TEST BANK for Traditions & Encounters A Global Perspective on the Past 6th Edition by Jerry Bentley, by StudyGuide

Chapter 01 - Before History

Chapter 01 Before History

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 5) The earth came into existence around A. five hundred million years ago. B. one billion years ago. C. four to five billion years ago. D. ten billion years ago. E. twenty-seven billion years ago.

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

2. (p. 6) The term prehistory refers to the period before A. writing. B. the first hominid. C. the appearance of Homo sapiens. D. 1000 B.C.E. E. the work of the Greek historian Herodotus.

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

3. (p. 6) From the period four million to one million years ago, which of the following flourished in east Africa? A. Homo sapiens sapiens B. Homo erectus C. Neandertal peoples D. Homo sapiens E. Australopithecus

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

Chapter 01 - Before History

4. (p. 6-7) Which of the following statements about Australopithecus is NOT true? A. They produced cleavers and hand axes. B. They traveled deliberately over distances as far as fifteen kilometers. C. They walked on two legs, thus freeing their arms to work independently. D. They produced choppers and scrapers. E. They were hominids.

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

5. (p. 7) The most important development of Homo erectus was A. fire. B. stone tools. C. walking upright on two legs. D. their communication skills. E. writing.

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

6. (p. 7) Which of the following statements is NOT true of Homo erectus? A. They knew how to control fire. B. They developed language skills that enabled them to communicate complex ideas. C. They had brains roughly the same size as those of modern humans. D. They produced cleavers and hand axes. E. They walked upright on two legs.

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

7. (p. 7) Homo sapiens evolved A. one million years ago. B. five hundred thousand years ago. C. one hundred thousand years ago. D. two hundred thousand years ago. E. forty thousand years ago.

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

Chapter 01 - Before History

8. (p. 9) Homo sapiens had appeared in almost all the habitable regions of the world by around ________ years ago. A. 250,000 B. 100,000 C. 50,000 D. 15,000 E. 5,000

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

9. (p. 9-10) Between sixty and fifteen thousand years ago, Homo sapiens used superior knowledge, sophisticated tools, and language to A. build cities. B. exploit the natural world more efficiently than any other species. C. establish complex social and political institutions. D. develop the first known tools and controlled use of fire. E. develop farming communities.

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

10. (p. 10) Which of the following statements is true of the inhabitants of the paleolithic age? A. They had mastered writing. B. They domesticated animals. C. They were hunters and gatherers. D. They had discovered agriculture. E. They had mastered working with iron.

Topic: Paleolithic Society

Chapter 01 - Before History

11. (p. 10) Most scholars believe that, during the paleolithic age, social organization was characterized by A. a relative social equality. B. a ruling priestly class. C. a dominant class based on the private ownership of land. D. a ruling merchant class. E. a dominant matriarchal structure.

Topic: Paleolithic Society

12. (p. 10) The hunting and gathering lifestyle required A. male-dominated societies. B. life in small bands of thirty to fifty members. C. near-total isolation of groups from each other. D. that women devote most of their time to child-rearing. E. total gender equality.

Topic: Paleolithic Society

13. (p. 14) The Venus figurines A. were first found in the ruins of Çatal Hüyük. B. date back to the time of Australopithecus. C. were representative of the matriarchal societies of the neolithic age. D. are representations of the goddess of love found in Jericho. E. reflect early humans' deep interest in fertility.

Topic: Paleolithic Society

Chapter 01 - Before History

14. (p. 13) With the development of languages, human beings were able to A. produce long cutting edges. B. accumulate knowledge and transmit it to new generations. C. begin to fashion sharp tools from animal bones. D. devise means for catching fish from deep waters. E. invent spear throwers.

Topic: Paleolithic Society

Chapter 01 - Before History

15. (p. 14) One of the interpretations of the early human cave paintings is that they represent A. positive proof of the limited intellectual world of the early human. B. early worship of the forces of evil. C. a variety of sympathetic magic. D. the first conscious development of art for its own sake. E. a complicated, and so far indecipherable, written language.

Topic: Paleolithic Society

16. (p. 15) What do archeologists now believe is the most fundamental difference between the neolithic and paleolithic eras? A. artistry B. use of tools C. use of fire D. reliance on foraging for subsistence E. reliance on cultivation for subsistence

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

17. (p. 16) One of the earliest known agricultural techniques was A. crop rotation. B. hunting and gathering. C. slash and burn. D. crop substitution. E. the use of the horse-drawn plow.

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

Chapter 01 - Before History

18. (p. 17) The mastery of agriculture led to a population explosion. From a sparse population of around four million in 10,000 B.C.E., the global figure rose by 500 B.C.E. to around A. ten million. B. forty million. C. one hundred million. D. two hundred million. E. three hundred million.

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

19. (p. 17) One of the earliest neolithic settlements was ________, which was located at a freshwater oasis north of the Dead Sea and had a population of around two thousand. A. Jericho B. Çatal Hüyük C. Altamira D. Lascaux E. Jomon

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

20. (p. 17) Çatal Hüyük is significant because it A. marks the beginning of human civilization. B. marks the first human use of tools. C. was the site of the first human agriculture. D. is one of the best known early neolithic settlements. E. is the first instance of the use of a land bridge.

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

Chapter 01 - Before History

21. (p. 18) The earliest of the three neolithic craft industries was A. textile production. B. pottery. C. carpet weaving. D. metallurgy. E. weapon production.

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

22. (p. 18) The earliest metal worked systematically by humans was A. copper. B. tin. C. bronze. D. iron. E. steel.

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

23. (p. 19) The ultimate source of wealth in any agricultural society is A. gold. B. copper. C. land. D. control over the protective deities. E. the accumulation of weapons.

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

Chapter 01 - Before History

24. (p. 21) In representations of the rapidly changing agricultural cycle, neolithic worshippers sometimes associated fertility with animals like A. bulls. B. birds. C. bears. D. frogs or butterflies. E. rats.

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

Chapter 01 - Before History

25. (p. 23) Cities differed from neolithic villages in two principal ways. First, cities were larger and more complex than neolithic villages. The second difference was that cities A. served the needs of their inhabitants and immediate neighbors. B. decisively influenced the economic, political, and cultural life of large regions. C. were less advanced militarily. D. had populations in the thousands. E. had protective deities.

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

True / False Questions 26. (p. 7) Homo erectus flourished from around two million to two hundred thousand years ago. TRUE

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

27. (p. 17) Jericho is a site of cave paintings in Spain. FALSE

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

28. (p. 18) Çatal Hüyük was a village in south central Anatolia with a population of around five thousand. TRUE

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

Chapter 01 - Before History

29. (p. 7) The definition of Homo sapiens is "consciously thinking human." TRUE

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

Chapter 01 - Before History

30. (p. 12) Neandertal peoples flourished in Europe from around two hundred thousand to thirty-five thousand years ago and who performed deliberate burials accompanied by ritual observances. TRUE

Topic: Paleolithic Society

31. (p. 15) The term for "new stone age" is neolithic. TRUE

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

32. (p. 13-14) The sculptures of women usually depicted with exaggerated sexual features are known as Venus figurines. TRUE

Topic: Paleolithic Society

33. (p. 7) Homo erectus is the order of primates that flourished in Africa as early as four million years ago. FALSE

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

Essay Questions

Chapter 01 - Before History

34. Trace the development of Australopithecus, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. What effect did they have on the world around them? Answers will vary

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

Chapter 01 - Before History

35. Explore the rise of the city. In what ways was the city different from the large villages of the earlier neolithic age? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

36. Richard Leakey wrote, "Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do." What is the significance of this statement? When did humans develop the ability to choose? Is there a negative side to this capability? Answers will vary

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture Topic: Paleolithic Society

37. Are there drawbacks to the rise of complex societies? In other words, is every aspect of civilization good? Are there still problems today that stretch back to the rise of civilization? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

38. Examine the profound changes brought about by the discovery of agriculture. How did this seemingly simple discovery change the course of human history? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

Chapter 01 - Before History

39. Explore the culture of the paleolithic age. What does it say about their changing world? In what ways did paleolithic humans try to make sense of the world? Answers will vary

Topic: Paleolithic Society

40. Examine the changing world of the neolithic age. What were the foundations of this age? In what fundamental ways was it different from the preceding paleolithic age? In what ways were the accomplishments of this period setting the stage for the rise of complex societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture Topic: Paleolithic Society

41. Discuss some of the profound differences between the paleolithic and neolithic ages. What allowed for these differences? How did these differences affect development after the neolithic age? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture Topic: Paleolithic Society

42. Explore the early human cave paintings at Lascaux and Altamira. Explain how this art is an expression of human advancement. Answers will vary

Topic: Paleolithic Society

Chapter 01 - Before History

43. What do the elaborate burial rituals of Neandertal humans tell us about these people and their view of their place in the universe? Answers will vary

Topic: Paleolithic Society

44. Use the maps in this chapter to follow the path of human habitation. What areas were inhabited most recently? Why? Answers will vary

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

45. Examine Map 1.2, "Origins and early spread of agriculture." What can the type and spread of agricultural products tell us about the movements of human beings and the nature of their relationship to each other? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

46. Examine the image of the Venus figurine on page 14. What is the significance of this image? What can it tell us about the mind-set of early humans? Why would this image represent fertility to early humans? Answers will vary

Topic: Paleolithic Society

Chapter 01 - Before History

47. What could the cave painting on page 13 tell the modern viewer about the paleolithic world? How does it express the paleolithic belief of sympathetic magic? Answers will vary

Topic: Paleolithic Society

48. Look at the cave paintings on pages 15 and 16. How do they represent the changing world of the neolithic age? Why would the themes be different from those in paleolithic cave paintings? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

49. Look at the picture of the pottery on page 20. What role did pottery play in human development? Why would it be in the shape of a deer? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

50. What was the significance of the discovery of Lucy's bones? Answers will vary

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

Chapter 01 - Before History

51. What set the genus Australopithecus apart from other animal species of the time? Answers will vary

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

Chapter 01 - Before History

52. What were the most important changes in the evolution from Australopithecus to Homo erectus? Answers will vary

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

53. What advantages did Homo sapiens possess over Homo erectus? Answers will vary

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens

54. What were the differences between the Neandertal and Homo sapiens? Answers will vary

Topic: Evolution of Homo sapiens Topic: Paleolithic Society

55. What is the significance of cave art? The Venus figurines? Answers will vary

Topic: Paleolithic Society

Chapter 01 - Before History

56. How did the gradual transformation from hunting and gathering to agriculture probably occur? How did it spread? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture Topic: Paleolithic Society

Chapter 01 - Before History

57. What were the most significant positive and negative effects of the agricultural transition on human society? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

58. What were the earliest craft industries to emerge and how did they benefit those living in neolithic villages? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

59. How did early cities differ from neolithic villages and towns? Answers will vary

Topic: Neolithic Transition to Agriculture

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

Chapter 02 Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 27) Gilgamesh was associated with what city? A. Jerusalem B. Kish C. Uruk D. Lagash E. Ur

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

2. (p. 27) The earliest urban societies known so far emerged in the A. first millennium B.C.E. B. third millennium B.C.E. C. sixth millennium B.C.E. D. second millennium B.C.E. E. fourth millennium B.C.E.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

3. (p. 28) With few precedents to guide them, the population of Mesopotamia adapted and created A. social organization. B. writing. C. agricultural cultivation. D. the development of religion. E. competition amongst different groups.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

4. (p. 28) The word Mesopotamia means A. the "pure land." B. the "land of the strong." C. "the blood of Gilgamesh." D. "wedge-shaped." E. "the land between the rivers."

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

5. (p. 28-29) Which of the following is NOT a Semitic language? A. Hebrew B. Phoenician C. Aramaic D. Sumerian E. Akkadian

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

6. (p. 28) The first complex society was developed in the southern Mesopotamian land of A. Akkad. B. Assyria. C. Sumer. D. Babylonia. E. Palestine.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

7. (p. 29) Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Nippur, and Kish were all associated with A. Egypt. B. Nubia. C. Phoenicia. D. Mesopotamia. E. Jerusalem.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

8. (p. 29) A Mesopotamian stepped pyramid is known as a A. coptic. B. eridu. C. lugal. D. lex talionis. E. ziggurat.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

9. (p. 30) After 3000 B.C.E. all Sumerian cities were ruled by what form of government? A. monarchy B. councils of elders C. dictators D. assemblies of citizens E. military governors

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

10. (p. 31) The creator of the first empire in Mesopotamia was A. Hammurabi. B. Moses. C. Sargon of Akkad. D. Gilgamesh. E. Nebuchadnezzar.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

11. (p. 31) What individual believed that the gods had chosen him to "promote the welfare of the people . . . [and] to cause justice to prevail in the land"? A. Moses B. Nebuchadnezzar C. Hammurabi D. Sargon of Akkad E. Gilgamesh

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

12. (p. 32) While Hammurabi's code was based on the concept of lex talionis, it was also shaped by A. social standing. B. the will of the Mesopotamian gods as expressed by the priestly class. C. the language spoken by the accused perpetrator. D. the age of the accused perpetrator. E. the religion of the victim.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

13. (p. 32) The Babylonians eventually fell in 1595 B.C.E. to the A. Egyptians. B. Hittites. C. Sumerians. D. Hebrews. E. Akkadians.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

14. (p. 33-34) The later Mesopotamian people who built a large empire based on a powerful army with iron weapons and the use of professional officers were the A. Hittites. B. Hyksos. C. Assyrians. D. Babylonians. E. Hebrews.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

15. (p. 34-35) A Babylonian resurgence of power was led in the sixth century B.C.E. by A. Nebuchadnezzar. B. Ashurbanipal. C. Solomon. D. Sargon. E. Hammurabi.

