women as sales clerks. Answer: True Page: 516 68. Both baseball and football appealed primarily to working-class males. Answer: False Page: 519

69. Prior to the late nineteenth century, few Americans placed much value in leisure. Answer: True Page: 517 70. By the turn of the century, professional baseball and professional football were both important spectator sports. Answer: False Page: 518-519 71. At the end of the nineteenth century, the participation of women in sports was nearly nonexistent. Answer: False Page: 520 72. When the Anti-Saloon League and other temperance organizations attacked the saloon, one of the reasons they cited was that eliminating saloons would weaken political machines. Answer: True Page: 522 73. Coney Island provided a way of experiencing mass American culture on an equal footing with people from different backgrounds. Answer: True Page: 519 74. Both Theodore Dreiser and Stephen Crane found a market by writing novels that explained the city to their readers. Answer: True Page: 523 75. It can be said that Darwinism helped spawn the philosophy of pragmatism. Answer: True Page: 524 76. The Fourth of July played a large role in the lives of many working-class Americans by providing them an opportunity to publically demonstrate how well they had assimilated into American society. Answer: False Page: 522 77. By the turn of the century, primary and secondary education was nearly universal in the United States. Answer: False Page: 526

78. By the end of the nineteenth century, most public high schools readily accepted women. Answer: True Page: 526

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 79. The census of 1920 revealed that for the first time in American history, a majority of Americans lived in ________ areas. Answer: urban Page: 502 80. Henry Bowers’s hatred of immigration led him to found the American ________. Answer: Protective Association Page: 507 81. Frederick Olmsted and Calvert Vaux designed New York City’s ________. Answer: Central Park Page: 508 82. Danish immigrant Jacob Riis is most noted for his book on slum conditions entitled ________. Answer: How the Other Half Lives Page: 511 83. In the 1880s, John A. Roebling completed the ________, a great technological transportation marvel in New York City. Answer: Brooklyn Bridge Page: 512 84. Into the power vacuum in America’s cities swept the ________, one of America’s most distinctive political institutions. Answer: urban machine Page: 514 85. The most famously corrupt city boss, who presided over New York City’s ________, was William M. Tweed. Answer: Tammany Hall Page: 514 86. Baseball was much like a game called “rounders,” which was derived from the British game of ________. Answer: cricket Page: 517

87. In 1876, baseball teams banded together to form the ________. Answer: National League Page: 518 88. The nation’s most popular amusement park at the turn of the century was ________. Answer: Coney Island Page: 518 89. ________ was one of the few entertainment media open to black performers at the turn of the century. Answer: Vaudeville Page: 521 90. Of the mass entertainment available at the turn of the century, the ________ was/were the most important. Answer: movies Page: 521 91. D. W. Griffith is most noted for his 1915 film, ________. Answer: The Birth of a Nation Page: 521 92. The most powerful newspaper chain in the country was owned by ________. Answer: William Randolph Hearst Page: 522 93. Kate Chopin’s shocking novel, ________, described a young wife and mother who abandoned her family in search of personal fulfillment. Answer: The Awakening Page: 523 94. The ________ school of artists was among the first in America to appreciate expressionism and abstraction. Answer: Ashcan Page: 523 95. The artist ________ portrayed realistic scenes of ordinary life in paintings such as Hairdresser’s Window. Answer: John Sloan Page: 524 96. The most profound intellectual development of the late nineteenth century was the widespread acceptance of the theory of ________. Answer: evolution Page: 524

97. Colleges and universities of the late nineteenth century benefited particularly from the ________ Act. Answer: Morrill Land Grant Page: 526

Essay Questions 98. How had the demographics of immigrants and the patterns of immigration shifted between the 1860s and the 1890s? 99. In what ways did the traditional cultural beliefs and values practiced by new immigrants both help and hinder their adjustment to life in America? 100. Discuss the efforts to restrict immigration in the late nineteenth century. 101. Describe the key features one would find in a large urban American city at the end of the nineteenth century. 102. What major problems or needs of large urban centers were improved or eliminated by new technology and science during the late nineteenth century? 103. What attitudes and beliefs found in America resulted in little being done to improve urban poverty during the late nineteenth century? 104. How and why did American attitudes change during the nineteenth century regarding leisure activities? 105. In what ways did mass entertainment in the late nineteenth century perpetuate racial, class, and gender distinctions? In what ways did it break down these distinctions? 106. How did high culture and popular culture differ at the turn of the century? 107. What was the status of American education by the end of the nineteenth century?

Chapter 19 From Crisis to Empire Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In the late nineteenth century, the most striking feature of the American party system was its A. ideological divisions. B. general activism. C. lack of corruption. D. remarkable stability. E. multiple parties. Answer: D Page: 531 2. An examination of American voters in the late nineteenth century reveals A. voter turnout for both presidential and nonpresidential elections was very high. B. there was greater voter interest in local elections than in national elections. C. southern white males voted Republican as a matter of unquestioned faith. D. voters did not strongly identify with either the Republican or Democratic Party. E. voter turnout was lower than it has been in recent decades. Answer: A Page: 531 3. In the late nineteenth century, Democrats tended to attract greater numbers of A. Catholics. B. citizens of old American stock. C. the middle class. D. Protestants. E. northern blacks. Answer: A Page: 531 4. Throughout the late nineteenth century, the federal government A. developed a prominent role in international relations. B. shrank in size in terms of employees and budget expenditures. C. had no meaningful responsibilities. D. funded large public-works projects to alleviate unemployment. E. was relatively inactive. Answer: E Page: 531

5. In the late nineteenth century, as veterans of the Civil War retired, A. the federal government created a pension system for all retired Americans. B. they were paid pensions by individual states, but not by the federal government. C. the federal government gave pensions to both Union and Confederate veterans. D. a majority of the black and white male population in the North received federal pensions. E. they were forced to do without military pensions of any kind. Answer: D Page: 531 6. The political battles between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds constituted a fight A. within the Democratic Party. B. that ultimately redefined national political practices. C. between traditionalists and reformers. D. that revolved around the temperance movement. E. over the legacy of Reconstruction. Answer: C Page: 532 7. Chester A. Arthur A. supported the Pendleton Act as part of civil service reform. B. upset reformers by supporting the political “spoils system.” C. quickly replaced most of James Garfield’s appointees. D. was a political novice when he assumed the presidency. E. had long been a fierce opponent of Roscoe Conkling. Answer: A Page: 532 8. Samuel Burchard’s “rum, Romanism, and rebellion” speech during the election of 1884 most hurt A. Grover Cleveland. B. Benjamin Harrison. C. Chester A. Arthur. D. Roscoe Conkling. E. James G. Blaine. Answer: E Page: 533 9. The election of 1888 A. involved clear economic differences between the major parties. B. was one of the few elections during this era to escape charges of corruption. C. produced a clear mandate from the voters for political reform. D. was decided by Congress. E. saw the Democrats take back the White House. Answer: A Page: 533

10. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 A. was strongly opposed by congressional Republicans. B. signified that the era of trusts was ending. C. was used by the federal government against labor unions. D. was strengthened by the courts over the next decade. E. mirrored legislation passed earlier in New Jersey and Delaware. Answer: C Page: 534 11. In the late nineteenth century, the issue of primary interest to the Republican Party was A. restrictions on immigration. B. reductions in taxation. C. a prohibition on alcohol. D. support for public education. E. support for high tariffs. Answer: E Page: 534 12. In 1892, President Grover Cleveland A. grew more active in social reform. B. followed policies similar to those of his first term. C. faced a Republican-controlled Congress. D. changed his position on tariffs. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 534 13. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 A. put in place a series of regulations for railroad companies. B. had little practical effect for decades. C. created a five-person commission to oversee the act. D. both created a five-person commission to oversee the act, and had little practical effect for decades. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 534-535 14. What statement regarding the national Grange movement is FALSE? A. At their peak, Grange supporters controlled the legislatures of most Midwest states. B. It attempted to teach new scientific farming techniques to its members. C. It sought to regulate the power and practices of railroads and warehouses. D. It was greatly strengthened by the end of the economic depression in the late 1870s. E. The political inexperience of many Grange leaders hurt the movement. Answer: D Page: 535-536

15. The Farmers’ Alliances A. were far more widespread than the Grange movement. B. were created to replace Grange associations. C. had more effective and better-managed cooperatives than the Grange movement. D. sought a closer working relationship with banks than had the Grange movement. E. shunned the political system, emphasizing instead education and organization. Answer: A Page: 537 16. The election of 1892 A. saw Populism do well at the local level but fail to elect anyone to Congress. B. exposed the declining political power of farmers. C. saw the Republicans sweep into dominant power. D. saw few Populist-backed candidates get elected. E. saw the debut of the People’s Party. Answer: E Page: 538 17. In 1892, the People’s Party called for A. government subsidies of water for agricultural use. B. the federal government to purchase surplus crops. C. a flat income tax for all rural businesses. D. a government network of crop warehouses. E. government subsidies of wheat, corn, and cotton. Answer: D Page: 539 18. The Panic of 1893 A. grew out of a political scandal in the Cleveland administration. B. triggered the nation’s most severe depression up to that point. C. began with a drought in the Midwest. D. was blamed largely on Populist politics. E. grew out of the Cleveland administration’s attempts at monetary reform. Answer: B Page: 539 19. In 1894, Jacob Coxey and his supporters A. demanded that Congress establish a program of unemployment insurance. B. called for a public works program for the unemployed. C. organized a march on Washington as part of plans to overthrow the government. D. were arrested by police, with many later deported as anarchists. E. demanded that Congress nationalize the railroads. Answer: B Page: 540

20. To many middle-class Americans, the major labor upheavals of the late nineteenth century A. were evidence that the inequalities of capitalism needed to be addressed. B. drew little interest outside of large urban cities. C. were clear indications of the excessive power of monopolies. D. suggested that a Labor Party, if founded, might eventually capture the presidency. E. were dangerous signs of social instability. Answer: E Page: 541 21. The congressional law of 1873 that officially discontinued silver coinage A. was passed to benefit international trade merchants. B. was passed over the strong objections of farmers. C. became known to critics as the “Crime of ‘73.” D. was hotly debated at the time. E. was passed because the value of silver had fallen to an all-time low. Answer: C Page: 542 22. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 called for the federal government to A. purchase and coin silver. B. expand the nation’s currency supply. C. change the ratio of silver to gold to 20:1. D. abandon the gold standard. E. purchase silver but not coin it. Answer: E Page: 542 23. As the Republican Party approached the 1896 election, they were A. deeply divided over their candidate. B. confident of victory. C. in agreement that unemployment would be the major issue. D. deeply divided over their candidate, but confident of victory. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 543 24. The “Cross of Gold” speech was given in 1896 by A. William McKinley. B. Grover Cleveland. C. Mark Hanna. D. William Jennings Bryan. E. James Weaver. Answer: D Page: 544

25. The “Cross of Gold” speech appealed primarily to A. immigrants. B. Catholics. C. farmers. D. Republicans. E. bankers. Answer: C Page: 542 26. In the campaign of 1896, William McKinley A. alienated Protestants by reaching out to Catholics. B. campaigned largely from his house. C. was significantly outspent by his opponent. D. appealed to the interests of urban industrial workers. E. embarked on an unprecedented public-speaking tour. Answer: B Page: 545 27. In 1896, the major economic issue for William McKinley’s administration was A. the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. B. the restoration of “bimetallism.” C. the need for higher tariff rates. D. labor unrest. E. the repeal of the Specie Resumption Act. Answer: C Page: 546 28. American agriculture at the turn of the century benefited from A. foreign crop failures. B. new discoveries of silver. C. a new silver agreement with Great Britain and France. D. new federal crop subsidies. E. free trade agreements negotiated by William McKinley. Answer: A Page: 546 29. Arguments used by Social Darwinists in the United States to justify expansionism A. included the belief that weak nations should be left room to develop. B. contended that all nations were engaged in a constant struggle to survive. C. were created and first promoted by Charles Darwin himself. D. differed sharply from arguments used for domestic economic affairs. E. suggested that harmony among “races” depended on open markets and free trade. Answer: B Page: 548

30. The author who called on the United States to increase its naval forces in his book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, was A. William McKinley. B. Richard Olney. C. James G. Blaine. D. Alfred T. Mahan. E. Leonard Wood. Answer: D Page: 549 31. The author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History believed the United States A. should take possession of the Hawaiian Islands. B. should go to war with England to destroy its navy. C. had too cumbersome a navy and should streamline it by decommissioning capital ships. D. should both take possession of the Hawaiian Islands and go to war with England to destroy its navy. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 549 32. Prior to its annexation by the United States in 1898, Hawaii A. did not have a sugar industry. B. was largely governed by a representative assembly. C. had a native population of under ten thousand inhabitants. D. had little contact with the United States. E. had witnessed a revolution staged by American planters. Answer: E Page: 552 33. The leader of Hawaii who was forced to yield authority to the American government upon annexation was A. King Kamehameha I. B. G. P. Judd. C. William Hooper. D. Queen Liliuokalani. E. King Kamehameha III. Answer: D Page: 551-553

34. In the late nineteenth century, the United States’ interest in Samoa saw competition from A. Russia. B. Germany. C. Japan. D. Australia. E. Spain. Answer: B Page: 554 35. The Spanish-American War began primarily because of events in A. Cuba. B. the Philippines. C. Puerto Rico. D. Mexico. E. Guatemala. Answer: A Page: 554 36. The letter stolen in 1898 from Dupuy de Lôme, Spain’s minister to Washington, was controversial because it A. included praise for the destruction of the battleship Maine. B. discussed the use of Spanish spies in Washington, D.C. C. described William McKinley as a weak president. D. mocked the military capabilities of the United States. E. argued that Mexico should attack the U.S. to regain California and Texas. Answer: C Page: 555 37. The American politician who referred to the Spanish-American conflict as “a splendid little war” was A. William McKinley. B. Elihu Root. C. Theodore Roosevelt. D. William Jennings Bryan. E. John Hay. Answer: E Page: 555 38. Which of the following statements regarding the Spanish-American War is FALSE? A. The war lasted only a few months, with fewer than 500 American battle casualties. B. U.S. Army soldiers were well-equipped and supplied. C. More than 5,000 U.S. soldiers died from disease during the war. D. Cuban rebels did most of the fighting even after the Americans joined in the war. E. Most Americans shared the opinion that it was a “splendid little war.” Answer: B Page: 555

39. The bulk of U.S. soldiers in the Spanish-American War came from A. National Guard units. B. volunteers. C. a draft. D. the federal professional army. E. hired mercenaries. Answer: A Page: 555 40. In the early stage of the Spanish-American War, Commodore George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in A. Puerto Rico. B. Havana Harbor. C. Manila Bay. D. Port-au-Prince. E. the Gulf of Mexico. Answer: C Page: 558 41. Theodore Roosevelt’s famous charge in the battle of San Juan Hill, in the Spanish-American War, A. has been considered bold and reckless. B. was a minor part of the battle. C. actually took place on Kettle Hill. D. resulted in nearly a hundred American dead or wounded. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 558 42. The Foraker Act of 1900 A. made all Puerto Ricans citizens of the United States. B. established an American colonial government over Puerto Rico. C. put Puerto Rico under American military rule. D. called for Puerto Rico to be considered for statehood. E. abolished slavery in Puerto Rico. Answer: B Page: 559

43. The Treaty of Paris concluding the Spanish-American War A. required Spain to pay the United States $20 million for its military costs. B. was quickly ratified by the United States Senate. C. transferred the Philippines and Puerto Rico to the United States. D. was rejected by Spain and was never implemented. E. rejected most of the terms of the earlier armistice. Answer: C Page: 560 44. Criticisms within the United States of American colonialism included all the following EXCEPT that A. the financial costs of administering colonies would require burdensome taxes. B. imperialism was immoral and contrary to the nation’s commitment to human freedom. C. foreign obligations and entangling alliances would threaten American liberties. D. the nation’s population would be “polluted” by “inferior” races. E. imperialism would mean a flood of cheap laborers and unwelcome competition. Answer: A Page: 560 45. In 1899, supporters of the annexation of the Philippines argued the United States had set a precedent for taking land while treating its inhabitants as dependents with the case of the A. North’s occupation of the South following the Civil War. B. federal government’s treatment of American Indians. C. nation’s claiming of Florida from Spain in 1819. D. United States’ taking of Hawaii in 1898. E. United States’ claiming of California and Texas after the Mexican War. Answer: B Page: 561 46. In the early 1900s, which American dependency did NOT receive territorial status? A. Cuba B. Alaska C. Puerto Rico D. Hawaii E. None of these answers is correct, as all received territorial status. Answer: A Page: 561 47. According to the terms of the 1901 Platt Amendment, A. Cuba could only form treaties with nations that were allied with the United States. B. the United States had the right to intervene in Cuba to protect life and property. C. Cuba was to be made a demilitarized region. D. the U.S. Congress had to approve each member of the Cuban legislature. E. Cuba was to be granted full political independence. Answer: B Page: 561

48. In the early twentieth century, Cuba A. attracted little investment by American businesses. B. won a large measure of political independence from the United States. C. developed a stable economy through its sugar industry. D. was occupied by troops from the United States for years at a time. E. saw intermittent resistance against “Yankee imperialism.” Answer: D Page: 561-562 49. Beginning in 1898, the American war in the Philippines A. lasted for years and resulted in thousands of American deaths. B. saw close to 10,000 Filipinos die in the conflict. C. was led by General George Pershing. D. saw the United States withdraw its military and negotiate a diplomatic end to the conflict. E. went much more smoothly than the recent Spanish-American War. Answer: A Page: 562 50. The first civilian governor of the Philippines, who gave Filipinos broad local autonomy, was A. Emilio Aguinaldo. B. Arthur MacArthur. C. Elihu Root. D. Theodore Roosevelt. E. William Howard Taft. Answer: E Page: 563 51. The “Open Door notes” A. sought to give the United States a monopoly on trade with China. B. gave the United States a reason to be militarily involved in China. C. were directed to imperial powers in Europe and Asia. D. were written by Theodore Roosevelt. E. argued that Japan should open its borders to free trade. Answer: C Page: 564 52. The Chinese Boxer Rebellion of 1900 was directed at A. the Chinese government. B. all foreigners in China. C. Americans in China. D. Japanese in China. E. the growing Chinese communist movement. Answer: B Page: 564

53. The Spanish-American War revealed to American military planners A. the need to improve glaring deficiencies in the army. B. that they should never fight another war in the malaria-infested Caribbean. C. the necessity of maintaining a military draft. D. that National Guard troops were less reliable than federal troops. E. the need to desegregate the armed forces. Answer: A Page: 565 54. The man appointed to supervise a major overhaul of the armed forces was A. William Howard Taft. B. Leonard Wood. C. William Shafter. D. Arthur MacArthur. E. Elihu Root. Answer: E Page: 565

True/False Questions 55. The two-party system of the late nineteenth century was remarkably stable. Answer: True Page: 531 56. Voter turnout for presidential elections in the late nineteenth century was much higher in terms of percentages than is the case today. Answer: True Page: 531 57. Party identification in the late nineteenth century was usually a reflection more of cultural identity than of economic calculation. Answer: True Page: 531 58. The Republican Party of the late nineteenth century appealed primarily to Protestants, in both the North and the South. Answer: False Page: 531 59. President Cleveland generally questioned the wisdom of protective tariffs. Answer: True Page: 533

60. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was used largely against labor unions. Answer: True Page: 534 61. Democratic President Grover Cleveland was fairly consistent in his belief in and commitment to minimal government. Answer: True Page: 534 62. Like the Granges, the Farmers’ Alliances formed cooperatives and other marketing mechanisms. Answer: True Page: 536, 537 63. The new People’s Party sought to bring together farmers and urban workers. Answer: True Page: 537 64. During its short life, Populism was able to attract significant industrial labor support. Answer: False Page: 539 65. Bigotry was the dominant force behind the Populist movement. Answer: False Page: 539 66. The economic collapse of the 1890s was the worst to that point in American history. Answer: True Page: 539 67. President Cleveland damaged himself politically when he moved to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Answer: True Page: 542 68. In 1896, the Democratic Party sought to appeal primarily to voters in the West and the South. Answer: True Page: 543 69. In 1896, the Populists refused to join with the Democrats. Answer: False Page: 544

70. During the late nineteenth century, the supply of money did not keep pace with economic progress. Answer: True Page: 547 71. The United States led Europe in establishing an empire in the late nineteenth century. Answer: False Page: 548 72. Some American sugar growers in Hawaii deliberately sought to create a mixed-race workforce. Answer: True Page: 551 73. For the ten years before 1899, America jockeyed over dominance of Samoa with Spain and France. Answer: False Page: 554 74. American attention to the cause of Cuba Libre was spurred by the 1895 death of Valeriano Weyler, head of the Cuban Revolutionary Party. Answer: False Page: 554 75. A naval court of inquiry reported that the Maine had been blown up by an external explosion. Answer: True Page: 555 76. In the last few months leading up to war with Spain, President McKinley sought to involve the United States in the conflict in Cuba. Answer: False Page: 555 77. The United States was forced to rely on the regular army and a military draft in fighting the Spanish-American War. Answer: False Page: 555 78. The fact that black Cuban soldiers fought alongside whites as equals gave black American soldiers a stronger sense of the injustices they faced. Answer: True Page: 555

79. Early in the Spanish-American War, Commodore George Dewey managed to completely destroy the Spanish fleet in the Pacific at Manila Bay. Answer: True Page: 558 80. The American annexation of Puerto Rico produced a storm of protest in the United States. Answer: False Page: 560 81. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 required Spain to cede Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam to American control, without any compensation. Answer: False Page: 560 82. American imperialists were racists; American anti-imperialists were not. Answer: False Page: 560 83. The Platt Amendment left the Philippines only nominally independent, politically. Answer: False Page: 561 84. In the decade following the Spanish-American War, American troops could be found in both Cuba and the Philippines. Answer: True Page: 562 85. American troops were sent to China to help subdue the Boxer Rebellion. Answer: True Page: 564 86. The Spanish-American War revealed glaring deficiencies in the American military. Answer: True Page: 565

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 87. The federal government in the late nineteenth century was not an activist government; a major exception to this was its ________ program for Union Civil War veterans. Answer: pension Page: 531 88. Stalwarts and Half-Breeds competed for control of the ________ Party. Answer: Republican Page: 532

89. The president who was assassinated between Lincoln and McKinley was ________. Answer: James Garfield Page: 532 90. “Liberal Republicans” were known derisively by their critics as “________.” Answer: mugwumps Page: 532 91. By the end of the 1880s, public sentiment in America was rising to curb the power of ________. Answer: trusts Page: 534 92. Prior to becoming president, William McKinley was most interested in the issue of the ________. Answer: tariff Page: 534 93. Congress established the ________ to regulate railroad rates. Answer: Interstate Commerce Act Page: 534 94. No occupational group watched the performance of the federal government in the 1880s with more dismay than American ________. Answer: farmers Page: 535 95. The People’s Party movement is more commonly referred to as ________. Answer: Populism Page: 535 96. The critics of the decision to discontinue the coinage of silver called that decision the “________ of ‘73.” Answer: Crime Page: 542 97. The speech that included the line “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold” was made by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 ________. Answer: Democratic convention Page: 543 98. William McKinley waged a “________” campaign in 1896. Answer: front-porch Page: 545

99. The most outspoken advocate of American naval expansion and author of ________ was Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan. Answer: The Influence of Sea Power upon History Page: 549 100. During the second Cleveland administration, the United States sided with Venezuela over ________ in a boundary dispute. Answer: Great Britain Page: 550 101. The Spanish-American War emerged out of events in the country of ________. Answer: Cuba Page: 554 102. A letter critical of ________, written by Spain’s minister Dupuy de Lôme, sparked a controversy in the United States in 1898. Answer: William McKinley Page: 555 103. Secretary of State ________ referred to the Spanish-American War as a “splendid little war.” Answer: John Hay Page: 555 104. Theodore Roosevelt instructed Commodore ________ to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines. Answer: George Dewey Page: 558 105. Opponents of the American acquisition of the Philippines organized themselves into the ________. Answer: Anti-Imperialist League Page: 560 106. Informal American control of Cuba was sanctioned by the ________ Amendment. Answer: Platt Page: 561 107. The primary author of the “Open Door notes” was Secretary of State ________. Answer: John Hay Page: 564 108. A Chinese revolt against foreigners, the ________, led the United States to join an international expeditionary force to put it down. Answer: Boxer Rebellion Page: 564

109. One of the military reforms of Elihu Root, in 1903, established a general staff called the ________ to act as military advisers to the secretary of war. Answer: Joint Chiefs of Staff Page: 565

Essay Questions 110. Why were presidential administrations from both major political parties in the late nineteenth century generally inactive and engaged in few responsibilities? 111. What drew the anger of disgruntled farmers in the late nineteenth century, and why? 112. Describe which Populist ideas of the late nineteenth century differed from those of the Republican or Democratic Parties. 113. How does Populism fit into the traditions of American democracy both before and since the late nineteenth century? 114. What was the “silver question” in the 1890s, and why was it such a prominent issue? 115. How did the campaigns of William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan differ in 1896, and why did McKinley win? 116. What factors motivated the United States to adopt an expansionist view in international affairs in the 1890s? 117. Trace the technological developments in communication that affected newspapers between the age of the “penny press” and the rise of “yellow journalism.” 118. What was “yellow journalism” and how significant was it in the events of 1898? 119. Why did the United States go to war against Spain in 1898? 120. What were the major consequences of the Spanish-American War for Cuba? 121. Who had the stronger arguments, critics or supporters of imperialism, and why? 122. Alan Brinkley characterizes the war in the Philippines as the “least remembered of all American wars.” Why would this be the case for this war? 123. Why may one say the Spanish-American War marked the “birth” of the United States as an international power? 124. What evidence suggests that the United States between 1898 and 1902 was not yet ready to be a leading world power?

Chapter 20 The Progressives Multiple-Choice Questions 1. While progressivism has many meanings, it tended in this period to be based on the central assumption that A. American society was capable of improvement. B. Social Darwinism could create social order and stability. C. urbanization was harmful to the United States. D. the laissez-faire philosophy should be embraced in American politics. E. individual rights should be expanded as widely as possible. Answer: A Page: 569 2. At the turn of the twentieth century, progressive activists A. believed that organizations stunted individual growth and stifled creativity. B. asserted that it was the right of individuals to act as they chose. C. held a strong commitment to improving racial justice. D. believed in the transformational power of enlightened public opinion. E. believed that people’s character was hardwired at birth. Answer: D Page: 569 3. The term “muckrakers” referred to A. western progressives. B. Social Darwinists. C. socialists. D. critics of imperialism. E. journalists. Answer: E Page: 569 4. In 1904, Ida Tarbell published a highly critical study on A. the Carnegie Steel Company. B. child industrial labor. C. urban “boss rule.” D. the Standard Oil trust. E. Congress. Answer: D Page: 569

5. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the “Social Gospel” was A. a reform movement guided by the American Catholic Church. B. first described by Andrew Carnegie. C. an effort to make religious faith a tool of social reform. D. intended to offer spiritual, not material, assistance to the poor. E. a belief that God had chosen the rich to be rich and the poor to be poor. Answer: C Page: 569 6. At the turn of the twentieth century, the leaders of the settlement house movement A. eventually saw their ideas and institutions take hold in England. B. generally expressed moral disapproval of the behavior of immigrants. C. thought assimilation robbed immigrants of the best parts of their culture. D. were generally first-generation immigrants who helped second-generation immigrants. E. directed their attention to improving urban living conditions. Answer: E Page: 570 7. The settlement house movement of the early twentieth century helped spawn the profession of A. charitable foundations. B. community service. C. psychological therapy. D. social work. E. comparative sociology. Answer: D Page: 571 8. Thorstein Veblen argued that A. only the wealthy leisure class had adequate time and money to help the needy. B. modern societies should rely on a handful of experts to solve their social problems. C. true social reform would only occur if the nation’s wealth were redistributed. D. the leaders of corporations were the natural choice to create social reform. E. the philanthropy of industrial tycoons had subverted the natural workings of society. Answer: B Page: 571 9. Regarding organizing the professions during the Progressive Era, A. most professions attempted to expand the ranks of Americans in their fields. B. by 1916, all states had established professional bar associations. C. the medical field remained largely unorganized. D. there was little organized activity in rural America. E. state and local governments generally impeded attempts to professionalize. Answer: B Page: 571

10. Regarding women and the professions during the Progressive Era, A. almost no women were able to have professional careers. B. the majority of professional women were nurses. C. social work was generally thought to be an appropriate career for women. D. educated black women were barred from all professional opportunities. E. women were forced out of nursing as the occupation gained distinction. Answer: C Page: 572 11. The most distinctive quality of women in professions during the progressive era was that A. women did not dominate any single profession. B. women could not attain advanced degrees from American universities. C. women did not generally create their own professional organizations. D. “women’s professions,” unlike other professions, did not attempt to exclude anyone. E. women were concentrated in the “helping” professions. Answer: E Page: 572 12. During the progressive era, the “new woman” was a product of A. a lower birth rate. B. the movement to work outside the home. C. increased schooling for children. D. higher levels of education. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 573-574 13. Regarding divorce in the United States during the progressive era, by 1916 A. the majority of divorces were initiated by men. B. more than ten percent of all marriages ended in divorce. C. divorce rates declined. D. few states allowed divorce. E. women began gaining the right to divorce in many states. Answer: B Page: 574 14. During the progressive era, the women’s club movement A. had a national organization to coordinate club activities. B. consistently avoided controversial social reforms. C. became increasingly concerned with cultural activities. D. both had a national organization to coordinate club activities, and became increasingly concerned with cultural activities. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 574

15. During the progressive era, clubs for African American women A. differed sharply from white women’s clubs in their structure. B. in some cases may have had an anti-lynching focus. C. existed mainly because black women weren’t allowed in white clubs. D. tried to ignore overtly racial issues such as segregation. E. did not exist. Answer: B Page: 574 16. During the Progressive Era, supporters of woman suffrage argued that female voters A. would end future political scandals. B. would ensure fair elections. C. deserved the vote because of their unique traits as women. D. were unlikely ever to vote for a woman running for national office. E. would help to defeat the growing movement for temperance. Answer: C Page: 575 17. During the progressive era, significant voting rights for women were first won in A. the mid-Atlantic states. B. the South. C. New England. D. the Midwest. E. the Far West. Answer: E Page: 576 18. In the years prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, A. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women. B. many states gave full voting rights to women. C. New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California all granted women the right to vote. D. a large majority of states gave some voting rights to women, including New York, Michigan, Illinois, and California. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 576 19. Prior to the adoption of the secret ballot, voter ballots were printed and distributed by A. the political parties. B. the federal government. C. private contractors. D. state governments. E. philanthropic organizations. Answer: A Page: 577

20. During the progressive era, one of the first targets for political reformers was A. Congress. B. state governments. C. municipal governments. D. the judicial system. E. the federal bureaucracy. Answer: C Page: 577 21. During the progressive era, opponents of political reform generally included many members of all of the following EXCEPT A. the urban middle class. B. the business community. C. the urban working class. D. saloon owners. E. recent immigrants. Answer: A Page: 577 22. During the progressive era, reformers of city government frequently tried to A. require city council members to run by district rather than at-large. B. hire professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers. C. make all city government positions appointive. D. strengthen the power of city councils at the expense of mayors. E. move city elections to presidential years in order to increase turnout. Answer: B Page: 577 23. The initiative and referendum were progressive-era political reforms designed to weaken the power of A. the federal government. B. political parties. C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts. Answer: D Page: 578 24. The recall and the direct primary were progressive-era political reforms designed to weaken A. the federal government. B. political parties. C. state governors. D. state legislatures. E. the courts. Answer: B Page: 579

25. As governor of Wisconsin, the progressive reformer Robert La Follette helped win approval for A. campaign finance reform. B. mandatory health insurance. C. a repeal of the income tax. D. employee profit sharing in large corporations. E. the direct primary, initiative, and referendum. Answer: E Page: 579 26. During the progressive era, political “interest groups” A. rose to replace the declining power centers of the parties. B. were attacked by progressive reformers. C. gradually became less powerful as time went on. D. were attacked by progressive reformers, and gradually became less powerful as time went on. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 580 27. During the progressive era, important vehicles for social reform included A. the American Federation of Labor. B. New York’s Tammany Hall. C. the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. D. both New York’s Tammany Hall and the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 580 28. In the aftermath of the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire in New York City, A. New York State barred factories from employing women under the age of sixteen. B. factories taller than ten stories could only use the upper floors for storage of materials. C. few true reforms of industry were made. D. strict regulations were imposed on factory owners. E. Tammany Democrats attempted to thwart the New York State commission examining the fire. Answer: D Page: 581

29. All of the following were progressive reformers from western states EXCEPT A. William Borah. B. George Norris. C. Hiram Johnson. D. Alfred E. Smith. E. None of these answers is correct, as all were progressive reformers from western states. Answer: D Page: 581 30. For western states, the most important target of reform energies was A. state government agencies, such as the Bureau of Land Management. B. the federal government, because it exerted great power in the western states. C. political parties. D. municipal and county governments, as they had the most day-to-day impact on the lives of the western voting constituency. E. the prison system. Answer: B Page: 581 31. During the progressive era, W. E. B. Du Bois asserted all of the following EXCEPT that A. Booker T. Washington’s ideas were unnecessarily limiting to blacks. B. talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education. C. blacks should fight for immediate civil rights. D. the principal tool for gaining civil rights was to elect blacks to public office. E. blacks should aspire to the professions. Answer: D Page: 583 32. The temperance crusade A. first began to take shape during the progressive era. B. was supported by business employers. C. sought to curb prostitution. D. found its greatest support among immigrants. E. was wholeheartedly supported by urban political machines. Answer: B Page: 583 33. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union A. was, at one time, the largest women’s organization in American history. B. called for an end to saloons, not for a full prohibition on alcoholic beverages. C. was later replaced by the Anti-Saloon League. D. was headed by a male president. E. was founded during the progressive era. Answer: A Page: 583

34. The temperance movement between 1914 and 1919 A. gained momentum as a result of World War I. B. was opposed by most conservative Christians. C. saw the Women’s Christian Temperance Union peak at 125,000 members. D. resulted in the unanimous passage by states of the Eighteenth Amendment. E. gained the support of most Catholic immigrants. Answer: A Page: 585 35. In the early twentieth century, eugenics A. contended that inequalities between humans were rooted in education. B. aimed to subvert and oppose the rising tide of nativism. C. was exposed by a federal commission as a fraudulent science. D. asserted that the root of many urban problems was overcrowded cities. E. supported the restriction of immigration by nationality. Answer: E Page: 585 36. During the progressive era, the Socialist Party of America A. grew weaker. B. grew stronger. C. renamed itself the Progressive Party. D. virtually disappeared. E. continued as it had in the past. Answer: B Page: 586 37. During the progressive era, the acknowledged leader of American socialism was A. Lincoln Steffens. B. William Haywood. C. Florence Kelley. D. Eugene V. Debs. E. A. Mitchell Palmer. Answer: D Page: 586 38. During the early twentieth century, the Industrial Workers of the World A. advocated a single union for all workers. B. was dominated by anarchists. C. emphasized education for the working class. D. rejected the economic principles of both capitalism and Marxism. E. was a more violent organization than the public recognized at the time. Answer: A Page: 586

39. World War I hurt the socialist movement in the United States A. because the war generated anti-radical feelings in the country. B. because the Socialist Party supported Germany. C. because the Socialist Party had dynamited key railroad lines to prevent troop movement. D. both because the war generated anti-radical feelings in the country, and because the Socialist Party supported Germany. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 587 40. The brilliant lawyer Louis D. Brandies, who later became a Supreme Court justice, argued that the federal government should work to break up the largest corporations because the “curse of bigness” A. limited competition. B. was inefficient. C. was a threat to freedom. D. encouraged abuses of power E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 587 41. When he assumed the presidency in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt A. had no previous political experience. B. was the youngest American ever to hold the office. C. had little faith in the power of public opinion. D. both was the youngest American ever to hold the office and had no previous political experience. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 588 42. During Theodore Roosevelt’s first three years as president, A. he was a champion of labor unions. B. he made the breaking-up of business combinations his highest priority. C. he desired to win for government the power to investigate corporate activities. D. his primary accomplishment was to reform the meatpacking industry. E. he deeply antagonized the conservative Old Guard wing of his party. Answer: C Page: 588-589

43. In the 1902 strike by the United Mine Workers, President Theodore Roosevelt A. sided with the miners. B. sided with the mine owners. C. ordered in federal troops to keep the peace. D. ordered federal arbitration. E. ordered in federal troops to break the strike. Answer: D Page: 589 44. All of the following legislation was passed during Theodore Roosevelt’s administration EXCEPT the A. Meat Inspection Act. B. Pure Food and Drug Act. C. Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act. D. National Reclamation Act. E. Interstate Commerce Act. Answer: E Page: 589 45. Upton Sinclair’s 1906 novel, The Jungle, encouraged the federal government to regulate the A. railroad industry. B. steel industry. C. housing industry. D. meatpacking industry. E. oil industry. Answer: D Page: 592 46. As an environmental conservationist, President Theodore Roosevelt A. opposed hunting on all federal lands. B. added extensive areas of land to the national forest system. C. opposed new dam construction on major rivers. D. opposed the growing preservationist movement as impractical. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 592 47. The first director of the National Forest Service was A. Gifford Pinchot. B. William Howard Taft. C. John Muir. D. Richard Ballinger. E. Louis Glavis. Answer: A Page: 592

48. The Sierra Club was founded by A. Gifford Pinchot. B. Theodore Roosevelt. C. John Muir. D. Richard Ballinger. E. Louis Glavis. Answer: C Page: 592 49. Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? A. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. B. The fight against the dam helped mobilize a new coalition of preservationists. C. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. D. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy. E. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Answer: E Page: 592 50. Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term as president in 1908 because A. the Constitution prevented him from doing so. B. he had lost much of his public popularity. C. in 1904 he had promised not to run again. D. he was denied the nomination of his party. E. he felt he had accomplished everything he wanted to do as president. Answer: C Page: 593 51. In the election of 1908, William Howard Taft A. was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him. B. narrowly defeated his opponent, William Jennings Bryan. C. was opposed by progressives and conservatives. D. had a public image very much like that of Theodore Roosevelt. E. decisively defeated his Republican opponent in the general election. Answer: A Page: 594 52. As president, William Howard Taft A. angered many conservatives with his activism. B. generally pleased progressives. C. managed to match Roosevelt’s personal dynamism. D. angered many conservatives with his activism, but generally pleased progressives. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 595-596

