TEST BANK for American History Connecting with the Past 14e (Volume 1) Alan Brinkley by StudyGuide

TEST BANK for American History Connecting with the Past 14e (Volume 1) Alan Brinkley

Chapter 1 The Collision of Cultures Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The origins of the majority of human existence in North America began A. with migrations from Eurasia over the Bering Strait. B. with the explorations of Christopher Columbus. C. as a result of the development of the wheel. D. long after the last ice age ended. E. from the southern tip of South America. Answer: A Page: 3 2. Scholars estimate that human migration into the Americas over the Bering Strait occurred approximately A. 2,000 years ago. B. 5,000 years ago. C. 9,000 years ago. D. 11,000 years ago. E. 18,000 years ago. Answer: D Page: 3 3. The first truly complex society in the Americas was that of the A. Mayas. B. Aztecs. C. Incas. D. Pueblos. E. Olmec. Answer: E Page: 3 4. The early South American civilizations of Incas, Mayas, and Aztecs all shared the following characteristics EXCEPT A. the use of wheeled vehicles. B. economies primarily based on agriculture. C. substantial cities. D. complex political systems. E. elaborate religious and cultural systems. Answer: A Page: 6

5. The pre-Columbian American peoples in the Pacific Northwest A. did not have permanent settlements. B. developed political systems as sophisticated as those of the Mayas and Aztecs. C. fished salmon as their principal occupation. D. were the most peaceful of pre-Columbian societies. E. were known as the Inuit. Answer: C Page: 6 6. The pre-Columbian North American peoples in the Southwest A. were primarily hunters of small game. B. built large irrigation systems for farming. C. lived in small, nomadic tribes. D. created an economy exclusively based on trade. E. primarily pursued moose and caribou for sustenance. Answer: B Page: 7 7. In the Great Plains region, most pre-Columbian societies A. engaged in sedentary farming. B. lived in small nomadic tribes. C. hunted buffalo for survival. D. used horses. E. developed a harsh religion that required human sacrifice. Answer: A Page: 7 8. Prior to European contact, the eastern third of what is today the United States A. was politically controlled by the Cahokia Indians. B. contained no permanent settlements. C. had the most abundant food resources of any region of the continent. D. was populated by tribes that engaged in hunting and gathering but did not yet farm. E. remained for the most part uninhabited. Answer: C Page: 7 9. Cahokia was a large trading center located near what present-day city? A. St. Louis B. Memphis C. New Orleans D. Baton Rouge E. Detroit Answer: A Page: 7

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10. The agricultural practices of pre-Columbian tribes in the Northeast were characterized by A. extensive irrigation systems. B. the development of metal-tipped plows. C. a sacred respect for trees that kept people from cutting them down. D. a rapid exploitation of the land. E. an emphasis on tobacco cultivation. Answer: D Page: 7 11. Many pre-Columbian tribes east of the Mississippi River were loosely linked by A. the shared use of a series of forts. B. common linguistic roots. C. economic compacts. D. intertribal religious festivals. E. the Iroquois Confederacy. Answer: B Page: 7 12. Native American religions were closely linked to A. the idea of apocalypse. B. human sacrifice. C. ideas of male dominance. D. visions from the world of spirits. E. the natural world. Answer: E Page: 8 13. Which statement best describes the role of women in pre-Columbian North American tribes? A. In some tribes, men took care of the children as the women tended the fields. B. In all tribes, women cared for the children and prepared meals. C. In no tribes did women participate in the social and economic organization of the tribe. D. In all tribes, both women and men engaged in hunting. E. In all tribes, women were responsible for farming. Answer: B Page: 9 14. Regarding knowledge of the Americas prior to the fifteenth century, most Europeans A. were aware of the travels of the Norse seaman Leif Eriksson in the eleventh century. B. believed the Americas consisted of little more than several small islands. C. were entirely unaware of the existence of the Americas. D. assumed that the Americas were largely unpopulated. E. had only heard of America from the travels of Marco Polo. Answer: C Page: 9

15. In the late fifteenth century, the desire in Europe to look for new lands was spurred by A. significant population growth. B. the absence of a merchant class. C. the declining political power of many monarchs. D. the expansion of feudalism. E. a desire to escape the Black Death. Answer: A Page: 10 16. The preeminent European maritime power in the fifteenth century was A. Spain. B. Portugal. C. France. D. the Netherlands. E. England. Answer: B Page: 11 17. Christopher Columbus A. was trained as a sailor through his long service to Italy. B. was a man of little ambition. C. believed that Asia could only be reached by sailing east. D. believed the Americas consisted of a few islands. E. thought the world was much smaller than it is in reality. Answer: E Page: 12 18. In his first voyage in 1492, Christopher Columbus A. sailed along the coast of what is present-day Virginia. B. mistook Cuba for China. C. was briefly captured by natives he encountered. D. was forced to put down a mutiny on the Santa Maria. E. crossed the Atlantic Ocean in six weeks. Answer: B Page: 12 19. Christopher Columbus called the native people he encountered on his voyages “Indians” because A. he believed they came from the East Indies in the Pacific. B. it is what the natives called themselves. C. he mispronounced their actual name. D. Norse seamen had previously used the term. E. he wanted to hide his discovery from rival explorers. Answer: A Page: 12

20. As a result of his third voyage in 1498, Christopher Columbus concluded that A. all of the lands he had seen were in Asia. B. he had never come even remotely close to Asia. C. he had encountered a continent separate from Asia. D. Asia could not be reached by a ship traveling west from Europe. E. the lands he had discovered offered great mineral wealth. Answer: C Page: 12 21. Amerigo Vespucci A. sailed on the voyages with Christopher Columbus. B. was a leading critic of Columbus’s claims. C. hailed from Portugal. D. never traveled to the New World. E. helped popularize the idea that the Americas were new continents. Answer: E Page: 12 22. Who was the first known European to look westward upon the Pacific Ocean, in 1513? A. Amerigo Vespucci B. Vasco de Balboa C. Juan Ponce de León D. Ferdinand Magellan E. Hernando Cortés Answer: B Page: 13 23. What European explorer gave the Pacific Ocean its name? A. Amerigo Vespucci B. Vasco de Balboa C. Juan Ponce de León D. Ferdinand Magellan E. Hernando Cortés Answer: D Page: 13 24. In 1518, Hernando Cortés’s conquest of the Aztecs was made possible largely due to A. political divisions within the Aztec leadership. B. the exposure of the Aztecs to smallpox. C. the brutality of the Spanish conquistadores. D. Spanish alliances with enemies of the Aztecs. E. the Spanish co-opting of the Aztec religion. Answer: B Page: 13

25. Which statement about Spanish settlements in the New World is FALSE? A. Spanish gold and silver mines were enormously productive. B. Spanish colonies would form one of the largest empires in the history of the world. C. The Catholic Church was very interested in spreading Christianity in Mexico. D. The first Spanish settlers were mostly interested in farming. E. Many helped establish elements of European civilization permanently in America. Answer: D Page: 15-16 26. An encomienda was a A. special title given to Spanish explorers of the New World. B. religious ceremony. C. Spanish-run community of assimilated Indians. D. uniform worn by conquistadores. E. license to exact tribute and labor from natives. Answer: E Page: 18 27. The first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States was A. New Orleans. B. St. Augustine. C. Santa Fe. D. St. Louis. E. San Francisco. Answer: B Page: 16 28. In 1680, the Pueblo Indians rose in revolt against Spanish settlers after the Spanish A. attempted to convert the Pueblos to Catholicism. B. made efforts to suppress Indian religious rituals. C. demanded tribute from the Indians. D. began to export Pueblos out of the colony to be sold as slaves. E. banned intermarriage between Spaniards and Pueblos. Answer: B Page: 18 29. To reduce conflicts, Spanish policy toward the Pueblo Indians in the eighteenth century involved all of the following EXCEPT A. intensified efforts at assimilating the Pueblos. B. a willingness to permit the Pueblos to own their own land. C. toleration of tribal religious rituals. D. an expansion of the encomienda system. E. a stop to the commandeering of Indian labor. Answer: D Page: 18

30. What factor is believed to have dramatically reduced New World native populations after contact with Europeans? A. war B. disease C. starvation D. enslavement E. religious conversion Answer: B Page: 19-20 31. In what way did sixteenth-century Europeans benefit from trade between the Americas and Europe? A. Food prices sharply rose as new crops flooded the European market. B. Health care improved as Indian medical practices were widely practiced in Europe. C. A large number of new crops became available in Europe. D. Trade with the Americas ended future food shortages in Europe. E. Forced immigration of Indian slaves reduced labor shortages in Europe. Answer: C Page: 20 32. Which of the following was NOT introduced by Europeans to the New World? A. bananas B. pigs C. sugar D. horses E. corn Answer: E Page: 20 33. In Spanish colonial societies, mestizos A. were considered to be at the top of the social hierarchy. B. came to make up the largest segment of the population. C. were officially illegal but generally tolerated. D. were usually sold into slavery. E. was the name given to Catholic priests, friars, and missionaries. Answer: B Page: 20

34. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding African immigrants to the Americans between 1500 and 1800? A. Almost all came against their will. B. They made up over half of all immigrants to the New World. C. Almost all came against their will, and they made up over half of all immigrants to the New World. D. Almost all came voluntarily, making up somewhat less than half of all immigrants to the New World. E. Almost all came voluntarily. Answer: C Page: 21 35. The portion of West Africa that provided the majority of slaves for the Spanish Empire of the sixteenth century A. was a primitive region dominated by warring tribal societies. B. had little commercial contact with the Mediterranean world. C. was dominated by the Christian faith. D. had well-developed economies and political systems. E. had no important cities or trading centers. Answer: D Page: 21 36. African and American Indian societies tended to be matrilineal, which means A. people traced their heredity through their mothers. B. only women would be the heads of families. C. men could not inherit property. D. women were in control of the social institutions. E. only mothers could act as political leaders. Answer: A Page: 22 37. In the fifteenth century, slavery in Africa A. was considered a permanent condition for the enslaved individual. B. proscribed that children born of enslaved parents were also slaves. C. was introduced by Europeans. D. was made up of an exclusively African slave population. E. generally allowed certain legal protections for the enslaved. Answer: E Page: 23

38. In what chronological order did European countries control the African slave trade? A. the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English B. the English, the Spanish, the Dutch C. the Dutch, the English, the Spanish D. the English, the Dutch, the Portuguese E. the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch Answer: A Page: 23 39. What condition(s) in England in the sixteenth century provided incentive for colonization? A. The availability of farmland was declining while the population was growing. B. The demand for wool was declining while the population was growing. C. Pasture land was being converted to crop production while the population was declining. D. Both the food supply and the population were declining. E. Both the food supply and the population were increasing. Answer: A Page: 25 40. Which statement regarding the economic theory of mercantilism is FALSE? A. It presumed that the world’s wealth was finite. B. It increased competition among nations. C. It reduced the desire for nations to acquire and maintain colonies. D. It assumed that exporting goods was preferable to importing goods. E. Its principles spread throughout Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Answer: C Page: 25 41. In England, during the early sixteenth century, mercantilism thrived mostly on the basis of trade in which commodity? A. spices B. slaves C. lumber D. corn E. wool Answer: E Page: 25 42. In what way were Martin Luther and John Calvin important to English Puritans? A. These two men would help found the Massachusetts Bay Colony. B. Luther and Calvin encouraged the Puritans to leave England for the New World. C. Luther and Calvin advocated ideas of religious reform that influenced Puritan thought. D. They were the most influential English Puritans of the seventeenth century. E. Luther and Calvin helped to break the hold of predestination on the Puritan mind. Answer: C Page: 25-27

43. The teachings of John Calvin A. produced a strong desire among his followers to lead lives that were virtuous. B. were most rapidly accepted in southern Europe. C. were officially adopted by the Church of England. D. were at odds with Catholic doctrines, but not with Catholic practices. E. helped to promote the doctrine of free will so vital to encouraging exploration. Answer: A Page: 27 44. The English Reformation resulted from A. the threat of war between England and France. B. a political dispute between King Henry VIII and the Catholic Church. C. the rise of Lutheranism within the English church. D. the persecution by King James I of liberal priests. E. the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Answer: B Page: 27 45. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, English Puritan discontent was increased by A. the suppression of English Catholics. B. the end of rule by the Stuarts. C. the rising influence of Quakers within the English church. D. Queen Elizabeth’s promotion of English theater. E. the death of Queen Elizabeth. Answer: E Page: 28 46. England’s first experience with colonization came in A. North America. B. the Caribbean. C. Canada. D. Ireland. E. Africa. Answer: D Page: 28 47. From their colonial experiences in Ireland, the English concluded that A. they should not try to convert indigenous peoples to English religious beliefs. B. English colonists should maintain a rigid separation from an indigenous population. C. military expenditures were fiscally wasteful. D. indigenous populations were essential as the major colonial labor source. E. harsh treatment of indigenous populations could lead to rebellion. Answer: B Page: 29

48. Which statement about French colonization in the New World is FALSE? A. French settlers exercised an influence disproportionate to their numbers. B. The French, like the English, tried to remain separate from native peoples. C. The French were more likely than the English to press inland. D. The French colonial economy was based on an extensive fur trade. E. The French often lived among the natives and married Indian women. Answer: B Page: 30 49. The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established in A. Boston. B. Raleigh. C. Roanoke. D. Plymouth. E. Jamestown. Answer: E Page: 30 50. An important consequence of the defeat of the Spanish Armada was that A. France came to dominate Spain. B. Catholicism was swept from western Europe. C. England found the seas more open to their control. D. the Reformation extended into Spain. E. Spain was forced to relinquish its New World empire. Answer: C Page: 31 51. The colony of Virginia was named in honor of A. Virginia Dare. B. Walter Raleigh. C. Humphrey Gilbert. D. Elizabeth I. E. Queen Mary. Answer: D Page: 31 52. The cause of the failure of the Roanoke colony A. was a severe food shortage. B. is historically inconclusive. C. deterred the English from another colonizing effort for forty years. D. was the death of the colony’s governor. E. was a virulent malarial epidemic. Answer: B Page: 32

True/False Questions 53. The civilizations and political systems of pre-Columbian Native Americans north of Mexico were less elaborate than those of the peoples to the south. Answer: True Page: 6 54. When Europeans arrived in North America, native tribes were generally able to unite in opposition to white encroachments on their land. Answer: False Page: 13 55. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the population of the native peoples living in what is now the United States is estimated to be 50 million. Answer: False Page: 10 56. Some historians have suggested that European diseases virtually exterminated many native tribes. Answer: True Page: 19 57. The eleventh-century explorations and discoveries of Leif Eriksson were common knowledge in the European world of the fifteenth century. Answer: False Page: 9 58. Portuguese exploration in the late fifteenth century concentrated on finding a route to the Orient by sailing around Africa. Answer: True Page: 11 59. Christopher Columbus spent his early seafaring years in the service of the Portuguese. Answer: True Page: 12 60. On his first voyage to the New World, Columbus realized that he had not encountered China. Answer: False Page: 12 61. By 1550, Spaniards had explored the coast of North America as far north as Oregon in the west. Answer: True Page: 13

62. The early Spanish settlers were successful at establishing plantations, but not at finding gold or silver. Answer: False Page: 16 63. Spanish mines in America yielded ten times as much gold and silver as the rest of the world’s mines together. Answer: True Page: 16 64. The Pueblo Indians continued to practice their native religious rituals, even though many of them converted to Christianity. Answer: True Page: 18 65. By the seventeenth century, the Spanish had given up their efforts to assimilate the Indians to Spanish ways. Answer: False Page: 18 66. European life was relatively unchanged by the biological and cultural exchanges that took place after discovery of the New World. Answer: False Page: 20 67. As of the sixteenth century, Europeans had generally built up a greater immunity to smallpox than had the Native Americans. Answer: True Page: 19 68. Owing to their commitment to Catholicism, male Spanish immigrants had very little sexual contact with Indian women. Answer: False Page: 20 69. Spanish colonists both enslaved Indians and forced them into indentured servant status. Answer: True Page: 21 70. Cattle, sheep, and sugar were three New World products introduced to Europe. Answer: False Page: 20 71. In contrast with the European tradition, African families tended to be matrilineal. Answer: True Page: 22

72. The internal African slave trade did not become prominent until Europeans began to demand slave labor for the New World. Answer: False Page: 23 73. During the sixteenth century, England was experiencing a decline in food supply and population. Answer: False Page: 25 74. Mercantilists promoted colonization as a means to acquire the inexhaustible wealth of the New World. Answer: False Page: 25 75. The preaching of John Calvin led his followers to lead both anxious and productive lives. Answer: True Page: 27 76. Puritans were the first English colonizers. Answer: False Page: 31 77. The Roanoke disaster virtually killed the colonizing impulse in England for a long time. Answer: False Page: 32

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 78. The significant Indian trading center near present-day St. Louis was called ________. Answer: Cahokia Page: 7 79. The first country to sponsor exploration by sea to the Orient was ________. Answer: Portugal Page: 10-11 80. The first known European to gaze westward across the Pacific was ________. Answer: Vasco de Balboa Page: 13

81. The Spanish Empire at one point claimed the whole of the western world, except for a piece of what is today ________. Answer: Brazil Page: 13 82. The first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States was ________. Answer: St. Augustine Page: 16 83. The licenses granted to Spaniards to exact labor and tribute from natives in specific areas were called ________. Answer: encomiendas Page: 18 84. On his first voyage, Columbus established a short-lived settlement on an island that he named ________. Answer: Hispaniola Page: 12 85. The Spanish referred to peoples of mixed race as ________. Answer: mestizos Page: 20 86. ________ was a native of Genoa sailing in the employ of England near the end of the fifteenth century. Answer: John Cabot Page: 23 87. Those who believed that the world’s wealth was finite were called ________. Answer: mercantilists Page: 25 88. John Calvin introduced the doctrine of ________. Answer: predestination Page: 27 89. The most radical Puritans were called ________. Answer: Separatists Page: 27 90. Puritan discontent in England grew rapidly after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, the last of the ________. Answer: Tudors Page: 28

91. England’s first experience with colonization came in ________. Answer: Ireland Page: 28 92. The only clue to the fate of the Roanoke colony was the cryptic inscription “________” carved on a post. Answer: Croatoan Page: 32 93. The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established at ________. Answer: Jamestown Page: 30 94. King ________ of Spain sent a fleet to invade England near the end of the sixteenth century. Answer: Philip II Page: 31 95. The pioneer of English colonization who was lost at sea while in the service of Queen Elizabeth I was ________. Answer: Humphrey Gilbert Page: 31

Essay Questions 96. Compare the North American Indian civilizations with those in Mexico and South America. 97. How has recent scholarship regarding evidence of widespread Indian deaths caused by European diseases affected the contemporary perception of European contact with the New World? 98. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks for European and American societies resulting from contact and the trade that developed after 1500. 99. What motivated Europeans to establish settlements in the New World? What made it possible for them to undertake those settlements? 100. How did Spanish settlements and attitudes toward native populations in the New World differ from those of the English? 101. Discuss the economic and religious factors critical to English colonization. 102. Why did the Spanish Empire rise and fall between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Chapter 2 Transplantations and Borderlands Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Seventeenth-century English colonial settlements A. were essentially business enterprises. B. were tightly controlled by the English government. C. were effectively isolated from contact with other nations. D. were well-planned and generally quite successful from the start. E. maintained the political and social institutions of England. Answer: A Page: 36 2. Which of the following does NOT describe the site chosen for the Jamestown settlement? A. It was low and swampy and subject to outbreaks of malaria. B. It was inland so as to offer security from natives. C. It bordered the territories of powerful Indian tribes. D. It was surrounded by thick woods. E. It was inaccessible by ship. Answer: E Page: 37 3. In London, the initial promoters of Jamestown encouraged colonists to focus on A. the long-term success of the settlement. B. building a family-centered community. C. developing peaceful relations with the Indians in the area. D. the search for gold. E. converting the local Indians to Christianity. Answer: D Page: 37 4. Between 1608 and 1609, Captain John Smith strengthened the Jamestown settlement by A. improving relations with the local Indians. B. dividing the decision-making authority among the colonists to improve morale. C. imposing work and order on the colonists. D. introducing tobacco to the colonists. E. importing African slaves to rebuild the fort. Answer: C Page: 37

5. The “starving time” in Jamestown during the winter of 1609-1610 was partly the result of A. colonists being kept barricaded in their palisade by local Indians. B. the extermination of the Indians who used to grow crops. C. an influx of rats from settlers’ ships that ate much of the stored grains. D. a drought that led to crop failures. E. the sinking of the colonists’ supply ship in the Atlantic. Answer: A Page: 37-38 6. The first important economic boom in Jamestown resulted from A. the discovery of gold and silver. B. fur trade with the Indians. C. the production of tobacco. D. a development of fisheries and lumber. E. the cultivation of cotton. Answer: C Page: 38-39 7. The cultivation of tobacco around Jamestown resulted in all the following EXCEPT A. the rapid wearing out of the soil. B. the search for new sources of labor. C. rising prosperity for the colony. D. improved relations with the local Indians. E. the expansion of European settlement into the interior. Answer: D Page: 38-39 8. The Virginia Company developed the “headright” system to A. attract new settlers to the colony. B. discourage poor people from moving to the colony. C. require families to migrate together. D. raise revenue from the sale of land. E. cause conflict among the neighboring Indian tribes. Answer: A Page: 38 9. Which of the following statements best characterizes the first years of Jamestown’s existence? A. A majority of its colonists enjoyed significant economic success. B. The settlement was often assaulted by Spanish invaders. C. The settlement was notable for its peaceful relations with local Indians. D. The settlement was notable for its toleration of political freedom. E. The settlement survived despite an enormous loss of life. Answer: E Page: 38

10. When the House of Burgesses was created in Virginia in 1619, A. it gave settlers the full political control of their colony. B. landowning women colonists were allowed to vote. C. colonists were given a share of local political representation. D. it put an end to a violent uprising by disgruntled colonists. E. it recommended that Virginia declare independence from England. Answer: C Page: 39 11. The first blacks imported to Virginia in 1619 A. were most likely indentured servants. B. began a rapid stream of African slaves to the British colonies. C. were preferred to European indentured servants. D. followed Indians into slavery. E. arrived as independent landowners. Answer: A Page: 39 12. The Powhatan Indian Pocahontas A. married Englishman John Smith. B. was kidnapped by John Rolfe. C. created an interest in England in “civilizing” Indians. D. was the cause of a war between the Powhatan Indians and Virginian colonists. E. refused to convert to Christianity. Answer: C Page: 39 13. Warfare between Englishmen and Powhatan Indians in Virginia A. continued without interruption until the early eighteenth century. B. was first triggered by the kidnapping of Pocahontas. C. was primarily a result of religious tensions between natives and settlers. D. was uncommon until the early eighteenth century. E. included an Indian attack on Jamestown that killed hundreds of colonists. Answer: E Page: 39-40 14. The Virginia Company A. never sanctioned military action against the Native Americans of Virginia. B. deeply opposed the importation of Africans to the colonies. C. was absorbed by the crown because it was becoming too powerful. D. had its charter revoked by James I. E. found most of its Virginia ventures to be very profitable. Answer: D Page: 40

15. In which area of technology were Indians more advanced than the Virginia colonists? A. agriculture B. ocean-going vessels C. weaponry D. tools E. animal husbandry Answer: A Page: 40 16. In the seventeenth century, English colonists recognized that corn A. could only be grown in the New World. B. was their most financially valuable crop. C. produced yields greater than any of the European grains. D. was a particularly difficult crop to cultivate. E. could not be grown in the swampy land around Jamestown. Answer: C Page: 40 17. In its beginning, the Maryland colony A. experienced tremendous warfare with local Indians. B. allowed no Protestant settlers. C. was a refuge for English Catholics. D. was led by Captain John Smith. E. experienced considerable conflict with nearby French settlers. Answer: C Page: 40 18. Which the following statements regarding Sir William Berkeley is FALSE? A. He was a dominant political figure in Virginia for more than three decades. B. He encouraged Virginia to develop westward. C. His relations with Indians were violent and bloody. D. He extended political representation for frontier settlers. E. He sent explorers across the Blue Ridge Mountains. Answer: D Page: 41-42 19. By 1670, political representation for colonists in Virginia A. saw elections take place every two years. B. was open to all white men over the age of twenty-one. C. had grown more restrictive. D. favored western counties over eastern counties. E. expanded to include landholding black men. Answer: C Page: 42

20. Bacon’s Rebellion A. spelled the demise of the Virginia Company. B. saw the royal governor of Virginia forced to resign. C. spread throughout several colonies. D. carried on for several years. E. was a conflict between eastern and western Virginia. Answer: E Page: 42 21. The suppression of Bacon’s Rebellion helped spur A. tobacco production. B. slavery in Virginia. C. European investment. D. the triangular trade. E. calls for independence from England. Answer: B Page: 42 22. In 1608, Puritan Separatists who wished to leave England A. began to seek refuge in Virginia. B. emigrated quietly to northern France. C. were encouraged by the Church of England to emigrate. D. chartered a colony in Plymouth. E. could not legally do so without the king’s permission. Answer: E Page: 43 23. In 1620, the Puritan Pilgrims who came to North America A. intended to settle at Cape Cod. B. came over the objections of the Virginia colony. C. were seeking to escape military service in England. D. were Christian missionaries. E. enjoyed a particularly mild winter their first year. Answer: D Page: 48 24. During the early years the survival and growth of the Plymouth colony A. was due in large part to the assistance of the natives. B. led the colonists to grow rich from the surrounding productive farmlands. C. saw the colonists carry out warfare that wiped out much of the local Indian population. D. nevertheless saw two-thirds of its population die. E. was critically important for trade routes with Jamestown to the south. Answer: A Page: 43

25. As compared with that of King James I, King Charles I’s treatment of Puritans was A. more tolerant. B. more hostile. C. little different. D. more likely to advance Puritan thought in England. E. less likely to involve imprisonment for religious beliefs. Answer: B Page: 44 26. The Puritan merchants who founded the Massachusetts Bay colony A. established their capital in Salem. B. took over what had been a royal colony. C. were led by Miles Standish. D. were given their colonial charter by Charles II. E. carried out the largest single migration in the seventeenth century. Answer: E Page: 44-45 27. The Massachusetts Bay Puritans A. lived as grim and joyless people. B. took vows of poverty as evidence of their commitment to their faith. C. created a colonial “theocracy.” D. fought with the surrounding Indians almost immediately. E. introduced freedom of worship to the New World. Answer: C Page: 46 28. The Puritan founders in Massachusetts who described their colony as a “city upon a hill” A. felt they were creating a holy community that would be a model for the world. B. wanted to construct their community on high ground to save it from Indian attacks. C. wanted to create a community that would be open to all peoples of all faiths. D. sought to create a community in which all people were treated as equals. E. wanted to differentiate their community from the materialism and acquisitiveness of New Haven. Answer: A Page: 45 29. Thomas Hooker is associated with establishing the colony of A. Rhode Island. B. Vermont. C. New Hampshire. D. Connecticut. E. Maine. Answer: D Page: 46

30. One reason Roger Williams was deported from the Massachusetts colony was that he A. was a confirmed Separatist. B. argued that the colony should maintain allegiance to the Church of England. C. said the land occupied by the colonists belonged to the Indians. D. attempted to take over the leadership of the colony. E. advocated the principle of plural marriage. Answer: A Page: 46 31. When it was established in 1644, the colony of Rhode Island A. had strong ties to the church in the Massachusetts colony. B. organized the first fully democratic government in North America. C. had no ties to the Massachusetts colony. D. was notable for its religious toleration. E. banned Jews from immigrating. Answer: D Page: 46 32. In 1638, Anne Hutchinson was deported from the Massachusetts colony because she A. was accused of practicing witchcraft. B. argued that only the “elect” were entitled to any religious or political authority. C. challenged the prevailing assumptions of the proper role of women in society. D. was a single mother who refused to marry. E. preached against what she called the “Antinomian heresy.” Answer: C Page: 46 33. Which New England Puritan could LEAST accurately be described as a religious dissenter? A. Anne Hutchinson B. John Winthrop C. Roger Williams D. John Wheelwright E. Thomas Hooker Answer: B Page: 46-47 34. Over time in the seventeenth century, an increasing number of New England Puritans came to view Indian society A. with condescending admiration. B. with fear and contempt. C. as worth preserving. D. as part of the godly community. E. as helpful neighbors and partners in commerce. Answer: B Page: 49

35. In 1637, hostilities broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and which local Native American tribe? A. the Seminoles B. the Powhatans C. the Sioux D. the Wampanoags E. the Pequots Answer: E Page: 49 36. In King Philip’s War, Indians made effective use of a relatively new weapon, the A. flintlock rifle. B. matchlock rifle. C. repeating revolver. D. Gatling gun. E. artillery cannon. Answer: A Page: 50 37. In the 1640s, during the English Civil War, the Cavaliers were A. the forces of Parliament, who were largely Puritans. B. supporters of King Charles I. C. Scottish and Irish gentry desiring to secede from England. D. both the forces of Parliament and supporters of King Charles I. E. neither the forces of Parliament nor supporters of King Charles I. Answer: B Page: 50 38. The English Restoration began with the reign of A. James II. B. Oliver Cromwell. C. George I. D. Elizabeth I. E. Charles II. Answer: E Page: 50 39. The proprietors who founded the Carolina colony A. guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians. B. rejected the headright system. C. ruled the colony with dictatorial powers. D. quickly made it a financial success. E. banned the importation of indentured servants. Answer: A Page: 51

40. The Fundamental Constitution for the Carolina colony A. sought to create a society of general equality among Englishmen. B. was influenced by the English philosopher John Locke. C. initially did not include slavery. D. made no provisions for a colonial parliament. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 51 41. The development of the Carolina colony was notable in that A. the colony was able to attract large numbers of settlers from nearby colonies. B. the northern and southern regions were economically and socially distinct from each other. C. its economy was grounded in tobacco production. D. its founders had discouraged the use of slaves. E. it advocated independence from England well before any other mainland colony. Answer: B Page: 51 42. The New York colony A. had its founding proprietors from the Carolina colony. B. made a commitment to representative assemblies. C. emerged after a struggle between the English and the Dutch. D. saw its population grow slowly for its first fifty years. F. banned slavery from its inception. Answer: C Page: 52 43. Like New York, the New Jersey colony A. quickly developed a strong local government. B. had few slaves during its early existence. C. was characterized by a unified and generally peaceful society. D. had great ethnic and religious diversity. E. developed an important class of large landowners. Answer: D Page: 53 44. Which of the following was NOT a Stuart Restoration colony? A. Maryland B. Carolina C. New York D. Pennsylvania E. New Jersey Answer: A Page: 50

45. Unlike Puritans, the Quakers A. accepted the concept of predestination. B. rejected the doctrine of original sin. C. were not persecuted by the English government. D. paid their clergy handsomely. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 53 46. In the seventeenth century, English Quakers A. had a disregard for class or gender distinctions. B. had no paid clergy. C. were pacifists. D. believed all could attain salvation. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 54 47. William Penn A. was a man of great wealth who converted to Quakerism. B. established a moderately successful but never cosmopolitan colony. C. suppressed the local Indians in Pennsylvania with a strong military presence. D. never visited Pennsylvania. F. used unscrupulous and deceptive advertising to attract settlers. Answer: A Page: 54 48. The colony established by people seeking to separate from Pennsylvania was A. Maryland. B. New Jersey. C. Delaware. D. New York. E. Kentucky. Answer: C Page: 54 49. The English colonial settlements in the Caribbean A. concluded it was cheaper to buy new African slaves than to protect those they owned. B. developed their settlements along the same lines as those of the Chesapeake. C. developed significant economic success through the production of tobacco. D. had a smaller percentage of slaves than held by the North American colonies. E. were forced to deal with larger native populations than settlements on the mainland. Answer: A Page: 57

50. Which of the following was NOT an agricultural technique used for improving the soil? A. burning B. planting beans C. planting tobacco D. planting corn and beans together E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 38, 40, 47-48 51. Regarding the origins of slavery in the North American English colonies, A. the practice of using slave labor in England was carried over into the colonies. B. royal colonies were required by their government to use slaves. C. English racism prevented blacks and whites from working together on equal terms. D. many colonies gradually embraced slavery as a solution to their labor troubles. E. proprietary colonies were required by their charters to use slaves. Answer: D Page: 59 52. By 1700, the Spanish colonies north of Mexico A. had attracted considerable interest from the Spanish government. B. were being developed through a string of Catholic missions. C. added little economic value to the Spanish Empire. D. contained more than one million Spanish citizens. E. included the largest Spanish city in the Americas. Answer: C Page: 57 53. Georgia was founded A. to provide a refuge for Catholics. B. to create a military barrier against the Spanish. C. to quickly make money for its investors. D. by Quaker missionaries. E. as a haven for religious dissenters. Answer: B Page: 59 54. Originally, the Georgia colony excluded A. free Africans. B. slaves. C. indentured servants. D. both free Africans and slaves. E. neither free Africans nor slaves. Answer: D Page: 59

55. In colonial North America, the “middle grounds” refers to a region in which A. no one European or Indian group held a clear dominance. B. Indian tribes were largely able to keep European colonists out. C. English colonists quickly became the dominant power. D. Spanish colonists were long the dominant power. E. French colonists managed to hold the balance of power. Answer: A Page: 59-60 56. Which of the following statements regarding the Navigation Acts (1660s) is FALSE? A. English colonies were closed to all trade except that carried by English ships. B. Certain colonial products could be exported only to England. C. All European goods sent to the colonies had to pass through England and were subject to taxes. D. English colonists could only produce products that were also sold in England. E. Duties were imposed on the coastal trade among the English colonies. Answer: D Page: 63 57. The English Parliament enacted the Navigation Acts primarily to benefit A. colonial American tobacco plantations. B. British business and merchants. C. New England merchants. D. Virginian planters. E. business and planters in the British Caribbean. Answer: B Page: 63 58. The Dominion of New England A. preserved existing colonial legislative assemblies. B. was called into being by King Charles II. C. was limited to what now constitutes New England. D. declared the Navigation Acts null and void. E. called for a single royal governor. Answer: E Page: 63 59. Leisler’s Rebellion took place in A. Rhode Island. B. New Jersey. C. Massachusetts. D. New York. E. Connecticut. Answer: D Page: 63

60. The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 A. saw an English king, James II, flee to the European continent. B. enhanced the influence of Catholicism in England. C. helped put in place the Dominion of New England. D. kept the English crown among Englishmen. E. had no effect on colonial governments. Answer: A Page: 63

True/False Questions 61. English colonies in the Chesapeake were first and foremost business enterprises. Answer: True Page: 36 62. The Jamestown settlement was an instant success. Answer: False Page: 37 63. John Smith imposed order on the Jamestown settlement, but he thought it wise not to antagonize local Indians. Answer: False Page: 37 64. The tobacco culture of Virginia created great pressure for territorial expansion. Answer: True Page: 38 65. The first Africans to arrive in Virginia in 1619 were probably servants rather than slaves. Answer: True Page: 39 66. The survival of Jamestown was largely a result of the English borrowing from the agricultural knowledge of the Indians. Answer: True Page: 40 67. Virginia did not become a royal colony until the eve of the American Revolution. Answer: False Page: 40 68. The Englishmen who founded Maryland were Puritans, but not Separatists. Answer: False Page: 40

69. The founders of Maryland encouraged both Protestants and Catholics to migrate to the colony. Answer: True Page: 41 70. Like Virginia, Maryland became a center for the cultivation of tobacco. Answer: True Page: 41 71. During the middle of the seventeenth century, the right to vote in Virginia was becoming more restricted. Answer: True Page: 42 72. Bacon’s Rebellion was undertaken to do away with slavery in Virginia. Answer: False Page: 42 73. Bacon’s Rebellion accelerated the development of slavery in Virginia. Answer: True Page: 42 74. White settlers learned crucial agricultural techniques such as annual burning and the planting of beans to keep insect infestations at bay. Answer: False Page: 47-48 75. England’s Caribbean settlements were the main source of slaves for the English colonies of North America. Answer: True Page: 57 76. The Mayflower Compact set forth the principles of the Puritan religion. Answer: False Page: 43 77. James I of England may have believed in the divine right of kings, but he was not particularly harsh in his treatment of Puritans. Answer: False Page: 44 78. Charles I dissolved Parliament and was later beheaded. Answer: True Page: 50

79. Residents of Massachusetts generally had greater freedom of worship than the Puritans had had in England. Answer: False Page: 45-46 80. Unlike the colonists of Jamestown, the Puritans of Massachusetts established settlements based on families. Answer: True Page: 45 81. Thomas Hooker and Roger Williams were both exiled and executed for their dissent on the major tenets of Puritanism. Answer: False Page: 46 82. Both the Pequot War and King Philip’s War ended disastrously for the Indians. Answer: True Page: 49 83. Indians using bows and arrows often bested English settlers using matchlock rifles. Answer: True Page: 50 84. In the English Civil War, the Cavaliers captured King Charles I and beheaded him. Answer: False Page: 50 85. One result of the Stuart Restoration was the development of new colonies in North America. Answer: True Page: 50 86. Philosopher John Locke helped draw up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina. Answer: True Page: 51 87. The New Jersey colony developed no significant class of large landowners. Answer: True Page: 53 88. Quakers is a term applied to a dissenting English Protestant sect, the Society of Friends. Answer: True Page: 53 89. During its early years, the Pennsylvania colony often faced financial ruin. Answer: False Page: 54

90. Like Pennsylvania, Georgia was founded as a religious colony. Answer: False Page: 59 91. California was first colonized by Spain, which used local Indians as its main source of labor. Answer: True Page: 58 92. The “middle grounds” refers in part to areas on the western edges of English colonial settlements. Answer: True Page: 59 93. The Navigation Acts were designed primarily to control migration into the Americas. Answer: False Page: 62-63 94. The Navigation Acts were a part of the English mercantile system. Answer: True Page: 62 95. The Dominion of New England supported the colonists’ claims for the “rights of Englishmen.” Answer: False Page: 63 96. The Glorious Revolution helped to solidify the Dominion of New England. Answer: False Page: 63

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 97. Captain ________ is associated primarily with the colony of Jamestown. Answer: John Smith Page: 37 98. In Jamestown, the winter of 1609-1610 was known as the “________.” Answer: starving time Page: 37 99. The first truly marketable crop in Virginia was ________. Answer: tobacco Page: 38

100. To entice new workers to the colony, the Virginia Company put in place what it called the ________ system. Answer: headright Page: 39 101. The first meeting of an elected legislature in what is now the United States took place in the Virginia House of ________. Answer: Burgesses Page: 39 102. The Englishman who documented the arrival of the first Africans to British North America was ________. Answer: John Rolfe Page: 40 103. The first English colony to establish the principle of religious toleration was ________. Answer: Maryland Page: 41 104. The royal governor of Virginia who clashed with Nathaniel Bacon was ________. Answer: William Berkeley Page: 41-42 105. The conflict between tidewater Virginia and a rising elite to its west was called ________. Answer: Bacon’s Rebellion Page: 42 106. The Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth wrote the ________ Compact. Answer: Mayflower Page: 43 107. ________, the leader of the Massachusetts Bay colony, sought to have his people serve as a “city upon a hill.” Answer: John Winthrop Page: 45 108. The minister ________ is associated with the establishment of Connecticut. Answer: Thomas Hooker Page: 46 109. Anne Hutchinson preached the ________ heresy. Answer: Antinomian Page: 46

110. King Philip was known among his people as ________. Answer: Metacomet Page: 49 111. The European weapon quickly appropriated by Indians was the ________ rifle. Answer: flintlock Page: 50 112. The founding of Carolina was aided by the English philosopher ________. Answer: John Locke Page: 51 113. The duke of York became King ________. Answer: James II Page: 53 114. The most cosmopolitan of all the English colonies was ________. Answer: Pennsylvania Page: 54 115. The English colony established as a buffer north of Spanish colonial holdings on the Atlantic Ocean was ________. Answer: Georgia Page: 59 116. The founder of Georgia was ________. Answer: James Oglethorpe Page: 59 117. The most concerted attempt by King James II to consolidate control in North America was called the ________. Answer: Dominion of New England Page: 63 118. The Glorious Revolution brought ________ to power in England as joint sovereigns. Answer: William and Mary Page: 63

Essay Questions 119. Compare the experiences of the Roanoke colony with those of the Jamestown colony, and explain what factors led to the failure of the former and the eventual success of the latter. 120. What were the critical differences between the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts?