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

16. (p. 33) Mesopotamian metalworkers discovered that if they alloyed copper and tin they could produce A. obsidian. B. steel. C. iron. D. silver. E. bronze.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

17. (p. 35) Iron metallurgy came to Mesopotamia from the A. Hebrews. B. Hittites. C. Phoenicians. D. Egyptians. E. Assyrians.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

18. (p. 35) The first people in the world to use wheeled vehicles were the A. Sumerians. B. Assyrians. C. Egyptians. D. Phoenicians. E. Hebrews.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

19. (p. 35) Evidence shows that the Mesopotamians A. traded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, and India. B. lived an isolated existence and did not trade. C. traded exclusively with the Egyptians. D. traded extensively until the time of the Assyrians, when trade dropped to nothing. E. traded exclusively with the Phoenicians.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

20. (p. 37) In Mesopotamia, prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily indebted individuals were the three main sources for A. slaves. B. indentured servants. C. dependent clients. D. mercenary soldiers. E. indentured priests.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

21. (p. 37) Mesopotamia developed into a A. strict patriarchal society. B. society where the sexes enjoyed relative equality. C. predominantly matriarchal society. D. society with few social distinctions. E. society dominated by a growing mercantile middle class.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

22. (p. 38) Conditions for women in Mesopotamia A. increased dramatically over the centuries. B. reached their high point during the time of the Assyrians. C. grew increasingly worse over time. D. improved dramatically when women were allowed to do away with the veil. E. were always very good; women had tremendous personal freedoms.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

23. (p. 38) The Mesopotamian style of writing was known as A. demotic. B. cuneiform. C. hieroglyphs. D. Coptic. E. alphabetic.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

24. (p. 27, 39) Enkidu A. was the Sumerian god of wisdom. B. was a leading Sumerian city-state. C. was the most powerful Babylonian king. D. was Gilgamesh's friend. E. is the Hebrew word for "holy."

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

25. (p. 40-41) After 1300 B.C.E, ethical monotheism was in the tradition of the A. Mesopotamians. B. Egyptians. C. Assyrians. D. Hebrews. E. Phoenicians.

Topic: Mesopotamian Influence

26. (p. 40) Hebrew monotheism has its origins with A. Abraham. B. Moses. C. Joseph. D. David. E. Solomon.

Topic: Mesopotamian Influence

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

27. (p. 44) The first simplified alphabet, containing only twenty-two letters, was created by the A. Mesopotamians. B. Assyrians. C. Hebrews. D. Phoenicians. E. Babylonians.

Topic: Mesopotamian Influence

28. (p. 44) Which of the following languages is NOT of Indo-European origin? A. Egyptian B. Farsi C. Hindi D. Greek E. Italic

Topic: Indo-European Migrations

29. (p. 45) The original homeland of the Indo-European speakers was A. Mesopotamia. B. northern Germany. C. southern Russia. D. India. E. Egypt.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

30. (p. 45) Some of the most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia, migrating to central Anatolia around 1900 B.C.E., were the A. Assyrians. B. Aryans. C. Hebrews. D. Babylonians. E. Hittites.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

31. (p. 46) Horse-drawn chariots were first invented by the A. Egyptians. B. Assyrians. C. Hittites. D. Babylonians. E. Hyksos.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations

True / False Questions 32. (p. 40) The Hebrew god was known as Yahweh. TRUE

Topic: Mesopotamian Influence

33. (p. 46) The Phoenicians invented the horse-drawn chariot. FALSE

Topic: Indo-European Migrations

34. (p. 31) Nebuchadnezzar was the first conqueror to unite all of Mesopotamia. FALSE

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

35. (p. 31-32) Lex talionis was a legal principle, the "law of retaliation." TRUE

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

36. (p. 44) The first alphabet was created by the Phoenicians. TRUE

Topic: Mesopotamian Influence

37. (p. 34) At its high point, which empire controlled not only Mesopotamia but also Syria, Palestine, much of Anatolia, and most of Egypt? TRUE

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

38. (p. 33) Gilgamesh is the hero of the oldest known epic. TRUE

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

39. (p. 31-32) The powerful Babylonian king who formulated a sophisticated law code was Hammurabi. TRUE

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Essay Questions 40. Are there drawbacks to the rise of complex societies? In other words, is every aspect of civilization good? Are there still problems today that stretch back to the rise of civilization? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia Topic: Mesopotamian Influence Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

41. What aspects of Mesopotamia as a region encouraged the formation of the first complex societies? Answers will vary

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

42. Examine the history of the Hebrews. Why did they have so much trouble uniting into a powerful political force? How did their wanderings and misfortune affect the development of their form of monotheism? Answers will vary

Topic: Mesopotamian Influence

43. Examine the rise of the Mesopotamians. What were the political and cultural foundations of their society? Who were the most important leaders? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia Topic: The Early Quest for Order

44. Examine the reign of Hammurabi. In what ways was his reign the high point of Mesopotamian history? Explain the significance of his code. Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

45. What role did the Indo-Europeans play in history? What were their main contributions? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations

46. Examine the social structure of the Mesopotamians. Were there great divisions between the different social classes? How had the social distinctions changed since the period of prehistory? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

47. What role did technological innovations and trade play in the rise of the Mesopotamians? What innovations led to turning points in the histories of these societies? How widely did they trade? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

48. What were the major achievements of the Mesopotamians? How did these achievements influence later societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia Topic: Mesopotamian Influence Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

49. Examine the creation of early methods of writing. How did this innovation influence the lives of the peoples of the ancient world? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia Topic: Indo-European Migrations Topic: Mesopotamian Influence

50. What does the Epic of Gilgamesh tell us about the worldview of the Mesopotamians? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia Topic: The Early Quest for Order

51. Compare and contrast the religious beliefs of the early Mesopotamians and the Hebrews. What do the differences tell us about these societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia Topic: Mesopotamian Influence Topic: The Early Quest for Order

52. Examine the question of monotheism. Why was it such an unusual religious view in the ancient world? Answers will vary

Topic: Mesopotamian Influence

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

53. How did the role of women evolve during the growth and maturation of complex societies in Mesopotamia? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

54. What was the significance of the need for irrigation to the political development of Mesopotamia? Answers will vary

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

55. What were the underlying principles of Hammurabi's code of laws and what does the law code tell us about the kind of society that existed in Mesopotamia at the time? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia Topic: The Early Quest for Order

56. Why were the Assyrians such formidable conquerors? Answers will vary

Topic: The Early Quest for Order

Chapter 02 - Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

57. What were the social strata in ancient Mesopotamia? How were slaves acquired and used? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Southwest Asia

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

Chapter 03 Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 51) Which of the following societies began the custom of embalming to preserve the body for its life after death? A. Egypt B. Mesopotamia C. India D. China E. Persia

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

2. (p. 52-53) Around ________ B.C.E., peoples of the eastern Sudan started to domesticate cattle and became nomadic herders. A. 25,000 B. 18,000 C. 9000 D. 4000 E. 1500

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

3. (p. 53) The early Sudanic societies recognized a single divine force as the source of good and evil, and they associated it with A. fire. B. the ocean. C. the sun. D. rain. E. the moon.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

4. (p. 54) The Greek historian Herodotus used the phrase "the gift of the ________" to describe Egypt. A. Indus B. Huang He C. Nile D. Tigris E. Issus

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

5. (p. 54) The earliest Egyptian and Nubian states were A. city-states. B. small kingdoms. C. centralized empires. D. trading networks. E. unified early because of the unique nature of the Tigris.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

6. (p. 54) Tradition suggests that Egypt was united around 3100 B.C.E. by the conqueror A. Menes. B. Khufu. C. Sargon of Akkad. D. Hatshepsut. E. Hammurabi.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

7. (p. 55) The largest Egyptian pyramids were built during the A. Middle Kingdom. B. Old Kingdom. C. New Kingdom. D. Archaic Period. E. Second Intermediary Period.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

8. (p. 55) The pyramid of ________ is the largest of all the pyramids. A. Sargon of Akkad B. Khufu C. Hyksos D. Menes E. Giza

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

9. (p. 55) The capital of the kingdom of Kush was A. Kerma. B. Axum. C. Memphis. D. Harappa. E. Harkhuf.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

10. (p. 55) Harkhuf was A. the capital of Kush. B. the most powerful pharaoh of the Old Kingdom. C. an Egyptian explorer who visited Nubia. D. the largest Middle Kingdom pyramid. E. the first woman pharaoh.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

11. (p. 57) Pharaohs in the New Kingdom were A. more powerful than pharaohs of the Old Kingdom. B. descended from a line of Babylonian kings. C. set on the throne by the Roman emperor Julius Caesar. D. more vigorous in their attempts to extend Egyptian authority beyond the Nile valley and delta. E. sacrificed at age thirty-two to insure a bountiful harvest.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

12. (p. 54) Around 3100 B.C.E., the conqueror Menes founded ________, a city that would serve as the capital for early Egypt. A. Heliopolis B. Kerma C. Uruk D. Memphis E. Thebes

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

13. (p. 56) The Hyksos were A. nomads who eventually settled around the city of Babylon. B. horse-riding external invaders who eventually captured Memphis and levied tribute throughout Egypt. C. Mesopotamian kings. D. the priestly class in ancient Egypt. E. demons who punished the wicked in the Egyptian underworld.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

14. (p. 56) Horse-drawn chariots and bronze weapons were introduced into Egypt by the A. Hyksos. B. Babylonians. C. Kushites. D. Harappans. E. Qin.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

15. (p. 57) The most vigorous of all New Kingdom pharaohs was ________, who led his troops into Palestine and Syria and who even received tribute from the Mesopotamian city-states. A. Ahmose I B. Menes C. Sargon of Akkad D. Tuthmosis III E. Hatshepsut

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

16. (p. 57) The Egyptians were the most imperialistic during the A. First Intermediary Period. B. Archaic Period. C. New Kingdom. D. Old Kingdom. E. Middle Kingdom.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

17. (p. 58) During the eighth century B.C.E., Egypt fell under the control of the ________ for around a century. A. Persians B. Romans C. Greeks D. Babylonians E. Kushites

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

18. (p. 58) Around 760 B.C.E. the Kushite king Kashta A. ended the rule of Egypt by the pharaoh. B. founded a dynasty that ruled Egypt for around a hundred years. C. formed a long-lasting trading agreement with Egypt, marking their first contact. D. surrendered to Assyrian domination. E. surrendered to Egyptian domination.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

19. (p. 59) In the mid-seventh century B.C.E. Egypt lost its independence and became a part of the A. Assyrian empire. B. Arabic empire. C. Persian empire. D. Roman empire. E. Harappan empire.

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

20. (p. 61) Hatshepsut was A. a Mesopotamian king of the gods. B. the Hebrew term for their god. C. the first conqueror to unite all of Mesopotamia. D. a woman who ruled Egypt as pharaoh. E. the most important early city of the Harappan society.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

21. (p. 61) In which of the following societies did women enjoy the most political influence? A. Mesopotamia B. Egypt C. Hyksos D. Assyria E. Sumer

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

22. (p. 61) In Kush, A. the cities were much larger than they were in Egypt. B. woman's only role was to serve as a slave. C. there were apparently never any female rulers. D. trade was officially restricted with Egypt. E. there is evidence of many female rulers.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

23. (p. 64) In Africa, iron metallurgy A. was introduced by Persian merchants. B. did not appear until after the rise of trans-Saharan trade. C. arose independently. D. began after an odd meeting between a Kushite king and the Egyptian explorer Harkhuf. E. was imported into the continent by trade with the Mesopotamians.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

24. (p. 66) The Egyptians traded through the Red Sea with a land they called Punt, which was probably A. Harappan India. B. Sri Lanka. C. modern-day Somalia. D. Assyria. E. modern-day Angola.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

25. (p. 66) The Greek words meaning "holy inscriptions" refer to A. hieroglyphs. B. cuneiform. C. the Old Testament. D. the Phoenician alphabet. E. the Coptic script.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

26. (p. 67) Meroitic writing A. has now been completely translated. B. expressed the general Egyptian optimism with life. C. was introduced into India by the Indo-Europeans. D. was a Nubian script that borrowed Egyptian hieroglyphs. E. cannot be read because it's simply too different from its base cuneiform.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

27. (p. 67) The cult of Amon-Re A. was a failed monotheistic religion in Egypt. B. worshipped the god of the underworld. C. revered a combination of two gods associated with the sun. D. worshipped the Egyptian god of the desert. E. was borrowed by the Egyptians from Nubian sources.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

28. (p. 67) Which pharaoh tried, unsuccessfully, to transform Egypt into a monotheistic society? A. Menes B. Akhenaten C. Tuthmosis III D. Ahmose I E. Tuthmosis I

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

29. (p. 67-68) The Egyptian god of the underworld was A. Amon-Re. B. Aten. C. Horus. D. Osiris. E. Ptah.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

30. (p. 68) Osiris judged whether or not souls were worthy of immortality A. by weighing their hearts against a feather symbolizing justice. B. through their completion of a journey full of tests. C. through the individual's level of sincere faith in Osiris as a redeemer. D. by examining their holiness at the moment of their death. E. through their adherence to the code of Hammurabi.

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

31. (p. 70) The Bantu originally came from around A. the Swahili area. B. modern-day Nigeria. C. far southern Africa. D. Egypt. E. modern-day Algeria.