53. In 1909, a controversy involving Richard Ballinger and Gifford Pinchot saw A. President William H. Taft fire Ballinger, due to a conflict of interest. B. President William H. Taft fire Pinchot for insubordination. C. conservative Republicans turn against President Taft. D. progressives come to oppose Pinchot. E. former supporters of Roosevelt rally behind Taft. Answer: B Page: 595-596 54. In 1910, in Osawatomie, Kansas, Theodore Roosevelt announced a set of political principles that called for A. greater activism by the federal government. B. limiting the authority of President William H. Taft. C. an end to legal racial discrimination. D. equal pay for male and female workers who performed the same jobs. E. a return to the laissez-faire policies of his two administrations. Answer: A Page: 595 55. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt was reluctant to become a candidate for president because A. the 1910 elections seemed to illustrate that progressivism was on the wane. B. Robert La Follette had been working to secure the nomination for himself. C. President William H. Taft announced he would seek reelection. D. many conservative Republicans asked him to seek the nomination of the party. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 595 56. The 1912 Republican convention was an ideological contest between A. the Old Guard and what was to become the “Bull Moose.” B. La Follette and Taft. C. the “New Freedom” and the “New Nationalism.” D. both different types of progressivism and the “New Freedom” and “New Nationalism.” E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 596 57. In the 1912 presidential election results, A. President William H. Taft came in last of the four major candidates. B. Theodore Roosevelt won the popular vote but lost the electoral college. C. Eugene Debs offered his electoral votes to Theodore Roosevelt. D. Theodore Roosevelt finished third in the popular vote. E. Woodrow Wilson won only a plurality of the popular vote. Answer: E Page: 597

58. In his political program known as the “New Freedom,” Woodrow Wilson believed trusts A. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. B. should be destroyed. C. should exist only if they benefited the middle class. D. should have the right to expand. E. should exist only if they recognized labor’s right to organize. Answer: B Page: 596-597 59. During President Woodrow Wilson’s first term, Colonel Edward House A. was secretary of state. B. was one of Wilson’s closest advisors. C. became the locus of opposition to Wilson in the cabinet. D. was both secretary of state and one of Wilson’s closest advisors. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 597 60. The 1913 Underwood-Simmons Tariff A. represented a political setback for President Wilson. B. reduced foreign competition in the United States’ domestic markets. C. was intended to weaken the power of business trusts. D. passed despite opposition from congressional Democrats. E. raised tariff rates to a new high. Answer: C Page: 597 61. In 1913, to offset the loss of revenues from other legislation, Congress A. passed a graduated income tax. B. decided to inflate the currency. C. increased business regulatory fees. D. raised the tariff on agricultural goods. E. passed heavy excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco. Answer: A Page: 597 62. The Federal Reserve Act A. created a new type of paper currency. B. helped to reduce loans to private banks. C. was designed to push troubled banks out of business. D. was regulated by a board whose members were elected by Congress. E. created sixteen regional banks. Answer: A Page: 598

63. The Federal Trade Commission Act A. defined the standard for “unfair trade practices.” B. helped businesses increase their trade markets. C. failed to give the government new powers to investigate corporate behavior. D. encouraged industries to write basic “codes” governing prices, hours, and wages across the board. E. created an agency to determine whether business practices were acceptable to the government. Answer: E Page: 598 64. By the fall of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. decided to expand his progressive reform efforts. B. concluded he could not achieve meaningful reform of the economy. C. believed his reform program had largely been accomplished. D. had succeeded in breaking up most business trusts. E. had created the mechanisms for a vigorous legal pursuit of monopoly. Answer: C Page: 598 65. After the elections of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson A. held steady to his existing course of action. B. moved away from progressivism. C. began another round of progressive legislation. D. encouraged the United States to enter the war in Europe. E. refused to nominate any progressives to the Supreme Court. Answer: C Page: 598 66. The 1916 Keating-Owen Act was the first federal law regulating A. child labor. B. industrial safety. C. tenant agriculture. D. the garment industry. E. information about contraceptives. Answer: A Page: 598 67. The Supreme Court, in two rulings related to the 1916 Keating-Owen Act, A. demonstrated its support for President Wilson’s political agenda. B. validated an expansion of congressional authority. C. struck down reform legislation. D. displayed support for using federal authority to create social change. E. illustrated how quickly Justice Louis Brandeis had changed the Court. Answer: C Page: 598

True/False Questions 68. Progressives tended to believe that the doctrine of Social Darwinism was the correct starting point for creating a better world. Answer: False Page: 570 69. Progressives held that an enlightened public could change the world. Answer: True Page: 569 70. Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens could both be called muckrakers. Answer: True Page: 569 71. The settlement house movement was built by middle-class reformers to help inner-city residents. Answer: True Page: 570 72. The new middle class of the turn of the century placed a high value on moral values, but not on formal education. Answer: False Page: 571 73. During the progressive era, doctors, lawyers, and other professionals worked to limit entry into their fields, to keep out “undesirables.” Answer: True Page: 571-572 74. The “new woman” was less likely to marry and more likely to divorce. Answer: True Page: 574 75. The middle-class women’s club movement confined itself to working on middle-class issues. Answer: False Page: 574 76. Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt were among the most prominent leaders of the anti-suffrage movement. Answer: False Page: 574, 575

77. Former “mugwumps” became important supporters of progressive political reform activity. Answer: True Page: 577 78. The secret ballot enhanced the power of the two-party system over the average voter. Answer: False Page: 577 79. The urban political machine was a good source of jobs for newer immigrants. Answer: True Page: 577 80. Progressive reformers tried to strengthen the power of the mayor over the city council. Answer: True Page: 577 81. The direct primary and the recall were both reforms designed to enhance the power of political parties in the United States. Answer: False Page: 579 82. Progressive reforms tended to increase voter turnout in presidential elections. Answer: False Page: 577 83. The urban political machine Tammany Hall grew increasingly interested in progressive reform during the progressive era. Answer: True Page: 580 84. W. E. B. Du Bois was highly critical of Booker T. Washington’s philosophy. Answer: True Page: 581 85. During the progressive era, employers were generally unconcerned about the problem of alcohol. Answer: False Page: 583 86. The temperance movement was strengthened by World War I. Answer: True Page: 585

87. Political reformers correctly regarded the saloon as in league with the urban political machine. Answer: True Page: 583 88. Many progressive reformers agreed that the growth of immigration had created social problems in American cities. Answer: True Page: 585 89. By the beginning of World War I, the nativist tide in America had peaked and was falling. Answer: False Page: 585 90. The political popularity of the Socialist Party peaked at the end of World War I. Answer: False Page: 587 91. Louis Brandeis and Herbert Croly agreed that bigness in business had to be eradicated. Answer: False Page: 587 92. Theodore Roosevelt was both a progressive reformer and decidedly conservative. Answer: True Page: 588 93. As president, Theodore Roosevelt quickly rebelled against the leaders of his party. Answer: False Page: 588 94. Theodore Roosevelt received financial advice from J. P. Morgan. Answer: True Page: 593 95. During his first three years in office, President Theodore Roosevelt was less concerned with reform than he was with not upsetting the conservative wing of his party. Answer: True Page: 588 96. As president, William Howard Taft found himself pleasing the progressives and alienating the conservatives within his own party. Answer: False Page: 594

97. In the controversy between Gifford Pinchot and Richard Ballinger, President Taft supported Ballinger. Answer: True Page: 594 98. Theodore Roosevelt’s New Nationalism called for the elevation of “the public welfare” over the rights of property. Answer: True Page: 595 99. In 1913, the first modern income tax imposed a 10 percent tax on individuals earning over $4,000 a year. Answer: False Page: 597 100. Woodrow Wilson helped create the Federal Reserve system as part of his effort to end trusts. Answer: False Page: 597 101. In 1916, President Wilson appointed Louis Brandeis, a Jew, to the Supreme Court. Answer: True Page: 598 102. During his presidency, Woodrow Wilson moved ever farther away from his New Nationalism. Answer: False Page: 597-598

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 103. Muckraker Lincoln Steffens wrote an expose titled ________. Answer: The Shame of the Cities Page: 569 104. Social work and ________ houses provided two “appropriate” professional outlets for women of the progressive era. Answer: settlement Page: 572 105. In the twentieth century, ________ was the first state to extend to women the right to vote. Answer: Washington Page: 576

106. The leader of the National Woman’s Party, ________, did not think that the Nineteenth Amendment would be sufficient to protect women. Answer: Alice Paul Page: 576-577 107. Robert La Follette wanted to make the state of ________ into a “laboratory of progressivism.” Answer: Wisconsin Page: 579 108. New York’s major political machine, ________, eventually helped advance progressive reform. Answer: Tammany Hall Page: 580 109. W. E. B. Du Bois was instrumental in founding both the Niagara Movement and the ________. Answer: NAACP Page: 583 110. Opponents of alcohol let it be known that they opposed more than just alcohol when they founded the Anti-________ League. Answer: Saloon Page: 583 111. During the progressive era, the spurious “science” of ________ spread the belief that human inequalities were hereditary. Answer: eugenics Page: 585 112. “Big Bill” Haywood of the ________ called for the abolition of the “wage slave” system. Answer: Industrial Workers of the World Page: 586 113. In 1902, President Roosevelt intervened in a strike involving the ________ industry. Answer: coal Page: 589 114. President Roosevelt showed himself to be a trustbuster in his action against the Northern ________ Company. Answer: Securities Page: 589

115. President Roosevelt claimed his domestic policies would bring a “________ deal” to Americans. Answer: square Page: 589 116. President Roosevelt moved to ease the Panic of 1907 by agreeing to the purchase of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company by ________. Answer: U.S. Steel Page: 593 117. President Roosevelt’s handpicked successor was ________. Answer: William Howard Taft Page: 594 118. The ________ Tariff made progressives highly suspicious of President Taft. Answer: Payne-Aldrich Page: 594 119. While running for the presidency in 1912, Woodrow Wilson presented a progressive program that came to be called the “New ________.” Answer: Freedom Page: 596 120. The presidential candidate who was the victim of an assassination attempt in 1912 was ________. Answer: Theodore Roosevelt Page: 597 121. The major reform of the American banking system passed by Wilson was the ________. Answer: Federal Reserve Act Page: 597

Essay Questions 122. How would you define progressivism and describe its major characteristics? 123. What were the significant divisions within the progressive movement? What impact did these divisions have on the movement? 124. What social factors motivated progressivism to develop as a reform movement when it did? 125. Why were both the middle class and women so interested in reform causes at the turn of the century?

126. How do the attitudes and actions of late nineteenth-century progressive reformers compare with the attitudes and actions found in the utopian communities of the early nineteenth century? 127. In what ways was the reform era not progressive? 128. Why were western states often on the leading edge of political reform and women’s voting rights? 129. What social attitudes in America worked for and against the concept of women having the right to vote? 130. Describe and evaluate the ideas of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. In your opinion, which of these two men had the better plan, and why? 131. How were the calls for “order” and “reform” the same? How were they different? 132. What were the differences between a progressive and a radical reformer from 1890 to 1920? 133. In what ways was Theodore Roosevelt a progressive reformer, consistent with the progressivism of his time? 134. What accounted for the great public popularity of Theodore Roosevelt? Do you think he would be popular with today’s voters? 135. What was Theodore Roosevelt’s conception of the presidency, and how did his actions conform to that conception? 136. What were the similarities and differences between Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson as progressive presidents? 137. Why was William Howard Taft an unpopular president? Why did Roosevelt challenge him in 1912? 138. Analyze and assess the presidential election results of 1912. 139. What major progressive reforms were enacted by the federal government between 1912 and 1915?

Chapter 21 America and the Great War Multiple-Choice Questions 1. President Theodore Roosevelt defined “civilized” and “uncivilized” nations on the basis of A. race. B. naval power. C. economic development. D. both race and economic development. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Page: 603 2. President Theodore Roosevelt’s policies, in regard to Asia, were intended A. to favor Japan. B. to favor Russia. C. to favor China. D. to secure American dominance there. E. to prevent any single rival nation from being dominant. Answer: E Page: 604 3. After the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905, A. relations between Japan and the Roosevelt administration steadily improved. B. President Roosevelt took no direct action against Japan. C. the Japanese military presence in the Pacific declined. D. the Russian government collapsed. E. President Roosevelt negotiated a secret free trade agreement with Russia. Answer: B Page: 604 4. As part of his Asian diplomacy, President Theodore Roosevelt A. signed a secret agreement with Japan to ensure continued American trade in Asia. B. sent a fleet of battleships to Japan as a show of American military power. C. extracted from Russia a recognition of Japan’s territorial gains in the Russo-Japanese War. D. both signed a secret agreement with Japan to ensure continued American trade in Asia, and sent a fleet of battleships to Japan as a show of American military power. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 604

5. The 1904 “Roosevelt Corollary” A. was invalidated by the Supreme Court during the Wilson administration. B. stated that neighboring countries had to adhere to U.S. policy in times of war. C. was created as a result of a military crisis in Cuba. D. stated that the U.S. had a right to intervene in the affairs of neighboring countries. E. stated that England and England alone was exempted from the Monroe Doctrine. Answer: D Page: 604-605 6. Prior to the United States’ construction of the Panama Canal, A. the French had failed to build a canal at the same site. B. the United States had failed to build a canal across Nicaragua. C. the British had failed to build a canal across Costa Rica. D. the Germans had failed to build a canal at the same site. E. no country had attempted to build a canal connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific. Answer: A Page: 605 7. In order to secure control of the Panama Canal zone, the United States A. carried out the overthrow of the president of Panama. B. organized a trade embargo against Colombia. C. assisted a revolution in Panama. D. purchased the land for the canal from Colombia. E. surrounded the canal site with a “Great White Fleet.” Answer: C Page: 605 8. “Dollar Diplomacy” is associated primarily with the administration of A. William McKinley. B. William Howard Taft. C. Theodore Roosevelt. D. Woodrow Wilson. E. Warren Harding. Answer: B Page: 605 9. The policy idea behind “Dollar Diplomacy” was to A. create stable governments in less-developed nations. B. reduce the deployment of troops from the United States to other nations. C. encourage other nations to peg their currency to the U.S. dollar. D. financially reward Latin nations that supported the interests of the United States. E. extend investments and influence of the United States in less-developed regions. Answer: E Page: 605

10. The diplomatic efforts of President Woodrow Wilson toward Latin America A. were decidedly non-expansionist. B. curtailed the use of the military as a tool of diplomacy. C. became known as the “good neighbor” policy. D. were similar to those of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. E. were the product of considerable interest and experience in international affairs. Answer: D Page: 605 11. In the early twentieth century, the United States’ actions toward Mexico included A. encouraging an overthrow of the Madero government. B. a refusal to formally recognize the Huerta government. C. sending an American expeditionary force across the border into Mexico. D. both encouraging an overthrow of the Madero government and refusing to formally recognize the Huerta government. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 605-606 12. In his dealings with Pancho Villa, President Woodrow Wilson A. ordered a military expedition into Mexico to capture Villa. B. saw American troops capture Villa and bring him to the United States. C. eventually released Villa in order to smooth relations with the Carranza government. D. both ordered a military expedition into Mexico to capture Villa, and eventually released Villa in order to smooth relations with the Carranza government. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 606 13. In 1914, the “Triple Entente” consisted of A. Italy, France, and Russia. B. Great Britain, France, and the United States. C. Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy. D. Great Britain, France, and Russia. E. Germany, Italy, and Japan. Answer: D Page: 607 14. On the eve of the Great War, the chief rivalry in Europe was between A. Germany and Great Britain. B. Austro-Hungary and Russia. C. Germany and France. D. France and Russia. E. France and Great Britain. Answer: A Page: 607

15. The immediate cause of war in Europe in 1914 was A. a struggle between European powers for control of the international diamond trade. B. the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania. C. the death of Otto von Bismarck in Germany. D. the German invasion of Poland. E. the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Answer: E Page: 607 16. In 1914, when war erupted in Europe, President Woodrow Wilson A. called on the American public to be completely impartial. B. expressed sympathy for Germany. C. declared that the “Triple Alliance” must be defeated. D. held secret diplomatic meetings with Great Britain. E. brokered separate peace treaties with both sides of the conflict. Answer: A Page: 608 17. In 1914-1915, the United States responded to a British naval blockade of Germany by A. ending trade with all of Europe to maintain its neutrality. B. ending trade with Great Britain to pressure it to lift the blockade. C. defying the blockade and continuing to trade with Germany. D. ending trade with Germany but continuing trade with Great Britain. E. rerouting all trade with Germany through the Mediterranean. Answer: D Page: 608 18. In the aftermath of the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania, A. the United States declared war on Germany. B. Germany pledged to the United States it would not repeat such an action. C. President Wilson prohibited Americans from traveling to Europe. D. Great Britain began an intensive campaign to build a submarine fleet. E. the United States began leasing its submarines to Great Britain. Answer: B Page: 608 19. In mid-1916, President Woodrow Wilson A. stated that the United States was likely to enter the war within a year. B. ordered that American troops be sent to staging camps in England. C. had come to support a rapid increase of the nation’s armed forces. D. was firmly rooted with the peace faction of the Democratic Party. E. sent Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan to broker a peace settlement. Answer: C Page: 608

20. In the election of 1916, supporters of Woodrow Wilson A. helped the president easily beat his Republican opponent. B. called his Republican opponent a pacifist who would not act to save England. C. felt betrayed when the president stated that the nation’s entrance into the war was inevitable. D. were anxious for the president to declare war before election day. E. claimed his Republican opponent would lead the nation into war. Answer: E Page: 609 21. In January 1917, President Woodrow Wilson, in a speech before Congress, A. suggested the creation of the League of Nations in the postwar period. B. insisted that the nation’s financial interests had to be protected from a German victory. C. asked for a declaration of war against Germany. D. said Britain and France could not win the war without the United States. E. argued that entering the war would be a tragic mistake under any circumstances. Answer: A Page: 609 22. The so-called “Zimmermann telegram” A. was intercepted by agents working for the United States. B. included a proposal for the return of the American Southwest to Mexico. C. helped weaken public support in the United States for war. D. revealed plans by Germany to expand the use of its submarine fleet. E. revealed that Germans were attempting to foment a race riot in the American South. Answer: B Page: 609 23. In March 1917, the United States moved closer to entering the Great War when A. the czarist government of Russia was overthrown. B. the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia. C. Russia asked the Allies to call for an armistice. D. a German offensive threatened to capture Moscow. E. Russia and Germany negotiated a separate peace. Answer: A Page: 609 24. President Woodrow Wilson’s request to Congress for a declaration of war A. was passed without a dissenting vote. B. was nearly voted down in the Senate. C. came before Germany took any military action against the United States. D. took place two weeks after German submarines had torpedoed three Americans ships. E. was supported by Republicans but opposed by most in Wilson’s own party. Answer: D Page: 609

25. As the United States entered World War I, its most immediate military effect was in A. western Europe. B. the Far East. C. north Africa. D. eastern Europe. E. the Atlantic Ocean. Answer: E Page: 610 26. As the United States entered World War I, A. President Woodrow Wilson declared U.S. ground troops would not be used. B. Britain and France had few reserves of combat-age men. C. Russia decided to re-enter the war. D. Germany made plans to surrender. E. Germany was threatening an invasion of Great Britain. Answer: B Page: 610 27. The Selective Service Act in the United States A. was enacted during the last months of World War I. B. gave the government, for the first time, the authority to draft citizens for military duty. C. was supported by President Woodrow Wilson. D. drafted far fewer men than those who volunteered for military duty. E. brought nearly 300,000 men into the army. Answer: C Page: 611 28. During World War I, American ground troops A. saw combat that was relatively brief but intense. B. were assigned to serve under the command of foreign officers. C. were not available for battle in significant numbers until the fall of 1918. D. both saw combat that was relatively brief but intense, and were assigned to serve under the command of foreign officers. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 612 29. In World War I, the American Expeditionary Force was commanded by A. George Marshall. B. Arthur MacArthur. C. George Patton. D. John Pershing. E. Leonard Wood. Answer: D Page: 612

30. During World War I, the United States military effort in Europe A. saw American soldiers engage solely in light skirmishes. B. saw U.S. forces carry the fighting into Germany. C. lasted only a few months but suffered light casualties compared to the other combatants. D. saw American combat troops kept separate from Allied forces. E. took place mostly in Belgium and the Netherlands. Answer: C Page: 614 31. During World War I, extensive systems of trenches were used by both sides A. because the destructive power of weapons meant soldiers could not live in the open field. B. because trenches prevented tanks from reaching the soldiers’ positions. C. because soldiers were safer from poisonous mustard gas closer to the ground. D. both because the destructive power of weapons meant soldiers could not live in the open field, and because trenches prevented tanks from reaching the soldiers’ positions. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 512-613 32. During World War I, the new technology of warfare A. created logistical problems, which slowed many offensives. B. allowed the attack of the enemy without direct combat. C. were largely responsible for the appalling level of casualties. D. both created logistical problems, which slowed many offensives, and allowed the attack of the enemy without direct combat. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 612-613 33. During World War I, airplanes were used for all of the following EXCEPT A. bombing the enemy. B. transporting troops. C. attacking other aircraft. D. reconnaissance. E. “dogfights.” Answer: B Page: 613 34. During World War I, technologically-advanced submarines used engines powered by A. diesel. B. gasoline. C. steam. D. electricity. E. coal. Answer: A Page: 613

35. The country that lost the greatest number of lives in World War I was A. Russia. B. Great Britain. C. France. D. Germany. E. Italy. Answer: D Page: 614 36. American casualties in World War I A. numbered approximately 350,000. B. numbered approximately 60,000. C. were as likely to be from disease as from combat. D. were very low in all battles that U.S. troops participated in. E. were comparable in number to those of the European powers. Answer: C Page: 614 37. During World War I, the United States government primarily financed the war through A. deficit spending and currency manipulation. B. foreign loans and the printing of new currency. C. private business and banking loans. D. currency inflation and the sale of gold reserves. E. public bond sales and new taxes. Answer: E Page: 614 38. During World War I, the Council of National Defense (CND) eventually organized the national economy by A. geographic region. B. specific economic sectors. C. the individual needs of each branch of the military. D. local communities. E. time zone. Answer: B Page: 614 39. During World War I, the War Industries Board (WIB) A. was seen as a model for rational organization when led by Herbert Hoover. B. was plagued by mismanagement and inefficiencies under Bernard Baruch. C. coordinated government purchases of military supplies. D. saw itself as an adversary of individual businesses. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 614

40. Which of the following did the National War Labor Board, established in 1918, NOT grant to American workers? A. an eight-hour work day B. equal pay to women for equal work C. collective bargaining rights D. maintenance of minimal living standards E. recognition of the right to strike Answer: E Page: 615 41. In the United States during World War I, the Committee on Public Information (CPI) A. established strict rules of censorship for journalists reporting on the war. B. became increasingly sensationalist in its information campaign. C. criticized the federal government’s reporting of the war. D. was led by a panel of American military officers. E. became a haven for pacifists and conscientious objectors. Answer: B Page: 618 42. The Sabotage Act and the Sedition Act of 1918 A. eliminated jury trials for anyone charged under these laws. B. were most frequently directed at German Americans. C. were created after the Supreme Court invalidated the Espionage Act of 1917. D. made illegal any public expression opposing the war. E. were rarely if ever enforced by the Wilson administration. Answer: D Page: 618-619 43. After the United States entered World War I, A. most German Americans supported the American war effort. B. German books were removed from many American schools and libraries. C. the playing of German music was banned in many American communities. D. sauerkraut in the U.S. was renamed “liberty cabbage.” E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 620 44. President Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” included A. a ban on the production of armaments. B. an end to secret treaties. C. an international agreement to “outlaw war.” D. the division of postwar Germany into two countries. E. recognition of independence for all imperial colonies. Answer: B Page: 620

45. In 1918, President Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” received significant political support from A. the British government. B. the United States Senate. C. the French government. D. both the British and French governments. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 621 46. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson antagonized many Republicans A. when he pushed for the election of Democrats to Congress. B. when he refused to put prominent Republicans on the peace conference negotiating team. C. when he tied support of his peace plans to the midterm elections. D. both when he tied support of his peace plans to the midterm elections and when he pushed for the election of Democrats to Congress. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 621 47. In 1919, all of the following figures were at the Paris Peace Conference EXCEPT A. Alexander Kerensky of Russia. B. Georges Clemenceau of France. C. David Lloyd George of Great Britain. D. Vittorio Orlando of Italy. E. Woodrow Wilson of the United States. Answer: A Page: 621 48. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson believed the Paris Peace Conference treaty A. should have placed large reparations on the defeated Central Powers. B. agreed with most of his Fourteen Points. C. had ended colonialism. D. was a success because of the acceptance of the League of Nations. E. was a complete and utter failure. Answer: D Page: 622 49. During the last eighteen months of Woodrow Wilson’s presidency A. his mental health was stable but his physical health was very poor. B. he was essentially an invalid. C. there was growing public sentiment for Wilson to step down from power. D. his vice president, Thomas Marshall, essentially ran the White House. E. he became more pragmatic and willing to compromise. Answer: B Page: 623

50. When President Woodrow Wilson presented the Treaty of Versailles to the Senate, A. the American public clearly supported its ratification. B. most so-called “irreconcilable” senators favored it in principle. C. he was willing to compromise on the language of the treaty but not its major points. D. he found a close ally in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman, Henry Cabot Lodge. E. he refused to appeal to the public, believing the treaty should stand on its merits alone. Answer: A Page: 623 51. Regarding the Treaty of Versailles, the United States Senate decided in 1919 to A. ratify it without change. B. ratify it after Democrats accepted the Republican “reservations.” C. ratify it with the change that the United States would not join the League of Nations. D. ratify it only after Article X was struck from the treaty. E. not ratify it. Answer: E Page: 623 52. Immediately following World War I, the American economy A. saw prices plunge. B. fell into a protracted recession. C. was marked by a continuing labor shortage. D. boomed for many months. E. fell into a deflationary spiral. Answer: D Page: 623-624 53. In 1919, American labor unrest saw A. the public generally support unions. B. a general strike in Seattle that brought the city to a standstill. C. a major steel strike resolved in favor of the workers. D. Governor Calvin Coolidge attract national acclaim for his support of labor. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 624 54. As a result of the service of African American soldiers in World War I, A. activism by blacks for their rights increased. B. public attitudes on race were significantly altered. C. the country saw a general improvement in race relations. D. the federal government integrated the armed forces. E. northern black factory workers were able to keep their jobs when white veterans returned. Answer: A Page: 625

55. In 1919, the racial climate in the United States A. worsened in both the North and South. B. worsened in the South but not in the North. C. improved in both the North and South. D. improved in the North but not in the South. E. generally stayed the same as it had been before the war. Answer: A Page: 625 56. The most prominent exponent of black nationalism following World War I was A. Claude McKay. B. Booker T. Washington. C. Marcus Garvey. D. W. E. B. Du Bois. E. Malcolm X. Answer: C Page: 626 57. Marcus Garvey A. encouraged African Americans to reject assimilation into white society. B. argued that America, not Africa, was now the blacks’ true home. C. urged African Americans to move out of the South. D. called on African Americans to reject capitalism. E. saw his movement and influence decline in the early 1920s. Answer: A Page: 626 58. In 1919, the Red Scare in the United States A. led to government raids that uncovered large caches of weapons. B. saw more than 6,000 people deported from the country. C. saw the arrest of several major government figures. D. was generally opposed by universities and other academic institutions. E. was partly motivated by a series of bombings. Answer: E Page: 626-627 59. During the Red Scare of 1919, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer A. oversaw the deportation of 6,000 people. B. founded the Federal Bureau of Investigation. C. argued for moderation and a cooling-off period. D. argued for moderation and a cooling-off period, but at the same time oversaw the deportation of 6,000 people. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 626-628

60. In 1920, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti A. admitted they were anarchists. B. were convicted of murder. C. drew widespread support from the public. D. both admitted they were anarchists and drew widespread support from the public. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 628 61. In 1920, passage of the Nineteenth Amendment A. marked the beginning of a new era in progressive reform. B. outlawed the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol. C. gave women the right to vote. D. required the direct election of senators. E. disallowed Woodrow Wilson from running for a third term. Answer: C Page: 629 62. The election of 1920 saw A. voters turn away from idealism and toward “normalcy.” B. Warren G. Harding narrowly defeat Al Smith. C. the Democratic Party distance itself from the politics of Woodrow Wilson. D. Republicans maintain their two decades of control of the White House. E. Franklin D. Roosevelt serve as vice president on the Republican ticket. Answer: A Page: 629

True/False Questions 63. President Roosevelt did not believe that Japan could be considered among the ranks of the “civilized” countries. Answer: False Page: 603 64. President Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” brought stability to Latin America. Answer: False Page: 605 65. In his diplomacy, President Wilson approached Latin America in a way that was very similar to the approach of presidents Roosevelt and Taft. Answer: True Page: 605

66. In his dealings with Mexico, President Wilson often ignored Mexican sovereignty. Answer: True Page: 605-606 67. In early 1915, virtually the entire European continent was at war as a result of an assassination of an Austrian archduke. Answer: True Page: 607 68. The American response to the war in Europe was to accept the British blockade of Germany and continue trading with Great Britain. Answer: True Page: 608 69. The German submarine attack on the British liner the Lusitania resulted in the death of more than 100 Americans. Answer: True Page: 608 70. Between 1914 and 1916, the United States gradually transformed itself from a neutral country into an arsenal of the Allies. Answer: True Page: 608 71. President Wilson refused to endorse American military rearmament until he was reelected in 1916. Answer: False Page: 608 72. The Zimmermann telegram proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany against the United States. Answer: True Page: 609 73. When the United States entered World War I, Germany was near defeat. Answer: False Page: 610 74. The entrance of the American military into World War I had its most immediate impact on the naval war in the Atlantic Ocean. Answer: True Page: 610 75. The majority of American soldiers who fought in World War I were volunteers. Answer: False Page: 611

76. The application of new technology during World War I was most evident in sea warfare. Answer: True Page: 613 77. Britain lost more men in World War I then either France or the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Answer: False Page: 614 78. The United States financed World War I solely through public bond sales. Answer: False Page: 614 79. The War Industries Board, which coordinated government purchases of military supplies, was headed by Herbert Hoover. Answer: False Page: 614 80. Most industrial laborers were required to work longer hours during World War I. Answer: False Page: 615 81. One of the most important social changes of the war years was the migration of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the rural South to California to work in defense plants and shipyards. This became known as the “Great Migration.” Answer: False Page: 616 82. By 1917 the American decision to go to war was almost universally supported throughout the country. Answer: False Page: 617 83. The Espionage Act and the Sedition Act made criticism of the government a crime. Answer: True Page: 619 84. In 1918, more than 1,500 people were arrested for criticizing the government. Answer: True Page: 619 85. President Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” did not at first include a call for a League of Nations. Answer: False Page: 620

86. The wild acclaim given by the European public to President Wilson allowed him to dominate the terms of the Paris Peace Conference. Answer: False Page: 621 87. Republicans scored major victories in both houses of Congress in the elections of 1918. Answer: True Page: 621 88. The new Bolshevik government of Russia was not a participant in the Paris Peace Conference. Answer: True Page: 621 89. President Wilson was unable to win British and French support for his ideas of free trade and freedom of the seas. Answer: True Page: 621 90. During the ratification debate on the Treaty of Versailles, it was clear the Republicans would not compromise with President Wilson. Answer: False Page: 623 91. President Wilson refused to consider any Republican amendments or reservations to the Treaty of Versailles. Answer: True Page: 623 92. The participation of blacks in the American army in World War I led to calls for integration of the military. Answer: False Page: 624-625 93. The race riots of 1919 did not just involve white people attacking black people; they also saw blacks retaliate against these attacks. Answer: True Page: 625 94. Marcus Garvey called for blacks to reject capitalism. Answer: False Page: 626 95. The Red Scare was primarily the result of anti-radical actions by various state governments. Answer: False Page: 627

96. The Sacco and Vanzetti case is in part a story of the lingering effects of the Red Scare on post-World War I American society. Answer: True Page: 628 97. Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right to vote, marked the beginning of a new era of progressive reform. Answer: False Page: 629

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 98. The decision to send the “Great White Fleet” around the world was directed primarily at the country of ________. Answer: Japan Page: 604 99. The “Roosevelt Corollary” to the ________ gave the United States greater power in Latin America. Answer: Monroe Doctrine Page: 605 100. The most celebrated foreign policy accomplishment of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency was the construction of the ________. Answer: Panama Canal Page: 605 101. At first, President Roosevelt favored a canal route across ________. Answer: Nicaragua Page: 605 102. President Taft’s foreign policy was called “________ Diplomacy” by its critics. Answer: Dollar Page: 605 103. President Wilson precipitated a crisis in United States-Mexico relations by refusing to recognize the government of Victoriano ________. Answer: Huerta Page: 606 104. President Wilson ordered General ________ to lead an American expeditionary force across Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa. Answer: John J. Pershing Page: 607

105. World War I involved many nations, but the chief rivalry was between ________ and Germany. Answer: Great Britain Page: 607 106. The assassination of ________ triggered World War I in Europe. Answer: Archduke Franz Ferdinand Page: 607 107. The May 1915 German attack on the ________ led to the death of over 1,200 passengers. Answer: Lusitania Page: 608 108. In 1916, Wilson’s reelection campaign slogan regarding World War I was “He ________.” Answer: kept us out of war Page: 609 109. In January 1917, President Wilson gave an important speech in which he called for a permanent league of nations and a “peace ________.” Answer: without victory Page: 609 110. The American Expeditionary Force was commanded by General ________. Answer: John J. Pershing Page: 612 111. Soldiers on both sides carried gas masks at all times in case of a chemical attack of poisonous ________. Answer: mustard gas Page: 613 112. During World War I, the United States suffered ________ casualties. Answer: 112,000 Page: 614 113. During World War I, Denver journalist George Creel led the Committee on ________. Answer: Public Information Page: 617 114. The Espionage Act primarily targeted anti-capitalist groups, such as the Socialist Party and the ________. Answer: Industrial Workers of the World Page: 619

115. President Harding helped put World War I hysteria behind the country by pardoning ________. Answer: Eugene V. Debs Page: 619 116. The “Big Four” at Versailles included David Lloyd George, the prime minister of England, and ________, the president of France. Answer: Georges Clemenceau Page: 621 117. Those senators—many of whom were western isolationists—who opposed the Treaty of Versailles in all its forms were called ________. Answer: irreconcilables Page: 622-623 118. President Wilson’s major enemy in the fight over the League of Nations was ________. Answer: Henry Cabot Lodge Page: 623 119. President Wilson wanted to turn the presidential election of 1920 into a “solemn referendum” on the ________. Answer: League of Nations Page: 623 120. The greatest strike of 1919 took place in the ________ industry. Answer: steel Page: 624 121. The United Negro Improvement Association was led by ________. Answer: Marcus Garvey Page: 626 122. The Red Scare of 1919 was partly orchestrated by Attorney General ________. Answer: A. Mitchell Palmer Page: 628

Essay Questions 123. Why was Theodore Roosevelt so suited to be an activist foreign policy president? How did he carry out that activism, and what were the results? 124. Would the foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt be effective today? 125. What does Woodrow Wilson’s Mexican foreign policy tell you about his conceptions of government and leadership?

126. Why did the United States stay out of World War I between 1914 and 1917? 127. Trace the events between 1914 and 1917 that led President Woodrow Wilson to ask for a declaration of war against Germany. 128. What were the problems with American neutrality between 1914 and 1917? 129. How had the technology of warfare changed between the American Civil War and World War I? What effects did these changes have on tactics and strategy? 130. Why was trench warfare so common during World War I? What effect did it have on the course of the war? 131. What evidence supports the claim that in World War I, navies had become the most “modern” part of military warfare? 132. Trace the course of government efforts to create domestic support of the war. To what degree were these efforts justified by the war? 133. Define and analyze President Woodrow Wilson’s “New World Order.” 134. Assess President Woodrow Wilson’s efforts at the Paris Peace Conference by noting both the historical praise and historical criticism made of him. 135. How might President Woodrow Wilson have been more successful with his postwar diplomacy? 136. Consider idealism. Does it have a place in politics? Is it a useful notion or not? 137. How did World War I affect African Americans and race relations? 138. What was the status of the progressive reform movement in America in 1920? What accounts for this status? 139. Assess the changes in U.S. foreign policy between 1898 and 1919. Where had American interests changed, and where did they remain the same?