121. Why did slavery emerge as a major labor source in the North American colonies by the end of the seventeenth century? 122. What role did the Caribbean colonies play in the development of British North America? 123. Describe how the relationship between Europeans and Indians changed as a result of colonization. 124. Which people, Europeans or Indians, enjoyed greater benefit from the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century exchange of technology of weaponry and agriculture? 125. Compare the similarities and differences between Massachusetts Puritans and Pennsylvania Quakers. 126. What were the major characteristics of the Stuart Restoration colonies? 127. What steps did England take to establish greater control over her North American colonies? Why were these steps not always successful? 128. Compare the colonization efforts of England, Spain, and France in the New World.

Chapter 3 Society and Culture in Provincial America Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Most seventeenth-century English migrants to the North American colonies were A. aristocrats. B. religious dissenters. C. laborers. D. commercial agents. E. landowners. Answer: C Page: 68 2. In the seventeenth century, the great majority of English immigrants who came to the Chesapeake region were A. slaves. B. women. C. convicts. D. indentured servants. E. religious dissenters. Answer: D Page: 68 3. Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the English indenture system? A. Most indentured servants received land upon completion of their contracts. B. Contracts for indenture generally lasted four to five years. C. The presence of indentured servants was a source of social unrest. D. Female indentured servants were typically not allowed to marry while under contract. E. Female indentured servants constituted one-fourth of the total arrivals. Answer: A Page: 68 4. By 1700, English colonial landowners began to rely more heavily on African slavery because A. of a declining birthrate in England. B. of worsening economic conditions in England. C. indentured servants generally refused to work in the southern colonies. D. the English government had come to discourage the practice of indenture. E. colonial parliaments passed laws improving the status of indentured servants. Answer: A Page: 69

5. Regarding colonial life expectancy during the seventeenth century, A. backcountry settlers had a similar life expectancy to that of settlers in coastal areas. B. life expectancy was highest in the southern colonies. C. one in two white children in the Chesapeake died in infancy. D. men had a shorter life expectancy than women. E. life expectancy in New England was unusually high. Answer: E Page: 70 6. During the seventeenth century, English colonists in the Chesapeake saw A. women significantly outnumber men. B. a life expectancy for men of just over forty years. C. few single adults. D. eight out of ten children dying in infancy. E. an increasingly unbalanced sex ratio. Answer: B Page: 70 7. By 1770, the non-Indian population of the English colonies was just over A. 1 million. B. 2 million. C. 4 million. D. 6 million. E. 8 million. Answer: B Page: 69 8. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, medical practitioners A. became increasingly professionalized. B. had little or no knowledge of sterilization. C. grew to understand the link between bacteria and infection. D. were nearly all males. E. rejected purging and bleeding as medical techniques. Answer: B Page: 70 9. The seventeenth-century medical practice of deliberately bleeding a person was based on A. Calvinist religious doctrine. B. scientific experimentation and observation. C. evidence that it helped in the recovery from illness. D. practices acquired from Indians. E. the belief that a person needed to maintain a balance of different bodily fluids. Answer: E Page: 71

10. In the seventeenth century, white women in the colonial Chesapeake A. generally married later than in England. B. generally had a longer life expectancy than their husbands. C. rarely engaged in premarital sex. D. averaged one pregnancy for every two years of marriage. E. bore an average of four children apiece. Answer: D Page: 71 11. Compared to women in colonial Chesapeake, New England women A. were more likely to become widows. B. were more likely to have their family remain intact. C. had fewer children. D. had much less legal authority in their marriages. E. lost their husbands earlier in life. Answer: B Page: 72 12. In colonial New England, A. strict parental control made premarital sexual relations almost nonexistent. B. choosing a spouse independent of a parent’s wishes was common. C. dowries were a common feature of marriage. D. widows tended not to remarry. E. gender equality was reinforced by the prevailing culture. Answer: C Page: 72 13. In colonial New England Puritan communities, women A. were not highly valued. B. were considered to be socially equal to males. C. were expected to be major contributors to the family. D. could not be official members of the church. E. were more likely to become pregnant before marriage than in the South. Answer: C Page: 72 14. In colonial New England Puritan communities, the family was A. highly valued. B. expected to be under the authority of women. C. marked by relatively loose parental supervision. D. both highly valued and expected to be under the authority of women. E. neither highly valued nor expected to be under the authority of women. Answer: A Page: 72

15. The term “middle passage” refers to the movement of enslaved Africans A. from the coastal regions of colonies to their interiors. B. from Africa to Europe. C. from the Caribbean to the mainland colonies. D. between individual North American colonies. E. from Africa to the New World. Answer: E Page: 73 16. The estimated total number of Africans forcibly brought to all of the Americas as slaves is A. 4 million. B. 7 million. C. 11 million. D. 19 million. E. 26 million. Answer: C Page: 73 17. During the seventeenth century, the Royal African Company of England A. deliberately restricted the supply of slaves to the North American colonies. B. lowered the prices of slaves, to increase their sale in the North American colonies. C. sent the majority of its enslaved Africans directly to the Chesapeake colonies. D. would only ship adult African men in the slave trade. E. stopped importing slaves directly from Africa. Answer: A Page: 73 18. What statement regarding slavery in English North America in 1700 is FALSE? A. There were about 25,000 slaves in the colonies. B. Blacks outnumbered whites in some colonies. C. There were twice as many black men as black women. D. The demand for slaves led to a steady rise in the prices paid for them. E. Blacks were heavily concentrated in a few southern colonies. Answer: D Page: 73 19. In English North American colonies, the application of slave codes was based on color and A. nothing more. B. religion. C. laboring skills. D. origin of birth. E. economic status. Answer: A Page: 74-75

20. In comparing the colonial societies of Spanish America and English America, people of mixed races had a A. higher status than pure Africans in Spanish America. B. higher status than pure Africans in English America. C. lower status than pure Africans in Spanish America. D. higher status than pure Africans in both Spanish and English America. E. lower status than pure Africans in both Spanish and English America. Answer: A Page: 75 21. New England, for all its belief in community and liberty, was far from an egalitarian society. “Some must be rich and some poor,” is a statement attributed to which seventeenth-century colonial? A. George Whitefield B. Charles Wesley C. Jonathan Edwards D. John Locke E. John Winthrop Answer: E Page: 90 22. The largest contingent of immigrants during the colonial period were the A. French Huguenots. B. Scots-Irish. C. Moravians and Mennonites. D. Irish Catholics. E. Palatinate Germans. Answer: B Page: 76 23. The seventeenth-century tobacco economy of the Chesapeake region A. was concentrated on many small farms with few slaves. B. went through numerous boom-and-bust cycles. C. often saw production not meet demand. D. saw planters cut back on production as a way of raising prices. E. saw prices rise steadily throughout the period. Answer: B Page: 78

24. Rice production in colonial America A. was very difficult and unhealthy work. B. relied largely on free white labor. C. was a new crop to most Africans. D. was found mostly in the Chesapeake colonies. E. mostly occurred in inland regions. Answer: A Page: 78 25. Which statement about the economy of the northern colonies is true? A. Conditions for farming were more favorable than in the southern colonies. B. Planters were more likely to rely on slave labor. C. Agriculture was not the dominant industry of the economy. D. New England was able to develop several major export crops. E. Agriculture was more diverse than in the southern colonies. Answer: E Page: 79 26. The first significant metals industry in the colonies was developed for A. steel. B. iron. C. gold. D. silver. E. brass. Answer: B Page: 80 27. Industrialization in colonial America was hampered by A. English parliamentary regulations. B. a small domestic market. C. an inadequate labor supply. D. an inadequate transportation network. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 80 28. In the seventeenth century, most colonial families A. owned spinning wheels or looms. B. were self-sufficient. C. did not own a plow. D. grew and processed their own grain. E. used wagons to transfer goods to market. Answer: C Page: 81-82

29. Commerce in colonial America relied in large part on A. barter. B. paper currency. C. gold. D. silver. E. credit. Answer: A Page: 83 30. The “triangular trade” in the Atlantic dealt with which commodity? A. rum B. sugar C. slaves D. molasses E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 83 31. By the mid-eighteenth century, a distinct colonial merchant class came into existence because of A. the abolishment of the British Navigation Acts. B. the development of a substantial colonial manufacturing industry. C. illegal colonial trade in markets outside of the British Empire. D. ready access to manufactured goods. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 83 32. During the eighteenth century, rising consumerism in the American colonies was encouraged by A. increasing class distinctions within society. B. the association of material possessions with personal virtue and refinement. C. the rising ideal of equality of condition among colonists. D. both increasing class distinctions within society, and the association of material possessions with personal virtue and refinement. E. both the rising ideal of equality of condition among colonists, and the association of material possessions with personal virtue and refinement. Answer: D Page: 83

33. Seventeenth-century southern plantations A. enabled planters to control their markets. B. tended to be rough and relatively small. C. used many more slaves than indentured servants. D. rarely saw the landowner do any manual labor. E. created few new wealthy landowners. Answer: B Page: 84 34. The first plantations in colonial North America emerged in the tobacco-growing areas of A. New York and New Jersey. B. North Carolina and South Carolina. C. Georgia and South Carolina. D. Delaware and Pennsylvania. E. Virginia and Maryland. Answer: E Page: 84 35. The percentage of blacks living on a plantation of at least ten slaves was approximately A. one-fourth (25%). B. one-third (33%). C. one-half (50%). D. three-fourths (75%). E. nine-tenths (90%). Answer: D Page: 85 36. Which statement regarding the lives of slaves in colonial North America is true? A. Most slaves worked as house servants. B. Whites rarely intruded upon the conventions of black society. C. Slaves had no opportunity to develop their own society or culture. D. Slave religion was a blend of Christianity and African folk tradition. E. Slaves hardly ever resisted their masters. Answer: D Page: 86 37. In the North American colonies, mulatto children were A. regarded as white by the white society. B. rejected by the rest of the slave community. C. rarely produced. D. rarely recognized by their white fathers. E. freed at birth. Answer: D Page: 86

38. The Stono Rebellion A. led to the death of dozens of white Virginian colonists. B. saw slaves in South Carolina attempt to escape from the colony. C. led to the banning of the slave trade in Maryland. D. prompted Georgia to strengthen its laws on slavery. E. led planters to resume hiring indentured servants for their labor needs. Answer: B Page: 86 39. The most common form of resistance by enslaved Africans to their condition was A. arson. B. destruction of crops. C. running away. D. subtle defiance or evasion of their masters. E. poisoning food. Answer: C Page: 86 40. Which of the following statements about slave work is FALSE? A. Field hand was the predominant occupation of both male and female slaves. B. Some slaves on larger plantations learned trades and crafts. C. Skilled slaves were at times hired out to other planters. D. A few slaves were able to buy their freedom. E. Colonial slave codes forbade teaching slaves skilled trades and crafts. Answer: E Page: 86 41. In Puritan New England, participation in town meetings was limited to A. all land-owning adults. B. “selectmen.” C. adult males who were church members. D. all church members. E. land-owning males. Answer: C Page: 87 42. “Primogeniture” refers to the A. right to vote. B. passing of property to the firstborn son. C. tending of a servant’s indenture. D. arrangement of authority within New England assemblies. E. practice of granting land only to those assured of salvation. Answer: B Page: 88

43. Over time, tensions in Puritan New England communities developed as a result of A. population growth. B. the practices of land inheritance. C. calls for gender equality. D. both population growth and the commercialization of society. E. both population growth and calls for gender equality. Answer: D Page: 88 44. In the outbreaks of witchcraft hysteria that marked New England colonial life, those accused were most commonly A. not members of the church. B. criminals. C. indentured servants. D. women of low social position. E. Indians or slaves. Answer: D Page: 89 45. The witchcraft trials in Salem A. were unique in the history of colonial New England. B. saw the original accusers recant their charges. C. led to prison terms, but no executions. D. provided evidence of a decline in religious fervor. E. almost resulted in the revocation of Massachusetts’s charter. Answer: B Page: 89 46. By the 1770s, the two largest port cities in colonial North America were A. Philadelphia and New York. B. Boston and Newport. C. Philadelphia and Charleston. D. New York and Boston. E. Boston and Charleston. Answer: A Page: 89 47. Class divisions in colonial North American cities were A. sharper than in corresponding European cities. B. more real and visible than in rural places. C. essentially nonexistent. D. weaker in the North than in the South. E. smoothed over by church and social registers. Answer: B Page: 90

48. In the 1760s, the revolutionary crisis in English North America began in cities because A. the majority of the population lived in urban areas. B. cities were the centers of intellectual information. C. rural populations had few grievances with the crown. D. city inhabitants tended to be rowdier than their rural counterparts. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 90 49. In the eighteenth century, religious toleration in the American colonies A. flourished due to the diversity of practices brought by settlers. B. was unmatched in any European nation. C. was enhanced because no single religious code could be imposed on any large area. D. grew despite laws establishing the Church of England as the official colonial religion. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 91 50. The Church of England was the official faith of A. New Jersey. B. Massachusetts. C. Virginia. D. Connecticut. E. all of the colonies. Answer: C Page: 91 51. In the English colonies, Roman Catholics A. suffered their greatest persecution in Maryland. B. made up a large minority population of most colonies. C. were officially illegal. D. were generally well treated. E. suffered their greatest persecution in the Carolinas. Answer: A Page: 92 52. In the English colonies, Jews A. had their largest community in Rhode Island. B. did not live in most of the colonies. C. enjoyed considerable toleration. D. could not practice their religion openly anywhere. E. could not vote or hold office. Answer: E Page: 92

53. “Jeremiads” were A. a measurement of wealth. B. community experiments. C. sermons. D. witchcraft. E. town meetings. Answer: C Page: 92

54. In the mid-1600s, New England Puritan ministers began preaching against the decline of A. family. B. piety. C. community. D. freedom. E. tolerance. Answer: B Page: 92 55. The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s A. began as a call for young men to become ministers. B. had particular appeal with women and young men. C. alienated traditional New England Puritans. D. failed to take root in southern colonies. E. helped to smooth differences within existing congregations. Answer: B Page: 92 56. George Whitefield is associated with the A. growth of American Catholicism. B. founding of the American Baptist Church. C. Quakers. D. Great Awakening. E. Enlightenment. Answer: D Page: 92 57. A leading figure of the Great Awakening, Jonathan Edwards preached A. highly orthodox Puritan ideas. B. the possibility of easy salvation. C. that women should join the ministry. D. that the ideas of predestination were outmoded for the times. E. salvation through good works. Answer: A Page: 93

58. Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thought A. emphasized the importance of religious faith. B. rejected most religious thought. C. had little influence on American intellectual thought. D. challenged concepts such as “natural laws.” E. suggested that people had considerable control over their own lives. Answer: E Page: 93 59. All of the following Americans made important contributions to Enlightenment thought EXCEPT A. James Madison. B. Benjamin Franklin. C. Thomas Jefferson. D. John Locke. E. Thomas Paine. Answer: D Page: 93 60. After the Bible, the first widely circulated publications in colonial America were A. political pamphlets. B. hymnals. C. almanacs. D. historical writings. E. drinking songs. Answer: C Page: 94 61. By 1776, what proportion of white males were literate in colonial America? A. less than a quarter B. about a third C. just less than half D. more than half E. almost all Answer: D Page: 94 62. The Church of England was established as the official religion in all of the following colonies EXCEPT A. Virginia. B. New York. C. Maryland. D. Georgia. E. Massachusetts. Answer: E Page: 91

63. Which statement regarding colonial higher education is true? A. Most colleges were founded by religious groups. B. Colonists placed a low value on any formal education. C. Parliament regulated the establishment of American colleges. D. Most colonial colleges accepted female students. E. Most colonial leaders after 1700 went abroad to study. Answer: A Page: 95 64. The first American college was A. Columbia. B. Harvard. C. Yale. D. William and Mary. E. Princeton. Answer: B Page: 95 65. The verdict of the 1735 libel trial of New York publisher John Peter Zenger A. increased freedom of the press in the colonies. B. restricted the ability of the press to report on government affairs. C. resulted in the closure of several colonial newspapers. D. ruled that criticisms by the press, even if factually accurate, were libelous. E. banned all printed attacks on the king or Parliament in the colonies. Answer: A Page: 96

True/False Questions 66. By the late seventeenth century, European and African immigrants outnumbered natives along the Atlantic coast. Answer: True Page: 69 67. Most indentured servants came to the colonies voluntarily. Answer: True Page: 69 68. Indentured servitude developed out of practices in England. Answer: True Page: 68

69. Immigration was the most important factor for long-term English colonial population growth. Answer: False Page: 70 70. Life expectancy in New England was higher than in England and in the rest of British North America. Answer: True Page: 70 71. Indentured servants were forbidden to marry until their terms of service were over. Answer: True Page: 71 72. In the seventeenth century, it was easy for women to enter the medical field as midwives. Answer: True Page: 70 73. Medical evidence suggests that bleeding a patient could assist in recovery from an illness. Answer: False Page: 71 74. In the Chesapeake region, traditional patterns of male authority gradually took root during the seventeenth century. Answer: True Page: 72 75. Fewer than five percent of African slaves imported to the Americas arrived first in the English colonies. Answer: True Page: 73 76. Black workers did not become generally available in British North America until the early part of the eighteenth century. Answer: False Page: 73 77. Skin color was the only factor in determining whether a person was subject to slave codes. Answer: True Page: 74-75 78. In the seventeenth century, most blacks who came to the English colonies in North America came directly from Africa. Answer: False Page: 73

79. In the early seventeenth century, the legal status of slaves was ambiguous and fluid. Answer: True Page: 73 80. English America recognized no distinctions between pure Africans and people of mixed race. Answer: True Page: 75 81. The first large group of non-English European immigrants to British North America was the Huguenots. Answer: True Page: 75 82. The most numerous of the non-English European immigrants to British North America were the Scots-Irish. Answer: True Page: 76 83. African slaves engaged in the cultivation of rice, but they were not very adept at it. Answer: False Page: 78 84. Colonial agriculture in the northern colonies was more diversified than in the southern colonies. Answer: True Page: 79 85. Parliament passed the Iron Act in 1750 to encourage colonial production of this metal. Answer: False Page: 80 86. The most commonly owned tool on colonial American farms was the plow. Answer: False Page: 81 87. The British Navigation Acts were designed to protect England from foreign competition in the colonies. Answer: True Page: 83 88. There were sharp social distinctions in the colonies, but the English class system did not take root in the colonies. Answer: True Page: 83

89. Seventeenth-century colonial plantations were actually relatively small estates. Answer: True Page: 84 90. Because of their concentration on cotton, most southern plantations grew highly reliant on small towns and cities for their supplies. Answer: False Page: 85 91. Some enslaved Africans became skilled crafts workers. Answer: True Page: 86 92. Very little slave resistance took the form of open rebellion. Answer: True Page: 86 93. The characteristic social unit in New England was the nuclear family living on a farm. Answer: False Page: 87 94. New Englanders did not adopt the English system of primogeniture. Answer: True Page: 88 95. The Salem girls who accused people of being witches never recanted their stories. Answer: False Page: 89 96. Most of those accused of witchcraft in Salem were women of low social position. Answer: True Page: 89 97. Belief in witchcraft was not a common feature of Puritan religious life. Answer: False Page: 89 98. Religious toleration was more pronounced in America than anywhere in Europe. Answer: True Page: 91 99. Puritanism in New England was confined to a single religious denomination. Answer: False Page: 91

100. The revival that was the Great Awakening was rooted in a desire to reinvigorate family life. Answer: False Page: 92 101. The Enlightenment was the product of seventeenth-century scientific and intellectual discoveries. Answer: True Page: 93 102. Enlightenment thought encouraged people to reject their religious faith. Answer: False Page: 93 103. Eighteenth-century literacy among American men was higher than in most European countries. Answer: True Page: 93 104. Harvard College was created by Great Awakening ministers as a school for future ministers. Answer: False Page: 95 105. The case of John Peter Zenger saw the courts rule that criticisms of the government were not libelous if actually true. Answer: True Page: 96 106. During the course of colonial history, colonial legislatures grew increasingly accustomed to operating on orders from Parliament. Answer: False Page: 87

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 107. Most women who entered into the medical profession did so as ________. Answer: midwives Page: 70 108. The dreaded journey in which captured Africans were transported to the Americas to be sold as slaves was called the ________. Answer: middle passage Page: 73

109. French Calvinists were referred to as ________. Answer: Huguenots Page: 75 110. The exchange of rum, slaves, and sugar has been called the ________. Answer: triangular trade Page: 83 111. The most serious colonial slave revolt, called the ________, took place in South Carolina in 1739. Answer: Stono Rebellion Page: 86 112. The first significant colonial metals industry was established in ________, Massachusetts. Answer: Saugus Page: 80 113. Those Puritans who could give evidence of grace, being among the elect, and were admitted to full church membership were called “________.” Answer: visible saints Page: 87 114. The English system of passing property to the firstborn son is called ________. Answer: primogeniture Page: 88 115. The largest outbreak of suspected witchcraft persecution in British North America took place in the community of ________. Answer: Salem Page: 88 116. Puritan sermons of despair were called ________. Answer: jeremiads Page: 92 117. The most outstanding Great Awakening preacher was New England Congregationalist ________. Answer: Jonathan Edwards Page: 93 118. Francis Bacon and John Locke were influential in the ideas of the ________. Answer: Enlightenment Page: 93

119. The first American college, established in 1636, was ________. Answer: Harvard Page: 95 120. Founded in 1755 by a group of laymen, the Academy and College of ________ was a completely secular institution. Answer: Philadelphia Page: 96 121. Cotton Mather promoted the use of inoculation against the disease ________. Answer: smallpox Page: 96 122. In England, a printed attack on a public official, whether true or false, was considered ________. Answer: libelous Page: 96

Essay Questions 123. Discuss the differences between the demographics of the colonial South and those of the colonial North. 124. Characterize colonial medical practices by examining their positive and negative features. 125. Assess the beginnings of slavery in North America (in the main text) and make an argument for which historical explanation for its origins—from the section “Debating the Past: The Origins of Slavery”—seems most accurate. 126. How did the English colonists’ attitudes toward Indians compare with their views toward Africans? 127. How did immigration affect social and economic life in the colonies? 128. What were the critical differences between a southern plantation and a New England town? 129. Assess the character and nature of religion in colonial America. 130. Describe the technological status of eighteenth-century Americans by examining the development and limits of technology. 131. What effect did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening have on life in British North America?

Chapter 4 The Empire in Transition Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In the years after the Glorious Revolution, political power in England increasingly shifted toward A. the monarchy. B. Parliament. C. the citizens. D. the Anglican Church. E. the colonial governors. Answer: B Page: 102 2. During the first half of the eighteenth century, England’s administration of the colonies A. was primarily concerned with checking the growth of New France. B. began to assert greater authority over newspapers and public expression. C. sought new means to tax American merchants. D. was notable for its strict enforcement of trade policies. E. was loose, decentralized, and inefficient. Answer: E Page: 102 3. During the first half of the eighteenth century, royal officials in America A. began to increase the presence of British troops in the colonies. B. contributed to England’s overall lax control of the colonies. C. had no significant influence on colonial finances. D. were generally able and honest administrators. E. chose Philadelphia as the capital of the colonies. Answer: B Page: 102 4. By the 1750s, American colonial assemblies A. exercised a significant degree of authority to levy taxes. B. existed only to implement the policies of the English Parliament. C. felt little loyalty to the English government. D. consisted of colonists all approved by royal governors. E. were petitioning the king to charter new colonies to the west. Answer: A Page: 102

5. The proposed Albany Plan of 1754 A. was intended to give the colonies greater independence from royal authority. B. recognized the land rights of Indian tribes living within the colonies. C. was approved by the colonial assemblies but was vetoed by Parliament. D. revealed the difficulties colonies had in cooperating with each other. E. attempted to create a united front with New France against Indian attacks. Answer: D Page: 103 6. In North American, as a result of the Seven Years’ War, England A. confirmed its commercial supremacy. B. increased its political control of the settled regions. C. shifted its interest away from the Caribbean colonies. D. confirmed its commercial supremacy and increased its political control of the settled regions. E. confirmed its commercial supremacy and shifted its interest away from the Caribbean colonies. Answer: D Page: 103 7. The major participants in the Seven Years’ War in North America were the A. colonists, the English, and the Spanish. B. French, the colonists, and the Spanish. C. Iroquois, the English, and the French. D. French, the Spanish, and the English. E. English, the Iroquois, and the Spanish. Answer: C Page: 103 8. In North America during the eighteenth century, the French differed from the English in Indian relations, in that the French A. offered the Indians more and better trading goods. B. largely isolated themselves from Indian tribes. C. were more tolerant of Indian cultures. D. made little effort to convert Indians to Christianity. E. forced Indians to adjust to European ways. Answer: C Page: 104 9. In North America during the eighteenth century, the most powerful native group was the A. Iroquois. B. Cherokee. C. Seminole. D. Chickasaw. E. Sioux. Answer: A Page: 104

10. Through the first half of the eighteenth century, the Iroquois Confederacy formed agreements and traded with A. England only. B. England, and then France. C. both France and England at the same time. D. France only. E. no European powers. Answer: C Page: 104 11. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 A. ended King William’s War. B. transferred territory from the French to the English in North America. C. was a considerable victory for Spain in North America. D. slowed England’s western expansion of its American colonies. E. transferred territory from the English to the French in the Caribbean. Answer: B Page: 104 12. King George’s War A. inspired the American Revolution. B. failed to resolve European conflicts in North America. C. was a conflict between England and the Iroquois. D. saw English colonists remain out of the conflict. E. saw England acquire Newfoundland from the French. Answer: B Page: 105 13. In the aftermath of King George’s War A. relations among the English, French, and Iroquois deteriorated. B. the French moved out of the Ohio Valley. C. the Iroquois decided not to grant any future trade concessions to the English. D. military activity west of England’s North American colonies steadily declined. E. the English abandoned many of their fortresses in the interior. Answer: A Page: 105 14. The first clash of the French and Indian War took place near what is now A. Detroit. B. Buffalo. C. Pittsburgh. D. St. Louis. E. Chicago. Answer: C Page: 105

15. What future American revolutionary figure surrendered to French forces in 1754 at Fort Necessity in the Ohio Valley? A. George Washington B. Patrick Henry C. James Madison D. Benedict Arnold E. John Adams Answer: A Page: 105 16. During the first stage (1754-1756) of the French and Indian War, A. only the Iroquois Indians were allied with the French. B. the Iroquois were allied with the English but remained largely passive. C. English colonists fought with the support of the Iroquois. D. the colonists fought with the French against the English. E. the colonists fought primarily against the Iroquois. Answer: B Page: 107 17. The French and Indian War was fought in A. India. B. the West Indies. C. the North American interior. D. Europe. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 107 18. During the French and Indian War, British leader William Pitt A. ignored the complaints of colonists. B. gave more authority to conduct the war over to the colonists. C. gradually loosened his tight control over the colonists. D. barred the colonists from military service. F. allowed Indian tribal leaders to dictate British battle strategy. Answer: C Page: 108

19. The beginning of the end of the American phase of the French and Indian War was marked by the French defeat at A. Montreal. B. Quebec. C. Ottawa. D. Louisbourg. E. Fort Necessity. Answer: B Page: 108 20. According to the terms of the Peace of Paris of 1763, A. France surrendered New Orleans and Canada to the British. B. England acquired all French naval vessels docked in North American ports. C. France ceded Canada and all of its claims to land east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans, to Great Britain. D. France agreed to pay England for the cost of the war. E. France ceded all of its Caribbean colonies to England. Answer: C Page: 108 21. Throughout the French and Indian War, the Iroquois A. fought on the side of the French. B. allied themselves with the other tribes of the Ohio Valley. C. viciously fought the French. D. resented having to do more of the fighting than did the British regulars. E. saw French requisition and impressment policies as necessary. Answer: C Page: 108 22. Following the conclusion of the French and Indian War, A. many colonists resented England’s interference in their local affairs. B. colonial expansion westward rapidly progressed. C. many colonists began to call for full independence from England. D. the economy of several American colonies was in ruins. E. the British and Iroquois renewed their alliance. Answer: A Page: 108 23. For Indians in North America, British victory in the French and Indian War A. convinced many tribes to cease in their struggle against European expansion. B. had disastrous effects on their future. C. was cheered only by the Iroquois Confederacy. D. led to an improvement in relations with English colonists. E. encouraged tribes to join the Iroquois Confederacy. Answer: B Page: 108

24. The French and Indian War in North America A. greatly enriched the English government’s finances. B. began a period of almost continual warfare for England. C. demonstrated that increasing England’s control over the colonies would not be easy. D. led England to conclude that its relationship with the colonies was strong. E. led England to conclude that the American colonies were not worth protecting. Answer: C Page: 108 25. When George III assumed the throne of England, he A. was considered to have a brilliant mind for politics. B. was painfully immature. C. faced a full rebellion in the colonies. D. feared using the authority of his monarchy. E. mandated official recognition of the Church of England in all colonies. Answer: B Page: 111 26. When he became British prime minister, George Grenville A. believed the colonial economies could not weather the cost of the recent war. B. criticized William Pitt for being too harsh in dealing with the American colonies. C. began a cost-cutting effort by reducing the number of British officials in America. D. initially sought to further decentralize government authority in the American colonies. E. believed the American colonists had been indulged for far too long. Answer: E Page: 111 27. The Proclamation of 1763 A. disrupted England’s western trade in the colonies. B. was generally effective. C. was supported by many Indian tribes. D. encouraged settlement of the western edge of the colonies. E. led to renewed conflict with the remaining French colonists in the west. Answer: C Page: 112 28. In the 1760s, the Grenville ministry increased its authority in the colonies by A. stationing regular British troops permanently in America. B. banning political meetings. C. closing the port of Boston. D. closing newspapers that criticized the English government. E. outlawing the Sons of Liberty. Answer: A Page: 112

29. The Sugar Act of 1764 was designed to A. damage the market for sugar grown in the colonies. B. eliminate the illegal sugar trade among the colonies, the French, and the West Indies. C. establish new vice-admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers. D. lower the colonial duty on molasses. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 112 30. The Stamp Act of 1765 A. established a royal postal system between the American colonies and England. B. required colonists to pay taxes on most printed documents. C. replaced the Sugar Act of 1764. D. proved to be ineffective, as most colonies refused to accept it. E. cost the British government much more money than it made in revenues. Answer: B Page: 112 31. The Paxton Boys and the Regulators both A. demanded tax relief. B. feared violence from western farmers. C. demanded independence from England. D. sought to increase the authority of local colonial governments. E. demanded the redistribution of the land making up the former French colonies. Answer: A Page: 112 32. Legislation passed by the Grenville ministry in 1764-1765 adversely affected ________ in America. A. New England merchants B. southern planters C. small farmers D. urban workers E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 112 33. Many colonists believed the legislation passed by the Grenville ministry in 1764-1765 A. showed the British were committed to the long-term success of the colonies. B. meant the British were trying to take away their tradition of self-government. C. signified that the British finally understood the desires of the colonists. D. would have little long-term effect on the economy of the colonies. E. would lead to renewed hostilities with Indians in the west. Answer: B Page: 112

34. The Stamp Act of 1765 A. was consistent with traditional parliamentary efforts to regulate commerce. B. placed a heavy financial burden on American colonists. C. helped to unite the colonies in opposition to the English government. D. required the consent of the colonial assemblies before going into effect. E. actually affected only a few New England merchants. Answer: C Page: 112 35. Who among the following took the lead in protesting against the Stamp Act? A. Patrick Henry B. Ben Franklin C. Samuel Adams D. Thomas Jefferson E. George Mason Answer: A Page: 115 36. The “Virginia Resolves” stated that A. Virginians should not be required to pay taxes. B. the English government had no authority over the economic activities of Virginians. C. anyone who supported the right of Parliament to tax was an enemy of the colony. D. independence from England was the only solution to the tax crisis. E. Virginia must do its part to reimburse England for the cost of colonial defense. Answer: C Page: 115 37. British official Thomas Hutchinson A. was an early and outspoken supporter of the Stamp Act. B. called for suppression of colonial demonstrations. C. was murdered during colonial protests against the Stamp Act. D. had his home ransacked by anti-Stamp Act demonstrators. E. signed his name to the “Virginia Resolves” to support the colonists’ position. Answer: D Page: 116 38. In 1766, in response to colonial protests against the Stamp Act, the British government A. closed the port of Boston. B. attempted to arrest the authors of the “Virginia Resolves.” C. created the Currency Act. D. sent additional troops to the colonies. E. rescinded the Stamp Act. Answer: E Page: 116

39. The Declaratory Act of 1766 A. caused renewed protests throughout the colonies. B. was a sweeping assertion of Parliament’s authority over the colonies. C. threatened the colonies with military action should future protests develop. D. was an attempt by outgoing minister George Grenville to save face. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 116 40. The Mutiny (or Quartering) Act of 1765 A. required colonists to evacuate their farms to occupying British soldiers. B. was regarded by objecting colonists as a form of taxation without consent. C. resulted in the killing of several British soldiers by colonists. D. allowed British officers to force colonists into military service for England. E. declared that all ships in the colonial navy must have a British officer on board. Answer: B Page: 117 41. The “internal rebellions” involving tenant farmers of the British colonies had their roots in the A. presumption that taxation without representation was intolerable. B. class system of New England and New York. C. French and Indian War. D. expansion into western lands. E. writings of Ethan Allen. Answer: B Page: 116 42. The Townshend Duties of 1767 A. constituted a form of taxation quite similar to the Stamp Act. B. were ultimately ratified by the New York Assembly. C. drew no immediate objection from the colonists. D. were withdrawn before they took effect. E. were taxes on what were called external transactions. Answer: E Page: 117 43. Colonial protests against the Townshend Duties resulted in A. the Boston Massacre. B. Parliament passing a second Stamp Act. C. an increase in smuggling in port cities such as Boston. D. many colonists joining in nonimportation agreements. E. the Boston Tea Party. Answer: D Page: 117

44. In 1770, the Townshend Duties were ended by A. Charles Townshend. B. the Marquis of Rockingham. C. Lord North. D. George III. E. Lord Chatham. Answer: C Page: 117 45. The Boston Massacre A. was transformed by some colonists into a symbol of British oppression. B. resulted in the death of several British soldiers. C. led to Paul Revere’s midnight ride of warning. D. included a trial in which British soldiers were convicted of murder. E. turned Paul Revere into a martyr for the cause of colonial independence. Answer: A Page: 119 46. The leading colonial figure in the Boston Massacre was A. Samuel Adams. B. Thomas Jefferson. C. Patrick Henry. D. James Otis. E. George Mason. Answer: A Page: 119 47. In the 1760s, “country Whigs” were English colonists who A. feared the political protests would damage the long-term profits of America. B. considered the British government to be corrupt and oppressive. C. defended the British imperial system. D. called on King George III to more firmly assert his authority. E. believed the political philosophy of John Locke gave too much power to the king. Answer: B Page: 119 48. English and American supporters of the English constitution felt it correctly divided power A. among the monarchy, the aristocracy, and representative assemblies. B. between England and the American colonies. C. between the commercial and landholding classes on both sides of the ocean. D. between Parliament and the monarchy. E. among the monarchy, Parliament, and the courts. Answer: A Page: 119

49. In the eighteenth century, the English constitution was A. an unwritten document. B. difficult to change. C. unpopular in both England and America. D. believed to be holding back colonial expansion. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 119 50. Under the English constitution during the eighteenth century, A. only American colonists were denied direct representation in Parliament. B. large areas of England had no direct political representation. C. all seats in American colonial assemblies were appointed. D. each member of Parliament represented a particular geographic area. E. the empire was made up of a federation of commonwealths. Answer: B Page: 120 51. In the eighteenth century, under the English government’s theory of representation, A. the American colonies were represented in Parliament. B. each American colony was allowed one non-voting representative in Parliament. C. the American colonies had no claim to any political representation. D. the king spoke to Parliament on behalf of the American colonies. E. the American colonies were represented by the courts. Answer: A Page: 119-120 52. Taverns were important in the growth of revolutionary sentiment because A. they were the only public places where one could legally speak without fear of arrest. B. they become central meeting places to discuss ideas about resistance. C. the tavern was one of the few places where men and women gathered together to speak. D. colonists increasingly resented the heavy British duties on alcohol. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 120 53. The Tea Act of 1773 A. followed a few years of relative calm between England and the American colonies. B. lowered the price of tea for American colonists. C. was intended to benefit a private British company. D. provided no new tax on tea. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 120-121

54. The colonial boycott of tea in 1773 A. was based on colonists’ anger at having to pay a new tax. B. involved relatively small numbers of people. C. was led by women, who were the primary consumers of tea. D. had little financial effect on England. E. resulted in the arrest of the Daughters of Liberty. Answer: C Page: 121 55. The Boston Tea Party of December 1773 A. triggered acts of resistance in other colonial cities. B. took place after Bostonians failed to turn away ships laden with tea. C. shocked the other colonies into isolating Massachusetts. D. both triggered acts of resistance in other colonial cities and took place after Bostonians failed to turn away ships laden with tea. E. both took place after Bostonians failed to turn away ships laden with tea and shocked the other colonies into isolating Massachusetts. Answer: D Page: 121 56. Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by A. withdrawing its military protection of Massachusetts. B. reducing the powers of self-government in Massachusetts. C. reducing the geographic size of the colony. D. threatening to launch a war against the Massachusetts militia. E. repealing the Tea Act. Answer: B Page: 124 57. The Quebec Act A. granted political rights to Roman Catholics. B. reduced the boundaries of Quebec. C. was approved of by most English colonists. D. was passed by England to appease the French government. E. made the Roman Catholic Church illegal. Answer: A Page: 124 58. Which of the following statements regarding the Coercive Acts is true? A. Massachusetts became politically isolated from the other colonies. B. Colonial boycotts decreased. C. Massachusetts became a martyr in the cause of resistance. D. The acts had little practical effect on the Massachusetts colony. E. The acts were basically ignored by other colonial legislatures. Answer: C Page: 124