Topic: Bantu Migrations and Early Sub-Saharan Agricultural Societies

32. (p. 70) The tribes that, as early as 3000 B.C.E., began to spread their language and agricultural techniques throughout Africa were the A. Mali. B. Persians. C. Xiongnu. D. Kongo. E. Bantu.

Topic: Bantu Migrations and Early Sub-Saharan Agricultural Societies

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

33. (p. 70) By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by the A. Indo-Europeans. B. Mongols. C. Xiongnu. D. Visigoths. E. Babylonians.

Topic: Bantu Migrations and Early Sub-Saharan Agricultural Societies

34. (p. 71) The Bantu probably began their migrations because of A. invasions from the Mediterranean basin. B. a conscious desire for conquest. C. the threat of epidemic disease. D. a desire to spread their monotheistic faith. E. population pressures.

Topic: Bantu Migrations and Early Sub-Saharan Agricultural Societies

True / False Questions 35. (p. 51) Mummification was the process by which Egyptians preserved bodies of deceased individuals. TRUE

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

36. (p. 66) The Egyptians supplemented their pictographs with symbols representing sounds and ideas; they were called hieroglyphs by the Greeks. TRUE

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

37. (p. 57) The New Kingdom was a powerful Egyptian state created after the Hyksos were pushed out of power. TRUE

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

38. (p. 67) Osiris was the Egyptian god of the underworld. TRUE

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

39. (p. 54) Menes is credited with unification of Egypt about 3100 B.C.E. He also founded the city of Memphis. TRUE

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

40. (p. 61) Queen Hatshepsut served as co-ruler with her stepson Tuthmosis III. TRUE

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

41. (p. 55) Harkhuf was a Nubian trader who brought back exotic products from tropical Africa. FALSE

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

42. (p. 67) Akhenaten was devoted to the Egyptian god Aten. This represented one of the world's first expressions of monotheism. TRUE

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

43. (p. 55) Kerma was the ancient capital of Nubia. FALSE

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

44. (p. 52) The Nile River links the Mediterranean basin to the north and sub-Saharan Africa to the south. TRUE

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Essay Questions 45. In The Great Hymn to Aten, the god Aten is referred to as "O Sole God beside whom there is none!" Why was this statement so revolutionary for the time? What were the foundations of Akhenaten's beliefs? Were their other examples from the ancient world of monotheistic religions? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

46. What were the major achievements of the Egyptians? How did they influence later societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

47. What could the modern reader learn about the relationship between Egypt and Nubia by reading Harkhuf's account of his journey to Nubia? What did the two societies have in common? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

48. Examine the creation of early methods of writing. How did this innovation influence the lives of the peoples of the ancient world? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

49. Compare and contrast the worldviews of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. What factors help to explain any differences? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

50. How influential were the societies of Nubia in the ancient world? In what ways were the Kushite kingdoms unique? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

51. Compare and contrast the religious beliefs of the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Hebrews. What do the differences tell us about these societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

52. Discuss the concept of an afterlife. Why did the Egyptians reach a complex understanding of this concept before the Mesopotamians? Does this mean that the Egyptians were morbid? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

53. In what ways do the pyramids express the worldview of the Egyptians? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

54. Trace the political history of the Egyptians. What were the major events and contributions of the Old and New Kingdoms? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

55. Compare the social structure of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. What were the conditions for women like during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

56. What role did technological innovations and trade play in the rise of the Egyptians? What innovations led to turning points in the history of Egypt? How widely did the Egyptians trade? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

57. Examine the illustration of Osiris on page 69. What does this ceremony tell us about the Egyptian view of death, morality, and the afterworld? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

58. What do the pyramids tell you about Egyptian political and religious views? Now look at the picture on page 60. What does it tell us about the social structure of Egyptian society? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

59. Describe the development of hieroglyphic and Meroitic writing and their influence on culture. Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

60. How did climatic change influence the early development of African cultures? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

61. How did the institution of the pharaoh evolve, and what was the nature of the pharaoh's power through the Old Kingdom period? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

62. Describe the early Kingdom of Kush. What was its relationship with Egypt like? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

63. How did the invasion of the Hyksos influence the later development of Egypt? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

64. In what ways was the New Kingdom period of Egypt different from the earlier ones? What were the relations with Kush like during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: Early African Agricultural Society

65. What was society like in Egypt and Nubia in terms of both social classes and gender roles? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

66. What kind of transportation systems did the Egyptians use, and how did their transportation influence the development of their trade networks? Answers will vary

Topic: Forming Societies and Cultural Traditions in Africa

67. What was the societal structure of the early Bantu speakers, and how did they approach food acquisition? Answers will vary

Topic: Bantu Migrations and Early Sub-Saharan Agricultural Societies

Chapter 03 - Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

68. How did the Bantu migrations influence the development of the societies of sub-Saharan Africa? Answers will vary

Topic: Bantu Migrations and Early Sub-Saharan Agricultural Societies

69. How did the development of iron tools change the nature of the Bantu migrations and their impact? Answers will vary

Topic: Bantu Migrations and Early Sub-Saharan Agricultural Societies

70. Describe the religious beliefs of the Bantu peoples and compare them to those of the Egyptians. Answers will vary

Topic: Bantu Migrations and Early Sub-Saharan Agricultural Societies

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

Chapter 04 Early Societies in South Asia

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 75) The chief god of the early Aryans was A. Enlil. B. a mother goddess. C. Varuna. D. Indra. E. Manu.

Topic: Harappan Society

2. (p. 75) After the Aryans and Dravidians mixed and intermingled, A. Indra still remained the leading god. B. Indra disappeared completely. C. Amon-Re replaced Indra as the ruler of the gods. D. the worship of Indra evolved into a monotheistic religion. E. Indra receded into the background.

Topic: Harappan Society

3. (p. 75) Archaeologists in India have discovered that between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E., A. the Aryan migration took place. B. the Aryans worshipped Indra. C. a war was fought between the Dravidians and the Mesopotamians. D. cultivators built a neolithic society west of the Indus River. E. an active trading network existed with the Chinese.

Topic: Harappan Society

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

4. (p. 76) The earliest known urban society in India was the A. Bantu. B. Indo-European. C. Harappan. D. Sumerian. E. Hindu.

Topic: Harappan Society

5. (p. 76) Much of early Harappan history remains a mystery because A. the archaeological remains are under water. B. they lacked a written language. C. their records were destroyed by a Mesopotamian invasion. D. the Aryans undertook a systematic destruction of Harappan written records. E. None of these answers is correct.

Topic: Harappan Society

6. (p. 76) If the Greek historian Herodotus had known of the Harappan society, he might have used the phrase "the gift of the ________" to describe it. A. Nile B. Tigris C. Indus D. Yangtze E. Euphrates

Topic: Harappan Society

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

7. (p. 76-77) Chickens were first domesticated in A. China. B. Mesopotamia. C. Greece. D. Egypt. E. India.

Topic: Harappan Society

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

8. (p. 77) Mohenjo-daro was A. the mother goddess of the earliest Indian society. B. an important early thinker in the rise of Hinduism. C. one of the two larger cities of Harappan society. D. a collection of early Indian religious texts. E. the combination of two Indian sun gods.

Topic: Harappan Society

9. (p. 77) Based on archaeological evidence from early Indian history, historians believe that A. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro served as economic and political centers. B. the Harappan world was one of constant civil war. C. the Chinese were a constant influence. D. there was little true culture in India before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans. E. early Indian cities remained small and unsophisticated by comparison to other ancient cities.

Topic: Harappan Society

10. (p. 77) At its height, the population of Mohenjo-daro may have reached as high as ________. A. 10,000 B. 20,000 C. 40,000 D. 75,000 E. 100,000

Topic: Harappan Society

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

11. (p. 77) Evidence relating to trade indicates that Harappan India A. was isolated and did not trade. B. traded exclusively with China. C. traded exclusively with Egypt. D. imported substantially more than they exported. E. traded with the Mesopotamians.

Topic: Harappan Society

12. (p. 78) Which statement about Harappan society is FALSE? A. Most of their houses featured private showers and toilets. B. They traded with the Mesopotamians. C. They had social distinctions. D. Their writings have provided a wealth of information for historians. E. They produced representational art.

Topic: Harappan Society

13. (p. 78) Harappan religion A. focused on the worship of the sun. B. was strongly monotheistic. C. reflected a strong concern for fertility. D. focused on the worship of the moon. E. is the same as Hinduism.

Topic: Harappan Society

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

14. (p. 79) Some scholars believe that, after the collapse of the Harappan society, Harappan deities A. disappeared completely. B. quickly became the only gods of the Indo-Europeans. C. survived and found a place in the Hindu pantheon. D. survived in southeast Asia after the Harappan migration. E. were transformed into destructive dragons by the Aryans.

Topic: Harappan Society

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

15. (p. 79) One of the biggest reasons for the decline of the Harappan society was likely A. a devastating plague. B. ecological degradation. C. a Chinese invasion. D. a Mesopotamian invasion. E. a bloody civil war.

Topic: Harappan Society

16. (p. 80) The most prominent of the Indo-Europeans who entered India called themselves Aryans, which means A. "agents of the lord king." B. "horse masters." C. "noble people." D. "people of Indra." E. "the pure."

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

17. (p. 80) The Aryans were A. the priestly class of the Harappan society. B. Chinese merchants. C. the political remnants of the Harappan kings. D. Indo-Europeans. E. Germanic invaders.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

18. (p. 80) The Aryans came into India A. in a centuries-long migration. B. as part of a violent, organized military campaign. C. as religious pilgrims. D. after fleeing persecution in China. E. as a slave class that eventually rebelled against Harappan repression.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

19. (p. 80) Which of the following statements about the Aryans is NOT true? A. They made extensive use of domesticate horses, hitching them to carts and wagons. B. They composed numerous poems and songs. C. They practiced limited agriculture as they entered India, instead relying on a pastoral culture. D. They brought the first written language to India. E. They consumed both dairy products and beef.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

20. (p. 80) The principle measure of wealth in early Aryan society was A. horses. B. gold. C. stores of rice. D. camels. E. land.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

21. (p. 80) The earliest of the orally transmitted religious and literary works of the Aryans was the A. Upanishads. B. Vedas. C. Dasas. D. Rajas. E. Book of Songs.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

22. (p. 81) The Aryans referred to social classes by the term A. karmas. B. varnas. C. moksha. D. samsara. E. rajas.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

23. (p. 81) Which of the following social classes in the late Vedic Age caste system is associated with warriors and aristocrats? A. shudras B. kshatriyas C. vaishyas D. brahmins E. dasas

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

24. (p. 81) The task of butchering animals or handling dead bodies usually fell to the A. untouchables. B. shudras. C. vaishyas. D. jati. E. kshatriyas.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

25. (p. 81) In early Vedic times the Aryans based social distinctions—and thus the early forms of the caste system—on A. Aryan or Dravidian ancestry. B. religious belief. C. language. D. wealth measured by cattle and horses. E. European ancestry.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

26. (p. 82) A jati is A. a subcaste. B. a serf in the caste system. C. a transmigration of the soul. D. a priest in the caste system. E. an untouchable.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

27. (p. 83) The first century B.C.E. literary work that dealt with moral behavior and social relationships was the A. Upanishads. B. Rig Veda. C. Varna. D. Lawbook of Manu. E. Book of Songs.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

28. (p. 84) When a Hindu widow voluntarily threw herself on her dead husband's funeral pyre it was known as A. jati. B. manu. C. samsara. D. sati. E. dasa.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

29. (p. 82-83) Vedic society was A. strongly matriarchal. B. marked by equality of the sexes. C. strongly patriarchal. D. alternately patriarchal and matriarchal, depending upon which god was in power. E. strongly patriarchal until the creation of the Lawbook of Manu changed gender rules.

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

30. (p. 84) What Aryan god was associated with war and rain? A. Varuna B. Indra C. Agni D. Krishna E. Inanna

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

31. (p. 84) The Aryans believed that Varuna A. was the founder of India. B. represented war and rain. C. oversaw the behavior of mortals and preserved the cosmic order. D. determined the caste that souls entered into as part of transmigration. E. wrote the Lawbook of Manu.

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

32. (p. 84) The most important aspect of the Aryan religion during the early Vedic times was A. the proper performance of ritual sacrifices. B. an ethical code of conduct. C. a tightly-structured monotheism. D. the acceptance of Indra as the redeemer. E. the enlightenment of the Buddha.

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

33. (p. 84) The hallucinogenic concoction drunk by Aryans during ritual sacrifices was known as A. Varuna. B. soma. C. agni. D. sati. E. dasa.

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

34. (p. 84) The "World of the Fathers" A. is a term associated with the brahmin caste. B. is the concept that best expresses the patriarchal nature of Indian society. C. represents the hierarchical nature of the caste system. D. was the Aryan heaven. E. was the goal of adolescent boys as they underwent ritualistic circumcision.

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

35. (p. 85) The Upanishads were A. the priestly class from the caste system. B. a branch of the Indo-Europeans who settled in northern India. C. commentaries and reflections on the Vedas. D. warriors. E. the untouchables.

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

36. (p. 85) The authors of the Upanishads believed that the highest goal of the individual soul was to A. follow the Four Noble Truths. B. escape the cycle of birth and rebirth and enter into permanent union with Brahman. C. enter into permanent union with Indra and thus escape the cycle of permanent rebirth. D. fulfill the individual's special destiny as spelled out in the process of predestination. E. perform sati.