Chapter 22 The “New Era” Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Throughout the 1920s, the performance of the U.S. economy A. saw ten straight years of continuous growth. B. struggled with a persistently high rate of inflation. C. saw per capita income flatten while manufacturing output soared. D. saw nearly uninterrupted prosperity coupled with severe inequalities. E. experienced a severe recession in 1923 that lasted two years. Answer: D Page: 634 2. In the 1920s, the development of practical radio communication was furthered by A. the theory of modulation. B. the use of vacuum tubes. C. its ability to receive more than just simple pulses. D. both the theory of modulation and the use of vacuum tubes. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 634 3. During the 1920s, airplanes A. experienced a great increase in commercial travel. B. had no practical use. C. were used almost exclusively for military purposes. D. saw the development of the first experimental jet engines. E. were largely a source of entertainment. Answer: E Page: 634 4. During the 1920s, products that grew dramatically in use in the United States included A. synthetic fibers. B. plastics. C. home appliances. D. electronics. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 634

5. During the 1920s, Thomas Hunt Morgan was one of the American pioneers in A. analog computers. B. genetic research. C. automation. D. robotics. E. relativistic physics. Answer: B Page: 635 6. During the 1920s, the trend toward industrial consolidation A. was most pronounced in the large-scale, mass-production sector. B. slowed considerably throughout the decade. C. encouraged new competition. D. emerged most rapidly in industries that were less dependent on technology. E. bypassed the steel and automobile industries. Answer: A Page: 635 7. During the 1920s, a great worry for industrialists was the fear of A. the overproduction of goods. B. a shortage in the number of skilled workers. C. the rising bargaining power of labor unions. D. a shortage of consumer credit. E. inflation. Answer: A Page: 635 8. During the 1920s, most American industrial workers experienced all of the following EXCEPT A. a rise in their standard of living. B. income levels at the “minimum comfort level.” C. little control over their economic interests. D. few opportunities to join a company union. E. employers trying to keep their labor costs low. Answer: D Page: 635 9. In the 1920s, “welfare capitalism” A. encouraged employees to form single-industry labor unions. B. was a paternalistic approach used by corporate leaders on their workers. C. gave workers a measure of control over their industry. D. required corporations to provide some relief for unemployed workers. E. forced workers to donate much of their salaries to the less fortunate. Answer: B Page: 635

10. During the 1920s, wages for American workers A. generally enabled a working-class family to thrive on a single income. B. rose most quickly for unskilled workers. C. generally ran well below the growth of the economy as a whole. D. equaled or exceeded the rate of production growth. E. generally decreased as the labor market became tighter. Answer: C Page: 638 11. During the 1920s, when $1,800 was considered the minimum annual income for a decent standard of living, the average annual income of a worker was approximately A. $700. B. $1,100. C. $1,500. D. $1,900. E. $2,400. Answer: C Page: 638 12. During the 1920s, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) A. decided to shift away from craft unions. B. created a partner organization, the Congress of Industrial Organizations. C. used strikes in an attempt to organize unskilled workers. D. became more radical after the death of Samuel Gompers. E. believed workers should be organized on the basis of skills. Answer: E Page: 638 13. In the workplace, the “open shop” meant A. no worker was required to join a union. B. skilled workers were required to join a craft union. C. labor unions had the right to organize that particular industry. D. workers had no right to join a union. E. workers would be allowed to come and go as they pleased. Answer: A Page: 639 14. During the 1920s, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters A. was formed by the American Federation of Labor. B. was one of the few unions led by African Americans. C. organized against sleeping car manufacturer A. Philip Randolph. D. was one of the few unions led by African Americans, and it was formed by the American Federation of Labor. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 638

15. During the 1920s, all of the following immigrant groups were increasing their presence in the labor force in the West and Southwest EXCEPT the A. Filipinos. B. Chinese. C. Japanese. D. Mexicans. E. Issei. Answer: B Page: 638 16. During the 1920s, the agricultural economy of the United States saw A. a large decrease in the area of cultivated land. B. demand for farm goods rise faster than production. C. a sharp decline in farmers’ incomes. D. farmers oppose using hybrid plants and chemical fertilizers. E. the need for a larger labor supply. Answer: C Page: 640 17. In the 1920s, the idea of agricultural “parity” was A. to match crop production with demand. B. to ensure farmers would at least financially break even. C. strongly opposed by Congress. D. to equalize the average farmer income with the average industrial worker income. E. invalidated by the passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill. Answer: B Page: 640 18. In the 1920s bestseller, The Man Nobody Knows, Jesus Christ was portrayed as A. embodying Republican values. B. a 100% American. C. a capitalist. D. a prophet who would oppose consumerism. E. a salesman. Answer: E Page: 641 19. In 1920, the first commercial radio station to broadcast in the United States was in A. Cleveland. B. New York City. C. Philadelphia. D. Pittsburgh. E. Chicago. Answer: D Page: 642

20. In the 1920s, “behavioral” psychologists argued A. maternal affection was sufficient for successful child-rearing. B. mothers who sent their children to nursery school and kindergarten hurt their development. C. mothers should rely on trained experts for advice in raising children. D. women had an instinctive capacity for being mothers. E. midwives rather than doctors should aid in childbirth, for the emotional health of the child. Answer: C Page: 643 21. In the 1920s, a growing interest in birth control among middle-class women resulted from A. the desire to delay childbirth to pursue a career outside of the home. B. the attitude that sexual activity should not be for procreation only. C. the desire to maintain a rigid, Victorian female “respectability.” D. both the desire to delay childbirth to pursue a career outside of the home, and the attitude that sexual activity should not be for procreation only. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 643 22. During the 1920s, birth control in the U.S. A. was limited to physical methods such as abstinence and withdrawal. B. included legal abortion in most states. C. was strongly opposed by moralists such as Margaret Sanger. D. was among the major causes of poverty and distress in poor communities. E. was illegal in many states. Answer: E Page: 643 23. In the 1920s, the “flapper” lifestyle A. had a particular impact on lower middle-class and single women. B. was largely reserved for upper-class women. C. was largely rejected by upper-class women. D. was simply a clothing fad. E. was applauded by most progressive suffragists. Answer: A Page: 644 24. During the 1920s, the National Woman’s Party campaigned primarily for the A. Nineteenth Amendment. B. Prohibition Amendment. C. Equal Rights Amendment. D. Balanced Budget Amendment. E. Disarmament Amendment. Answer: C Page: 644

25. The Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 A. promoted the establishment of daycare centers for the children of working women. B. provided federal funds for child health-care programs. C. was criticized for its promotion of birth control. D. was promoted by the American Medical Association. E. was promoted by the National Women’s Party. Answer: B Page: 645 26. Enrollment in colleges and universities increased threefold between 1900 and 1930, with much of that increase occurring after A. the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act. B. the GI Bill of Rights became law. C. World War I. D. “Black Thursday.” E. the economy began the period of steady growth and expansion that marked the “roaring 20s.” Answer: C Page: 645 27. The infamous Baltimore journalist of the 1920s who delighted in ridiculing religion, politics, the arts, and even democracy itself, was A. John Dos Passos. B. F. Scott Fitzgerald. C. Sinclair Lewis. D. Thomas Wolfe. E. H. L. Mencken. Answer: E Page: 648 28. In his 1925 novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald A. glorified wealthy Americans as examples of the “success ethic.” B. ridiculed the hypocritical behavior of some in evangelical religion. C. satirized the inequalities in American politics. D. criticized the American obsession with material wealth. E. dramatized the plight of midwestern farmers. Answer: D Page: 648

29. In the 1920s, artists and intellectuals of the Harlem Renaissance A. sought to inspire civil disobedience to further racial justice. B. drew heavily from their African heritage. C. included writers Edna Ferber and Ezra Pound. D. both drew heavily from their African heritage and included writers Edna Ferber and Ezra Pound. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 649 30. In the 1920s, the “noble experiment” referred to A. the Equal Rights Amendment for women. B. laws to restrict child labor. C. political isolationism. D. female suffrage. E. the prohibition of alcohol. Answer: E Page: 649 31. During the 1920s, as a result of the Eighteenth Amendment, A. there was a substantial reduction in the consumption of alcohol. B. there was considerable violation of the laws banning the consumption of alcohol. C. organized crime gained exclusive access to an enormous, lucrative industry. D. there was both a substantial reduction in the consumption of alcohol and considerable violation of the laws banning the consumption of alcohol. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 649 32. The National Origins Act of 1924 A. entirely banned immigration from East Asia to the United States. B. discriminated against northwestern Europeans. C. was designed to alter the sources but not the overall number of immigrants. D. included a quota system for the first time. E. set a rigid limit of 150,000 immigrants a year. Answer: A Page: 650 33. During the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan A. was largely centered in the South. B. was focused on intimidating African Americans. C. opposed the existing diversity of American society. D. officially renounced the use of violence. E. was a males-only organization. Answer: C Page: 651

34. The Scopes trial of 1925 was a legal battle between A. blacks and whites. B. urban and rural society. C. nativists and immigrants. D. U.S. Steel and the Amalgamated Steelworkers’ Union. E. creationism and evolution. Answer: E Page: 652 35. As a result of the Scopes trial of 1925, A. John Scopes was found innocent. B. fundamentalists reduced their participation in political activism. C. the conflict between fundamentalists and modernists subsided. D. anti-evolution laws were repealed in most other states. E. William Jennings Bryan decided to run one more time for president. Answer: B Page: 653 36. In the election of 1924, among the political parties, A. the Democratic Party was seriously divided. B. the Republican Party was seriously divided. C. the Progressive Party was seriously divided. D. both the Democratic Party and the Progressive Party were seriously divided. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 653 37. All the following statements regarding Al Smith are true EXCEPT that he A. was a progressive Democratic governor. B. was supported by Tammany Hall. C. lost the 1924 nomination to William McAdoo. D. was an urban Catholic. E. won the 1928 Democratic nomination. Answer: C Page: 653 38. Al Smith lost the 1928 presidential election, in part, because A. he failed to carry the South. B. of a financial scandal within his campaign. C. of his close connections to the oil industry. D. he both failed to carry the South and maintained close connections to the oil industry. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 653

39. As president, Warren Harding A. never abandoned the party hacks who had brought him to success. B. sought a revival of progressive reform. C. proposed the United States join the League of Nations. D. saw his administration end with his defeat in a bid for reelection in 1924. E. had no sense of his own intellectual limits. Answer: A Page: 654 40. During the Harding administration, the Teapot Dome scandal involved A. the illegal sale of timber rights. B. transfers of national oil reserves. C. graft in federal construction contracts. D. political blackmail. E. the secret sale of armaments to Nicaragua. Answer: B Page: 654 41. Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge were similar in A. their passive approach to the presidency. B. ethics. C. their personalities. D. both their personalities and their passive approach to the presidency. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 654 42. Calvin Coolidge A. claimed that Theodore Roosevelt was his political role model. B. believed the federal government should actively promote the social welfare of Americans. C. lost his party’s bid for another nomination in the election of 1928. D. had no political experience prior to becoming vice president in 1920. E. was less active a president than Warren Harding. Answer: E Page: 655 43. Throughout the 1920s, the federal government A. isolated itself from the business community. B. supported the right of workers to organize as unions. C. experienced a budget decrease, yet an increase in debt. D. saw leaders of business take prominent positions in the federal government. E. saw an increase in the budget and the national debt. Answer: D Page: 656

44. In the 1920s, Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon succeeded in A. cutting taxes on corporate profits and personal incomes. B. eliminating half of the WWI debt. C. dramatically trimming the federal budget. D. both eliminating half of the federal debt, and dramatically trimming the federal budget. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 656 45. As secretary of commerce, Herbert Hoover considered himself A. a champion of business cooperation. B. a believer in passive government. C. a paragon of conservative America. D. an internationalist in the tradition of Woodrow Wilson. E. an enemy of wealth and privilege. Answer: A Page: 656 46. To Herbert Hoover, “associationalism” meant A. states and the federal government working together to restrain business. B. Congress and the president working together on economic legislation. C. the formation of federal boards to oversee various aspects of industry. D. businesses being run by a governing board of management and labor representatives. E. the creation of national organizations of businessmen in particular industries. Answer: E Page: 656

True/False Questions 47. To be most effective, the trade associations of the 1920s worked best in small industries. Answer: False Page: 635 48. The theory of modulation was pioneered by Canadian scientist Reginald Fessenden. Answer: True Page: 634 49. In the 1920s, airplanes were largely curiosities and a source of entertainment. Answer: True Page: 634 50. Most working-class Americans saw their standard of living decline during the 1920s. Answer: False Page: 635

51. The practice of “welfare capitalism” in the 1920s involved most industrial workers. Answer: False Page: 635 52. The American Federation of Labor began turning away from the idea of craft unions. Answer: False Page: 638 53. During the 1920s, union membership fell by more than 40 percent. Answer: True Page: 639 54. In the 1920s, as agriculture brought millions of acres of new land under cultivation, three million people left the farm sector. Answer: True Page: 640 55. Champions of parity for farmers urged high tariffs against foreign agricultural competition. Answer: True Page: 640 56. By the end of the 1920s, there were 60 million automobiles in the United States. Answer: False Page: 641 57. During the 1920s, most employed women were nonprofessional, lower-class workers. Answer: True Page: 643 58. Feminists such as Alice Paul championed the Sheppard-Towner Act because it provided federal funds for child health-care. Answer: False Page: 645 59. H. L. Mencken, Sinclair Lewis, and F. Scott Fitzgerald are all examples of writers who promoted a return of the progressive reform spirit in American society. Answer: False Page: 648 60. When prohibition went into effect in 1920, it had the support of not only most middle-class Americans, but most progressives as well. Answer: True Page: 649

61. Prohibition did substantially reduce drinking in some parts of the United States. Answer: True Page: 649 62. The nativism of the 1920s was confined largely to the issue of immigration restrictions. Answer: False Page: 650 63. The film The Birth of a Nation glorified the early Ku Klux Klan. Answer: True Page: 650 64. During the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan grew increasingly focused on southern segregation. Answer: False Page: 651 65. To the great alarm of modernists, fundamentalism was gaining political power during the middle of the 1920s. Answer: True Page: 652 66. The Scopes trial of 1925 resulted in a guilty verdict, but it also put fundamentalists on the defensive. Answer: True Page: 653 67. More so than the Republicans, the Democrats of the 1920s consisted of a diverse coalition of interest groups. Answer: True Page: 653 68. In 1928, Democratic candidate Al Smith did quite well in large cities, but he was the first Democrat since the Civil War not to carry the entire South. Answer: True Page: 653 69. During the 1920s, the federal government enjoyed a supportive relationship with the American business community. Answer: True Page: 654 70. Both Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge took essentially passive approaches to the presidency. Answer: True Page: 654

71. Both Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge failed to serve out their presidential terms. Answer: False Page: 654-655 72. The election of Herbert Hoover in 1928 was seen as a blow to the interests of progressives. Answer: False Page: 656

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 73. Contemporaries referred to the 1920s as the “New ________.” Answer: Era Page: 633 74. Researchers at MIT in the early 1930s, led by ________, created the first analog computer. Answer: Vannevar Bush Page: 634 75. Thomas Morgan’s experiments with ________ revealed how genes were arranged along the chromosome and could be transmitted together. Answer: fruit flies Page: 635 76. Henry Ford pioneered ________, which called for a shortened workweek and higher wages. Answer: welfare capitalism Page: 635 77. The practice of not requiring a worker to join a union is called the ________. Answer: open shop Page: 639 78. ________ immigrants increasingly took the place of the Chinese in low-paying jobs on the West Coast. Answer: Japanese Page: 638 79. American-born children of Japanese immigrants were called ________. Answer: Nisei Page: 639 80. Genetic research led to the introduction of hybrid ________ in 1921. Answer: corn Page: 639

81. President Coolidge vetoed the ________ Bill, which was designed to achieve parity for the American farmer. Answer: McNary-Haugen Page: 640 82. Advertising executive Bruce Barton’s best-selling book, ________, described Jesus Christ as a “super salesman.” Answer: The Man Nobody Knows Page: 641 83. The pioneer of the American birth-control movement was ________. Answer: Margaret Sanger Page: 643 84. During the 1920s, Alice Paul of the National Woman’s Party pressed a campaign for the ________. Answer: Equal Rights Amendment Page: 644 85. F. Scott Fitzgerald attacked the American obsession with material success in his 1925 novel, ________. Answer: The Great Gatsby Page: 648 86. The poet ________ captured the spirit of the Harlem Renaissance in his sentence, “I am a Negro—and beautiful.” Answer: Langston Hughes Page: 649 87. The National Origins Act of 1924 banned immigrants from ________ entirely. Answer: East Asia Page: 650 88. D. W. Griffith’s 1915 film The Birth of a Nation glorified the ________. Answer: Ku Klux Klan Page: 650 89. The fledgling American ________ Union sided with defendant John Scopes in 1925. Answer: Civil Liberties Page: 652 90. The contending attorneys at the Scopes trial in 1925 were William Jennings Bryan and ________. Answer: Clarence Darrow Page: 652

91. The Democratic candidate for president in 1928 was ________. Answer: Al Smith Page: 653 92. The most spectacular scandal of the Harding administration concerned oil reserves at ________ Dome. Answer: Teapot Page: 654 93. The most energetic member of the cabinets of Harding and Coolidge was ________. Answer: Herbert Hoover Page: 656 94. As commerce secretary during the 1920s, Herbert Hoover championed the idea of business ________. Answer: associationalism Page: 656

Essay Questions 95. Why was American economic production and growth so successful during the 1920s? What were its strengths and weaknesses? 96. What were the major achievements in technology and science during the 1920s, and how were they applied to society? 97. In what ways were working Americans of the 1920s better off? How were they worse off? 98. How did the status of organized labor change between 1919 and 1929? 99. Describe the many factors that resulted in America becoming more of a consumer society during the 1920s. 100. What were the psychological effects on both individuals and society at large that resulted from increasing consumerism in the 1920s? 101. Compare the ideas and social commentary of artists and writers in the 1920s with the artists and writers of the 1820s-1850s. 102. Who were the prominent American writers in the 1920s? Why did a number of these writers express negative views of society? 103. Describe the status of women in the 1920s. What aspects of their activities and behavior showed significant change, and what remained the same?

104. Why did rural America have reason to be concerned about the course of events in the United States during the 1920s? How did they respond to these events? 105. Compare the political philosophies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson with those of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge.

Chapter 23 The Great Depression Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Throughout 1928, the American stock market A. saw the number of shares traded daily soar. B. saw the average price of stocks rise slightly. C. had slowly been declining in value. D. had rapidly been losing value. E. saw brokerage firms restrict credit to those buying stocks. Answer: A Page: 660 2. All of the following factors were causes of the Great Depression EXCEPT A. an unstable European economy. B. a lack of diversification in the United States economy. C. a misdistribution of purchasing power. D. conservative banking policies that restricted the availability of loans. E. weak consumer demand. Answer: D Page: 660-661 3. In the late 1920s, the European demand for agricultural and manufacturing goods from the United States was A. rising. B. steady. C. declining. D. chronically unstable. E. essentially nonexistent. Answer: C Page: 661 4. After 1929, in the face of the worsening global economic crisis, the United States A. reduced the debts owed by European nations to America. B. forgave the debts owed by European nations to America. C. demanded immediate payment of all debts owed by European nations to America. D. refused to alter the payment schedule of debts owed by European nations to America. E. forgave the debts owed by former allies during the War, and reduced the debts of other nations. Answer: D Page: 661

5. The severity of the Depression increased in 1931 when the Federal Reserve Board A. closed all financially-ailing banks. B. declared bankruptcy. C. weakened the value of the dollar. D. expanded the money supply. E. raised interest rates. Answer: E Page: 661-662 6. In 1932, the unemployment rate in Toledo, Ohio was one of the worst in the nation, at A. 40 percent. B. 60 percent. C. 70 percent. D. 80 percent. E. 95 percent. Answer: D Page: 662 7. During the Great Depression in the rural United States, A. one-third of all farmers lost their land. B. farm income dropped by twenty-five percent. C. economic conditions were slightly better than in industrial cities. D. the farm economy could not keep up with consumer demand. E. farmers enjoyed several unusually fertile growing seasons. Answer: A Page: 663 8. The “Dust Bowl” in the 1930s A. was created by the national economic collapse. B. stretched from Kansas to California. C. experienced years of heavy rainfall. D. was created by grasshoppers. E. was a product of changing environmental conditions. Answer: E Page: 663 9. During the 1930s, southern rural blacks who moved to northern urban areas A. faced blatant discrimination, much as they had in the South. B. generally experienced conditions that were in most respects little better than in the South. C. could easily find domestic service jobs that no whites wanted. D. joined the NAACP in large numbers. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 665

10. In the 1931 Scottsboro court case, A. black teenagers were accused of rape by two white women. B. a Georgia jury convicted all of the black youths. C. the Supreme Court reaffirmed the death penalty convictions. D. eight of the convicted youths were executed for crimes they did not commit. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 665 11. In response to the Great Depression, many Mexican Americans A. migrated to the South. B. left the United States entirely. C. moved into California. D. successfully organized agricultural unions. E. migrated into rural areas, where work was more available. Answer: B Page: 667 12. In the 1930s, the largest Japanese American and Chinese American populations were found in A. Oregon. B. Arizona. C. Washington. D. Hawaii. E. California. Answer: E Page: 667 13. During the Great Depression, Asian Americans A. were generally able, unlike African Americans, to keep from losing their jobs to white Americans. B. who were college educated generally weathered the crisis fairly well. C. had trouble competing for jobs with poor white migrants from the Midwest. D. were limited by law to low-paying jobs such as salesclerks and food servers. E. found it easier to move into mainstream professions. Answer: C Page: 667

14. The economic pressures caused by the Great Depression A. weakened the notion that a woman’s proper place was in the home. B. saw men move into jobs traditionally held by professional women. C. forced most women out of the labor force. D. led the federal government to make it illegal for married women to work outside the home. E. affected service and clerical positions held by women more than they affected jobs in heavy industry. Answer: B Page: 668 15. During the Great Depression, A. the divorce rate declined. B. the marriage rate increased. C. the birth rate increased. D. both the marriage rate and the birth rate increased. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 669 16. As a result of the Great Depression, social values in the United States A. saw Americans embrace nearly any idea that was new or nontraditional. B. saw a majority of Americans question the future of democracy. C. seemed to change relatively little. D. saw most Americans turn against the traditional “success ethic.” E. saw the idea of individual initiative fall into disrepute. Answer: C Page: 669 17. In the 1930s, Dale Carnegie’s How to Win Friends and Influence People A. claimed community togetherness was the best way to combat hard times. B. argued the best way to end the Depression was to have working-class men and women run for office. C. asserted that a strong faith in Christianity would best help one through hard times. D. gave financial advice and offered tips for when going to a job interview. E. taught that individual initiative could help people to restore themselves financially. Answer: E Page: 669 18. During the 1930s, regarding radio, A. the largest proportion of programming was devoted to news. B. most programs were increasingly prerecorded. C. around half of all American homes owned a radio. D. listening was often a community experience. E. radio sets were basically unusable in rural areas without electricity. Answer: D Page: 670

19. Erskine Caldwell’s ________, which later became a long-running Broadway play, was an exposé of poverty in the rural South. A. Native Son B. Tobacco Road C. Waiting for Lefty D. The Grapes of Wrath E. How to Win Friends and Influence People Answer: B Page: 670 20. The long-time censor of Hollywood films in the 1920s and 1930s was A. Frank Capra. B. Pare Lorentz. C. King Vidor. D. James Agee. E. Will Hays. Answer: E Page: 671 21. In the 1930s, all of the following films offered social commentary on the United States and the Great Depression, EXCEPT A. Our Daily Bread. B. It Happened One Night. C. The Grapes of Wrath. D. Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. E. Mr. Deeds Goes to Town. Answer: B Page: 671 22. The 1930s films of director Frank Capra typically displayed A. a populist admiration for ordinary Americans. B. the cultural backwardness of small towns in America. C. praise for the “rugged individualism” of American business. D. the grasping materialism of most Americans. E. a harsh critique of the heartlessness of capitalism. Answer: A Page: 671

23. During the 1930s, American literature A. offered a greater degree of social commentary than did either radio or movies. B. saw most popular books and magazines focus on the Great Depression. C. saw photographic magazines lose much of their readership due to the high cost of each issue. D. faced censorship laws that suppressed criticisms of American politics and culture. E. adopted a more pessimistic, although no less radical, approach to society in the later 1930s. Answer: A Page: 672 24. In the 1930s, all the following books offered criticism of American society EXCEPT A. U.S.A. by John Dos Passos. B. Miss Lonelyhearts by Nathaniel West. C. Studs Lonigan by James T. Farrell. D. The Disinherited by Jack Conroy. E. Anthony Adverse by Hervey Allen. Answer: E Page: 670, 672, 673 25. During the 1930s, the most important group within the Popular Front was A. the Socialist Party. B. the Federation of Labor. C. the Communist Party. D. the Progressive Party. E. Americans for Democratic Action. Answer: C Page: 674 26. The Abraham Lincoln Brigade is associated with A. the radical right. B. the Spanish Civil War. C. veterans of World War I. D. the “bonus marchers.” E. the Civilian Conservation Corps. Answer: B Page: 674 27. During the 1930s, the American Communist Party A. distanced itself from the Soviet Union. B. excluded most minorities from its ranks. C. supported Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. D. both distanced itself from the Soviet Union and excluded most minorities from its ranks. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 674

28. In 1939, after the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany, the American Communist Party A. reduced its criticism of the United States. B. formed an American Nazi Party. C. broke from the Soviet Union. D. lost a significant portion of its membership. E. disbanded. Answer: D Page: 674 29. During the 1930s, the Southern Tenant Farmers Union A. sought to organize the rural poor across racial lines. B. was formed by the American Communist Party. C. concerned the federal government as a powerful force of rural radicalism. D. both sought to organize the rural poor across racial lines, and concerned the federal government as a powerful force of rural radicalism. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 674 30. During the 1930s, the radical left in the United States A. found broad acceptance among both the working class and intellectuals. B. experienced intense government hostility. C. saw a widening of the ideological range of mainstream art and politics. D. both experienced intense government hostility and saw a widening of the ideological range of mainstream art and politics. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 674 31. As Herbert Hoover began his presidency, he A. considered the country’s economic future bright. B. assumed the economy might suffer a mild recession. C. feared a depression. D. called for voluntary guidelines to stabilize the stock market. E. renounced his earlier policy of associationalism. Answer: A Page: 675

32. President Herbert Hoover responded to the onset of the Great Depression by A. proposing a series of economic reform programs. B. shutting down the bank system until confidence in it could be restored. C. urging voluntary cooperation from business leaders. D. calling for a tax increase to prevent a federal deficit. E. calling for a system of social security to alleviate individual suffering. Answer: C Page: 675-676 33. As the depression deepened, President Herbert Hoover A. encouraged businessmen to reduce their industrial production. B. grew less willing to increase federal spending. C. began to experiment with untried economic principles. D. called for a reduction in taxes. E. stopped worrying about trying to balance the budget. Answer: B Page: 676 34. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 A. gave incentives to Europeans to sell their goods in the United States. B. was designed to stimulate U.S. exports. C. increased tariffs on industrial products, but left farm products’ rates unchanged. D. both gave incentives to Europeans to sell their goods in the U.S., and was designed to stimulate U.S. exports. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 676 35. The Hoover administration addressed the economic situation of American farmers with the A. Agricultural Marketing Act. B. Soil Conservation Act. C. Agricultural Adjustment Act. D. Farm Security Administration. E. Rural Electrification Administration. Answer: A Page: 676 36. After Democrats won control of Congress in the 1930 elections, President Herbert Hoover A. criticized voters for abandoning the economic principles of the Republican Party. B. told reporters that his economic recovery policies had not been successful. C. urged the new Congress to construct “Hoovervilles” to shelter the unemployed. D. refused to support a more vigorous public spending program for relief. E. deferred to their economic agenda of relief and public spending programs. Answer: D Page: 676

37. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) A. was created to provide federal loans to troubled banks and businesses. B. was created in the first year of Herbert Hoover’s administration. C. included a $1.5 billion public works budget. D. included a $1.5 billion public works budget, and was created to provide federal loans to troubled banks and businesses. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Page: 676-677 38. In 1932, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation A. lent funds only to financial institutions with sufficient collateral. B. was created by Congress over President Herbert Hoover’s veto. C. focused most of its spending on large urban cities in the Northeast. D. was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. E. spent most of its money trying to prop up unstable local banks. Answer: A Page: 677 39. In 1932, the Farmers’ Holiday Association A. began and spread throughout the South. B. was essentially a farmers’ strike. C. led to more public money being sent to rural areas. D. called on farmers to leave their lands unplanted. E. argued that farmers should also reap the benefits of welfare capitalism. Answer: B Page: 677 40. All of the following statements regarding the 1932 “Bonus Army” are true EXCEPT that A. Hoover called some marchers’ behavior evidence of uncontrolled violence and radicalism. B. several thousand American veterans camped out in Washington, D.C. C. Congress refused to formally consider the demands of the “Army.” D. many Americans viewed President Hoover as unsympathetic to the veterans. E. the “Army” demanded Congress create relief programs for World War I veterans. Answer: E Page: 677 41. The federal government’s response to the “Bonus Army” included A. the use of six tanks to rout the veterans from Washington. B. General Jack Pershing exceeding his orders to remove the veterans. C. the injuring of over 100 marchers. D. both the use of six tanks to rout the veterans from Washington, and the injuring of over 100 marchers. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Page: 677

42. Prior to 1932, Franklin Roosevelt had been all of the following EXCEPT A. assistant secretary of the navy. B. vice president of the United States. C. governor of New York. D. a state legislator. E. a Hudson Valley aristocrat. Answer: B Page: 678 43. In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt’s promise of a “new deal” for America included a commitment to A. spending billions of dollars to assist in economic recovery. B. providing relief jobs to millions of unemployed Americans. C. passing legislation establishing a nationwide program of social security. D. both spending billions of dollars to assist in economic recovery, and providing relief jobs to millions of unemployed Americans. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 678 44. Franklin Roosevelt’s victory over Herbert Hoover in 1932 A. saw Roosevelt carry every state. B. was disputed in several states. C. was a convincing mandate. D. was decided only in the final days of the election. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 678 45. Between his election in 1932 and the inauguration in 1933, Franklin Roosevelt A. declared he would dramatically increase government spending. B. promised to maintain a balanced federal budget. C. made no public statements. D. refused to make any agreements with the outgoing president, Herbert Hoover. E. began laying the groundwork for his social security legislation. Answer: D Page: 679

True/False Questions 46. In 1928, Herbert Hoover predicted an end to poverty in America was near. Answer: True Page: 659

47. In the year prior to its crash, the stock market had been soaring upward. Answer: True Page: 660 48. The Great Depression was caused by the stock market crash of October 1929. Answer: False Page: 660 49. The automobile and construction industries were both experiencing economic declines prior to the stock market crash. Answer: True Page: 660 50. During the 1920s, most American banks were quite conservative, but some major banks were quite reckless in their stock market investments. Answer: True Page: 660 51. In order to ease economic problems in Europe, the U.S. government reduced Europe’s debts to America stemming from World War I. Answer: False Page: 661 52. Following the “great crash,” the Federal Reserve system lowered interest rates in an effort to revive the American economy. Answer: False Page: 661-662 53. Farm income declined by 60 percent between 1929 and 1932. Answer: True Page: 663 54. As the Depression began, more than half of all black Americans still lived in the South. Answer: True Page: 665 55. Those blacks who migrated to northern cities during the Great Depression found conditions little better than in the South. Answer: True Page: 665 56. Traditional patterns of segregation and disenfranchisement in the South were not significantly challenged during the Great Depression. Answer: True Page: 665

57. In 1932, the Supreme Court overturned the convictions of the “Scottsboro boys.” Answer: True Page: 665 58. The last of the Scottsboro defendants was not freed until 1950. Answer: True Page: 665 59. Despite hard economic times in the United States, few Hispanics left for Mexico during the Great Depression. Answer: False Page: 667 60. Popular culture in the 1930s held that married women should not work outside the home. Answer: True Page: 668 61. At the end of the 1930s, a higher percentage of black women were employed than were white women. Answer: True Page: 669 62. During the Great Depression, both the marriage rate and the divorce rate declined. Answer: True Page: 669 63. American social values were changed dramatically by the Great Depression. Answer: False Page: 669 64. The staple of radio broadcasting during the 1930s was news. Answer: False Page: 670 65. In the 1930s, listening to the radio was often a family or community experience. Answer: True Page: 670 66. The power of censors in the film industry declined as the Depression progressed. Answer: False Page: 671 67. It is accurate to state that filmmaker Frank Capra admired the American people more than American democracy. Answer: False Page: 671

68. As the Depression progressed, popular literature and journalism came to be dominated by a group of writers who openly challenged the American way of life. Answer: False Page: 673 69. Under the Popular Front, American Communists softened their criticism of capitalism. Answer: True Page: 674 70. During the 1930s, the American Communist Party was always under the close supervision of the Soviet Union. Answer: True Page: 674 71. Although it was a segregated organization, the Southern Tenant Farmers Union sought to improve the lives of all sharecroppers. Answer: False Page: 674 72. President Hoover did attempt to use federal spending to fight the Great Depression. Answer: True Page: 675-676 73. Both the Agricultural Marketing Act and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff provided significant help to American farmers. Answer: False Page: 676 74. Much of the money lent by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation went to large banks and corporations. Answer: True Page: 677 75. Farm strikes in the Midwest during the Great Depression were initially successful. Answer: False Page: 677 76. The “Bonus Army” of 1932 demanded that Congress make an early payment of a promised “bonus” for World War I veterans. Answer: True Page: 667 77. Prior to 1932, Franklin Roosevelt had never held elective office. Answer: False Page: 678

78. In national politics, Franklin Roosevelt had generally avoided divisive cultural issues. Answer: True Page: 678 79. Franklin Roosevelt won in a landslide in 1932, but it was not clear what he would do as president. Answer: True Page: 678-679 80. Prior to his inauguration, Franklin Roosevelt promised outgoing President Hoover that he would not create more debt in the federal budget. Answer: False Page: 679

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 81. The ________ Tariff of 1930 dramatically raised tariff rates. Answer: Hawley-Smoot Page: 676 82. During the drought of the 1930s, the Great Plains were called the “________.” Answer: Dust Bowl Page: 663 83. The infamous ________ case saw the arrest and conviction of nine likely innocent black teenagers in Alabama in 1931. Answer: Scottsboro Page: 665 84. During the Depression, probably because it was too expensive in those troubled times, the ________ rate declined. Answer: divorce Page: 669 85. One of the best-selling books of the 1930s was How to Win Friends and Influence People, by ________. Answer: Dale Carnegie Page: 669 86. The Grapes of Wrath was written by ________. Answer: John Steinbeck Page: 675

87. When a live radio broadcaster, overcome with emotion, cried out “Oh the humanity!” on the air in 1937, he was referring to the crash of the ________. Answer: Hindenburg Page: 671 88. Mr. Deeds Goes to Town and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington were two romanticized populist films of America directed by ________. Answer: Frank Capra Page: 671 89. ________ magazine was the leading photographic journal in the 1930s. Answer: Life Page: 672 90. Those Americans who went to Spain to fight against General Franco and fascism created the ________ Brigade. Answer: Abraham Lincoln Page: 674 91. The ________ was an alliance between the American Communist Party and other “antifascist” groups in the 1930s. Answer: Popular Front Page: 674 92. The Socialist Party of America in the 1930s was led by ________. Answer: Norman Thomas Page: 674 93. Many Americans, angry at their government, began calling shanty towns built by the unemployed on the outskirts of cities “________.” Answer: Hoovervilles Page: 676 94. In 1932, President Hoover sought to lift business out of the Depression through the ________ Corporation. Answer: Reconstruction Finance Page: 676 95. Farm strikes in the Midwest were organized by the Farmers’ ________ Association. Answer: Holiday Page: 677 96. General ________ was ordered by President Hoover to remove the “Bonus Army” from Washington, D.C., in 1932. Answer: Douglas MacArthur Page: 677

97. “The Great Engineer” was a nickname given to ________. Answer: Herbert Hoover Page: 678 98. In 1921, Franklin Roosevelt was stricken with ________, and as a result, he lost the use of his legs. Answer: polio Page: 678

Essay Questions 99. What caused the stock market to crash in October 1929? Could this crash have been avoided? 100. Prior to the stock market crash in October 1929, what were the major weaknesses in the economy of the late 1920s? 101. What are the major interpretations regarding the causes of the Great Depression? Why is there little historical consensus regarding the causes? 102. Accurately characterize the depth and breadth of the Great Depression. 103. How did the American people—men, women, minorities—generally respond to the Great Depression? 104. How was the American family affected by the Great Depression? 105. What were the popular cultural similarities and differences in the 1930s among radio programs, the movies, and literature? 106. Why did the radical left enjoy growing popularity in America during the 1930s? Why did this popularity prove to be largely temporary? 107. What did President Hoover offer in the fight against the Great Depression? Why was he ineffective in this fight? 108. Characterize Herbert Hoover’s personality during his presidency. How did his personal image with the American public change between 1928 and 1932? 109. Why was Franklin Roosevelt elected president in 1932? What was his campaign platform?