59. In 1774, the First Continental Congress A. accepted a plan for a colonial union under British authority. B. proposed that the colonies tax themselves at Parliament’s demand. C. agreed to end colonial boycotts of British trade. D. issued an order for the arrest of all colonists loyal to the king. E. called for the repeal of all oppressive legislation passed since 1763. Answer: E Page: 126 60. In 1775, the Conciliatory Propositions A. called on Parliament to reduce taxes for the sake of colonial peace. B. saw Parliament agree to the terms of the First Continental Congress. C. was an appeal by the British government to colonial moderates. D. temporarily reduced tensions in the colonies. E. forced Parliament to send more troops to Boston. Answer: C Page: 127 61. At the time of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, General Thomas Gage, the commander of the British garrison in Boston, A. considered his army too small to act without reinforcements. B. was convinced that Americans would never actually dare to fight. C. arrested Sam Adams and John Hancock near Lexington. D. offered to resign his command to avoid war. E. believed the colonists’ calls for independence were justified. Answer: A Page: 127 62. The events of Lexington and Concord A. saw the colonists try to surprise the British by seizing a British arsenal. B. saw the Americans lose many more men than the British. C. occurred before there was a formal American declaration of independence. D. was the first victory for George Washington in the conflict with England. E. further alienated Massachusetts from the more moderate colonies in the Chesapeake. Answer: C Page: 127

True/False Questions 63. Eighteenth-century parliamentary leaders were less inclined than seventeenth-century English monarchs to exert control over their empire. Answer: True Page: 102

64. The character of the royal officials in America contributed to the overall looseness of the British imperial system. Answer: True Page: 102 65. Resistance to British imperial authority was centered among western farmers. Answer: False Page: 102 66. Prior to the 1760s, cooperation between colonies was not good. Answer: True Page: 102-103 67. Colonial merchants proved their allegiance to the British during the Seven Years’ War. Answer: False Page: 108 68. In their competition for the allegiance of native tribes, the English could offer more and better goods than the French. Answer: True Page: 104 69. “Creole” refers to a white immigrant of French descent. Answer: True Page: 104 70. The British were more tolerant of Indian culture and Indian religions than were the French. Answer: False Page: 104 71. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) signaled a rare French victory over the English. Answer: False Page: 104 72. In the aftermath of King George’s War (1744-1748), relations among the English, French, and Iroquois in North America rapidly deteriorated. Answer: True Page: 105 73. The Peace of Paris (1763) saw the French retain a portion of their holdings on the North American mainland. Answer: False Page: 108

74. Following the Seven Years’ War, the British government faced huge problems of imperial organization but had ample funds to deal with those problems. Answer: False Page: 108 75. During the Seven Years’ War the colonists evidenced an unwillingness to be taxed by Parliament, but they were not reluctant to tax themselves. Answer: False Page: 109 76. The Proclamation of 1763 decreed that Parliament had the right to pass laws dealing with the colonies. Answer: False Page: 112 77. The Proclamation of 1763 failed to meet even the modest expectations of the Indians. Answer: True Page: 112 78. The Currency Act of 1764 gave the colonial legislatures the power to print paper money. Answer: False Page: 112 79. The Paxton Boys and the Regulators were examples of colonists who objected to the Mutiny Act of 1765. Answer: False Page: 112 80. Despite the flurry of parliamentary legislation after 1763, most colonists found ways either to live with or to get around these laws. Answer: True Page: 114 81. In general, the colonists regarded the political burden of the post-1763 imperial program to be worse than the economic burden. Answer: True Page: 114 82. The actual economic burdens of the Stamp Act were relatively light. Answer: True Page: 114 83. The Stamp Act was a direct attempt by Parliament to raise revenues in the colonies without the consent of the colonial legislatures. Answer: True Page: 115

84. The Stamp Act was a parliamentary response to colonial objections to the Declaratory Act. Answer: False Page: 116 85. When the Stamp Act was repealed, the colonists were left with no real grievances against British authority. Answer: False Page: 116-117 86. The colonists largely accepted the Townshend Duties, except for the tax on tea. Answer: False Page: 117 87. The Boston Massacre was the British response to the Boston Tea Party. Answer: False Page: 117-119 88. The Boston Massacre was followed by three years of relative peace and quiet. Answer: True Page: 119 89. Parliament and the colonial legislatures did not always see eye to eye, but at least they shared a similar understanding about the nature of representative government. Answer: False Page: 119 90. Massachusetts’s extensive tavern system contributed to the colony’s revolutionary activity. Answer: True Page: 120 91. The Tea Act of 1773 actually reduced the price of tea to colonial consumers. Answer: True Page: 121 92. The Tea Act of 1773 angered colonial consumers, but not colonial merchants. Answer: False Page: 121 93. The Coercive Acts were first a response to the Boston Massacre. Answer: False Page: 124 94. More people were killed in the Boston Tea Party than in the Boston Massacre. Answer: False Page: 118, 121

95. The Coercive Acts succeeded in isolating Massachusetts as the source of colonial discontent. Answer: False Page: 124 96. The First Continental Congress convened before the events at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. Answer: True Page: 126 97. The Conciliatory Propositions (1775) proposed that the colonists not be taxed by Parliament, but rather tax themselves at Parliament’s demand. Answer: True Page: 127 98. The British move on Lexington and Concord in April 1775 was designed to provoke a major battle and end the war before it could really begin. Answer: False Page: 127

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 99. The 1754 effort to deal with Indian issues on an intercolonial basis was called the ________. Answer: Albany Plan Page: 103 100. During King George’s War, the colonists captured the French fort at ________ on Cape Breton Island, only to be forced to return it to the French during the peace settlement. Answer: Louisbourg Page: 104 101. The dramatic fall of ________ marked the beginning of the end of the American phase of the Seven Years’ War. Answer: Quebec Page: 108 102. The treaty that drove the French out of North America in 1763 was called the ________. Answer: Peace of Paris Page: 108 103. The Ottawa chieftain ________ struck back at English colonists who sought to move west of the Appalachians following the Seven Years’ War. Answer: Pontiac Page: 112

104. The parliamentary attempt to restrict westward movement following the Seven Years’ War was called the ________. Answer: Proclamation of 1763 Page: 112 105. Parliamentary legislation requiring colonists to provision and maintain the British army was called the ________. Answer: Mutiny Act Page: 112 106. The Sugar Act of 1764 created courts called ________ courts, which were designed to deal with accused smugglers. Answer: vice-admiralty Page: 112 107. The Virginian who took the lead in protesting the Stamp Act was ________. Answer: Patrick Henry Page: 115 108. The newly organized Sons of ________ did their best to block enforcement of the Stamp Act. Answer: Liberty Page: 116 109. The legislation confirming parliamentary authority over the colonies was called the ________ Act. Answer: Declaratory Page: 116 110. In 1770 Prime Minister Lord North repealed all of the ________ except the tax on tea. Answer: Townshend Duties Page: 117 111. The Bostonian who took the lead in fomenting public outrage against the Boston Massacre was ________. Answer: Samuel Adams Page: 119 112. In 1772, Samuel Adams proposed the creation of a “committee of ________” to publicize grievances against England. Answer: correspondence Page: 119

113. In 1772, angry colonists of ________ set afire and sank the British schooner Gaspée. Answer: Rhode Island Page: 120-121 114. The ________ colony had the most elaborately developed tavern culture. Answer: Massachusetts Page: 124 115. The British Parliament operated on a theory of representation called ________ representation. Answer: virtual Page: 120 116. The conflict between England and America was made insoluble because of a basic difference of opinion over the nature of ________. Answer: sovereignty Page: 120 117. A private company, Britain’s ________ Company, stood to benefit from the passage of the Tea Act of 1773. Answer: East India Page: 121 118. The ________ Act granted political rights to Roman Catholics. Answer: Quebec Page: 124 119. Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by passing a series of laws called the ________. Answer: Coercive Acts Page: 121, 124 120. The architect of the British military move on Lexington and Concord was General ________. Answer: Thomas Gage Page: 127

Essay Questions 121. Why was British rule in the colonies decentralized? What groups benefited from this and how? 122. Up until the 1760s, how did the British governance of the colonies shape the general attitudes of Americans regarding their rights and responsibilities within the British Empire?

123. What were the policy differences between Britain’s Navigation Acts (mid-1600s) and the various acts passed after 1763? 124. Why did the Navigation Acts not spark colonial rebellion as did the acts passed after 1763? 125. What effect did the French and Indian War have on the coming of the American Revolution? 126. Describe the origins of the American Revolution. 127. What new policies affecting the colonies did Parliament adopt following the French and Indian War, and why did it adopt those policies? 128. Trace the course and nature of colonial objections to British policies between 1763 and 1775. 129. Select any four colonial leaders and explain the specific role each played in the coming of the American Revolution. 130. Select any four acts of Parliament and explain their effect on the colonies and the nature of the colonial objection to each. 131. Was the American Revolution avoidable? What did the British government do that inadvertently encouraged colonial rebellion?

Chapter Five The American Revolution Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In 1775, as conflicts with England intensified, American colonists A. made extensive efforts to prepare themselves for war. B. were deeply divided about what they were fighting for. C. believed England was not willing to engage in military operations against them. D. saw their larger population as a key advantage over England. E. considered arming slaves to help build up the colonial army. Answer: B Page: 132 2. Published in January 1776, Common Sense was written by A. Thomas Jefferson. B. Thomas Paine. C. James Madison. D. Ben Franklin. E. James Otis. Answer: B Page: 132 3. The author of Common Sense A. sought to concentrate colonial anger on unpopular parliamentary measures. B. was an American who had never been to England. C. sold very few copies of his pamphlet until after the war was won. D. was arrested by British officials and charged with treason. E. considered the English constitution to be the greatest problem facing the colonists. Answer: E Page: 132 4. The Declaration of Independence A. borrowed heavily from previously published colonial documents. B. was never formally approved by the Second Continental Congress. C. avoided making any direct criticism of the king. D. called for the formation of a two-party democracy. E. originally recommended that all slaves be freed. Answer: A Page: 133

5. Financing the Revolution was difficult for the American side because A. hard currency was scarce. B. the printing of paper money was illegal. C. foreign nations refused to loan money for the war effort. D. bonds were not yet in use. E. the colonists’ wealth had all been kept in London. Answer: A Page: 134 6. The war effort by American colonists would be financed primarily by A. spending hard currency. B. printing paper money. C. borrowing from abroad. D. selling bonds. E. melting down jewelry into specie. Answer: C Page: 142 7. As commander of the Continental army, George Washington A. had no shortage of Americans willing to volunteer to fight the British. B. had no previous actual military experience. C. was an early critic of independence. D. saw Congress leave all important military decisions up to his judgment. E. was admired, respected, and trusted by nearly all Patriots. Answer: E Page: 135 8. At the start of the Revolution, American advantages over the British included a A. greater commitment to the war. B. larger number of troops. C. better equipped navy. D. more coherent military command structure. E. better relationship with Native American tribes. Answer: A Page: 136 9. Which of the following took place during the first phase (1775-1776) of the Revolutionary War? A. British troops evacuated Boston. B. American troops captured Quebec. C. The British won a significant victory in North Carolina. D. American troops took Nova Scotia. E. British troops under William Howe captured Philadelphia. Answer: A Page: 138

10. In the Battle of Bunker Hill, A. the Patriots suffered light casualties and won the battle. B. the British suffered heavy casualties. C. Benedict Arnold was wounded. D. the British surrendered their main forces to the Patriots. E. the Patriots refused to withdraw and were all killed. Answer: B Page: 137 11. During the second phase (1776-1778) of the American Revolution, British military efforts were hampered by A. a series of tactical blunders and misfortunes. B. a severe shortage of new soldiers coming from England. C. an American blockade of British ships. D. the American capture of the commanding British general. E. American alliances with Native American tribes in the region. Answer: A Page: 140 12. When George Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night, 1776, he was intent on surprising A. American Loyalists. B. Indians. C. the Hessians. D. British regulars. E. William Howe. Answer: C Page: 139 13. Among the following, who was NOT a British general during the American Revolution? A. Thomas Gage B. William Howe C. John Burgoyne D. Horatio Gates E. Barry St. Leger Answer: D Page: 140 14. The British military campaigns of 1777 saw A. General William Howe stay in camp when he was supposed to have moved south. B. General John Burgoyne suffer a major defeat at Saratoga. C. a major American victory at Philadelphia. D. the British surround and lay siege to George Washington’s army at Valley Forge. E. the British retake Boston and set it afire. Answer: B Page: 140

15. During the American Revolution, the Iroquois Confederacy officially A. declared its neutrality. B. allied itself with the colonists. C. allied itself with the British. D. refused to ally with either combatant until France entered the war. E. disbanded and withdrew to the west. Answer: A Page: 141 16. In early 1778, France A. refused to recognize the United States as a sovereign nation. B. expelled the colonies’ diplomats, including Benjamin Franklin, from Paris. C. agreed to give the Americans money and supplies, but withheld its soldiers. D. declared war on both England and Spain. E. worried that the United States would quit the war against the British. Answer: E Page: 142 17. In the aftermath of the Declaration of Independence, the colonies began to call themselves states. Why? A. their definition as such in the preamble B. in response to the British custom of calling them provinces C. the belief that each was a sovereign entity D. as an extralegal act against British sovereignty E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: C Page: 133 18. Which of the following nations opposed England during the American Revolution? A. Belgium B. Canada C. the Netherlands D. Portugal E. Sweden Answer: C Page: 142 19. In the final phase (1778-81) of the American Revolution, the British A. mounted their largest military assault against the Continental army. B. badly overestimated the support of American Loyalists. C. made a focused effort to win public support in the northern colonies. D. concentrated their efforts on capturing individual Patriots. E. began a policy of “total war” that resulted in several cities being burned to the ground. Answer: B Page: 142

20. As the fighting in the final phase (1778-1781) of the American Revolution carried into communities previously isolated from the war, A. local criticism of Patriots increased. B. American armies engaged in more large, open-field battles. C. support for independence greatly increased. D. large segments of the American population became war refugees. E. more Loyalists began actively helping the British. Answer: C Page: 143 21. Which of the following statements regarding Benedict Arnold is FALSE? A. Arnold was an American military hero early in the war. B. During the war, Arnold grew convinced the American cause was hopeless. C. Arnold conspired with the British to betray a Patriot stronghold at West Point, New York. D. Arnold had previously foiled the advance of Barry St. Leger into the Mohawk Valley. E. Arnold spent the last years of the Revolution as a prisoner of war. Answer: E Page: 144 22. Which of the following was the scene of a substantial British victory in the final phase (17781781) of the American Revolution? A. Cowpens B. Charleston C. Yorktown D. Guilford Court House E. Saratoga Answer: B Page: 144 23. Which of the following statements regarding General Nathaniel Greene is FALSE? A. He led American forces to victory in the battle at Yorktown. B. He divided his forces into fast-moving contingents to confuse and exasperate Cornwallis. C. He was one of the most effective commanders in the American army. D. He replaced Horatio Gates as commander of the southern forces in the Continental army. E. He was forced to withdraw at Guilford Court House after inflicting heavy losses. Answer: A Page: 144-145

24. The battle at Yorktown involved A. the most bloody battle of the war. B. the suicide of the commanding British general. C. evidence that the British were executing prisoners of war. D. a combined French and American army and navy. E. treachery on the part of Benedict Arnold. Answer: D Page: 145 25. The principal Americans who negotiated the peace terms with the British were A. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. B. Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, and John Adams. C. John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin, and Samuel Huntington. D. Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. E. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. Answer: E Page: 145 26. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, A. the United States gained formal British recognition of American independence. B. Spain received Gibraltar from the English. C. the United States received all territory east of the Rocky Mountains. D. France received Canada from the English. E. England was forced to pay reparations to the new American nation. Answer: A Page: 145 27. During the American Revolution, Loyalists A. were forced to leave the colonies soon after the war began. B. were nearly all office holders in the English government. C. were forbidden by the Patriots to move to England until the war had ended. D. constituted perhaps as many as one-third of the white colonial population. E. freed their slaves to help augment British forces in the colonies. Answer: D Page: 145 28. As a result of the American Revolution, the Anglican Church in America was A. weakened. B. banned in most colonies. C. made the official religion of Virginia. D. praised by Patriots for supporting independence. E. tried for aiding and abetting the British. Answer: A Page: 147

29. During the American Revolution, enslaved African Americans in the colonies A. joined the British army in large numbers to fight against their American masters. B. were assisted by the British to escape, as a way to disrupt the American war effort. C. were offered their freedom by Americans if they fought against the British. D. tried to help Loyalists escape to Canada in exchange for their freedom. E. were not significantly affected by the conflict. Answer: B Page: 147 30. The fear of ________ helped prevent English colonists in the Caribbean islands from joining with the continental Americans in the revolt against Britain. A. the British navy B. economic repercussions C. French intervention D. hurricanes E. slave rebellions Answer: E Page: 148 31. Which of the following statements regarding the American Revolution and Native Americans is FALSE? A. The outcome of the war largely weakened the position of Indians. B. Indians generally had better relations with the British than with the Americans. C. Most Indian tribes ultimately chose to fight on the side of the British. D. American Patriots had generally tried to persuade Indians to be neutral in the war. E. Some Indians took advantage of the conflict to launch attacks of their own. Answer: C Page: 148 32. During the American Revolution, female “camp followers” A. assisted in the support of regular troops. B. played traditional female roles and were not involved in combat. C. served to maintain traditional gender distinctions. D. were prostitutes. E. often inadvertently betrayed the position of Washington’s army. Answer: A Page: 149 33. Regarding the status of women, the effect of the American Revolution A. was minimal and short-term. B. was to dismantle the patriarchal legal system. C. was to end the traditional cultural concepts of the female role in society. D. generally weakened the position of women in society. E. led some women to question their position in society. Answer: E Page: 149

34. In 1776, Abigail Adams was an advocate for A. full gender equality in the new postwar nation. B. a woman’s right to vote. C. new protections against abusive and tyrannical men. D. support for impoverished war widows. E. temperance. Answer: C Page: 149 35. The prominent eighteenth-century essayist Judith Sargent Murray placed her greatest emphasis on the right of women to A. vote. B. own property. C. divorce. D. obtain an education. E. serve in combat. Answer: D Page: 149 36. In colonial America, under English common law a married woman A. could not own property. B. had more legal rights than unmarried women. C. had legal authority over her children. D. could not earn wages greater than her husband. E. could only initiate divorce in case of adultery. Answer: A Page: 150 37. Following the American Revolution, as the republic took shape in the 1780s, greater social importance was attached to women in the role of A. wives. B. feminists. C. citizens. D. nurses. E. mothers. Answer: E Page: 150

38. Post-Revolution American trade was strengthened by A. favorable trade agreements with England. B. an English desire to protect American vessels. C. the closing of British ports to American trade. D. British abandonment of impressments. E. the flood of immigration after the war. Answer: C Page: 151 39. In the thinking of most American political leaders, the success of their new republican governments depended on A. a strong defense of civil liberties. B. the development of industries. C. westward expansion. D. the creation of a strong military. E. independent landowners. Answer: E Page: 152 40. For most Revolutionary American political thinkers, the concept of equality meant that there should be equality of A. opportunity. B. rights, regardless of race, sex, or property. C. condition. D. opportunity and of condition. E. rights and of condition. Answer: A Page: 152 41. During the 1780s, in every new state constitution A. state legislatures were to be chosen by a direct popular vote. B. governors were prevented from holding a seat in the legislature. C. property requirements for voting were relaxed or eliminated. D. women were denied the right to vote. E. governors were given the authority to tax. Answer: B Page: 152 42. During the 1780s, most state governments A. moved to limit popular power. B. were notable for their stability. C. found it difficult to revise their constitutions. D. remained strongly elitist. E. eliminated property requirements for voters. Answer: A Page: 152

43. In 1780, Massachusetts sought to revise the power of the governor by A. allowing the legislature to set his salary. B. having him elected directly by the people. C. taking away his authority to veto legislation. D. permitting him to sit in the legislature. E. granting him the power to tax. Answer: B Page: 152 44. The Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty of 1786 A. was written by James Madison. B. called for a complete separation of church and state. C. gave all religious denominations special privileges within the state. D. only applied to Christian denominations. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 152 45. In the 1780s, which statement about slavery in America was true? A. In no state was it illegal. B. Many southern states prohibited the importation of slaves from abroad. C. Virginia passed a law forbidding the manumission of slaves. D. The strongest forces against slavery were found in the western colonies. E. Most whites believed blacks should be integrated into American society as equals. Answer: B Page: 153 46. Under the Articles of Confederation in 1777 there was a federal A. Congress. B. judiciary. C. executive. D. bureaucracy. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 153 47. Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government had the power to A. regulate trade. B. draft troops. C. borrow and issue money. D. levy direct taxes on the people. E. override state laws. Answer: C Page: 153

48. Under the Articles of Confederation, A. each state had one vote in Congress. B. all states had to approve any important measure. C. there could be no amendments to the Articles. D. no legislation could be passed without all states voting on the issue. E. the executive had the power to veto legislative decisions. Answer: A Page: 153 49. The Articles of Confederation were adopted when states gave up their A. power to regulate trade. B. power to make war. C. claims to western lands. D. right to levy their own taxes. E. plans for emancipation. Answer: C Page: 153 50. Shortly after signing the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the British government A. evacuated its forts in America. B. made restitution to slaveholders for slaves the British army had freed during the war. C. attempted to purchase Florida. D. restricted American access to British markets. E. declared war on Spain to take its New World colonies away. Answer: D Page: 154 51. Who did the Congress send to London as a minister in 1784 to resolve the differences between the Confederation and the British regarding the peace treaty of 1783? A. Benjamin Franklin B. James Madison C. John Jay D. John Adams E. George Washington Answer: D Page: 154 52. The Ordinances of 1784 and 1785 represented an attempt to A. eliminate slavery in the western states. B. compromise on the question of slavery expanding into the territories. C. enhance the power of the central government. D. gain redress from the English at the expense of Native Americans. E. provide for the admission of new states into the union. Answer: E Page: 154

53. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 A. created a single territory out of the lands north of Ohio. B. guaranteed freedom of religion throughout the affected areas. C. prohibited slavery within the affected areas. D. abandoned the system created in the 1784 Ordinance. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 155 54. In the early 1790s, the efforts of Little Turtle represented an attempt by Indians to A. accommodate white settlers. B. maintain their lands given through treaties. C. resist white expansion by military force. D. negotiate the sale of Indian lands. E. encourage England to mediate a settlement between Indians and the new nation. Answer: C Page: 156 55. The 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers A. forced the Miami Indians into negotiations with the United States. B. saw the U.S. forces suffer a significant defeat. C. led the United States to temporarily evacuate from the Ohio Valley. D. resulted in the death of General Anthony Wayne. E. represented the last major military victory for Indians against the U.S. Answer: A Page: 156 56. The 1795 Treaty of Greenville A. allowed the Miami Indians navigation rights to the Mississippi. B. compelled the Miami Indians to move out of the Ohio Valley. C. was never signed by any Indian leaders. D. removed all restrictions to white settlement of the Ohio Valley. E. led the United States to recognize the sovereignty of Indian nations. Answer: E Page: 156 57. As leaders of a tax rebellion the 1780s, Daniel Shays and his supporters demanded A. the nation’s capital be moved to New England. B. an end to paper currency. C. a moratorium on debt collection. D. renewed trade agreements with England. E. the right to vote for all white men, regardless of property holdings. Answer: C Page: 157

58. One effect of Shays’s Rebellion was that it A. temporarily brought a halt to the new American government. B. led the federal government to adopt the gold standard. C. led to the downfall of the state government in Massachusetts. D. contributed to the growing belief the national government needed reform. E. encouraged Massachusetts to adopt gradual emancipation. Answer: D Page: 157

True/False Questions 59. The Declaration of Independence borrowed heavily from previously written colonial documents. Answer: True Page: 133 60. The beginning of hostilities in 1775 found the colonies generally unprepared for war. Answer: True Page: 132 61. One effect the Declaration of Independence had was that individual colonies were motivated to reconstitute themselves as “states.” Answer: True Page: 133 62. Following Lexington and Concord, it is safe to say that most Americans now saw that they were fighting for independence from Great Britain. Answer: False Page: 132 63. To Thomas Paine it made “common sense” to break from Parliament, but not from the king. Answer: False Page: 132 64. In composing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson borrowed heavily from the political theories of Thomas Hobbes. Answer: False Page: 133 65. Both Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, and the various state legislatures had the power to tax individual Americans. Answer: False Page: 134

66. When George Washington took command of the Continental army, he did not have a great deal of public confidence. Answer: False Page: 135 67. The Battle of Saratoga (1777) was both a turning point in the Revolutionary War and a victory for the colonists. Answer: True Page: 140 68. During the Revolutionary War, the Iroquois Confederacy was united in its allegiance to Great Britain. Answer: False Page: 141 69. The United States never negotiated a formal alliance with France during the Revolutionary War. Answer: False Page: 142 70. France was an American ally during the Revolutionary War, but it did not provide the Americans with significant amounts of money or munitions. Answer: False Page: 142 71. Loyalist sentiment was thought to be stronger in the South than in the North. Answer: True Page: 142 72. Cornwallis’s defeat at Yorktown led not only to the resignation of Lord North as prime minister, but to public outcries in England against continuing the war. Answer: True Page: 145 73. The Americans violated their alliance with France by negotiating a peace with Great Britain without informing the French. Answer: True Page: 145 74. Few Loyalists were so disaffected as to leave the United States as a result of their opposition to the Revolutionary War. Answer: False Page: 145

75. The influence of the Anglican Church in the United States was strengthened as a result of the Revolutionary War. Answer: False Page: 147 76. Both Quakers and Catholics were strengthened as a result of their support for the Patriot cause and the Revolutionary War. Answer: False Page: 147 77. For some African Americans, the Revolution meant increased exposure to the concept of liberty. Answer: True Page: 147 78. By the end of the Revolutionary War, the position of Native Americans in and near the United States had been strengthened by their support of the Patriot cause. Answer: False Page: 148 79. The Revolutionary War increased already-deep internal divisions among Native American tribes. Answer: True Page: 148 80. Women, sometimes by choice but more often by necessity, flocked to the camps of the Patriot armies during the Revolutionary War. Answer: True Page: 149 81. The American Revolution did little to change the legal status of American women. Answer: True Page: 149 82. Under English common law, a single woman had greater legal rights than a married woman. Answer: True Page: 150 83. The general assumptions of American republicanism were modeled after those of French thinkers. Answer: False Page: 152 84. The republican concept of equality included the belief that not all people would live equally. Answer: True Page: 152

85. New state constitutions drafted during the Revolutionary War sought to expand the power of the executive. Answer: False Page: 152 86. Every new state constitution prevented the state’s governor from holding a seat in the state legislature. Answer: True Page: 152 87. When the United States began as a nation, most citizens were independent property holders. Answer: False Page: 152 88. Only a few of the new state constitutions provided for a two-house legislature. Answer: False Page: 152 89. In 1780, Massachusetts began a trend by expanding the power of the state’s governor. Answer: True Page: 152 90. Thomas Jefferson had deep moral misgivings about slavery, but he could not envision any alternative to it. Answer: True Page: 153 91. The Articles of Confederation provided for a separate judiciary and executive. Answer: False Page: 153 92. The Articles of Confederation could not be amended until all thirteen state legislatures approved. Answer: True Page: 153 93. Throughout the 1780s, the British government refused to send a diplomatic minister to America. Answer: True Page: 154 94. The Confederation’s most important accomplishment was its resolution of controversies over access to the Mississippi River. Answer: False Page: 154

95. The ordinances of 1784 and 1785 were more favorable to settlers than to land speculators. Answer: False Page: 154-155 96. The Northwest Ordinance guaranteed freedom of religion and banned slavery. Answer: True Page: 155 97. The precise rectangular grid pattern imposed on the Northwest Territory became the national model for all subsequent federal land policies. Answer: True Page: 155 98. Violence between Indians and whites on the northwest frontier largely subsided following the establishment of the Constitution of 1787. Answer: False Page: 156 99. Like Bacon’s Rebellion, Shays’s Rebellion occurred in Virginia. Answer: False Page: 157 100. Shays’s Rebellion was such a failure that it lessened the sense of need for a new federal constitution. Answer: False Page: 157

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 101. Many American colonists were enraged when the British began recruiting German mercenaries known as ________. Answer: Hessians Page: 132 102. In writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson borrowed from the contract theory of ________. Answer: John Locke Page: 133 103. The British commander in the Battle of Saratoga was ________. Answer: John Burgoyne Page: 140

104. The blunders of General ________, one of which was leaving John Burgoyne to fight alone, cost the British dearly in 1777. Answer: William Howe Page: 140 105. The American diplomat who negotiated the French Alliance of 1778 was ________. Answer: Benjamin Franklin Page: 142 106. The British commander forced to surrender at Yorktown was Lord ________. Answer: Cornwallis Page: 145 107. As a result of the American Revolution, the ________ denomination was weakened in the colonies because its followers practiced pacifism. Answer: Quaker Page: 147 108. Thomas Jefferson commonly referred to Native Americans as “________.” Answer: noble savages Page: 148 109. During the Revolutionary War, John Adams was asked by ________ to “remember the ladies.” Answer: Abigail Adams Page: 149 110. The Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty was written by ________. Answer: Thomas Jefferson Page: 152 111. The government plan adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 was called the ________. Answer: Articles of Confederation Page: 153 112. In 1787, Jefferson drafted the ________, which banned slavery in lands north of the Ohio River. Answer: Northwest Ordinance Page: 155 113. For the first time, in the Treaty of ________, the new federal government recognized the sovereignty of Indian nations. Answer: Greenville Page: 156

114. During the 1780s, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and others favored a “continental ________”—a 5 percent duty on imported goods. Answer: impost Page: 157 115. ________ led a failed rebellion of western farmers during the mid-1780s. Answer: Daniel Shays Page: 157

Essay Questions 116. Weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each side in fighting the Revolutionary War. 117. Compare the leading personalities on both sides in an explanation as to why the upstart United States was able to defeat England. 118. Describe the significance France played in the American Revolution. 119. Considering the events from 1763 to 1781, what could England have done differently to either prevent war or be more successful in waging war? 120. What impact did the American Revolution have on the rights and status of women? 121. What was the legacy of the American Revolution for Native Americans? 122. Characterize the debate over slavery in America immediately following the Revolution. 123. What was the American ideology of republicanism during the Revolutionary era? 124. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the structure of government as defined by the Articles of Confederation. 125. Considering the causes that led to the American Revolution, make a case that the Articles of Confederation were a logical form of government for the revolutionaries to adopt. 126. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? 127. Detail the problems facing the Confederation over the issue of western land, and explain its success in resolving many of those problems. 128. Why was pressure building for a new constitution during the second half of the 1780s?

Chapter 6 The Constitution and the New Republic Multiple-Choice Questions 1. By the late 1780s, dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation included a belief that the national government A. had grown too powerful. B. was too closely tied to England. C. was pushing America into another war with England. D. was ineffective. E. had sold too much western land to speculators. Answer: D Page: 162 2. In 1786, Alexander Hamilton found an important ally, in his push for a stronger central government, in A. Thomas Jefferson. B. James Madison. C. George Washington. D. Benjamin Franklin. E. Thomas Paine. Answer: B Page: 163 3. Which event, more than any other, convinced George Washington that the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised? A. the Spanish threat to take New Orleans B. the British refusal to evacuate the forts of the Northwest C. Shays’s Rebellion D. the Whiskey Rebellion E. the Battle of Fallen Timbers Answer: C Page: 163 4. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 A. did not fear concentrated government power. B. welcomed the possibilities of direct democracy. C. were suspicious of wealthy property owners. D. well represented the diversity of the national population. E. were well educated by the standards of their time. Answer: E Page: 164

5. At the start of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 the delegates agreed that A. their proceeding would be open to the public. B. states would have proportional voting based on each state’s population. C. the country needed a stronger central government. D. slavery would have to be preserved within the United States. E. the country needed a stronger army to prevent further popular uprisings. Answer: C Page: 163-164 6. The Virginia Plan called for A. retaining the Articles of Confederation, with the addition of a national executive. B. a two-tier national legislature. C. combining the three smallest states into one large state. D. a Senate in which each state would have two members. E. an end to the slave trade and gradual emancipation. Answer: B Page: 164 7. The New Jersey Plan A. proposed a legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate. B. was chosen by the convention delegates to replace the Virginia Plan. C. had the general support of the larger states. D. expanded the taxation and regulatory powers of Congress. E. was proposed by delegate Edmund Randolph. Answer: D Page: 164 8. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 came close to A. abolishing slavery. B. granting citizenship to slaves. C. granting suffrage for free black males. D. abolishing slavery and granting citizenship to slaves. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 164 9. The achievement of the “Great Compromise” of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was its resolution of the problem regarding A. women and voting. B. the definition of citizenship. C. political representation. D. states versus federal authority. E. expansion of slavery into the territories. Answer: C Page: 165

10. In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, for the purpose of political representation, slaves were classified as A. three-fifths of a free person. B. non-taxable. C. property. D. equivalent to children. E. citizens. Answer: A Page: 165 11. In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a major concession to the pro-slavery delegates was the A. agreement that half of all future states would allow slavery. B. strengthened fugitive slave provision. C. continuation of the slave trade for twenty years. D. guarantee of the permanent continuation of slavery where it existed. E. denial of suffrage to free black men. Answer: C Page: 165 12. At the Philadelphia convention, James Madison argued that the ultimate authority of the federal government came from the A. individual states. B. people. C. Congress. D. Constitution. E. rule of law. Answer: B Page: 165 13. James Madison’s ideas regarding republican government A. were drawn from the French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu. B. reflected his fear that a large republic was more likely to result in tyranny. C. assumed that political factions would help in preventing tyranny. D. suggested that the state governments were ultimately sovereign. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 166

14. Under the “checks and balances” system of the Constitution of 1787, federal judges A. were appointed by Congress. B. served for life. C. were elected by state legislatures. D. could not reverse state court rulings. E. served at the pleasure of the executive. Answer: B Page: 166 15. Under the Constitution of 1787, the people would directly elect A. members of the House of Representatives. B. members of the Senate. C. the president. D. federal judges. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 167 16. Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 recommended the document be ratified by A. a direct vote of the people. B. special state ratifying conventions. C. another national convention. D. state legislatures. E. the Confederation Congress. Answer: B Page: 168 17. In the debate over the Constitution of 1787, Antifederalist opponents to the document A. were better organized. B. had the support of George Washington. C. feared that poorly educated men would be elected to prominent political offices. D. believed the new government was not strong enough to maintain order. E. argued that the Constitution would weaken the states. Answer: E Page: 169 18. Who among the following was one of the authors of The Federalist Papers? A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. Alexander Hamilton D. George Mason E. Samuel Adams Answer: C Page: 169

19. The greatest complaint by opponents of the proposed Constitution of 1787 was about the A. absence of a specific listing of personal liberties. B. omission of references to God. C. creation of a federal military. D. naming of the new federal district after Washington. E. failure to abolish slavery. Answer: A Page: 169 20. The “Antifederalists” A. saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution. B. feared that the new government would widely abuse its powers. C. feared that the government too much favored common people over the “well-born.” D. saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the new government would widely abuse its powers. E. saw themselves as defenders of the principles of the American Revolution and feared that the government too much favored common people over the “well-born.” Answer: D Page: 169 21. The first state to ratify the Constitution in 1787 was A. New Hampshire. B. Delaware. C. Connecticut. D. New Jersey. E. Rhode Island. Answer: B Page: 169 22. Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution of 1787 under the assumption that A. a provision would be added allowing for the direct election of presidents. B. Thomas Jefferson would become the first president. C. there would be a ban on the importation of slaves. D. a bill of rights would be added later, in the form of amendments. E. it would not be ratified by enough other states to become binding. Answer: D Page: 169 23. In the first national elections in 1789, A. all the presidential electors cast their votes for George Washington. B. Thomas Jefferson was chosen to be vice president. C. the presidential inauguration was held in Philadelphia. D. John Adams campaigned against George Washington. E. Antifederalists won a convincing majority in the Senate. Answer: A Page: 169

24. Nine of the first ten amendments to the Constitution placed limits on the A. states. B. new government. C. rights of individuals. D. courts. E. presidential cabinet. Answer: B Page: 169 25. According to the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Supreme Court was to be A. composed of nine members. B. the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws. C. directly elected by the people. D. both composed of nine members and the judicial power for interpreting the constitutionality of state laws. E. both composed of nine members and directly elected by the people. Answer: B Page: 170 26. The first secretary of the treasury under the new government of 1789 was A. Alexander Hamilton. B. Thomas Jefferson. C. Robert Morris. D. James Madison. E. Henry Knox. Answer: A Page: 170 27. In the 1790s, those who were labeled Republicans envisioned developing a nation that would A. be highly commercial and urban. B. be largely agricultural and rural. C. be a leading world power. D. eventually control most of North America. E. eventually grant political rights to women and minorities as well as white men. Answer: B Page: 170 28. Federalists controlled the new government under the Constitution for its first A. four years. B. eight years. C. twelve years. D. sixteen years. E. twenty years. Answer: C Page: 170

29. As president, George Washington A. had never envisioned a strong central government. B. considered it his duty to resolve political controversies. C. sought to dominate national politics. D. grew concerned that the federal government was gaining too much power. E. avoided personal involvement with the deliberations of Congress. Answer: E Page: 170 30. The dominant figure of George Washington’s administration was A. George Washington. B. Thomas Jefferson. C. Henry Knox. D. Alexander Hamilton. E. Aaron Burr. Answer: D Page: 170 31. As treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton A. wanted to eliminate the national debt. B. opposed the federal government’s assumption of state debts. C. supported the creation of a national bank. D. encouraged the federal government to focus on the needs of the independent farmer. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 170 32. Under Alexander Hamilton’s plan, a new national bank would A. have a monopoly on the government’s banking business. B. facilitate the collection of taxes. C. provide loans to private businesses. D. act as a storehouse for federal deposits. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 171 33. Alexander Hamilton recommended that the federal government raise revenue through A. an import tax and a personal income tax. B. a sales tax and a property tax. C. an excise tax and an import tax. D. an excise tax and a sales tax. E. a sales tax and a personal income tax. Answer: C Page: 171

34. Alexander Hamilton’s funding plan A. was eventually passed by Congress essentially as Hamilton had desired. B. was supported by James Madison. C. was rejected by Congress. D. called for paying all bondholders only a fraction of the value of the bonds. E. called for dividing bonds between their original purchasers and speculators. Answer: A Page: 171-172 35. Alexander Hamilton’s plan for the federal government to assume state debts was passed by Congress after a deal was made to A. give a pay increase to government employees. B. appoint key Jefferson allies to the Washington administration. C. create two new states in the West. D. locate the nation’s capital between Virginia and Maryland. E. eliminate the national bank. Answer: D Page: 171 36. Opponents of Alexander Hamilton’s proposed national bank argued A. Congress had no authority to create a national bank. B. a national bank would lead to currency inflation. C. a national bank would lead to rampant speculation. D. Congress had no authority to create a national bank, and a national bank would lead to currency inflation. E. a national bank would lead to currency inflation and rampant speculation. Answer: A Page: 171 37. The most sustained opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s economic program came from A. creditors. B. manufacturers. C. the urban wealthy. D. Federalists. E. small farmers. Answer: E Page: 172 38. In the Constitution, political parties were A. not mentioned. B. described as dangerous. C. encouraged. D. viewed as temporary factions. E. specifically proscribed. Answer: A Page: 172