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

37. (p. 85) "Now as a man is like this or like that, according as he acts and according as he behaves, so will he be: a man of good acts will become good, a man of bad acts, bad." This passage from the Upanishads explains what religious concept? A. dharma B. samsara C. varna D. karma E. moksha

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

38. (p. 86) The two principal means to achieve the goal of moksha are A. righteous battle and conquest. B. asceticism and meditation. C. intellectual stimulation and hedonistic pleasure. D. artistic expression and logical intellectual progression. E. blood-letting and human sacrifice.

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

True / False Questions

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

39. (p. 80) Dasas is the Aryan term for the Dravidians. TRUE

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

40. (p. 86) Severing all ties with the physical world and identifying oneself with the ultimate reality of the world spirit is moksha. TRUE

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

41. (p. 84) Indra was the Aryan god who preserved the cosmic order. FALSE

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

42. (p. 81) Aryans used the term varnas to refer to the major social classes. TRUE

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

43. (p. 84) Varuna was the chief god of the Aryans, associated with rain and war. FALSE

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

44. (p. 81) The priests were called brahmins. TRUE

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

45. (p. 84) The Rig Veda is a collection of hymns, songs, and prayers that provides a great deal of information on the values of the Aryans. TRUE

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

46. (p. 86) Moksha is the transmigration of the soul. FALSE

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

47. (p. 85) The Upanishads are reflections and commentaries on the Vedas. TRUE

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

48. (p. 85) The sum of good and evil in a life is known as karma. TRUE

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

Essay Questions

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

49. In the Rig Veda, the following lines relate to the sacrifice of the primeval being Purusha: "The brahmin was his mouth, of both his arms was the kshatriya made. His thighs became the vaishya, from his feet the shudra was produced." What do these words mean? What is the significance of the association with the various body parts? What does the preeminence of a god such as Indra say about the Aryans at the time of their arrival in India? What happened to the view of Indra as India evolved? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India Topic: Vedic Age Religion

50. What were the advantages and disadvantages of the caste system? How did the caste system reflect Indian society? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

51. Compare and contrast the political, religious, and social characteristics of Harappan society to those of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Answers will vary

Topic: Harappan Society

52. How are the Upanishads different from the Vedas? What might these differences tell us about the evolution of Indian religious thought? Answers will vary

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

53. Discuss the nature of Harappan society. What makes this society so unique? Compare it to other contemporary ancient societies. Answers will vary

Topic: Harappan Society

54. Examine the changing role of women in ancient India. How does the Lawbook of Manu reflect this transformation? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

55. Examine the journeys and nature of the Indo-Europeans. How did they influence India? How did they influence the rest of the ancient world? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

56. Examine the political world of ancient India. Why was India politically fragmented? How did this lack of political unity influence the course of Indian history? Answers will vary

Topic: Harappan Society Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

57. Examine the changing social structure of ancient India. How did Aryan and Vedic Age religion mirror the social complexity of India? What role did the caste system play? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India Topic: Vedic Age Religion

58. Look at the aerial view of the city of Mohenjo-daro on page 78. What features of the city are most noticeable? What can the remains of a city such as this one tell the modern viewer about the political or social world of its builders? Answers will vary

Topic: Harappan Society

59. Look at the carving of a mother and child on page 84. What can the carving tell us about the status of women in ancient India? How does the Lawbook of Manu relate to the carving? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

60. Look at the statue and carving from Mohenjo-daro on page 79. What can this artwork tell you about the political and social structures of the Harappans? What unique traits of Harappan society can be related to these works of art? Answers will vary

Topic: Harappan Society

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

61. Examine the section from the Rig Veda on the division of Purusha (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: The Rig Veda on the Origin of the Castes). What does this tell us about the creation and nature of the different castes? How does the excerpt from the Rig Veda reflect the importance of the caste system in ancient India? How did this original concept change over the centuries? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India Topic: Vedic Age Religion

62. Based on the Mundaka Upanishad (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: The Mundaka Upanishad on the Nature of Brahman), describe Brahman. Answers will vary

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

63. Trace the origins of the caste system, making sure to include a discussion of varna and jati. Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

64. Describe the Aryans and their society as they migrated into India. Were they warlike? What was the basis of their food production and economy? How did they use language and writing? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

Chapter 04 - Early Societies in South Asia

65. What are the Vedas and what do they teach us about early Aryan society? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

66. What are the fundamental religious teachings of the Upanishads? Answers will vary

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

67. How did the religious beliefs as expressed in the Upanishads dovetail with the social order during the Vedic age? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India Topic: Vedic Age Religion

68. In what ways did the religion of the Upanishads include an ethical system? Answers will vary

Topic: Vedic Age Religion

69. How did the Dravidian and Aryan cultures blend during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: Indo-European Migrations and Early Aryan India

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

Chapter 05 Early Society in Mainland East Asia

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 91) The legendary founder of the Xia dynasty, who constructed dikes and dams and organized flood control projects, was A. Confucius. B. Erlitou. C. King Yu. D. Prince Wu. E. Prince Shun.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

2. (p. 91) The legendary early Chinese sage-king who ordered the four seasons and who established uniform weights, measures, and units of time was A. Qin Shihuangdi. B. Shun. C. Confucius. D. Yu. E. Moksha.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

3. (p. 92) Groups of Homo erectus made their appearance in east Asia A. more than one million years ago. B. about five hundred thousand years ago. C. eight hundred thousand years ago. D. around fifty thousand years ago. E. ten thousand years ago.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

4. (p. 92) Which river takes its name from its light-colored loess soil? A. Yangzi B. Xi Jiang C. Chengdu D. Meking E. Huang He

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

5. (p. 92) The Huang He River was given the nickname A. China's Sorrow. B. Mandate of Heaven. C. China's Father. D. Yellow Terror. E. Old Man.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

6. (p. 92) Which of the following was true of the Yellow River in China? A. The region around the Yellow River was unworkable for agriculture until metal tools were developed. B. The course of the Yellow River has remained remarkably table for the last ten thousand years. C. It provides for stable agriculture because it rarely floods. D. It's soil is extremely fertile and easy to work. E. The unpredictable nature of the river prevented organized society until 2500 B.C.E.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

7. (p. 93) Which neolithic society flourished in China between 5000 and 3000 B.C.E.? A. Xia B. Yangshao C. Shang D. Zhou E. Yu

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

8. (p. 93) The most important archaeological site from the neolithic Yangshao culture is A. Banpo. B. Huang He. C. Xia. D. Ao. E. Shun.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

9. (p. 93-96) Which of the following answers is correct chronologically? A. Xia, Zhou, Shang, Qin B. Shang, Yangshao, Xia, Zhou C. Yangshao, Xia, Shang, Zhou D. Yangshao, Shang, Xia, Zhou E. Zhou, Shang, Yangshao, Xia

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

10. (p. 93) The first attempt to organize public life in China on a large scale occurred during the A. Shang dynasty. B. Yangshao culture. C. Xia dynasty. D. Zhou dynasty. E. Banpo period.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

11. (p. 93) The capital of the Xia dynasty may have been A. Ao. B. Banpo. C. Beijing. D. Erlitou. E. Mohenjo-daro.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

12. (p. 93-94) The Shang rulers were strengthened by their control over the technological advantage of A. iron. B. bronze. C. tin. D. copper. E. steel.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

13. (p. 94) Along with bronze weapons, the Shang nobles used ________ to devastating effect against their opponents. A. the bronze axe B. the bow and arrow C. long pikes D. spear-throwers E. chariots

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

14. (p. 94) The Shang enjoyed a military advantage with armies as large as A. two thousand troops. B. eight thousand troops. C. thirteen thousand troops. D. forty-two thousand troops. E. one-hundred thousand troops.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

15. (p. 95) Ao was an important early capital of the ________ dynasty. A. Qin B. Xia C. Zhou D. Shang E. Harappan

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

16. (p. 95) The last capital of the Shang dynasty, which featured lavish tombs for the kings, was A. Yin. B. Beijing. C. Erlitou. D. Banpo. E. Shun.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

17. (p. 97) Which dynasty laid the foundation for principles of government and political legitimacy? A. Xia B. Zhou C. Shang D. Qin E. Yangshao

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

18. (p. 97) The mandate of heaven A. gave the Chinese emperors unlimited power. B. created the notion of the Chinese emperors as gods. C. positioned China as a theocracy ruled by priests. D. allowed the ruler to serve as a link between the heavens and the earth. E. originated with the Indo-Europeans before they reached China.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

19. (p. 97) Because of the immense size of the Zhou state, its emperors were forced to A. rely on a decentralized system of government. B. rule through the use of incredible terror. C. establish a rule based on the accepted divinity of the ruler. D. bring in troops from their Indian allies. E. practice a rudimentary form of democracy.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

20. (p. 97) One of the reasons for the eventual collapse of the Zhou dynasty was the inability of its emperors to control the production of A. bronze. B. iron. C. tin. D. copper. E. steel.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

21. (p. 98) The "Period of the Warring States" refers to the A. early war between China and India. B. conquest of later Shang emperors by the rising Zhou military forces. C. chaotic last centuries of the Zhou dynasty. D. period of disunity before Xia unification. E. political disunity during the Qin dynasty.

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

22. (p. 101) In ancient China, which group presided at the rites and ceremonies honoring ancestors' spirits? A. members of the official priesthood B. women represented the nurturing earth goddess C. the Buddhist hierarchy D. the patriarchal heads of the families E. Shinto priests

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

23. (p. 101) Which group retained much more influence on family structure in China than in other lands? A. the extended family B. the nuclear family C. the matriarchal heads of the families D. members of the cult of Isis E. slaves

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

24. (p. 102) In regard to gaining or losing the mandate of heaven, the Chinese spoke of A. tian, an impersonal heavenly power. B. the influence of the great god Luoyang. C. the influential decisions of the official priesthood. D. the intervention of the Buddha. E. military might.

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

25. (p. 103) The Chinese began to make extensive use of writing during the ________ dynasty. A. Xia B. Zhou C. Qin D. Shang E. Yangshao

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

26. (p. 103) In an effort to foretell the future, the Shang made use of A. a careful examination of the movements of the planets. B. sheep's entrails. C. oracle bones. D. prophetic visions brought about by consuming soma. E. tea leaves.

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

27. (p. 103-104) Writing during the Shang period was made up of around A. twenty-two letters. B. fifty letters. C. five hundred characters. D. two thousand characters. E. six thousand characters, including an alphabetic component.

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

28. (p. 104) The lines, "This young lady is going to her future home/And will order well her chamber and house" come from A. Confucius. B. the Book of History. C. the Book of Songs. D. ancient texts discussing the unthinking obedience called for in the mandate of heaven. E. the Lawbook of Manu.

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

29. (p. 105) Many of the early Chinese literary works were destroyed by A. a major fire in the main Zhou library. B. order of the first Qin emperor. C. the incompetence of the later Zhou emperors. D. Mongol raids during the Shang dynasty. E. the wreck of a ship carrying the emperor's personal library.

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

30. (p. 104) Which of the following works was NOT one of the Zhou classics? A. Book of Changes B. Book of Songs C. Book of the Emperors D. Book of History E. Book of Rites

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

31. (p. 105) Early China enjoyed lasting direct long-distance trade with A. India. B. Mesopotamia. C. Egypt. D. Persia. E. None of these answers is correct.

Topic: Ancient China and the Larger World

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

32. (p. 106) The early Chinese shipped textiles and metal goods to the nomads of the Central Asian steppes and typically received what in return? A. horses B. grain C. raw materials D. military protection E. silk

Topic: Ancient China and the Larger World

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

33. (p. 106-107) The nomadic tribes to the north and west of China traded with the Zhou A. and eventually completely copied Chinese culture. B. but did not imitate Chinese ways. C. and were conquered by the Zhou emperors. D. and brought profound cultural influences to the Chinese. E. and eventually brought China under their control.

Topic: Ancient China and the Larger World

34. (p. 107) The powerful southern rival to the Zhou were the A. Xia. B. Yangzi. C. Chu. D. Huang He. E. Yu.