Chapter 24 The New Deal Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In response to President Franklin Roosevelt’s first days in office, the American people A. believed the Depression was largely over. B. felt a mixture of relief and hope. C. concluded the economy was not as bad off as they once had believed. D. felt the Hoover administration must be held accountable for the economic crisis. E. began to believe they had made a mistake in voting for Roosevelt. Answer: B Page: 684 2. In 1933, two days after he took office, President Franklin Roosevelt A. took the country off the gold standard. B. ended prohibition. C. sent the National Industrial Recovery Act to Congress. D. presented to Congress a relief plan for the unemployed. E. closed all banks. Answer: E Page: 684 3. The Economy Act of 1933 A. proposed to balance the federal budget and cut government workers’ salaries. B. ordered all federal agencies to cut their workforce by ten percent. C. gave immediate pensions to retired war veterans. D. provided an infusion of cash into the economy. E. gave the government authority to curb irresponsible speculation by banks. Answer: A Page: 684 4. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 established A. the Federal Reserve Board in Washington. B. the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. C. the Securities and Exchange Commission. D. both the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Securities and Exchange Commission. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 689

5. In 1933, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation A. offered financial protection for stock investors. B. gave the government authority to transfer the funds of failing banks to strong banks. C. protected the assets of bank depositors. D. protected banks from failing. E. prevented banks from speculating irresponsibly. Answer: C Page: 689 6. To oversee activities in the stock market, in 1934 Congress established the A. Securities and Exchange Commission. B. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. C. Federal Reserve Board. D. Glass-Steagall Act. E. Federal Emergency Relief Association. Answer: A Page: 690 7. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 A. sought to raise crop prices by paying farmers not to plant. B. set minimum prices for retailers purchasing farm products. C. provided farmers with free seed and fertilizer. D. offered financial incentives to farmers who improved their production yields. E. created government warehouses where farmers could store their crops and use them as collateral. Answer: A Page: 684-685 8. The Agricultural Adjustment Act A. favored small farm operations over large ones. B. fostered further instability in the agricultural economy. C. protected tenant farmers. D. failed to improve farm prices. E. was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Answer: E Page: 685 9. The New Deal program that created utility cooperatives for rural Americans was the A. Resettlement Administration. B. Farm Security Administration. C. Rural Electrification Administration. D. Civilian Conservation Corps. E. Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act. Answer: C Page: 685

10. The National Recovery Administration of 1933 did all of the following EXCEPT A. establish a minimum wage for labor. B. make child industrial labor illegal. C. set a standard for the maximum hours one could work in a week. D. increase competition between companies. E. set price and wage floors for most major industries. Answer: D Page: 685 11. During the first year of the National Recovery Administration, A. industry saw prices decline. B. industrial production rose. C. large producers consistently dominated the code-writing process. D. both of these occurred: industry saw prices decline, and industrial production rose. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 687-688 12. The Tennessee Valley Authority of 1933 A. saw private farmers and business leaders dominate its planning process. B. was the most controversial program of the early New Deal. C. was one of the costliest failures of the Roosevelt administration. D. was headed by former electricity magnate Samuel Insull. E. was an experiment in regional planning by the federal government. Answer: E Page: 689 13. All of the following occurred as a result of the Tennessee Valley Authority EXCEPT A. flooding being almost entirely eliminated in the affected region. B. a decline in the cost of power from private companies. C. significant reduction in poverty in the region. D. improvements to water transportation. E. electricity being provided to thousands of new users. Answer: C Page: 689 14. During its first year, the Civil Works Administration A. put four million people to work. B. provided relief funds but not relief work. C. planned for major building projects such as dams, airports, and power plants. D. made little progress in helping the jobless. E. was soon replaced by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Answer: A Page: 690

15. The Civilian Conservation Corps A. was racially integrated. B. put the unemployed to work on rural and wilderness areas. C. included women. D. mostly employed the jobless rural poor. E. passed Congress despite Roosevelt’s ambivalence about the project. Answer: B Page: 690 16. In 1934, strong criticism of the New Deal came from A. the political far right. B. the political far left. C. dissident populists such as Huey Long. D. both the political far right and the political far left. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 691 17. In 1934, the American Liberty League was formed A. to help win public support for the more controversial New Deal programs. B. by western business leaders who felt ignored by the New Deal. C. to unite southerners who opposed the New Deal’s support of unions. D. by a coalition of radical and semi-radical organizations, including the Socialist Party. E. by wealthy conservatives who strongly opposed the New Deal. Answer: E Page: 690 18. In 1934, Dr. Francis Townsend attracted widespread national support for a plan that A. offered medical insurance for the poor and elderly. B. was strongly supported by Congress. C. helped pave the way for the Social Security system. D. guaranteed all able-bodied Americans over age 21 a full-time job. E. provided below-cost health care to children and pregnant women. Answer: C Page: 690-691 19. Much of Father Charles Coughlin’s outspoken criticism of the Roosevelt administration revolved around the issue of A. the right of labor to organize in unions. B. giving public relief jobs to women with children. C. the repeal of prohibition. D. changing the banking and currency system. E. taxing excess corporate profits and surplus riches. Answer: D Page: 691

20. In 1935, Senator Huey Long A. advocated a “flat tax” plan. B. had a strong record of progressive accomplishments. C. had as much popular support as Franklin Roosevelt, according to opinion polls. D. declared he would seek the Democratic nomination for president in 1936. E. advocated a $200 monthly pension for all Americans over the age of 60. Answer: B Page: 691 21. The “Second New Deal” was launched in response to the A. political challenges of Senator Long. B. persistence of the Great Depression. C. Supreme Court’s decision to strike down the National Industrial Recovery Act. D. political challenges of Senator Long and the Supreme Court’s decision to strike down the National Industrial Recovery Act. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 691 22. All of the following programs were part of the Second New Deal EXCEPT A. the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. B. the Wagner Act. C. the Holding Company Act. D. higher tax rates for the wealthy. E. the National Labor Relations Act. Answer: A Page: 692 23. During the Second New Deal, President Franklin Roosevelt A. moved away from altering the income tax. B. called for greater civil rights for American minority groups. C. introduced government-funded unemployment checks. D. rejected legislative attempts by Senator Robert Wagner to strengthen labor. E. became more willing to attack corporate interests openly. Answer: E Page: 691 24. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 A. ended the labor practice of a “closed shop.” B. gave government the authority to force employers to accept labor unions. C. enforced the labor practice of an “open shop.” D. resulted in the Supreme Court’s striking down of the Wagner Act. E. invalidated Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act. Answer: B Page: 692

25. In the 1930s, industrial unionism was A. considerably strengthened by New Deal legislation. B. supported by the American Federation of Labor. C. opposed by labor leaders such as John L. Lewis. D. generally hostile to blacks and women. E. losing support among unskilled laborers. Answer: A Page: 692 26. In the 1930s, the industrial union movement A. was most interested in attracting skilled laborers. B. decided it was better to organize by companies than by entire industries. C. grew more militant and powerful. D. saw many of its leaders take top executive jobs in major companies. E. became the dominant force in the American Federation of Labor. Answer: C Page: 692 27. In the 1930s, the Congress of Industrial Organization A. grew out of a dispute within the American Federation of Labor. B. was less militant than the American Federation of Labor. C. would not accept women or blacks as members. D. confined its organizing to the steel and coal industries. E. refused to get involved in organizing the automobile industry. Answer: A Page: 692 28. During the 1930s, the sit-down strike A. was first used in the steel industry. B. was a new and controversial labor tactic. C. was upheld by the courts and state governments. D. was eventually broken by the Michigan National Guard. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 693 29. During the 1937 sit-down strike of General Motors, the federal government A. actively sided with the strikers. B. actively sided with the company. C. assumed control of the plant. D. negotiated a settlement through federal arbitration. E. refused to intervene in the dispute. Answer: E Page: 693

30. In 1937, regarding the organizing of industrial labor, A. small steel companies more quickly unionized than did large steel companies. B. the effort to organize the steel industry proved easier than organizing in the auto industry. C. the “Memorial Day Massacre” saw striking U.S. Steel employees killed by police. D. the great majority of strikes were settled in favor of the unions. E. a key strike against Republic Steel of Chicago succeeded in winning union recognition. Answer: D Page: 694 31. The Social Security Act of 1935 A. initially only offered a pension for retired workers. B. did not begin making payments to participants for years. C. covered all full-time working American citizens. D. was opposed by President Franklin Roosevelt as being too costly. E. originally included a program for universal health-care. Answer: B Page: 694 32. The Works Progress Administration of 1935 A. gave federal relief money to those deemed “unemployable.” B. displayed very little flexibility or imagination. C. provided mostly “make-work” jobs to the unemployed. D. was under the direction of Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins. E. was much larger than previous programs of its kind. Answer: E Page: 694-695 33. The Works Progress Administration provided federal assistance to A. artists and sculptors. B. grooms and jockeys. C. writers and musicians. D. artists, sculptors, writers, and musicians. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Page: 695 34. In the 1930s, the New Deal generally gave A. work relief to both men and women. B. cash assistance to both men and women. C. work relief to women and cash assistance to men. D. work relief to men and cash assistance to women. E. both work relief and cash assistance to men and women. Answer: D Page: 695

35. The election of 1936 A. saw Franklin Roosevelt opposed by the Republican, William Lemke. B. was considered “too close to call” by opinion polls in the weeks prior to the vote. C. produced a new and enduring coalition of voters for the Democratic Party. D. saw third-party challengers play a major role in the outcome. E. saw the Republican challenger pick up considerable gains in the formerly “Solid South.” Answer: C Page: 697 36. All of the following groups were part of the New Deal political coalition EXCEPT A. big-business owners. B. the working class. C. urban blacks. D. western and southern farmers. E. liberals and progressives. Answer: A Page: 697 37. In 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt’s call to expand the Supreme Court came from A. complaints by several justices that they were being overworked. B. a desire not to have to choose between two different popular candidates for chief justice. C. a Democratic plan to gain the for the party permanent control of the federal government. D. his opinion that the Court needed to review a larger number of cases. E. his desire to change the ideological balance of the Court. Answer: E Page: 697 38. President Franklin Roosevelt’s proposal to expand the Supreme Court A. had little effect on future rulings by the Court. B. did little political damage to his administration. C. drew significant support from conservatives. D. was eventually defeated in Congress. E. gained Roosevelt the support of southern Democrats. Answer: D Page: 698 39. In 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt decided A. that there should be a sharp increase in New Deal spending. B. the federal government would never be able to end the Depression. C. the federal work programs would have to be continued indefinitely. D. that he should try to balance the federal budget. E. that Social Security should be expanded to include agricultural and domestic laborers. Answer: D Page: 698

40. During the recession of 1937, A. Congressional Republicans took most of the blame. B. the economy was almost as bad as during the worst period of the Hoover administration. C. industrial production faltered but employment remained steady. D. it became apparent that New Deal programs had made little impact on economic conditions. E. Roosevelt tried to mitigate the damage by reducing spending. Answer: B Page: 699 41. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 A. signaled the start of a new round of New Deal legislation. B. sought to eliminate hiring discrimination based on race, but not on gender. C. did not include a provision regarding working hours. D. established a national minimum wage. E. created an enforcement mechanism to protect unions’ right to organize. Answer: D Page: 700 42. By the end of 1938, A. the nation had largely emerged from the Depression. B. President Roosevelt began what became known as the “Third New Deal.” C. Congress had come to accept the need for further reforms. D. the American public had come to strongly oppose the New Deal. E. the New Deal had largely come to an end. Answer: E Page: 700 43. Under the New Deal, African Americans A. were generally treated equally with other races. B. received no significant appointments in the Roosevelt White House. C. received more sympathy than under most previous administrations. D. were able to challenge many patterns of race discrimination effectively. E. found the government hostile to black aspirations. Answer: C Page: 700 44. The most influential advocate for African Americans in the Roosevelt administration was A. Frances Perkins. B. Harold Ickes. C. Harry Hopkins. D. Eleanor Roosevelt. E. Mary McLeod Bethune. Answer: D Page: 700

45. African Americans employed by New Deal relief programs A. were paid the same wages as whites doing the same jobs. B. were among the first to be released when funds ran out. C. saw existing patterns of discrimination dismantled. D. were both paid the same wages as whites doing the same jobs, and among the first to be released when funds ran out. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 701 46. New Deal policy toward American Indians A. continued past government policies. B. favored Indian assimilation into the larger white culture. C. was grounded in a commitment to cultural relativism. D. encouraged Indians to own land as individuals, rather than collectively. E. led to a considerable decrease in tribal lands. Answer: C Page: 702 47. John Collier is associated with New Deal A. Indian policies. B. programs for African Americans. C. health programs for children. D. initiatives for the working class. E. administration of public works. Answer: A Page: 702 48. Frances Perkins, the first female cabinet member in American history, was secretary of A. commerce. B. agriculture. C. labor. D. health and human services. E. education. Answer: C Page: 703 49. All the following statements regarding the New Deal and women are true EXCEPT that A. the New Deal sanctioned sexually discriminatory wage rates. B. New Deal relief agencies offered relatively little employment for women. C. women were encouraged to leave the workplace to help men get jobs. D. many occupations dominated by women were excluded from Social Security. E. in general, women were major critics of the New Deal. Answer: E Page: 704

50. In the American West, New Deal programs A. were limited and had a minimal impact on life. B. focused on the few large cities. C. led to a change in existing racial relations. D. disproportionately benefited the region in funding. E. drew considerable opposition for their environmentalist bias. Answer: D Page: 704 51. One of the major effects the New Deal had on the United States was that it A. fostered stronger and more varied interest groups. B. created a unified, government-controlled economy. C. created a harmonious, ordered economy. D. created laws that provided equal economic opportunity for all American workers. E. ended the Depression. Answer: A Page: 700 52. One long-term consequence of the New Deal was that A. the government effectively redistributed the wealth among the American people. B. it demonstrated that sufficient government spending could resolve economic emergencies. C. the national government assumed responsibility for the basic welfare of the people. D. the influence of the government on the economy became greater than that of private businesses. E. the government substantially transformed the distribution of power within American capitalism. Answer: C Page: 706

True/False Questions 53. Much of Franklin Roosevelt’s early success as president was a result of his personality. Answer: True Page: 684 54. During his first hundred days in office, President Roosevelt let it be known that balancing the federal budget was a high priority of his administration. Answer: True Page: 684 55. The Agricultural Adjustment Act did not bring about a rise in farm prices in the years immediately following its passage in 1933. Answer: False Page: 685

56. The Supreme Court declared both the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Agricultural Adjustment Act to be unconstitutional. Answer: True Page: 685, 688 57. The Rural Electrification Administration was more effective and affected more people than did the Resettlement Administration. Answer: True Page: 685 58. The National Industrial Recovery Act sought to tighten antitrust provisions and make important concessions to labor. Answer: False Page: 685 59. The industrial codes set up under the National Recovery Administration set floors below which no company could lower prices or wages. Answer: True Page: 685 60. The provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act included a promise to workers that they could participate in collective bargaining, but there were no enforcement mechanisms in the legislation. Answer: True Page: 688 61. Under the National Industrial Recovery Act, the code writing was to be done by Congress. Answer: False Page: 688 62. During his first term, President Roosevelt considered relief to be the most important task. Answer: False Page: 684 63. The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation provided funds for refinancing home mortgages. Answer: True Page: 690 64. President Roosevelt had misgivings about establishing a federal “dole” for the jobless. Answer: True Page: 690 65. The Social Security Act was part of what has been called the Second New Deal. Answer: True Page: 694

66. Charles Coughlin quickly moved from supporting to opposing President Roosevelt. Answer: True Page: 691 67. Senator Huey Long’s Share-Our-Wealth Plan concerned the Roosevelt administration. Answer: True Page: 691 68. During his first term, President Roosevelt grew increasingly willing to openly attack corporate interests. Answer: True Page: 691 69. President Roosevelt was dissatisfied with the National Labor Relations Act, but he did sign it. Answer: True Page: 692 70. The Congress of Industrial Organizations was more receptive to women and blacks than the American Federation of Labor had been. Answer: True Page: 692 71. Despite the challenge of the CIO, the AFL remained committed to the craft union idea. Answer: True Page: 692 72. In general, the CIO was a more militant labor organization than the AFL. Answer: True Page: 692 73. The sit-down strike was an effective way to prevent companies from using strikebreakers. Answer: True Page: 693 74. During the 1930s, the smaller steel companies were more willing to accommodate unions than were the large steel companies. Answer: False Page: 694 75. The original Social Security Act included a system of unemployment insurance. Answer: True Page: 694

76. The New Deal had moved far enough to the left by 1935 that the poorest of workers, including domestic servants and agricultural laborers, were covered by the Social Security Act. Answer: False Page: 694 77. New Deal programs tried to make a distinction between those who had earned social protection and those who needed it. Answer: True Page: 694 78. The principal government aid to women was not work relief, but cash assistance. Answer: True Page: 695 79. President Roosevelt’s 1936 reelection was the greatest landslide victory to that point in the history of American presidential elections. Answer: True Page: 697 80. Roosevelt’s “Court-packing plan” called for replacing conservative justices with liberal ones. Answer: False Page: 697 81. Roosevelt’s Court-packing plan became unnecessary once the Supreme Court began supporting New Deal legislation. Answer: True Page: 698 82. The recession of 1937 seemed to be the result of reductions in federal spending by the Roosevelt administration. Answer: True Page: 699 83. By 1936, the black vote had become evenly split between Republicans and Democrats. Answer: False Page: 701 84. The New Deal was not hostile to black Americans, but it did not give the issue of race a high priority. Answer: True Page: 700

85. On the prompting of Eleanor Roosevelt, New Deal agencies tried to eliminate racial segregation in their programs. Answer: False Page: 700-701 86. Theories of cultural relativism fed into New Deal plans to assimilate the American Indian into the larger white society. Answer: False Page: 701-702 87. The New Deal generally supported the notion that in hard economic times, women should leave the workplace in order to open up jobs for men. Answer: True Page: 704 88. During the New Deal, the federal government maintained a much greater and more visible bureaucratic presence in the West than in any other region of the country. Answer: True Page: 704 89. A primary reason the New Deal failed to end the Depression was its programs being inadequately funded to resolve the economic challenges of the 1930s. Answer: True Page: 705 90. Largely as a result of the New Deal, many Americans in the 1930s became convinced that the government should regulate various aspects of the economy. Answer: True Page: 705

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 91. One of Franklin Roosevelt’s first acts as president was to close all ________. Answer: banks Page: 684 92. The ________ Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment which made alcohol production and sale illegal, in 1933. Answer: Twenty-first Page: 684 93. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was to be financed by a tax on ________. Answer: food processing Page: 684-685

94. The primary new federal agency for industrial recovery during the early New Deal was the ________. Answer: National Recovery Administration Page: 685 95. The creation of the ________ represented an unprecedented New Deal experiment in regional planning. Answer: Tennessee Valley Authority Page: 689 96. The ________ was a work relief program established in parks, forests, and rural settings. Answer: Civilian Conservation Corps Page: 690 97. Conservatives and corporate leaders organized the ________ League to arouse public opposition to the New Deal. Answer: American Liberty Page: 690 98. The ________ Plan represented a pre-Social Security Act scheme to provide for federal pensions for senior citizens. Answer: Townsend Page: 690 99. By 1935, President Roosevelt was most alarmed by the growing popularity of Senator ________. Answer: Huey Long Page: 691 100. The National Labor Relations Act, popularly known as the ________ Act, provided workers with greater assurance that their collective bargaining rights would be honored. Answer: Wagner Page: 692 101. John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers was one of the leaders of the fledgling ________, established in 1936. Answer: Congress of Industrial Organizations Page: 692 102. The United Auto Workers pioneered the use of the sit-down strike in its dealings with the ________ company. Answer: General Motors Page: 693

103. In 1937, the ________ company unexpectedly recognized the steel workers union. Answer: U.S. Steel Page: 694 104. The ________ Act of 1935 was arguably the nation’s most important social program for the elderly. Answer: Social Security Page: 694 105. The Works ________ Administration under Harry Hopkins was notable in terms of both dollars spent and new ideas generated. Answer: Progress Page: 695 106. In 1936, ________ was the Republican candidate for president. Answer: Alf Landon Page: 695 107. In 1937, the Supreme Court declared both the Wagner Act and the ________ Act to be constitutional. Answer: Social Security Page: 697-698 108. The severe 1937 economic downturn is known as the “________.” Answer: Roosevelt recession Page: 699 109. The commissioner of Indian affairs in the 1930s was ________. Answer: John Collier Page: 701 110. Secretary of Labor ________ was the first female member of a president’s cabinet. Answer: Frances Perkins Page: 703

Essay Questions 111. How was Franklin Roosevelt able to quickly restore the public’s confidence in government and the economy in 1933? 112. How have historians assessed the efforts of both Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt in fighting the Depression? Where do they praise and criticize these two men? 113. Was Franklin Roosevelt a progressive president in the tradition of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson? What similarities and differences did he share with these two men?

114. What did Franklin Roosevelt accomplish during his first hundred days in office? 115. What evidence supports the argument that Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal were liberal? 116. What evidence supports the argument that Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal were conservative? 117. How did the New Deal programs evolve between 1933 and 1935? 118. Who were the major critics of the New Deal and what were their complaints? What effect did these complaints have on the New Deal? 119. Why were there critics of the New Deal from both the political left and the political right? 120. What was the significance of the results of the 1936 elections? 121. Why was the New Deal in disarray by 1937-1938? Why were there no additional New Deal programs after 1938? 122. What impact did the New Deal have on women and minorities? 123. What did the New Deal accomplish in the 1930s? What did it not accomplish? Why did it fail to end the Depression? 124. How might the New Deal have been more successful? 125. What have been the long-term legacies of the New Deal? What major historical assessments have been made of it? 126. Discuss the fundamental shift that took place in the 1930s regarding the role of the federal government to help people in economic hardship. How would you assess this shift? Has it been useful or not? How does it relate to you personally today?

Chapter 25 The Global Crisis, 1921-1941 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The secretary of state of the Harding administration was A. Charles Evans Hughes. B. Charles Dawes. C. Henry Cabot Lodge. D. Henry Stimson. E. Cordell Hull. Answer: A Page: 710 2. During the Harding administration, the United States A. eventually joined the League of Nations. B. threatened to blockade Japan if it did not stop its military aggression. C. largely retired from international diplomacy. D. significantly reduced the size of its navy. E. forgave the international debts of the former European allies. Answer: D Page: 710 3. The Washington Conference of 1921 A. attempted to prevent a global naval arms race. B. saw the Harding administration refuse to participate in it. C. sought to expand the global markets of the United States. D. ended as a diplomatic failure for the United States. E. attempted to create a world court. Answer: A Page: 710 4. The Five-Power Pact of 1922 dealt with A. restructuring Germany’s war debt. B. the League of Nations. C. the civil war in Russia. D. Japanese aggression toward China. E. armament limitations. Answer: E Page: 710

5. All of the following nations were signatories to the Five-Power Pact of 1922 EXCEPT A. Britain. B. Russia. C. France. D. Italy. E. Japan. Answer: B Page: 710 6. The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 A. was an alliance between France and the United States against Germany. B. was to be enforced with multinational trade embargoes. C. was signed with wide international acclaim. D. stated that an attack on one nation was an attack on all nations. E. was an alliance between France and the United States against Japan. Answer: C Page: 710 7. The Dawes Plan of 1924 A. called for the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments. B. was designed to help England and France make their debt payments to the United States. C. called for Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments. D. called for both the United States to lend money to Germany to meet its reparation payments, and Britain and France to reduce the amount of German reparation payments. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 711 8. In his foreign policy for Latin America, President Herbert Hoover A. repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. B. repeatedly ordered troops into various Central American nations. C. canceled Latin American war debts owed to the United States. D. closely followed the policies of the two previous administrations. E. declared America would henceforth only recognize democratically-elected regimes. Answer: A Page: 711 9. As part of his foreign policy, President Herbert Hoover moved to withdraw American troops from A. Mexico. B. Cuba. C. Venezuela. D. Colombia. E. Haiti. Answer: E Page: 711

10. In 1929, a fascist-led government was in power in A. Germany. B. Spain. C. Italy. D. Japan. E. France. Answer: C Page: 711 11. Which of the following statements about the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany is FALSE? A. His rise was partially precipitated by ruinous inflation. B. Hitler displayed a pathological anti-Semitism and a passionate militarism. C. Hitler believed in the genetic superiority of the Aryan people. D. Hitler argued in favor of extending German territory for the purpose of Lebensraum. E. Upon coming to power in 1933, Hitler called his new government “the Weimar Republic.” Answer: E Page: 712 12. In 1932, the Hoover administration, in response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, A. issued warnings to the Japanese government. B. imposed economic sanctions against Japan. C. sent financial aid to Chiang Kai-shek’s government in China. D. sent Americans to Manchuria to train Chinese pilots. E. called for Japanese recognition of the Open Door policy. Answer: A Page: 712 13. President Franklin Roosevelt’s sharpest foreign policy break with Herbert Hoover concerned A. Latin America. B. Europe. C. Asia. D. Russia. E. Mexico. Answer: B Page: 713 14. In what became known as the 1933 “bombshell” message, Franklin Roosevelt declared that A. all foreign war debts would be forgiven. B. America would no longer recognize fascist governments. C. the Monroe Doctrine was now null and void. D. further Japanese aggression against China would be met with force. E. America would reject any international agreement on currency stabilization. Answer: E Page: 713

15. In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt carried out international policies that A. kept the United States on the gold standard. B. preserved the circular loan system of the Dawes Plan. C. established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. D. allowed American banks to make loans to nations in default to the United States. E. further soured relations with Latin America. Answer: C Page: 714 16. In 1934, the Soviet Union complained that the United States had little interest in stopping the expansion of A. Germany. B. Italy. C. China. D. Japan. E. Great Britain. Answer: D Page: 714 17. President Franklin Roosevelt’s “Good Neighbor Policy” A. expanded initiatives begun under Herbert Hoover. B. was designed to keep the peace in western Europe. C. limited land purchases by U.S. companies in neighboring countries. D. was abandoned by the United States at the start of World War II. E. gave nations allied against fascism preferential loan rates. Answer: A Page: 714 18. During the 1920s and 1930s, interest in pursuing an isolationist foreign policy A. led the United States to give up its membership in the World Court. B. reflected the sentiments of a majority of the American public. C. led the U.S. Senate to assert that no single nation was a threat to world peace. D. was strongly supported by President Franklin Roosevelt. E. declined after the investigations chaired by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota. Answer: B Page: 714 19. The Neutrality Act of 1935 A. sought to protect America’s international trade agreements. B. prevented Americans from traveling on ships of warring nations. C. did not prevent the United States from intervening when Italy invaded Ethiopia. D. was passed by Congress with recent acts of Nazi aggression in mind. E. included a mandatory arms embargo of both sides during any military conflict. Answer: E Page: 715

20. The Neutrality Act of 1937 A. stripped the president of many of his powers as commander-in-chief. B. allowed warring nations to purchase nonmilitary goods in the United States if they paid cash. C. loosened the trade policy for England, while tightening it for Germany and Japan. D. banned the sale of all goods from the United States to any nation at war. E. exempted Asian nations from the provisions of the 1935 Neutrality Act. Answer: B Page: 715 21. In 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt’s “quarantine” speech A. saw the president call for further isolation from the nation’s enemies. B. warned Japan it faced a U.S. embargo if it continued to be aggressive. C. saw Roosevelt challenge England and France to limit the aggression of Germany. D. received a decidedly hostile response by the American people. E. was given in response to the Japanese sinking of the Panay. Answer: D Page: 716 22. In 1937, after Japanese pilots sank the U.S. gunboat Panay in China, President Roosevelt A. called for an immediate military build-up in the United States. B. entered into an economic alliance with China. C. accepted Japan’s claim that the bombing had been an accident. D. retaliated by bombing Japanese supply depots in China. E. delivered the “quarantine” speech. Answer: C Page: 716 23. In 1938, Anschluss A. was proclaimed by Hitler. B. caused an uproar in the United States. C. was created at the Munich Conference. D. led France to put its military on alert. E. came to be identified with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. Answer: A Page: 717 24. The Munich Conference of 1938 was precipitated by a crisis over A. Austria. B. Poland. C. Hungary. D. Belgium. E. Czechoslovakia. Answer: E Page: 717

25. The Munich agreement of 1938 A. was the result of negotiations involving the League of Nations. B. put most of Poland under German control. C. ended further German aggression until World War II began. D. was supported by President Franklin Roosevelt. E. was signed by Joseph Stalin despite misgivings about German intent. Answer: D Page: 717 26. Germany began World War II in Europe days after A. Germany’s occupation of additional areas of Czechoslovakia. B. a nonaggression pact was signed between Germany and Russia. C. France promised Poland it would provide military support if attacked. D. Germany and Austria were unified. E. Hitler’s violation of the Munich agreement. Answer: B Page: 717-718 27. Following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt A. declared the United States would remain neutral. B. declared the United States would be the “arsenal of democracy.” C. sent American military advisers to England. D. ordered a “preparedness” campaign much like Woodrow Wilson had in 1916. E. was unsure whether a majority of Americans supported Germany. Answer: A Page: 718 28. By the middle of 1940, Germany had defeated A. Norway. B. Denmark. C. France. D. the Netherlands. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 719-720 29. The American ambassador to London who insisted in 1940 that the British plight was already hopeless was A. Neville Chamberlain. B. Joseph Kennedy. C. Gerald Nye. D. Burton Wheeler. E. Wendell Willkie. Answer: B Page: 720

30. President Franklin Roosevelt’s decision in 1940 to give fifty American destroyers to England A. was cancelled by Congress. B. circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts. C. was in response to requests by the U.S. ambassador to London. D. both circumvented the cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Acts and was in response to requests by the U.S. ambassador to London. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 720 31. In July 1940, opinion polls showed the clear majority of the American public A. believed Germany posed a direct threat to the United States. B. were strongly against any involvement by the United States in the war. C. thought the United States should immediately declare war on Germany. D. believed it would be a waste to aid England, as that nation would soon fall to Germany. E. believed Japan was a greater threat to the United States than the war in Europe. Answer: A Page: 720 32. The Burke-Wadsworth Act of 1940 A. reaffirmed the desires of isolationists to stay out of the war. B. approved sending U.S. weapons to England. C. approved the first peacetime draft in American history. D. saw the United States end all trade with any nation allied with Nazi Germany. E. repealed the 1935 and 1937 Neutrality Acts. Answer: C Page: 720 33. The America First Committee A. was a powerful lobby against U.S. involvement in the war. B. was opposed by both major political parties. C. called for increased U.S. assistance to England without any actual intervention. D. was made up largely of Democrats who favored diplomacy to end the war. E. tried and failed to enlist the support of Charles Lindbergh. Answer: A Page: 720 34. In the election of 1940, Franklin Roosevelt A. selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate. B. won a closely contested electoral college victory for his third term. C. removed Harry Truman from the ticket at the request of conservatives. D. both selected Henry Wallace as his new running mate, and won a closely contested electoral college victory for his third term. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 721

35. In 1940, the “lend-lease” plan A. allowed the U.S. to loan weapons to England, to be returned when the war was over. B. saw England agree to allow jobless Americans to enlist in the British military. C. saw England allow the construction of American military bases in British territory. D. saw the U.S. lend funds to the Allies so they could lease war supplies from the U.S. E. was extremely controversial and barely passed the Senate. Answer: A Page: 721 36. By September 1941, A. Germany had agreed with Japan to fight against the United States. B. the United States extended lend-lease privileges to the Soviet Union. C. President Roosevelt made a secret agreement to send American troops to England. D. Germany claimed it had no interest in engaging America in war. E. the German navy had begun to sink American destroyers, including the Reuben James. Answer: B Page: 722 37. The German sinking of the American ship Reuben James A. triggered an American naval campaign against Germany. B. led Congress to approve the arming of American merchant ships. C. led Congress to approve American ships sailing into belligerent ports. D. led Congress to approve both the arming of American merchant ships and the sailing of American ships into belligerent ports. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 722-723 38. In 1941, the Atlantic Charter A. was signed in Washington, D.C. B. was completed by senior military officials in the United States and England. C. saw President Roosevelt agree to an eventual invasion of Europe to drive out the Nazis. D. saw the United States and England claim to share common principles. E. gave American merchant ships the authority to fire on German submarines. Answer: D Page: 723 39. The Tripartite Pact was a defensive alliance among A. the United States, England, and Russia. B. the United States, England, and France. C. Japan, Germany, and Italy. D. Japan, Germany, and Austria. E. England, France, and Italy. Answer: C Page: 723

40. In 1941, prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, A. Japanese troops attacked the Philippines. B. the Japanese developed a new, unbreakable communication code. C. Japan tried to repair relations with the United States in order to restore their flow of supplies. D. President Franklin Roosevelt ordered Japan’s diplomats to leave Washington. E. President Franklin Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the United States. Answer: E Page: 724 41. Which of the following statements regarding the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is FALSE? A. The State Department assumed the Japanese would never attack American interests. B. The American aircraft carriers escaped the attack. C. Few American authorities believed Japan was capable of an attack on Pearl Harbor. D. The Japanese suffered light losses in the attack. E. More than 2,400 American soldiers and sailors died in the attack. Answer: A Page: 724 42. In 1941, Germany’s declaration of war against the United States A. occurred after the United States declared war on Germany. B. came the same day that Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. C. did not occur until two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. D. occurred before the United States declared war on Germany. E. was never reciprocated by Congress. Answer: D Page: 724

True/False Questions 43. The United States failed to join the League of Nations. Answer: True Page: 709 44. During the 1920s, the United States played a very active role in global politics. Answer: True Page: 710 45. In 1921, Charles Evans Hughes feared an arms race would develop on the world’s oceans. Answer: True Page: 710 46. The Kellogg-Briand Pact declared war illegal. Answer: True Page: 710

47. During the 1920s, the United States became increasingly dependent on unstable European economies. Answer: True Page: 710 48. Under the Dawes Plan, the United States lent money to European countries to repay war debts owed to the United States. Answer: True Page: 710 49. President Hoover upheld the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Answer: False Page: 711 50. The Hoover administration imposed economic sanctions against Japan for its takeover of Manchuria in the early 1930s. Answer: False Page: 712 51. The Good Neighbor Policy of the Roosevelt administration expanded on earlier changes in foreign policy made by the Hoover administration. Answer: True Page: 714 52. The neutrality legislation of the mid-1930s was designed to protect traditional American neutral rights. Answer: False Page: 715 53. The American stance of militant neutrality gained support in October 1935 when Mussolini finally launched his long-anticipated attack on Somalia. Answer: False Page: 715 54. President Franklin Roosevelt made his “quarantine” speech in an effort to block Hitler’s takeover of Austria. Answer: False Page: 716 55. At the time of its announcement, President Roosevelt approved of the Munich agreement. Answer: True Page: 717

56. Stalin’s nonaggression pact with Hitler was signed before the start of World War II in Europe. Answer: True Page: 717 57. Like Woodrow Wilson before him, President Roosevelt asked the American people to be neutral in thought when war erupted in Europe in 1939. Answer: False Page: 718 58. President Roosevelt’s first response to the war in Europe was to request that Congress extend lend-lease to the Allies. Answer: False Page: 718-719 59. By 1940 the American ambassador to Great Britain, Joseph Kennedy, thought that the British cause was hopeless. Answer: True Page: 720 60. President Roosevelt’s decision to give American destroyers to Great Britain was consistent with the “cash-and-carry” provisions of the Neutrality Acts. Answer: False Page: 720 61. By the time President Roosevelt ran for a third term, a significant majority of the American people believed that Nazi Germany posed a direct military threat to the United States. Answer: True Page: 721 62. On foreign policy matters, President Roosevelt and his Republican challenger, Wendell Willkie, were in essential agreement. Answer: True Page: 721 63. Lend-lease to Great Britain led directly to an American decision to convoy goods across the Atlantic Ocean. Answer: True Page: 721-722 64. President Roosevelt responded to the Nazi invasion of Russia by extending lend-lease to Russia. Answer: True Page: 722

65. President Roosevelt’s August 1941 meeting with Winston Churchill off the coast of Newfoundland led to a private commitment to use the American military in the war against Hitler. Answer: False Page: 723 66. The Roosevelt administration refused to issue economic sanctions against Japan prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Answer: False Page: 724 67. Prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States knew that a Japanese attack was imminent, but it did not know where the attack would take place. Answer: True Page: 724 68. In December of 1941, Germany declared war on the United States before the United States declared war on Germany. Answer: True Page: 724

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 69. The ________ of 1921 was an attempt to prevent a naval arms race among the United States, Great Britain, and Japan. Answer: Washington Conference Page: 710 70. The 1928 ________ was a multilateral treaty to outlaw war. Answer: Kellogg-Briand Pact Page: 710 71. The 1931 invasion of Manchuria by ________ was cause for concern on the part of the Hoover administration. Answer: Japan Page: 712 72. In 1933, the Roosevelt administration extended diplomatic recognition to ________. Answer: the Soviet Union Page: 714 73. A Senate committee headed by Senator _______ of North Dakota investigated the reasons behind the American entry into World War I. Answer: Gerald Nye Page: 714

74. Roosevelt’s 1937 “quarantine” speech was directed at ________. Answer: Japan Page: 715-716 75. The Anschluss of 1938 was between Germany and ________. Answer: Austria Page: 717 76. The Munich Conference of 1938 dealt with German designs on the country of ________. Answer: Czechoslovakia Page: 717 77. After Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1939, Britain and France gave assurances to the country of ________ that they would come to its assistance if it were invaded. Answer: Poland Page: 717 78. During the winter and early spring of 1939-1940, Europe settled into what some called “the ________ war.” Answer: phony Page: 719 79. In September of 1940, Congress passed the ________ Act, inaugurating the first peacetime draft in American history. Answer: Burke-Wadsworth Page: 720 80. In 1940, Charles Lindbergh and Senator Gerald Nye took leading roles in the ________ Committee. Answer: America First Page: 720 81. Franklin Roosevelt’s Republican opponent in 1940 was ________. Answer: Wendell Willkie Page: 721 82. Following his reelection in 1940, President Roosevelt asked Congress to extend ________ to Great Britain. Answer: lend-lease Page: 721

83. The sinking of the ________ in the fall of 1941 led Congress to arm American merchant ships. Answer: Reuben James Page: 722 84. In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met off the coast of Newfoundland to agree to the ________. Answer: Atlantic Charter Page: 723 85. In September 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan entered into a defensive alliance called the ________. Answer: Tripartite Pact Page: 723 86. By late November of 1941, American officials assumed that the next Japanese move would be directed at British or ________ possessions to the south. Answer: Dutch Page: 724

Essay Questions 87. During the 1920s, what were the primary objectives of U.S. foreign policy? How did the United States go about achieving these objectives? 88. Describe American foreign policy objectives with Europe during the 1920s. 89. What were the weaknesses of U.S. foreign policy during the 1920s? 90. In what ways did the Hoover administration continue past foreign policy? In what way did it break from the past? 91. What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Hoover administration’s foreign policy? 92. Why did the events surrounding World War I encourage the growth of isolationism in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s? 93. Were American isolationists in the 1920s and 1930s a recent phenomenon, or did their thinking fit into traditional American ideas regarding foreign policy? Justify your response. 94. How were the activities of other nations affected by American isolationism in the 1930s? 95. How might the Roosevelt administration be labeled isolationist? How and why might it be labeled internationalist?

96. What steps were taken during the 1930s to reinforce the American retreat from Europe? What steps did the Roosevelt administration take to lead the United States away from isolationism? 97. Explain the evolution of American diplomacy toward Japan between 1921 and 1941. 98. Was war between the United States and Japan inevitable? Could it have been avoided?