39. The emergence of an alternative political organization to the Federalists was prompted by A. a dispute over President Washington’s policies for westward expansion. B. fear that the Federalists were attempting to end free elections. C. belief that the power of the Federalists needed to be restrained. D. a growing debate over the national bank. E. fear that George Washington would try to run for a third term. Answer: C Page: 173 40. The two preeminent Republicans of the 1790s were A. Alexander Hamilton and James Monroe. B. John Adams and James Madison. C. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. D. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. E. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Answer: D Page: 173 41. During the 1790s, regional support in the United States for Federalists was greatest in the A. rural Deep South. B. rural Far West. C. Northeast. D. Southwest. E. mid-Atlantic region. Answer: C Page: 173 42. In America, the French Revolution was generally praised by A. Federalists. B. Republicans. C. Federalists and Republicans. D. Indians and slaves. E. no one. Answer: B Page: 173 43. The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 saw A. the federal government conduct itself much as it did during Shays’s Rebellion. B. violent clashes between urban merchants and American troops. C. a briefly successful move by Pennsylvania to secede from the Union. D. a failed attempt by Pennsylvania to secede from the Union. E. President Washington lead thousands of troops into the field. Answer: E Page: 174

44. In reference to Indians living in the United States, the Constitution A. made no mention of Indian nations. B. stated Indian tribes were entitled to direct representation in the federal government. C. required the federal government to respect treaties negotiated under the Confederation. D. declared Congress had no legal right to regulate commerce with Indian tribes. E. defined a precise legal standing for Indians and Indian nations. Answer: C Page: 174 45. Jay’s Treaty (1794) A. avoided a likely war with England. B. secured British compensation for recent attacks on American ships. C. led to the withdrawal of British forces posted on the American frontier. D. prompted England to send its first minister since the Revolution to the United States. E. recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth. Answer: A Page: 175 46. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) was negotiated between the United States and A. Great Britain. B. France. C. Spain. D. the Netherlands. E. the Iroquois Confederacy. Answer: C Page: 175 47. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) gave the United States A. the right to navigate the Mississippi River to its mouth. B. the freedom to use the port at New Orleans. C. a desired fixed northern boundary of Florida. D. assurances that Indians in Florida would be prevented from launching northern raids. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 175 48. The election of 1796 saw A. a Federalist president and a Republican vice president take office. B. the Republicans win the presidency for the first time. C. the House of Representatives determine the presidential victor. D. the Federalists reach their height of power and unity. E. John Adams become president on the Republican ticket. Answer: A Page: 177

49. The “XYZ Affair” A. involved foreign interference in an American presidential election. B. involved secret foreign treaties with nearby Indian nations. C. increased tensions between the United States and Great Britain. D. was prompted by a feud between John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. E. led to an undeclared war between the United States and France. Answer: E Page: 177 50. The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) A. gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism. B. were aggressively used by the Adams administration to suppress public criticism. C. were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. D. gave the federal government effective authority to stifle any public criticism, and were aggressively used by the Adams administration to that effect. E. were aggressively used by the Adams administration to suppress public criticism until they were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Answer: A Page: 177 51. In the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, it was asserted that A. the Republicans had betrayed the spirit of the Constitution. B. the federal government had the right to void state laws. C. the Supreme Court had no constitutional authority to invalidate federal laws. D. the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution was unjust. E. states had the right to nullify federal laws. Answer: E Page: 178 52. In the late 1790s, on the political scene, A. the United States was deeply and bitterly divided. B. the republican form of government had won over most skeptics. C. the power of the Republicans was declining. D. the United States had developed a clear two-party system. E. there was considerable agreement over most important foreign policy questions. Answer: A Page: 178 53. The presidential campaign in 1800 A. saw the Republicans win a decisive victory over the Federalists. B. was notable for the sensational personal slandering of both candidates. C. saw leading Federalists in Congress attempt to engineer the election of Aaron Burr. D. was decided by a newly elected Republican Congress. E. was further complicated by the emergence of a third party, the Whigs. Answer: B Page: 178-179

54. Who described the election of 1800 as the “Revolution of 1800”? A. Thomas Jefferson B. Alexander Hamilton C. John Adams D. James Madison E. George Washington Answer: A Page: 179 55. The Judiciary Act of 1801 A. was passed by the new Republican Congress. B. increased the size of the Supreme Court by two seats. C. was an attempt by Federalists to secure their hold on the courts. D. resulted in the Federalists losing control of the judiciary. E. was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Answer: C Page: 179

True/False Questions 56. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were allied in their commitment to the need for a stronger federal government. Answer: False Page: 163 57. George Washington was greatly alarmed by Shays’s Rebellion. Answer: True Page: 163 58. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 greatly exceeded their instructions from Congress and the states. Answer: True Page: 164 59. The delegates who drafted the new Constitution were products of the American Revolution but had lost their fears of concentrated power. Answer: False Page: 164 60. At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, each delegate voted as an individual. Answer: False Page: 164

61. The Virginia Plan called for a two-house legislature. Answer: True Page: 164 62. The Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan were quite different, but each saw fit to give each state equal representation. Answer: False Page: 164 63. The Constitution was submitted to the states for ratification with the Bill of Rights. Answer: False Page: 168-169 64. The new Constitution banned the slave trade, but it did not ban slavery. Answer: False Page: 165 65. Under the new Constitution, the federal government would have the power to tax, regulate commerce, and control the currency. Answer: True Page: 165 66. Under the new Constitution, federal judges were appointed by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress. Answer: False Page: 166 67. Before the new Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified by all thirteen existing states. Answer: False Page: 168 68. Like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson’s estate freed his slaves after his death. Answer: False Page: 168 69. Supporters of the new Constitution were better organized than were their opponents. Answer: True Page: 169 70. Ratification of the Constitution was given a big boost when New York and Virginia both approved the document early in the ratification process. Answer: False Page: 169

71. The Constitution determined that the number of justices on the Supreme Court would be nine. Answer: False Page: 170 72. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton served as secretaries of state and the treasury, respectively, under President George Washington. Answer: True Page: 170 73. Alexander Hamilton wanted state debts to be assumed by the federal government so that the entire debt could be paid off at once. Answer: False Page: 170 74. Hamilton favored both a tariff on imports and a federal excise tax. Answer: True Page: 171 75. Hamilton favored a government that would benefit the entrenched aristocracy but not speculators. Answer: False Page: 171 76. The most intense debates over Hamilton’s economic program were over his proposal for a national bank. Answer: True Page: 171 77. Hamilton’s economic program had the general support of both manufacturing interests and small farmers. Answer: False Page: 172 78. The new Constitution made no reference to political parties. Answer: True Page: 172 79. The “Republicans” of the 1790s were institutionally related to the Republican Party of the 1850s. Answer: False Page: 172 80. The Federalists were most powerful in the commercial centers of the Northeast. Answer: True Page: 173

81. Jefferson favored an agrarian America, but he did not oppose industrial activity. Answer: True Page: 173 82. The Constitution did little to resolve the place of Indian nations within the new United States. Answer: True Page: 174 83. Not until 1789—after the Constitution was ratified and the president and congress seated— did Great Britain send a minister to the United States. Answer: False Page: 174 84. In the 1790s there was general agreement that organized political parties had no place in a stable republic. Answer: True Page: 176 85. The Federalists fell victim to fierce factional rivalries after Washington’s retirement. Answer: True Page: 176 86. Until the Twelfth Amendment was adopted, the Constitution provided for the candidate receiving the second highest number of electoral votes to become vice president. Answer: True Page: 177 87. The “XYZ Affair” involved the United States and England. Answer: False Page: 177 88. The “XYZ Affair” took place during the administration of President John Adams. Answer: True Page: 177 89. President Adams was an enthusiastic supporter of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Answer: False Page: 178 90. Some Republicans were so upset by the Alien and Sedition Acts that they concluded that the states had the power to nullify acts of Congress. Answer: True Page: 178

91. The election of 1800 was decided in the House of Representatives. Answer: True Page: 179 92. The Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed by a lame duck Federalist Congress. Answer: True Page: 179

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 93. Edmund Randolph and James Madison wanted to strengthen the federal government with their proposed ________ Plan. Answer: Virginia Page: 164 94. At the Philadelphia convention, the small-state plan was called the ________ Plan. Answer: New Jersey Page: 164 95. The so-called Great Compromise settled the difficult problem of ________ at the Philadelphia convention. Answer: representation Page: 165 96. James Madison decided that sovereignty ultimately resided with ________. Answer: the people Page: 165 97. The Constitution’s most distinctive feature was its ________. Answer: separation of powers Page: 166 98. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay were the authors of ________. Answer: The Federalist Papers Page: 169 99. The Antifederalists’ biggest complaint was that the new Constitution did not have a(n) ________. Answer: Bill of Rights Page: 169 100. On September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve amendments, ________ of which came to comprise what we know as the Bill of Rights. Answer: ten Page: 169

101. The opponents of Hamilton and his economic plans called themselves ________. Answer: Republicans Page: 170 102. The institutionalized political factionalism of the 1790s is known as the “________.” Answer: first party system Page: 173 103. Thomas Jefferson promoted a vision of a(n) ________ republic. Answer: agrarian Page: 173 104. At Hamilton’s urging, President Washington dispatched an army to put down the ________. Answer: Whiskey Rebellion Page: 174 105. The United States and England negotiated a commercial treaty in 1794 called ________. Answer: Jay’s Treaty Page: 175 106. Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 gave the United States the right to deposit goods at ________. Answer: New Orleans Page: 175 107. During the late 1790s, the United States fought something called a “quasi war” with ________. Answer: France Page: 177 108. Madison and Jefferson responded to the Alien and Sedition Acts by drafting the ________ Resolutions. Answer: Virginia and Kentucky Page: 178 109. After the election of 1800, the ________ branch of government was the only branch controlled by the Federalists. Answer: judicial Page: 179 110. Jefferson referred to his election as the “________ of 1800.” Answer: Revolution Page: 179

Essay Questions 111. Explain how the structure of the central government, as defined under the Articles of Confederation, was intended to resolve many of the grievances colonists had with the British government prior to the Revolution. 112. What were the primary reasons the Articles of Confederation failed as a structure of government? 113. A number of major compromises were made at the Philadelphia convention. Discuss three of them in detail. 114. Why was there such opposition to the proposed Constitution of 1787? 115. Why did states that initially opposed the proposed Constitution of 1787 ultimately ratify it? 116. Discuss the essential differences between Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians during the 1790s. 117. Who were the primary authors of The Federalist Papers, and what was the significance of these publications? 118. Characterize the “competing visions” the Federalists and the Republicans had for the country during the 1790s. Which side do you believe had the better vision, and why? 119. What steps did Hamilton take to strengthen the federal government? 120. Why was there so much opposition to political parties in the 1790s? Why did the Jeffersonians decide to create a political party? 121. What personal characteristics and political decisions contributed to making George Washington an effective president? 122. In what ways was the Adams administration an expression of Federalist philosophy? In what ways was it not? 123. What was the long-term significance of the elections in 1800?

Chapter 7 The Jeffersonian Era Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Regarding education, early-nineteenth-century Republicans favored A. a nationwide system of free public schools for all male citizens. B. the federal government paying the costs of primary schools. C. private schools as the primary institutions of learning. D. the practice that only the children of elite families received an education. E. free college education for all white male citizens of the republic. Answer: A Page: 184 2. In the early nineteenth century, school education was largely the responsibility of A. private institutions. B. the states. C. individual cities and towns. D. the federal government. E. individual parents. Answer: A Page: 184 3. The writer Judith Sargent Murray argued that women A. should have the same educational opportunities as men. B. were equal to men in intellect and potential. C. should have a role in society apart from their husbands. D. should have opportunities to earn their own livings. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 184 4. Thomas Jefferson believed American Indians were primitive people A. who had been greatly mistreated by white Americans. B. who might become civilized through exposure to white culture. C. who should be completely separated from white society. D. with no redemptive qualities. E. who nevertheless had an education system worth emulating. Answer: B Page: 184-185

5. Around 1800, higher education in the United States A. served about two percent of the white men in the country. B. began to admit many more poor citizens than before. C. gave access to women, blacks, and Indians. D. was increasingly becoming dominated by public institutions. E. saw the number of colleges and universities grow substantially. Answer: E Page: 185 6. The first American medical school was established at A. Harvard. B. William and Mary. C. the University of North Carolina. D. the University of Pennsylvania. E. Columbia. Answer: D Page: 185 7. In the study of medicine during the early nineteenth century, A. anatomy became the leading contributor to medical knowledge. B. municipal leaders sought better public awareness of sanitation to reduce diseases. C. most physicians spoke out against the practice of bleeding and purging. D. most doctors received their training by working with an established physician. E. physicians found the public remarkably receptive to new discoveries and innovations. Answer: D Page: 185 8. The expansion of the medical profession during the early nineteenth century resulted in a A. broad increase in the number of hospitals. B. decline in midwives. C. rapid rise in care for the disabled. D. significant gain in the general body of medical knowledge. E. large jump in average life expectancy. Answer: B Page: 185 9. Noah Webster thought every American schoolboy should be educated A. in a skilled trade. B. to appreciate European culture. C. in community service. D. as a nationalist. E. in Greek and Latin. Answer: D Page: 186

10. The writer Washington Irving is best remembered for his works on A. Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle. B. the American Revolution. C. George Washington. D. Philadelphia society. E. the Mohican Indians. Answer: A Page: 186 11. The religious concept of deism A. emphasized the role of God in the world. B. challenged many of the ideas that had emerged in the Enlightenment. C. incorporated science and reason into religious faith. D. was frowned upon by educated Americans such as Jefferson and Franklin. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 187 12. Religious skepticism resulted in A. the philosophy of “Unitarianism.” B. a wave of revivalism. C. both the philosophy of “Unitarianism” and a wave of revivalism. D. the disestablishment of the Anglican Church. E. no discernable effect on American religious life. Answer: C Page: 187 13. The Second Great Awakening A. rejected the idea of the Trinity. B. was consistent with the ideas of the Enlightenment. C. helped promote universalism and Unitarianism. D. was confined to New England. E. began as an effort by church establishments to revitalize their organizations. Answer: E Page: 187 14. The Second Great Awakening helped spread all of the following denominations EXCEPT the A. Baptists. B. Unitarians. C. Presbyterians. D. Methodists. E. Baptists and Unitarians. Answer: B Page: 187

15. The message of the Second Great Awakening A. called for an active and fervent piety. B. restored the traditional belief in predestination. C. incorporated the belief of skeptical rationalism. D. found its greatest number of converts among young men. E. was rejected by most women as being retrograde and reactionary. Answer: A Page: 190 16. The revivalism of the Second Great Awakening A. was largely limited to white Americans. B. pacified opponents of slavery. C. encouraged racial unrest. D. was rejected by the black American community. E. fostered an anti-egalitarian religious ethos. Answer: C Page: 190 17. During the Second Great Awakening, the Indian revivalist Handsome Lake called for A. the adoption by Indian tribes of white American culture. B. an armed Indian rebellion against white American society. C. the United States to live up to its broken treaties with Indian tribes. D. the return of lands taken from Indian tribes by the United States. E. the restoration of traditional Indian culture. Answer: E Page: 190 18. The cotton gin was invented by A. Robert Fulton. B. Eli Whitney. C. Samuel Slater. D. Albert Gallatin. E. Moses Brown. Answer: B Page: 191 19. The invention of the cotton gin in the late eighteenth century A. allowed for the introduction of cotton in southern coastal states. B. had a profound effect on the textile industry in New England. C. reduced the total number of slaves in the American South. D. led to a great increase in the production of long-staple cotton. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 192

20. Eli Whitney is a major figure in American technology for introducing the A. concept of interchangeable parts. B. first modern factory. C. steam engine. D. mechanized assembly line. E. steel plow. Answer: A Page: 192 21. In the early eighteenth century, the Americans Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston A. invented the steam engine. B. made significant advances in steam-powered navigation. C. developed the nation’s first merchant marine. D. brought the first steam engines from England to the United States. E. launched America’s first railroad engine, the Clermont, in 1807. Answer: B Page: 193 22. The early nineteenth century in America is known as the “turnpike era” because A. most towns and villages became connected by a network of inexpensive roads. B. Americans stopped transporting goods by canal in favor of roads. C. the federal government provided free land to road construction companies. D. concrete was first developed as a long-life road surface. E. many roads were built for profit by private companies. Answer: E Page: 195-195 23. Population data of the United States in 1800 reveals A. ten percent of the non-Indian population lived in towns of more than 8,000. B. no American city had a population larger than 28,000. C. New York was the most populous city in the country. D. the nation remained overwhelmingly agrarian. E. fifteen percent of the population lived in towns of more than 8,000. Answer: D Page: 195 24. In the United States during the early nineteenth century, horse racing A. was largely limited to urban areas of the country. B. first became a spectator sport. C. became a popular sport in most areas of the country. D. was considered a form of gambling and was banned in most towns. E. was considered a waste of valuable horses and frowned upon. Answer: A Page: 195

25. The chief designer of the capital city of Washington was A. Thomas Jefferson. B. Robert Fulton. C. Daniel Burnham. D. Guy Dupont. E. Pierre L’Enfant. Answer: E Page: 196 26. In 1800, Washington, D.C., A. had grown in size equal to Philadelphia. B. was little more than a simple village. C. was widely recognized as a city built on a grand scale. D. had yet to be occupied by the national government. E. had 13,200 residents, according to the census. Answer: B Page: 196 27. In the early nineteenth century, many members of Congress A. had to live in tents when in Washington, D.C. B. considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies. C. stayed in Washington year-round. D. had to live in tents in Washington, D.C., year-round, and considered their state legislatures to be more prestigious political bodies. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 196 28. As president, Thomas Jefferson A. sought to convey the public image of a plain, ordinary citizen. B. believed in a passive presidency. C. gave the White House its name. D. tended to keep talented Federalists in office despite objections from Republicans. E. only served one term. Answer: A Page: 196-917 29. In his first term, President Thomas Jefferson A. argued for mandatory military service to mold and improve citizens. B. increased the size of the army. C. increased the size of the navy. D. aggressively used the military to assert American interests abroad. E. helped establish a military academy at West Point. Answer: E Page: 197

30. During his first term, President Thomas Jefferson A. sought to create a tax on personal income. B. restricted the sale of government lands to western settlers. C. saw a doubling of the national debt. D. eliminated all internal taxes. E. drastically increased government spending. Answer: D Page: 197 31. The Supreme Court’s ruling in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) A. stated that Congress had no authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court. B. stated that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress. C. ordered Secretary of State Madison to deliver Marbury his commission. D. stated that Congress had no authority to expand the power of the Supreme Court, and that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress. E. stated that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify an act of Congress, and ordered Secretary of State Madison to deliver Marbury his commission. Answer: D Page: 199 32. John Marshall was A. chief justice of the Supreme Court at the time of Marbury v. Madison. B. appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court by Thomas Jefferson. C. a Republican. D. a former vice president of the United States. E. secretary of state in the Jefferson administration, and Madison’s successor. Answer: A Page: 199 33. In 1802, President Thomas Jefferson believed that if France controlled New Orleans, A. the United States would be forced to build a new port somewhere else on the Gulf Coast. B. Great Britain might decide to declare war on the United States. C. Americans would not be able to settle west of the Mississippi River. D. the United States would run the risk of war with France. E. Napoleon would seize American ships in the harbor for his war with England. Answer: D Page: 202 34. Under the treaty terms for the Louisiana Purchase, A. the United States agreed to make annual payments to France for twenty years. B. the United States would gain exclusive access to the port of New Orleans. C. residents living in Louisiana were to be made citizens of France. D. the land boundaries were not clearly defined. E. the United States had to remain neutral in the war between England and France. Answer: D Page: 203

35. Napoleon decided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States because A. the French army on the American continent had been decimated by disease. B. he wanted to raise money for his armies in Europe. C. he believed the Louisiana Territory was a “great desert,” unfit for habitation. D. the French army on the American continent had been decimated by disease, and he wanted to raise money for his armies in Europe. E. he wanted to raise money for his armies in Europe, and he believed the Louisiana Territory was a “great desert” unfit for habitation. Answer: D Page: 202-203 36. When Thomas Jefferson received the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase, he A. felt his government had been asked to pay too much for it. B. was unsure of his constitutional authority to accept it. C. assumed the French would not honor its terms. D. insisted on numerous revisions before accepting it. E. angrily fired Livingston and Monroe for insubordination. Answer: B Page: 203 37. When President Jefferson spoke of “loose construction,” he was referring to A. a political theory. B. the USS Constitution and its hull form. C. an early method of earthwork fortifications. D. a medical theory compatible with the “humors” theory. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 203 38. The Lewis and Clark expedition A. was first planned after the Louisiana Purchase was made. B. was assisted by the guide Sacajawea. C. was led by two men who had little experience with Indians. D. saw both leaders die before the expedition was complete. E. never made it to the Pacific Coast. Answer: B Page: 203

39. The explorations of Zebulon Pike A. included Pike’s successful climb to the top of the peak that now bears his name. B. ended with his death at the hands of Choctaw Indians. C. convinced President Jefferson to form reservations for Indians. D. convinced many farmers not to settle between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. E. were hampered by Pike’s old age and infirm health. Answer: D Page: 204 40. In 1804, the Federalists known as the Essex Junto A. were led by Alexander Hamilton. B. believed slavery could not be allowed to expand into the territories. C. feared that the United States might be divided by secessionists. D. attempted to interest Napoleon in reclaiming Louisiana. E. feared the westward growth of the United States. Answer: E Page: 204 41. The duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton was the result of A. a business failure between them. B. a dispute over a woman. C. Hamilton’s election as governor of New York. D. Burr’s belief that Hamilton’s malevolence had cost him the New York governor’s race. E. Burr’s attempt to capture Mexico from the Spanish. Answer: D Page: 205 42. During the Jefferson administration, the British claimed the right to stop American merchant ships and seize A. vessels that had deserters on board from British ships. B. naturalized Americans born on British soil. C. any persons they chose. D. all military cargo. E. any slaves found on board. Answer: B Page: 206 43. The Chesapeake-Leopard incident A. led the United States to prohibit its ships from leaving for foreign ports. B. saw the British sink an American merchant ship. C. led the British government to end its practice of impressment. D. began the War of 1812. E. saw the Americans sink a British naval frigate. Answer: A Page: 206

44. The Embargo of 1807 A. was ineffective. B. helped to put a Federalist in the White House in 1808. C. resulted in the Republican loss of control of Congress in 1808. D. was quickly repealed. E. created a serious economic depression in the nation. Answer: E Page: 206 45. The Non-Intercourse Act reopened American trade with A. Great Britain. B. France. C. both Great Britain and France. D. all nations except Great Britain and France. E. all nations. Answer: D Page: 206 46. In 1810, the Non-Intercourse Act expired and was replaced by A. the Harrison Land Law. B. “Peaceable Coercion.” C. Macon’s Bill No. 2. D. the Tallmadge Amendment. E. Madison’s embargo. Answer: C Page: 206 47. President Thomas Jefferson’s Indian policy included an A. offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society. B. offer to Indians to reorganize their territory as a separate state in the Union. C. insistence that Indians give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest. D. offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and to reorganize their territory as a separate state in the Union. E. offer to Indians to become settled farmers and join white society, and an insistence that they give up claims to tribal lands in the Northwest. Answer: E Page: 207 48. During William Henry Harrison’s governorship of the Indiana Territory, A. violence between the United States and Indian tribes declined. B. he refused to sign new treaties with Indian tribes. C. all Indian tribes were driven west of the Mississippi River. D. he used threats and bribery as a means to acquire Indian lands. E. he thwarted plans by Indian tribes to elect a separate Indian governor of the territory. Answer: D Page: 207-208

49. Tecumseh A. believed the only effective means to resist white settlers was Indian tribal unity. B. encouraged Indian assimilation into the United States to save their lives. C. had a brother known as “the Shooting Star.” D. fought against William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe. E. experienced a mystical awakening in the process of recovering from alcoholism. Answer: A Page: 209 50. The desire by American southerners to acquire Florida A. led to war between the United States and Spain in 1812. B. was partly motivated by the number of runaway slaves who escaped there. C. was intended to reduce the presence of the British in America. D. was unfulfilled until the 1830s. E. was fervently attacked by leaders such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Answer: B Page: 210 51. In 1812, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun could best be described as A. Jeffersonians. B. pacifists. C. secessionists. D. Federalists. E. war hawks. Answer: E Page: 210-211 52. In the War of 1812, Britain turned its full military attention to America after A. Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo. B. Napoleon’s incarceration at Elba. C. Napoleon’s catastrophic campaign against Russia. D. the American invasion of Canada. E. the American raid and burning of York. Answer: C Page: 211 53. Which statement about the War of 1812 is true? A. England was eager for war with the United States. B. The United States entered the war with enthusiasm and optimism. C. The initial American focus of the war was on controlling the Mississippi River. D. The military struggle on the Great Lakes was a disaster for the United States. E. The outmatched Americans saw no military successes at all during the war. Answer: B Page: 211

54. During the War of 1812, the United States achieved early military success A. on the Atlantic Ocean. B. in New England. C. in the Carolinas. D. on the Great Lakes. E. in the Caribbean. Answer: D Page: 211 55. During the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames A. saw Tecumseh killed while a brigadier general in the British army. B. led to the long American occupation of Canada. C. strengthened the resolve of the Indians in the Northwest. D. saw British forces come from Canada to attack Detroit. E. saw a surprise American attack in the heart of London. Answer: A Page: 211 56. At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in 1814, Andrew Jackson A. was seriously wounded. B. viciously broke the resistance of the Creek. C. captured the city of New Orleans. D. defeated the Spanish at Pensacola. E. turned back the British invasion from the Southwest. Answer: B Page: 211 57. In 1814, the British A. took control of the Ohio Valley. B. repulsed the United States from Florida. C. seized Washington and set fire to the presidential mansion. D. established naval supremacy on the Atlantic Ocean. E. forced the surrender of Fort McHenry in Baltimore. Answer: C Page: 211 58. Following the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote A. “Yankee Doodle.” B. “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” C. “The Pledge of Allegiance.” D. “Stars and Stripes Forever.” E. “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Answer: E Page: 211

59. In the War of 1812, the Battle of New Orleans A. took place weeks after the war had officially ended. B. saw inexperienced British troops face battle-hardened American forces. C. resulted in hundreds of American deaths. D. saw the British lay siege to the city for nearly a month. E. gave the British control of the Mississippi River. Answer: A Page: 213 60. During the War of 1812, the Hartford Convention A. was a gathering of strong supporters of the war. B. saw its participants vote to secede from the United States. C. was made irrelevant by the Battle of New Orleans. D. sought to strengthen the political influence of the South and West. E. aimed to create a new political party, called the Whigs. Answer: C Page: 213 61. The Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812 A. was signed on New Year’s Day, 1815. B. was reluctantly negotiated by the British. C. included the condition that the United States create an Indian buffer state in the Northwest. D. put huge areas of the new lands under the control of the United States. E. began an improvement in relations between England and the United States. Answer: E Page: 213 62. The Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817 called for A. the joint occupation of Oregon by France and the United States. B. the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes by Britain and the United States. C. France to pull out of the fur trade in the Great Lakes region. D. a general trade agreement between the United States and France. E. Spain to give up its claim to Florida, in exchange for navigation rights on the Mississippi. Answer: B Page: 213

True/False Questions 63. Jeffersonians believed in a smaller government, but they also favored a nationwide system of public schools. Answer: True Page: 184

64. The idea of the “republican mother” presumed that it was important that women be educated. Answer: True Page: 184 65. Jefferson believed that Native Americans were uncivilized and innately inferior. Answer: False Page: 184-185 66. Many efforts were made to educate both Native Americans and African slaves to “uplift” them as people. Answer: False Page: 185 67. In the early nineteenth century, primary and secondary education, but not higher education, operated in close conformity to republican ideals. Answer: False Page: 184-185 68. The early nineteenth-century growth of the medical profession resulted in an expansion in opportunities for women. Answer: False Page: 185 69. At the end of the eighteenth century, only a small proportion of white Americans were members of formal churches. Answer: True Page: 187 70. Philosophies such as universalism were not consistent with the doctrines of Calvinism. Answer: True Page: 187 71. The Second Great Awakening succeeded in restoring to prominence traditional doctrines such as predestination. Answer: False Page: 187 72. The revivalism of the Second Great Awakening was essentially restricted to white people. Answer: False Page: 190 73. By the early nineteenth century, the United States began to have cities that approached the major cities of Europe in population. Answer: False Page: 195

74. By the end of Jefferson’s presidency, the capital city of Washington rivaled New York and Philadelphia as a major American city. Answer: False Page: 195-196 75. Jefferson tried to make sure that federal offices went to people who would be loyal to his ideas and to his presidency. Answer: True Page: 197 76. Jefferson as president was able to cut the size of government, but he was not able to reduce the national debt. Answer: False Page: 197 77. Jefferson was not a pacifist, but he did scale down the size of the American armed forces. Answer: True Page: 197 78. Republicans were most suspicious of the judicial branch of government. Answer: True Page: 198 79. John Marshall was a Federalist who served during several Republican administrations. Answer: True Page: 199-200 80. The terms of the Louisiana Purchase were made without the prior approval of either the president or Congress. Answer: True Page: 202-203 81. The Lewis and Clark expedition was organized over President Jefferson’s objections. Answer: False Page: 203 82. Prior to their journey west in 1804, neither Lewis nor Clark had experience dealing with Indians. Answer: False Page: 203 83. Aaron Burr was convicted and imprisoned for the murder of Alexander Hamilton. Answer: False Page: 205

84. The War of 1812 was caused by conflicts on the Atlantic Ocean and in the American West. Answer: True Page: 211 85. On the road to the War of 1812, most Americans regarded England as a greater violator of American neutral rights than France, because England had the stronger navy. Answer: True Page: 206 86. The clash between the Chesapeake and the Leopard resulted in a victory for the British ship. Answer: True Page: 206 87. Congress’s response to the violations of American neutral rights was to prohibit American ships from leaving any American port for any foreign port in the world. Answer: True Page: 206 88. The Battle of Tippecanoe was a rare Indian victory against the United States. Answer: False Page: 209-210 89. At the time of the War of 1812, what is now Florida was held by Spain. Answer: True Page: 210-211 90. Congressmen who were labeled “war hawks” were generally Revolutionary veterans. Answer: False Page: 210-211 91. During the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson made a name for himself in Florida and at New Orleans. Answer: True Page: 211 92. By the time of the War of 1812, the Federalist Party was the minority party nationally, but it was still the majority party in New England. Answer: True Page: 213 93. The Hartford Convention called for secession from the United States. Answer: False Page: 213

94. In the Treaty of Ghent, the British renounced their practice of impressments. Answer: False Page: 213 95. The War of 1812 gave the Indian tribes east of the Mississippi at least a glimmer of better days to come in their ongoing battle to resist white expansion. Answer: False Page: 214

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 96. Judith Sargent Murray is best known for defending the right of women to a(n) ________. Answer: education Page: 184 97. The first American medical school was the ________. Answer: University of Pennsylvania Page: 185 98. Those who accepted the existence of God but regarded Him as a remote being were called ________. Answer: deists Page: 187 99. One of the most striking features of the Second Great Awakening was the preponderance of ________ who were involved in it. Answer: women Page: 190 100. In 1800, Virginia was the scene of a foiled slave revolt to be led by ________. Answer: Gabriel Prosser Page: 190 101. The most important Indian revivalist during the Second Great Awakening was ________. Answer: Handsome Lake Page: 190 102. The first modern factory in America was located in ________, Rhode Island. Answer: Pawtucket Page: 191 103. Eli Whitney’s ________ revolutionized the American South’s economy. Answer: cotton gin Page: 191-192

104. Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston are both associated with ________ navigation. Answer: steam-powered Page: 193 105. During his presidency, Thomas Jefferson best demonstrated his willingness to use force against the ________ states. Answer: Barbary Page: 197-198 106. In 1803, the Supreme Court defined its authority over Congress with its ruling in the case of ________. Answer: Marbury v. Madison Page: 198-199 107. The Treaty of San Ildefonso gave France control of ________. Answer: Louisiana Page: 201 108. Jefferson’s initial interest in the Louisiana Territory centered on the city of ________. Answer: New Orleans Page: 201-202 109. The Lewis and Clark expedition was aided by the Indian woman ________. Answer: Sacajawea Page: 203 110. The Essex Junto was composed of extreme ________ of New England. Answer: Federalists Page: 204 111. Chief Justice John Marshall presided over the treason trial of ________. Answer: Aaron Burr. Page: 205 112. The British practice of stopping American ships and seizing American sailors was called ________. Answer: impressment Page: 206 113. President Jefferson responded to British and French violations of American neutral rights by securing passage of the ________. Answer: Embargo Page: 206

114. On the road to the War of 1812, the British expected an American invasion of ________. Answer: Canada Page: 208 115. Tenskwatawa, otherwise known as the Prophet, was a brother of ________. Answer: Tecumseh Page: 209 116. In 1811, General William Henry Harrison defeated Native Americans at the Battle of ________. Answer: Tippecanoe Page: 209-210 117. During the War of 1812, the United States achieved early military successes on the ________. Answer: Great Lakes Page: 211 118. New England Federalists opposed to the War of 1812 organized the ________ to show their displeasure. Answer: Hartford Convention Page: 213 119. The Treaty of ________ ended the War of 1812. Answer: Ghent Page: 213

Essay Questions 120. Describe the main features of American education during the early nineteenth century. 121. In what ways was Thomas Jefferson’s presidency a confirmation of his ideals? In what ways did it violate those ideals? 122. Was Thomas Jefferson more successful in the domestic or foreign policy arena? Explain. 123. What were the decisions made and actions taken by Thomas Jefferson, during his administration, that most significantly changed the role of the presidency in American politics? 124. Describe the importance of Marbury v. Madison in the evolution of the federal government. 125. What historical events and ideas disturbed church establishments and prompted the Second Great Awakening in American society?

126. How did the Second Great Awakening compare with the First Great Awakening? 127. What evidence supports the claim that American technology underwent a “revolution” between 1790 and 1820? 128. What was the significance of Eli Whitney to the development of the American economy during the first decades of the nineteenth century? 129. In what ways was American nationalism strengthened in the early nineteenth century? In what ways was it challenged? 130. Why did the War of 1812 take place? What resulted from it? 131. What historical events exposed the instability and weakness of the American federal government during its first thirty years of existence? How was the authority of the government strengthened?