Topic: Ancient China and the Larger World

True / False Questions 35. (p. 91) The legendary first dynasty in Chinese history was the Xia dynasty. TRUE

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

36. (p. 97) The "mandate of heaven" was the Chinese ideal that expressed the right to govern. TRUE

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

37. (p. 93) Banpo is a neolithic village from the Yangshao culture period. TRUE

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

38. (p. 102) The Chinese impersonal heavenly power was known as tian. TRUE

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

39. (p. 103) Preserved oracle bones have helped to reveal the day-to-day concerns of the Shang royal court. TRUE

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

40. (p. 92) The Huang He provided both extremely fertile soil for agriculture and periodic and unpredictable destruction through major floods. TRUE

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

41. (p. 97) The Zhou dynasty (1766-1122 B.C.E.) monopolized the technology of iron metallurgy. FALSE

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

42. (p. 104) The Book of Songs was a Zhou collection of verses. TRUE

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

43. (p. 95) Banpo was the capital during the last centuries of the Shang dynasty. FALSE

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

Essay Questions 44. A poem from the Book of Songs contains the lines, "Large rats! Large rats! / Do not eat our millet." Who are the rats in this poem? What was life like for the Chinese peasants during the Zhou dynasty? How common was this type of protest from any peasants of the ancient world? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

45. The following lines are drawn from the Book of Songs: "Of all the men in the world/There are none equal to brothers." How does this reflect the importance of the family in ancient China? Was there a connection between the structure of the family and the structure of the state? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

46. Early Chinese society has been described as being uniquely secular. Is this a fair assessment? Why or why not? Explain your answer by comparing the importance of religion in China to its importance in other early societies. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

47. In what fundamental ways was the mandate of heaven different from other governmental systems in the ancient world? What were the limitations of the mandate of heaven? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

48. What can the Book of Songs tell us about life in ancient China? Compare the Book of Songs to other literary works of the ancient world. How does life in China differ from life in other societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

49. What could the use of oracle bones tell us about the ancient Chinese Shang dynasty? Was this practice nothing more than superstition? Did other ancient societies attempt to foretell the future? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

50. What does the "mandate of heaven" tell us about the philosophy, religion, and social structure of the ancient Chinese? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

51. How important was the development of writing to the ancient Chinese? Trace the evolution of this practice. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

52. Discuss the influence of ancient China. What ancient innovations continued to shape Chinese thought over the centuries? How did the ancient Chinese influence their neighbors? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient China and the Larger World Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

53. Examine the social structure of early China. Describe the lives of the peasants and slaves. Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

54. Discuss the role of women in early Chinese society. Why was China such a strongly patriarchal society? How did the role of women change over the centuries? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

55. Examine the Xia and Shang dynasties. What influence did these early dynasties have on later Chinese history? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

56. Examine the role that changing technology played in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

57. In what ways was the Zhou dynasty the foundation for Chinese thought and society? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

58. Describe the political and cultural relationship between the state of Chu and the Zhou dynasty. Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient China and the Larger World

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

59. Examine Chinese political history from the Yangshao society through the decline of the Zhou dynasty. What were the major themes and turning points during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

60. Look at Map 5.1, the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, 2200-256 B.C.E. Trace the expansion of Chinese political power. How did the major contributions of these three dynasties relate to their geographical location? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

61. Examine Map 5.2, China during the Period of the Warring States, 403-221 B.C.E. Why were the Zhou rulers losing control over China? In what ways did this period of confusion set the stage for true unification under the Qin dynasty? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization

62. Look at the picture of peasants preparing their field for cultivation on page 100. What was the life of the Chinese peasant like? Did the mandate of heaven help the plight of the peasants? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

63. Examine the picture of the Shang oracle bone on page 104. What was the idea behind the oracle bones? Was there more to this practice than simple superstition? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

64. Look at the representation of the evolution of Chinese characters on page 105. How did the characters evolve from the early figures to the later ones? What role did writing play in the advancement of Chinese society? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

65. Examine the section from the Book of Songs regarding peasants (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Peasants' Protest). In what ways does this poetry serve as social criticism? How unusual would such criticism be in the ancient world? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

66. Examine the section from the Book of Songs regarding family solidarity (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Family Solidarity in Ancient China). How does this poem reflect the Chinese emphasis on family? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

67. What do the legends of the three sage-kings tell us about the matters of greatest importance to the people of the early east Asian societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

68. How did the physical features of the land and waters in east Asia influence the development of the culture? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society Topic: Early Chinese Political Organization Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

69. Describe the different social orders that developed during the first three dynasties. Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

70. What is the relationship between patriarchy and ancestor worship in early China? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient Chinese Family and Society

Chapter 05 - Early Society in Mainland East Asia

71. What do we know about writing and literature during the Zhou? Why is our knowledge so limited? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Chinese Writing and Cultural Development

72. Describe the relationship between the Chinese society under the dynasties and the people of the steppe lands. How did these cultures differ? How did they influence each other? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient China and the Larger World

73. What was the relationship between the culture of the Yellow River and that of the Yangzi valley? Answers will vary

Topic: Ancient China and the Larger World

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

Chapter 06 Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 111) Ritual bloodletting was crucial to Maya rituals because A. it pleased their god Indra. B. the flow of blood terrified their enemies. C. it was associated with rain and agriculture. D. they had copied the technique from the earlier Aztecs. E. blood was considered taboo.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

2. (p. 113) By 4000 B.C.E., the staple food of Mesoamerica was A. squash. B. beans. C. fish. D. maize. E. potato.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

3. (p. 113) Agriculture had spread through Mesoamerica by A. 30,000 B.C.E. B. 20,000 B.C.E. C. 10,000 B.C.E. D. 2000 B.C.E. E. 500 C.E.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

4. (p. 113-114) The first society of Mesoamerica, which founded traditions followed by all later societies, was the A. Maya. B. Olmec. C. Teotihuacan. D. Mochica. E. Aztec.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

5. (p. 114) The term Olmec means A. "lords." B. "masters of the middle earth." C. "rubber people." D. "wanderers." E. "noble people."

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

6. (p. 114) The first ceremonial center of the Olmecs was A. San Lorenzo. B. La Venta. C. Teotihuacan. D. Kaminaljuyú. E. Tikal.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

7. (p. 114) The Olmec common people A. labored regularly on behalf of the Olmec elite. B. were exclusively the subject of human sacrifice. C. lived alongside the elite in the major ceremonial centers. D. lived a much more privileged life than their European counterparts did. E. enjoyed a basic democracy.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

8. (p. 114) The most characteristic artistic creations of the Olmecs were A. pyramids. B. elaborate murals. C. temples. D. ziggurats covered with a limestone finish. E. colossal human heads sculpted from basalt.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

9. (p. 114) The Olmec ceremonial centers of San Lorenzo and La Venta were destroyed by A. earthquakes. B. the Maya. C. the Teotihuacan. D. the Olmecs themselves. E. volcanic eruptions that trapped the survivors and left distinctive archaeological records.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

10. (p. 114) The Olmecs traded extensively in all of the following items EXCEPT A. horses. B. jade. C. obsidian. D. small works of art. E. animal skins.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

11. (p. 114) Later Mesoamerican societies used calendars derived ultimately from the model created by the A. Maya. B. Mochica. C. Olmecs. D. Aztecs. E. Incas.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

12. (p. 115) The most prominent early ceremonial center of the Maya was A. Tikal. B. San Lorenzo. C. Mochica. D. Kaminaljuyú. E. Tres Zapotes.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

13. (p. 115) The most important political center of the Maya realm at its height was A. Kaminaljuyú. B. Teotihuacan. C. Tikal. D. Chavín. E. San Lorenzo.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

14. (p. 115) Which of the following devices did the ancient Maya build in order to trap silt carried by the numerous rivers passing through the Mesoamerican lowlands? A. dams B. massive irrigation tunnels C. terraces D. primitive water purification filters E. moats

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

15. (p. 116) In the ninth century C.E., a loose Maya empire was constructed by the state of A. Tikal. B. Kaminaljuyú. C. Chavín. D. Teotihuacan. E. Chichén Itzá.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

16. (p. 117) Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Maya mathematicians? A. infinity B. zero C. long division D. exponential notation E. negative numerals

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

17. (p. 117) The Maya calendar interwove a solar year of 365 days and a ritual calendar of ________ days. A. 100 B. 260 C. 730 D. 1,000 E. 1,243

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

18. (p. 117) The Maya attributed great significance to the amount of time it took the solar and ritual calendars to simultaneously return to their respective starting points. This event took place every ________ solar years. A. 10 B. 26 C. 52 D. 76 E. 88

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

19. (p. 117) The most flexible and sophisticated system of writing found in the ancient Americas was created by the A. Olmecs. B. Maya. C. Teotihuacan society. D. Chavín cult. E. Incas.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

20. (p. 118) The Popol Vuh was the A. most important of the Maya gods. B. largest Olmec ceremonial center. C. Maya creation myth. D. greatest Austronesian epic. E. Olmec law code.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

21. (p. 118) According to the Popol Vuh, the gods created the first successful version of humans out of A. wood. B. clay. C. the flesh of the gods. D. maize. E. blood.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

22. (p. 118) How much written material survives from the Maya? A. a massive library at Tikal B. four books C. none D. a small library at the ceremonial center of Kaminaljuyú E. roughly a thousand books captured by the Aztecs

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

23. (p. 120) The Pyramid of the Sun was located in A. Tikal. B. La Venta. C. San Lorenzo. D. Cuzco. E. Teotihuacan.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

24. (p. 120) The largest single building in Mesoamerica was A. the Maya Temple of the Giant Jaguar. B. the Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun. C. the Olmec Temple of the Sun. D. the Maya Imperial Palace. E. the Olmec Temple of the Moon.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

25. (p. 120) The population of Teotihuacan rose to A. 5,000. B. 7,500. C. 10,000. D. 12,500. E. 200,000.

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

26. (p. 122) The Chavín cult A. was the Teotihuacan worship of an earth god and rain god. B. was the primary Olmec religion. C. represented deities with the features of humans and wild animals. D. was practiced in the Maya Temple of the Giant Jaguar. E. is the best known religion of the Americas.

Topic: Early Societies of South America

27. (p. 123) One of the earliest Andean states, which left a remarkable artistic legacy through its ceramics, was A. Chavín. B. Teotihuacan. C. San Lorenzo. D. Mochica. E. Maya.

Topic: Early Societies of South America

28. (p. 124) Malayan, Indonesian, Filipino, Polynesian, and other Oceanic languages are derived from A. aboriginal Australian. B. Chinese. C. Hindi. D. Indo-European. E. Austronesian.

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

29. (p. 124) Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the aboriginal peoples of Australia and New Guinea? A. The aboriginal peoples of Australia maintained hunting and gathering societies, while in New Guinea they turned to agriculture. B. The two fought a centuries-long civil war. C. The aboriginal peoples of New Guinea maintained hunting and gathering societies, while in Australia they turned to agriculture. D. The aboriginal peoples of Australia learned their written language from New Guinea. E. The aboriginal peoples of New Guinea learned their written language from Australia.

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

30. (p. 125) The Austronesian-speaking peoples became the first human settlers on which large island off the east African coast? A. Madagascar B. Sri Lanka C. Sicily D. Easter Island E. New Guinea

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

31. (p. 125) The Lapita peoples A. spread the concept of the wheeled chariot. B. worshipped the Chavín cult. C. traded with the Mesopotamians. D. introduced bronze technology to China. E. were the earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific islands.

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

32. (p. 127) By the middle part of the first millennium B.C.E., Lapita and other Austronesian peoples had established what kind of ruling structure in the Pacific islands they had settled? A. hierarchical chiefdom B. theocratic C. matrilineal D. peasant-driven communal E. democratic

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

True / False Questions 33. (p. 114) Obsidian is the material out of which the Olmec fashioned tools. TRUE

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

34. (p. 122-123) Mochica was one of the Olmec ceremonial centers. FALSE

Topic: Early Societies of South America

35. (p. 115) The political center of the Maya between the fourth and ninth centuries C.E. was Tikal. TRUE

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

36. (p. 122) The Chavín cult was a new religion that appeared in the central Andes around 1000 B.C.E. TRUE

Topic: Early Societies of South America

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

37. (p. 116-117) The Maya were a Mesoamerican society that developed writing and made advancements in math. TRUE

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

38. (p. 121) The state of Teotihuacan was famous for its orange pottery, and it built on the Olmec calendar and graphic symbols. TRUE

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

39. (p. 120) The Pyramid of the Moon was a Teotihuacan temple and largest in Mesoamerica. FALSE

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

40. (p. 123) Mochica was one of the earliest Andean states that left a remarkable artistic legacy. TRUE

Topic: Early Societies of South America

41. (p. 125) Austronesians brought human settlement to islands of the Pacific Ocean. TRUE

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

42. (p. 113-114) The first Mesoamerican society was the Maya. FALSE

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

43. (p. 118) The Popol Vuh is the Maya creation myth. TRUE

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Essay Questions 44. In the Popol Vuh, humans were created from maize and water. Why would this explanation have made sense to the Maya? What did the gods want from their human creations? What were the earlier attempts? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

45. How did the state of Chichén Itzá change Mesoamerican society? How did its strategy for expansion differ from other states and kingdoms? Answers will vary

Topic: Chichen Itza

46. What factors allowed for the exploration and settlement of Oceania? Did these societies change over time? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

47. How did a changing climate affect the earliest inhabitants of Mesoamerica? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

48. What would have caused the societies of the Americas and Oceania to be so different from other societies studied so far? What areas did they have in common? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica Topic: Early Societies of Oceania Topic: Early Societies of South America

49. Compare and contrast the political and social structures of the Americas and Oceania. Were these societies shaped differently by isolation? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica Topic: Early Societies of Oceania Topic: Early Societies of South America

50. Examine the Popol Vuh. What can this work tell us about the religious world of the Maya? Compare it to other creation stories studied so far in the class. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

51. Explore the influence of the Olmecs on Mesoamerican society. What were the major foundations of Olmec civilization? How did they influence other societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

52. Discuss the richness and complexity of Maya culture, centering on their accomplishments in writing, astronomy, and math. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

53. Compare and contrast the political, social, and religious diversity of Mesoamerica and South America. How did government, social structure, and religion differ from region to region? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica Topic: Early Societies of South America

54. What factors might explain the decline and collapse of Mesoamerican societies such as the Olmecs and the Maya? Why is the decline of these two societies so mysterious? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

55. In what fundamental ways did the Mesoamerican and South American societies differ from those of Oceania? What did they have in common? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica Topic: Early Societies of Oceania Topic: Early Societies of South America

56. Examine the influences of the Austronesians in the history of Oceania. What factors might have driven the Austronesians to explore and colonize the Pacific Ocean? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

57. Explore the political and social diversity of Oceania. What factors allowed for these differences? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

58. Examine the relationship between Mesoamerica and South America. Why was there not more contact between the two areas? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica Topic: Early Societies of South America

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

59. What factors help to explain the relative scarcity of information about the early history of the Americas and Oceania? What tools do historians use to study these societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica Topic: Early Societies of Oceania Topic: Early Societies of South America