Chapter 26 America in a World at War Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In World War II, the main American strategy to fight Japan was to A. mount two offensive campaigns to attack the Japanese from two directions. B. concentrate U.S. forces into one large offensive moving west from the Marshall Islands. C. quickly recapture the Midway Islands from the Japanese. D. establish a strong defensive position in the Solomon Islands to lure in the Japanese. E. encourage the Japanese navy to overextend itself past the Gilbert Islands, then attack from behind. Answer: A Page: 729 2. In World War II, one of the primary American commanders in the Pacific was A. Dwight Eisenhower. B. Omar Bradley. C. Chester Nimitz. D. George Marshall. E. George Patton. Answer: C Page: 729 3. The Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942 A. saw the Americans take the offensive for the first time. B. saw the United States forced to withdraw its naval forces. C. marked the major turning point of the war in the Pacific. D. saw the Japanese lose most of its aircraft carriers. E. marked the first important victory by the United States against Japan. Answer: E Page: 729 4. The Battle of Midway in 1942 A. saw the United States suffer great losses. B. was a stunning defeat for the Japanese navy. C. lasted four days. D. both lasted four days and was a stunning defeat for the Japanese navy. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 729

5. After 1943, the United States advanced on Japan primarily with the aid of forces from A. England and France. B. the Soviet Union and China. C. the Dutch and the Soviet Union. D. England and the Soviet Union. E. Australia and New Zealand. Answer: E Page: 729 6. During World War II, the United States Army chief of staff was A. Douglas MacArthur. B. George Marshall. C. Omar Bradley. D. Dwight Eisenhower. E. George Patton. Answer: B Page: 729 7. In 1943, the country that pressed for an immediate Allied invasion of France against Germany was A. the Soviet Union. B. China. C. Great Britain. D. the United States. E. Canada. Answer: A Page: 729 8. In 1942-1943, the British and American war effort against the Nazis concentrated on A. freeing France from German control. B. supporting the Russians. C. fighting in North Africa. D. protecting England. E. stopping the Holocaust. Answer: C Page: 729 9. In 1942, in the North African campaign against the Nazis, the A. Americans advanced under the command of Omar Bradley. B. Americans successfully regrouped from a defeat at Kasserine Pass. C. Germans suffered a major defeat at Stalingrad. D. Americans pushed the Germans out of Egypt. E. British lost a key early battle at El Alamein. Answer: B Page: 729

10. In 1943, in a meeting in Casablanca, the Allies decided they would next invade A. Cyprus. B. France. C. Sicily. D. Corsica. E. Greece. Answer: C Page: 730 11. During World War II, the first Axis country to be defeated was A. Germany. B. Spain. C. Austria. D. Japan. E. Italy. Answer: E Page: 730-731 12. The Allied decisions that delayed an invasion of France A. left the Soviet Union deeply embittered. B. put the Soviet Union in a better position to control eastern Europe. C. occurred after the Soviet Union had won a significant victory in Stalingrad. D. both put the Soviet Union in a better position to control eastern Europe, and left the Soviet Union deeply embittered. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 731 13. The U.S. government acquired definite knowledge of the Holocaust A. prior to World War II beginning in Europe. B. before the U.S. had entered the war. C. during the first years after U.S. involvement. D. only in the last year of the war. E. only after the war was over. Answer: C Page: 731 14. During World War II, Allied bombers targeted A. the crematoria at Auschwitz. B. the railroad lines leading to Auschwitz. C. the guard towers and Nazi bunkers at Auschwitz. D. both the crematories at Auschwitz and the railroad lines leading to Auschwitz. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 731

15. Regarding European Jewish refugees, between 1939 and 1945, the United States A. refused to accept large numbers of refugees. B. won an agreement by England to accept several thousand refugees. C. made many efforts to help refugees escape the Nazis but not have them enter the United States. D. denied the Nazis were targeting Jews for murder. E. rescinded the provisions of the 1924 National Origins Act dealing with Jewish immigrants. Answer: A Page: 731 16. Between 1939 and 1945, the federal budget of the United States A. halved. B. doubled. C. tripled. D. rose five-fold. E. rose ten-fold. Answer: E Page: 733 17. During World War II, the regional impact of government spending was the greatest in the A. Northeast. B. Midwest. C. South. D. East. E. West. Answer: E Page: 733 18. During World War II, the labor force of the United States A. saw 15 million people leave civilian labor for the armed forces. B. saw the supply of civilian labor decline by 25 percent. C. was forced to contend with a large labor surplus. D. saw both 15 million people leave civilian labor for the armed forces and the supply of civilian labor decline by 25 percent. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 736 19. During World War II, organized labor in the United States A. lost membership as wages rose across most industries. B. frequently used the threats of strikes to obtain higher wages. C. agreed to freeze union membership and wages until the war was over. D. won automatic union memberships for new defense-plant workers. E. won a significant victory with the passage of the Smith-Connally Act. Answer: D Page: 736

20. Which of the following is true of organized American labor during World War II? A. No major union went on strike. B. “Wildcat” strikes were the most common. C. Unions accepted a freeze on wages until the war ended. D. Many states passed laws expanding the influence of unions. E. Opposition to strikes was led by the influential United Mine Workers. Answer: B Page: 736 21. The Smith-Connally Act of 1943 A. was opposed by President Franklin Roosevelt. B. authorized the president to seize a war factory where workers had gone on strike. C. passed as a result of actions taken by the United Mine Workers. D. both was opposed by President Franklin Roosevelt and passed as a result of actions taken by the United Mine Workers. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 736 22. Over the course of World War II, inflation in the United States A. remained low before 1941. B. was much less serious a problem than it had been during World War I. C. was largely uncontrolled by the federal government. D. was at its highest in the last year of the war. E. was less a concern than fears of deflation. Answer: B Page: 736 23. In 1943, to simplify tax collections, Congress enacted A. automatic payroll deductions. B. a short form for paying income taxes. C. a sales tax. D. a flat tax. E. an earned income tax credit. Answer: A Page: 736 24. During World War II, the War Production Board A. was maintained under the auspices of the Department of Labor. B. was directed by Roosevelt ally Leon Henderson. C. had complete control over military purchases. D. favored large over small contractors. E. won the support of small business. Answer: D Page: 736

25. During World War II, the National Defense Research Committee A. had, by 1941, pushed the U.S. into a position of technological superiority over Germany. B. funded less research than its predecessor had during World War I. C. was headed by a scientist who was a pioneer in the development of the computer. D. concentrated its work on developing an atomic bomb. E. received more private funding than government money. Answer: C Page: 737 26. During World War II, the effectiveness of German U-boats and underwater mines was effectively ended by the development of A. acoustic countermeasures. B. sonar. C. centimetric radar. D. advanced cavity magnetron valves. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 737 27. During World War II, Germany held the technological edge over the Allies in A. centimetric radar. B. rocket-propelled bombs. C. ocean mine detection. D. aircraft bombers. E. intelligence gathering. Answer: B Page: 737 28. During World War II, the Allied development of the Gee navigation system A. was first used in the last months of the war. B. sent a sonic message telling pilots they were in range of their targets. C. used electronic pulses to plot course locations. D. proved ineffective at sea. E. raised the accuracy rate of night-bombing raids to 30 percent. Answer: C Page: 737

29. All of the following were Allied advances in intelligence-gathering in World War II EXCEPT the A. creation of the Purple machine for coded communications. B. capturing of an Enigma machine. C. creation of the first programmable, digital computer. D. breaking of the German codes early in the war. E. breaking of Japanese codes before American entry into the war. Answer: A Page: 738-739 30. During World War II, the Fair Employment Practices Commission was created A. to help southern African Americans move to northern cities to take war jobs. B. by President Roosevelt to stop black protesters from marching on the capital. C. after serious racial rioting broke out in several northern industrial cities. D. and led by A. Philip Randolph. E. in response to significant protests led by the Congress of Racial Equality. Answer: B Page: 739 31. During World War II, the U.S. military A. used quotas to limit the number of black servicemen in the military. B. excluded blacks from combat duty. C. began to relax its practices of racial segregation. D. allowed blacks into all branches of the military for the first time. E. doubled the number of black servicemen to 200,000. Answer: C Page: 739 32. During World War II, American Indians A. saw government war contracts bring a higher standard of living to many reservations. B. were excluded from military service. C. were pushed out of white society and back onto the reservations. D. saw war work spread to almost every Indian reservation in the United States. E. saw the war effort undermine efforts to revitalize tribal traditions. Answer: E Page: 739 33. In 1942, the United States and Mexico agreed to the braceros program, which A. increased the number of Mexican immigrants the United States would accept as new citizens. B. allowed U.S. businesses to establish war production factories in Mexico. C. admitted Mexican contract laborers into the United States for a limited time. D. accepted Mexican citizens into the U.S. armed forces. E. eliminated the tariff on goods produced in Mexico. Answer: C Page: 740

34. The 1943 “zoot-suit riots” in Los Angeles A. resulted from tensions between the African American and Mexican American communities. B. led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits. C. began when off-duty Mexican American soldiers refused to wear their military uniforms. D. both began when off-duty Mexican American soldiers refused to wear their military uniforms, and led the city to prohibit the wearing of zoot suits. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 740 35. In 1942, when the United States interned Japanese Americans in “relocation centers,” A. all of the affected Japanese were American citizens. B. the West Coast of the United States was not an important military region. C. all of those affected were first-generation Japanese immigrants. D. the move was protested by California Attorney General Earl Warren. E. there was no evidence that the Japanese Americans were a domestic security risk. Answer: E Page: 744 36. All of the following statements regarding the internment of Japanese Americans in the United States during World War II are true EXCEPT that A. the United States government has never admitted wrongdoing. B. the order for internment was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1944. C. most of those interned lost all their property and possessions. D. the internment camps were essentially prisons. E. the relocation centers offered sub-par schools and minimal medical care. Answer: A Page: 745 37. During World War II, Chinese Americans A. were drafted in a higher proportion than any other national group. B. received a favorable image in U.S. government propaganda. C. saw the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts. D. both received a favorable image in U.S. government propaganda and saw the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 745

38. During World War II, American women who worked outside the home A. tended to be older than women who worked in the past. B. were barred from unions. C. were not allowed to have children under the age of three in their care. D. both tended to be older than women who worked in the past, and were not allowed to have children under the age of three in their care. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 740 39. During World War II, in the United States, all of the following social indicators experienced a rise in their rate of occurrence EXCEPT A. the marriage rate. B. high school enrollment. C. the divorce rate. D. the juvenile crime rate. E. the birth rate. Answer: B Page: 741 40. During World War II, American shoppers A. faced many shortages of consumer goods. B. did not buy as many magazines, as part of the war effort. C. had less money to spend than they had had the decade before. D. had less money to spend than they had had the decade before, but did not buy as many magazines, as part of the war effort. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 741 41. Swing music A. was a new form of jazz. B. originated in Latin America. C. grew out of the square dance. D. first appeared in the United States in Kansas City. E. reinforced racial taboos. Answer: A Page: 742

42. During World War II, the United States military services A. saw the major purpose of the USO as bringing new recruits into the armed forces. B. tolerated homosexuality. C. tolerated illicit heterosexual relationships. D. encouraged USO women to form relationships with servicemen. E. banned the practice of painting bathing beauties on the nosecones of fighter planes. Answer: C Page: 743 43. During World War II, Congress abolished the A. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). B. Works Progress Administration (WPA). C. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). D. CCC and WPA. E. WPA and FDIC. Answer: D Page: 746 44. A significant issue in the 1944 election was A. America’s relationship with the Soviet Union. B. corruption charges involving the White House. C. the strategy of the war. D. civil rights. E. the domestic economy. Answer: E Page: 746 45. In the 1944 elections, A. Republicans gained control of the Senate. B. President Franklin Roosevelt was too ill to campaign. C. Democrats increased their control of the House. D. Thomas Dewey nearly won the electoral vote. E. Henry Wallace was elected vice president. Answer: C Page: 746 46. All of the following statements regarding the Allied invasion of France in June 1944 are true EXCEPT that A. the attack involved perhaps the largest number of naval vessels and armaments ever assembled in one place. B. the landing was made across the narrowest part of the English Channel. C. Allied paratroopers were dropped behind German lines prior to the beach landings. D. within a week, German forces had been dislodged from most of the Normandy coast. E. American, British, and Canadian forces stormed the beaches on June 6, 1944. Answer: B Page: 746

47. In August 1944, the Allies liberated from German occupation the city of A. Rome. B. Warsaw. C. Stockholm. D. Paris. E. Amsterdam. Answer: D Page: 746 48. In February 1945, an Allied bombing attack on Dresden, Germany A. destroyed 75 percent of the previously undamaged city. B. killed approximately 135,000 people. C. resulted in mostly civilian casualties. D. both killed approximately 135,000 people and resulted in mostly civilian casualties. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 746 49. The Battle of the Bulge A. began in the spring of 1945. B. saw the American army drive deep into Germany. C. ended serious German resistance in the west. D. both saw the American army drive deep into Germany and was the last major battle on the western front. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: C Page: 746 50. In April 1945, American and British forces halted their advance on Germany at the Elbe River A. because their supply lines had become overextended. B. to wait for the Russian army to arrive. C. due to fierce German resistance. D. at the announcement that President Franklin Roosevelt had died. E. because all bridges over the river had been destroyed. Answer: B Page: 747

51. In February 1944, American naval forces won a series of victories in the Marshall Islands, under the command of A. Dwight Eisenhower. B. Douglas MacArthur. C. Omar Bradley. D. Joseph Stilwell. E. Chester Nimitz. Answer: E Page: 748 52. The 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf A. was the largest naval engagement in history. B. saw Japanese forces sink four American aircraft carriers. C. was the only time German and Japanese naval forces fought together. D. included the American capture of Okinawa. E. resulted in the American capture of Tinian, Guam, and Saipan. Answer: A Page: 749 53. The costliest battle in the history of the United States Marines Corps was the Battle of A. Iwo Jima. B. Leyte Gulf. C. Okinawa. D. Midway. E. Guadalcanal. Answer: A Page: 749 54. In mid-1945, evidence of Japan’s desperation to continue the war included A. the sending of thousands of pilots on suicide missions. B. nighttime attacks by Japanese troops against American lines. C. the loss of over 100,000 Japanese lives at Okinawa. D. both the sending of thousands of pilots on suicide missions, and nighttime attacks by Japanese troops against American lines. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 749 55. In 1939, the first steps toward the creation of an atomic bomb were taken by A. the Soviet Union. B. Great Britain. C. the United States. D. Japan. E. Nazi Germany. Answer: E Page: 750

56. All of the following statements regarding the Allied development of an atomic bomb during World War II are true EXCEPT that A. the program was code-named the Manhattan Project. B. plutonium was a practical fuel for the bomb. C. the program proceeded at a faster pace than had been expected. D. the government secretly poured nearly $2 billion into the project. E. Albert Einstein was in charge of the development program. Answer: E Page: 750-751 57. The first atomic explosion in history took place in 1945 in A. Hiroshima, Japan. B. the Bikini Islands. C. Alamogordo, New Mexico. D. the Salt Lake desert in Utah. E. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Answer: C Page: 751 58. Prior to ordering the use of an atomic bomb against Japan, President Harry Truman A. sent evidence of a test explosion to the Japanese government. B. issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or face utter devastation. C. warned the Japanese about the atomic bomb but sent no evidence of its effect. D. told Japan to evacuate Hiroshima or face the consequences. E. did not send any kind of message to Japan. Answer: B Page: 751 59. The primary reason the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Japan in August 1945 was that the A. Japanese did not immediately surrender after the first bomb was dropped. B. Soviet Union announced it would not enter into war against Japan. C. Japanese government announced that the United States had only one atomic bomb. D. emperor of Japan asked the United States for more time to consider surrendering. E. emperor of Japan declared that his country would fight to the death. Answer: A Page: 752-753

60. The Japanese surrender to the United States A. was announced a few days after a second atomic bomb had been dropped. B. was formally signed on the American battleship Missouri. C. occurred on September 2, 1945. D. was both formally signed on the American battleship Missouri and announced a few days after a second atomic bomb had been dropped. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 753 61. Which of the following is true of casualties in World War II? A. Fourteen million combatants died. B. More than a million Americans were killed or wounded. C. Casualties were relatively light in the United States, compared to those of other countries. D. The war had cost the lives of 322,000 Americans. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 753

True/False Questions 62. Despite the power of prewar isolationism, there was a large degree of unity once the United States was involved in World War II. Answer: True Page: 729 63. In June 1942, the United States gained control of the central Pacific with the Battle of Midway. Answer: True Page: 729 64. Britain and the Soviet Union were not in agreement on where to strike at the Nazis. Answer: True Page: 729 65. The Soviet Union favored the Allied African campaign as a way to divert German resources from the eastern front. Answer: False Page: 729 66. The Allied invasion of Sicily led to the collapse of the Mussolini government. Answer: True Page: 730

67. The U.S. government consistently resisted calls to make an Allied effort to save Jews caught in the Holocaust. Answer: True Page: 731 68. The federal government’s budget in 1945 had increased more than ten-fold from 1939. Answer: True Page: 733 69. During World War II, around 6 million Americans joined the armed forces. Answer: False Page: 736 70. World War II gave a great boost to union membership, even though the government extracted “no-strike” pledges from unions for the duration of the war. Answer: True Page: 736 71. Congress enacted a system of automatic tax withholding through payroll deductions as a wartime measure. Answer: True Page: 736 72. By the end of 1942, Allied technology had caught up with that of Germany and Japan. Answer: True Page: 737 73. The Allied introduction of an “acoustic” mine was a major advance in naval warfare. Answer: False Page: 737 74. Germany’s rocket-propelled bombs caused more psychological harm than actual damage in England. Answer: True Page: 737 75. American intelligence broke the Japanese coding system prior to Pearl Harbor. Answer: True Page: 739 76. African Americans’ strategy for social and economic improvement during World War II was to gain favor with the Roosevelt administration rather than make demands of it. Answer: False Page: 739

77. At the start of World War II, black leaders carried out a massive march on Washington to call attention to racial discrimination. Answer: False Page: 739 78. Native American languages were useful in American military communications. Answer: True Page: 739 79. The braceros program allowed Mexicans to enter the United States and become citizens if they agreed to work in war plants for the duration of the war. Answer: False Page: 740 80. The repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts in 1943 resulted in a flood of Chinese immigrants into the United States. Answer: False Page: 745 81. During World War II, most jobs were categorized by gender. Answer: True Page: 740 82. Working mothers during World War II usually relied on private child-care facilities. Answer: False Page: 740 83. Swing music was a product of the African American music world. Answer: True Page: 742 84. The 1944 presidential campaign revolved primarily around domestic, rather than foreign, policy issues. Answer: True Page: 746 85. During the 1944 presidential campaign, Franklin Roosevelt was gravely ill. Answer: True Page: 746 86. Congress abolished both the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Association during World War II. Answer: True Page: 746

87. Near the end of World War II, American, British, and Russian troops battled Nazi troops in the streets of Berlin. Answer: False Page: 748 88. Harry Truman did not know of the existence of the Manhattan Project at the time that he became president. Answer: True Page: 751-752 89. The United States was preparing to drop an atomic bomb on Germany when it surrendered. Answer: False Page: 751 90. The dropping of the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was followed by the firebombing of Tokyo. Answer: False Page: 749, 752-753 91. When President Truman ordered the use of the atomic bomb he believed he was making a simple military decision. Answer: True Page: 752

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 92. The first important Allied victory against Japan was during the Battle of ________. Answer: the Coral Sea Page: 729 93. During the winter of 1942-1943, the Red Army had successfully held off a major German assault at ________, though the victory had come at a terrible cost, decimating the civilian population of the city. Answer: Stalingrad Page: 729 94. In the first year of the war, the ________ campaign tied up a considerable proportion of Allied resources. Answer: North African Page: 729 95. At a January 1943 meeting in ________, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to a British plan for the invasion of Sicily. Answer: Casablanca Page: 730

96. By the end of World War II, the Pacific Coast had become the center of the American ________ industry. Answer: aircraft Page: 733 97. Rapid technological advances by American and British scientists in ________ and sonar greatly assisted the Allied air and sea war efforts. Answer: radar Page: 737 98. Intelligence efforts through the British Ultra project and the United States’ ________ operation broke the code systems of Germany and Japan during World War II. Answer: Magic Page: 738 99. ________, president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, planned a march on Washington in 1941 for the rights of black war plant workers. Answer: A. Philip Randolph Page: 739 100. A new civil rights organization to mobilize mass resistance to racial discrimination, the ________, came into existence during World War II. Answer: Congress of Racial Equality Page: 739 101. Non-naturalized, first-generation Japanese immigrants and naturalized or native-born Japanese American citizens were called ________ and Nisei, respectively. Answer: Issei Page: 744 102. Band leader Benny Goodman was one of the most recognized and popular figures in American popular culture during World War II, thanks to the immense popularity of ________. Answer: swing Page: 742 103. The ________ recruited thousands of women to be hostesses in their clubs for American servicemen. Answer: USO Page: 743 104. In 1943, President Roosevelt publicly suggested that “Dr. New Deal,” as he called it, had served its purpose and should give way to “Dr. ________.” Answer: Win-the-War Page: 745

105. The D-Day invasion of France took place along the ________ coast. Answer: Normandy Page: 746 106. In the Battle of the Bulge, the German offensive was stopped at the town of ________. Answer: Bastogne Page: 746 107. The ________ Project, concentrated in New Mexico and Tennessee, moved at a faster pace than expected during World War II. Answer: Manhattan Page: 750

Essay Questions 108. Trace the significant battles and events in the Pacific between the United States and Japan during World War II. 109. What strategic concerns and desires divided the Americans, the British, and the Soviets during World War II? 110. What were the short- and long-term consequences of the Allied decision in 1942 to engage in an African campaign against Germany? 111. What steps did the federal government take to mobilize the nation for World War II? 112. Describe the key technological developments by the Allies during World War II. Why were the Allies able to quickly move ahead of Germany and Japan in this area? 113. In which area—intelligence or strategic use—were the technological advances by the Allies more important to their winning the war? Explain. 114. Consider racial minorities and women in the United States during World War II. Which groups made notable gains from the war and which did not? Explain. 115. Describe American society (the home front) during World War II. What were its pleasures and what were its pains? 116. How did the war affect the American economy? How did it affect the New Deal? What economic factors of the war would fuel a post-war boom of material prosperity in the United States? 117. How was the defeat of Nazi Germany organized and orchestrated? What critical reasons can be advanced to account for the Allied victory in Europe?

118. What were the reasons, strategic and otherwise, for a lack of action by the Allies toward the Holocaust in Europe during World War II? Were these reasons justified by the need to win the war? What do you think the Allies could have done? 119. Describe the development and making of the atomic bomb. 120. Critics have charged the United States was morally irresponsible in using atomic weapons against Japan during World War II. What are their arguments? What are the arguments in support of dropping the bombs? Was the United States’ action moral or not? 121. Do you agree or disagree with President Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs in 1945?

Chapter 27 The Cold War Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In 1945, Joseph Stalin’s vision of a postwar world in which great powers would control strategic areas of interest was largely shared by A. Charles de Gaulle. B. Winston Churchill. C. Franklin Roosevelt. D. Mao Zedong. E. Harry Truman. Answer: B Page: 758 2. In early 1943 at a meeting in Casablanca, A. Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt agreed the Axis powers must surrender unconditionally. B. Joseph Stalin had refused to attend. C. Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to follow Stalin’s strategy to defeat Germany. D. Stalin threatened to make a separate peace with Germany. E. Stalin argued against the Allies opening a second front in western Europe. Answer: A Page: 758 3. At the Teheran Conference in late 1943, A. Franklin Roosevelt knew Joseph Stalin urgently needed American aid in fighting Germany. B. Winston Churchill agreed to enter the war in the Pacific as soon as Germany was defeated. C. Franklin Roosevelt urged Joseph Stalin to postpone his westward offensive. D. it was agreed that Poland should be put under Soviet control after the war. E. Franklin Roosevelt promised an Anglo-American second front within six months. Answer: E Page: 758 4. In early 1945 at the Yalta Conference, A. Franklin Roosevelt was too ill to attend. B. Joseph Stalin withdrew a promise to enter the Pacific war. C. Winston Churchill left early in a dispute with Stalin. D. it was agreed that the Soviet Union should regain land lost in the 1904 Russo-Japanese War. E. Joseph Stalin refused to agree to Roosevelt and Churchill’s plans for the United Nations. Answer: D Page: 758

5. In designing the structure of the new United Nations, planners called for A. each nation on the Security Council to have veto power over the others. B. a General Assembly in which select nations would have voting rights. C. the president of the UN to be selected from one of the five major powers. D. membership to be limited to one hundred nations. E. Germany and Japan to be added to the Security Council after 25 years. Answer: A Page: 758 6. In 1945, when the United States Senate considered the proposed United Nations, it A. initially rejected American membership. B. quickly ratified the agreement by a large majority. C. refused to vote on the charter for nearly a year. D. made major changes to its charter. E. put the question to a national referendum. Answer: B Page: 758 7. At the conclusion of the Yalta Conference in 1945, basic disagreements remained on A. the government of Poland. B. the unification of Germany. C. war reparations to the Soviet Union. D. both the government of Poland and the unification of Germany. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 759 8. All the following statements regarding the “occupation zones” of Germany in 1945 are true EXCEPT that A. there were a total of four zones, each controlled by a different nation. B. the zones were to be determined by the position of troops at the end of the war. C. all of Berlin was to be placed under Soviet control. D. at an unspecified date, Germany would be reunited. E. Roosevelt preferred a reconstructed and reunited Germany. Answer: C Page: 759 9. Between the Yalta Conference and his death, President Franklin Roosevelt A. saw no evidence that Stalin would not live up to his promises at Yalta. B. concluded that diplomacy would not settle American differences with Stalin. C. began planning for military action against the Soviet Union. D. frequently conveyed his fears about Russia to Vice President Harry Truman. E. became increasingly concerned that Stalin was not going to fulfill conference agreements. Answer: E Page: 759

10. In 1945, when Harry Truman became president, he A. had almost no familiarity with foreign affairs. B. believed Joseph Stalin could be trusted. C. was already drawing up plans for his “Truman Doctrine.” D. looked to Great Britain to contain the Soviet Union. E. renounced the Yalta accords signed by Roosevelt. Answer: A Page: 759 11. President Harry Truman initially decided to “get tough” with the Soviet Union A. following the end of the war in the Pacific. B. once the United States had successfully used the atomic bomb. C. at the Potsdam Conference. D. after his first few days in office. E. after it became clear Stalin was supporting communist forces in China. Answer: D Page: 760 12. In 1945, President Harry Truman conceded to communist authority in A. China. B. Poland. C. Berlin. D. Hungary. E. Yugoslavia. Answer: B Page: 760 13. By 1945, the Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek had A. grown antagonistic toward the United States. B. designs on taking over conquered Japan. C. little popular support. D. drifted toward communism. E. willingly ceded authority to Mao Zedong. Answer: C Page: 761 14. In the years immediately following World War II, the United States policy toward Asia led A. to U.S. military intervention in China to fight communist advances there. B. President Harry Truman to place restrictions on industrial development in Japan. C. President Truman to threaten communists in China with atomic bombs. D. the United States to provide financial support to Mao Zedong for reasons of stability. E. the Truman administration to encourage the rapid economic growth of Japan. Answer: E Page: 761

15. Beginning in 1947, the United States’ policy of “containment” was A. the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years. B. first applied in Poland. C. an extension of the Atlantic Charter. D. both the basis for its foreign policy for more than forty years, and an extension of the Atlantic Charter. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 762 16. In 1947, the Truman Doctrine A. asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world. B. assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority. C. was initially invoked to provide aid to Greece and Turkey. D. both asserted it was the obligation of the United States to support free peoples around the world, and assumed the Soviet Union would continually attempt a global expansion of its authority. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 762 17. The United States was motivated to develop the Marshall Plan in 1947 due to A. a humanitarian concern for the European people. B. a desire to eliminate communism in Europe. C. a desire to create strong European markets for American goods. D. both a humanitarian concern for the European people, and a desire to create strong European markets for American goods. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Page: 762 18. Between 1947 and 1950, Marshall Plan aid A. was offered to the Soviet Union. B. failed to significantly revive European industrial production. C. had little impact on communist influence within nations that accepted aid. D. was opposed by many Republicans in Congress. E. grew more controversial, after a Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948. Answer: A Page: 762

19. The National Security Act of 1947 A. created the National Security Council. B. created the Central Intelligence Agency. C. created the Department of Defense. D. combined the functions previously performed separately by the War and Navy Departments. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 763 20. The Soviet Union’s 1948 blockade of West Berlin was primarily a response to the A. Marshall Plan. B. United States putting nuclear missiles in Turkey. C. establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. D. Truman Doctrine. E. creation of a unified West Germany. Answer: E Page: 763 21. In 1948, President Harry Truman responded to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin by A. sending American paratroopers into West Berlin. B. airlifting supplies to West Berlin. C. threatening war with the Soviet Union. D. encouraging the United Nations to pass economic sanctions. E. creating a blockade of East Berlin. Answer: B Page: 763 22. In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization A. was created in response to the Soviet Union’s Warsaw Pact. B. called for a de-militarized zone across Western Europe. C. declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all. D. both was created in response to the Soviet Union’s Warsaw Pact, and declared that an attack on one member nation was an attack on all. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 763 23. In the last months of 1949, events in the Soviet Union and China included A. Russia’s successful test of an atomic weapon. B. the collapse of Mao Zedong’s government to communist forces. C. the death of Joseph Stalin. D. both the collapse of Mao Zedong’s government to communist forces, and the death of Joseph Stalin. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 764

24. The 1950 National Security Council report known as NSC-68 stated A. Western allies must take the initiative in resisting communism in their region. B. the United States must resist communism anywhere it developed in the world. C. the defense of Western Europe was the key to winning the fight against communism. D. the United States must gradually increase its level of defense spending. E. that Chinese aggression against Taiwan would result in war. Answer: B Page: 764-765 25. The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 A. was limited to servicemen who had been wounded in combat. B. mainly provided counseling for emotionally troubled veterans. C. helped to reduce government spending. D. gave economic and education subsidies to veterans. E. explicitly discriminated against African Americans. Answer: D Page: 765 26. During 1946-1947, the American economy A. was plagued by serious inflation. B. experienced few labor strikes. C. fell back to depression conditions. D. witnessed a significant tax increase. E. confronted a wave of unexpected bank failures. Answer: A Page: 765 27. Following World War II, the great majority of working American women A. kept the same jobs they had had during the war. B. voluntarily left the labor force. C. moved to jobs outside the service sector. D. found themselves excluded from nearly all employment. E. wanted to keep working. Answer: E Page: 766 28. President Harry Truman’s Fair Deal called for A. a retraction of many New Deal programs. B. an end to public housing. C. a freeze on the minimum wage to combat inflation. D. the creation of national health insurance. E. an end to the Fair Employment Practices Act and other wartime measures. Answer: D Page: 766

29. The 1946 elections A. revealed growing public support for President Harry Truman’s domestic agenda. B. saw the Democrats retain control of the House, but lose the Senate. C. saw Republicans win control of both houses of Congress. D. saw President Truman chastise Republican critics with the slogan “Had Enough?” E. saw Republicans argue that Truman aimed to roll back the New Deal. Answer: C Page: 766 30. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 A. permitted the “union shop.” B. expanded the Wagner Act. C. permitted the “closed shop.” D. prohibited states from passing “right-to-work” laws. E. was supported by President Truman. Answer: A Page: 766 31. President Harry Truman responded to the 1946 election results by A. deciding not to run for office in 1948. B. becoming more conservative. C. proposing a major civil rights bill. D. abandoning his Fair Deal. E. calling his opponents “soft on communism.” Answer: C Page: 767 32. In 1948, the Americans for Democratic Action A. formed as a coalition of conservative Democrats. B. supported Henry Wallace for president. C. was the major support group for President Harry Truman. D. supported Strom Thurmond for president. E. tried to draft Dwight Eisenhower for president. Answer: E Page: 767 33. In the 1948 presidential election, A. most people believed Harry Truman would lose. B. President Truman refrained from attacking Republicans for fear of alienating voters. C. the Progressive and Dixiecrat candidates combined for 20 percent of the popular vote. D. both of these were the case: Most people believed Harry Truman would win, and President Truman refrained from attacking Republicans for fear of alienating voters. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 767

34. In 1949, President Harry Truman succeeded in getting Congress to pass A. civil rights legislation. B. nationalized health care. C. federal aid to education. D. aid for public housing. E. significant tax cuts. Answer: D Page: 768 35. In 1949, the Truman administration made progress in civil rights by A. making lynching a federal crime. B. abolishing the poll tax. C. ordering an end to discrimination in the hiring of government employees. D. establishing the Fair Employment Practices Commission. E. ordering the desegregation of public transportation. Answer: C Page: 768 36. The Supreme Court case of Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) dealt a blow to A. voter discrimination. B. housing discrimination. C. communism in the United States. D. labor unions. E. Truman’s plans for national health care. Answer: B Page: 768 37. A 1948 public opinion poll revealed that a majority of Americans believed atomic power would A. cause significant harm to the environment if used as an energy source. B. likely result in the destruction of much of human civilization in the next few decades. C. be used in war within the next five years. D. have few practical applications in the foreseeable future. E. in the long run, do more good than harm. Answer: E Page: 769 38. The immediate cause of the Korean War, in 1950, was the A. decision by the United States to send troops to South Korea. B. triumph of communism in China. C. military invasion by North Korea into South Korea. D. division of Korea into northern and southern halves. E. military invasion of North Korea by China. Answer: C Page: 769

39. All of the following statements regarding Korea are true EXCEPT that A. in 1945, both the United States and the Soviet Union had troops in Korea. B. the Soviet Union established a communist government in the north. C. the United States left Korea in 1946. D. the Soviet Union left Korea in 1949. E. the country was divided along the 38th parallel. Answer: C Page: 769 40. The government of Syngman Rhee in Korea after World War II A. was pro-Western. B. had a powerful military. C. was supported by the Soviet Union. D. was backed by communists in China. E. was remarkably democratic. Answer: A Page: 769 41. The Truman administration responded in 1950 to the onset of fighting in Korea by A. declaring war on North Korea. B. calling on the United Nations to intervene. C. warning China not to intervene. D. threatening the use of atomic weapons. E. telling South Korea to stand down. Answer: B Page: 769 42. The American invasion at Inchon during the Korean War A. was aimed at preventing Chinese communists from entering the war. B. was a military debacle. C. led to a fight between General Douglas MacArthur and President Harry Truman. D. prompted President Truman to try to push communists out of North Korea. E. was ultimately thwarted due to the surprise intervention of the Chinese navy. Answer: D Page: 769 43. In 1951, President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of command because MacArthur A. publicly stated that an invasion of China would be a military disaster. B. publicly criticized President Truman’s policy in Korea. C. refused to support Truman’s plan to use atomic weapons in Korea. D. both publicly criticized Truman’s policy in Korea and refused to support Truman’s plan to use atomic weapons in Korea. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 770

44. The initial response by the American public to the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur was A. anger at the United Nations. B. criticism of MacArthur. C. relief that nuclear war had been avoided. D. anger at China. E. criticism of President Truman. Answer: E Page: 770 45. During the Korean War, the Truman administration faced major strikes in the industries of A. rail and steel. B. steel and textiles. C. textiles and coal. D. coal and rail. E. rail and textiles. Answer: A Page: 771 46. As a result of the Korean War, the A. American economy was dragged into a recession. B. American public felt reassured that communism was being contained. C. stature of the American military increased. D. American public believed there was something wrong with the United States. E. government reduced the amount of money it was pumping into the economy. Answer: D Page: 771 47. In 1947, the first target of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was A. labor unions. B. the Democratic Party. C. the State Department. D. the American Communist Party. E. the movie industry. Answer: E Page: 772

48. All of the following statements regarding the HUAC investigation of Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers are true EXCEPT that A. Chambers was a former communist agent. B. classified documents allegedly stolen by Hiss were kept hidden by Chambers in a pumpkin. C. the case cast suspicion on a generation of liberal Democrats. D. Hiss was convicted of espionage. E. Hiss served several years in prison. Answer: D Page: 772 49. Of the following, the HUAC investigation of Alger Hiss primarily helped the political career of A. Richard Nixon. B. Joseph McCarthy. C. John Kennedy. D. Ronald Reagan. E. Lyndon B. Johnson. Answer: A Page: 772 50. In 1947, the Truman administration responded to Republican attacks that it was weak on communism by A. ignoring them. B. charging the Republicans with harboring communists within their own party. C. beginning an investigation into the loyalty of federal employees. D. blaming lax security on the Federal Bureau of Investigation. E. supporting passage of the McCarran Internal Security Act. Answer: C Page: 772 51. The McCarran Internal Security Act A. outlawed all communist organizations in the United States. B. created the Federal Bureau of Investigation. C. was strongly supported by the Truman administration. D. stripped American citizenship from all known communists. E. required communist organizations to register with the government. Answer: E Page: 772

52. In 1950, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of spying for A. the Soviet Union. B. North Korea. C. China. D. Poland. E. Israel. Answer: A Page: 772 53. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were A. not members of the Communist Party. B. accused of passing American secrets to its enemies. C. convicted and sentenced to life in prison. D. both accused of passing American secrets to its enemies, and convicted and sentenced to life in prison. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 772 54. When Joseph McCarthy first leveled charges of communist infiltration in the government, he was a A. member of the State Department. B. private citizen. C. first-term Republican senator. D. member of the Defense Department. E. Democratic member of the House. Answer: C Page: 773 55. Joseph McCarthy burst into national prominence by charging that there were known communists in the A. State Department. B. Defense Department. C. Truman Cabinet. D. Central Intelligence Agency. E. United States Senate. Answer: A Page: 773

56. During Joseph McCarthy’s investigation into alleged subversion in government, A. Republicans criticized his broad attacks on the Democratic Party. B. Dwight Eisenhower spoke against him, after McCarthy attacked George Marshall in 1952. C. he never produced conclusive evidence that any federal employee was a communist. D. much of the public criticized his blunt tactics and coarse behavior. E. he drew particularly strong support from the “eastern establishment.” Answer: C Page: 773 57. The election of 1952 saw A. a contest between two war heroes, neither of whom had ever held elective office. B. President Harry Truman run for another term. C. Richard Nixon forced to step down from the Republican ticket. D. Joseph McCarthy run for president. E. television play a role in the campaign. Answer: E Page: 774 58. The results of the election of 1952 saw A. the Republicans take control of the White House but not the Congress. B. the end to a long period of Democratic dominance. C. a close outcome between the two major parties. D. all of these: the Republicans take control of the White House but not the Congress; the end to a long period of Democratic dominance; and a close outcome between the two major parties. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 774

True/False Questions 59. Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin were in general agreement that the post-World War II world should not return to the traditional European balance of power. Answer: False Page: 758 60. At Casablanca, Roosevelt and Churchill announced that they would accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. Answer: True Page: 758 61. Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met together for the first time at Teheran. Answer: True Page: 758

62. At Teheran, Stalin made it clear that he urgently needed a second front against Nazi Germany. Answer: False Page: 758 63. Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin avoided bitterness by coming to a final settlement on the future of Poland. Answer: False Page: 758 64. At the Yalta Conference, Stalin agreed again to enter the war in the Pacific against Japan. Answer: True Page: 758 65. At Yalta, the Big Three agreed to create a United Nations with a Security Council in which the major powers would have the power to veto proposed action. Answer: True Page: 758 66. The Yalta accords were less a settlement of postwar issues than a set of loose principles. Answer: True Page: 759 67. The “zones of occupation” for postwar Germany left Berlin well inside the Soviet zone. Answer: True Page: 759 68. At Yalta, Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that Germany should be permanently divided. Answer: False Page: 759 69. At the time that he became president, Harry Truman shared former President Roosevelt’s faith that the Soviet Union would be reasonable and flexible. Answer: False Page: 759 70. President Truman waited until after the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan to “get tough” with the Soviets. Answer: False Page: 760 71. President Truman’s China policy was based on continued support of Chiang Kai-shek, but without a commitment to intervene militarily to save his regime. Answer: True Page: 761

72. The Truman Doctrine called for the United States to send troops to Greece and Turkey. Answer: False Page: 762 73. An integral part of the American policy of Cold War containment was to extend American economic aid to the rebuilding of Western Europe. Answer: True Page: 762 74. The Soviet Union was invited to participate in the Marshall Plan. Answer: True Page: 762 75. Marshall Plan assistance was eventually accepted by sixteen nations. Answer: True Page: 762 76. The National Security Act represented an attempt by Congress to gain a measure of control over the making of American foreign policy. Answer: False Page: 763 77. President Truman was not willing to risk war with the Soviets by undertaking an American military response to Stalin’s 1948 decision to blockade Berlin. Answer: True Page: 763 78. All members of NATO were required to maintain a standing military force in Europe to defend against a possible Soviet move into Western Europe. Answer: True Page: 763 79. The Soviets responded to the creation of NATO by forming an alliance with communist governments, called the Warsaw Pact. Answer: True Page: 763 80. NSC-68 presumed that the United States could not necessarily rely on other nations to aid in resisting communism. Answer: True Page: 764 81. In 1945, a small percentage of working women wanted to continue working after the war. Answer: False Page: 766

82. The end of the war in 1945 saw the onset of serious inflation, but no serious labor strife. Answer: False Page: 765-766 83. The results of the 1946 midterm elections showed that the American people were still solidly behind the ideals of the New Deal. Answer: False Page: 766 84. Liberals who founded the Americans for Democratic Action were so unhappy with President Truman in 1948 that they were ready to leave the Democratic Party. Answer: False Page: 767 85. In mid-1948, President Truman called the Republican-controlled Congress into special session, with the expectation they would do very little. Answer: True Page: 767 86. President Truman understood that his reelection in 1948 required that he fashion a coalition very different from the New Deal coalition that had worked for Franklin Roosevelt. Answer: False Page: 768 87. President Truman was the first president in the twentieth century to propose significant civil rights legislation. Answer: True Page: 767 88. President Truman made great progress on federal aid to education, but not on national health insurance. Answer: False Page: 768 89. While the Soviet Union likely never ordered North Korea to attack South Korea, Stalin did support the North Korean offensive once it was under way. Answer: True Page: 769 90. When war erupted in Korea in 1950, both the United States and the Soviet Union had withdrawn their troops. Answer: True Page: 769

91. American military action in Korea was approved by the United Nations. Answer: True Page: 769 92. The American military response in Korea began with an invasion at Pyongyang. Answer: False Page: 769 93. General Douglas MacArthur pursued North Koreans beyond the 38th parallel in direct violation of President Truman’s orders. Answer: False Page: 769 94. President Truman’s decision to fire General Douglas MacArthur was supported by many prominent American military leaders. Answer: True Page: 770 95. President Truman’s seizure of the steel mills was sanctioned by the Supreme Court. Answer: False Page: 771 96. In 1950, Alger Hiss was convicted of spying on the United States. Answer: False Page: 772 97. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed as spies despite public protests on their behalf. Answer: True Page: 772 98. Senator Joseph McCarthy’s investigations proved there were 205 communists in the State Department. Answer: False Page: 773 99. So convinced was President Truman that Senator McCarthy’s charges of communist subversion were groundless that the president refused to undertake his own loyalty review. Answer: False Page: 772 100. When he ran for president in 1952, Dwight Eisenhower refused to speak out against Senator Joseph McCarthy. Answer: True Page: 773

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 101. Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met together for the first time at ________. Answer: Teheran Page: 758 102. The most important question at the Teheran Conference concerned the future of ________. Answer: Poland Page: 758 103. Truman met in July 1945 at ________, in Russian-occupied Germany, with Churchill and Stalin. Answer: Potsdam Page: 760 104. The intellectual architect of the containment doctrine was American diplomat ________. Answer: George Kennan Page: 762 105. The Truman Doctrine was announced to garner support for American aid to two countries, ________ and Turkey. Answer: Greece Page: 762 106. Domestic American opposition to the Marshall Plan virtually ended with the communist coup in ________. Answer: Czechoslovakia Page: 762 107. America’s major military and diplomatic institutions were reshaped by the ________ Act of 1947. Answer: National Security Page: 763 108. Stalin’s 1948 decision to blockade ________ intensified the Cold War. Answer: Berlin Page: 763 109. NATO stands for ________. Answer: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Page: 763 110. In 1946, the Republicans used the simple slogan, “________” to capture both houses of Congress. Answer: Had Enough? Page: 766

111. States were given permission to pass “right-to-work” laws by the ________ Act of 1947. Answer: Taft-Hartley Page: 766 112. The splinter candidacies of Strom Thurmond and ________ seemed to imperil President Truman’s election in 1948. Answer: Henry Wallace Page: 767 113. In 1951, General ________ was relieved of his command by President Truman. Answer: Douglas MacArthur Page: 770 114. Beginning in 1947, the House ________ Committee instituted a serious investigation of internal subversion. Answer: Un-American Activities Page: 772 115. People in Hollywood who were suspected of being subversive were ________ from employment. Answer: blacklisted Page: 772 116. Alger Hiss was in part convicted by Whittaker Chambers’s “________ papers.” Answer: pumpkin Page: 772 117. A freshman congressman from California named ________ helped convict Alger Hiss. Answer: Richard Nixon Page: 772 118. Senator Joseph McCarthy routinely accused the Democrats of committing “twenty years of ________.” Answer: treason Page: 773 119. Dwight Eisenhower’s Democratic opponent in 1952 was ________. Answer: Adlai Stevenson Page: 773-774 120. During the 1952 campaign, Richard Nixon kept his place on the Republican ticket with his televised “________ speech.” Answer: Checkers Page: 774

Essay Questions 121. Describe the origins of the Cold War, 1945-1947. 122. In assessing the origins of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, was one country or one leader more responsible for it than the other? 123. What role did wartime diplomacy, personalities, and tensions play in the coming of the Cold War? 124. How and why did President Truman alter Franklin Roosevelt’s foreign policy toward the Soviet Union? 125. Describe the major goals of the Truman administration in the Cold War, and explain how they sought to achieve those goals. 126. Describe the Truman Doctrine, noting whether or not it contributed to world peace and security. 127. Describe the Marshall Plan and assess its importance in the postwar world. 128. What was President Truman’s “Fair Deal,” and to what degree was it successful? 129. Place the Korean War in the context of the Cold War. How and why did President Truman respond as he did? How and why did he change American war aims? 130. What were the major events related to communism between 1949 and 1953 that alarmed the American public? 131. To what degree was communism a genuine threat to the interests and security of the United States in the early 1950s? Was the American reaction to this threat reasonable? 132. Why did communism cause such fear in the United States in the postwar period? 133. What are the similarities and differences between the rising fear of communism in the United States after World War II and the Red Scare that had followed World War I? 134. How do you account for the rise of Joseph McCarthy? Why were his tactics successful? What did he accomplish?