Chapter 8 Varieties of American Nationalism Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The experience of American banking during the War of 1812 revealed the need for A. another national bank. B. more state banks. C. a reduction in gold and silver reserves. D. an increase in the number of bank notes in circulation. E. currency backed by both gold and silver. Answer: A Page: 219 2. Which of the following statements about American currency and banking in this era is FALSE? A. Counterfeiting was a serious problem. B. The national bank forbade state banks from issuing their own notes. C. Congress re-chartered the Bank of the United States in 1816. D. Vast quantities of varying bank notes created confusion over currency. E. The second Bank of the United States had more capital than its predecessor. Answer: B Page: 219 3. As a result of the War of 1812, A. politicians spent less time on questions of national economic development. B. American banking was stabilized. C. America’s internal transportation system proved its worthiness. D. American shippers experienced a financial boom. E. the growth of American manufacturing was stimulated. Answer: E Page: 219 4. Francis Cabot Lowell’s contribution to American textile mills included A. the invention of the cotton spindle. B. improving the power loom. C. dramatically expanding the textile industry in the South. D. improving the cotton gin. E. organizing his workers by task into a primitive assembly line. Answer: B Page: 219

5. The first American mill to carry on the processes of spinning and weaving under a single roof was located in A. Boston, Massachusetts. B. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. C. Newport, Rhode Island. D. Springfield, Massachusetts. E. Waltham, Massachusetts. Answer: E Page: 219 6. After the War of 1812, it was clear that the United States needed an improved A. trade policy with Europe. B. system of tariffs. C. system for selling public lands. D. internal transportation system. E. system of currency. Answer: D Page: 220 7. By 1818, the United States’ internal road system A. had been paid for without any federal funds. B. consisted only of a small number of private turnpikes. C. included highways that reached into Ohio and Pennsylvania. D. formed a network that connected most large towns and cities. E. had for the most part been replaced by railroads. Answer: C Page: 220 8. The Lancaster Pike was a road partially financed by the state of A. Massachusetts. B. New York. C. Virginia. D. Pennsylvania. E. Maryland. Answer: D Page: 220 9. By 1818, American steam-powered shipping A. carried more cargo on the Mississippi than all other forms of river transport combined. B. increased the transport of manufactured goods westward. C. stimulated agriculture in both the West and the South. D. had reached as far up the Ohio River as Pittsburgh. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 220

10. On his last day in office, President James Madison influenced “internal improvements” by A. supporting the idea of using federal funds to finance transportation construction. B. vetoing a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals. C. supporting federal financing of scientific and technological research into steam power. D. both supporting the idea of using federal funds to finance transportation construction, and vetoing a bill that would have used federal funds to construct roads and canals. E. both supporting the idea of using federal funds to finance transportation construction and supporting federal financing of scientific and technological research into steam power. Answer: D Page: 221 11. Between 1800 and 1820, the population of the United States A. nearly doubled. B. reached five million. C. saw its largest increases in southern states. D. generally ignored the rocky soil of the Old Northwest. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 222 12. In the early nineteenth century, the westward movement of white Americans was encouraged by A. exhausted agricultural lands in the East. B. the spread of the plantation system in the South. C. the federal government’s policy toward Indian tribes in the West. D. exhausted agricultural lands in the East, the spread of the plantation system in the South, and the federal government’s policy toward Indian tribes in the West. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 222 13. In the early nineteenth century, life in the western territories was characterized by A. the mobility of the population. B. a surplus of labor. C. the absence of community institutions. D. generally declining land values. E. frequent visits to the East for finished goods. Answer: A Page: 222

14. In the early nineteenth century, the Deep South A. saw tobacco as its primary crop. B. included a vast, productive region in Alabama and Mississippi. C. was largely developed by wealthy planters. D. was slow to organize into states. E. contemplated seceding from the rest of the Union. Answer: B Page: 222 15. After Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, it A. attempted to close its northern territories to the United States. B. sought cooperative economic and military arrangements with England. C. quickly opened its northern territories to trade with the United States. D. began selling its northern territories to the United States. E. began planning for war against the United States. Answer: C Page: 223 16. The trapper who led a series of forays deep into Mexican territory that ended in disastrous battles with the Mojaves was A. John Jacob Astor. B. William Ashley. C. Rufus King. D. William Crawford. E. Jedediah Smith. Answer: E Page: 224 17. In the early nineteenth century, “mountain men” A. were mostly older settlers of an earlier era. B. had little impact on the character of Far West society. C. were the dominant segment of the population in the Far West. D. frequently warred against Indian and Mexican peoples. E. very often married Indian and Mexican women. Answer: E Page: 224 18. In the early nineteenth century, the explorer Stephen Long A. agreed with the findings and conclusions of Zebulon Pike. B. labeled the Great Plains the “American breadbasket.” C. was one of the most colorful of the “mountain men.” D. discovered the source of the Red River. E. inadvertently brought the United States to the brink of war with Mexico. Answer: A Page: 224

19. The “era of good feelings” following the War of 1812 reflected A. declining violence in the West between the United States and Indian tribes. B. increased political divisions in the United States federal government. C. rising nationalism and optimism in the United States. D. the renewed good relations between the United States and the European continent. E. the need for Americans to band together in the wake of economic depression. Answer: C Page: 224-225 20. Who among the following was a part of the “Virginia Dynasty”? A. Rufus King B. Henry Clay C. John Adams D. James Monroe E. John C. Calhoun Answer: D Page: 225 21. Prior to becoming president, James Monroe had A. served as secretary of state. B. been vice president. C. explored the western frontier. D. fought in the War of 1812. E. switched political parties. Answer: A Page: 225 22. Shortly after becoming president, James Monroe A. acted to limit the future influence of Federalists. B. called for an end to political parties. C. undertook a goodwill tour of the country. D. became the first president to leave the country while in office. E. called for increased manumissions in the South. Answer: C Page: 225 23. During the administration of James Monroe, A. all cabinet positions were filled by New Englanders. B. the Federalist Party in effect ceased to exist. C. Henry Clay became secretary of war. D. his vice president was charged with corruption. E. John C. Calhoun served as secretary of state. Answer: B Page: 225

24. What event prompted Spain to negotiate the sale of Florida to the United States? A. the Missouri Compromise B. the Panic of 1819 C. civil war in Spain D. the Mexican war for independence against Spain E. the Seminole War Answer: E Page: 225-226 25. In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty dealt with the American purchase of A. Texas. B. Ohio. C. Florida. D. Illinois. E. Puerto Rico. Answer: C Page: 226 26. One cause of the Panic of 1819 was A. decreased foreign demand for American agricultural goods. B. restrictive credit practices prior to 1819. C. the announcement that year that dozens of new state banks were to be chartered. D. new management practices within the Bank of the United States. E. an English embargo of American goods. Answer: D Page: 226 27. The Panic of 1819 resulted in a depression that lasted A. six months. B. one year. C. two years. D. four years. E. six years. Answer: E Page: 226 28. The representative from New York who proposed an 1819 amendment prohibiting slavery in Missouri was A. Rufus King. B. James Tallmadge Jr. C. Henry Clay. D. John C. Calhoun. E. John Jacob Astor. Answer: B Page: 226

29. The Missouri Compromise of 1819 A. extended slavery throughout the Louisiana Territory. B. maintained the nation’s equal number of slave and free states. C. was roundly criticized by nationalists in the North. D. denied statehood for Missouri for two more years. E. created a northern boundary of slavery at the 42°40ʹ parallel. Answer: B Page: 227 30. The Supreme Court ruling in Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) was a victory for A. corporate contracts. B. the Republican Party. C. state government. D. public education. E. state courts. Answer: A Page: 227 31. In Cohens v. Virginia (1821), Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the constitutionality of A. Supreme Court review of congressional laws. B. state court review of congressional laws. C. state court review of state laws. D. Supreme Court review of state court decisions. E. state court overturning of corporate charters. Answer: D Page: 227 32. In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court confirmed the A. right of the federal government to tax states. B. right of states to tax the Bank of the United States. C. “implied powers” of Congress. D. right of states to prohibit the Bank of the United States. E. right of states to abolish slavery within their borders. Answer: C Page: 227 33. The Supreme Court ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) A. strengthened the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. B. narrowed the federal government’s role in regulating the economy. C. declared transportation monopolies unconstitutional. D. reaffirmed the New York court’s ruling regarding interstate trade. E. was a victory for Aaron Ogden, Robert Fulton, and Robert Livingston. Answer: A Page: 228

34. The Supreme Court ruled in Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) that A. individual Americans had the right to buy land from Indian tribes. B. Indians had all the rights and protections afforded to U.S. citizens. C. the federal government had no right to take lands from tribes. D. the laws of the United States invalidated all Indian rights. E. Indians had a basic right to their tribal lands. Answer: E Page: 228 35. In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Marshall Court affirmed federal authority over A. individual states. B. all American Indian tribes. C. the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase. D. both individual states and all American Indian tribes. E. both American Indian tribes and the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase. Answer: D Page: 228 36. The policy expressed in the Monroe Doctrine was principally directed at A. Mexico. B. Europe. C. American Indians. D. Asia. E. southern slaveholders. Answer: B Page: 229 37. The Monroe Doctrine declared that A. European powers should not engage in new colonization of the American continents. B. the United States reserved the right to involve itself in European affairs. C. Cuba should come under the control of the United States. D. European powers should abandon all their interests in the Western Hemisphere. E. the United States had a “manifest destiny” to colonize North America. Answer: A Page: 229 38. The writing of the Monroe Doctrine A. had an immediate and dramatic effect on American policy. B. was primarily based on the earlier writings of Thomas Jefferson. C. was motivated by American interests in Hawaii. D. deeply angered the European powers. E. was an important example of American nationalism. Answer: E Page: 229

39. In the presidential election of 1824, A. Andrew Jackson received the most electoral votes and became president. B. John Q. Adams received the second-most electoral votes and became president. C. Henry Clay received the fourth-most electoral votes and became president. D. William Crawford received the most electoral votes, but died before a president was chosen. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 230 40. The so-called “corrupt bargain” was negotiated between A. Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. B. William Crawford and John Quincy Adams. C. Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. D. John C. Calhoun and Andrew Jackson. E. John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun. Answer: A Page: 230 41. The so-called “corrupt bargain” of 1824 involved A. the sale of public land to supporters of the Monroe administration. B. political payoffs and bribery involving the Treasury Department. C. illegal contracts between the State Department and private corporations. D. federal funds for internal improvements to certain states in exchange for electoral votes. E. a political deal to determine the outcome of the presidential election. Answer: E Page: 230 42. The presidential administration of John Quincy Adams was A. plagued by financial corruption. B. noted for its inability to carry out its policies effectively. C. widely popular in the South for its tariff policies. D. successful in domestic policies, but had little success in foreign policies. E. deeply antagonistic to the ideas behind Clay’s “American System.” Answer: B Page: 230-231 43. During the presidential campaign of 1828, A. Republicans were able to effectively unite. B. President Adams was accused of adultery. C. Andrew Jackson was labeled a murderer. D. the major election issue was the Bank of the United States. E. John Quincy Adams gave a strong showing in the South. Answer: C Page: 231

44. Andrew Jackson’s presidential victory in 1828 was A. extremely narrow. B. decisive but sectional. C. an overwhelming victory. D. a result of the support he received from New England states. E. likely a product of corrupted voting in several key states. Answer: B Page: 231 45. The election of 1828 A. was decided by the House of Representatives. B. saw Andrew Jackson receive the largest majority in American political history. C. saw Andrew Jackson sweep most of New England. D. represented to Jacksonians a victory for the forces of privilege. E. saw the emergence of a new two-party system. Answer: E Page: 231

True/False Questions 46. The War of 1812 demonstrated the growth of an American transportation system. Answer: False Page: 220 47. The first national bank had gone out of existence before the War of 1812. Answer: True Page: 219 48. The end of the War of 1812 suddenly improved the prospects for American industrial development. Answer: False Page: 219 49. President Madison believed that federal funding of internal improvements required a constitutional amendment. Answer: True Page: 221 50. Between 1800 and 1820 the population of America grew very slowly. Answer: False Page: 222

51. Life in the western territories in the early nineteenth century was almost exclusively one of solitary existence and individual self-reliance. Answer: False Page: 222 52. Western settlements were generally opened by people who lived in eastern seaboard cities. Answer: False Page: 222 53. Fur traders consistently relied on Indians to trap, while they served as the middlemen. Answer: False Page: 223 54. President James Monroe began his administration under what seemed to be remarkably favorable circumstances. Answer: True Page: 225 55. As President, James Monroe acted to preserve the “Virginia Dynasty.” Answer: False Page: 225 56. The Federalist Party made a surprising comeback during the presidency of James Monroe. Answer: False Page: 225 57. Western Americans tended to blame the national bank for the Panic of 1819. Answer: True Page: 226 58. New management and more specifically new business practices at the Bank of the United States caused several state banks to fail. Answer: True Page: 226 59. The Missouri Compromise preserved equality between free and slave state representatives in the House of Representatives. Answer: False Page: 227 60. The Marshall Court strengthened the federal government at the expense of the states. Answer: True Page: 227

61. The Marshall Court upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. Answer: True Page: 227 62. The Marshall Court gave its approval to the Bank of the United States even as it ruled that state legislatures could tax the bank. Answer: False Page: 227 63. The Marshall Court accepted the argument that Indian tribes were foreign nations. Answer: False Page: 228 64. In Worcester v. Georgia, the Marshall Court upheld the right of a state legislature to regulate Indian affairs. Answer: False Page: 228 65. The Monroe Doctrine was primarily the work of John Quincy Adams. Answer: True Page: 228 66. The Monroe Doctrine was consistent with the spirit of nationalism at work in the United States during the 1820s. Answer: True Page: 229 67. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, opponents of centralization had also often been opponents of economic growth. Answer: True Page: 229 68. The “tariff of abominations” was most strenuously opposed by the people of New England. Answer: False Page: 231 69. Prior to running for the presidency in 1824, Andrew Jackson was a military man who had never held elective office. Answer: False Page: 230 70. In 1824, Andrew Jackson received the most popular votes and electoral votes. Answer: True Page: 230

71. Both the 1824 and 1828 presidential elections were decided by the House of Representatives. Answer: False Page: 230-231 72. To many in 1828, the election of Andrew Jackson as president was a victory for the “common man.” Answer: True Page: 231

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 73. When Jefferson referred to a “fire bell in the night,” he was talking about the issue of ________. Answer: slavery Page: 218 74. In 1816, Congress chartered a second ________. Answer: Bank of the United States Page: 219 75. The increasingly traveled road between Missouri and New Mexico was called the ________. Answer: Santa Fe Trail Page: 223 76. Pre-Civil War explorers called the Great Plains the “________.” Answer: Great American Desert Page: 224 77. The presidency of James Monroe is often called the “era of ________.” Answer: good feelings Page: 225 78. The series of early presidents from the same state is called the ________. Answer: Virginia Dynasty Page: 225 79. To fulfill the position of secretary of ________ in his cabinet, James Monroe ultimately chose John C. Calhoun. Answer: war Page: 225 80. According to the terms of the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, the United States surrendered its claims to ________. Answer: Texas Page: 226

81. The Missouri Compromise brought Missouri and ________ into the Union. Answer: Maine Page: 227 82. The validity of contracts was upheld in the Supreme Court case of ________. Answer: Fletcher v. Peck Page: 227 83. The Marshall Court strengthened the ability of Congress to regulate interstate commerce in the case of ________. Answer: Gibbons v. Ogden Page: 228 84. Chief Justice John Marshall strengthened the judicial branch of government at the expense of the executive and ________ branches. Answer: legislative Page: 227 85. In 1823, the United States announced the ________ in order to prevent European nations from interfering with the development of new nation-states. Answer: Monroe Doctrine Page: 228-229 86. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay were considered by many to have negotiated what is known as the “________ bargain” of 1824. Answer: corrupt Page: 230 87. Andrew Jackson considered his victory in the year ________ to be as complete and important as that of Jefferson in 1800. Answer: 1828 Page: 231

Essay Questions 88. How did the United States government attempt to stimulate economic growth during the early nineteenth century? 89. What was the “turnpike era” and what were its strengths and weaknesses in transportation? 90. During the first decades of the nineteenth century, what role did the federal government play in “internal improvements” of transportation? 91. Compare life in the Old Northwest with life in the Old Southwest.

92. What factors motivated Americans to engage in a westward migration in the early nineteenth century? What type of American was more likely to move into the West? 93. Describe life in the Far West and compare its realities with the popular image of western life held by eastern Americans. 94. Describe the “era of good feelings” and explain what happened to it. 95. By examining the Missouri Compromise, what can one learn about slavery as a political issue in the United States during the early nineteenth century? 96. What rulings by the Marshall Court enhanced its own power and that of the federal government? 97. What effect did the Marshall Court have on the legal status of Indian tribes? 98. Could the United States have enforced the Monroe Doctrine in 1823? Why or why not? 99. What was the long-term significance of the Monroe Doctrine? 100. Was the “corrupt bargain” of 1824 really corrupt? Explain.

Chapter 9 Jacksonian America Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which statement regarding the American electorate during the 1820s is true? A. The right to vote was expanded to include many more white males. B. The right to vote was restricted to property owners. C. Married white women had the right to vote but could not hold elected office. D. Changes in voting rights first occurred in New England states and then spread west. E. Older states began to expand their property ownership requirements. Answer: A Page: 236 2. In 1840, efforts to expand voting rights in Rhode Island resulted in A. new laws that actually further restricted voting rights. B. federal troops occupying the state capital for two years. C. an effort within the state to secede from the Union. D. two governments claiming control of the state. E. female and black male suffrage for a brief period of time. Answer: D Page: 237 3. The lawyer and activist who led the campaign to expand voting rights in Rhode Island was A. Amos Kendall. B. Joseph Story. C. Daniel Webster. D. Roger Taney. E. Thomas Dorr. Answer: E Page: 237 4. By 1828, in all but one state, presidential electors were chosen by A. state legislatures. B. popular vote. C. lottery. D. Congress. E. state governors. Answer: B Page: 237

5. By the 1830s, political parties were generally regarded as A. being in the control of special interest factions. B. unnecessary to the political process. C. a dangerous threat to the democratic process. D. a desired and essential part of the democratic process. E. an aberration. Answer: D Page: 239 6. In the years after the War of 1812, support for the idea of political parties was greatest in A. Virginia. B. New Jersey. C. New York. D. Rhode Island. E. Pennsylvania. Answer: C Page: 239 7. In the 1830s, one argument in favor of political parties was the idea that A. the parties would provide the training ground for candidates. B. a permanent political opposition made parties sensitive to the people’s will. C. the present system of government had little effective organization. D. inexperienced political candidates would be less likely to gain office. E. parties could create a broader form of consensus than individual leaders. Answer: B Page: 239 8. Today, the oldest political party in the United States is the A. Green Party. B. Socialist Party. C. Libertarian Party. D. Republican Party. E. Democratic Party. Answer: E Page: 239 9. According to Andrew Jackson’s theory of democracy, A. there should be one national political party. B. all white male citizens should be treated equally. C. all white Americans should eventually be given the vote. D. slavery should not extend into the West. E. the South and West deserved special privileges as growing areas. Answer: B Page: 240

10. President Andrew Jackson sought to apply his democratic principles by first targeting A. the wealthy New England aristocracy. B. the southern planter class. C. federal officeholders. D. his Whig opponents. E. the Five Civilized Tribes. Answer: C Page: 240 11. The “spoils system” refers to A. making illegal payoffs to political supporters. B. giving away land taken from Indians to white settlers. C. the destruction of land by overly aggressive settlement. D. giving out jobs as political rewards. E. parceling out federal land to the highest bidder. Answer: D Page: 240 12. In 1832, supporters of President Jackson held a national convention in order to A. force the opposition to make their case in public. B. bring more public attention to their candidate. C. have greater control of the nominating process. D. shore up Jackson’s shaky support among voters in the Northeast. E. make the nominating process more democratic. Answer: E Page: 240 13. As president, Andrew Jackson believed the power of the federal government A. should be reduced. B. should be expanded. C. was supreme over individual states. D. should be expanded and was supreme over individual states. E. should be reduced, and yet was supreme over individual states. Answer: E Page: 240 14. When John C. Calhoun put forth his doctrine of nullification, he was A. a congressman. B. a senator. C. secretary of state. D. vice president. E. governor of South Carolina. Answer: D Page: 241

15. In the 1820s, John C. Calhoun proposed his doctrine of nullification A. to reduce the political power of Andrew Jackson. B. as an alternative to possible secession. C. as a means to end the national bank. D. to support trade tariffs. E. to counter the growing influence of abolitionism in the North. Answer: B Page: 241 16. John C. Calhoun drew his doctrine of nullification ideas from the A. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. B. United States Constitution. C. Missouri Compromise. D. ideas of Madison and Jefferson, and the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution. E. United States Constitution and the Missouri Compromise. Answer: D Page: 241 17. In his doctrine of nullification, John C. Calhoun argued that A. states were the final authority on the constitutionality of federal laws. B. all laws related to a state’s economic development should come from that state. C. states, not Congress, should ratify amendments to the Constitution. D. there should not be a federal court system. E. a state could not impose tariffs and levies on goods made in a neighboring state. Answer: A Page: 241 18. Who of the following saw his close ties and great influence with President Jackson grow stronger as a result of the Peggy Eaton affair? A. DeWitt Clinton B. Martin Van Buren C. Isaac Hill D. Francis Blair E. John C. Calhoun Answer: B Page: 241 19. The political significance of Peggy Eaton on Andrew Jackson’s administration was that A. the presidential aspirations of John C. Calhoun were likely ended. B. John Eaton’s ties with the administration were strengthened. C. Martin Van Buren had a political falling-out with President Jackson. D. the political strength of President Jackson was weakened. E. it encouraged Jackson to liberalize the nation’s divorce and coverture laws. Answer: A Page: 241

20. The Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate of 1830 was begun by a political dispute over A. the value of the two-party system. B. the sale of public land. C. slavery. D. trade with England. E. relations with Indian tribes. Answer: B Page: 241 21. Senator Robert Hayne represented the state of A. New York. B. Ohio. C. Pennsylvania. D. Virginia. E. South Carolina. Answer: E Page: 242 22. In the 1830 Daniel Webster-Robert Hayne debate, Webster considered Hayne’s arguments to be an attack on A. free states. B. the nation’s tariff policies. C. President Jackson’s leadership. D. federal authority. E. the institution of slavery. Answer: D Page: 242 23. In 1830, what political figure said, “Our Federal Union—It must be preserved”? A. Andrew Jackson B. Robert Hayne C. John C. Calhoun D. Daniel Webster E. Henry Clay Answer: A Page: 242 24. In 1830, what political figure said, “The Union, next to our liberty most dear”? A. Andrew Jackson B. Robert Hayne C. John C. Calhoun D. Daniel Webster E. Henry Clay Answer: C Page: 243

25. In 1833, the nullification crisis came to an end after President Andrew Jackson A. authorized the use of military force to see the acts of Congress were obeyed. B. raised the tariff. C. threatened to arrest supporters of nullification. D. agreed to give a larger share of federal authority to the states. E. acceded to John C. Calhoun’s doctrine of nullification. Answer: A Page: 243 26. The primary goal of the United States’ policy toward Indians in the early 1800s was to A. spread the Christian faith among tribes. B. protect Indians from attacks by white settlers. C. assimilate Indian tribes into white society. D. acquire the land occupied by Indian tribes. E. preserve disappearing Indian traditions and culture. Answer: D Page: 244 27. The Black Hawk War A. constituted a major, although temporary, Indian victory. B. occurred in New England and upstate New York. C. was notable for vicious behavior by the American military. D. was sparked by the kidnapping of the leader of the Fox Indians. E. resulted in the removal of the Five Civilized Tribes to the West. Answer: C Page: 244 28. Although the Supreme Court found in favor of the Cherokee tribes in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia, President Jackson decided A. that Georgia could remove the Cherokee tribes if it served the “public good.” B. the Cherokee had no right to file a legal claim in U.S. courts. C. the entire process of Indian removal was unconstitutional. D. that the Cherokee tribes could only be removed if they were properly compensated. E. the Court could not enforce the order. Answer: E Page: 245 29. The “Trail of Tears” taken by the Cherokees led them to the area that later became A. Texas. B. Oklahoma. C. Missouri. D. New Mexico. E. Nevada. Answer: B Page: 245

30. The first of the “Five Civilized Tribes” to be removed to the West, beginning in 1830, was the A. Creek. B. Seminole. C. Chickasaw. D. Choctaw. E. Cherokee. Answer: D Page: 245 31. Of the “Five Civilized Tribes,” the tribe that best resisted the pressures of removal was the A. Creek. B. Choctaw. C. Seminole. D. Chickasaw. E. Cherokee. Answer: C Page: 245 32. As a result of the U.S. government’s Indian policy in the 1830s and 1840s, A. violence between white Americans and Indian tribes ended. B. all Indian tribes were forced to intermingle on one large reservation. C. new federal attempts were made to assimilate Indian tribes into white society. D. the United States gained control of ten million acres of Indian lands. E. nearly all American Indian societies were removed to west of the Mississippi. Answer: E Page: 246 33. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a federal subsidy to the proposed Maysville Road, because A. he sought to demonstrate his presidential power at a time when it was being questioned. B. the road was not a part of any system of interstate commerce. C. the subsidy was to be paid-for out of tariff revenue, which he opposed. D. he thought the proposal might jeopardize his bid for reelection. E. he thought it would upset the balance created by the Missouri Compromise nine years earlier. Answer: B Page: 247 34. In the 1820s, under Nicholas Biddle, the Bank of the United States A. was financially sound and profitable. B. exercised little influence on state banks. C. restricted credit to growing enterprises. D. prohibited the existence of state banks. E. had to borrow credit from state banks to stay afloat. Answer: A Page: 248

35. In the 1830s, the Bank of the United States was opposed by A. “soft-money” advocates. B. “hard-money” advocates. C. Henry Clay. D. both “soft-money” advocates and “hard-money” advocates. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 248 36. In the debate over the Bank of the United States, President Andrew Jackson agreed with A. the “soft-money” advocates. B. the “hard-money” advocates. C. Henry Clay. D. both “soft-money” and “hard-money” advocates. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 248 37. In 1832, Henry Clay sought to use the debate over the Bank of the United States primarily to A. politically embarrass President Jackson. B. help his reelection to the Senate. C. promote his “American System.” D. boost his presidential candidacy. E. exact revenge on Nicholas Biddle for a perceived slight. Answer: D Page: 248 38. Which of the following statements regarding the Bank of the United States is FALSE? A. The charter of the Bank was due to expire in 1836. B. Nicholas Biddle had the support of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. C. The controversy over the Bank became the leading issue in the 1832 election. D. President Jackson ordered the Bank closed before the expiration of its charter. E. President Jackson went through several secretaries of the treasury before finding one who would help him weaken the bank. Answer: D Page: 243 39. President Andrew Jackson’s success in abolishing the Bank of the United States A. caused serious political damage to his administration. B. led the nation into a period of long economic decline. C. left the nation with an unstable banking system for many years. D. led him to lose the political support of Roger B. Taney. E. seriously damaged his support within the Democratic Party. Answer: C Page: 249

40. The Supreme Court ruling in Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) A. outraged supporters of Andrew Jackson. B. was a victory for federal authority. C. continued the constitutional interpretation set forth by John Marshall. D. affirmed the inviolability of contracts. E. reflected Jacksonian ideas of democracy and economic opportunity. Answer: E Page: 249 41. Jacksonian Democrats A. praised President Jackson as “King Andrew I.” B. faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s. C. were strongest among the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast. D. praised President Jackson as “King Andrew I,” were strongest among the merchants and manufacturers of the Northeast, and faced little political opposition by the mid-1830s. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 250-251 42. In the 1830s, Democrats were more likely than Whigs to support A. the chartering of banks and corporations. B. territorial expansion. C. established wealth. D. federally supported internal improvements. E. the abolition of slavery. Answer: B Page: 251 43. The so-called Locofocos of the 1830s were A. radical Democrats. B. defenders of monopolies. C. southern slaveholders. D. western farmers. E. radical abolitionists. Answer: A Page: 250 44. The political philosophy of Whigs A. opposed industrialism as a source of concentrated wealth. B. favored expanding the power of the federal government. C. encouraged the rapid western expansion of the nation. D. allied the party with the abolition movement. E. celebrated “honest workers” and “simple farmers.” Answer: B Page: 251

45. Of the following groups, support for the Whigs was weakest among A. wealthy southern planters. B. substantial New England manufacturers. C. small western farmers. D. aristocratic Americans. E. evangelical Protestants. Answer: C Page: 251 46. In the 1820s, Whig support for the Anti-Mason Party demonstrated A. the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters. B. the intention of the party to refrain from political mud-slinging. C. their conviction that Masonry encouraged radical egalitarianism. D. the desire of the party to attract the largest possible number of voters, and the party’s intention to refrain from political mud-slinging. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 251 47. During the 1830s, evangelical Protestants tended to support A. Democrats. B. Irish immigrants. C. Whigs. D. German immigrants. E. Masons. Answer: C Page: 251 48. Who among the following was NOT a leading Whig at some point during his political career? A. Martin Van Buren B. John C. Calhoun C. Daniel Webster D. Henry Clay E. None of these answers is correct, as each was at some point a leading Whig. Answer: A Page: 251

49. During its two-decade history, the Whig Party won the presidency A. zero times. B. one time. C. two times. D. three times. E. four times. Answer: C Page: 254, 257 50. The Whig Party was LEAST successful at A. defining its political position. B. attracting a loyal constituency of voters. C. connecting with evangelical Protestants. D. competing against Democrats in local, state, and congressional races. E. uniting behind a strong national leader. Answer: E Page: 251 51. Martin Van Buren won the presidency in 1836 because A. he was more popular with the public than Andrew Jackson. B. federal spending had supported an economic boom. C. the political opposition offered multiple candidates. D. land speculation had been reduced under President Andrew Jackson. E. his opponent openly advocated ending Indian removal. Answer: C Page: 251 52. In 1836, Congress passed a “distribution” act that required the federal government to A. apply a higher tax to foreign bondholders. B. parcel out Indian land to the states. C. reward loyal Democrats with government jobs. D. make pension payments to veterans of the War of 1812. E. disperse its surplus funds to the states. Answer: E Page: 252 53. In 1836, President Andrew Jackson’s “specie circular” A. resulted in a severe financial panic. B. was defeated by Congress. C. was of considerable political benefit to Martin Van Buren. D. required foreigners doing business in the United States to pay their debts in hard currency. E. caused a significant rise in prices, especially the price of land. Answer: A Page: 252

54. President Martin Van Buren’s “subtreasury” system A. was a financial system to replace the Bank of the United States. B. created a new national bank. C. never became law. D. quickly failed. E. did not pass until his successor’s administration. Answer: A Page: 252-253 55. The presidential election campaign of 1840 saw A. Martin Van Buren drop out of the presidential race. B. the first influence of the “penny press” in politics. C. Henry Clay chosen as the Whig presidential candidate. D. the emergence of the Republican Party. E. William Henry Harrison serve as the Democratic candidate. Answer: B Page: 253 56. William Henry Harrison A. was, in 1840, the youngest man to win the presidency. B. was a simple frontiersman with little money or resources to his name. C. died before he took office. D. was a Republican. E. had been a soldier and Indian fighter, and was a descendant of the Virginia aristocracy. Answer: E Page: 253 57. As president, John Tyler A. was a Whig who had once been a Democrat. B. favored the recharter of the Bank of the United States. C. considered Andrew Jackson to be his political role model. D. approved several internal improvement bills. E. forced John C. Calhoun out of his cabinet. Answer: A Page: 254 58. In 1841, the British government A. supported the rights and freedom of mutinous slaves on the Creole. B. seized the Creole because it carried slaves. C. briefly declared war on American shipping in response to the Creole mutiny. D. refused to trade with American shipping companies that carried slaves. E. returned mutinous slaves from the Creole to Virginia, at the request of President Tyler. Answer: A Page: 255

59. Which statement about the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty is FALSE? A. It settled the Aroostook War. B. It resulted in new territory being added to the United States. C. It included an American pledge not to allow slave ships to land at British ports. D. It included a British pledge not to interfere with American ships. E. It significantly improved Anglo-American relations. Answer: C Page: 255-256

True/False Questions 60. Jacksonian democracy included a weak challenge to the institution of slavery. Answer: False Page: 240 61. The “age of Jackson” was less a triumph for the common man than conservatives feared. Answer: True Page: 236 62. More people gained the right to vote in the 1830s, but requirements for voters to own property remained in place. Answer: False Page: 236 63. The Dorr Rebellion was generally consistent with Jacksonian principles. Answer: True Page: 236-237 64. During the Jacksonian era, free blacks could not vote at all in the South, and could hardly vote anywhere in the North. Answer: True Page: 237 65. One of the major reforms of the Jacksonian period was the introduction of the secret ballot. Answer: False Page: 237 66. In 1840, the number of adult white males who voted in the presidential election had risen to 80 percent. Answer: True Page: 237 67. During the Jacksonian period, political parties were regarded as a threat to democracy. Answer: False Page: 239

68. The Whig Party held the first national party convention. Answer: False Page: 240 69. As president, Andrew Jackson’s first political target was the Bank of the United States. Answer: False Page: 240 70. National political conventions were introduced during the Jacksonian period in order to expand the democratic process. Answer: True Page: 240 71. Andrew Jackson believed a strong federal government would lead to a strong democracy. Answer: False Page: 240 72. As Andrew Jackson’s vice president, John C. Calhoun became a strong Jackson opponent. Answer: True Page: 240-241 73. The Peggy Eaton affair improved Andrew Jackson’s relationship with John C. Calhoun. Answer: False Page: 241 74. The Webster-Hayne debate primarily concerned the issue of the sale of public lands. Answer: False Page: 242 75. Calhoun’s defense of his doctrine of nullification was directed primarily at the issue of tariffs. Answer: True Page: 241 76. Andrew Jackson sided with Robert Hayne in the Webster-Hayne debate. Answer: False Page: 242 77. President Jackson considered those who favored nullification to be traitors. Answer: True Page: 243 78. President Jackson was a strong advocate for protecting the autonomy of Indian tribes. Answer: False Page: 243

79. In the early nineteenth century, many whites viewed Indians as “noble savages.” Answer: False Page: 244 80. President Jackson sought to remove all of the eastern Indian tribes except the “Five Civilized Tribes.” Answer: False Page: 244 81. In the Black Hawk War, white forces attacked Indians as they surrendered and retreated. Answer: True Page: 244 82. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled against the Indian tribe. Answer: False Page: 245 83. Unlike most other tribes, the relocation of the Seminole in Florida was never completed. Answer: True Page: 246 84. In the 1830s, as a result of removal policies, the United States gained control of more than 100 million acres of Indian lands. Answer: True Page: 246 85. President Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road because the road was contained in one state and thus not part of “interstate commerce.” Answer: True Page: 247 86. Opposition to the Bank of the United States came from both “soft-money” and “hard-money” advocates. Answer: True Page: 248 87. The results of the election of 1832 could be interpreted as a defeat for both Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle. Answer: True Page: 248 88. The case of Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge could be interpreted as a victory for the forces of democracy. Answer: True Page: 249

89. Although a political opponent and a supporter of the Bank of the United states, Henry Clay wanted President Jackson to veto the 1932 bill that would recharter the bank. Answer: True Page: 248 90. The Whigs were more concerned with their political philosophy than with winning elections. Answer: False Page: 250 91. Jacksonians were more likely than Whigs to favor territorial expansion. Answer: True Page: 251 92. The Democrats were more likely than Whigs to oppose legislation establishing banks. Answer: True Page: 251 93. The well-to-do were more likely to support Whigs than Democrats. Answer: True Page: 251 94. The Panic of 1837 began the worst American depression to that point. Answer: True Page: 252 95. The “penny press” was more lively and sensationalistic than previous newspapers. Answer: True Page: 256-257 96. The Washington Star was the first of the new “penny press” newspapers. Answer: False Page: 256 97. In 1840 the Whigs elected a president for the first time. Answer: True Page: 254 98. John Tyler saw every cabinet member but one resign together from his administration. Answer: True Page: 254 99. The Aroostook War was the result of tensions between Canada and Maine. Answer: True Page: 255

100. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 was strongly criticized in the United States. Answer: False Page: 256 101. During the Tyler administration, the United States established diplomatic relations with China. Answer: True Page: 256

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 102. The French government had requested Alexis de Tocqueville make a study of American prisons, but he quickly went far beyond the study of prisons and wrote a classic study of American life, titled ________. Answer: Democracy in America Page: 240 103. President Jackson’s attack on federal officeholders led to the introduction of what one of his allies called the “________.” Answer: spoils system Page: 240 104. Jackson’s supporters held a national party ________ as a forum for selecting candidates for president. Answer: convention Page: 240 105. Thomas Dorr and his followers formed a(n) “________.” Answer: People’s party Page: 237 106. John C. Calhoun championed a states’ rights theory called ________. Answer: nullification Page: 241 107. John C. Calhoun argued that the federal government was a creation of the ________. Answer: states Page: 241 108. John C. Calhoun’s most powerful rival within the Jackson administration was ________. Answer: Martin Van Buren Page: 241

109. The main issue of public policy at stake in the Webster-Hayne debate was the ________. Answer: tariff Page: 242 110. The most successful of the “Five Civilized Tribes” when it came to resisting Jackson’s removal policy was the ________ tribe. Answer: Seminole Page: 245 111. The forced Cherokee migration on what was called the Trail of Tears ended in the territory of ________. Answer: Oklahoma Page: 245 112. In the election of 1832, Andrew Jackson was opposed by, and defeated, the National Republican candidate ________. Answer: Henry Clay Page: 248 113. ________ succeeded John Marshall as chief justice of the Supreme Court. Answer: Roger B. Taney Page: 249 114. Radical Jacksonians were known as ________. Answer: Locofocos Page: 250 115. William Morgan mysteriously disappeared shortly before he published a book that allegedly exposed the secrets of ________. Answer: Freemasonry Page: 251 116. The Great Triumvirate consisted of Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and ________. Answer: Daniel Webster Page: 251 117. President Jackson’s distrust of paper currency became obvious when in 1836 he issued an executive order called the “________.” Answer: specie circular Page: 252 118. The former Democrat who became president upon the death of William Henry Harrison was ________. Answer: John Tyler Page: 254

Essay Questions 119. What changes in the political process occurred during the 1820s that support the claim that American democracy was on the rise? 120. How “democratic” was the United States during the 1830s? Who was included in the political process and who was not? 121. What obstacles did Andrew Jackson see to American democracy? What steps did he take to reduce those obstacles? 122. What steps did Andrew Jackson take as president to strengthen the authority of the federal government? What did he believe should be the limit of that authority? 123. How did Andrew Jackson’s ideals of democracy compare with those of Thomas Jefferson? 124. What role did political parties play during the 1830s and 1840s? 125. How had the nation’s general perception of political parties as part of the democratic process changed since 1790, and why? 126. Why did Andrew Jackson not consider native tribes to be a part of democratic America? How did his Indian removal policy fit into his concept of democracy? 127. What were the various tactics employed by the “Five Civilized Tribes” to resist removal? Why were these tactics ultimately unsuccessful in preventing their removal? 128. What alternatives to Indian removal existed, and why were they not taken? 129. For what reasons did Andrew Jackson oppose the doctrine of nullification and the Bank of the United States? What were the consequences of his successful defeat of the doctrine and the Bank? 130. Characterize the presidency of Martin Van Buren. 131. What historical assessment would you give to Andrew Jackson’s presidency? What rating would you give him as president? Explain.