60. Look at Map 6.1, Early Mesoamerican societies, 1200 B.C.E.-1100 C.E. What was the geographical relationship between the Olmecs, Maya, and Teotihuacan? Were the contributions of these societies influenced by geography? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

61. Look at Map 6.2, Early societies of Andean South America, 1000 B.C.E.-700 C.E. Discuss the relationship to water of these early South American societies. Discuss the problems of communications between Mesoamerica and South America as well as within South America itself. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica Topic: Early Societies of South America

62. Examine Map 6.3, Early societies of Oceania, 1500 B.C.E.-700 C.E. How were the inspirations for exploration and colonization linked to the geography of the area? Discuss the role played by the Austronesians in this process. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

63. Describe Olmec societal structures. What cultural and societal traditions did the Olmecs pass on to later Mesoamerican societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

64. Look at the picture of Teotihuacan on page 120. How populous and powerful was this city? Discuss the importance of the Pyramid of the Sun. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

65. Examine the picture of Mochica pottery on page 123. Why would pottery like this be important to scholars as they study South America? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of South America

66. Look at the representation of mariners on page 125. What part did these mariners and their double hulled voyaging canoes play in the exploration and colonization of Oceania? What lands did they colonize? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

67. Read the section drawn from the Popol Vuh (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: The Popol Vuh on the Creation of Human Beings). Compare this creation story to others studied in the class. Why did the gods create humans in the first place? Why would it make sense for humans to be made of maize? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

68. Describe Maya religious beliefs and practices. What was the purpose of their bloodletting rituals? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

69. Describe the Maya ball game. Why did the Maya play it? What role did it serve in society? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

70. Although there is little direct evidence left of the form of government of Teotihuacan, how do scholars believe the huge population of the city was managed? What role did priests likely play? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Mesoamerica

Chapter 06 - Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania

71. Compare and contrast the societies that existed under the Chavín cult and the Mochica State. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of South America

72. Describe the origins, development, and decline of the Lapita society. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Societies of Oceania

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

Chapter 07 The Empires of Persia

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 135) The major early turning point in the rise of the Persian empire was the A. victory of Darius at Salamis. B. victory of Cyrus over Lydia. C. victory in the Persian Wars. D. defeat of the Sasanid empire. E. victory of Cambyses over Rome.

Topic: The Persian Empires

2. (p. 135) The leader of the Lydians who fell to Cyrus was A. Cambyses. B. Miltiades. C. Astyages. D. Croesus. E. Darius.

Topic: The Persian Empires

3. (p. 136) In organizing their empire, Persian rulers relied heavily on techniques of administration from the A. Lydians. B. Egyptians. C. Romans. D. Chinese. E. Mesopotamians.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

4. (p. 136) Which of the following lists of Persian empires is listed in correct chronological order, from earliest to latest? A. Achaemenids, Sasanids, Seleucids, Parthians B. Parthians, Achaemenids, Seleucids, Sasanids C. Sasanids, Parthians, Seleucids, Achaemenids D. Achaemenids, Seleucids, Parthians, Sasanids E. Sasanids, Seleucids, Parthians, Achaemenids

Topic: The Persian Empires

5. (p. 136) The Medes and Persians were originally A. Indo-European peoples. B. Semitic-speaking nomads related to the Hyksos. C. later Mesopotamian petty kingdoms. D. Dravidian tribes who had fled before the arrival of the Aryans in India. E. minor Babylonian rulers.

Topic: The Persian Empires

6. (p. 136-137) The founder of the Achaemenid empire was A. Xerxes. B. Cambyses. C. Cyrus. D. Darius. E. Alexander.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

7. (p. 137) In 525 B.C.E. the Persian emperor Cambyses captured A. Lydia. B. Egypt. C. northern India. D. Media. E. Greece.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

8. (p. 137) The greatest of the Achaemenid emperors was A. Darius. B. Cyrus. C. Xerxes. D. Cambyses. E. Miltiades.

Topic: The Persian Empires

9. (p. 137) Pasargadae was A. the last great Persian emperor. B. a nomadic tribe from the north that provided a constant threat to Persian survival. C. the location of the greatest Persian military defeat. D. the capital of the Persian empire before Persepolis. E. the most important Persian religious prophet.

Topic: The Persian Empires

10. (p. 138) The population of the Achaemenid empire under Darius was A. one million. B. three million. C. six million. D. eleven million. E. thirty-five million.

Topic: The Persian Empires

11. (p. 138) The magnificent capital of the Persian empire constructed by Darius was A. Byzantium. B. Pasargadae. C. Marathon. D. Susa. E. Persepolis.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

12. (p. 138) Satrapies were A. Mesopotamian kings. B. Egyptian administrators. C. Persian administrative and taxation districts. D. demons of the Lydian underworld. E. Arabian merchants.

Topic: The Persian Empires

13. (p. 138) The Persian "eyes and ears of the king" A. was Ahura Mazda. B. were satraps. C. was a popular expression that related to the divinity of the king. D. were spies. E. were the cavalry.

Topic: The Persian Empires

14. (p. 138) Darius picked up the idea of a standardized government-issued coinage from the A. Babylonians. B. Egyptians. C. Lydians. D. Indians. E. Chinese.

Topic: The Persian Empires

15. (p. 139-140) Which of the following was true of Persian emperor Xerxes? A. He ruled over the least violent period of the Achaemenid empire. B. He showed extreme toleration for subject peoples. C. He tried to impose Persian values on Mesopotamia and Egypt. D. He harshly repressed rebellions and was seen as cruel. E. He sought to prevent his successor, Darius, from damaging his legacy.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

16. (p. 138) The Persian king who regularized tax levies and standardized laws was A. Cyrus. B. Cambyses. C. Darius. D. Xerxes. E. Alexander.

Topic: The Persian Empires

17. (p. 138) The Persian law system under Darius sought to A. codify the laws of the subject peoples where possible. B. abolish the laws of individual lands. C. impose a completely uniform law code on the entire empire. D. terrify the subject tribes of the empire into submission. E. enslave the conquered tribes.

Topic: The Persian Empires

18. (p. 139) The centerpiece of the Persian communications network was the A. Royal Road. B. qanat. C. Emperor's Trail. D. use of Assyrian mercenary spies. E. Persian navy.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

19. (p. 139) Who used the words, "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds," to describe the Persian courier service? A. Cyrus B. Xerxes C. Darius D. Herodotus E. Homer

Topic: The Persian Empires

20. (p. 139) The qanat were A. Persian underground canals. B. Persian oral historians. C. the religious texts of the Zoroastrians. D. the priestly class of the Persians. E. the parables of Zarathustra.

Topic: The Persian Empires

21. (p. 139-140) For his decision to allow them to return to their capital city and rebuild their temple, Darius received high praise from these people. Who were they? A. Assyrians B. Egyptians C. Medes D. Jews E. Dravidians

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

22. (p. 140) The king who failed to follow the normal Persian governing policy of toleration was A. Darius. B. Xerxes. C. Cambyses. D. Cyrus. E. Hammurabi.

Topic: The Persian Empires

23. (p. 140) The battle of Marathon in 490 B.C.E. proved to be A. a bloody stalemate with, neither side claiming victory. B. an overwhelming Persian victory. C. a Persian loss. D. a slight victory that turned the tide in Persia's favor in the Persian Wars. E. a Roman victory.

Topic: The Persian Empires

24. (p. 141) The decisive victory of Alexander of Macedon over the Persians was called the battle of A. Gaugamela. B. Marathon. C. Persepolis. D. Issus. E. Athens.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

25. (p. 141) The Seleucid empire A. created a state on a far grander scale than the Achaemenid empire. B. employed a form of imperial administration copied from the Achaemenids. C. fundamentally differed from the Achaemenids in their political structure. D. was a petty kingdom that helped give rise to the later Achaemenid empire. E. copied the Roman model of administration.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

26. (p. 141) The empire comprising most of the old Achaemenid state that was taken by a general of Alexander the Great was the A. Parthian empire. B. Alexandrian empire. C. Sasanid empire. D. Seleucid empire. E. Aryan empire.

Topic: The Persian Empires

27. (p. 141) The Seleucids were finally defeated in 83 B.C.E. by the A. Parthians. B. Romans. C. Achaemenids. D. Sasanids. E. Greeks.

Topic: The Persian Empires

28. (p. 141) Which Iran-based empire followed the Achaemenids? A. Parthian B. Sasanid C. Indo-European D. Median E. Carthaginian

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

29. (p. 141) The greatest Parthian conqueror was A. Cyrus. B. Mithradates I. C. Ctesiphon. D. Shapur I. E. Darius.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

30. (p. 142) Ctesiphon was A. the greatest Parthian ruler. B. the capital of the Seleucid empire. C. the prophet who transformed Persian religion. D. the capital of the Parthian and Sasanid empires. E. a Greek philosopher.

Topic: The Persian Empires

31. (p. 142) Shapur I was the A. Sasanid king who managed to defeat the Romans in several battles. B. Persian king who lost the battle of Marathon to the Greeks. C. last powerful Parthian ruler. D. founder of the Achaemenid empire. E. founder of the Seleucid empire.

Topic: The Persian Empires

32. (p. 142) The Sasanids were defeated in 651 C.E. by A. Byzantine imperial forces. B. Roman forces. C. Parthian armies. D. Arab warriors. E. the Greek navy.

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

33. (p. 143) The social structure of the Medes and Persians was originally very similar to that of the A. Mesopotamians. B. Greeks. C. Aryans. D. Romans. E. Egyptians.

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

34. (p. 144) Gimillu was A. the Persian general who lost the battle of Marathon to the Greeks. B. the most important text created by Zarathustra. C. a slave associated with the temple in Uruk. D. the founder of the Sasanid empire. E. the leading Persian prophet.

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy

35. (p. 148) Zoroastrianism began to attract large numbers of followers during the sixth century B.C.E., particularly among A. slaves. B. peasants. C. the military. D. aristocrats. E. traders.

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

36. (p. 148) Zarathustra talked about the battle between the "wise lord" Ahura Mazda and the evil spirit A. Avesta. B. Angra Mainyu. C. Ashur. D. Ctesiphon. E. Enlil.

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

37. (p. 147) The Gathas were A. Persian underground canals. B. the laws that made up the Persian legal code. C. Persian administrative units. D. Persian administrators. E. Zarathustra's compositions.

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

38. (p. 148) Which of the following was NOT a basic tenet of Zoroastrianism? A. the belief in a heaven and hell B. the encouragement of high moral standards C. the view of the material world as a place of temptation that had to be ignored D. the doctrine that individuals will undergo a final judgment E. the belief that each individual could help determine his or her spiritual destiny

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

39. (p. 148) Zarathustra viewed the material world as A. an illusion. B. a trick of Angra Mainyu to mislead the faithful. C. the equivalent of hell. D. a gift from Ahura Mazda that should be enjoyed. E. a resting place for the reincarnated.

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

40. (p. 148) The words "good words, good thoughts, good deeds" were used to sum up the view of morality of the A. Jews. B. Zoroastrians. C. Hindus. D. Buddhists. E. Greeks.

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

True / False Questions 41. (p. 137) The emperor of the Achaemenid empire at its greatest extent was Cyrus. FALSE

Topic: The Persian Empires

42. (p. 141) The greatest Parthian conqueror was Mithradates I. TRUE

Topic: The Persian Empires

43. (p. 141) The Seleucid empire was founded by one of Alexander's generals. TRUE

Topic: The Persian Empires

44. (p. 142) Shapur I was the Sasanid ruler under which the kingdom stabilized the western frontier and formed buffer states between it and the Roman empire. TRUE

Topic: The Persian Empires

45. (p. 136-137) The Achaemenid empire was founded by Cyrus. TRUE

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

46. (p. 147) The religious teacher who brought about a major transformation of Persian religion was Zarathustra. TRUE

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

47. (p. 140) The Persian loss to the Greeks in 490 B.C.E. was at Marathon. TRUE

Topic: The Persian Empires

48. (p. 142) The Sasanids claimed direct descent from the Achaemenids and ruled from 224 to 651 C.E. TRUE

Topic: The Persian Empires

49. (p. 137) Cambyses was the Persian emperor who captured Egypt. TRUE

Topic: The Persian Empires

50. (p. 141) The Parthians were a powerful Iranian empire that extended into Mesopotamia. TRUE

Topic: The Persian Empires

Essay Questions

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

51. In the Gathas, Zarathustra wrote, "In the beginning, there were two Primal Spirits, Twins spontaneously active." Who were these "Twins"? Could it be argued that Zoroastrianism was not monotheistic at all? If Zoroastrianism is not monotheistic, might Christianity not be monotheistic? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

52. What brought about the decline of the Achaemenid empire? How much did the Persian Wars contribute to that decline? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

53. Discuss the basic tenets of Zoroastrianism. What role did Zarathustra play in the rise of this religion? How influential was Zoroastrianism on later religions? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

54. Compare the ruling techniques of the Persians, especially those of Cyrus and Darius, to other societies you have studied so far. Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

55. Examine the role of trade and agriculture in explaining the success of the Persian empires. Why was the Royal Road so important? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

56. Examine the relationship between the various Persian dynasties and the Zoroastrian religion. What does the spread of this religion say about the Persian philosophy of rule? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

57. Describe the Achaemenid method of empire administration. What did the Achaemenids borrow from previous Mesopotamian kingdoms, and what innovations did they introduce? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

58. The Achaemenid empire began to decline under Xerxes. Was his approach any different than that of his predecessors, such as Cyrus or Darius? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

59. The victory of Alexander of Macedon at Gaugamela, in 331 B.C.E., helped to bring about an end to the Achaemenid empire. In what ways did the empire live on? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