Chapter 28 The Affluent Society Multiple-Choice Questions 1. During the 1950s, the general economic conditions of the United States included A. stagnant economic growth. B. high inflation. C. low federal government spending. D. a slowly rising gross national product. E. low unemployment. Answer: E Page: 780 2. Between 1945 and 1960, the birth rate in the United States A. reversed a long pattern of decline. B. peaked in 1949. C. led to a doubling of the nation’s population in this period. D. led to shortages of many consumer goods. E. fell precipitously from its World War II highs. Answer: A Page: 780 3. Following World War II, the American economy A. gave the average American 50 percent more purchasing power in 1960 than in 1945. B. gave Americans the highest standard of living in 1960, after Switzerland and Sweden. C. grew, between 1945 and 1975, nearly ten times faster than the population. D. produced wealth that was equally distributed throughout the nation’s population. E. gave the average American 10 percent more purchasing power than during the 1920s. Answer: C Page: 780 4. During the 1950s, the region of the United States that experienced the most dramatic change as a result of economic growth was A. the North. B. the South. C. the East. D. the West. E. Alaska and Hawaii. Answer: D Page: 780

5. During the 1950s, the American Federation of Labor in the United States A. was intimidated by powerful and wealthy corporations. B. made significant concessions in benefits in order to gain higher wages. C. merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations. D. represented nearly half of all working Americans. E. saw its president, David Beck, charged with the misappropriation of union funds. Answer: C Page: 781 6. All of the following researchers made important contributions to the development of antibiotics EXCEPT A. Louis Pasteur. B. Paul Muller. C. Joseph Lister. D. Alexander Fleming. E. Howard Florey. Answer: B Page: 782 7. Following World War II, American scientists made a critical contribution to the development of penicillin, by A. demonstrating the value of antiseptic solutions to prevent infection. B. first using the antibacterial agent known as sulfanilamide. C. developing methods for its mass production and commercial distribution. D. discovering the antibacterial properties for which the drug was named. E. discovering it could be used to treat streptococcal blood infections. Answer: C Page: 782 8. In the early twentieth century, the vaccine that raised the most safety concerns in the United States was for the prevention of A. typhoid. B. tetanus. C. small pox. D. rubella. E. tuberculosis. Answer: E Page: 783

9. In 1954, the American scientist Jonas Salk developed a vaccine for the prevention of A. polio. B. tuberculosis. C. influenza. D. yellow fever. E. typhoid. Answer: A Page: 783 10. All the following statements regarding the use of DDT are true EXCEPT that A. the pesticide likely saved the lives of thousands of soldiers during World War II. B. the pesticide was recognized to be extremely toxic to insects. C. after its introduction, it quickly gained a positive reputation for its effectiveness. D. scientists during WWII knew the pesticide had a long-term toxic effect on humans and animals. E. it was first used on a large scale in Italy in 1943-1944, during a typhus outbreak. Answer: D Page: 783 11. The correct chronological order for developments in electronic technology, from earliest to latest, is A. vacuum tube, integrated circuit, transistor. B. transistor, vacuum tube, integrated circuit. C. vacuum tube, transistor, integrated circuit. D. integrated circuit, transistor, vacuum tube. E. transistor, integrated circuit, vacuum tube. Answer: C Page: 784 12. The first significant public awareness of computers in the United States came during the A. 1961 Mercury space flight. B. 1957 launch of Sputnik. C. 1958 launch of the first American satellite. D. 1950 Bureau of Census tabulations. E. 1952 election tabulations. Answer: E Page: 784

13. During the 1950s, the U.S. government’s primary motive for the development of rocket and missile technology was A. exploration of outer space. B. the establishment of communication and spy satellites around the earth. C. the quest to land a man on the moon. D. the long-range delivery of weapons. E. to catch up with German knowledge of rocketry. Answer: D Page: 785 14. The United States first successfully launched a missile from a submarine in 1960, with the A. Polaris. B. Minuteman. C. Titan. D. Atlas. E. Mercury. Answer: A Page: 784 15. The first American to be launched into space, in 1961, was A. Yuri Gagarin. B. John Glenn. C. Alan Shepard. D. Edwin Aldrin. E. Neil Armstrong. Answer: C Page: 786 16. The primary goal of the American Apollo program was to A. launch manned vehicles into space to orbit the earth. B. land men on the moon. C. build an orbiting space station. D. send men to Mars. E. develop a reusable spaceship. Answer: B Page: 786 17. Between 1945-1957, the growth of American consumerism was aided by A. an 800-percent increase in consumer credit. B. the development of credit cards. C. low-payment credit plans. D. revolving charge accounts. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 786

18. With highways, travel by automobile, truck, and bus was as fast or faster than by trains and contributed to the decline of A. drive-in restaurants. B. downtowns. C. supermarkets. D. drive-in movies. E. None of these choices is correct. Answer: B Page: 787 19. During the 1950s, the popularity in the United States of suburban living was partly explained by A. the social importance placed on the family. B. a desire for racial segregation. C. a desire for larger homes. D. both the social importance placed on the family, and a desire for racial segregation. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 788 20. In 1946, Dr. Benjamin Spock’s best-selling Baby and Child Care contended that A. fathers needed to spend as much time as mothers in the care and raising of their children. B. mothers should stay at home with their children. C. families should not have more than three children. D. the ages of children in a family should not be spaced out over more than five years. E. children should not be breast-fed or allowed to sleep with their parents. Answer: B Page: 788 21. During the 1950s in the United States, married women who worked outside the home A. faced social pressures to continue working. B. decreased in number throughout the decade. C. accounted for only one-third of all married women. D. both decreased in number throughout the decade, and accounted for only one-third of all married women. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 788

22. All of the following statements regarding early television are true EXCEPT that A. in the 1920s there were successful experiments in broadcasting pictures and sound. B. in 1946 there were 17,000 television sets in the United States. C. the federal government regulated the content of both commercials and programs. D. all three major television networks had started as radio companies. E. television quickly became the most powerful medium of mass communication in history. Answer: C Page: 788 23. During the 1950s, television networks A. refused to show the social upheavals that occurred in America. B. generally sought to convey an idealized image of America. C. created conditions that helped to ameliorate social conflict. D. both refused to show the social upheavals of America and generally conveyed an idealized image of America. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 789 24. During the 1950s, the American environmental preservation movement was mobilized by A. a proposed dam on the Green River in Echo Park, Utah. B. the construction of a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley at Yosemite National Park. C. the diverting of water from Owens Valley to Los Angeles, California. D. the growing proliferation of nuclear power plants. E. the nuclear incident at Three Mile Island. Answer: A Page: 790 25. In his 1956 book on corporate America, The Organization Man, William Whyte Jr. contended A. the ideal of rugged individualism had been reestablished in the business community. B. women and minorities had little chance for advancement in American corporations. C. corporate wealth was not being fairly shared with workers. D. the “inner-directed man” had become “other-directed.” E. a worker’s most valuable trait in the corporate work setting was to get along. Answer: E Page: 791 26. The popular “beat” novel On the Road (1957) was written by A. Allen Ginsberg. B. J. D. Salinger. C. Jack Kerouac. D. William Burroughs. E. Saul Bellow. Answer: C Page: 791

27. In his 1950 book, The Lonely Crowd, sociologist David Riesman argued that Americans were A. increasingly more likely to judge themselves on the basis of their own values. B. increasingly interested in winning approval in their jobs and from their family. C. increasingly more likely to be “other-directed.” D. both increasingly more likely to judge themselves on the basis of their own values, and increasingly interested in winning approval in their jobs and from their family. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 791 28. In the 1950s, crimes committed by juveniles A. were the most visible evidence of widespread restiveness among young Americans. B. did not receive much public attention. C. soared, particularly in categories of violent crimes. D. resulted in widespread social unrest during the decade. E. did not dramatically increase. Answer: E Page: 791 29. Like many early white rock musicians, Elvis Presley drew heavily from black traditions in A. jazz. B. rhythm and blues. C. country western. D. gospel. E. folk. Answer: B Page: 792 30. The rapid rise in the popularity of rock music was partly due to A. innovations in radio programming. B. innovations in television programming. C. scandalous record promoters. D. jukeboxes. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 794 31. Michael Harrington’s 1962 book, The Other America, focused on the problems of A. sexism. B. racism. C. poverty. D. the alienation of youth. E. McCarthyism. Answer: C Page: 794

32. All of the following statements regarding poverty in America during the 1950s are true EXCEPT that A. more than 30 million Americans lived in poverty at any given time of the decade. B. the percentage of the population living in poverty rose during the decade. C. Native Americans were the single poorest group in the country. D. most of the poor experienced poverty only temporarily. E. many rural Americans lived on the margins of the affluent society. Answer: B Page: 794 33. Rural America A. lost 10 percent of its population in 1956 alone. B. saw its percentage of the national income drop to less than 2 percent in the 1950s. C. saw the South increase plantings of cotton as a cash crop in the 1950s. D. both lost 10 percent of its population in 1956 alone, and saw its percentage of the national income drop to less than two percent within the decade of the 1950s. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 795 34. In 1960, the city in the United States with the largest Mexican American population was A. New York. B. San Antonio. C. Chicago. D. San Diego. E. Los Angeles. Answer: E Page: 795 35. All of the following were factors in rising poverty rates in inner cities in the 1950s, EXCEPT A. large numbers of poor people migrating into these areas. B. increasing automation. C. a growth of unskilled industrial jobs in these areas. D. persistent racial discrimination. E. the movement of factories and mills to new locations. Answer: C Page: 795

36. The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) A. reaffirmed the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision. B. passed by a narrow 5-4 vote. C. set specific timetables for enactment. D. declared that separate educational facilities were unlawful. E. arose from a case involving segregation in Mississippi. Answer: D Page: 797 37. In the civil rights movement, the spirit of “massive resistance” is associated with A. northern blacks. B. southern blacks. C. northern whites. D. progressive liberals. E. southern whites. Answer: E Page: 797 38. In 1957, the effort to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, required A. President Dwight Eisenhower to remove the governor of Arkansas from office. B. the presence of federal troops to enforce court orders. C. the replacement of many of the school’s teachers. D. the arrest of hundreds of whites protesting at the school. E. the Supreme Court to issue another decision, Brown II. Answer: B Page: 798 39. The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-1956 A. failed to end the segregation policies on public city buses. B. was ruled illegal by the Supreme Court. C. was sparked by a beating of an African American woman. D. marked the emergence of an effective form of racial protest. E. led to the creation of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Answer: D Page: 798 40. Martin Luther King Jr. was leader of the A. Southern Christian Leadership Conference. B. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. C. United Negro Improvement Association. D. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. E. Congress of Racial Equality. Answer: A Page: 798

41. Factors in the rise of the civil rights movement included A. the events of World War II. B. the growth of the urban middle class. C. the rapid spread of television. D. Cold War politics. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 799 42. As part of his economic agenda, President Dwight Eisenhower A. cut back public welfare programs. B. lowered federal support for farm prices. C. generally followed the lead of the right wing of his party. D. allowed the federal deficit to rise due to high military spending. E. maintained the wage and price controls of the Truman administration. Answer: B Page: 799 43. The most significant and costly initiative of the federal government under President Dwight Eisenhower involved A. a nuclear energy program. B. the space program. C. a federal highway system. D. a national healthcare system. E. a large tax cut. Answer: C Page: 800 44. The political decline of Senator Joseph McCarthy began when he investigated A. the United States Senate. B. the Central Intelligence Agency. C. Dwight Eisenhower’s family. D. the civil rights movement. E. the army. Answer: E Page: 800 45. In 1954, the United States Senate voted to A. expel Joseph McCarthy from the Senate. B. censure Joseph McCarthy for “conduct unbecoming a senator.” C. charge Senator McCarthy with slander and libel. D. fine Senator McCarthy. E. convict Senator McCarthy of perjury. Answer: B Page: 800

46. Under John Foster Dulles’s policy of “massive retaliation,” announced in 1954, the United States would A. counter any Soviet military move with a larger American force. B. win the Cold War regardless of the financial cost. C. use nuclear weapons against communist aggression. D. use military force before diplomacy in dealing with the Soviet Union. E. rely primarily on large conventional forces in local conflicts to defeat communism. Answer: C Page: 801 47. Until the early 1950s, the country the United States assisted in trying to control Vietnam was A. France. B. Taiwan. C. Japan. D. England. E. China. Answer: A Page: 801 48. Between 1945-1959, U.S. policy in the Middle East saw A. the Eisenhower administration assist in the construction of the Aswan Dam. B. the Truman administration refuse to recognize the state of Israel. C. President Eisenhower seek to end the rule of Egyptian leader Gamal Nasser during the Suez crisis. D. the CIA engineer a coup that brought the shah of Iran to power. E. the U.S. refuse to join in a UN resolution denouncing British and French actions during the Suez crisis. Answer: D Page: 802 49. In 1954, the Eisenhower administration ordered the CIA to help overthrow the government of A. Panama. B. Colombia. C. Guatemala. D. Cuba. E. Haiti. Answer: C Page: 802

50. The Eisenhower administration responded to Fidel Castro’s coming to power in Cuba by A. ending diplomatic relations. B. blockading Cuban ports. C. establishing a military presence in Guantanamo Bay. D. ending diplomatic relations, blockading Cuban ports, and establishing a military presence in Guantanamo Bay. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 803 51. The Soviet Union’s announcement in 1960 that it had shot down an American U-2 spy plane A. proved to be false. B. occurred at the close of an important summit conference in Paris. C. compelled President Dwight Eisenhower to apologize for invading Soviet airspace. D. resulted in a UN proclamation that criticized the United States. E. led Soviet Premier Khrushchev to withdraw his invitation to Eisenhower to visit Moscow. Answer: E Page: 804 52. In his farewell address to the nation, President Dwight Eisenhower warned against the dangers of A. global nuclear war. B. excessive consumer materialism. C. “brinkmanship” diplomacy. D. the “military-industrial complex.” E. the growing communist threat. Answer: D Page: 804

True/False Questions 53. The prosperity of the 1950s occurred with relatively low inflation. Answer: True Page: 780 54. Economic growth was at its peak in the early 1950s, when military spending was at its highest. Answer: True Page: 780 55. Between 1945 and 1950, 10 percent of all the new businesses in the United States began in Los Angeles. Answer: True Page: 781

56. The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization resolved their differences during the 1950s. Answer: True Page: 781 57. Since World War II, the developments in antibiotics have made bacterial infections one of the most successfully treated of all human illnesses. Answer: True Page: 782 58. The first large-scale use of the pesticide DDT was to improve American crop production. Answer: False Page: 783 59. The development of the transistor was the electronic breakthrough that led to computers. Answer: False Page: 784 60. By the late 1950s, the Remington Rand Company was the largest American maker of business computers. Answer: False Page: 784 61. Early missile research in the United States was conducted almost entirely by the Air Force. Answer: True Page: 785 62. By the late 1950s, the United States could send a guided missile several thousand miles. Answer: True Page: 785 63. The first American space satellite went into orbit shortly before the Soviet Union achieved the same feat. Answer: False Page: 785 64. John Glenn was the first American launched into space. Answer: False Page: 786 65. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first men to walk on the moon. Answer: True Page: 786

66. Consumer credit cards were developed in the years following World War II. Answer: True Page: 786 67. In the 1950s, Disney was able to effectively market entertainment as a tool to sell consumer goods. Answer: True Page: 786 68. Dr. Benjamin Spock made a career of helping women have professional careers and be mothers at the same time. Answer: False Page: 788 69. The number of women working outside the home declined between 1945 and 1960. Answer: False Page: 788 70. In the 1950s, advertisers played the most important role in television programming. Answer: True Page: 789 71. During the 1950s, television created a uniform image of American life, even as it showed conditions that could well accentuate social conflict. Answer: True Page: 790 72. In his book, The Organization Man, William Whyte Jr. praised modern corporations. Answer: False Page: 791 73. In the 1951 novel, The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caulfield, was disaffected with American society. Answer: True Page: 791 74. To the “beat” writers, American society in the 1950s was bland and meaningless. Answer: True Page: 791 75. Rising prosperity in the 1950s was accompanied by restlessness among American youth. Answer: True Page: 791

76. The crime rate of American youths soared during the 1950s. Answer: False Page: 791 77. The rise of rock musicians such as Elvis Presley is an example of the limited willingness of white audiences at the time to accept black musicians. Answer: True Page: 793 78. While radio made an enormous contribution to the popularity of rock music in the 1950s, television tended to limit its appeal. Answer: False Page: 794 79. In the 1950s, the great majority of American poor people lived in a permanent state of “hardcore” poverty. Answer: False Page: 794 80. Eastern and Midwestern industrial cities experienced a major expansion of their black populations between 1940 and 1960. Answer: True Page: 795 81. The Supreme Court set no specific timetable for the desegregation of schools. Answer: True Page: 797 82. The Eisenhower administration was eager to join the battle over desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas. Answer: False Page: 798 83. The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-1956 was essentially successful. Answer: True Page: 798 84. The experiences of World War II were among the major factors leading to the rise of the civil rights movement in the 1950s. Answer: True Page: 799 85. As president, Dwight Eisenhower eventually managed to balance the federal budget, while making significant additions to the Social Security system. Answer: True Page: 799

86. The Eisenhower administration is responsible for the largest public works project in American history. Answer: True Page: 800 87. Senator Joseph McCarthy was eventually expelled from the United States Senate. Answer: False Page: 800 88. As secretary of state, John Foster Dulles believed the containment policy practices of the Truman administration had been too moderate. Answer: True Page: 801 89. The doctrine of “massive retaliation” called for greater American reliance on nuclear weapons. Answer: True Page: 801 90. President Eisenhower wanted to get the United States militarily involved in Vietnam. Answer: False Page: 802 91. Given mounting American dependence on foreign oil, the Truman administration was reluctant to recognize the new state of Israel. Answer: False Page: 802 92. The Eisenhower administration used the CIA to put friendly governments in place in Iran and Egypt. Answer: False Page: 802 93. Fulgencio Batista came to power in Cuba with American help. Answer: True Page: 803 94. One of the last acts of the Eisenhower administration was to cut off diplomatic relations with Castro’s Cuba. Answer: True Page: 803

95. The Soviet-American Paris summit in 1960 was ended by the downing of a Soviet spy plane over United States airspace. Answer: False Page: 804

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 96. In 1955, the labor unions AFL and ________ merged. Answer: CIO Page: 781 97. Alexander Fleming discovered the antibacterial properties of an organism he named ________. Answer: penicillin Page: 782 98. The work of Jonas Salk and ________ virtually eliminated polio from much of the world by the early 1960s. Answer: Albert Sabin Page: 783 99. The first significant computer of the 1950s was the ________. Answer: UNIVAC Page: 784 100. In the early 1960s, the basis of the American atomic weapons arsenal was the ________ missile. Answer: Minuteman Page: 785 101. The first American satellite, ________, was launched in January 1958. Answer: Explorer I Page: 785 102. The first two people to walk on the surface of the moon were Neil Armstrong and ________. Answer: Edwin Aldrin Page: 786 103. In the post-World War II era, ________ brought mass-production techniques to the housing industry. Answer: William Levitt Page: 787

104. The three major television networks in the 1950s had all started as ________ companies. Answer: radio Page: 788 105. The central character in J. D. Salinger’s 1951 book, The Catcher in the Rye, was the alienated prep-school student ________. Answer: Holden Caulfield Page: 791 106. The 1955 “beat” poem “Howl” was written by ________. Answer: Allen Ginsberg Page: 791 107. James Dean starred as an alienated youth in the 1955 film, Rebel ________. Answer: Without a Cause Page: 791 108. In the 1950s, African American record producer Berry Gordy founded ________ in Detroit. Answer: Motown Records Page: 793 109. Michael Harrington’s 1962 book, The Other America, dealt with the problem of ________ in America. Answer: poverty Page: 794 110. Strong local opposition by southern whites to the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka became known as “________.” Answer: massive resistance Page: 797 111. During the Montgomery bus boycott, Martin Luther King Jr. made his first appearance on the national scene, and soon founded the Southern ________ Conference. Answer: Christian Leadership Page: 798 112. President Eisenhower’s secretary of defense, Charles Wilson, stated his belief that “what was good for ________ was good for the country.” Answer: General Motors Page: 799 113. The rapid decline in authority for Senator Joseph McCarthy came with the televised ________-McCarthy hearings. Answer: Army Page: 800

114. On July 27, 1953, negotiators at ________ finally signed an agreement ending the hostilities between North and South Korea and established a cease-fire line at roughly the 38th parallel. Answer: Panmunjom Page: 801 115. The Eisenhower administration used the CIA to topple the leftist government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in ________. Answer: Guatemala Page: 802 116. Relations between the United States and the Soviet Union worsened during and after a failed revolution in ________, where Soviet tanks and troops crushed the uprising and restored a pro-Soviet regime. Answer: Hungary Page: 804 117. In his farewell address to the nation, President Eisenhower warned against the “unwarranted influence” of the “________ complex.” Answer: military-industrial Page: 804

Essay Questions 118. How do you account for the prosperity of America during the late 1940s and 1950s? How was this prosperity similar to and different from that of the 1920s? 119. What factors account for the broad-based and rapid progress of science and technology following World War II? Why did this progress not occur sooner? 120. Examine earlier periods of medical advancement covered in the text. Explain why the development of antibiotics was of such profound importance to medical science. 121. What were the various technological advances brought together to develop the American space program in the late 1950s and the 1960s? 122. How and why has the primary focus of the American space program changed since its founding to the present day? 123. What were the major changes in America as a result of the growing availability and reliance on private automobiles? 124. Consider the automobile and television. Which of these two products had the most influence in changing American society during the 1950s? Why?

125. In what ways did television during the 1950s both encourage conformity and spark desires for rebellion and change? 126. Who were the leading domestic critics of the America of the 1950s? What were their major criticisms? 127. What was the appeal of rock music in the 1950s, and what accounts for its popularity? 128. Where would one most likely find the poor in America in the 1950s? Why did they remain poor? 129. How do you account for the rise of the civil rights movement? 130. What were the various strategies used by supporters and opponents of desegregation? 131. How do you define Eisenhower republicanism? How did it differ from Hoover republicanism and New Deal or Fair Deal liberalism? 132. How did the Eisenhower administration criticize Truman’s foreign policy? How did Eisenhower’s foreign policy differ from Truman’s? How and why was it similar? 133. Discuss the evolution of Eisenhower’s dealings with the Soviet Union. Why did the Cold War persist? By the end of his presidency, had Eisenhower improved or worsened the Cold War?

Chapter 29 Civil Rights, Vietnam, and the Ordeal of Liberalism Multiple-Choice Questions 1. One of the chief obstacles in John Kennedy’s presidential bid in 1960 was his A. religion. B. public image. C. wealth. D. womanizing. E. lack of resources. Answer: A Page: 808 2. In the 1960 presidential election results, A. John Kennedy narrowly won the popular vote but easily won the electoral vote. B. Richard Nixon was soundly defeated. C. Richard Nixon lost his home state of California. D. Dixiecrat Harry F. Byrd swept the Deep South. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 808 3. In 1961, President John Kennedy saw most of his legislative success in the area of A. civil rights. B. tariff reductions. C. improved Soviet-American relations. D. tax increases. E. social spending. Answer: B Page: 808 4. Which of the following is true of the assassination of President John Kennedy? A. Vice President Lyndon Johnson had made a last-minute decision not to accompany Kennedy. B. The president died instantly. C. Lee Harvey Oswald was shot and killed while in police custody. D. Kennedy was struck by three bullets. E. The president was shot while in a motorcade in downtown Houston. Answer: C Page: 808

5. The Warren Commission investigation of the assassination of President John Kennedy concluded A. Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin of Kennedy. B. Jack Ruby killed Oswald on the orders of an unknown third party. C. An unknown second gunman shot from a “grassy knoll” behind the motorcade. D. both that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin of Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby killed Oswald on the orders of an unknown third party. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 808 6. Lyndon Johnson was similar to John Kennedy in his A. political career. B. family background. C. active use of power. D. personality. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 809 7. The 1964 election saw A. Lyndon Johnson distance himself from the memory of John Kennedy. B. Lyndon Johnson win a decisive victory over Richard Nixon. C. Republicans gain control of the Senate, but not the House. D. Lyndon Johnson receive a larger plurality than any candidate before or since. E. Lyndon Johnson carry the entire South. Answer: D Page: 809 8. President Lyndon Johnson’s Medicare program A. made benefits available on the basis of need. B. was similar in design to the Social Security system. C. appealed mainly to poor and working-class Americans. D. built on the success of his Medicaid program. E. angered doctors by forcing them to lower their fees. Answer: B Page: 809 9. Only weeks after taking office, President Lyndon Johnson declared a “war” on A. racism. B. crime. C. intolerance. D. illiteracy. E. poverty. Answer: E Page: 809

10. The Johnson administration’s Office of Economic Opportunity A. eliminated poverty in many regions of the nation. B. called for the relocation of many of the nation’s urban poor. C. was criticized for its absence of minority appointments. D. included a controversial community action program. E. spent less than $500 million in its first two years of existence. Answer: D Page: 809 11. The Housing Act of 1961 provided federal funds for all of the following EXCEPT the A. construction of low-income public housing. B. preservation of open space in cities. C. development of mass-transit systems. D. subsidization of middle-income housing. E. revitalization of decaying cities. Answer: A Page: 810 12. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 A. offered aid to both public and private schools. B. based aid on student need rather than school need. C. managed to circumvent objections faced by the Kennedy administration. D. both offered aid to public and private schools, and based aid on student rather than school need. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 810 13. The Immigration Act of 1965 A. ended the strict limits on the total number of immigrants to be admitted each year. B. allowed people from all parts of Latin America to enter the United States on an equal basis. C. had little impact on the character of the American population. D. maintained strict restrictions on immigrants from Africa. E. eliminated rules that gave preference to immigrants from northern Europe. Answer: E Page: 810 14. Great Society reforms A. were generally proven to be cost-effective. B. improved the lives of whites far more than blacks. C. contributed to the greatest reduction in poverty in American history. D. grew in popularity over the next decade. E. made no dent in reducing hunger in America. Answer: C Page: 811

15. In February 1960, the first “sit-in” demonstration protesting segregation was held at a A. church. B. swimming pool. C. movie theater. D. lunch counter. E. bus station. Answer: D Page: 812 16. In the early 1960s, the primary membership of SNCC was A. college students. B. Democrats. C. rural blacks. D. the urban poor. E. Catholics. Answer: A Page: 812 17. In 1961, the “freedom rides” sponsored by CORE attempted to A. bring northern civil rights activists into the South to register black voters. B. transport black children to formerly all-white schools. C. force the desegregation of bus stations. D. help move poor blacks out of the South. E. transport black workers to white-only businesses. Answer: C Page: 812 18. In 1963, civil rights activist Medgar Evers was murdered the same day A. a black church was bombed in Birmingham, Alabama. B. a federal court ruled James Meredith could attend the University of Mississippi. C. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I have a dream” speech. D. George Wallace tried to prevent black students from enrolling in the University of Alabama. E. Attorney General Robert Kennedy mandated the integration of bus and train stations. Answer: D Page: 813 19. Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech A. was given during the largest civil rights demonstration in the nation’s history to that point. B. was made shortly after Lyndon Johnson become president. C. saw King call for a significant shift in tactics in the quest of civil rights. D. was made before a joint session of Congress and the Senate. E. was given to commemorate passage of the Voting Rights Act. Answer: A Page: 814

20. Legislation to prohibit segregation in all public accommodations was proposed A. and approved during the Kennedy administration. B. and approved during the Johnson administration. C. by Eisenhower and approved during the Kennedy administration. D. by Johnson and approved during the Nixon administration. E. by Kennedy and approved during the Johnson administration. Answer: E Page: 814 21. The 1964 murder of civil rights activists Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, and James Chaney A. was supported by local police. B. took place in Montgomery, Alabama. C. prompted Congress to pass legislation to end segregation in public accommodations. D. never resulted in anyone being convicted for the crimes. E. led to the formation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. Answer: A Page: 814 22. The 1965 civil rights march in Selma, Alabama, involved all of the following EXCEPT the A. call for voting rights for blacks. B. involvement of Martin Luther King Jr. C. televised attack on demonstrators by local police. D. resignation of Governor George Wallace. E. murder of two northern whites. Answer: D Page: 814 23. The Civil Rights Act of 1965 primarily focused on the issue of A. desegregation of public accommodations. B. voting rights. C. fair employment practices. D. housing discrimination. E. violence directed against civil rights workers. Answer: B Page: 814 24. In 1965, the first major race riot in the United States since World War II took place in A. Detroit. B. Chicago. C. Los Angeles. D. Cleveland. E. Memphis. Answer: C Page: 815

25. In the summer of 1967, racial conflicts in the United States A. resulted in more than a hundred major disorders. B. saw 43 people die in a riot in Detroit. C. went ignored by the Johnson administration. D. both resulted in more than a hundred major disorders, and went ignored by the Johnson administration. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 815 26. In the 1960s, the philosophy of “black power” A. called for an increased awareness of racial differences. B. helped to unite the many different black civil rights groups. C. encouraged greater racial assimilation. D. disavowed the use of violence in the civil rights movement. E. was rejected by groups such as SNCC and CORE. Answer: A Page: 816 27. In 1965, Malcolm X A. denounced the Black Panthers. B. was assassinated by white racists. C. advocated nonviolence to end segregation. D. belonged to the Nation of Islam for a time. E. argued in favor of integration. Answer: D Page: 817 28. In 1961, President John Kennedy believed the major struggle against communism in the future would be waged in A. the Baltic. B. Western Europe. C. China. D. Eastern Europe. E. the Third World. Answer: E Page: 818 29. All of the following actions were initiated by President John Kennedy EXCEPT A. an expansion of the Green Berets. B. the creation of the “Alliance for Progress.” C. the CIA plan to overthrow Fidel Castro. D. the creation of the Peace Corps. E. the creation of the Agency for International Development. Answer: C Page: 818

30. During the Bay of Pigs operation, President John Kennedy decided to withhold A. American ground troops. B. participation by CIA agents. C. military air support. D. the participation of Cuban exiles. E. a planned rocket bombardment. Answer: C Page: 818 31. The 1961 Vienna summit between the United States and the Soviet Union A. was canceled in the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs. B. saw Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev make a veiled threat of war. C. saw President John Kennedy agree not to invade Cuba. D. saw President Kennedy criticize the construction of the Berlin Wall. E. saw the United States and the Soviet Union sign a nuclear test ban treaty. Answer: B Page: 818-819 32. In the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, the A. Cubans attempted to install defensive nuclear weapons. B. United States ordered a naval and air blockade of Cuba. C. United States made an air attack on Cuban missile sites. D. Soviet Union launched a missile at an American naval destroyer. E. Soviet Union attempted to invade Cuba. Answer: B Page: 819 33. The Cuban missile crisis ended after President John Kennedy agreed to A. remove American missiles from West Germany. B. restore diplomatic ties with Cuba. C. provide economic aid to Cuba. D. not invade Cuba. E. withdraw American troops from West Berlin. Answer: D Page: 819 34. The correct chronological order of the following events is A. Vienna summit, Berlin Wall, Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban missile crisis. B. Cuban missile crisis, Berlin Wall, Bay of Pigs, Vienna summit. C. Berlin Wall, Vienna summit, Cuban missile crisis, Bay of Pigs. D. Bay of Pigs, Vienna summit, Cuban missile crisis, Berlin Wall. E. Bay of Pigs, Vienna summit, Berlin Wall, Cuban missile crisis. Answer: E Page: 818-819

35. President Lyndon Johnson’s first major foreign policy test came in 1961 during a crisis in A. Singapore. B. the Middle East. C. the Dominican Republic. D. Brazil. E. Laos. Answer: C Page: 819 36. George Kennan stated the “most disastrous” undertaking in the United States’ history involved A. Vietnam. B. Haiti. C. Cuba. D. Somalia. E. Korea. Answer: A Page: 819 37. Under the terms of the Geneva Conference accords, Vietnam was A. permanently divided into two parts along the 17th parallel. B. to hold elections in 1956. C. to receive military aid from the United States. D. to be controlled by France. E. to unify with nearby Laos and Cambodia. Answer: B Page: 822 38. In 1956, scheduled national elections for Vietnam were cancelled because A. the communist government in North Vietnam refused to participate. B. a leading presidential candidate was assassinated. C. the pro-Western government in South Vietnam refused to hold them. D. the United Nations asserted it would be impossible to prevent election fraud. E. actions by the National Liberation Front (NLF) prevented free and open elections. Answer: C Page: 822 39. In 1956, the United States’ interest in South Vietnam A. was nearly nonexistent. B. was mainly in replacing the corrupt Ngo Dinh Diem government. C. had made the country a recipient of large amounts of American aid. D. was purely commercial. E. was predicated on Diem agreeing to hold free and open elections. Answer: C Page: 822

40. The National Liberation Front was A. created by Ngo Dinh Diem. B. also known in the United States as the Viet Cong. C. an organization attempting to overthrow the North Vietnamese government. D. both created by Ngo Dinh Diem and also known in the United States as the Viet Cong. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 822 41. The overthrow of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963 A. resulted in Diem’s imprisonment and eventual exile. B. was carried out by Soviet KGB operatives. C. brought short-term political stability to South Vietnam. D. was carried out by the National Liberation Front. E. was supported by the Kennedy administration. Answer: E Page: 822 42. The Johnson administration A. sent the first American military advisers to South Vietnam. B. sent the first American combat troops to South Vietnam. C. inherited a substantial American commitment to maintain South Vietnam. D. believed all of Vietnam should be restored to French control. E. began removing military advisers from South Vietnam. Answer: C Page: 822 43. The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was in response to A. alleged attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on American destroyers. B. a Vietminh attack on an American-occupied air base in South Vietnam. C. mortar attacks on the American embassy in Saigon. D. the decision by North Vietnam to arm its allies in the South. E. the so-called “Tet Offensive” by North Vietnamese soldiers. Answer: A Page: 823 44. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution A. resulted in a U.S. declaration of war on North Vietnam. B. gave President Lyndon Johnson wide latitude to escalate the conflict. C. called for 250,000 U.S. combat troops to be sent to Vietnam. D. both gave President Lyndon Johnson wide latitude to escalate the conflict, and called for 250,000 U.S. combat troops to be sent to Vietnam. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 823

45. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson responded to an attack on Pleiku by A. sending 250,000 American troops to Vietnam. B. warning China and the Soviet Union not to be involved in Vietnam. C. organizing the Tet Offensive. D. mining the harbor of Haiphong. E. bombing North Vietnam. Answer: E Page: 823 46. In 1967, the number of American troops in Vietnam had surpassed A. 200,000. B. 500,000. C. 750,000. D. 1,000,000. E. 1,250,000. Answer: B Page: 824 47. In Vietnam, the American military “attrition” strategy A. prevented North Vietnam from sufficiently resupplying their soldiers. B. led the United States to abandon its air bombardment campaign. C. eventually broke the resolve of North Vietnam. D. both prevented North Vietnam from sufficiently resupplying their soldiers, and led the United States to abandon its air bombardment campaign. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 825 48. In the Vietnam War, the “Ho Chi Minh Trail” was A. eventually destroyed by American bombing raids. B. continually moved by the North Vietnamese. C. used by American troops to stage attacks on North Vietnam. D. both continually moved by the North Vietnamese and eventually destroyed by American bombing raids. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 825 49. In Vietnam, the American “pacification” strategy A. called for a peaceful settlement with the North Vietnamese. B. eliminated the Viet Cong’s ability to attack American patrols. C. was successful in the South, but not in the North. D. was replaced by the more heavy-handed “relocation” strategy. E. included giving Vietnamese villages significant economic aid. Answer: D Page: 824-825