Chapter 10 America’s Economic Revolution Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Between 1820 and 1840, the population of the United States A. rapidly grew, in part due to improved public health. B. saw the proportion of enslaved blacks to free whites increase. C. increased at a slower rate than the populations of Europe. D. remained relatively constant. E. grew in spite of a very low birth rate in America. Answer: A Page: 262 2. Between 1800 and 1830, immigration to the United States A. was the most significant factor in the nation’s population growth. B. consisted mostly of people from southern Europe. C. was at its peak for the century. D. consisted mostly of people from Germany and Russia. E. was not a significant contributor to the national population. Answer: E Page: 262 3. In 1860, the percentage of the population in free states living in towns (places of 2,500 people or more) or cities (8,000 or more) was A. 7 percent. B. 13 percent. C. 26 percent. D. 39 percent. E. 42 percent. Answer: C Page: 263 4. In 1860, the percentage of the population in the South living in towns (places of 2,500 or more) or cities (8,000 or more) was A. 5 percent. B. 10 percent. C. 15 percent. D. 20 percent. E. 33 percent. Answer: B Page: 263

5. Which city did NOT owe its growth to the Great Lakes? A. Milwaukee B. Chicago C. Cleveland D. Cincinnati E. Buffalo Answer: D Page: 263 6. Between 1840 and 1860, the overwhelming majority of immigrants who arrived in the United States came from A. Italy and Russia. B. Ireland and Germany. C. England and Russia. D. England and Ireland. E. Ireland and Italy. Answer: B Page: 263 7. Before 1860, the largest single group of arriving Irish immigrants was A. young, single men. B. families. C. children. D. skilled laborers. E. young, single women. Answer: E Page: 265 8. Before 1860, compared to Irish immigrants, German immigrants to the United States A. generally arrived with more money. B. were less likely to migrate with entire families. C. were more likely to remain in eastern cities. D. came in greater numbers. E. generally moved on to the Southeast. Answer: A Page: 265 9. Prior to 1860, hostility among native-born Americans toward immigrants was spurred, in part, by A. the refusal by immigrants to adapt to American culture. B. fears of political radicalism. C. the ability of immigrants to command high wages. D. concerns that immigrants generally did not participate in politics. E. the effect they had on the falling price of African slaves. Answer: B Page: 268

10. The “Know-Nothing” movement was partially directed at reducing the influence of A. Catholics. B. abolitionists. C. Democrats. D. Jews. E. free blacks. Answer: A Page: 268 11. After 1852, the “Know-Nothings” created a new political organization called the A. Copperheads. B. Republican Party. C. Nativist Party. D. Libertarian Party. E. American Party. Answer: E Page: 268 12. Which of the following is true of the differences between canal and turnpike transportation? A. Canal transportation was generally developed before turnpike transportation. B. Canal construction was less expensive than turnpike construction. C. Canal boats could haul vastly larger loads than could turnpike transports. D. State governments gave little financial support to canal transportation. E. New York was the first to finance turnpike construction. Answer: C Page: 270 13. The Erie Canal was A. limited to flat land. B. built entirely by private investors. C. built without either locks or gates. D. a tremendous financial success. E. a great boon to the growth of Philadelphia. Answer: D Page: 270 14. In the 1820s and 1830s, railroads A. played a relatively small role in the nation’s transportation system. B. standardized both the gauge of tracks and timetables. C. saw their greatest development in the southern slave states. D. became the dominant form of transportation in the nation. E. had not yet been constructed in America. Answer: A Page: 272

15. Which of the following statements regarding American railroads in the 1850s is FALSE? A. Railroads helped weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South. B. Most railroad “trunk lines” were reduced or eliminated. C. Long distance rail lines weakened the dependence of the West on the Mississippi River. D. Chicago was the railroad center of the West. E. Private investors provided nearly all the capital for rail development. Answer: E Page: 272-274 16. During the 1840s, advances in journalism included all of the following EXCEPT the A. creation of a national cooperative news-gathering organization. B. technological means to reproduce photographs in newsprint. C. invention of the steam cylinder rotary press. D. introduction of the telegraph system. E. dramatic growth of mass-circulation newspapers. Answer: B Page: 274 17. Before the 1830s, American corporations could be chartered only by A. an act of Congress. B. presidential executive order. C. state legislatures. D. a public vote. E. a state governor. Answer: C Page: 275 18. In the 1830s, limited liability laws were developed in the United States, which A. protected the stockholders’ full investment in a company. B. restricted the amount of capital a corporation could possess. C. prevented a corporation from being dominated by a small group of stockholders. D. protected corporations from liability lawsuits. E. meant stockholders could not be charged with losses greater than their investment. Answer: E Page: 275 19. By 1860, factories in the United States A. were concentrated in the Northeast. B. produced goods whose total value greatly exceeded the nation’s agricultural output. C. employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing labor force. D. were concentrated in the Northeast and employed one-third of the nation’s manufacturing labor force. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 276

20. Before 1860, the development of machine tools by the United States government resulted in the A. turret lathe. B. universal milling machine. C. precision grinder. D. turret lathe, universal milling machine, and precision grinder. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 276 21. By 1860, the energy for industrialization in the United States increasingly came from A. water. B. kerosene. C. coal. D. gasoline. E. wood. Answer: C Page: 276 22. Most American industry remained wedded to the most traditional source of power, which was A. water. B. kerosene. C. coal. D. gasoline. E. wood. Answer: A Page: 276 23. In the 1820s and 1830s, the labor force for factory work in the United States A. saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs. B. consisted mostly of European immigrants. C. was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production. D. consisted mostly of European immigrants, saw many skilled urban artisans move into factory jobs, and ultimately was reduced by dramatic improvements in agricultural production. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 277

24. American factory workers in early nineteenth-century textile mills largely consisted of A. families and rural, single women. B. single men. C. unskilled urban workers. D. young immigrants. E. slaves. Answer: A Page: 277 25. When the Lowell factory system began, A. craftsmen were part of the production system. B. workers were fairly well paid and lived in supervised dormitories. C. workers had few benefits outside of a set wage scale. D. the workday ended when production quotas were met. E. workers rarely stopped working in the mills until retirement. Answer: B Page: 281 26. As the Lowell factory system progressed into the 1840s, A. wages rose, while working hours increased to ten hours. B. female workers staged a successful strike for better living conditions. C. the owners increasingly used immigrants as their labor force. D. a paternalistic management system was developed. E. many mill girls moved into management roles in the factory system. Answer: C Page: 282 27. In the 1840s, the dominant immigrant group in New England textile mills was the A. Irish. B. Germans. C. English. D. Italians. E. Chinese. Answer: A Page: 282 28. As the immigrant labor force in New England textile mills grew in the 1840s, A. the workday grew shorter and wages declined. B. payment by piece rates replaced a daily wage. C. women and children were more likely to earn more than men. D. safety conditions began to improve. E. the workday grew longer and wages increased. Answer: B Page: 282

29. The republican vision in the United States included the tradition of the A. skilled artisan. B. yeoman farmer. C. industrial entrepreneur. D. skilled artisan and the yeoman farmer. E. yeoman farmer and the industrial entrepreneur. Answer: D Page: 283 30. The rise of the American factory system A. complemented the nation’s traditional republican ideals. B. resulted in a rise in the status of skilled artisans among consumers. C. saw the government act to maintain the trades of skilled artisans. D. led some northerners to advocate repealing abolition. E. led to the creation of skilled workingmen’s craft societies. Answer: E Page: 283 31. The early union movement among skilled artisans A. was weakened by the Panic of 1837. B. was generally supported by state governments. C. attempted to create one collective national trade union. D. welcomed working women as members. E. was strengthened by the influx of immigrant laborers. Answer: A Page: 283 32. The Massachusetts court case of Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) declared that A. labor unions were lawful organizations. B. labor strikes were illegal. C. child labor laws were unconstitutional. D. minimum wage laws were a restraint on trade. E. unions must admit working women as members. Answer: A Page: 283 33. All the following factors inhibited the growth of labor unions EXCEPT A. the large number of immigrant workers. B. the political strength of industrial capitalists. C. ethnic divisions among workers. D. the question of whether to include women members. E. hostile laws and hostile courts. Answer: D Page: 284

34. The commercial and industrial growth in the United States prior to 1860 resulted in A. increasing disparities in income between the rich and poor. B. a significant rise in income for nearly all Americans. C. decreasing disparities in income between the rich and poor. D. a significant decrease in income for nearly all Americans. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 284 35. Prior to 1860, American urban society A. considered the conspicuous display of wealth to be poor social behavior. B. saw wealthy people move toward the outer edges of cities. C. included a substantial number of destitute poor. D. saw Irish immigrants have fewer rights than free blacks. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: C Page: 285 36. In most parts of the North, before the Civil War, free blacks could A. vote. B. attend public schools. C. use public services available to whites. D. compete for menial jobs. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Page: 285-286 37. Prior to 1860, class conflict in the United States A. increased as most of the working class dropped down the economic ladder. B. increased as the gap between the wealthy and the poor widened. C. was limited by a high degree of mobility within the working class. D. decreased as immigration diversified society. E. increased as a result of geographical mobility. Answer: C Page: 286 38. Prior to 1860, the fastest-growing segment in American society was the A. slaves. B. very poor. C. middle class. D. well-to-do. E. very rich. Answer: C Page: 287

39. The growth of commerce and industry allowed more Americans the chance to become prosperous without A. a professional education. B. producing a product or service. C. owning land. D. capital. E. marrying. Answer: C Page: 287 40. Before 1860, American middle-class families A. were typically renters. B. rarely employed servants. C. usually saw women holding part-time employment outside of the home. D. became the most influential cultural form of urban America. E. had to cook their meals over an open hearth. Answer: D Page: 287 41. Prior to 1860, the most significant invention for middle-class American homes was the A. cast-iron stove. B. air conditioner. C. icebox. D. electric iron. E. telegraph. Answer: A Page: 287 42. Early American Victorian homes were characterized by A. spare and simple designs that emphasized natural light. B. dark colors, and rooms crowded with heavy furniture. C. small rooms, and a reduction in total living space. D. all members of a family sharing one bedroom. E. a lack of parlors and dining rooms. Answer: B Page: 287 43. Compared to 1800, in 1860 urban American families A. had a declining birth rate. B. were more likely to see their children leave home in search of work. C. were more likely to see income earners work outside the home. D. had a declining birth rate, and were more likely to see income earners work outside the home and see their children leave home in search of work. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 288

44. By 1860, as a result of the social expectations expressed in the “cult of domesticity,” A. unmarried women were generally excluded from all income-earning activities. B. women became increasingly isolated from the public world. C. middle-class wives were given no special role in the family. D. women who read books or magazines were likely to be criticized. E. women increasingly became seen as contributors to the family economy. Answer: B Page: 291 45. All of the following statements regarding American leisure activities prior to 1860 are true EXCEPT that A. Shakespeare was the nation’s most popular playwright. B. reading was a principle leisure activity among affluent Americans. C. minstrel shows were increasingly popular. D. popular tastes in public spectacle tended toward the bizarre and fantastic. E. unpaid vacations were becoming common among the middle class. Answer: E Page: 290, 292 46. In the 1840s, P. T. Barnum’s American Museum in New York showcased A. nature and natural history. B. American artists. C. human oddities. D. past American leaders and heroes. E. European artists. Answer: C Page: 292 47. In 1860, the typical white male American of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was A. the owner of a family farm. B. a marginal farmer. C. a farmhand who did not own his own land. D. an industrial worker. E. an urban artisan. Answer: A Page: 293 48. For most American farmers, the 1840s and 1850s were a period of A. economic decline, as more people moved to urban centers. B. rising prosperity, due to increased world demand for farm products. C. extreme economic highs and lows brought on by volatile changes in demand. D. economic growth in the West but decline in the East. E. increasing economic connections between the North and South. Answer: B Page: 293

49. The main staple crop of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest) was A. barley. B. soy. C. corn. D. wheat. E. cotton. Answer: D Page: 294 50. In the 1840s, John Deere introduced significant improvements to the A. tractor. B. thresher. C. cotton gin. D. reaper. E. plow. Answer: E Page: 294 51. In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick improved grain farming when he patented his A. tractor. B. thresher. C. plow. D. reaper. E. mower. Answer: D Page: 294 52. Prior to 1860, the social institution that most bound together rural Americans was the A. church. B. tavern. C. town hall. D. grocery store. E. schoolhouse. Answer: A Page: 294

True/False Questions 53. Immigration contributed little to the American population in the first three decades of the nineteenth century. Answer: True Page: 262

54. Between 1840 and 1860, the South experienced a decline in its percentage of urban residents. Answer: False Page: 263 55. Much of the new pre-Civil War immigration went into the growing cities of the United States. Answer: True Page: 263 56. The great majority of pre-Civil War immigrants came from Ireland and England. Answer: False Page: 263 57. Most of the pre-Civil War Irish and German immigrants who came to the United States did so as families, as opposed to as single men and women. Answer: False Page: 265 58. In the pre-Civil War period, turnpikes were regarded as an improvement over canals as a means of transportation. Answer: False Page: 269 59. The Erie Canal was the greatest construction project Americans had ever undertaken. Answer: True Page: 270 60. Railroads played a relatively minor role in American transportation during the 1820s and 1830s. Answer: True Page: 272 61. The development of a railroad system weakened connections between the Northwest and the South. Answer: True Page: 272 62. One of the first businesses to benefit from the telegraph was the railroads. Answer: True Page: 274 63. In 1844, Samuel Morse showed off his invention by telegraphing news of Zachary Taylor’s nomination for the presidency over the wires from Baltimore to Washington. Answer: False Page: 274

64. Until the Civil War, newspapers relied on mail transported by train for the exchange of news. Answer: False Page: 274 65. By 1860, over half of the manufacturing establishments in the United States were located west of the Mississippi River. Answer: False Page: 276 66. Many of the free blacks in the North were people who had been skilled crafts workers as slaves and who bought or were given their freedom. Answer: True Page: 284 67. Given the rapid increase in population, recruiting a labor force was a fairly easy task in the early years of the American factory system. Answer: False Page: 277 68. The United States military was a center for innovations in new machine tools and industry. Answer: True Page: 276 69. By 1860, the number of American inventions to receive patents reached nearly 2,000. Answer: False Page: 276 70. The transition from farm life to factory life in pre-Civil War America was difficult at best and traumatic at worst. Answer: True Page: 281 71. The paternalistic nature of the Lowell factory system lasted through the Civil War. Answer: False Page: 282 72. Skilled craftsmen organized trade unions due to the rise of the “factory system.” Answer: True Page: 283 73. Commonwealth v. Hunt was a Massachusetts Supreme Court case which declared that labor unions were lawful organizations. Answer: True Page: 283

74. Virtually all of the early craft unions excluded women, even though female workers were numerous in almost every industry. Answer: True Page: 284 75. In most cities of the East prior to the Civil War, the income gap between rich and poor gradually narrowed. Answer: False Page: 284 76. Despite contrasts between great wealth and great poverty, there was very little overt class conflict in pre-Civil War America. Answer: True Page: 286 77. The fastest-growing group in America prior to the Civil War was the working poor. Answer: False Page: 287 78. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the American birth rate declined. Answer: True Page: 288 79. For most Americans in the nineteenth century, vacations were rare. Answer: True Page: 292 80. For most nineteenth-century urban Americans, leisure activities grew more varied. Answer: True Page: 292 81. The pre-Civil War “cult of domesticity” left women increasingly detached from the public world. Answer: True Page: 292 82. Public lectures were one of the most popular forms of entertainment in America prior to the Civil War. Answer: True Page: 292 83. As of the middle of the nineteenth century, the typical citizen of the Northwest was a poor, marginal farmer. Answer: False Page: 293

84. By the 1840s, much of American grain production had become mechanized. Answer: True Page: 294 85. The Northwest was the most self-consciously democratic section of the United States, but it was also a relatively conservative part of the country. Answer: True Page: 294 86. Pre-Civil War rural communities were usually populated by a diverse mix of ethnic groups. Answer: False Page: 294 87. Prior to 1860, rural Americans rarely had contact with the rest of the world. Answer: False Page: 294

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 88. In the early 1850s, a new political body called the American Party was created by a group called the “________.” Answer: Know-Nothings Page: 268 89. When it was completed, the ________ was the greatest construction project the United States had yet undertaken. Answer: Erie Canal Page: 270 90. The first railroad company actually to begin operations was the ________. Answer: Baltimore and Ohio Page: 272 91. By the mid-nineteenth century, the rail center of the West was ________. Answer: Chicago Page: 272 92. The primary assistance from the federal government to railroad companies came in the form of ________. Answer: public land grants Page: 272 93. Samuel Morse invented the ________, which burst into American life in 1844. Answer: telegraph Page: 274

94. The first American cooperative news gathering organization was called the ________. Answer: Associated Press Page: 274 95. Corporate development was aided by laws permitting a system of ________ for individual stockholders. Answer: limited liability Page: 275 96. The most profound economic development in mid-nineteenth-century America was the rise of the ________. Answer: factory Page: 275 97. The process for ________ rubber, treating it to give it greater strength and elasticity, was discovered by Charles Goodyear. Answer: vulcanizing Page: 276 98. Elias Howe’s invention of the ________ required precision grinding machines to construct. Answer: sewing machine Page: 276 99. The recruitment of young women to work and live in a factory setting was called the ________ or Waltham system. Answer: Lowell Page: 277 100. Elaborate rooms with lush dark colors and heavy furniture and drapes were characteristic of the ________ era. Answer: Victorian Page: 287 101. In New York City, the construction of ________, which began in the 1850s, resulted primarily from pressure from members of high society. Answer: Central Park Page: 285 102. The most popular playwright in America in the 1830s was ________. Answer: Shakespeare Page: 290 103. The American Museum that showcased human oddities was opened by ________. Answer: P. T. Barnum Page: 292

104. The ________ was invented by McCormick, while the machine thresher was invented by Case. Answer: automatic reaper Page: 294

Essay Questions 105. How do you account for the terrific growth of American industry prior to the Civil War? 106. Why did railroads become the key American industry in the nineteenth century? 107. Describe the immigrant experience in the United States in the 1830s and 1840s. 108. How did the rise of the factory system change the American family? 109. Describe the major features of American middle-class life during the first half of the nineteenth century. 110. Examine technological developments in America between 1800 and 1860. What are the characteristic features in the advances made throughout this period? 111. Describe the interrelationship between one technological development in the pre-Civil War era and another. 112. What were the advances in new technology that had the greatest effect on the emerging American factory system during the first half of the nineteenth century? 113. How did the emergence of the factory system change the face of American labor during the first half of the nineteenth century? 114. How did American leisure time and activities during the 1830s and 1840s compare with leisure during the 1810s and 1820s? 115. How had the status and role of American women changed between 1800 and 1860? 116. Between 1830 and 1860, what region of the nation changed the most dramatically overall? Explain. 117. Between 1830 and 1860, what region of the nation experienced the most social upheaval? Explain.

Chapter 11 Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The historian who wrote “The South [prior to the Civil War] grew, but did not develop” meant that A. the southern population increased, but new technology had bypassed the region. B. agriculture remained the leading industry of the South, but the plantation system was declining. C. the South had failed to move from an agrarian to an industrial economy. D. the South had expanded as a geographic region but had developed little prosperity. E. the South had created a prosperous plantation system but had not expanded its borders. Answer: C Page: 298 2. Prior to 1860, the center of economic power in the South A. was in Charleston, S.C. B. remained, as it had been, primarily within the upper South. C. remained, as it had been, primarily within the lower South. D. shifted from the lower South to the upper South. E. shifted from the upper South to the lower South. Answer: E Page: 299 3. Tobacco cultivation in the antebellum South A. was easy on the soil. B. was gradually moving westward. C. enjoyed a stable market. D. was centered in the lower South. E. never made a profit. Answer: B Page: 299 4. Rice and sugar production in the antebellum South A. had short growing seasons. B. were concentrated in a relatively small geographic area. C. had difficulty sustaining profits for growers. D. was in considerable decline by the 1850s. E. threatened to overwhelm cotton production in the lower South. Answer: B Page: 299

5. Short-staple cotton A. helped to keep the South a predominantly agricultural region. B. was less coarse than long-staple cotton. C. was easier to process than long-staple cotton. D. was more susceptible to disease than long-staple cotton. E. was only grown in the coastal regions of the upper South. Answer: A Page: 299 6. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the “cotton kingdom” A. was already losing ground to other staples, such as rice and tobacco. B. saw wealthy planters outnumber small planters. C. did not rely on large numbers of slaves imported directly from Africa. D. was the dominant source of the income of the lower South. E. still had not adopted the cotton gin, despite the time and resources that could be saved. Answer: D Page: 300 7. Between 1840 and 1860, the American South’s slave population A. could not meet the South’s labor needs. B. changed little. C. dramatically shifted into the Southwest. D. declined in overall numbers. E. became concentrated in the upper South. Answer: C Page: 300 8. By the time of the Civil War, cotton constituted nearly ________ of the total export trade of the United States. A. one-fourth B. one-tenth C. one-third D. half E. two-thirds Answer: E Page: 300 9. By 1860, the textile manufacturing sector of the American South A. was nonexistent. B. had increased threefold in value over the previous twenty years. C. had declined in value throughout the 1840s and 1850s. D. was equal to one-third of the value of cotton exported that year. E. had come to dominate the South’s economy. Answer: B Page: 300

10. The New Orleans magazine publisher, James B. D. De Bow, championed A. southern economic independence from the North. B. southern commercial and agricultural growth. C. closer economic ties with the North. D. southern economic independence from the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth. E. closer economic ties with the North, and southern commercial and agricultural growth. Answer: A Page: 301 11. The South failed to develop a large industrial economy due to all the following factors EXCEPT A. the humid climate. B. little access to liquid capital. C. the profitability of cotton. D. cultural values. E. a shortage of labor. Answer: E Page: 302 12. In the late 1850s, many of the great landholders of the lower South were A. still first-generation settlers. B. part of a wealthy leisure class. C. from longstanding aristocratic families. D. rooted to one plantation for many generations. E. former Old World aristocrats that emigrated from Europe. Answer: A Page: 303 13. Which of the following statements about the southern aristocratic ideal is FALSE? A. Wealthy southern whites adopted an elaborate code of “chivalry.” B. Dueling became a prominent facet of southern planter life. C. Wealthy southern whites prided themselves on their egalitarianism. D. Wealthy southern whites pretended to avoid such “coarse” occupations as trade and commerce. E. Wealthy southern whites often gravitated toward the military. Answer: C Page: 303

14. Prior to 1860, affluent southern white women A. had created the most significant challenge to slavery in the South. B. occupied a significantly different role from their northern counterparts. C. commonly held income-producing jobs. D. typically played an important role in public activities. E. centered their lives in the home. Answer: E Page: 304 15. Prior to 1860, southern women differed from northern women in that they A. tended to have more formal education. B. were expected to be more subordinate to men. C. had fewer children. D. generally had a lesser engagement in the economic life of the family. E. were more likely to take a role in public activities. Answer: B Page: 305 16. In the 1850s, the southern social theorist George Fitzhugh wrote that women A. had an obligation to obey. B. were like children. C. had the single right to be protected. D. were like children, had an obligation to obey, and had the single right to be protected. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 305 17. Prior to 1860, southern white women A. had about the same access to education as northern white women. B. were not expected to engage in manual labor, whatever their social standing. C. generally lived lives that were isolated from the wider world. D. had a birth rate that was lower than the national average. E. were more likely to see their children grow to adulthood than northern white women. Answer: C Page: 305 18. Sexual relationships between white southern men and female slaves was A. virtually unheard of. B. against the law in all slave states. C. encouraged by proponents of slavery such as George Fitzhugh. D. an accepted cause for divorce in the southern court system. E. a common practice. Answer: E Page: 306

19. Most “plain folk” of the Old South A. owned at least one slave. B. were subsistence farmers. C. were passionately antislavery. D. were subsistence farmers who owned at least one slave. E. were subsistence farmers who were passionately antislavery. Answer: B Page: 306 20. Most white southerners owned A. no slaves. B. one slave. C. two slaves. D. three to five slaves. E. six to ten slaves. Answer: A Page: 306 21. Southern, white, lower-class resentment of the aristocratic system was most likely to be found in A. the cities. B. river and ocean port towns. C. the upper South. D. the mountain regions. E. the Deep South. Answer: D Page: 307 22. Southern whites who did not own slaves A. rarely married into the families living on large slave plantations. B. openly opposed the planter elite. C. were forced to move west to maintain a livelihood. D. generally opposed the institution of slavery. E. were largely dependent on the plantation economy. Answer: E Page: 307 23. Perhaps the single strongest unifying factor of pre-Civil War southern whites was their A. kinship relationships. B. contempt of northern capitalism. C. perception of white racial superiority. D. fear of federal authority. E. intense national pride. Answer: C Page: 307

24. Which of the following statements about the poorest class of white southerners is FALSE? A. They often felt affinity with slaves as members of another oppressed class. B. They were known variously as “crackers” or “sand hillers.” C. They supported themselves by foraging or hunting. D. They suffered from pellagra, hookworm, and malaria. E. They were forced to resort at times to eating clay. Answer: A Page: 307 25. The “peculiar institution” was a southern reference to A. the plantation. B. manufacturing. C. capitalism. D. slavery. E. democracy. Answer: D Page: 307 26. In 1850, outside of the United States, slavery in the Western Hemisphere also existed in A. Colombia. B. Brazil. C. the Virgin Islands. D. Haiti. E. no other country. Answer: B Page: 308 27. Within the American South, the institution of slavery A. isolated blacks and whites from each other. B. created a unique bond between masters and slaves. C. encouraged blacks to develop a society and culture of their own. D. created a unique bond between masters and slaves, while isolating blacks and whites from each other and encouraging blacks to develop a society and culture of their own. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 308 28. The slave codes of the American South A. defined anyone with a trace of African ancestry as black. B. legalized slave marriages. C. were rigidly enforced. D. considered it a crime for an owner to kill a slave. E. banned blacks from attending church. Answer: A Page: 308

29. Though the trade and sale of slaves continued to be legal inside the U.S. until the Civil War, the “slave trade,” the importation of slaves from Africa or any other foreign locale, was made illegal in A. 1808. B. 1809. C. 1812. D. 1815. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 312 30. When emancipation came after the Civil War, it was often the ________ who were the first to leave the plantation of their former owners. A. field hands B. head drivers C. house servants D. subdrivers E. craftsmen Answer: C Page: 310 31. Most enslaved blacks lived A. on small farms. B. on medium- to large-sized plantations. C. in urban areas. D. in rigidly-controlled circumstances. E. in Virginia and the Carolinas. Answer: B Page: 308 32. Which of the following statements regarding slave life is true? A. Slaves had to grow all of their own food. B. Slaves were not given medical care except by their own efforts. C. Slave children did no work until they turned twelve years old. D. It was uncommon to divide slave families for long periods of time. E. After 1808, the proportion of blacks to whites in the nation steadily declined. Answer: E Page: 309

33. Which of the following statements regarding urban slavery is FALSE? A. Some urban slaves were skilled trade workers. B. Urban slaves were prohibited from having contact with free blacks. C. Urban slaves were less supervised than rural slaves. D. Urban slaves had little working competition from European immigrants. E. The line between slavery and freedom in cities was less distinct. Answer: B Page: 311 34. Prior to 1860, free blacks in the South A. were concentrated in the Deep South. B. were required by law to leave the South. C. increased in number in the 1850s, as laws encouraged owners to free “surplus” slaves. D. occasionally attained wealth and prominence and owned slaves themselves. E. avoided urban centers such as New Orleans or Natchez, where they might attract attention. Answer: D Page: 312 35. To “manumit” means to A. purchase. B. punish. C. work by hand. D. deny. E. set free. Answer: E Page: 312 36. Of the following, the most common form of resistance to slavery was A. group rebellions. B. arson. C. running away. D. subtle defiance. E. poisoning. Answer: D Page: 314 37. One actual slave revolt in the nineteenth-century South was led by A. Nat Turner. B. Denmark Vesey. C. Gabriel Prosser. D. Frederick Douglass. E. Harriet Tubman. Answer: A Page: 314

38. The name given to the effort by whites and blacks to help runaway slaves escape was the A. Frederick Douglass road. B. underground railroad. C. Fugitive Slave Act. D. Cumberland passage. E. Second Middle Passage. Answer: B Page: 314 39. A runaway slave making a successful escape from the American South was A. highly likely. B. likely. C. unlikely. D. highly unlikely. E. impossible. Answer: D Page: 314 40. Regarding religion, American slaves A. were expected to worship in black churches separate from whites. B. had mostly converted to Islam by the early nineteenth century. C. were usually not allowed to attend a church at all. D. shunned Christianity in favor of the polytheistic traditions of Africa. E. often incorporated African features into their Christianity. Answer: E Page: 315 41. As compared to nineteenth-century white practices, religious services for American slaves A. were not allowed, by law, to mention freedom. B. were often more emotional. C. were generally more despondent and melancholy than white services. D. denied all references to their African heritage. E. emphasized subservience and submission to God. Answer: B Page: 315 42. Ways in which slaves expressed elements of their African heritage included A. singing songs and playing musical instruments, such as the banjo. B. keeping family diaries and other written personal records. C. wearing clothing that incorporated traditional African designs or colors. D. speaking in their native African languages when out of the presence of whites. E. celebrating traditional African feasts and rites of passage, in defiance of white law. Answer: A Page: 316

43. In the American slave family, A. most couples did not formally marry. B. black women typically began bearing children later than white women. C. premarital pregnancy was uncommon. D. extended kinship networks were strong and important. E. premarital cohabitation was frowned upon. Answer: D Page: 316 44. Which of the following is true of American slave families in the antebellum South? A. A child of a slave could not be sold after he or she had reached three years of age. B. Blacks typically had weaker family ties than did whites, due to the uncertainties of their lives. C. Up to one-third of families were broken apart by the sale of family members. D. Most slaves who ran away did so to avoid punishment. E. Newly arrived slaves to a plantation were often shunned by the black community. Answer: C Page: 316 45. The central ideology of slavery, and the vital instrument of white control, was A. fraternity. B. maternalism. C. paternalism. D. sorority. E. egalitarianism. Answer: C Page: 317

True/False Questions 46. The North, unlike the South, experienced great economic growth in the mid-nineteenth century. Answer: False Page: 299 47. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the South underwent a much less fundamental transformation than did the North. Answer: True Page: 299 48. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the center of economic power in the South shifted from the upper South to the lower South. Answer: True Page: 299

49. The South had an inadequate transportation system and only a rudimentary financial system as late as the middle of the nineteenth century. Answer: True Page: 300 50. James De Bow argued that the South should pursue agricultural development while relying on the North for industrial goods and capital. Answer: False Page: 302 51. Approximately one-third of southern whites owned slaves. Answer: False Page: 303 52. The southern planter class exercised power far in excess of its numbers. Answer: True Page: 303 53. The southern planter class was quite similar to the landed aristocracies of Europe. Answer: False Page: 303 54. Society in the antebellum South placed the plantation owner at the top of the social order. Answer: True Page: 303 55. Prior to 1860, southern aristocratic ideals were largely myths. Answer: True Page: 303 56. Southern white women had less access to education than their northern counterparts. Answer: True Page: 305 57. Southern women generally had final authority on issues related to the home and children. Answer: False Page: 305 58. The mountain regions were the only parts of the South to resist the movement toward secession when it finally developed. Answer: True Page: 307

59. In the South, small farmers, often as much as great planters, were committed to the plantation system. Answer: True Page: 307 60. In the South, the most significant opposition to the slave system came from the poorest of southern whites. Answer: False Page: 307 61. By the mid-nineteenth century, slavery in the western world existed only in the American South. Answer: False Page: 307-308 62. The slave system may have created separate spheres for blacks and whites, but each race was nonetheless dependent on the other. Answer: True Page: 308 63. Slave codes prevented slaves from owning property, but they encouraged slaves to marry. Answer: False Page: 308 64. According to some scholars, the actual material conditions of American slavery may have been better than those of some northern factory workers and better than those of both peasants and industrial workers in much of nineteenth-century Europe. Answer: True Page: 309 65. Within the slave family, women had special burdens, but also a special authority. Answer: True Page: 309 66. The nuclear family was the dominant kinship model among the slaves of the South. Answer: True Page: 315 67. Household servants were often the first to leave plantations of their former owners when emancipation came after the Civil War. Answer: True Page: 310 68. In southern cities, slave tasks might include mining, lumbering, blacksmith, or carpentry. Answer: True Page: 311

69. From the 1830s on, state laws governing slavery became gradually less rigid. Answer: False Page: 312 70. Most often, resistance to slavery took the form of open rebellion. Answer: False Page: 314 71. For the most part, slaves rejected Christianity. Answer: False Page: 315 72. Slaves were expected by their owners to attend church. Answer: True Page: 315 73. The banjo was an important instrument in slave music. Answer: True Page: 316 74. Slave spirituals were written down and passed on to generations of African Americans. Answer: False Page: 316 75. Most enslaved black couples married with formal wedding vows. Answer: True Page: 315 76. It was common for slaves to hold an entirely hostile attitude toward their owners. Answer: False Page: 308

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 77. It was said that the South “grew, but it did not ________.” Answer: develop Page: 298 78. The most important new product in the South during the mid-nineteenth century was ________ cotton. Answer: short-staple Page: 299

79. To the degree that the South developed a nonfarm commercial sector, it was largely to serve the needs of the ________ economy. Answer: plantation Page: 300 80. On the eve of the Civil War, ________ was the major means of transportation in the South. Answer: water Page: 300 81. The typical white southerners who were not great planters or slaveowners were known as “________.” Answer: plain folk Page: 306 82. The “peculiar institution” was ________. Answer: slavery Page: 307 83. In the mid-nineteenth century, slavery in the Western world existed only in the United States, Brazil, Cuba, and ________. Answer: Puerto Rico Page: 307-308 84. ________ led the only actual large-scale slave revolt in the United States in the nineteenth century. Answer: Nat Turner Page: 314 85. ________ was the leader of an aborted slave revolt in South Carolina in the early 1820s. Answer: Denmark Vesey Page: 314 86. To overcome communication barriers, African slaves learned a simple, common language known as “________” English. Answer: pidgin Page: 314 87. The slave family lacked legal marriage. Nevertheless, the “________” consistently emerged as the dominant kinship model among African Americans. Answer: nuclear family Page: 315

Essay Questions 88. Explain why the southern economy remained largely agricultural during the first half of the nineteenth century. 89. In the first half of the nineteenth century, why did cotton become the major economic crop of the American South? 90. What obstacles to industrialization existed in the South during the nineteenth century? 91. Prior to 1860, how did the role and status of southern women compare to that of northern women? 92. Describe the distinguishing class features of the people who were known as “planters,” “plain folk,” “hill people,” or “crackers.” 93. What were the differences between being a slave in the city and a slave in the country? 94. Compare and contrast the working and living conditions of black southern slaves to the lives of white northern factory workers during the first half of the nineteenth century. 95. What is the difference between slave resistance and slave rebellion? Why was one more prevalent than the other? 96. Consider the American Revolutionary era in the 1760s and 1770s with the slave revolts of the 1820s and 1830s. What factors made participants in the slave revolts much less likely to succeed in their struggle for independence? 97. Between 1800 and 1860, was slavery in the American South becoming stronger or weaker? Explain. 98. Compare and contrast the nature of the black slave family and culture with the free white family and culture during the first half of the nineteenth century.

Chapter 12 Antebellum Culture and Reform Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Reform movements emerged in America in the mid-nineteenth century in part because of a A. pessimistic assumption of the natural weakness of individuals. B. desire for social stability and discipline in the face of change. C. belief that society needed to break free from its old traditions. D. fear that civil war was going to engulf the nation. E. declining importance placed on religious piety. Answer: B Page: 321 2. In the mid-nineteenth century, romanticism A. was consistent with traditional Calvinist assumptions. B. considered instincts to be sinful and necessary to repress. C. had its origins in the American Midwest. D. had its origins in the American Midwest and was consistent with traditional Calvinist assumptions. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 322 3. In the mid-nineteenth century, the general European attitude toward American art and literature A. was one of growing respect and admiration. B. was that American artists had little to offer Europe. C. included praise for American artists for defining a new set of national virtues. D. included criticism of American artists for ignoring romanticism. E. was that it had been hopelessly corrupted by the ideology of unfettered capitalism. Answer: B Page: 322 4. The Hudson River School of painters emphasized in their work the importance of A. democratic ideals. B. the yeoman farmer. C. natural beauty. D. realism. E. the founding fathers. Answer: C Page: 322

5. All of the following painters were associated with the Hudson River School EXCEPT A. James Whistler. B. Thomas Cole. C. Frederic Church. D. Albert Bierstadt. E. Asher Durand. Answer: A Page: 322 6. Which of the following features was NOT a characteristic of the Hudson River School? A. canvases that tended to be very large in size B. an assumption that America was a land of greater promise than Europe C. a belief that democracy was the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment D. the exceptional popularity many of its artists enjoyed with the American public E. portraits of some of the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas Answer: C Page: 322 7. All of the following people helped create a distinct American literature EXCEPT A. Walt Whitman. B. Herman Melville. C. James Fenimore Cooper. D. Edgar Allan Poe. E. Sydney Smith. Answer: E Page: 323 8. Through novels such as The Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper examined the significance of A. America’s westward expansion. B. the American free-enterprise system. C. religious spiritualism in America. D. racism in America. E. slavery in the democratic mind. Answer: A Page: 322 9. Walt Whitman A. intensely disagreed with the American transcendentalists. B. rejected much of romanticism. C. celebrated the liberation of the individual. D. was a strong critic of American democracy. E. became a strong defender of southern institutions, especially slavery. Answer: C Page: 323

10. Herman Melville’s most important literary work was A. Leaves of Grass. B. Moby Dick. C. The Deerslayer. D. “The Raven.” E. Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Answer: B Page: 323 11. The writings of Edgar Allan Poe were A. primarily sad and macabre. B. mostly ignored during his lifetime. C. largely focused on southern society. D. acclaimed by many American writers in his time. E. completely ignored in Europe after his death. Answer: A Page: 323 12. Prior to the Civil War, southern writers A. developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people. B. romanticized the institution of slavery. C. brought a robust, vulgar humor to American literature. D. developed a realist tradition that focused on the lives of ordinary people; brought a robust, vulgar humor to American literature; and romanticized the institution of slavery. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 324 13. Transcendentalists A. rejected European intellectuals. B. regarded reason to be the most important human faculty. C. argued that emotional responses inhibited the internal development of individuals. D. believed all individuals should develop their intellectualism. E. argued for the liberating potential of “understanding.” Answer: B Page: 324 14. The transcendentalist writer Ralph Waldo Emerson A. believed American thinkers should be allied with European intellectuals. B. asserted that through nature, individuals could find personal fulfillment. C. was a leading critic of the American political system. D. asserted that organized religion served no useful purpose in society. E. remained a deeply religious clergyman throughout his life. Answer: B Page: 324

15. The transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau A. was more conventional in his thinking than Ralph Waldo Emerson. B. felt every individual should balance society’s expectations with one’s own instincts. C. argued that being part of society helped individuals to transcend their egotism. D. established a college for transcendentalism at Walden Pond. E. argued Americans had a moral right to disobey the laws of the United States. Answer: E Page: 324 16. The transcendentalist movement A. anticipated the environmental protection movement of the twentieth century. B. understood the interconnectedness of species. C. made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment. D. understood the interconnectedness of species and made the first scientific studies on behalf of preserving the natural environment. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 325 17. The primary goal of the 1840s community experiment known as Brook Farm was to A. create a society where individuals did not have to work. B. allow individuals to live without any social limits on their behavior. C. eliminate social sexual discrimination through the practice of celibacy. D. permit all members to realize their full potential as individual beings. E. show that communal living was more efficient and productive than family life. Answer: D Page: 325 18. Who among the following was NOT a participant in American communal living? A. Nathaniel Hawthorne B. Walt Whitman C. George Ripley D. John Humphrey Noyes E. Robert Owen Answer: B Page: 325 19. One of the most enduring of the pre-Civil War utopian colonies was A. Oneida. B. New Harmony. C. Brook Farm. D. Walden. E. Nauvoo. Answer: A Page: 326

20. In redefining gender roles, the experimental 1840s Oneida Community A. put women in charge of all major aspects of the community. B. was a controversial experiment in “free love.” C. demanded celibacy from all its participants. D. carefully monitored sexual behavior in order to protect women. E. put fathers in charge of child-rearing and taking care of the home. Answer: D Page: 326 21. Which of the following was arguably the most distinctive feature of Shakerism? A. the admittance of women only B. communal raising of children C. polygamy D. free love E. complete celibacy Answer: E Page: 326 22. Shaker societies A. asserted that God was female. B. established most of their communities in the South. C. saw women exercise more power than men. D. first began in the United States in the 1840s. E. were eventually forced to move to Utah. Answer: C Page: 326 23. Mormonism A. believed in human perfectibility. B. emphasized individual liberty. C. was founded by Brigham Young. D. began in the Midwest. E. always rejected polygamy. Answer: A Page: 328 24. Which statement about Mormonism is FALSE? A. Its founder was murdered. B. It advocated sexual equality. C. Early Mormons practiced polygamy. D. The first Mormons were generally marginally poor. E. Early Mormons met with much persecution from their neighbors. Answer: B Page: 328

25. Nineteenth-century Protestant revivalists such as the New Light revivalists A. sought to revive the ideals of Calvinism. B. believed that no individual could control his or her personal salvation. C. took the lead in the cause to end slavery. D. formed a crusade against personal immorality. E. believed temperance was detracting from other, loftier reform movements. Answer: D Page: 329 26. In the 1840s, the organized movement against drunkenness in the United States A. linked alcohol to crime and poverty. B. grew largely out of immigrant communities. C. was actively opposed by a large majority of Americans. D. remained a minor social movement. E. spent much of its time and resources battling evangelical Protestants. Answer: A Page: 329 27. In the 1830s and 1840s, cholera epidemics in the United States A. were transmitted to humans by fleas living on rats. B. led many cities to build water treatment facilities. C. were diminished, as physicians gained a basic understanding of bacteria. D. typically killed more than half of those who contracted the disease. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 328 28. According to the nineteenth-century “science” of phrenology, what could be discerned from the shape of an individual’s skull? A. life expectancy B. likelihood of succumbing to infectious diseases C. future earning potential D. chances of having children E. character and intelligence Answer: E Page: 330 29. During the nineteenth century, the largest obstacle to improved medical care in America was the A. absence of regulations in the medical profession. B. absence of basic knowledge about disease. C. low social status of medical professionals. D. difficulty of medical experimentation. E. apathy of the general population towards preventive health. Answer: B Page: 331

30. In the 1840s in the United States, an initial understanding of germ theory was developed by A. Edward Jenner. B. William Morton. C. Oliver Wendell Holmes. D. James Warren. E. Ignaz Semmelweis. Answer: C Page: 331 31. Prior to 1860, public education in the United States A. did not exist. B. gave the nation one of the highest literacy rates in the world. C. was legally denied for all non-whites. D. was funded by the federal government. E. emphasized independence and creativity. Answer: B Page: 332 32. The nineteenth-century reformer Horace Mann believed that education should promote A. capitalism. B. democracy. C. racial equality. D. economic equality. E. Christianity. Answer: B Page: 332 33. The Massachusetts reformer who built a national movement for new methods of treating the mentally ill was A. Susan B. Anthony. B. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. C. Lucretia Mott. D. Angelina Grimke. E. Dorothea Dix. Answer: E Page: 333 34. Prior to 1860, prison reform in the United States A. included the practice of solitary confinement. B. led to widespread calls to end capital punishment. C. focused on punishment, not on rehabilitation. D. began largely in the West and spread to the East. E. decried the racial bias of the judicial system. Answer: A Page: 333

35. The nineteenth-century practice of placing American Indians on reservations was partially designed to A. isolate and protect Indians from white society. B. help “regenerate” the Indian. C. allow Indians to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society. D. isolate and protect the Indians from white society, help “regenerate” them, and allow them to develop to a point where they could assimilate into white society. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 336 36. In 1840, one catalyst for an American feminist movement was a London convention that dealt with A. woman suffrage. B. prostitution. C. abolition. D. temperance. E. prison reform. Answer: C Page: 336 37. The 1848 Seneca Falls, New York, convention on women’s rights A. issued a manifesto patterned after the Declaration of Independence. B. asserted that women should have a place in society distinctly different from that of men. C. refused to allow men to attend. D. called on the government to treat both genders and all races with equality. E. shied away from demanding female suffrage, as this was too radical at the time. Answer: A Page: 336 38. Prior to the Civil War, the religious denomination most active in feminism was the A. Baptists. B. Quakers. C. Presbyterians. D. Unitarians. E. Methodists. Answer: B Page: 336