60. Examine the rise of the Achaemenid empire. What role did Cyrus play in this process? Discuss the nature of the empire under Darius. Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

61. What was a satrapy? How did satrapies help the Achaemenids rule their empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

62. Examine the social structure of the various Persian empires from the Achaemenids through the Sasanids. What was the role of women during these empires? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

63. Examine the development of the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid empires. In what ways were they a continuation of the Achaemenid tradition? In what ways were they different? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy Topic: The Persian Empires

64. The victories of the Greeks at Marathon and of Alexander of Macedon at Gaugamela are all too often seen as victories for the rise of civilization. In what ways might these Persian losses be considered losses for the rise of civilization? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy Topic: The Persian Empires

65. In what ways, both political and religious, did the later Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid empires try to position themselves as the heirs of the Achaemenids? Why did they do this? How successful were they in this attempt? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy Topic: The Persian Empires

66. Compare Zoroastrianism to any of the other religious concepts you've seen so far. How was Zarathustra's philosophy different, and in what ways was it influential? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

67. Examine Map 7.1, The Achaemenid and Seleucid empires, 558-330 B.C.E. and 323-83 B.C.E. Compare the size of the Achaemenid empire to the size of earlier states, as well as to that of the later Seleucids, Parthians, and Sasanids. What would be the difficulties of ruling a state this large? How cosmopolitan was the Achaemenid empire? Explain the significance of the Royal Road. Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

68. Look at Map 7.2 The Parthian and Sasanid empires, 247 B.C.E.-651 C.E. Compare these empires to the earlier Achaemenid state. How did the Achaemenids influence the Parthian and Sasanid empires? What were the main contributions of the Achaemenids to history? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

69. Look at the carving of Darius on page 140. How does it reflect the hierarchy of government and the power of the Achaemenid empire under Darius? Is the location of the carving significant? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

70. Examine Cyrus's tomb at Pasargadae on page 138 and of the ruins of Persepolis on page 139. Discuss the significance of Alexander of Macedon paying homage to the tomb of Cyrus but also, either intentionally or not, burning down Persepolis. Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

71. Look at the picture of the gold clasp with the symbol of Ahura Mazda on page 148. Based on Zarathustra's religious views, why would Ahura Mazda be portrayed as a winged god? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

72. Discuss the passage from Zarathustra (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Zarathustra on Good and Evil). Examine the nature of Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu. In Zoroastrian thought, what is the relationship between human beings and the gods? Does this critical role of human beings indicate that Zoroastrianism was really a dualistic belief? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

73. What can the passage from Zarathustra (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Zarathustra on Good and Evil) tell us about the influence of Zoroastrianism on later religions? In what ways did Zoroastrianism influence Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Persian Religions of Salvation

74. How did Cyrus manage to expand the Persian holdings so dramatically during his lifetime? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

75. Why does the text say that Darius was "more important as an administrator than as a conqueror"? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

76. Describe the administrative structure of the Achaemenid empire. Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

77. In what ways did Darius, and his successors, promote communication and commerce throughout the empire? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy Topic: The Persian Empires

78. In what ways did Alexander of Macedon both destroy and preserve elements of the Achaemenid empire? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

79. How did the Parthians come to control the Persian empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Persian Empires

Chapter 07 - The Empires of Persia

80. What was the role of the imperial bureaucrats in Persian society? How did they fit in with the other social classes? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy Topic: The Persian Empires

81. What agricultural technologies and techniques did the Persians use to produce the large surpluses they needed to feed their huge population of nonfood producers? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy

82. Describe the status of the free classes and slaves during the Persian empires. How was each connected to the economy and what contributions did each make to the larger society? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Persian Society and Economy

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

Chapter 08 The Unification of China

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 153) Sima Qian was A. the founder of the Qin dynasty. B. the leading Legalist scholar. C. a great Chinese historian. D. the Chinese rebel who seized control during the Han dynasty. E. the Chinese heaven.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

2. (p. 154) The Qin and Han dynasties A. copied the ruling techniques of the Aryans. B. did not push for centralization as thoroughly as the Achaemenids did. C. imposed order on India. D. never mastered the administrative brilliance and unification of the Zhou period. E. went further than the Persian emperors in their efforts to foster cultural unity.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

3. (p. 155) The collection of Confucian sayings and teachings is known as the A. Mencius. B. Memoirs of a Philosopher. C. Analects. D. Reflections on a Quiet Life. E. Reflections on Things at Hand.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

4. (p. 155) The philosophy of Confucius A. formed a thoroughly practical and secular approach to life. B. called for a strict adherence to the will of the gods. C. addressed abstruse philosophical questions. D. was deeply religious. E. was inspired by the Hindu Upanishads.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

5. (p. 155) Confucius believed that political and social harmony A. came from a retreat into a quiet life of meditation. B. arose from the proper ordering of human relationships. C. depended on the proper structuring of a strong centralized government. D. was available to human beings if they expressed a deep devotion to the gods. E. could only be imposed by a powerful king.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

6. (p. 155) Junzi A. were Chinese priests who argued that Confucius's philosophy was too secular. B. was the honorific of the Qin emperor who united China for the first time. C. was the classic compilation of Daoist thought. D. were Confucian "superior individuals" who took an active role in public affairs. E. were the Confucian model of enlightened thinkers who withdrew from society.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

7. (p. 155) The Chinese concept of filial piety, which was central to the family structure, was expressed by the word A. junzi. B. ren. C. li. D. xiao. E. vedas.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

8. (p. 155) When discussing qualities that were essential to good character, Confucius used which of the following terms to mean an attitude of kindness or a sense of humanity? A. dao B. xiao C. maodun D. dasas E. ren

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

9. (p. 155) Which of the following Confucian terms, with its translation, is NOT correct? A. ren—benevolence B. li—passion C. xiao—filial piety D. dao—way E. junzi—superior individuals

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

10. (p. 155) Through the efforts of Confucius, the literary works of the Zhou period A. became the core texts of traditional Chinese education. B. were replaced by newer and more important texts. C. were completely destroyed. D. were translated from the original cuneiform. E. were included in the Persian Gathas.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

11. (p. 156) The most learned man of the Period of the Warring States, who served as the chief spokesman for Confucius's philosophy, was A. Xunzi. B. Mencius. C. Laozi. D. Shang Yang. E. Shihuangdi.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

12. (p. 156) At the heart of Mencius's philosophy was the belief that A. human nature was essentially good. B. it was better to withdraw from life and follow a path of inaction. C. a repressive government was the best approach to curbing human selfishness. D. deep devotion would bring reward from the gods. E. human nature was essentially bad.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

13. (p. 157) The Chinese philosopher who proposed that strong social discipline was the best means of bringing society into order was A. Confucius. B. Mencius. C. Laozi. D. Xunzi. E. Shihuangdi.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

14. (p. 157) The philosophy that criticized social activism and, instead, proposed a life of reflection and introspection was A. Legalism. B. Confucianism. C. Daoism. D. Mencianism. E. Platonism.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

15. (p. 157) According to tradition, the founder of Daoism is considered to be A. Xunzi. B. Laozi. C. Zhuangzi. D. Mencius. E. Wudi.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

16. (p. 157) Chinese philosophers often spoke of the following term, which means "the way." A. junzi B. li C. ren D. dasas E. dao

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

17. (p. 157) The most important text of Daoism is the A. Book of Songs. B. Wuwei. C. Daodejing. D. Analects. E. Dao of Reflection.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

18. (p. 157) The Daoist thinkers spoke of wuwei, which stood for A. disengagement from the affairs of the world. B. the mandate of heaven. C. a socially active lifestyle. D. the notion of filial piety. E. a matriarchal world order.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

19. (p. 158) What was the school of philosophical thought that returned order to China after the Period of the Warring States? A. Confucianism B. Draconianism C. Daoism D. Legalism E. neo-Confucianism

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

20. (p. 158) What was the Chinese political philosophy that called for clear and strict laws? A. Confucianism B. Legalism C. Daoism D. Buddhism E. Hinduism

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

21. (p. 158) Shang Yang and Han Feizi hoped to control China's subjects A. through religious devotion. B. through ruthless strengthening and expansion of the state. C. by adhering to certain classic Confucian concepts such as ren and li. D. with a well-meaning government designed to bring out the inherent goodness of human beings. E. by building peasant support through democratic reforms.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

22. (p. 159) In an effort to bring about effective governmental control, the Legalists A. relied on the example set by hard-working junzi. B. stressed that the peasants should follow the Daoist doctrine of inaction. C. established the principle of collective responsibility before the law. D. stressed the need for education. E. suggested that each individual Hindu focus on his or her caste duties.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

23. (p. 158) The Book of Lord Shang is a work that helped develop the doctrine of A. Legalism. B. Confucianism. C. Daoism. D. Buddhism. E. Zoroastrianism.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

24. (p. 160) The man who first declared himself emperor of a unified China was A. Liu Bang. B. Prince Wu. C. Qin Shihuangdi. D. Wang Mang. E. Prince Yu.

Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

25. (p. 160) How did Shang Yang weaken the economic position of the hereditary aristocratic classes in order to strengthen the Qin state? A. imposing major tax increases on aristocrats B. ending the practice of hereditary inheritance C. forcing aristocrats to serve in the military D. burning aristocratic lands to reduce surpluses E. granting land rights to individual cultivators

Topic: The Unification of China

26. (p. 161) Which one of the following was NOT one of Qin Shihuangdi's policies? A. strong centralized rule B. support of traditional learning C. huge public works projects D. disarming regional military forces E. building protective walls

Topic: The Unification of China

27. (p. 161) The Chinese emperor who was notorious for his hatred of Confucianism and for his burning of books was A. Qin Shihuangdi. B. Wudi. C. Liu Bang. D. Wang Mang. E. Jiang.

Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

28. (p. 161) Of the following, Qin Shihuangdi's most important contribution to China was A. building the precursor to the Great Wall. B. his elaborate tomb, which tells us much about the Qin religious orientation. C. his appreciation and support of education. D. establishing a precedent for centralized imperial rule. E. his conversion to Buddhism.

Topic: The Unification of China

29. (p. 162) The Chinese script was standardized during the reign of A. Liu Bang. B. Jiang. C. Wang Mang. D. Wudi. E. Qin Shihuangdi.

Topic: The Unification of China

30. (p. 162) Fifteen thousand terra-cotta soldiers were unearthed in the tomb of A. Maodun. B. Wang Mang. C. Xiongnu. D. Liu Bang. E. Qin Shihuangdi.

Topic: The Unification of China

31. (p. 162) The founder of the Han dynasty was A. Wudi. B. Liu Bang. C. Shihuangdi. D. Wang Mang. E. Jiang Zemin.

Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

32. (p. 163) The dividing line between the Former Han and the Later Han is marked by A. a bloody civil war. B. invasion by the Xiongnu. C. the brief rule of an usurper. D. a brief resurgence of Qin power. E. the appearance of Buddhism in China.

Topic: The Unification of China

33. (p. 163) The Han philosophy of rule was A. the high point of Legalism. B. dependent on the constant and unrelenting use of terror. C. dependent on the social and political activism of Daoist ministers of state. D. a continuation of Qin policies of centralization. E. copied from Mauryan India.

Topic: The Unification of China

34. (p. 163) The greatest and most dynamic Han emperor, known for his administrative centralization and imperial expansion, was A. Wudi. B. Liu Bang. C. Wang Mang. D. Shihuangdi. E. Confucius.

Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

35. (p. 163) The Chinese emperor who started an imperial institute for higher learning was A. Han Wudi. B. Qin Shihuangdi. C. Liu Bang. D. King Yu. E. Mencius.

Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

36. (p. 163) In 124 B.C.E., Han Wudi transformed China by A. allowing the peasants to divide up the land into privately owned plots. B. establishing an imperial university. C. completing the Great Wall. D. creating a modern standing army. E. invading and conquering Korea.

Topic: The Unification of China

37. (p. 164) Which group of people was the greatest military threat to the Han dynasty? A. the Hmong B. the Koreans C. the Mongols D. the Japanese E. the Xiongnu

Topic: The Unification of China

38. (p. 165) Modu was the A. minister of state whose usurpation of the throne brought an end to the Former Han period. B. most successful leader of the Xiongnu. C. founder of the Han dynasty. D. most powerful Han emperor. E. last Qin emperor.

Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

39. (p. 166) Which popular treatise emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women? A. Analects B. Admonitions for Women C. Daodejing D. Book of Songs E. Lessons for Women

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

40. (p. 170) As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy, A. the classically Confucian concern for peasants became more pronounced. B. social distinctions became almost invisible. C. the status of women improved dramatically. D. the gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large. E. Hinduism increasingly appealed to the lower classes.

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

41. (p. 171) Wang Mang A. was primarily known for his adherence to Legalist doctrines. B. was famous for creating a new and lasting dynasty. C. stood as the greatest single military threat during the Later Han period. D. was a Daoist term referring to disengagement from the world. E. carried out reforms so revolutionary that he is known as the "socialist emperor."

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

42. (p. 171) The Yellow Turban uprising resulted from problems stemming from A. the attacks of the Xiongnu. B. limited social justice for women. C. government corruption. D. poverty and land distribution. E. lack of public education.