50. In January 1966, highly publicized hearings airing criticisms of the war were staged by A. Senator William Fulbright. B. Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford. C. General William Westmoreland. D. Senator Robert Kennedy. E. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. Answer: A Page: 827 51. In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson responded to mounting inflation at home by A. raising the Federal Reserve interest rate. B. agreeing to large funding reductions in Great Society programs. C. reducing the American troops in Vietnam. D. calling for a tax reduction. E. reinstalling the wartime wage and price controls of the Truman administration. Answer: B Page: 827 52. All of the following statements regarding the 1968 Tet offensive are true EXCEPT that it A. began on a Vietnamese holiday. B. saw the communists fighting on the grounds of the American embassy in Saigon. C. saw American troops inflict enormous casualties on the communists. D. suggested to the American public something of the brutality of the fighting in Vietnam. E. led to the fall of Saigon to the communists. Answer: E Page: 827 53. The 1968 Tet offensive A. was a major political defeat for President Lyndon Johnson. B. was a substantial military victory for the United States. C. permanently depleted the ranks of the NLF. D. both was a major political defeat for President Lyndon Johnson, and was a substantial military victory for the United States. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 827

54. Which of the following individuals was NOT at one point a candidate in the 1968 Democratic primaries? A. Hubert Humphrey B. George McGovern C. Lyndon Johnson D. Eugene McCarthy E. Robert Kennedy Answer: B Page: 827 55. Robert Kennedy’s assassin had apparently been angered by Kennedy’s A. association with the civil rights movement. B. statements in favor of Israel. C. attacks on corruption in organized labor. D. criticism of the nation’s wealthy elite. E. opposition to the war in Vietnam. Answer: B Page: 829 56. In 1968, antiwar protesters at the Democratic convention in Chicago A. invaded the convention hall. B. forced significant changes to the party platform. C. were attacked by police in a bloody riot. D. went on a destructive rampage through city streets. E. organized a massive hunger strike that drew worldwide notice. Answer: C Page: 829 57. In 1968, George Wallace ran for president A. based on a variety of conservative grievances. B. as a critic of the war in Vietnam. C. as a Democrat. D. until he was wounded in an assassination attempt. E. to draw attention to his opposition to segregation. Answer: A Page: 829 58. In the 1968 presidential campaign, Richard Nixon called for A. an end to the Cold War with the Soviet Union. B. an immediate withdrawal of American military forces in Vietnam. C. a new commitment to effective social reform. D. stability and national law and order. E. the diplomatic recognition of China. Answer: D Page: 830

59. The 1968 presidential election results A. were extremely close. B. saw Hubert Humphrey win the popular vote but lose the electoral vote. C. saw George Wallace carry the entire South. D. saw both George Wallace carry the entire South, and Hubert Humphrey win the popular vote but lose the electoral vote. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 830

True/False Questions 60. As the presidential campaign of 1960 got under way, Richard Nixon won the Republican nomination almost uncontested. Answer: True Page: 808 61. In the 1960 presidential campaign, Richard Nixon faced charges of financial corruption. Answer: False Page: 808 62. President Kennedy called for a significant tax cut to promote economic growth. Answer: True Page: 808 63. When the Warren Commission issued its findings on the assassination of President Kennedy, most Americans did not agree with its conclusions. Answer: False Page: 808 64. For a time, President Johnson was successful both as a social reformer and a coalition builder. Answer: True Page: 809 65. Both Medicare and Medicaid were enacted during the Kennedy administration. Answer: False Page: 809 66. President Johnson based his proposals for federal aid to education on the needs of the schools themselves rather than on the needs of their students. Answer: False Page: 810

67. The Immigration Act of 1965 set a strict limit on the number of immigrants to be admitted to the United States, even as it eliminated the “national origins” system of the 1920s. Answer: True Page: 810 68. President Johnson managed to pass Kennedy’s proposed tax cut in 1964. Answer: True Page: 810 69. In the 1960s, the percentage of Americans living in poverty was nearly cut in half. Answer: True Page: 811 70. Prior to becoming president, John Kennedy had little record as a crusader for civil rights. Answer: True Page: 812 71. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech was part of a civil rights march on Washington to celebrate the passage of major civil rights legislation by Congress. Answer: False Page: 814 72. In the mid-1960s, northern cities had no Jim Crow laws but did have a good deal of segregation. Answer: True Page: 815 73. President Johnson supported civil rights legislation, but not affirmative action. Answer: False Page: 815 74. Martin Luther King Jr. confined his civil rights campaigns to the South. Answer: False Page: 815 75. The first major race riot of the post-World War II period took place outside the South. Answer: True Page: 815 76. “Black power” moved the civil rights movement away from the goal of assimilation and created a schism within the movement. Answer: True Page: 816

77. President Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress was designed to be a complement to NATO by improving the military security of the Caribbean. Answer: False Page: 818 78. The Kennedy administration created the plan to oust Castro from Cuba that became the Bay of Pigs operation. Answer: False Page: 818 79. President Kennedy canceled military air support for the Bay of Pigs operation. Answer: True Page: 818 80. The Vienna summit meeting between Kennedy and Khrushchev took place shortly after the Bay of Pigs disaster. Answer: True Page: 818-819 81. The Vienna summit meeting represented an attempt by President Kennedy to convince Moscow to stop construction of the Berlin Wall. Answer: False Page: 819 82. The Cuban missile crisis ended with President Kennedy’s pledge to recognize Cuba. Answer: False Page: 819 83. Lyndon Johnson came into the presidency with little prior experience in foreign affairs. Answer: True Page: 819 84. President Johnson dispatched troops to the Dominican Republic to support a democratic government that was holding out against supporters of Fidel Castro. Answer: False Page: 819 85. Vietnam had a long history both as an independent kingdom and a major power in its region, as well as a subjugated province of Japan. Answer: False Page: 820 86. Ngo Dinh Diem was a Buddhist who had turned against his fellow Buddhists in order to fight the communists in Vietnam. Answer: False Page: 822

87. Ngo Dinh Diem and John F. Kennedy were both assassinated in November of 1963. Answer: True Page: 822 88. The Gulf of Tonkin resolution was hotly debated in Congress before its narrow approval. Answer: False Page: 823 89. In 1965, President Johnson enlarged the air war and the ground war in Vietnam. Answer: True Page: 824 90. In Vietnam, the American relocation policy had produced by 1967 more than 3 million refugees. Answer: True Page: 826 91. By 1967, no major American politician had publicly criticized the U.S. policy in Vietnam. Answer: False Page: 827 92. In January 1966, Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, began to hold highly publicized hearings about the war in Vietnam. Answer: False Page: 827 93. Before the end of his presidency, Lyndon Johnson had to accept a tax increase and a reduction in his Great Society programs because of the war in Vietnam. Answer: True Page: 827 94. The Tet offensive of 1968 was a rare American victory and briefly revived the American public’s support for the war. Answer: False Page: 827 95. The first Democrat to openly challenge Lyndon Johnson for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination was Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota. Answer: True Page: 827 96. Senator Eugene McCarthy won the 1968 New Hampshire primary. Answer: False Page: 827

97. The eventual presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in 1968 was a member of the Johnson administration. Answer: True Page: 829 98. In 1968, Richard Nixon won a strong mandate to lead the country. Answer: False Page: 830

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 99. John Kennedy was the first ________ to be elected president. Answer: Catholic Page: 808 100. In 1960, John Kennedy called his domestic reform agenda the “New ________.” Answer: Frontier Page: 808 101. President Lyndon Johnson compiled the most impressive legislative record of any American president since President ________. Answer: Franklin Roosevelt Page: 809 102. The centerpiece of President Johnson’s “war on poverty” was the Office of ________. Answer: Economic Opportunity Page: 809 103. President Johnson increased popular support for the ________ program by making it available to all elderly Americans. Answer: Medicare Page: 809 104. In 1961, CORE organized the “________ rides” into the South. Answer: freedom Page: 812 105. Martin Luther King Jr. organized a major demonstration in ________ to secure passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1965. Answer: Selma Page: 814

106. The first major post-World War II race riot occurred in the ________ section of Los Angeles. Answer: Watts Page: 815 107. The radical philosophy within the civil rights movement known as “________” favored racial distinctiveness over assimilation. Answer: black power Page: 816 108. President Kennedy was an enthusiastic supporter of the Special Forces, otherwise called the ________. Answer: Green Berets Page: 818 109. The building of the ________ in 1961 heightened East-West tension. Answer: Berlin Wall Page: 819 110. Within the later Johnson administration, the most powerful voice for scaling down the war in Vietnam was that of ________. Answer: Clark Clifford Page: 827 111. The ________ offensive of 1968 cost the North Vietnamese dearly, even as it further weakened American support for the war in Vietnam. Answer: Tet Page: 827 112. In 1968, the most visible sign of a conservative backlash was the third-party presidential campaign of ________. Answer: George Wallace Page: 829 113. The election of 1968 saw Richard Nixon narrowly defeat ________. Answer: Hubert Humphrey Page: 830

Essay Questions 114. Consider the presidencies of John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Why was Kennedy more popular with the public, and why was Johnson more successful in passing legislation? 115. In what areas of presidential leadership did John Kennedy most excel? Where was he most limited or unsuccessful?

116. What steps did Lyndon Johnson take to expand the liberal state? Which steps seemed to be successful, and why? Which did not seem to be successful, and why? 117. How did Lyndon Johnson’s view of social reform compare with Franklin Roosevelt’s? Woodrow Wilson’s? Theodore Roosevelt’s? 118. Regarding foreign policy, was Lyndon Johnson more in line with Franklin Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, or Theodore Roosevelt? Explain your choice. 119. Discuss the evolution of the civil rights movement. Did the federal government lead or follow in the movement? What forces most often initiated change? What divides could be found within the movement? Why did they exist? 120. What was the Kennedy strategy for fighting the Cold War? How did Vietnam fit into this overall strategy? 121. When Lyndon Johnson became president was he, in essence, already committed to following a policy of escalating involvement in Vietnam? Why or why not? 122. Describe the various arguments made in the historical assessment for American’s entry into Vietnam. Which one would you subscribe to, and why? 123. Why did the military superiority held by the United States fail to achieve victory in Vietnam? 124. Was the American failure in Vietnam a political or a military one? Could any changes have been made in either area that would have more likely led to an American success? 125. Describe the multiple traumas of 1968. How did the country respond to them?

Chapter 30 The Crisis of Authority Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In the 1960s and 1970s, the agenda of the political left included A. bringing an end to the Vietnam War. B. transforming the nation’s political order. C. defining and asserting personal freedoms. D. pursuing racial and economic justice. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 835 2. Students for a Democratic Society was formed A. primarily by college students from prestigious universities. B. to protest the Vietnam War. C. in reaction to the Kennedy assassination. D. as a branch of the Democratic Party. E. to support civil rights efforts in the South. Answer: A Page: 835 3. In 1964, a dispute broke out at the University of California at Berkeley over A. the cost of tuition and student housing. B. the military draft. C. the rights of students to engage in free speech. D. corporate influence on the university’s military research projects. E. the question of graduate student unionization. Answer: C Page: 836 4. In the 1960s, the radical group known as “Weathermen” A. expressed their ideas in a manifesto known as the Port Huron Statement. B. seized administration offices at Columbia University. C. reflected the attitudes of a majority of college students at major universities. D. were involved in college bombings that claimed several lives. E. targeted SDS meetings as sites of un-American activity. Answer: D Page: 838

5. Throughout the late 1960s, A. deferments for the military draft increased. B. opposition in the United States to the Vietnam War intensified. C. no American refused induction; instead, thousands fled to Canada and Sweden. D. both deferments for the military draft increased, and opposition in the United States to the Vietnam War intensified. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 838 6. In the 1960s, the youth counterculture A. rejected the complaints of the “beats” of the 1950s. B. was really little more than a change in clothing styles. C. sought to overthrow the U.S. government through an armed revolution. D. presented a fundamental challenge to American middle-class society. E. attempted to differentiate itself from the stereotype of the “hippie.” Answer: D Page: 838 7. In the 1960s, the aspect of popular culture most strongly embraced by the counterculture was A. television. B. music. C. movies. D. literature. E. sports. Answer: B Page: 839 8. The purpose of the 1969 Woodstock music festival was to A. establish cooperatives based on the principles of communal living. B. rally in protest to the Vietnam War. C. make amends for the events of Altamont four months earlier. D. help heal the cultural divisions within American society. E. express the ideals of the counterculture philosophy. Answer: E Page: 837 9. In the 1950s, the federal “termination” policy as applied to American Indians sought to A. end their cultural distinctiveness. B. keep American Indians largely confined to rural areas. C. enforce the tribal reservation system. D. break up militant tribes. E. restore tribal autonomy. Answer: A Page: 841

10. The 1961 Declaration of Indian Purpose called for A. a reassessment of current assimilation practices. B. “affirmative action” for Native Americans. C. the removal of whites from Indian reservations. D. a complete separation from the society of the United States. E. the preservation of Indian heritage. Answer: E Page: 841-842 11. In the late 1960s and early 1970s all of the following occurred due to American Indian activism, EXCEPT A. Congress granting to reservations “independent nation” status within the United States. B. Indians fighting for old treaty fishing rights in Washington State. C. Indians occupying Alcatraz Island in the San Francisco Bay. D. Congress passing an Indian Civil Rights Act. E. the appointment of Louis Bruce, a Mohawk-Sioux, as Nixon’s commissioner of Indian affairs. Answer: A Page: 842 12. Founded in 1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM) A. drew all of its support from tribal reservations. B. disbanded after the passage of the Indian Civil Rights Act. C. focused on militant action. D. vehemently opposed the idea of intertribal action. E. emphasized assimilation into larger American society. Answer: C Page: 841 13. In 1973, American Indian activists occupied the old Indian battle site of A. Wounded Knee. B. Little Bighorn. C. Horseshoe Bend. D. Fallen Timbers. E. Sand Creek. Answer: A Page: 842 14. Between 1960 and 1970, the Latino population of the United States A. rose by 25 percent. B. rose by 50 percent. C. doubled. D. tripled. E. sextupled. Answer: D Page: 842

15. All of the following statements regarding Latinos in the United States are true EXCEPT that A. by the late 1960s, Mexican Americans were one of the largest population groups in the West. B. large numbers of Central American immigrants arrived in the U.S. in the 1980s. C. Cuban immigrants in the 1980s were more well-to-do than their counterparts in the 1960s. D. in 1953, the government launched what it called Operation Wetback to deport illegals. E. Puerto Rican migrants established a large community in New York City. Answer: C Page: 842 16. The 1969 “Stonewall Riot” is associated with the civil rights movement for A. women. B. homosexuals. C. African Americans. D. Hispanic Americans. E. Native Americans. Answer: B Page: 844 17. By the early twenty-first century, gay men and lesbians in the United States A. experienced a powerful backlash from within American society. B. achieved many of the same rights as other minority groups. C. saw some openly gay politicians won election to public office. D. were making slow, halting progress achieving laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual preference. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 844 18. Betty Friedan’s 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique, A. described why women had found success and satisfaction in postwar America. B. detailed the many problems confronting single mothers. C. argued against women placing children before their careers. D. encouraged women to remain single in order to maintain their independence. E. gave a voice to a reemerging women’s rights movement. Answer: E Page: 845 19. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 A. gave women equal pay for equal work. B. led to the creation of the National Organization of Women. C. resulted in the creation of the President’s Commission on the Status of Women. D. was amended for the benefit of women. E. made no mention of gender discrimination in its final form. Answer: D Page: 845

20. In the mid-1960s, the National Organization of Women focused its efforts on A. changing the traditional concepts of women in the home. B. addressing the needs of women in the workplace. C. abortion rights. D. helping poor and minority women. E. passing the Equal Rights Amendment. Answer: B Page: 845-846 21. Sandra Day O’Connor, the first female Supreme Court justice, was named to the court by A. Jimmy Carter. B. Ronald Reagan. C. George H. W. Bush. D. Bill Clinton. E. George W. Bush. Answer: B Page: 846 22. In 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment A. was strongly opposed by some women. B. was passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification. C. seemed almost certain to be ratified. D. had been promoted since the 1920s by some feminists. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 846 23. The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade (1973) A. made abortion legal for the first time in the history of the United States. B. enabled women to obtain an abortion during any point of a pregnancy. C. initially applied only to pregnancies resulting from rape or abuse. D. invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion during the second trimester. E. was based on a new legal interpretation of privacy rights. Answer: E Page: 847 24. Ecology rests primarily on the assumption that nature should be preserved A. for its beauty. B. because it was divinely created. C. because humans need to maintain the interrelated balance of life. D. because humans need a spiritual connection with the natural world. E. because American democracy flourishes when the land is plentiful and healthy. Answer: C Page: 848

25. Rachel Carson’s 1962 book Silent Spring helped launch the modern environmental movement by focusing on problems concerning A. nuclear energy. B. pesticides. C. pollution in the oceans. D. the destruction of forests. E. global warming. Answer: B Page: 848 26. “Earth Day” in 1970 was A. an effort to protect the environment from commercial development. B. organized by American manufacturers of garden supplies. C. an example of the popularization of environmentalism. D. characterized by protests and confrontations between opposing sides. E. only celebrated by members of the radical counterculture. Answer: C Page: 849 27. The Environmental Protection Agency was created in ________ when ________ signed the National Environmental Protection Act into law. A. 1963; John F. Kennedy B. 1966; Lyndon Johnson C. 1970; Richard Nixon D. 1974; Gerald Ford E. 1977; Jimmy Carter Answer: C Page: 850 28. The intent of President Richard Nixon’s “Vietnamization” policy was to A. expand the war effort to all parts of Vietnam. B. have the South Vietnamese military do more of the fighting. C. declare an immediate end to the conflict. D. expand the war effort to all parts of Indochina. E. concentrate American military power on destroying the NLF. Answer: B Page: 850

29. By the end of their first year in office, Nixon and Kissinger had concluded that the most effective way to tip the military balance in America’s favor was to A. install a pro-American regime under General Lon Diem. B. destroy military bases in Cambodia. C. have the Congress repeal the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. D. “surge” 30,000 additional ground combat forces in the Mekong Delta. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 850 30. In April 1970, the antiwar movement was recharged by A. the U.S. invasion of Cambodia. B. the shooting deaths of students at Kent State. C. revelations regarding the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. D. the newspaper publication of the My Lai massacre. E. the publication of the Pentagon Papers. Answer: A Page: 851 31. The so-called Pentagon Papers A. were suppressed by the Nixon administration until after the Vietnam War. B. revealed the government had misled the public regarding the progress of the war. C. indicated President Nixon had used the IRS to harass leaders of the antiwar movement. D. showed that American operatives in Vietnam had carried out political assassinations. E. revealed that the government had tried to cover up American involvement in the My Lai massacre. Answer: B Page: 851 32. The killing of South Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers in the village of My Lai A. was not learned about until years after the war had ended. B. did not result in any convictions of Americans who took part. C. attracted little public attention in the wake of the Cambodian invasion and the Pentagon Papers. D. was not learned about until years after the war had ended, and did not result in any convictions of Americans who took part. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 851

33. In 1971, President Richard Nixon believed an American withdrawal from Vietnam would A. harm his own credibility of and that of the nation. B. enhance his public standing in the United States and the world. C. silence his critics. D. allow the nation to have “peace with honor.” E. force North Vietnam to live up to its promises regarding South Vietnam. Answer: A Page: 850 34. After the 1972 election, President Richard Nixon, to prompt a peace settlement with North Vietnam, A. allowed the opening of North Vietnamese harbors. B. withdrew American forces as North Vietnamese troops left from the South. C. ordered an increase in the aerial bombing of North Vietnam. D. broke off diplomatic negotiations with North Vietnam. E. evacuated the American embassy in Saigon. Answer: C Page: 851 35. In 1972, diplomat Henry Kissinger announced that “peace is at hand” A. after a failed North Vietnamese offensive. B. right before the American presidential election. C. after the United States threatened to use nuclear weapons against North Vietnam. D. before the final American ground troops were pulled out of Vietnam. E. right before American troops embarked on the Easter offensive. Answer: B Page: 851 36. In 1972, the United States’ “Christmas bombing” of North Vietnam A. saw the United States suffer, by far, its greatest loss of bombers in the war. B. resulted in a collapse of the peace talks. C. dramatically altered the terms of the final peace agreement. D. later drew an apology from President Richard Nixon. E. avoided Hanoi for the sake of continuing peace talks. Answer: A Page: 851 37. As a result of the Vietnam War, A. Vietnam became one of the world’s richest nations. B. more than 1.2 million Vietnamese soldiers died. C. the United States suffered more than 500,000 killed and wounded. D. Laos fell to the murderous communists of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 852

38. President Richard Nixon believed U.S. foreign policy should work toward A. a bipolar world dominated by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. B. improving governments in less-developed nations. C. a balance of power among several major nations. D. destruction of the government in the Soviet Union. E. encouraging Europe to take up its own defense against the Soviet Union. Answer: C Page: 853 39. President Richard Nixon’s visit to China in 1972 A. was designed to bring the United States closer to Chiang Kai-shek. B. was opposed by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. C. moved the United States into a deeper conflict with the Soviet Union. D. came after Taiwan was expelled from the United Nations. E. aroused deep animosity from the majority of Chinese communists. Answer: D Page: 854 40. In 1972, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty A. was signed by all of the world’s nuclear powers. B. called for the suspension of all new nuclear weapons systems. C. froze the arsenals of some nuclear missiles at their current levels. D. both called for the suspension of all new nuclear weapons systems, and froze the arsenals of some nuclear missiles at their current levels. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: C Page: 854 41. In the 1970s, the Nixon administration believed the world’s most volatile region to be A. the Middle East. B. Eastern Europe. C. the so-called Third World. D. China. E. sub-Saharan Africa. Answer: C Page: 854 42. According to policies that came to be called the Nixon Doctrine, the United States would A. assist in the development of friendly nations. B. assume a basic responsibility for the future of friendly nations. C. increase Third World contributions to shake up the status quo. D. both assist in the development of friendly nations, and assume a basic responsibility for the future of friendly nations. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 854

43. As part of his domestic agenda, President Richard Nixon A. tried to end the forced busing of students to desegregate schools. B. dismantled many Great Society programs. C. abolished the Office of Economic Opportunity. D. tried to overhaul the nation’s welfare system by creating a guaranteed annual income. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 855 44. President Richard Nixon’s proposed Family Assistance Plan included A. a maximum six-year participation in the federal welfare system. B. federal support for parental leave following the birth of a child. C. free medical care to all Americans over the age of seventy. D. a guaranteed annual income for all Americans. E. a program to replace Social Security with private retirement vouchers. Answer: D Page: 855 45. In Engel v. Vitale (1962), the Supreme Court A. ruled that limits on campaign funding violated the right to free speech. B. sharply limited government curbs on pornography. C. ruled that forced busing to integrate public schools was constitutional. D. declared that the application procedure for federal jobs must be open to the public. E. ruled prayers in public schools were unconstitutional. Answer: E Page: 855 46. In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Supreme Court A. limited the appeals process for state convictions. B. established new guidelines for capital punishment cases. C. ruled that all felony defendants were entitled to a lawyer, regardless of their ability to pay. D. ruled that a defendant must have access to a lawyer before being questioned by police. E. sharply limited government curbs on pornography. Answer: C Page: 855

47. In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court A. ruled that a defendant must have access to a lawyer before being questioned by police. B. required authorities to inform a criminal suspect of his or her legal rights. C. established new guidelines for capital punishment cases. D. did all of these: ruled that a defendant must have access to a lawyer before being questioned by police; required authorities to inform a criminal suspect of his or her legal rights; and established new guidelines for capital punishment cases. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 855 48. President Richard Nixon’s appointments to the Supreme Court A. were twice rejected by the Senate. B. included the first nomination of a female justice. C. culminated in the successful appointment of G. Harrold Carswell to the Court. D. both included the first nomination of a female justice, and were twice rejected by the Senate. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 855-856 49. After President Richard Nixon had appointed four new justices, the Supreme Court A. became decidedly more conservative in its rulings. B. became decidedly less active. C. more closely reflected the president’s own political beliefs. D. attempted to overturn the Warren Court decision in Roe v. Wade. E. actually increased its commitment to social reform. Answer: E Page: 856 50. The Supreme Court ruling in the case of Furman v. Georgia (1972) A. overturned existing capital punishment statutes. B. was upheld in the case of Gregg v. Georgia (1976.) C. redefined the appeals process in death penalty convictions. D. ruled that execution by hanging was unconstitutional. E. favored the use of forced busing to achieve racial balance in schools. Answer: A Page: 856

51. The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade (1973) A. was one of the most controversial decisions in modern court history. B. eliminated all restrictions on performing abortions. C. turned conservatives further against the Warren Court. D. both eliminated all restrictions on performing abortions and turned conservatives further against the Warren Court. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 847 52. In Bakke v. Board of Regents of California (1978), the Supreme Court A. limited the ability of defendants to appeal state convictions. B. stopped a plan to transfer students across district lines to achieve racial integration. C. ruled in favor of using forced busing to achieve racial balance in schools. D. upheld the principle of affirmative action, with restrictions. E. argued that limits on campaign funding violated the right to free speech. Answer: D Page: 856 53. In the 1972 presidential election, A. Richard Nixon won a narrow victory in the Electoral College. B. George Wallace only carried California and the District of Columbia. C. Richard Nixon won over 60 percent of the popular vote. D. Richard Nixon won a narrow victory in the Electoral College and won over 60 percent of the popular vote. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 856 54. In 1973, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries A. refused to ship oil to all nations that supported Israel. B. raised the price of oil by 500 percent. C. helped to precipitate a fuel shortage in the United States. D. both refused to ship oil to all nations that supported Israel, and raised the price of oil by 500 percent. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 857

55. In 1971, President Richard Nixon responded to mounting economic problems by A. lowering interest rates to spur consumption. B. lowering corporate taxes to spur investment. C. sharply reducing the rate of inflation. D. expanding the money supply. E. imposing a freeze on all wages and prices. Answer: E Page: 858 56. “Stagflation” refers to A. falling prices and a falling inventory. B. deflation and rising inventory. C. flat prices, wages, and inventory. D. rising prices and a weak economy. E. high taxes and large budget deficits. Answer: D Page: 858 57. In 1972, the Watergate scandal began with a break-in at the A. Washington Post newspaper building. B. headquarters of the George McGovern campaign. C. House of Representatives. D. office of Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatrist. E. offices of the Democratic National Committee. Answer: E Page: 859 58. In 1972, two Washington Post reporters uncovered evidence linking the Watergate break-in to A. the Committee for the Reelection of the President. B. a former employee of the Nixon White House. C. a secret reelection fund controlled by White House staff. D. both the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, and a secret reelection fund controlled by White House staff. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 859 59. In 1973, allegations of misconduct by Richard Nixon were made by presidential advisor A. John Dean. B. John Mitchell. C. H. R. Haldeman. D. Spiro Agnew. E. John Ehrlichman. Answer: A Page: 859

60. By 1973, there was mounting evidence that President Richard Nixon had A. known about the Watergate break-in. B. helped plan the Watergate break-in. C. been part of the cover-up of the break-in. D. both known about and been part of the cover-up of the Watergate break-in. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: C Page: 859 61. The key evidence in the determination of President Richard Nixon’s guilt or innocence in the Watergate scandal was A. audio tape recordings made of most conversations in the Oval Office. B. eyewitness testimony from Nixon confidants in the White House. C. phone records kept by Nixon’s personal secretary. D. Nixon’s personal diaries. E. journals kept by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Answer: A Page: 860 62. In 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned because A. of his involvement in the Watergate break-in. B. of his involvement in the Watergate cover-up. C. of his refusal to testify against Richard Nixon. D. evidence surfaced that he had accepted bribes. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 860 63. The Supreme Court in the case United States v. Richard M. Nixon (1974) ruled that Nixon must A. no longer tape conversations in the Oval Office. B. turn over evidence to the special prosecutor. C. be held in contempt of court. D. be impeached. E. resign. Answer: B Page: 861

64. In 1974, Richard Nixon left the presidency after he A. was impeached. B. resigned. C. was convicted of obstructing justice. D. was arrested. E. lost a special election by huge margins. Answer: B Page: 861

True/False Questions 65. The political New Left emerged out of opposition to the military draft in the 1960s. Answer: False Page: 835 66. The Free Speech Movement was born on a college campus. Answer: True Page: 836 67. The founders of Students for a Democratic Society could accurately be described as hippies. Answer: False Page: 835 68. Throughout the Vietnam War, deferments from the military draft were increasingly easy to obtain for those in college. Answer: False Page: 838 69. An important and controversial aspect of the counterculture was its more permissive view of sex and drugs. Answer: True Page: 838-839 70. The federal government’s “termination” policy toward Native Americans contributed to a generation of Indian militancy. Answer: True Page: 841 71. The United Farm Workers union was founded and first led by César Chávez. Answer: True Page: 843 72. The gay rights movement had been gaining strength since at least the 1950s. Answer: True Page: 844

73. The AIDS epidemic weakened the gay rights movement in the early 1980s. Answer: False Page: 844 74. Betty Friedan’s book, The Feminine Mystique, concerned the difficulties facing poor and working-class women. Answer: False Page: 845 75. When it was founded, the National Organization of Women was concerned primarily with the rights of women in marriage and in the home. Answer: False Page: 845 76. By the early 1970s, a significant change was visible in the tone and direction of the women’s movement. New books by younger feminists expressed a milder critique of American society than Friedan had offered. Answer: False Page: 846 77. By the mid-1970s, affirmative-action guidelines included women, and the vast majority of women with college degrees were in the workforce. Answer: True Page: 846 78. During the 1970s, Congress approved the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution. Answer: True Page: 846 79. When the Supreme Court handed down the Roe v. Wade decision, abortion became legal for the first time in American history. Answer: False Page: 847 80. Aldo Leopold’s sensational 1962 book, Silent Spring, helped popularize the new science of ecology. Answer: False Page: 848 81. The Wilderness Society, the Sierra Club, the National Audubon Society, the Nature Conservancy, the National Wildlife Federation, and the National Parks and Conservation Association all predated the rise of modern ecological science. Answer: True Page: 849

82. The release of chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere directly affects the earth’s capacity to replenish its oxygen supply. Answer: False Page: 849 83. In order to avoid losing public support, President Nixon informed the American people of his decision to begin bombing Cambodia before he did so. Answer: False Page: 851 84. The tragedies of Kent State and Jackson State occurred during protests over the American expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia by the Nixon administration. Answer: True Page: 851 85. The so-called Pentagon Papers revealed the government had misled the public in explaining its motives for American involvement in Vietnam. Answer: True Page: 851 86. To secure a peace agreement in Vietnam in 1972, President Nixon dropped his demand that North Vietnam withdraw its troops from South Vietnam before American troops would be removed. Answer: True Page: 851 87. Weeks after Henry Kissinger announced that “peace is at hand” in the Vietnam War, President Nixon ordered the heaviest air raids on North Vietnam of the entire war. Answer: True Page: 851 88. Shortly after the last Americans had left South Vietnam, Cambodia came under the control of a brutal and repressive government. Answer: True Page: 852 89. During the Nixon administration, relations with communist China were greatly improved. Answer: True Page: 854 90. The 1973 Yom Kippur War saw the United States pressure Israel to accept a cease-fire rather than push for more territory. Answer: True Page: 854

91. The lesson of the Yom Kippur War was that the United States could continue to expect cheap, easy access to raw materials from its “client states.” Answer: False Page: 855 92. The Nixon administration abolished the Office of Economic Opportunity and created the Environmental Protection Agency. Answer: True Page: 850, 855 93. Conservative Americans, by and large, supported the decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren. Answer: False Page: 855 94. Despite President Nixon’s desire for a more conservative Supreme Court and his appointment of several new justices, the Court actually moved further toward social reform. Answer: True Page: 856 95. The 1972 Democratic nominee George McGovern could most accurately be described as a strong critic of the Vietnam War who was a moderate on social issues. Answer: False Page: 856 96. Richard Nixon was reelected in 1972 by a much greater margin than he had received in 1968. Answer: True Page: 856 97. In the early 1970s, the United States suffered its first fuel shortage since World War II. Answer: True Page: 857 98. The political demise of Richard Nixon was largely a result of his own personality and leadership style. Answer: True Page: 859 99. Incomes in the United States are far more unequal today than they were a generation or more ago. Answer: True Page: 857

100. What came to be called the Watergate scandal began when five men broke into the offices of the Democratic National Committee. Answer: True Page: 859 101. Both John Sirica and John Dean were part of the White House cover-up of the Watergate scandal. Answer: False Page: 859 102. There was never any conclusive evidence that President Nixon had planned or approved the Watergate burglary. Answer: True Page: 859 103. Spiro Agnew resigned from the vice presidency before Richard Nixon resigned from the presidency. Answer: True Page: 860 104. The tapes of conversations in the Oval Office contained incontrovertible evidence that President Nixon was involved in the Watergate cover-up. Answer: True Page: 861 105. The House Judiciary Committee was debating whether or not to recommend articles of impeachment when President Nixon announced his resignation from office. Answer: False Page: 861

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 106. One of the early and major organizations of the New Left was the Students for a ________. Answer: Democratic Society Page: 835 107. In the early 1960s, the Free Speech Movement came into being at the ________ to help secure the political rights of students. Answer: University of California at Berkeley Page: 836

108. In 1969, four months after the great music festival at Woodstock, a rock concert at ________ resulted in the deaths of four people, including one from injuries sustained from security guards. Answer: Altamont Page: 837 109. In 1973, Indian activists seized the town of ________, the site of an 1890 massacre of Sioux by federal troops. Answer: Wounded Knee Page: 842 110. In the 1960s, the ________ was founded and led by César Chávez. Answer: United Farm Workers Page: 843 111. The beginning of the gay liberation movement was marked by a violent disturbance known as the “________.” Answer: Stonewall Riot Page: 844 112. The first female Supreme Court justice was ________. Answer: Sandra Day O’Connor Page: 846 113. President Nixon expanded the Vietnam War, and also reinvigorated the American antiwar movement, by moving the fighting into neighboring ________. Answer: Cambodia Page: 850 114. In 1971 the so-called Pentagon Papers were leaked to the press by ________. Answer: Daniel Ellsberg Page: 851 115. The 1973 ________ War demonstrated American dependence on Arab oil. Answer: Yom Kippur Page: 854 116. Led by Lieutenant William Calley, American soldiers massacred more than 300 South Vietnamese civilians near the village of ________. Answer: My Lai Page: 851 117. The Vietnam War caused the deaths of 1.2 million Vietnamese soldiers, countless additional civilians, and more than ________ Americans. Answer: 55,000 Page: 852

118. When Earl Warren retired, President Nixon appointed ________ to replace him on the Supreme Court. Answer: Warren Burger Page: 855 119. ________ was the Watergate burglar who agreed to cooperate with the grand jury and Senate investigating committee looking into the Watergate break-in. Answer: James W. McCord Page: 859 120. What became known as the “________ massacre” saw President Richard Nixon order the firing of Archibald Cox. Answer: Saturday night Page: 860

Essay Questions 121. What were the differences between social reform in the 1930s and social reform in the 1960s? 122. What type of individual was attracted to the counterculture, and why? 123. What was the essential philosophy of the counterculture, and why did it so upset many Americans? 124. Was the new youth culture truly a “revolution” in America? What were its limits? 125. Explain which rights movement enjoyed the greatest success and which faced the greatest obstacles. 126. What were the major Supreme Court rulings during the late 1950s and 1960s? What are the arguments of the supporters and critics of these rulings? 127. Characterize the intent of the major Supreme Court rulings during the late 1960s and 1970s. How did they compare to decisions made by the Warren Court? 128. How did President Nixon go about bringing an end to the Vietnam War? What effect did his methods have on the war and on the American public mood? 129. Why is American participation in the Vietnam War so rarely described as a “good war,” as was the case for World War II? 130. Nothing since the American Civil War divided the United States public as much as the Vietnam War. Why?

131. How did Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger view the world and America’s place in it? Explain their strategies toward the Soviet Union, the Middle East, and Latin America. 132. Compare Richard Nixon as a foreign policy president and as a domestic policy president. In what area was he more effective, and why? 133. How do you explain the Watergate scandal and President Nixon’s role in it?