39. Which of the following nineteenth-century leaders is primarily known for her pioneering work in the American feminist movement? A. “Mother” Ann Lee B. Harriet Tubman C. Sojourner Truth D. Rachel Eaton E. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Answer: E Page: 336 40. In the early nineteenth century, the American Colonization Society A. was founded by white Virginians opposed to slavery. B. called for an immediate end to slavery. C. opposed the idea of compensation for owners who freed their slaves. D. carried out a large-scale resettlement of freed slaves. E. was strongly supported by American blacks. Answer: A Page: 337 41. The American Colonization Society helped to transport blacks from the United States to A. the Caribbean. B. Liberia. C. Angola. D. England. E. Canada. Answer: B Page: 337 42. William Lloyd Garrison believed the abolitionist movement should A. stress the damage that slavery did to blacks rather than to whites. B. seek the gradual elimination of slavery. C. demand freedom for slaves, but deny them citizenship. D. organize slave rebellions throughout the American South. E. join forces with the more established American Colonization Society. Answer: A Page: 338 43. Prior to the Civil War, free blacks in the North tended to be A. deeply antagonistic toward William Lloyd Garrison. B. indifferent to slavery in the South. C. anxious to leave the United States. D. in favor of the “back to Africa” movement. E. strongly opposed to southern slavery. Answer: E Page: 338

44. The black abolitionist who called for uncompromising opposition to and a violent overthrow of slavery in his 1829 Walker’s Appeal…to the Colored Citizens was A. William Lloyd Garrison. B. Frederick Douglass. C. Elijah Lovejoy. D. Benjamin Lundy. E. David Walker. Answer: E Page: 339 45. Frederick Douglass A. was born free but was sold into slavery as a youth. B. wrote for William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper. C. spent years lecturing in England against slavery. D. was an ordained minister. E. argued that blacks wanted only an end to slavery, and not full social equality. Answer: C Page: 339 46. In the 1840s, abolitionists in the United States constituted A. a small percentage of the national population. B. approximately one-quarter of the national population. C. the majority of the population in the North. D. the largest reform movement in the nation. E. approximately one-third of the national population. Answer: A Page: 339 47. One leading abolitionist who was murdered for his activism was A. William Lloyd Garrison. B. Frederick Douglass. C. Sojourner Truth. D. Benjamin Lundy. E. Elijah Lovejoy. Answer: E Page: 340 48. In the 1830s and 1840s, abolitionists were divided A. by radicals and moderates within their ranks. B. over whether or not to use violence. C. by calls for northern and southern separation. D. over the question of female equality. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 340-343

49. In the 1840s, William Lloyd Garrison spoke against A. equality for women. B. defensive wars. C. ending the asylum system. D. northern disunion from the South. E. extreme pacifism. Answer: B Page: 341 50. The Supreme Court ruling in Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) A. prohibited the interstate slave trade. B. led to the passage of “personal liberty laws.” C. angered abolitionists. D. abolished slavery in the District of Columbia. E. forced state officials to assist in the capture of runaways. Answer: B Page: 341 51. Prior to the Civil War, the Liberty Party A. supported the rights of slave owners. B. opposed the admission of California into the Union in 1850. C. promoted “free soil.” D. focused on strengthening the fugitive slave laws. E. campaigned for outright abolition. Answer: C Page: 341 52. The effect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin on the nation was to A. spread the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience. B. reveal the ugly extent of the vicious slave trade to America. C. ignite such anger in the South that several states soon seceded from the Union. D. offer the first written history of American slavery. E. help humanize southern slaveholders in the minds of northern readers. Answer: A Page: 342

True/False Questions 53. Above all, nineteenth-century reform movements in the United States promoted racial equality. Answer: False Page: 321

54. The romantic movement originated in American intellectual circles. Answer: False Page: 322 55. Hudson River School artists felt America had more promise than Europe. Answer: True Page: 322 56. Many of the Hudson River School artists expressed a nostalgic view of nature. Answer: True Page: 322 57. James Fenimore Cooper thought Americans should become more like Europeans. Answer: False Page: 332 58. Herman Melville was less exuberant in his celebration of the human spirit than was Walt Whitman. Answer: True Page: 323 59. Edgar Allan Poe’s writings focused on the bleak nature of the human spirit and emotions. Answer: True Page: 323 60. Mark Twain was the leading writer in the southern romantic tradition. Answer: False Page: 323-324 61. American transcendentalists borrowed heavily from European thinkers. Answer: True Page: 324 62. Ralph Waldo Emerson was both a minister and a transcendentalist philosopher. Answer: True Page: 324 63. Henry David Thoreau favored the solitary life, but was publicly against civil disobedience. Answer: False Page: 324 64. Both Brook Farm and New Harmony were essentially failures as communal experiments. Answer: True Page: 325

65. The Oneida Community sought to redefine gender roles and engage in “free love.” Answer: False Page: 326 66. Both the Oneida Community and the Shakers were committed to celibacy. Answer: False Page: 326 67. Like other mid-nineteenth-century experiments in social organization, Mormons believed in human perfectibility. Answer: True Page: 328 68. The Mormons were forced to abandon their settlement at Nauvoo due to persecution from neighbors. Answer: True Page: 328 69. The search for social discipline was particularly clear in the battle over prohibition laws, which pitted established Catholics against new Protestants immigrants, to many of whom drinking was an important social ritual and an integral part of the life of their communities. Answer: False Page: 329 70. Evangelical Protestantism was at odds with the reform spirit of the pre-Civil War period. Answer: False Page: 329 71. Nearly a quarter of the population of New Orleans died in 1833 as a result of a cholera outbreak. Answer: True Page: 329-330 72. Sylvester Graham encouraged people to eat more fruits and vegetables and less meat. Answer: True Page: 330 73. The study of the human brain through phrenology was the origin of modern psychology. Answer: False Page: 330 74. Most early nineteenth-century American physicians opposed efforts to regulate the profession. They considered the licensing of physicians to be “undemocratic.” Answer: True Page: 331

75. By the 1850s, the principle of tax-supported elementary schools had been established in every state. Answer: True Page: 332 76. By 1860, public schools in the United States had failed to produce significant improvement in education. Answer: False Page: 332 77. By the beginning of the Civil War, the United States had one of the highest literacy rates of any nation of the world. Answer: True Page: 332 78. Horace Mann believed public education should promote both democracy and social order. Answer: True Page: 332 79. Reformers of the pre-Civil War period thought it was possible to rehabilitate criminals through solitary confinement. Answer: True Page: 333 80. Reformers believed the concept of Indian reservations was beneficial to both whites and Indians. Answer: True Page: 333-334 81. By the 1840s, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott sought to apply the equality of treatment they received in the abolition movement to all aspects of female life. Answer: False Page: 336 82. The Seneca Falls “Declaration of Sentiments” included a demand that women have the right to vote. Answer: True Page: 336 83. The American Colonization Society called for the gradual freeing of slaves and monetary compensation to slaves’ former owners. Answer: True Page: 337

84. Many blacks rejected the American Colonization Society’s offer to return them to Africa. Answer: True Page: 337 85. In the North, abolitionists were a small, dissenting minority of the total population. Answer: True Page: 337 86. William Lloyd Garrison was assassinated for his advocacy of abolitionism. Answer: False Page: 338 87. William Lloyd Garrison was a harsh critic of the United States government. Answer: True Page: 338 88. Amistad was an American slave ship originally destined for Florida. Answer: False Page: 341 89. The antislavery Liberty Party never campaigned for outright abolitionism. Answer: True Page: 341 90. Americans in the free-soil movement sought to open up sections of the West to blacks. Answer: False Page: 341 91. The events depicted in Uncle Tom’s Cabin were taken from news accounts. Answer: False Page: 342

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 92. The first great school of American painters in the first half of the nineteenth century was known as the ________ School. Answer: Hudson River Page: 322 93. Walt Whitman’s first book of poems was titled ________. Answer: Leaves of Grass Page: 323

94. Edgar Allan Poe’s most famous poem was titled “________.” Answer: The Raven Page: 323 95. According to the transcendentalists, ________ was the highest human faculty. Answer: reason Page: 324 96. If the government required an individual to violate the individual’s personal moral code, Henry David Thoreau advocated ________ as a legitimate reply. Answer: civil disobedience Page: 325 97. Nathaniel Hawthorne briefly lived at the ________ experiment in communal living. Answer: Brook Farm Page: 325 98. John Humphrey Noyes is associated with the ________ community. Answer: Oneida Page: 326 99. The most distinctive feature of the Shakers was their commitment to ________. Answer: celibacy Page: 326 100. The original founder of Mormonism, in the state of ________, was Joseph Smith. Answer: New York Page: 327 101. Joseph Smith and Elijah Lovejoy were both ________. Answer: assassinated Page: 328, 340 102. One of the more radical doctrines the Mormons followed was the marriage practice known as ________. Answer: polygamy Page: 328 103. In the first half of the nineteenth century, ________ epidemics devastated several American cities. Answer: cholera Page: 329

104. The pre-Civil War reformer most concerned about expanding public education was ________, from the state of Massachusetts. Answer: Horace Mann Page: 332 105. The term “penitentiary” comes from the word ________. Answer: penitence Page: 333 106. Many of the women involved in feminist efforts of this era were ________, as they had been taught to expect the absence of gender-based restrictions in their own communities. Answer: Quakers Page: 336 107. Much of William Lloyd Garrison’s philosophy can be found in his newspaper, the ________. Answer: Liberator Page: 337 108. The title of Frederick Douglass’s autobiography is ________ of Frederick Douglass. Answer: Narrative of the Life Page: 339 109. The Supreme Court case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania concerned the issue of ________. Answer: fugitive slaves Page: 341 110. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the novel ________, which first appeared as a serial in an antislavery weekly. Answer: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Page: 342

Essay Questions 111. What were the social factors that motivated the many reform movements in the North before the Civil War? 112. What elements of romanticism can be found in mid-nineteenth-century American art and literature? 113. Describe the essential tenets of the transcendentalist philosophy. 114. How do the ideas of nineteenth-century transcendentalism link to twentieth-century ecology?

115. What were the motives for the founding of the many communal living societies in the first half of the nineteenth century? 116. Why did most communal living “experiments” generally quickly fail? 117. Why were many utopian communities critical of the traditional role and status of women in American society? What alternatives did these communities offer? 118. Of the major experiments in utopian living, which do you believe had the most long-term influence on modern society? Explain. 119. Compare American medical care in the colonial period with medical care in the first half of the nineteenth century. What aspects of care had changed and what had remained the same? 120. Why did a feminist movement come into being in the United States during the 1840s? 121. Discuss the various ideas and divisions within the antislavery movement. 122. How could one argue that William Lloyd Garrison both helped and hurt the cause of abolition?

Chapter 13 The Impending Crisis Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Within the ideology of Manifest Destiny were all the following beliefs EXCEPT that A. the United States was destined by God and history to expand in size. B. the United States should create a vast new “empire of liberty.” C. United States expansion was acceptable so long as it stayed out of Mexico and Canada. D. the growth of the United States was not selfish but altruistic. E. None of these answers is correct, as all of these were beliefs encompassed by the ideology of Manifest Destiny. Answer: C Page: 349 2. In the 1840s, critics of territorial expansion by the United States A. enjoyed considerable political support. B. found their greatest support in the “penny press.” C. warned it would increase the controversy over slavery. D. warned that further expansion would cause rifts with Indian tribes. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: C Page: 349 3. By 1830, Texas A. was an independent republic. B. saw the United States unsuccessfully attempt to purchase it, twice. C. barred slavery within its borders. D. had a population with more people from Mexico than from the United States. E. still had no legal American settlements in its borders. Answer: B Page: 349 4. In the 1820s, most of the settlers from the United States who migrated to Texas were A. white southerners and their slaves. B. white northerners. C. free blacks. D. Far West whites. E. recently-arrived European immigrants. Answer: A Page: 349

5. In the 1820s and 1830s, the government of Mexico A. consistently opposed American immigration into Texas. B. consistently favored American immigration into Texas. C. remained noncommittal about American immigration into Texas. D. moved from opposing to favoring American immigration into Texas. E. moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas. Answer: E Page: 349-350 6. In 1836, the Battle of the Alamo A. saw the American garrison executed after it had surrendered. B. saw the death of Davy Crockett. C. began the Mexican War. D. led Americans in Texas to proclaim their independence from Mexico. E. was a surprising victory for American forces in Texas. Answer: B Page: 350 7. In 1836, the Battle of San Jacinto A. was a victory for General Santa Anna. B. saw British troops fight alongside Mexican troops. C. resulted in victory for forces led by Stephen Austin. D. led to independence for Texas. E. saw Sam Houston briefly taken prisoner. Answer: D Page: 350 8. In 1836, Texas did not immediately join the United States because A. Congress feared that giving statehood to Texas might lead to war with Mexico. B. the American leadership in Texas delayed in applying for statehood. C. President Andrew Jackson thought that action would add to sectional tensions. D. England had forged its own political ties to Texas. E. Texas settlers overwhelmingly did not want to be part of the United States. Answer: C Page: 351 9. In the mid-1840s, the Oregon country in the Pacific Northwest A. remained the center of the French fur-trading empire. B. was primarily occupied by Great Britain. C. contained many more English settlers than Americans. D. was of little interest to the American government. E. included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease. Answer: E Page: 351

10. Before the early 1850s, Americans who traveled west on the overland trails were generally A. relatively young people who traveled in family groups. B. over the age of thirty. C. from the eastern seaboard states. D. wealthy. E. domestic servants and prostitutes. Answer: A Page: 352 11. Which of the following towns served as a major departure point for migrants traveling west on the overland trails? A. Independence, Missouri B. Cedar Rapids, Iowa C. Ames, Iowa D. St. Louis, Missouri E. Kansas City, Missouri Answer: A Page: 352 12. Between 1840 and 1860, most migrants traveling west on the overland trails A. experienced frequent Indian attacks, which was a leading cause of death. B. usually faced trips that lasted between two to three months. C. rode in wagons much more than they walked on foot. D. found the journey to be a very communal experience. E. saw men generally working harder during the trip than women. Answer: D Page: 354 13. The presidential election of 1844 A. was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren. B. was a contest between two solidly pro-expansionists. C. was won by a Democrat. D. saw a northerner win the presidency. E. was primarily a referendum on the leadership of John Tyler. Answer: C Page: 355 14. In 1844, President James K. Polk supported the acquisition of A. Oregon. B. Texas. C. Cuba. D. Oregon and Texas. E. Cuba and Texas. Answer: D Page: 355

15. As president, James K. Polk A. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute. B. won congressional approval for the annexation of Texas. C. convinced the British government to divide Oregon at the 54°40ʹ parallel. D. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute, and won congressional approval for the annexation of Texas. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: E Page: 354-355 16. In 1845, the immediate cause of war with Mexico was A. a border dispute. B. tariffs. C. Mexico’s debt to the United States. D. the issue of slavery. E. the Alamo. Answer: A Page: 355-356 17. The Mexican War resulted from A. the United States provoking Mexico to fight. B. Mexico provoking the United States to fight. C. Texas citizens attacking Mexican forces. D. Mexican forces attacking Americans in California. E. Texas citizens staging an attack by Mexican forces. Answer: A Page: 357 18. During the Mexican War, A. President Polk considered Zachary Taylor to be his closest ally in Mexico. B. President Polk personally plotted military strategy for the United States. C. victory came more easily than President Polk had anticipated. D. the actual fighting was confined to Texas and Mexico. E. President Polk tried to placate Whigs by minimizing military offensives. Answer: B Page: 358 19. The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War was A. Zachary Taylor’s taking of Monterrey. B. the Bear Flag revolution in California. C. Stephen Kearny’s capture of Santa Fe. D. Winfield Scott’s seizure of Mexico City. E. Nicholas Trist’s diplomatic maneuvering. Answer: D Page: 358

20. Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States A. officially acquired only Texas. B. gave up rights to California (for a time) in exchange for New Mexico and Texas. C. established an open border with Mexico. D. established an American protectorate over Mexico. E. agreed to pay millions to Mexico. Answer: E Page: 358 21. When President Polk received the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he A. readily accepted the treaty. B. faced criticism for failing to acquire all of Mexico. C. angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions. D. made plans for a military occupation of Mexico City. E. became concerned about the expansion of slavery into the new territories. Answer: C Page: 358 22. In the 1840s, regional critics of President James K. Polk claimed his policies favored the A. North. B. South. C. East. D. West. E. Northwest. Answer: B Page: 359 23. The Wilmot Proviso A. banned all slavery west of the Mississippi River. B. passed in the House and was signed into law. C. overturned the Missouri Compromise. D. was an appropriation to pay for peace with Mexico. E. prohibited slavery in any land acquired from Mexico. Answer: E Page: 359 24. When it came to the issue of the extension of slavery, President James K. Polk favored A. the Missouri Compromise. B. popular sovereignty. C. free soil. D. abolitionism. E. the Wilmot Proviso. Answer: A Page: 369

25. In the 1848 elections, the new party that emerged as a political force was the A. Liberty Party. B. Know-Nothing Party. C. Free-Soil Party. D. Republican Party. E. Whig Party. Answer: C Page: 359 26. In the California gold rush, A. most of the participants were seasoned miners. B. a majority of the participants found some quantities of gold. C. upwards of ninety-five percent of the “Forty-niners” were men. D. few of the participants ended up staying in California. E. Chinese immigrants who arrived were unable to find work. Answer: C Page: 359 27. The Chinese who came to California during the gold rush A. typically planned to remain permanently in the state. B. usually came with their families. C. more often worked as merchants than miners. D. had aspirations similar to those of American participants. E. found themselves banned from working in the mines. Answer: D Page: 359 28. As a result of the gold rush, by 1850, A. Californian Indians saw their social conditions improve. B. California had a large surplus of labor. C. California had a very diverse population. D. California had a population larger than any state in the Union. E. California became virulently antislavery. Answer: C Page: 359 29. In 1849, President Zachary Taylor favored admitting California A. as a free state. B. as a slave state. C. with no determination on the issue of slavery. D. as a territory. E. as two separate states, one slave and one free. Answer: A Page: 361

30. The admission of California into the United States was a divisive national issue because A. westerners in other territories believed they deserved statehood before California. B. California’s entry would upset the nation’s numerical balance of free and slave states. C. most Californians opposed entry into the United States. D. California adopted a constitution that allowed slavery. E. lawmakers believed California gold would upset the currency and cause inflation. Answer: B Page: 361 31. During the debate on the Compromise of 1850, A. Daniel Webster managed to forge a successful compromise. B. John C. Calhoun called for southern secession if California were admitted as a free state. C. Stephen A. Douglas stepped down as secretary of state. D. Jefferson Davis resigned from the Senate. E. President Zachary Taylor suddenly died. Answer: E Page: 362 32. The Compromise of 1850 allowed for the admission of California A. as a slave state. B. along with a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act. C. along with an agreement to construct a transcontinental railroad. D. with the agreement that there would be no additional states added for ten years. E. as a free state, along with Utah and New Mexico as slave states. Answer: B Page: 361 33. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act A. intensified the debate over slavery. B. upset southerners as much as northerners. C. was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise. D. upset southerners as much as northerners, but was readily accepted by northerners in the spirit of compromise. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 363 34. In the election of 1852, A. neither party endorsed the Compromise of 1850. B. the Free-Soil Party gained strength. C. the Democrats selected a war hero as their candidate. D. the Whigs were united. E. the Free-Soil Party endorsed the Compromise of 1850. Answer: B Page: 363

35. In the 1850s, in an effort to undercut the Fugitive Slave Act, some northern states A. called for secession from the South. B. proposed a national referendum on the slave issue. C. passed laws preventing the deportation of fugitive slaves. D. forbid fugitive slave hunters from traveling in their state. E. began actively funding the underground railroad. Answer: C Page: 363 36. In the 1850s, the “Young America” movement A. called for a national resolution of the slave controversy. B. supported the expansion of American democracy throughout the world. C. was promoted by Whigs. D. called for a constitutional ban on slavery. E. believed America should avoid the slavery controversy by limiting future expansion. Answer: B Page: 363 37. The 1854 Ostend Manifesto A. enraged southern slaveowners. B. was directed at limiting England’s influence in the Caribbean. C. was part of an attempt by the United States to acquire Cuba. D. saw several European powers denounce American slavery. E. prohibited slavery in the Hawaiian Islands. Answer: C Page: 363 38. In the 1850s, the issue of slavery complicated the proposal to build a transcontinental railroad, as A. it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor. B. non-slaveowning northerners and slaveowning southerners could not agree on a route. C. British banks refused to help fund the project as long as slavery existed in the United States. D. it raised the question of whether or not slaves would be used as railroad labor, and British banks refused to help fund the projects as long as slavery existed in the U.S. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 363 39. The 1853 Gadsden Purchase A. temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South. B. was made with England. C. advanced the interests of southern railroads. D. fulfilled the treaty ending the Mexican War. E. cost the United States government $25 million. Answer: C Page: 364

40. Which of the following statements regarding the Kansas-Nebraska Act is FALSE? A. It divided and destroyed the Whig Party. B. It led to the creation of the Republican Party. C. It created two new territories. D. It explicitly repealed the Missouri Compromise. E. It was sponsored by Henry Clay. Answer: E Page: 364 41. The political party that came into being largely in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was the A. Republican Party. B. Know-Nothings. C. Populist Party. D. Abolitionist Party. E. Jayhawk Party. Answer: A Page: 364 42. In the mid-1850s, the struggle over Kansas saw A. President Franklin Pierce oppose pro-slavery settlers in the territory. B. John Brown murder several pro-slavery settlers. C. the Missouri legislature ban its own citizens from entering Kansas. D. federal troops take military control of the region. E. a large antislavery posse sack the pro-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. Answer: B Page: 365 43. The 1856 beating of Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate A. was in response to a pro-slavery speech he had given. B. was a vicious assault carried out by a member of the House of Representatives. C. was strongly condemned in the South. D. resulted in Sumner’s death from his injuries weeks later. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: B Page: 365 44. The ideology of Free-Soil included A. opposition to the expansion of slavery. B. a call to end slavery in the United States as soon as possible. C. the use of military force to suppress slavery. D. the argument that slavery was tremendously harmful to American blacks. E. an argument for black male suffrage. Answer: A Page: 365-366

45. Southern defenders of slavery made all the following arguments EXCEPT that A. southern slaves enjoyed better conditions than northern industrial workers. B. blacks were inherently unfit to take care of themselves. C. slavery allowed whites and blacks to live together peacefully. D. black codes protected slaves from abuse. E. the southern way of life was superior to any other in the world. Answer: D Page: 367 46. In The Pro-Slavery Argument (1837), John C. Calhoun stated that slavery was A. likely to be adopted by non-slave states within fifty years. B. a “necessary evil.” C. a “positive good.” D. likely to end in the United States within fifty years. E. the “American way of life.” Answer: C Page: 367 47. The first Republican candidate for president was A. James Buchanan. B. Stephen Douglas. C. Abraham Lincoln. D. Millard Fillmore. E. John C. Frémont. Answer: E Page: 368 48. The election of 1856 saw A. no significant third party in the field. B. the Whig Party make a strong comeback. C. the Democrats elect a young and forceful pro-slavery leader. D. former president Millard Fillmore in the running. E. the Republicans run against the idea of internal improvements. Answer: D Page: 368 49. The Supreme Court held in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) A. that Scott must be freed under federal law. B. slaves were property unless they moved to a free state. C. states were not allowed to abolish slavery within their borders. D. the freedom of a slave could not be purchased by a black person. E. the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Answer: E Page: 368

50. James Buchanan A. weakly endorsed the Dred Scott decision. B. supported the admission of Kansas as a slave state. C. pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution. D. weakly endorsed the Dred Scott decision, supported the admission of Kansas as a slave state, and pressured Congress to admit Kansas under the Lecompton constitution. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 368 51. The 1857 Lecompton (Kansas) constitution was A. twice rejected by a majority of Kansas voters. B. rejected, then approved by Kansas voters. C. antislavery. D. written by Stephen Douglas. D. approved and later reaffirmed by Kansas voters. Answer: A Page: 368-369 52. Kansas entered the United States A. after several southern states had left the Union. B. as a slave state. C. well after the Civil War ended. D. during the administration of Abraham Lincoln. E. at the same time the former Confederate states rejoined the Union. Answer: A Page: 369 53. In the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates, A. Lincoln called for a full and immediate abolition of slavery. B. Lincoln made his case so strongly that he was elected to the Senate. C. the two men agreed that a civil war over slavery was inevitable. D. Douglas asserted that slavery was legal but not immoral. E. Lincoln argued slavery was a threat to the growth of white free labor. Answer: E Page: 369 54. During the 1858 Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas debates, it became clear that Lincoln A. believed slavery was morally wrong. B. was not an abolitionist. C. did not believe racial equality was feasible at the time. D. believed slavery was morally wrong, but he was not an abolitionist and he did not believe racial equality was feasible at the time. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: D Page: 369-370

55. As a result of his 1858 debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln A. gained many new supporters outside of Illinois. B. won election to the United States Senate. C. came to be regarded by southerners as an antislavery fanatic. D. was appointed to the leadership of the Republican Party. E. was appointed to an open House seat by the Republican governor of Illinois. Answer: A Page: 370 56. Following John Brown’s 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, many southerners assumed A. the raid was the isolated act of an antislavery fanatic. B. the North was dominated by people intent on destroying the South. C. northern politicians would use the raid as an excuse to further restrict slavery. D. the abolitionist movement would shortly fall into disgrace. E. his execution would put a stop to northern agitation over slavery once and for all. Answer: B Page: 370 57. In the 1860 elections, the political party most deeply divided over slavery was the A. Republican Party. B. Whig Party. C. Know-Nothing Party. D. Constitutional Union Party. E. Democratic Party. Answer: E Page: 370 58. In the election of 1860, A. Abraham Lincoln was elected with much less than half of the popular vote. B. the Republican political platform called for an end to slavery. C. Abraham Lincoln’s relative obscurity proved to be a drawback. D. Stephen Douglas narrowly lost in the electoral vote. E. disenchanted northern Democrats nominated John Bell for president. Answer: A Page: 370 59. In the election of 1860, A. the Republicans called for a suspension of plans for a transcontinental railroad. B. Stephen Douglas received a larger popular vote than Abraham Lincoln. C. John Bell and J. C. Breckinridge, taken together, bested Lincoln in the popular vote. D. the Republicans won a narrow majority in Congress. E. white southerners concluded that their position in the Union was hopeless. Answer: E Page: 371

True/False Questions 60. Some advocates of Manifest Destiny believed the United States should control the Western Hemisphere. Answer: True Page: 349 61. President Andrew Jackson did not favor the annexation of Texas. Answer: True Page: 351 62. Texas was a territory of Mexico at the time that it came into the Union. Answer: False Page: 350, 355 63. In the 1820s, the United States and Britain jointly occupied Oregon. Answer: True Page: 351 64. Indian attacks on white migrants as they traveled west were rare. Answer: True Page: 353 65. On the trails westward, almost everyone, male and female, walked most of the time. Answer: True Page: 354 66. Most travelers going west found the experience both exhilarating and solitary. Answer: False Page: 354 67. The presidential election of 1844 was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren. Answer: False Page: 354 68. In 1844, the Democratic Party was more pro-expansionist than was the Whig Party. Answer: True Page: 354-355 69. President Polk was willing to go to war over Oregon rather than accept a divide at the 49th parallel. Answer: False Page: 355

70. The immediate cause of war between the United States and Mexico was a border dispute. Answer: True Page: 355-356 71. The United States went to war with Mexico in 1846 without a formal declaration of war. Answer: False Page: 357 72. President Polk used the American victory over Mexico to secure his reelection. Answer: False Page: 359 73. In the Mexican War, American troops seized the capital of Mexico City. Answer: True Page: 358 74. The Wilmot Proviso passed Congress but was vetoed by President Polk. Answer: False Page: 359 75. The Free-Soil Party first appeared in 1848. Answer: True Page: 359 76. Only a tiny fraction of the so-called Forty-niners ever discovered gold in California. Answer: True Page: 360 77. Most participants in the California gold rush left the state within a few months. Answer: False Page: 361 78. California’s population was very homogeneous. Answer: False Page: 361 79. President Taylor favored admitting California to the Union as a free state. Answer: True Page: 361 80. The Compromise of 1850 essentially restored the Missouri Compromise. Answer: False Page: 361-362

81. The Compromise of 1850 was the product of broad agreement on common national ideals. Answer: False Page: 361-362 82. Both major parties endorsed the Compromise of 1850. Answer: True Page: 361-362 83. The Compromise of 1850 included a Fugitive Slave Act. Answer: True Page: 361-362 84. The “Young America” movement sought to unite the nation. Answer: True Page: 363 85. The Ostend Manifesto angered many antislavery northerners. Answer: True Page: 363 86. The Gadsden Purchase served to accentuate sectional rivalry. Answer: True Page: 363 87. Stephen Douglas was a strong opponent of the transcontinental railroad. Answer: False Page: 363 88. The Kansas-Nebraska Act included an explicit repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Answer: True Page: 364 89. The Kansas-Nebraska Act played a major role in the demise of the Whig Party. Answer: True Page: 364 90. The Kansas-Nebraska Act helped create the Republican Party. Answer: True Page: 364 91. Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner were on opposite sides in the battle over “Bleeding Kansas.” Answer: True Page: 365

92. The author of Uncle Tom`s Cabin was a pro-slavery woman. Answer: False Page: 366 93. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican candidate to run for president. Answer: False Page: 368 94. In 1856, the Republican Party deliberately selected a candidate directly connected to the issue of “Bleeding Kansas.” Answer: False Page: 368 95. Millard Fillmore was the third presidential candidate in 1856. Answer: True Page: 368 96. The Dred Scott decision represented a stunning defeat for the pro-slavery movement. Answer: False Page: 368 97. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled with the majority in the Dred Scott case. Answer: True Page: 368 98. The Dred Scott decision endorsed the Missouri Compromise. Answer: False Page: 368 99. President James Buchanan opposed the Dred Scott decision. Answer: False Page: 368 100. The Lecompton constitution was a pro-slavery document. Answer: True Page: 368 101. In the end, Kansas voters rejected the Lecompton constitution. Answer: True Page: 368-369 102. Lincoln and the Republicans advocated the social equality of the races. Answer: False Page: 369

103. Abraham Lincoln believed that slavery was wrong, but he was not an abolitionist. Answer: True Page: 369 104. John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry was supported by the Republican Party. Answer: False Page: 370 105. The Democrats ran two candidates in the election of 1860. Answer: True Page: 370 106. To broaden its appeal in 1860, the Republicans endorsed a number of traditionally Whig Party ideas. Answer: True Page: 370 107. Lincoln was elected in 1860 with less than a majority of the popular vote. Answer: True Page: 370

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 108. During the 1840s, the United States added more than one ________ square miles of new territory under its control. Answer: million Page: 348 109. Advocates of Manifest Destiny conceived of an American “empire of ________.” Answer: liberty Page: 349 110. ________ from Missouri established the first legal American settlement in Texas in 1822. Answer: Stephen Austin Page: 349 111. Mexican residents of Texas were known as ________. Answer: Tejanos Page: 350 112. The United States and Great Britain agreed on the “joint occupation” of ________. Answer: Oregon Page: 351

113. The victor in the 1844 presidential race was the previously unheralded ________. Answer: James K. Polk Page: 354 114. The Democratic platform of 1844 called for the reoccupation of ________ and the reannexation of Texas. Answer: Oregon Page: 355 115. Northern states tried to stop local officials from helping southerners retrieve their runaway slaves, by passing ________ laws. Answer: personal liberty Page: 361 116. The notion that people should be able to vote on the matter of slavery in the territories was called ________. Answer: popular sovereignty Page: 359 117. The Compromise of 1850 was made for the entry of ________ into the Union. Answer: California Page: 361-362 118. American diplomats issued the ________ Manifesto in an effort to acquire Cuba. Answer: Ostend Page: 363 119. ________ led the raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, attempting to seize control of the federal arsenal. Answer: John Brown Page: 370 120. ________ stated that southerners should stop apologizing for slavery and defend it as “a good—a positive good.” Answer: John C. Calhoun Page: 367 121. In 1856, the Democrats picked ________ to be their “uncontroversial” candidate for president. Answer: James Buchanan Page: 368 122. The Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional in the ________ v. Sandford Supreme Court decision. Answer: Dred Scott Page: 368

123. Abraham Lincoln gained national recognition from his 1858 debates with Stephen ________. Answer: Douglas Page: 369 124. John Brown was executed following his raid on ________. Answer: Harpers Ferry Page: 370 125. In 1860, John Bell was the presidential candidate of the ________ Party. Answer: Constitutional Union Page: 370

Essay Questions 126. Describe the territorial gains made by the United States between 1830 and 1860. 127. Why was the United States able to add so much new territory to its control in the 1840s? 128. Assess the ideology known as Manifest Destiny. Looking back, was it more helpful or hurtful? 129. Compare the westward expansion of the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century with westward expansion during the eighteenth century. What was similar and what was different? 130. Describe the characteristics one would expect of a party of migrants on the western overland trail. What would a typical journey be like? 131. How did participants in the California gold rush differ from other migrants to the West prior to 1860? 132. How did the slave issue affect the United States’ westward expansion? 133. Why did the United States go to war with Mexico in 1846? 134. What were the major consequences of the Mexican War? 135. Assess and rate the presidency of James K. Polk. 136. Why was the Compromise of 1850 written? How did it affect national politics? 137. Why did the Whig Party collapse and the Republican Party come into being?

138. Why were the Democratic presidents of the 1850s so ineffectual? 139. What evidence suggests the South between 1850 and 1860 was becoming inflexible on the issue of slavery? 140. Since 1800, what were the factors in the regional development of the United States that made civil war more likely? 141. Prior to his election as president, describe Abraham’s Lincoln’s positions on slavery. 142. Could the Civil War have been avoided?

Chapter 14 The Civil War Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The first state to secede from the Union, in 1860, was A. Alabama. B. South Carolina. C. Georgia. D. Mississippi. E. Virginia. Answer: B Page: 375 2. In 1860, President James Buchanan asserted A. that no state had the constitutional right to secede from the United States. B. that the federal government had no authority to stop a state from seceding from the Union. C. that South Carolina could not take Fort Sumter. D. both that South Carolina could not take Fort Sumter, and that the federal government had no authority to stop a state from seceding from the Union. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 375 3. The Confederate States of America was formed A. before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated president. B. after eleven southern states had seceded. C. after Fort Sumter fell to forces from seceding states. D. in a meeting hall in Washington, D.C. E. despite the passage of the Crittenden Compromise. Answer: A Page: 375 4. The Crittenden Compromise found its greatest support in A. Republican senators. B. southern senators. C. President Abraham Lincoln. D. abolitionists. E. the western territories. Answer: B Page: 375

5. On April 14, 1861, Fort Sumter surrendered after A. Confederate forces bombarded it. B. President Lincoln chose to not resupply the fort. C. southern soldiers occupied the fort. D. the fort’s commander decided to join the Confederacy. E. the Union commanding officer, Robert Anderson, was killed. Answer: A Page: 377 6. All of the following slave states remained in the Union EXCEPT A. Kentucky. B. Arkansas. C. Maryland. D. Missouri. E. Delaware. Answer: B Page: 376 7. At the start of the Civil War, the A. South had a massive reserve of cash. B. South had more combat-age males. C. South had more and better railroads. D. North was unified by a commitment to end slavery. E. North had a much more substantial economy. Answer: E Page: 377 8. The 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act was designed to help A. industry. B. education. C. banks. D. railroads. E. free blacks. Answer: B Page: 379 9. Which of the following federally-chartered corporations did the Union create to build the transcontinental railroad? A. Union Pacific B. Western Pacific C. Central Pacific D. Western Pacific and Central Pacific E. Union Pacific and Central Pacific Answer: E Page: 379

10. Taxes enacted by the United States Congress to help finance the Civil War A. were strongly supported by most citizens in the Union. B. allowed the federal government to avoid incurring significant debt. C. kept the sale of public bonds low. D. included a new income tax. E. were vetoed by President Lincoln. Answer: D Page: 379 11. During the Civil War, “greenbacks” issued by the federal government A. steadily gained in value as the war progressed. B. were backed by silver. C. fluctuated in value depending on the fortunes of the northern armies. D. were backed by gold. E. were backed by gold and silver. Answer: C Page: 379 12. At the start of the Civil War, the armed forces of the United States A. saw many of its soldiers stationed in the West. B. did not include a navy. C. consisted of roughly 400,000 troops. D. was largely made up of military draftees. D. had almost entirely defected to the Confederate side. Answer: A Page: 380 13. In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln realized that volunteer state militias A. would have to do the bulk of fighting for the Union. B. could not wage an effective military campaign. C. would provide all the military manpower the Union would require. D. could not be counted on to serve longer than three months. E. would operate as a drag on the more efficient and experienced United States army. Answer: A Page: 380 14. The Union’s national draft law A. proved to be unnecessary in the war effort. B. severely discouraged voluntary enlistment. C. allowed no provisions for escaping service. D. saw little in the way of opposition from the public. E. resulted in murderous attacks in New York City against free blacks. Answer: E Page: 379

15. In his capacity as commander in chief, President Abraham Lincoln A. argued it was essential that the laws of the Constitution be upheld during the war. B. increased the size of the army without the approval of Congress. C. quickly called on Congress to enact a naval blockade of the South. D. moved cautiously in asserting his war powers. E. waited for Congress to declare war before dispatching troops to the South. Answer: B Page: 381 16. “Copperheads” were A. northerners who secretly spied for the Confederacy. B. often arrested on the order of President Lincoln. C. largely members of the Republican Party. D. intent on using the Civil War to rapidly end slavery. E. strong Lincoln supporters who often suppressed dissent violently. Answer: B Page: 380 17. In the election of 1864, President Abraham Lincoln A. emphasized the success of the Republican Party in fighting the Civil War. B. won by a narrow margin in the electoral vote. C. faced a Democratic opponent who was a former Union general. D. proposed a truce in the Civil War. E. was greatly aided by Robert E. Lee’s surrender just before Election Day. Answer: C Page: 384 18. All of the following were “Radical Republicans” EXCEPT A. Abraham Lincoln. B. Thaddeus Stevens. C. Charles Sumner. D. Benjamin Wade. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: A Page: 384 19. The Confiscation Act of 1861 A. saw the Confederate government claim the right to seize free blacks in the South. B. gave Union troops the authority to seize Confederate property. C. empowered banks in the Union to freeze the financial assets of all slaveholders. D. declared that slaves used by Confederate states in the war effort were free. E. abolished slavery in the District of Columbia and the western territories. Answer: D Page: 385

20. In the Emancipation Proclamation, President Abraham Lincoln declared freedom for slaves A. in the parts of the Confederacy already under Union control. B. in the slave states that had remained loyal to the Union. C. that joined the Union military. D. throughout all states that existed as part of the United States prior to the Civil War. E. in the parts of the Confederacy still in rebellion. Answer: E Page: 385 21. African American soldiers in the Union A. constituted a large segment of the initial volunteers who joined the war effort. B. died in combat in larger numbers than white soldiers. C. were not paid for their military service. D. experienced a higher mortality rate than white soldiers. E. were allowed only to dig trenches and transport water. Answer: D Page: 385 22. The United States Sanitary Commission A. was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. B. helped turn nursing into a female-dominated profession. C. was welcomed by male doctors. D. defied the traditional stereotype of women. E. banned women from working in frontline field hospitals. Answer: B Page: 386-387 23. Politically, the Confederate constitution A. was almost identical in many respects to the Constitution of the United States. B. gave states the right to secede. C. allowed states the right to abolish slavery. D. gave the president and vice president four-year terms. E. did not allow anti-secessionists to serve in the Confederate government. Answer: A Page: 388 24. Prior to becoming president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis had A. been vice president of the United States. B. called for a gradual phase-out of slavery. C. begged South Carolina not to leave the Union. D. called for the imprisonment of abolitionists. E. been regarded as a moderate on secession. Answer: E Page: 388

25. Comparison of the leadership practices of Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln reveals that A. Davis had less success in controlling the members of his cabinet. B. Lincoln spent more time on routine matters of state. C. Davis spent much more time dealing with party politics. D. Davis demonstrated few administrative abilities. E. Davis attempted to strategize, make, and control all military decisions personally. Answer: E Page: 392 26. In the Confederacy during the Civil War, A. southern politicians were strongly united in supporting secession and the war. B. formal political parties quickly developed. C. President Jefferson Davis developed a reputation for reckless political action. D. many southerners resisted efforts by the Davis government to exert its authority. E. the national government was almost completely impotent in its dealings with the states. Answer: D Page: 388 27. The Confederacy financed its war effort primarily through A. selling bonds. B. printing money. C. foreign loans. D. an income tax. E. seizure of northern assets. Answer: B Page: 388 28. Between 1861 and 1864, the cost of goods in the Confederacy rose by A. 200 percent. B. 600 percent. C. 1,000 percent. D. 3,000 percent. E. 9,000 percent. Answer: E Page: 388 29. In the Confederacy, a military draft A. was not considered necessary until the last months of the Civil War. B. never allowed for the hiring of substitutes. C. compelled slaves to serve as soldiers. D. aroused opposition from poorer whites for its expensive substitute policy. E. forced all white males between the ages of 18 and 25 to serve for three years. Answer: D Page: 389

30. The wartime South saw A. an increase in the sale of cotton overseas. B. numerous bloody slave revolts. C. almost no black-market commerce. D. a significant decline in the production of goods. E. women forced out of the public sphere. Answer: D Page: 389 31. In the South in 1865, as a result of the Civil War, A. there were more women than men in some states. B. large numbers of widowed southern women married Union soldiers. C. few women could find employment. D. the traditional roles of women were reinforced and maintained. E. women were granted the right to vote for their wartime service. Answer: A Page: 390 32. The most important Union military commander was A. George McClellan. B. Ulysses S. Grant. C. Abraham Lincoln. D. William Tecumseh Sherman. E. George Meade. Answer: C Page: 391 33. President Abraham Lincoln believed the main objective of the Union armies was to A. occupy Confederate territory. B. free southern slaves. C. destroy Confederate armies. D. control Confederate ports. E. capture Richmond. Answer: C Page: 391 34. General Ulysses S. Grant A. did not agree with Abraham Lincoln’s general strategic objectives. B. followed Winfield Scott as Lincoln’s military chief of staff. C. believed the key to victory was to capture the Confederate capital. D. was ultimately succeeded by Henry W. Halleck as chief of staff of the army. E. thought the main Union effort should target enemy armies and resources. Answer: E Page: 392

35. Which of the following statements about George B. McClellan is FALSE? A. He ran against Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1864. B. He originally served as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. C. He was found to have, in Lincoln’s opinion, a wholly inadequate grasp of strategy. D. He returned to the field in March 1862. E. He was eventually replaced by General Henry W. Halleck. Answer: B Page: 391-392 36. The Union’s Committee on the Conduct of the War A. greatly interfered with the military chain of command and the conduct of the war. B. was organized by President Abraham Lincoln. C. limited the financial expenditures by the military. D. criticized Union generals for having too many combat deaths on both sides. E. was consistently opposed by Radical Republicans such as Benjamin Wade. Answer: A Page: 392 37. As president, Jefferson Davis A. deferred all major military strategy to Robert E. Lee. B. created an effective central command system. C. had virtually no knowledge at all of military tactics and strategy. D. relied heavily on the advice of Braxton Bragg. E. offered experienced military advice to his generals. Answer: E Page: 392 38. In the Civil War, at lower levels of military command, A. northern and southern commanders had markedly different backgrounds. B. amateur officers played important roles in both the Union and Confederate armies. C. professional officers on both sides were mostly Ivy League graduates. D. amateur officers played important roles in both the Union and Confederate armies; and the professional officers on both sides were mostly Ivy League graduates. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 393 39. In naval warfare during the Civil War, A. the Union blockade of the South was largely ineffective. B. the Confederacy managed to build a navy equal to that of the Union. C. both the Union and Confederate militaries developed ironclads. D. the Confederacy devastated Union fleets with ironclad warships. E. the Confederacy managed to seize key Union ports such as Baltimore. Answer: C Page: 393

40. During the Civil War, naval activity was particularly important on the A. Chesapeake. B. western rivers. C. southern gulf. D. Great Lakes. E. Outer Banks. Answer: B Page: 394 41. In the course of the Civil War, A. the ruling classes of England and France strongly opposed the Confederacy. B. the English government consistently supported the Confederacy. C. the French government formally recognized the Confederacy. D. English textile workers thrown out of jobs came to resent and oppose the Union. E. popular support for the Union was strong in England. Answer: E Page: 394 42. In 1861, the so-called Trent affair A. saw the capture of Union diplomats by the Confederate government. B. created an international diplomatic crisis for Abraham Lincoln. C. led England to form closer political ties with the Lincoln administration. D. resulted in France recalling its ambassador from the United States. E. was eventually resolved with an indirect apology by England. Answer: B Page: 394 43. In the Civil War, the number of deaths for every 100,000 of the population was A. 500. B. 1,000. C. 2,000. D. 4,000. E. 5,000. Answer: C Page: 395 44. During the Civil War, as a result of new technology in weapons, A. infantry troops began to fight standing in line formations. B. the Gatling gun became the primary combat weapon. C. battlefields became more organized. D. attention to defensive fortifications increased. E. soldiers were forced to carry rudimentary gas masks. Answer: D Page: 395

45. Which of the following technologies was NOT a part of warfare during the Civil War? A. hot-air balloons B. repeating rifles C. submarines D. dynamite E. torpedoes Answer: D Page: 395 46. During the Civil War, railroad transportation A. encouraged smaller engagements with fewer troops. B. acted to limit the mobility of armies. C. forced commanders to organize their campaigns around topography. D. both encouraged smaller engagements with fewer troops, and acted to limit the mobility of armies. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 397 47. The U.S. Military Telegraph Corps was headed by Thomas Scott and what future tycoon? A. John D. Rockefeller B. Cornelius Vanderbilt C. J. Pierpont Morgan D. Jay Gould E. Andrew Carnegie Answer: E Page: 397 48. In 1861, the First Battle of Manassas A. saw a much larger Union force oppose Confederate troops. B. was a victory for the Confederates. C. ended in a stalemate. D. was witnessed by President Lincoln. E. proved a severe blow to Confederate morale. Answer: B Page: 397 49. The state admitted to the Union during the Civil War was A. Iowa. B. Minnesota. C. Wisconsin. D. West Virginia. E. Nevada. Answer: D Page: 398

50. A major federal victory occurred in April 1862 when Union troops captured the city of A. New Orleans. B. Vicksburg. C. Mobile. D. Chattanooga. E. Charleston. Answer: A Page: 398 51. By the end of 1862, Union forces A. had made considerable progress in the West. B. were having little success in the East. C. had closed the mouth of the Mississippi to Confederate trade. D. had both made considerable progress in the West and closed the mouth of the Mississippi to Confederate trade. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 398, 401 52. The Peninsular campaign in 1862 A. saw General George McClellan plan an ambitious assault on Richmond. B. was an example of General McClellan’s conservative approach to battle. C. ultimately ended in a Union withdrawal back to northern Virginia. D. both was an example of General McClellan’s conservative approach to battle, and ultimately ended in a Union withdrawal back to northern Virginia. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 398-401 53. The Battle of Antietam in 1862 A. led President Abraham Lincoln to remove George McClellan from command. B. was a significant Confederate victory. C. saw Robert E. Lee field an army twice the size of the Union forces. D. both saw Robert E. Lee field an army twice the size of the Union forces, and led President Abraham Lincoln to remove George McClellan from command. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 401

54. The prominent commander who was wounded in the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863 and subsequently died from pneumonia was A. George McClellan. B. Joseph Hooker. C. Ambrose Burnside. D. Thomas Jackson. E. George Meade. Answer: D Page: 402 55. The Battle of Vicksburg in 1863 A. saw a quick Union victory. B. allowed the North to split the Confederacy in two. C. briefly revived the military hopes of the Confederacy. D. was decided by a massive assault by Union troops. E. put George McClellan back in good standing with President Lincoln. Answer: B Page: 402 56. As the Battle of Vicksburg was ending, another major battle was taking place in A. Shiloh. B. Antietam. C. Chickamauga. D. Atlanta. E. Gettysburg. Answer: E Page: 403 57. The Battle of Gettysburg A. represented the last time Confederate forces seriously threatened Union territory. B. saw Union General George Meade lose nearly a third of his army. C. saw Union General George Meade clearly be more aggressive than Robert E. Lee. D. saw Robert E. Lee poised for victory after his attack on Cemetery Ridge. E. was a Union victory, thanks to Meade having found a copy of Lee’s orders. Answer: A Page: 403 58. In the Battle of Gettysburg, in order to reach dug-in Union forces, General George Pickett’s division had to cross A. an open field. B. a broad river. C. a steep hill. D. thick woods. E. an abandoned town. Answer: A Page: 403

59. General Grant’s Union forces attacked General Lee’s Confederate forces in the month-long A. Battle of Gettysburg. B. Wilderness campaign. C. Battle of Chickamauga. D. siege of Vicksburg. E. clash at Nashville. Answer: B Page: 404 60. In 1864, General William T. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” A. attempted to avoid the civilian population. B. saw him face more resistance than Grant faced to his north. C. never reached the Atlantic Ocean. D. resulted in mass starvation among Sherman’s troops. E. was designed to demoralize southerners. Answer: E Page: 406 61. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House after A. President Jefferson Davis announced the Confederate government was defeated. B. President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. C. Lee recognized the futility of continued fighting. D. President Lincoln met President Davis. E. President Jefferson Davis was captured by Union forces. Answer: C Page: 406

True/False Questions 62. The Confederacy was organized before Lincoln was inaugurated. Answer: True Page: 375 63. President Buchanan did not believe that a state had the legal right to secede from the Union. Answer: True Page: 375 64. The Crittenden Compromise was essentially acceptable to Lincoln and the Republicans. Answer: False Page: 375 65. No additional states seceded from the Union once the war had begun. Answer: False Page: 377

66. The material advantages of the South were obvious right from the start of the war. Answer: False Page: 377 67. The South was committed to fighting a defensive war. Answer: True Page: 377 68. The North financed the Civil War primarily by borrowing money. Answer: True Page: 379 69. To build up the Union army, Lincoln originally relied much more on volunteers in state militias than he did an increase in the regular army. Answer: True Page: 380 70. Lincoln dared to fight the Civil War without a formal declaration of war, but he did not dare suspend habeas corpus. Answer: False Page: 382 71. Despite being a Democrat, Andrew Johnson was selected to run with Lincoln in 1864. Answer: True Page: 384 72. Charles Sumner was a “Radical Republican.” Answer: True Page: 384 73. The Emancipation Proclamation was made into law by Congress. Answer: False Page: 385 74. The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to all of the slave states. Answer: True Page: 385 75. African American mortality rates in the war were higher than that of whites. Answer: True Page: 385

76. Black fighting men captured by the Confederates were treated the same as white prisoners of war. Answer: False Page: 386 77. The United States Sanitary Commission, an organization of civilian volunteers, was led by Horace Greeley. Answer: False Page: 386-387 78. The Civil War helped transform nursing into a female profession, but these nurses encountered considerable resistance from male doctors. Answer: True Page: 387 79. The National Woman’s Loyal League worked simultaneously for the abolition of slavery and for the vote for women. Answer: True Page: 387 80. The Confederate constitution was almost identical to the Constitution of the United States. Answer: True Page: 388 81. The Confederate constitution explicitly acknowledged the sovereignty of individual states and the right of secession. Answer: False Page: 388 82. The Confederacy financed the Civil War primarily by printing paper money. Answer: True Page: 388 83. Feelings of states’ rights were so strong in the South that it was impossible for the Confederate government to take any steps toward centralization. Answer: False Page: 389 84. In both the North and the South, draftees could avoid military service if they hired substitutes. Answer: True Page: 380, 388 85. George McClellan was the most important military commander in the Union. Answer: False Page: 391

86. Lincoln understood that the proper objective of his armies was the occupation of Confederate territory. Answer: False Page: 391 87. As commander in chief, Lincoln was given a fairly free hand by Congress in conducting the war as he saw fit. Answer: False Page: 392 88. Jefferson Davis, unlike Lincoln, was a trained professional soldier. Answer: True Page: 392 89. The North had such an overwhelming advantage in naval power that its blockade of the South was completely effective from the start. Answer: False Page: 393 90. In the early part of the Civil War, the sympathies of the ruling classes in France and England lay with the Confederacy. Answer: True Page: 394 91. “Cotton diplomacy” worked to the extent that England extended diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy. Answer: False Page: 394 92. Torpedoes and submarines were used, to little effect, during the Civil War. Answer: True Page: 394 93. By the end of the Civil War, telegraph communication was used by both the North and South. Answer: True Page: 397 94. Military campaigns during the Civil War came to be organized around railroad lines. Answer: True Page: 397

95. The First Battle of Bull Run dealt a severe blow to Union morale and dispelled the illusion that the war would be a short one. Answer: True Page: 397 96. In the early part of the war, Ulysses S. Grant campaigned in the western theater. Answer: True Page: 398 97. Both Antietam and Shiloh could be described as Union victories. Answer: True Page: 398, 401 98. General McClellan was a great trainer of soldiers, but his excessive caution often exasperated Lincoln. Answer: True Page: 398, 401 99. After the Battle of Gettysburg, the weakened Confederate armies were never again able to seriously threaten northern territory. Answer: True Page: 403 100. Ulysses S. Grant believed in using the North’s great advantage in troops and material resources to overwhelm the South. Answer: True Page: 404 101. General Sherman’s “March to the Sea” faced bitter opposition through Georgia and South Carolina from Confederate forces. Answer: False Page: 406 102. Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis both agreed that the Confederacy must surrender at the Appomattox Court House. Answer: False Page: 406

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 103. The last-ditch effort by a Kentucky senator to avoid the Civil War was called the ________ Compromise. Answer: Crittenden Page: 375

104. The Republicans sought to encourage the development of the West by passing the ________ Act. Answer: Homestead Page: 379 105. In 1861 Congress passed the ________ Act, which declared that all slaves used for “insurrectionary” purposes would be considered freed. Answer: Confiscation Page: 385 106. The North printed paper currency, or ________, in order to finance the Civil War. Answer: greenbacks Page: 379 107. Four days of draft riots in ________ in 1863 were among the bloodiest riots in all of American history. Answer: New York City Page: 380 108. Black enlistment in the Union military increased after the ________ was issued. Answer: Emancipation Proclamation Page: 385 109. The ________ Infantry was the best known of the black Union regiments. Answer: Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Page: 385 110. In 1864 the Republicans changed their name to the ________ Party. Answer: Union Page: 384 111. Wartime targets of military arrest in the North were Peace Democrats, also known as ________. Answer: Copperheads Page: 380 112. Not until 1864 did Lincoln find a military commander he could trust: ________. Answer: Ulysses S. Grant Page: 392 113. An English steamer, the ________, was carrying Confederate diplomats when it was boarded by Union troops; the diplomats were arrested and taken to Boston. Answer: Trent Page: 394

114. The first ironclad ships to engage in a naval battle were the Merrimac (also known as Virginia) and the ________. Answer: Monitor Page: 395 115. The battle at ________ proved to be a devastating defeat for McClellan’s replacement, General Ambrose E. Burnside. Answer: Fredericksburg Page: 401 116. At the Battle of ________ in May 1863, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was wounded and subsequently died of pneumonia. Answer: Chancellorsville Page: 402 117. The most celebrated battle of the Civil War was fought at ________ in early July of 1863. Answer: Gettysburg Page: 402-403 118. During the siege of ________, Lee proposed an invasion of Pennsylvania, which would, he argued, divert Union troops north and remove the pressure on the lower Mississippi. Answer: Vicksburg Page: 402

Essay Questions 119. What advantages and disadvantages did each side have when the Civil War began? 120. How did Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis compare as presidents and military commanders? 121. What problems did each side have as they mobilized to fight the Civil War? 122. Why did some southern states remain in the Union in 1861, and what steps did the federal government take during the war to maintain their support? 123. Why was the South so confident of its “cotton diplomacy”? Why did it fail? 124. In what ways did women participate in the Civil War, and how did their activities compare with the involvement of women in the American Revolution? 125. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do, and how did it alter the Civil War? 126. Describe the debate in the North over the involvement of African Americans in the Civil War, and assess the significance of their participation in the war.

127. How did new technology change the strategy of war? 128. Why was the death toll in the Civil War so tremendous? 129. Why might the Civil War be described as the first “modern war”? 130. Why did 1863 prove to be such a pivotal year on the battlefield? 131. Which battle—Vicksburg or Gettysburg—was more significant in determining the outcome of the Civil War? 132. Given the material and manpower advantage of the North, what factors enabled the South to wage war as long as it did? 133. Why did the North have to effectively destroy much of the South in order to the win the Civil War? 134. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee as military commanders.

Chapter 15 Reconstruction and the New South Multiple-Choice Questions 1. In the final days of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln A. insisted that the Confederacy had no legal right to exist. B. argued it best to readmit the Confederate states to the Union without condition. C. called on the Confederacy to negotiate a peace treaty with the United States. D. met with Jefferson Davis in Richmond, Virginia. E. declared that the Confederate government must repudiate its constitution. Answer: A Page: 412 2. At the end of the Civil War, the number of slaves that emerged from bondage was A. about 800,000. B. about 1 million. C. about 2.5 million. D. almost 4 million. E. almost 6 million. Answer: D Page: 413 3. In 1865, southern blacks defined “freedom” as A. independence from white control. B. acquiring the legal rights to live as did whites. C. land reform. D. both independence from white control, and land reform. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 413 4. In 1865, southern whites defined “freedom” as A. the right to use federal assistance to recover from the Civil War. B. controlling their future without northern interference. C. the right of southern states to remain outside of the Union. D. the removal of freed blacks from their states. E. monetary compensation for lost slaves. Answer: B Page: 413

5. The Freedmen’s Bureau A. distributed food to millions of southern blacks. B. pushed for voting rights for former male slaves. C. gave forty acres of land and a mule to millions of southern blacks. D. was created to operate for only five years. E. created millions of federal public works jobs for former slaves. Answer: A Page: 414 6. As Republicans planned for Reconstruction, A. Conservatives sought many conditions to readmit the former Confederate states. B. Radicals sought a range of punishments for white southerners. C. President Lincoln suggested that no conditions be put on the former Confederate states. D. they were hampered by the fact that no thought had been given to the task until the end of the war. E. Moderates believed the South should be readmitted without any concessions on black rights. Answer: B Page: 414 7. President Abraham Lincoln’s “10 percent” plan for the South referred to the A. area of land in each state that should be reserved for former slaves. B. ratio of federal to state money to be spent in rebuilding the southern economy. C. ratio of federal troops to freed slaves in each southern state. D. percentage of freed slaves who must be given the vote before setting up a state government. E. number of white voters required to take loyalty oaths before setting up a state government. Answer: E Page: 414 8. The Wade-Davis Bill A. essentially followed President Lincoln’s Reconstruction plans. B. was criticized by Conservative Republicans for being too mild. C. called for the disenfranchisement of leading Confederates. D. denied reentry into the Union by former Confederate states for 10 years. E. quickly became the law of the land. Answer: C Page: 415 9. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln A. involved a larger conspiracy to kill other members of the administration. B. saw John Wilkes Booth convicted of the murder of the president. C. brought a Radical Republican to the presidency. D. was intended to bring Andrew Johnson into the presidency. E. had been planned at the highest levels of the Confederate government. Answer: A Page: 415

10. As president, Andrew Johnson A. quickly sided with the Radical Republicans. B. proposed delaying the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. C. long delayed presenting his own plans for Reconstruction. D. offered amnesty to southerners who pledged their loyalty to the United States. E. argued the South should be readmitted to the Union without conditions. Answer: D Page: 415-416 11. In the 1860s, Black Codes were A. holdovers from the antebellum era that were repealed by southern state governments. B. passed by Congress to govern former Confederate states. C. enacted by the Freedmen’s Bureau to give freed blacks voting rights. D. vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. E. designed to give whites control over freedmen. Answer: E Page: 416 12. The Fourteenth Amendment A. ended slavery throughout the United States. B. gave voting rights to all male Americans. C. gave citizenship rights to all people born in the United States. D. was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. E. was written in such a way as to appease the woman’s suffrage movement. Answer: C Page: 416 13. In 1867, congressional plans for Reconstruction A. were rejected by every former Confederate state. B. replaced federal military commanders in the South with civilian leaders. C. granted forty acres of land to every adult male former slave. D. required new state governments in the South to give voting rights to black males. E. required that state legislatures ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Answer: D Page: 417 14. The Fifteenth Amendment dealt with the issue of A. slavery. B. citizenship. C. cruel and unusual punishment. D. income tax. E. suffrage. Answer: E Page: 417

15. The Tenure of Office Act A. gave the Senate the power to appoint members of the president’s cabinet. B. was designed to limit President Andrew Johnson’s authority. C. was roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. D. was both designed to limit President Andrew Johnson’s authority and roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. E. None of these answers is correct. Answer: B Page: 417 16. As a result of the Supreme Court’s ruling in Ex parte Milligan, Radical Republicans A. reduced the number of justices on the Court. B. established military tribunals in additional southern states. C. proposed abolishing the Court. D. tempered many of their Reconstruction plans. E. ended military tribunals in favor of civil courts. Answer: C Page: 417 17. In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was impeached because he A. violated the Tenure of Office Act. B. offered political opposition to Radical Republicans. C. dismissed Edwin Stanton from office. D. both violated the Tenure of Office Act and dismissed Edwin Stanton from office. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 418 18. At the conclusion of President Andrew Johnson’s impeachment trial, A. a majority of senators voted to acquit. B. Johnson resigned from office just prior to the vote. C. every Senate Republican voted to convict. D. Johnson was convicted and then pardoned by the Senate. E. Johnson was acquitted by one vote. Answer: E Page: 418 19. During Reconstruction, the term “scalawags” referred to A. southern white Republicans. B. free black southerners. C. southerners who moved north. D. white southerners who still embraced their former affiliation with the Confederacy. E. northerners who moved south. Answer: A Page: 419

20. During Reconstruction, most “carpetbaggers” were A. white southerners who moved to the North. B. freedmen who moved out of the South. C. former confederates who moved to the West. D. northern white veterans who moved to the South. E. northern politicians who took offices in southern states. Answer: D Page: 419 21. During Reconstruction, southern African American officeholders A. filled as many as five seats in the United States Senate. B. were excluded from state constitutional conventions. C. did not serve in the federal Congress or Senate. D. rarely engaged in illegal political activities. E. underrepresented the total number of blacks living in the South. Answer: E Page: 419 22. During Reconstruction, there was a dramatic improvement in southern A. transportation. B. education. C. industry. D. banking. E. agriculture. Answer: B Page: 420 23. During Reconstruction, the southern school system A. eventually reached 40 percent of all black children. B. did not allow blacks to be teachers. C. initially were not segregated. D. only offered primary instruction. E. barely reached any children of former slaves. Answer: A Page: 420 24. During Reconstruction, regarding land ownership in the South, A. the Freedmen’s Bureau distributed millions of acres of land to freedmen. B. most plantations abandoned during the Civil War remained vacant. C. ownership by both whites and blacks increased. D. the federal government vigorously acted to confiscate land owned by former Confederates. E. ownership by whites declined, while ownership by blacks increased. Answer: E Page: 421

25. Black sharecropping A. represented a continuation of the pre-Civil War gang-labor system. B. differed sharply from the tenant system. C. usually led to economic independence. D. was a very common occupation of former slaves. E. involved close white supervision, which recalled the days of slavery. Answer: D Page: 423 26. During Reconstruction, per capita income for southerners A. rose for blacks. B. rose for whites. C. declined for whites. D. rose for blacks and whites. E. rose for blacks and declined for whites. Answer: E Page: 422 27. During Reconstruction, the black labor force worked A. approximately the same number of hours as during slavery. B. significantly fewer hours than had been the case during slavery. C. more hours than had been the case during slavery. D. significantly more hours than the white labor force. E. significantly less hours than the white labor force. Answer: B Page: 422 28. After the Civil War, most poor rural southerners relied on credit from A. local banks. B. the federal government. C. northern financial institutions. D. country stores. E. state governments. Answer: D Page: 422 29. In the South, the crop-lien system along with the burdensome credit system A. encouraged the planting of cash crops. B. nearly disappeared during Reconstruction. C. led to crop diversification. D. was generally imposed on blacks, but not white farmers. E. saw interest rates rise as high as 20 or 30 percent. Answer: A Page: 423

30. After the Civil War, most southern black women A. did field work. B. played a role in the family that was very different from that of white women. C. engaged in income-producing activities. D. did not hold a job outside of the home. E. still could not marry with any legal standing. Answer: C Page: 424 31. In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant A. was nominated by both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. B. won a huge victory. C. entered the White House with no political experience. D. relied on many of his former military advisors to join his administration. E. ran against Republican Reconstruction policies. Answer: C Page: 424 32. All of the following were involved in scandals during the Grant administration EXCEPT A. President Ulysses Grant. B. Secretary of War William Belknap. C. Vice President Schuyler Colfax. D. Treasury Secretary Benjamin Bristow. E. None of these answers is correct, as all were involved in scandals. Answer: A Page: 424 33. The Panic of 1873 A. began after the southern crop-lien system collapsed. B. saw Republicans call on Grant to go off the gold standard. C. saw President Grant favor putting more paper currency into circulation. D. began after revelations of corruption in the Grant administration. E. was the nation’s worst economic depression to that time. Answer: E Page: 425 34. During the Johnson administration, the United States acquired A. Alaska. B. Hawaii. C. Guam. D. the Virgin Islands. E. Puerto Rico. Answer: A Page: 425

35. The Alabama claims A. saw the United States refuse to pay Alabama for losses incurred during the Civil War. B. involved complaints by the United States against England. C. ended an experiment in black landownership. D. marked a renewed effort in asserting the rights of states over federal authority. E. were found by the Supreme Court to invalidate Radical Reconstruction. Answer: B Page: 425 36. The “redeemed” governments of the South A. saw an end to occupation by federal troops. B. suppressed the activities of white supremacists. C. saw the Republican Party win control of southern state governments. D. saw an end to occupation by federal troops, and suppressed the activities of white supremacists. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: A Page: 426 37. Congressional passage of the Enforcement Acts in 1870-1871 A. was aimed at reducing white repression of blacks in the South. B. was designed to support the Black Codes. C. was vetoed by President Ulysses Grant. D. gave legal protection to the Ku Klux Klan. E. allowed white southerners to maintain a police state. Answer: A Page: 426 38. National support for Reconstruction was undermined by A. the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment. B. the growing political strength of Democrats. C. the Panic of 1873. D. perceptions of black-and-carpetbag misgovernment in the South. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 426-427 39. The elections of 1876 saw A. the Supreme Court decide the presidential election. B. a Democrat become president for the first time since the Civil War. C. the candidate with the most popular votes fail to get elected. D. Ulysses Grant make an unsuccessful bid for an unprecedented third term. E. the governor of New York become president. Answer: C Page: 427

40. As president, Rutherford B. Hayes A. refused to make political compromises with Democrats. B. promised to serve only one term. C. helped to unify Republicans and Democrats. D. called for a modest expansion of Reconstruction programs. E. promised to take the South back from the “Redeemers.” Answer: B Page: 429 41. Congressional Reconstruction might have been more effective if A. the federal government had not involved itself with redistributing income. B. the federal government had not passed the Enforcement Acts. C. Radical Republicans had not put Jefferson Davis on trial for treason. D. the Freedmen’s Bureau had been ended sooner. E. the federal government had better enforced the laws designed to assist blacks. Answer: E Page: 429-430 42. After Reconstruction, political power under southern “Redeemers” A. was very often restricted and conservative. B. typically relied on raising taxes for its funding. C. increased state services for the poor. D. ignored the interests of industrialists. E. helped consolidate the “Solid South” for the Republican Party. Answer: A Page: 430 43. Advocates of the “New South” A. opposed using northern capital. B. discouraged white women from working outside of the home. C. promoted southern industry and railroad development. D. challenged the assumptions of white supremacy. E. in fact advocated a return to the plantation system of the antebellum South. Answer: C Page: 431 44. In the South during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, A. textile manufacturing increased ninefold. B. southerners became more dependent on agriculture than ever. C. per capita income fell sharply. D. most industrial growth came from coal mining. E. the average income reached 80 percent of that in the North. Answer: A Page: 431

45. During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, southern agriculture A. saw a significant diversification of its crops. B. saw a decline in absentee ownership of farmland. C. regained the profitability it had had prior to the Civil War. D. saw a deceleration of the processes begun in the postwar years. E. saw the great majority of farmers live under the tenant system. Answer: E Page: 434 46. Among other ideas, Booker T. Washington A. rejected the ideology of the “New South creed.” B. favored industrial over classical education. C. called on the federal government to offer job training for blacks. D. proposed an exodus of blacks from the South to the West. E. argued that blacks spent too much time trying to impress the white middle class. Answer: B Page: 435 47. In his 1895 “Atlanta Compromise” speech, Booker T. Washington A. called for political and civil rights for black Americans. B. criticized the federal government for abandoning southern blacks. C. argued that blacks should honor their African forebears. D. stated that blacks should give up in seeking equality with whites. E. called for tacit acceptance of the emerging system of racial segregation. Answer: E Page: 436 48. The Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that A. communities could have schools for whites only if there were no schools for blacks. B. the Fourteenth Amendment was unconstitutional. C. racial segregation was legal if whites and blacks had equal “accommodations.” D. private institutions were exempt from laws against racial discrimination. E. segregation by race in education was inherently unconstitutional. Answer: C Page: 436-437 49. In the 1890s, pressure in the South to restrict black voting rights came from A. poor white farmers. B. wealthy southerners. C. advocates of Jim Crow. D. both poor white farmers and wealthy southerners. E. All these answers are correct. Answer: E Page: 437-438

50. Jim Crow laws A. imposed a system of state-supported segregation. B. attacked the problem of lynching. C. led immediately to a dramatic black exodus from the South. D. challenged white Redeemer rule in the South. E. did not apply to public parks, beaches, or picnic areas. Answer: A Page: 438 51. In the 1890s, voting percentages in the South A. increased for blacks only. B. increased for whites only. C. declined for blacks only. D. increased for whites and declined for blacks. E. decreased for both whites and blacks. Answer: E Page: 437 52. In the 1890s, the black journalist Ida B. Wells devoted her writing to attacking A. the legality of segregation. B. restrictions on black education. C. the loss of black voting rights. D. the crime of lynching. E. the arguments of Booker T. Washington. Answer: D Page: 439

True/False Questions 53. Reconstruction was neither a vicious tyranny, as white southerners charged, nor a thoroughgoing reform, as many northerners claimed. Answer: True Page: 411 54. Even at the end of his life, Lincoln continued to insist that the Confederate government had no legal right to exist. Answer: True Page: 412 55. After the Civil War was over, African Americans responded by separating themselves from white institutions. Answer: True Page: 413

56. During Reconstruction, all adult male former slaves were given the constitutional right to vote. Answer: True Page: 415 57. The Freedmen’s Bureau was a civilian agency under the control of the State Department. Answer: False Page: 414 58. The Freedmen’s Bureau was confined by law to providing assistance only to former slaves and their families. Answer: False Page: 414 59. Radical Republicans favored a reconstruction process that would readmit the former Confederate states to the Union quickly. Answer: False Page: 415 60. By the time of his death, Lincoln’s sympathies had shifted from essential allegiance to the moderate wing of his party to casting his lot with the Radical Republicans. Answer: False Page: 415 61. The Wade-Davis Bill sought to make it more difficult than Lincoln desired for those states which had left the Union to return. Answer: True Page: 415 62. Leaders of the Confederacy were found to have aided John Wilkes Booth to carry out the plan to assassinate President Lincoln. Answer: False Page: 415 63. The Black Codes helped President Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction. Answer: False Page: 416 64. President Johnson vetoed both the Freedmen’s Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Answer: True Page: 416 65. The congressional elections of 1866 resulted in a resounding victory for the Republicans. Answer: True Page: 416

66. Virginia, Texas, and Mississippi were among the first states to comply with congressional Reconstruction. Answer: False Page: 417 67. President Johnson was impeached, but not convicted. Answer: True Page: 418 68. “Scalawags” were southerners who moved north after the Civil War. Answer: False Page: 419 69. The most numerous Republicans in the South were the black freedmen. Answer: True Page: 419 70. In the South as a whole, the percentage of black officeholders during Reconstruction was always far lower than the percentage of blacks in the population. Answer: True Page: 419 71. State expenditures by southern governments during Reconstruction were large, but only in comparison with the meager state budgets of the pre-Civil War years. Answer: True Page: 420 72. The most ambitious goal of the Radical Republicans was to reform landownership in the South. Answer: True Page: 421 73. Despite defeat in the Civil War, white landownership actually increased during Reconstruction. Answer: False Page: 421 74. During Reconstruction, though the black share of profits were rising, the total profits of southern agriculture were declining. Answer: True Page: 422 75. As sharecroppers, the black labor force in the South worked hours that were just as long as had been the case under slavery. Answer: False Page: 423

76. During Reconstruction, black family roles soon came to resemble similar roles within white families. Answer: True Page: 424 77. Without the support of black voters in 1868, Ulysses S. Grant would have had only a minority of the popular vote. Answer: True Page: 424 78. Grant played a leadership role among the “Liberal Republicans.” Answer: False Page: 424 79. “Seward’s Folly” refers to a financial scandal involving Grant’s secretary of state, William Seward. Answer: False Page: 425 80. The Panic of 1873 was the worst the country had faced to that point in its history. Answer: True Page: 425 81. Grant’s response to bad economic times was to approve plans to increase the amount of money in circulation. Answer: False Page: 425 82. The Grant administration achieved its greatest successes in foreign affairs. Answer: True Page: 425 83. The Democratic presidential candidate in 1876 won a majority of the popular vote, but he did not win the presidency. Answer: True Page: 427 84. In most parts of the South, the “Redeemer” government constituted a genuinely new ruling class. Answer: True Page: 431

85. Spokesmen for the New South advocated industrial development for the South, but seldom challenged white supremacy in the process. Answer: True Page: 431 86. African Americans were able to work in all types of industry in the South. Answer: False Page: 433 87. Tenant farming increased significantly in the South in the two decades following Reconstruction. Answer: True Page: 434 88. The “New South creed” was expounded by whites, not blacks. Answer: False Page: 434 89. Booker T. Washington argued that blacks should concentrate on self-improvement before political rights. Answer: True Page: 435 90. The Supreme Court generally struck down civil rights laws and upheld black voting rights in the late nineteenth century. Answer: False Page: 436-437 91. Segregation of the races in the late nineteenth-century South resulted in declining violence against blacks. Answer: False Page: 439 92. In late-nineteenth-century southern politics, economic issues played a secondary role to the issue of race. Answer: True Page: 440

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 93. General Oliver O. Howard ran the ________, an agency that established schools and helped provide basic services for former slaves following the Civil War. Answer: Freedmen’s Bureau Page: 414

94. Lincoln wanted ex-Confederate states admitted to the Union when ________ percent of a state’s white voters took a loyalty oath. Answer: 10 Page: 414 95. State laws designed to restore slavery in all but name in the post-Civil War South were called the ________. Answer: Black Codes Page: 416 96. The Fourteenth Amendment offered the first national definition of ________. Answer: citizenship Page: 416 97. The Tenure of Office Act was designed to protect the job of Secretary of War ________. Answer: Edwin Stanton Page: 417 98. Many of the so-called scalawags were former southern ________. Answer: Whigs Page: 419 99. The most numerous Republicans in the South were the ________. Answer: black freedmen Page: 419 100. After the Civil War, most black agricultural workers toiled as tenants of white landowners and were known as ________. Answer: sharecroppers Page: 422 101. Enemies of President Grant and “Grantism” were called ________ Republicans. Answer: Liberal Page: 424 102. The Panic of 1873 began with the failure of a leading investment banking firm, ________. Answer: Jay Cooke and Company Page: 425 103. The Treaty of Washington provided for ________ with Britain over “Alabama claims.” Answer: international arbitration Page: 425 104. “Seward’s Folly” refers to the American purchase of ________. Answer: Alaska Page: 425

105. An end to Reconstruction was achieved by the ________ of 1877. Answer: Compromise Page: 427 106. The last ________ were withdrawn from the South by President Hayes. Answer: federal troops Page: 429 107. Democrats restored to power in the South were known variously as the “________” or the “Bourbons.” Answer: Redeemers Page: 430 108. Booker T. Washington outlined his basic philosophy in an 1895 speech that has come to be called the ________ Compromise. Answer: Atlanta Page: 435 109. In 1896 the Supreme Court declared that “separate but equal” in matters of race relations was constitutional, in the case of ________. Answer: Plessy v. Ferguson Page: 436 110. Ida B. Wells was a black journalist who was most concerned about stopping the practice of ________ in the late nineteenth-century South. Answer: lynching Page: 440

Essay Questions 111. In 1865, what major challenges faced the nation? How did the various plans for reconstructing the nation attempt to address those challenges? 112. How did Lincoln’s plan differ from those of the Radical Republicans? 113. How did the assassination of Abraham Lincoln affect Reconstruction? 114. Why did the elections of 1866 empower Radical Republicans? 115. Why has the presidency of Andrew Johnson generally been considered a failure by historians? 116. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached? Did he deserve to be removed from office?

117. What did the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution do? How successful was each in practice? 118. Assess the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. 119. In what ways did Reconstruction succeed? In what ways did it fail? What has been its legacy? 120. “The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.” Explain this assessment by W. E. B. Du Bois of the Reconstruction era by offering the historical evidence that supports each of the three parts of the quote. 121. Describe and compare the status of southern African Americans in 1861 with their status in 1876. 122. Why would the legacy of Reconstruction matter throughout the twentieth century? 123. What was “new” and what was “old” in the “New South”? 124. Describe “Jim Crow.” 125. Compare the conditions of black Americans living in the South in the 1850s with the those of the 1870s.