Chapter 31 From the “Age of Limits” to the Age of Reagan Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In 1974, former President Richard Nixon was pardoned by A. the Supreme Court. B. the Federal Court of Appeals. C. the attorney general. D. Congress. E. the president. Answer: E Page: 866 2. During the Ford administration, A. the cost of oil rose dramatically. B. the dependence of the United States on foreign oil lessened. C. the national inflation rate declined after the end of the 1973 oil embargo. D. the United States became the world’s largest oil producer. E. government spending increased and taxes decreased. Answer: A Page: 866 3. President Gerald Ford’s foreign policy actions included A. replacing Henry Kissinger as secretary of state. B. the signing of an arms control agreement with the Soviet Union. C. shifting away from the Nixon policies of engaging China in diplomacy. D. helping Israel obtain control of a large portion of the Sinai from Egypt. E. attempting to secure the release of American hostages in Iran. Answer: B Page: 866 4. In the 1976 presidential election, A. the Democratic Party nominated the almost entirely unknown governor of Arkansas. B. President Gerald Ford faced his stiffest opposition from moderate Republicans. C. the Democrats nominated a political novice. D. Ronald Reagan mounted a powerful challenge against President Ford. E. Gerald Ford won the popular vote but lost the election. Answer: D Page: 866

5. In 1976, Jimmy Carter appealed to voters by emphasizing A. his personal honesty. B. his lack of experience in federal government. C. his religious piety. D. both his personal honesty and his religious piety. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 866 6. As president, Jimmy Carter gave much of his attention to A. federal spending and Soviet-American relations. B. reform of government and education. C. conservation and the environment. D. civil rights legislation. E. energy and the economy. Answer: E Page: 867 7. On the economic front, during the Carter administration, A. interest rates rose to their highest level in American history. B. unemployment rose sharply. C. President Carter broke from the tight money policy of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. D. energy prices leveled off. E. retail prices fell at a 10 percent annual rate. Answer: A Page: 867 8. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter A. fired his cabinet. B. gave a national address in which he criticized the spirit of the nation. C. went to Camp David for a month in the midst of an OPEC oil crisis. D. fired his cabinet and gave a national address in which he criticized the spirit of the nation. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 867 9. As president, Jimmy Carter called for a foreign policy that stressed the importance of A. human rights. B. the environment. C. democracy. D. American business interests. E. free trade and open markets. Answer: A Page: 867

10. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter supported treaties in which the United States gave up control of A. military bases in Okinawa. B. sugar plantations in the Philippines. C. the Panama Canal. D. the island of Guam. E. the UN Security Council. Answer: C Page: 867 11. All of the following foreign policy events occurred during the Carter administration EXCEPT the A. establishment of formal diplomatic relations with communist China. B. ratification of a new SALT II arms agreement with the Soviet Union. C. ratification of the Panama Canal treaty. D. signing of a formal peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. E. beginning of a Soviet war in Afghanistan. Answer: B Page: 867-868 12. In 1979, Iranians who took American hostages demanded, in return for their release, A. a large ransom payment. B. the removal of all westerners from Iran. C. an end to the United States’ support of Israel. D. the United States’ return of the shah of Iran. E. the removal of all American troops from Saudi Arabia. Answer: D Page: 868 13. The crisis of American hostages being held in Iran A. lasted over one year. B. ended with a successful rescue operation by American troops. C. was resolved before the 1980 elections. D. both lasted over one year and was resolved before the 1980 election. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 868 14. In 1979, the United States responded to the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan by A. canceling all of the 1980 summer Olympic Games. B. sending military aid to the Afghan rebels. C. recalling the United States ambassador from Moscow. D. withdrawing the SALT I treaty from Senate consideration. E. imposing economic sanctions on the Soviet Union. Answer: E Page: 868

15. In 1980, the “Sunbelt” region of the nation A. contained a strong populist tradition. B. included both the Southeast and Southwest. C. continued to grow dramatically. D. both was the most populous area of the country and contained a strong populist tradition. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 869 16. In the late 1970s, members of the so-called Sagebrush Rebellion A. complained the federal government ignored the American West. B. favored restrictions on new development in the West. C. were inclined to support liberal politicians. D. portrayed the West as a victim of government control. E. mobilized in favor of stricter immigration controls in the West. Answer: D Page: 869-870 17. In the late 1970s, the “Christian right” A. opposed unrestricted free enterprise. B. supported the goals of feminism. C. feared aggressive American military actions. D. were alarmed by many Supreme Court rulings. E. were losing ground as a political force. Answer: D Page: 871 18. As president, Gerald Ford angered many right-wing conservatives by A. breaking from Richard Nixon’s détente policies. B. praising the ideals of draft resistors in a speech. C. choosing Robert Dole as his running mate in 1976. D. criticizing the American military leadership in Vietnam. E. appointing Nelson Rockefeller as vice president. Answer: E Page: 873 19. Proposition 13 in California, in 1978, dealt with A. criminal sentencing. B. property taxes. C. affirmative action. D. illegal immigration. E. gay marriage. Answer: B Page: 873

20. Supporters of the 1978 Proposition 13 in California successfully A. played on the personal security fears of voters. B. played on the racial fears of voters. C. focused white male voter resentment on affirmative action. D. separated the issue of taxes from the issue of what the taxes supported. E. mobilized thousands of voters against funding for parochial schools. Answer: D Page: 873 21. In the 1980 presidential campaign, A. Jimmy Carter promised to make substantial tax cuts. B. Ronald Reagan asserted that the power of the federal government needed to be increased. C. an independent candidate determined the outcome of the election. D. the Iranian hostages were released on the day of the last debate. E. Jimmy Carter had to hold off a strong challenge to his re-nomination. Answer: E Page: 873-874 22. In the 1980 presidential election, Ronald Reagan A. won a slim majority of the popular vote. B. captured only a slim majority of electoral votes. C. won primarily as a result of third-party candidate John Anderson. D. did all of these: won a record percentage of the popular vote; captured only a slim majority of electoral votes; and won primarily as a result of third-party candidate John Anderson. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 874 23. As president, Ronald Reagan A. oversaw a fundamental shift in the role and duties of the federal government. B. succeeded in making his personality a central feature of his presidency. C. faced strong opposition from a majority of policy-makers in government. D. initially pledged to serve only one term. E. was very involved in the day-to-day affairs of running the government. Answer: B Page: 874 24. During the Reagan presidency, “neo-conservatives” A. were a small but disproportionately influential group of intellectuals. B. made up the majority of supporters of Reagan. C. were largely concerned with the government’s progressive tax structure. D. were unable to effectively unite with other Reagan supporters. E. believed the Vietnam War had illustrated the limits of American intervention. Answer: A Page: 874

25. The “supply-side” economic theory embraced by President Ronald Reagan called for A. balancing the federal budget. B. the privatization of Social Security. C. greater federal assistance to poor Americans. D. a reduction of defense spending. E. a reduction of personal and corporate taxes. Answer: E Page: 875 26. During President Ronald Reagan’s first term, the course of the American economy A. moved from being relatively strong into a long, mild recession. B. went through a severe recession that gave way to a strong recovery. C. experienced a mild recession that turned into a slow and steady recovery. D. remained mired in “stagflation.” E. experienced explosive economic growth from the start. Answer: B Page: 876 27. During the 1980s, the American economy benefited from A. the virtual collapse of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries cartel. B. staggering federal budget deficits. C. years of tight money policy by the Federal Reserve Board. D. both staggering federal budget deficits and years of tight money policy by the Federal Reserve Board. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 876 28. In the 1980s, record national budget deficits resulted from A. increased military spending. B. increased entitlement spending on programs such as Social Security. C. increased health care costs. D. large tax cuts. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 877 29. The country President Ronald Reagan described as an “evil empire” in the early 1980s was A. China. B. Iran. C. the Soviet Union. D. Iraq. E. North Korea. Answer: C Page: 877

30. In his foreign policy, President Ronald Reagan A. denounced the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT II). B. honored the provisions of SALT II. C. argued that armaments negotiations must be linked to good Soviet behavior in other areas. D. both denounced the Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT II) and honored its provisions. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 877 31. President Ronald Reagan argued that the Strategic Defense Initiative would A. make nuclear war obsolete. B. enable the United States to make a successful “first strike” anywhere in the world. C. protect all of the United States’ allies. D. bring an end to communism. E. bridge the “missile gap” with the Soviet Union. Answer: A Page: 877 32. The Reagan Doctrine of opposing communism A. resulted in a relatively passive American foreign policy. B. was most frequently applied in Asia. C. led the United States to intervene in several Latin American nations. D. centered on weakening the Soviet Union’s hold on Eastern Europe. E. was substantially reworked after the 1983 Beirut bombing. Answer: C Page: 878 33. Of the following, the Reagan Doctrine was most actively applied in the nation of A. Grenada. B. Cuba. C. Venezuela. D. Hungary. E. Czechoslovakia. Answer: A Page: 878 34. In 1983, the Reagan administration responded to a terrorist bombing of American military barracks in Beirut by A. launching cruise missiles against the suspected perpetrators. B. enlarging the U.S. Marines force in the city. C. supporting an invasion by Israel into southern Lebanon. D. establishing a special military force to fight terrorism. E. withdrawing the remaining Marines. Answer: E Page: 878

35. All of the following were part of the 1984 election EXCEPT A. the Republicans making large gains in the Senate and House. B. the Democratic Party choosing Walter Mondale as the presidential nominee. C. President Ronald Reagan winning all but one state. D. the first woman, Geraldine Ferraro, appearing on a major party national ticket. E. Jesse Jackson making a bid for the Democratic nomination. Answer: A Page: 878 36. The weakening of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s was encouraged by the Soviet policy of A. glasnost. B. perestroika. C. apartheid. D. glasnost and perestroika. E. perestroika and apartheid. Answer: D Page: 879 37. In the late 1980s, challenges to communist rule were LEAST successful in A. Poland. B. China. C. Romania. D. Czechoslovakia. E. Hungary. Answer: B Page: 879 38. Regarding his view of Mikhail Gorbachev, President Ronald Reagan was A. initially skeptical, but gradually concluded that Gorbachev was a sincere reformer. B. consistently skeptical of Gorbachev. C. always of the belief that Gorbachev was a sincere reformer. D. initially optimistic, but gradually concluded he could not work with Gorbachev. E. initially skeptical, but gradually became more openly hostile to Gorbachev. Answer: A Page: 879 39. In 1988, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev signaled his desire to change past policies by A. renouncing his own communism. B. ordering a military coup against communist hard-liners within his government. C. giving the republics within the Soviet Union their independence. D. releasing political prisoner Nelson Mandela after 27 years. E. agreeing to a significant nuclear arms reduction treaty. Answer: E Page: 881

40. In 1986, the Reagan administration suffered a serious political scandal after the White House admitted it had A. secretly sold weapons to the revolutionary government of Iran. B. secretly helped finance anti-government rebels in Nicaragua. C. illegally funneled money from arms sales. D. both illegally funneled money from arms sales and secretly helped finance anti-government rebels in Nicaragua. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 880 41. George H. W. Bush’s 1988 presidential victory was primarily the result of A. the public’s disapproval of negative political advertising. B. his repeated attack on his opponent’s “liberalism.” C. an overly aggressive Democratic strategy. D. damaging personal revelations regarding Michael Dukakis. E. public ebullience over the fall of communism. Answer: B Page: 880 42. In the late 1980s, in foreign affairs, President George H. W. Bush A. developed a cool and distrustful relationship with Mikhail Gorbachev. B. moved quickly to take advantage of the collapse of communism in Europe. C. expressed little interest in international activities. D. moved toward far-reaching arms reduction agreements with the former Soviet Union. E. rejected the INF treaty and argued in favor of increased weapons testing. Answer: D Page: 881 43. The recession of 1990-1992 A. was relatively mild but prolonged. B. was blamed on President George H. W. Bush’s broken pledge not to raise taxes. C. was helped by the government’s debt reduction policies in the late 1980s. D. went mostly unnoticed by middle- and working-class Americans. E. caused an unusually high number of bankruptcies. Answer: E Page: 881 44. The Gulf War of 1991 had its origins in an Iraqi decision to A. invade Kuwait. B. declare war on Iran. C. fire SCUD missiles into Israel. D. form a military alliance with Saudi Arabia. E. build weapons of mass destruction. Answer: A Page: 881

45. All of the following statements regarding the Gulf War of 1991 are true EXCEPT that A. the United States suffered relatively few casualties in the war. B. the Allied ground offensive focused on dislodging Iraqi forces dug-in along the Kuwait border. C. almost all Islamic and Arab nations joined a trade embargo against Iraq. D. the United Nations voted in favor of American policies toward Iraq. E. the Allied forces ultimately numbered 690,000 troops. Answer: B Page: 881-882 46. After the Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush’s high popularity quickly faded because of his A. inability to contain a worsening recession. B. invasion of Panama. C. decision to raise taxes. D. admission of corruption within the White House staff. E. decision not to topple Saddam Hussein’s regime. Answer: A Page: 882 47. In 1992, Bill Clinton’s presidential campaign focused on A. improving racial issues. B. expanding cultural diversity. C. the condition of the economy. D. creating national health care. E. international leadership in the post-Cold War world. Answer: C Page: 882 48. In 1992, Ross Perot made the best third-party showing in American politics since A. John Anderson in 1980. B. George Wallace in 1968. C. Henry Wallace in 1948. D. Robert La Follette in 1924. E. Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Answer: E Page: 882

True/False Questions 49. Richard Nixon was never charged for his involvement in the Watergate scandal. Answer: True Page: 866

50. The American public came to regard Gerald Ford as being as untrustworthy as Richard Nixon. Answer: False Page: 866 51. In 1974, OPEC raised the price it charged for oil by 400 percent. Answer: True Page: 866 52. In 1976, Jimmy Carter easily won election over Gerald Ford. Answer: False Page: 866 53. Under President Carter, unemployment declined but inflation soared. Answer: True Page: 867 54. Like Nixon and Ford before him, President Carter responded to economic problems by tightening the money supply. Answer: True Page: 867 55. Carter’s greatest foreign policy success was in arranging a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. Answer: True Page: 867 56. Under President Carter, the United States and the People’s Republic of China resumed full diplomatic relations. Answer: True Page: 868 57. At the time that Iranian radicals seized the American embassy in Teheran, the shah of Iran was in the United States. Answer: True Page: 868 58. President Carter responded to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by declaring the Carter Doctrine. Answer: False Page: 868 59. The United States did not participate in the 1980 summer Olympics in Moscow. Answer: True Page: 868

60. Historically, there has been a strong populist tradition in the American South and West. Answer: True Page: 869 61. Near the end of his first term, Jimmy Carter’s standing in popularity polls was the lowest of any president in American history. Answer: True Page: 873 62. In 1981, Ronald Reagan was the oldest American ever to serve as president. Answer: True Page: 874 63. The 1981 tax cuts were the largest to that point in American history. Answer: True Page: 877 64. The Reagan administration accumulated more debt in eight years than the American government had accumulated in its entire history. Answer: True Page: 876 65. President Ronald Reagan responded to the fiscal debt crisis by cutting spending programs intended to help poor Americans. Answer: True Page: 877 66. President Reagan denounced SALT II, even as he continued to honor its provisions. Answer: True Page: 877 67. The Reagan Doctrine produced a smaller American role in the Third World. Answer: False Page: 878 68. The Iran-contra scandal did serious damage to Reagan’s presidency. Answer: True Page: 880 69. The 1988 election results gave the Republican Party control of the presidency and both houses of Congress. Answer: False Page: 880

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 70. Richard Nixon was given a full pardon by President ________ for any criminal role he may have played in the Watergate scandals. Answer: Gerald Ford Page: 866 71. In 1976, President Ford faced a strong primary challenge from ________. Answer: Ronald Reagan Page: 866 72. Following the seizure of Americans in Iran, the Soviet invasion of ________ worsened relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. Answer: Afghanistan Page: 868 73. The so-called ________ Rebellion mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws in the West. Answer: Sagebrush Page: 869 74. President Ford angered the right wing of his party by appointing ________ to be his vice president. Answer: Nelson Rockefeller Page: 873 75. In 1978, Proposition 13 in California dealt with cutting ________ taxes. Answer: property Page: 873 76. In 1980, ________ challenged President Carter for the presidential nomination of the Democratic Party. Answer: Senator Edward Kennedy Page: 873 77. The third-party candidate in 1980 was ________. Answer: John B. Anderson Page: 874 78. “Reaganomics” presumed that the American economy was burdened with excessive ________. Answer: taxation Page: 875

79. President Reagan preferred his ________ Initiative to the SALT II arms control treaty. Answer: Strategic Defense Page: 877 80. In 1982, President Reagan sent American soldiers to the Caribbean island of ________. Answer: Grenada Page: 878 81. President Reagan opposed the “Sandinistas” in ________. Answer: Nicaragua Page: 878

Essay Questions 82. Make a case for the positive changes in the American political process that resulted from the Watergate scandal. 83. What were the assets and liabilities faced by Gerald Ford’s presidency? 84. Why was President Ford challenged from both political extremes in his party in 1976? 85. On what well-received political themes did Jimmy Carter run for the presidency in 1976, and how did these became liabilities once he was in office? 86. What were President Carter’s major political successes and failures? 87. What were the sources of the nation’s economic troubles during the Carter administration? 88. Why did Jimmy Carter end up being one of the least popular presidents in American history? 89. How do you account for the rise of the American right? What was its agenda? 90. What constituted the “Reagan Revolution”? Was it successful or not? Why or why not? 91. How did President Carter and President Reagan differ in their handling of foreign policy? 92. Why did communist governments rapidly collapse throughout Europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s? 93. What was the effect of “Reaganomics”? Was it a sound economic plan? 94. Explain why the United States saw its economy rapidly grow during much of the 1980s. 95. Why were some conservatives disappointed with the Reagan presidency by the conclusion of its two terms?

96. Why was Ronald Reagan able to maintain his personal popularity and political support despite serious scandals within his administration? 97. Some Americans consider Ronald Reagan to be one of the nation’s “great” presidents. Do you agree or disagree? Explain. 98. How did George H. W. Bush’s decisions in the Gulf War pave the way for the second Gulf War that followed twelve years later? Do you agree with Bush’s decisions? Why or why not? 99. Compare George H. W. Bush’s handling of the first Gulf War with his son George W. Bush’s handling of the second Gulf War. What are the main differences?

Chapter 32 The Age of Globalization Multiple-Choice Questions 1. When Bill Clinton assumed the presidency in 1993, he A. enjoyed a powerful mandate from the American voters. B. faced an adversarial Republican majority in Congress. C. brought a highly ambitious domestic political agenda. D. had few perceived political weaknesses. E. benefited from strong and resilient Democratic majorities in Congress. Answer: C Page: 888 2. During its first months, the Clinton administration faced controversy over A. its attempt to end the policy barring gays and lesbians from serving in the military. B. the suicide of a White House counsel and longtime friend of the president. C. a banking and real estate venture involving the Clintons from the 1980s. D. several early appointments, which Clinton was forced to withdraw. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 888 3. In his first year as president, Bill Clinton secured from Congress all of the following EXCEPT A. a significant reduction in government spending. B. an international free-trade agreement. C. a national health reform plan. D. a large tax increase on the wealthy. E. an expansion of tax credits to low-income working people. Answer: C Page: 888 4. The most pressing foreign policy issue of the first years of the Clinton administration concerned A. civil war in Bosnia. B. tensions between China and Taiwan. C. terrorism in the Middle East. D. the drug trade in Panama. E. lawlessness in the former Soviet Union. Answer: A Page: 888

5. As a result of the 1994 elections, A. President Clinton moved toward the political left. B. Republicans won majorities in both houses of Congress. C. President Clinton proposed a national health care plan. D. Republicans in Congress moved toward the political center. E. President Clinton reaffirmed his commitment to big government. Answer: B Page: 888 6. In 1995, the Clinton administration and Congress A. were far apart on the issue of tax cuts. B. had a smooth political relationship. C. were both moving to the political left. D. both favored reductions in federal spending. E. passed a dramatic welfare reform bill. Answer: D Page: 888 7. In late 1995 and early 1996, the public largely blamed a budget impasse that shut down the federal government on A. congressional Republicans. B. congressional Democrats. C. President Bill Clinton. D. First Lady Hillary Clinton. E. both Democrats and Republicans equally. Answer: A Page: 888 8. In 1996, significant reform legislation was passed by Congress concerning A. primary school education. B. rising health care costs. C. occupational health care. D. the criminal appeals process. E. welfare programs. Answer: E Page: 889 9. The 1996 presidential election saw A. Bob Dole appear to take a commanding lead in the early public opinion polls. B. President Bill Clinton shift to the political left to gain support among his party. C. President Clinton aided by a significant reduction in the federal deficit. D. Ross Perot nearly double the number of votes he received in 1992. E. President Clinton’s campaign gain momentum in the final weeks. Answer: C Page: 889

10. In the 1996 election results, A. the Reform Party emerged as a powerful third political party. B. President Bill Clinton failed again to receive a majority of the popular vote. C. Democrats regained control of the House but not the Senate. D. Bob Dole placed third in the race. E. President Clinton barely eked out a victory in the electoral vote. Answer: B Page: 889 11. Bill Clinton was the first Democrat to win two terms as president since A. Lyndon Johnson. B. Harry Truman. C. Woodrow Wilson. D. Grover Cleveland. E. Franklin Roosevelt. Answer: E Page: 889 12. In 1998, the federal budget A. set a record for deficit spending. B. was one-third smaller than it had been six years earlier. C. saw its first surplus in thirty years. D. had paid off the national debt. E. had cut military spending in half from its Cold War peak. Answer: C Page: 890 13. Regarding scandals surrounding President Bill Clinton, A. charges of impropriety had existed throughout his term in office. B. Clinton admitted to impropriety during his first weeks in office. C. charges of corruption were leveled against the president but not his aides. D. all of the charges of impropriety involved the president’s personal behavior. E. few charges of impropriety were leveled at the president until his 1996 reelection. Answer: A Page: 890 14. In 1998, following charges that President Bill Clinton had a sexual relationship with a White House intern, his public approval rating A. immediately dropped to historic lows. B. gradually dropped more precipitously as details emerged. C. remained largely unchanged. D. rose slightly and then dropped sharply. E. rose to record levels and remained high. Answer: E Page: 890

15. On December 19, 1998, the House voted along partisan lines to impeach President Clinton for A. lying to a grand jury. B. obstructing justice. C. engaging in an illicit affair. D. corrupting America’s youth. E. lying to a grand jury and obstructing justice. Answer: E Page: 890 16. The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton A. was marked by its highly cooperative character. B. ended with no charge attracting a majority of votes in the Senate. C. was widely supported by the American public. D. ended with no votes taken on the charges. E. was the first since the trial of Richard Nixon in 1974. Answer: B Page: 890 17. In 1999, nearing the end of his presidency, Bill Clinton A. had endured many scandals and setbacks throughout his administration. B. saw his personal popularity higher than when he took office. C. faced another crisis in the Balkans. D. both saw his personal popularity higher than when he took office, and faced another crisis in the Balkans. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 890 18. The 2000 election campaign was notable for the A. sharp ideological differences between the major party candidates. B. opinion polls that indicated the election would be very close. C. difficulty George W. Bush had in gaining the Republican nomination. D. presence of a strong third political party. E. failed Senate bid by former First Lady Hillary Clinton. Answer: B Page: 890 19. On the day of the 2000 election, A. George W. Bush won the electoral college. B. Ralph Nader urged his supporters to vote for Al Gore. C. Al Gore won popular vote. D. Pat Buchanan gave up his votes to George W. Bush. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 890

20. The 2000 election results were decided A. after a national recount showed that George W. Bush had won a narrow victory. B. when Al Gore dropped his efforts to have further recounts in Florida. C. after the Republican secretary of state of Florida certified Bush as the winner. D. when the Supreme Court ended all efforts to recount the votes in Florida. E. after the House of Representatives voted to choose George W. Bush as the winner. Answer: D Page: 890 21. In its first year in office, the Bush administration A. worked hard to build coalitions across party lines. B. passed the largest tax cut in American history. C. liberalized scientific restrictions on stem-cell research. D. reduced federal budget deficits considerably. E. primarily relied on Republican moderates for support. Answer: B Page: 891 22. During the 1980s and 1990s, American corporations sought to become more competitive by reducing A. labor costs. B. investments in technology. C. mergers. D. both labor costs and mergers. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 892 23. Between 1980 and 2000, the United States’ economy saw A. its gross national product (GNP) nearly double. B. its rate of inflation average 4 percent per year. C. the Dow Jones Industrial Average almost quintuple. D. all of these occur: its gross national product (GNP) nearly double, its rate of inflation average 4 percent per year, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average almost quintuple. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 893

24. Between 1994 and 2000, economic growth in the United States A. was at times very substantial. B. experienced its longest continual peacetime rise in the nation’s history. C. recorded growth in every quarter of every year. D. both was at times very substantial, and recorded growth in every quarter of every year. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 893 25. Beginning in April 2001, there was a significant drop in the United States in A. traffic on the Internet. B. the value of technology stocks. C. business inventories. D. service industry wages. E. the labor supply. Answer: B Page: 893 26. One of the most significant markers of the “two-tiered economy” of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries was A. the preponderance of the two-income household. B. economic divisions between the West and the South. C. the disparities between educated and uneducated workers. D. the disparities between younger and older workers. E. the disparities between white and minority workers. Answer: C Page: 893 27. Between 1980 and 2005, average family incomes A. remained constant for the wealthiest twenty percent of the population. B. grew at all income levels. C. fell for middle-class families. D. increased for middle-class families, but fell for the wealthiest twenty percent. E. declined for the poorest twenty percent of the population. Answer: E Page: 893 28. The microprocessor was first introduced in 1971 by A. Intel. B. IBM. C. Apple. D. Compaq. E. Microsoft. Answer: A Page: 894

29. The first personal computer to be widely available to the public was introduced in 1977 by A. Intel. B. IBM. C. Apple. D. Compaq. E. Microsoft. Answer: C Page: 894 30. Regarding the development of the personal computer, A. Macintosh software was developed years before DOS software. B. initially DOS and Macintosh software were quite similar. C. Macintosh dominated the market for personal computers in the late 1980s. D. IBM hired Microsoft in the late 1970s to design an operating system for its computers. E. as PCs came to dominate the computer market, IBM was the principal beneficiary. Answer: D Page: 894 31. The Internet grew out of A. a program known as the ARPANET. B. federal government defense programs. C. work headed by J. C. R. Licklider. D. both federal government defense programs and work headed by J. C. R. Licklider. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 894-895 32. By 2010, well over ________ computers were in use around the world, with ________ in the United States. A. 250 million; almost all B. 500 million; about 100 million C. 700 million; about 100 million D. 750 million; almost half E. 1 billion; about 250 million Answer: E Page: 895 33. The World Wide Web, which helped establish an orderly system for both the distribution and retrieval of electronic information on the Internet, was introduced by British scientist A. Francis Crick. B. J. C. R. Licklider. C. Bill Gates. D. Colin MacLeod. E. Tim Berners-Lee. Answer: E Page: 895

34. All of the following persons are directly associated with the discovery of DNA and its properties EXCEPT A. Oswald Avery. B. Gregor Mendel. C. Colin MacLeod. D. Maclyn McCarty. E. Francis Crick. Answer: B Page: 895 35. The Human Genome Project A. originally hoped to identify all the specific genes in humans by 2015. B. was opposed by the Bush administration on ethical grounds. C. was created during the Clinton administration. D. completed its gene identification project in 2003. E. was funded solely by private sources. Answer: D Page: 895 36. Which of the following is true of DNA? A. The structure of DNA is unique in every individual. B. DNA can be used to identify individuals through their blood, semen, skin, or hair. C. DNA can be used in criminal investigations. D. DNA can both be used to identify individuals through their blood, semen, skin, or hair; and can be used in criminal investigations. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 895-896 37. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, A. half of all African Americans were members of the middle class. B. African Americans constituted three percent of the nation’s college population. C. there was little-to-no economic disparity between black and white professionals. D. half of all African Americans lived in poverty as members of the “underclass.” E. the percentage of black high school graduates going to college still lagged significantly behind that of white high school graduates. Answer: A Page: 897-898

38. Which of the following was true of poor inner-city African Americans in the first decade of the twenty-first century? A. In 2006, less than half of inner-city blacks completed high school. B. 60 percent of young, inner-city blacks were unemployed in 2006. C. In 2010, only 34 percent of black children lived with both their parents. D. The number of black children living with both their parents had been steadily declining since before the 1970s. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 898 39. In the late 1980s, drug use began to decline significantly among A. middle-class Americans. B. poor inner-city Americans. C. rural Americans. D. southern Americans. E. white Americans. Answer: A Page: 898 40. In the late 1980s, the spread of AIDS in the United States A. remained largely confined to gay communities in large cities. B. killed more than three million Americans. C. infected more than ten million Americans. D. began to level off and then decline. E. occurred most rapidly among heterosexuals. Answer: E Page: 898 41. In the 1990s, medical treatment for AIDS in the United States A. failed to significantly improve the health of most patients. B. was unavailable for many poor victims. C. had made few advances since the mid-1980s. D. led researchers to claim they had found a cure. E. completely eradicated the virus in infected patients. Answer: B Page: 898 42. In the 1980s and 1990s, the most divisive cultural issue in the United States was A. abortion. B. racial relations. C. prayer in schools. D. gun control. E. gay marriage. Answer: A Page: 899-900

43. In 2001, regarding an international treaty signed in Kyoto, Japan, to reduce emissions in the atmosphere, President George W. Bush A. claimed the treaty had been weakened and would be ineffective. B. unilaterally withdrew the treaty from consideration. C. insisted the treaty be renegotiated. D. reluctantly agreed to abide by the treaty. E. wholeheartedly endorsed the treaty. Answer: B Page: 902 44. In the 1990s and 2000s, opponents of globalization on the left charged the nation was A. using its military to advance its economic interests. B. allowing itself to be swayed by the interests of other nations. C. ceding too much power to international organizations. D. wrongly getting involved in places like Somalia and the Balkans. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 903 45. The most impassioned opposition to globalization in the West A. favored free-trade agreements. B. claimed it was not economically beneficial. C. argued it was turning American workers into poorly-paid “slave laborers.” D. asserted it weakened the profitability of large corporations. E. argued it gave too much freedom to individuals and communities abroad. Answer: B Page: 904 46. Since the 1970s, the primary goal of Islamic fundamentalists in the world has been to A. modernize their economies. B. reduce the levels of poverty within their societies. C. encourage international funding and development in their home nations. D. improve the political status of women. E. defend their traditional cultures from the West. Answer: E Page: 905 47. The term “terrorism” was first used in A. Palestine during the 1940s. B. Germany in the 1870s. C. Ireland in the 1960s. D. France in the 1790s. E. America in the 1860s. Answer: D Page: 905

48. Before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States had never experienced A. terrorism within its borders. B. terrorism anywhere. C. terrorism enacted by Islamic fundamentalists. D. any of these: terrorism caused by Islamic fundamentalists, or terrorism within its borders or anywhere. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 905-906 49. In April 1995, former Marine Timothy McVeigh, who had become part of a militant antigovernment movement, killed 168 people when he blew up a van in front of a federal building in A. Chicago. B. Topeka. C. Charlotte. D. Oklahoma City. E. New Orleans. Answer: D Page: 906 50. In 2001, convinced that it harbored Al Qaeda terrorists, the United States attacked A. Syria. B. Iraq. C. Afghanistan. D. Libya. E. Iran. Answer: C Page: 906 51. In 2002, President George W. Bush described an “axis of evil” made up of Iraq, Iran, and A. Syria. B. Libya. C. North Korea. D. Lebanon. E. Somalia. Answer: C Page: 908

52. All of the following are true of the Iraq War EXCEPT that A. George W. Bush declared victory in the Iraq war in May 2003. B. Saddam Hussein was captured in December 2003. C. as many as 3,600 American soldiers died in Iraq after Bush’s “mission accomplished” speech. D. support for the war steadily declined in the years after the first claim of victory. E. Iraq’s rumored supply of “weapons of mass destruction” was uncovered by American troops in 2005. Answer: E Page: 908 53. Other than tax cuts, President George W. Bush’s major accomplishment was the A. Iraq War. B. appointment of a more conservative Supreme Court. C. rejection of the Kyoto Protocol. D. passage of the “No Child Left Behind” Act. E. banning of stem-cell research. Answer: D Page: 909-910 54. The Democratic primaries for the election of 2008 lasted much longer than usual because A. Senator Hillary Clinton, the leading candidate for several months, suddenly dropped out of the race. B. concerns about Senator Barack Obama’s eligibility for the presidency took many months to address. C. the two campaigns, for both the first woman and the first African American to have a realistic chance of being elected, aroused enormous enthusiasm. D. early polling suggested voters needed more contact with the candidates than usual to develop enthusiasm for one or the other. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 911 55. Which of the following is a striking similarity between the first years of Clinton’s presidency and the first years of Obama’s? A. Personal scandals rocked the establishment, but the president’s popularity remained high. B. Military operations in the Middle East dominated foreign policy efforts. C. Hillary Clinton was tapped to head efforts to pass health-care reform. D. The president took office with an ambitious domestic agenda, but congressional Republicans blocked many of his initiatives using the filibuster. E. The movement known as the Tea Party—small in 1993 but considerably larger and more extreme in 2009—campaigned to impeach the president. Answer: D Page: 912

56. Which of the following was among the failures of President Obama’s first two years in office that led to disappointment among many Democrats? A. failure to close the prison at Guantanamo B. failure to pass a significant financial reform bill C. failure to pass a health-care reform bill D. failure to cooperate with Republican leaders E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 912

True/False Questions 57. In 1993, President Clinton enjoyed no powerful mandate to govern. Answer: True Page: 888 58. In his first year in office, President Clinton won a tax increase on the wealthy and tax credits for the working poor. Answer: True Page: 888 59. By 1994, President Clinton had dispatched American troops to keep the peace in the Middle East and in Haiti. Answer: False Page: 888, 890 60. The 1994 elections saw the Republicans win control of both houses of Congress. Answer: True Page: 888 61. President Clinton responded to the 1994 election results by moving to the left. Answer: False Page: 888 62. Like Reagan in 1984, President Clinton was able to campaign in 1996 as the champion of peace, prosperity, and national well-being. Answer: True Page: 889 63. The 1996 welfare reform bill ended a fifty-year federal guarantee of assistance to families with dependent children. Answer: True Page: 889

64. President Clinton’s first year following his reelection marked the low point in his popularity. Answer: False Page: 890 65. Independent counsel Kenneth Starr was hired to investigate allegations of sexual misconduct by President Clinton. Answer: False Page: 890 66. During the investigation looking into allegations of his sexual misconduct, President Clinton’s public approval rating soared to record levels. Answer: True Page: 890 67. Bill Clinton became the third president, after Andrew Johnson and Richard Nixon, to have an impeachment trial. Answer: False Page: 890 68. The 2000 presidential election was one of the most controversial in American history. Answer: True Page: 890 69. George W. Bush clearly won the popular vote in the election of 2000, but the electoral vote remained in dispute. Answer: False Page: 890 70. The Gore campaign originally responded to the Florida controversy by asking for hand recounts of punch-card ballots across the state. Answer: False Page: 890 71. In the Supreme Court case of Bush v. Gore, the Court voted 5-4, dividing sharply along party and ideological lines. Answer: True Page: 890 72. George W. Bush spent his first term governing as a moderate and trying to build coalitions across party lines. Answer: False Page: 891

73. With help from Republicans in Congress, George W. Bush won passage of the largest tax cut in American history. Answer: True Page: 891 74. A large part of the Bush administration’s election strategy in 2004 was to appeal to the large community of conservative, evangelical Christians and mobilize them to vote. Answer: True Page: 891 75. In the election of 2004, George W. Bush won a decisive victory over Democrat John Kerry, winning an electoral vote margin of over 100. Answer: False Page: 892 76. Though its influence began to decline in the first decade of the twenty-first century, “globalization” of the economy had been the driving force in the great prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s. Answer: False Page: 893 77. Many of the features in the operating system used for the first Apple computers were borrowed from Microsoft Windows. Answer: False Page: 894 78. In the mid-1980s, Apple dominated the personal computer market. Answer: False Page: 894 79. The Internet originated with a group of college-student computer “hackers” spread across the country. Answer: False Page: 894-895 80. The World Wide Web, the first system to provide for the orderly sharing of information on the Internet, was introduced by Tim Berners-Lee. Answer: True Page: 895 81. Since the 1960s, the number of middle-class African Americans has sharply increased. Answer: True Page: 897-898

82. By the early twenty-first century, the percentage of black high-school graduates going on to college was virtually the same as that of white high-school graduates. Answer: True Page: 897 83. In 2010, 35 percent of black children under 18 lived with both their parents. Answer: True Page: 898 84. By 2010, an estimated 1 million Americans were living with the AIDS virus. Answer: True Page: 898 85. Beginning in the late 1980s, drug use declined significantly among middle-class people, but much more slowly among poor people. Answer: True Page: 898 86. The Reagan and the two Bush administrations were generally hostile to the pro-choice position, but they did not reduce federal funding for abortion. Answer: False Page: 900 87. In the late 1980s, the environmental movement mobilized around the challenge of “global warming.” Answer: True Page: 902 88. Well before September 2001, America had witnessed home-grown terrorism in the actions of militants on the American left, the Ku Klux Klan, and Timothy McVeigh, among others. Answer: True Page: 906 89. Soon after the September 2001 attacks, it became clear that Saddam Hussein’s government in Iraq was sheltering and supporting Osama Bin Laden and the Al Qaeda organization. Answer: False Page: 906 90. George Bush’s “mission accomplished” speech aboard an American aircraft carrier marked the end of major U.S. military personnel losses in Iraq. Answer: False Page: 908

91. In January 2002, President Bush spoke of an “axis of evil” that included Iraq, Iran, and North Korea. Answer: True Page: 908 92. Part of the Bush administration’s public case for invading Iraq in 2003 involved removing “weapons of mass destruction” from Saddam Hussein’s arsenal. Answer: True Page: 908 93. Saddam Hussein himself was captured in December 2003 and executed in 2006. Answer: True Page: 908 94. Public support for the Iraq War remained steady in the years after the initial March 2003 invasion. Answer: False Page: 908 95. Hurricane Katrina represented a turning point in President Bush’s political fortunes, and a major catastrophe in its own right. Answer: True Page: 910 96. The most severe impact of Hurricane Katrina was on the city of Pensacola, Florida. Answer: False Page: 910 97. As his running mate in the election of 2008, Senator John McCain chose Sarah Palin, the largely unknown governor of Alaska and a political centrist. Answer: False Page: 910 98. In the election of 2008, Barack Obama won back states carried by Republicans in 2000 and 2004, including Ohio, Florida, and North Carolina. Answer: True Page: 911

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 99. In 1993, President Clinton appointed a task force on health care to be chaired by ________. Answer: Hillary Rodham Clinton Page: 888

100. The major candidates who opposed Bill Clinton in 1996 were Bob Dole and ________. Answer: Ross Perot Page: 888-889 101. Charges that President Clinton had a sexual relationship with a White House intern grew out of the investigation in the ________ sexual harassment case. Answer: Paula Jones Page: 890 102. The first system to provide for the orderly sharing of information on the Internet was called the World Wide Web, invented by British scientist ________. Answer: Tim Berners-Lee Page: 895 103. In 1989, the federal government appropriated $3 billion to fund the ________ Project, to accelerate the mapping of human genes. Answer: Human Genome Page: 895 104. In 2010, the number of foreign-born residents of the United States was at the highest in American history—more than 36 million, or ________ percent of the total population. Answer: 12 Page: 897 105. In April 1995, a federal building in Oklahoma City was blown up by a former Marine named ________, killing 168 people. Answer: Timothy McVeigh Page: 906 106. The terrorist organization responsible for the September 2001 attacks is called ________ and was led by Osama Bin Laden. Answer: Al Qaeda Page: 906 107. In 2002, George W. Bush referred to an “axis of evil” made up of Iraq, Iran, and ________. Answer: North Korea Page: 908 108. President Bush faced an enormous political setback in his second term with the natural disaster of ________, which devastated the city of New Orleans in particular. Answer: Hurricane Katrina Page: 910

Essay Questions 109. What agenda did Bill Clinton bring to the presidency in 1992? What were his successes and failures in enacting that agenda? 110. Describe the key differences among the post-Cold War foreign policies of the first Bush, Clinton, and second Bush administrations. 111. What accounted for the Republican resurgence in 1994? How did President Clinton respond to this and how successful was his response? 112. Was Bill Clinton a Democrat in the New Deal tradition, or the Great Society tradition, or something else? 113. What accounted for the high degree of public support for President Clinton? Why did scandals and the impeachment trial fail to erode his support? 114. Characterize the controversies in the 2000 presidential election. Do you agree or disagree with the manner in which the final result was determined? Why? 115. Describe the effect of Hurricane Katrina on public perception of the Bush administration. Do you think this perception was fair? How could the administration have handled events differently? 116. Other than Katrina, what else accounted for the political woes faced by the Bush administration in its second term? How might they have ameliorated or even avoided these political problems? 117. Consider television and the personal computer: Which product has been of more significance in altering American society? 118. How has the Internet changed American society and the American economy? Do you believe these change are permanent? 119. What economic changes have highlighted the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries? How have those changes altered American society? 120. What role did education play in the “two-tiered” economy of the 1990s? 121. Discuss America’s relationship with terrorism before and after the September 2001 attacks. In what ways had the nation confronted terrorism before then? How were the September 2001 attacks distinctive? 122. How was America transformed by the events of September 11, 2001? How did the events of that day impact the second Bush administration? How did they transform American foreign policy? How did they alter the daily lives of Americans?

123. Evaluate the Bush administration’s rationale and handling of the Iraq War. How does it compare to the first Bush administration’s handling of the 1991 Gulf War? What would you have done differently? 124. Evaluate the role of immigrants and immigration in the U.S. How and why did the U.S. population look different in 2010 than it had looked in 1965? 125. Briefly explain the series of financial problems that beset the U.S. beginning in mid-2007. What triggered the problems and what has been the outcome? 126. With a bit of hindsight, how would you characterize the 2008 presidential and congressional elections? Were they a “referendum” on the Bush administration or is it perhaps better described another way? 127. What factors limited President Obama’s success in achieving his agenda in his first few years as president?