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

True / False Questions 43. (p. 157) The legendary founder of Daoism was Laozi. TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

44. (p. 155, 157) The Daoist virtue of removal from the affairs of the world was known as junzi. FALSE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

45. (p. 155) Junzi were Confucian "superior individuals" who took an active role in public affairs. TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

46. (p. 156) Mencius was the post-Confucian scholar who believed that human nature was basically good. TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

47. (p. 158) Shang Yang was the most powerful Han emperor. FALSE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

48. (p. 157) Xunzi was the post-Confucian scholar who believed that human beings selfishly pursued their own interests. TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

49. (p. 162) Liu Bang was the founder of the Han dynasty. TRUE

Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

50. (p. 160) The first proclaimed emperor of the unified Chinese state was Qin Shihuangdi. TRUE

Topic: The Unification of China

51. (p. 171) Han Wudi was known as the "socialist emperor." FALSE

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

52. (p. 155) Confucius was the philosopher who believed that political and social harmony arose from the proper ordering of human relationships. TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Essay Questions 53. In the Daodejing, Laozi stated, "There is nothing in the world more soft and weak than water, yet for attacking things that are hard and strong there is nothing that surpasses it." How is this statement representative of Daoist thought? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

54. The Chinese have, arguably, the longest-lasting and most stable political structure of any powerful state in world history. What factors might help to explain this fact? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

55. Laozi stated in the Daodejing, ". . . practice non-interference in order to win the empire." What did he mean by these words? How does this quote demonstrate the fundamental difference between Confucianism and Daoism? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

56. Describe Legalist philosophy and how it influenced the leaders that brought order and centralization to China after a long period of unrest. Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

57. Why did the political chaos of the Period of the Warring States give rise to philosophies such as Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

58. Compare and contrast the philosophies of Mencius and Xunzi. How did their contrasting views of human nature influence their political theories? In what ways were they still operating within a Confucian framework? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

59. Examine the Chinese view of action and inaction as expressed in philosophy. Could this view change the world for the better? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

60. Chinese Daoist philosophers spoke of the dao, meaning "the way." What did they mean by this word? How did they use their philosophy to attack the philosophies of others? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

61. Discuss the significance of social order in Chinese thought. What part does family life play in the Chinese concept of social order? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

62. Discuss the role that Qin Shihuangdi played in the unification of China. What were the foundations of his political philosophy? Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

63. Discuss the role of human nature in Chinese philosophical thought. How did the major Chinese philosophies view human nature? Compare this view to those of other civilizations we have covered. Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

64. Discuss the political and social reforms of Wang Mang. What led to the need for these reforms? How successful were they? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

65. Examine the reign of Han Wudi. What challenges did he face and how did he overcome them? How has he influenced Chinese history? Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

66. Examine the philosophical school known as Daoism. Who were the founding thinkers of this philosophy? What are the basic tenets of this thought? What would be the political consequences of being a Daoist? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

67. Examine the thought of Confucius. What are the basic tenets of this philosophy? How has his philosophy influenced Chinese history? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

68. Discuss the difference between the ruling philosophies of Qin Shihuangdi and the later Han emperors. Which emperors were more successful at maintaining order, and why? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

69. Examine Map 8.1, China under the Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E. How was Qin Shihuangdi able to create a state that large? How successful were his methods in the long run? Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

70. Examine the defensive walls on Map 8.1, China under the Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E. Why were they constructed in the north? Were there reasons for constructing the walls other than purely defensive ones? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

71. Compare maps 8.1 and 8.2. How was the Han state different than the Qin? Discuss the threat posed by the Xiongnu. Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

72. Look at the illustration on page 162 of the terra-cotta army surrounding the tomb of Qin Shihuangdi. What could this picture tell us about the splendor of the First Emperor's reign? Can this picture also give us an insight into the workings of Qin Shihuangdi's mind? Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

73. What does the burial suit on page 164 tell us about the life and death of the wealthy classes during the Han period? How did this compare to the lives of peasants during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

74. Examine the painting of Confucius on page 155. How is he represented in this picture? There were no contemporary portraits of Confucius. What role might a later artist play in helping to create a lasting image of a historical figure? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

75. Examine the Han gentlemen represented in the illustration on page 170. How would their lives have been different from that of a peasant? What did Confucius mean when he discussed the creation of a gentleman? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

76. In the section from the Analects (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Confucius on Good Government), Confucius points out that, "When a prince's personal conduct is correct, his government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not correct, he may issue orders, but they will not be followed." How is this statement representative of Confucian thought? In what ways does it disagree with Legalist philosophy? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

77. Read the section from the Analects (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Confucius on Good Government). How do these quotes relate to basic Confucian notions such as ren, li, and junzi? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

78. Examine the feature on Laozi (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Laozi on Living in Harmony with Dao). What is the Daoist view of virtue? How can it be used to rule a state? Relate these ideas to those of Confucius. Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

79. What are the fundamental ideas and values of Confucianism? Make sure to include the concepts of ren, li, and xiao in your answer. Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

80. How does Daoism contrast with Confucianism? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

81. What were the fundamental principles of Legalism, and how do these differ from those of Confucianism and Daoism? Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

82. Why does your book call Qin Shihuangdi "one of the most important figures in Chinese history"? Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

83. How did the early Han contribute to the unification of China? Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

84. Discuss the role of the Xiongnu in the history of China during the Han. Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

85. What were the most significant technological developments during this period of Chinese history? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

86. How did the issue of uneven distribution of wealth contribute to the collapse of the Han? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

87. How did the educational system develop in China during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

88. What was the role of the family in classical China? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

Chapter 09 State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 175) Although only fragments remain, some of our best information about early Indian history comes from the Indika, written by A. Socrates. B. Megasthenes. C. Herodotus. D. Sima Qian. E. Kautalya.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

2. (p. 175) Megasthenes was A. the author of the Indika. B. the Macedonian general who invaded India in 327 B.C.E. C. the Indian spiritual leader who founded Jainism. D. the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. E. the name for a special class of Jain priests.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

3. (p. 176) During the time of the Aryans, the Indian political landscape was characterized by A. a series of small kingdoms. B. efficient centralized government. C. constant bloody civil war. D. two equally matched rival states. E. a turbulent but profitable union with China.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

4. (p. 176) The Indian political scene changed in 520 B.C.E. when new administrative techniques were introduced after the invasion of the A. Aryans. B. Greeks. C. Chinese. D. Austronesians. E. Persians.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

5. (p. 176) In 327 B.C.E., India was thrown into political chaos by the invasion of A. the Persian king Cyrus. B. the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. C. Chandragupta Maurya. D. Alexander of Macedon. E. Qin Shihuangdi.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

6. (p. 176) Alexander of Macedon's invasion of which country in 327 B.C.E. caused political chaos that eventually led to the country's unification? A. China B. Egypt C. India D. Persia E. Greece

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

7. (p. 176) The kingdom that played a leading role in Indian unification after the withdrawal of Alexander of Macedon was A. Kalinga. B. Magadha. C. Bodh Gaya. D. Nalanda. E. Bengal.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

8. (p. 176) The ruler that unified all of northern India beginning in the late 320s B.C.E. was A. Cyrus the Great. B. Ashoka Maurya. C. Chandragupta Maurya. D. Harsha. E. Shihuangdi.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

9. (p. 176) Kautalya was the A. main advisor to Chandragupta Maurya. B. first ruler to unite all of India. C. founder of Jainism. D. author of the Ramayana. E. Persian ruler who invaded India in 520 B.C.E.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

10. (p. 176-177) The harsh political philosophy of Kautalya is recorded in the A. Law Codes of Manu. B. Mauryan Law Codes. C. Bhagavad Gita. D. Daodejing. E. Arthashastra.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

11. (p. 176-177) The Arthashastra reflected the political philosophy employed by A. Ashoka Maurya. B. Qin Shihuangdi. C. Chandragupta Maurya. D. Chandra Gupta. E. Cyrus the Great.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

12. (p. 177) The Mauryan emperor Ashoka fought his bloodiest battle against A. the Punjab. B. Kalinga. C. Magadha. D. Harsha. E. Alexander the Great.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

13. (p. 177) The capital of Ashoka's empire was A. Delhi. B. Bodh Gaya. C. Pataliputra. D. Mahavira. E. Banaras.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

14. (p. 177) The high point of Mauryan success came during the reign of A. Chandragupta Maurya. B. Chandra Gupta II. C. Kautalya. D. Ashoka. E. Harsha.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

15. (p. 178) The rock and pillar edicts were issued by A. Kautalya. B. Harsha. C. Hammurabi. D. Chandragupta Maurya. E. Ashoka.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

16. (p. 178) One of the biggest financial problems of the later Mauryan period was the A. decision to trade exclusively with China. B. frequent need to debase the currency. C. failure to invest in sea trade. D. decision to borrow money from Persia at high interest rates. E. decision to stop trading with the Persians.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

17. (p. 178) After the collapse of the Mauryan empire, India A. returned to a series of regional kingdoms. B. was immediately reunified in a new empire. C. was united by a new wave of invaders. D. suffered through a long period of chaos marked by a later Dravidian uprising. E. was absorbed into the expanding Chinese empire.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

18. (p. 178) After the collapse of the Mauryan dynasty, northwest India was controlled by the Bactrians, who spoke A. Chinese. B. Persian. C. Latin. D. Thai. E. Greek.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

19. (p. 178) The Kushans in India reached their peak under A. Kanishka. B. Chandra Gupta II. C. Samudra Gupta. D. Ashoka. E. Chandragupta.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

20. (p. 179) The year 320 C.E. saw the creation of the Gupta dynasty by A. Chandragupta Maurya. B. Harsha. C. Samudra Gupta. D. Chandra Gupta. E. Cyrus the Great.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

21. (p. 179) Politically, the Guptas A. achieved the same level of centralized power that had existed under the Mauryas. B. left local government and administration in the hands of their allies. C. created a much larger and more powerful state than the Mauryas did. D. brought unprecedented civil strife to India. E. were able to bring complete unification to India by spreading a state-supported religion.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

22. (p. 180) The eventual collapse of the Gupta state was partially caused by an invasion of the A. Persians. B. White Huns. C. Chinese. D. Romans. E. Mauryas.

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

23. (p. 181) The success and timing of trade through the Indian Ocean basin largely depended on A. controlling the actions of Turkish pirates. B. forming a lasting trading partnership with China. C. understanding the rhythms of the monsoon winds. D. the Indian desire to purchase pepper from the Romans. E. the invention of a revolutionary sailing vehicle.

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

24. (p. 181) The two great Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, A. called for an end to the caste system. B. championed the rights of women. C. showed the same questioning of divine judgment that would later mark Greek thought. D. commonly portrayed women as weak-willed and emotional creatures. E. were written during a period when Indian society was strongly matriarchal.

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

25. (p. 181) One of the most pronounced examples of patriarchal dominance in ancient India was the A. common practice of child marriage. B. domination of gods over goddesses in Hindu mythology. C. rise in significance of the kshatriya caste. D. growing role of women in the marketplace. E. lack of any female characters in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

26. (p. 182) One of the biggest transformations of the caste system during this period was the A. elimination of the brahmins as a caste. B. rise of guilds, which essentially served as jati. C. rise of the untouchables to an equal status to the rest of the castes. D. rise of the kshatriyas to the top position. E. complete destruction of the caste system.

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

27. (p. 182) Essentially, much of the responsibility for maintaining social order in India during these years fell to A. the Mauryan emperors themselves. B. the powerful Buddhist monasteries. C. the jati. D. the writers and philosophers of classical India. E. Hindu religious police.

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

28. (p. 183) Ancient Indian religion revolved around ritual sacrifices offered by whom? A. kshatriyas B. brahmins C. vaishyas D. shudras E. jati

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

29. (p. 183) The Charvaka sect believed A. that India would be best served by a reaffirmation of the leading role of the brahmins. B. that too many Indians were falling into the trap of atheism. C. that the gods were figments of the imagination. D. in personal salvation through a personal faith in the Buddha. E. that everything was divine.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

30. (p. 183) The beliefs of the Charvakas A. reflected the increasingly materialistic character of Indian society. B. reaffirmed basic Hindu tenets. C. led naturally to the acceptance of Siddhartha Gautama as the Buddha. D. strengthened the power of the brahmins. E. led to a spiritual reawakening in India.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

31. (p. 183) Vardhamana Mahavira A. eventually became known as "the enlightened one." B. brought about the end of the caste system. C. created the last politically unified state in India before the sixteenth century C.E. D. was the driving force behind the Charvakas. E. was a great Jainist teacher.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

32. (p. 183) Jainism first became popular under the teachings of A. Vardhamana Mahavira. B. Siddhartha Gautama. C. Ashoka Maurya. D. Kautalya. E. Samudra Gupta.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

33. (p. 184) The religious group that carefully swept the ground before them as they walked to avoid harming any invisible insects was the A. Zoroastrians. B. Jains. C. Buddhists. D. Hindus. E. Sikhs.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

34. (p. 184) The Jains adhered to the principle of nonviolence to other living things or their souls, which is expressed in the word A. dharma. B. boddhisatva. C. nirvana. D. ahimsa. E. karma.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

35. (p. 184) Ahimsa refers to A. the Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path. B. the Hindu concept of reincarnation. C. the Jain principle of nonviolence. D. Ashoka Maurya's policy of enlightened rule. E. Kautalya's policy of harsh statecraft.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

36. (p. 184) The greatest social contribution of the Jains was A. their support of the traditional caste system. B. the fact that they did not recognize social hierarchies based on caste. C. their incorporation into the brahmin caste. D. the implementation of their law code after they became the leading religion of India. E. their incorporation into the kshatriyas.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

37. (p. 185) The Buddha called for people to lead lives characterized by A. intense meditation. B. extreme asceticism. C. balance and moderation. D. active hedonism. E. devotion to a powerful monotheistic god.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

38. (p. 185) The core of Buddhist doctrine was known as the A. Three Principles of the People. B. Second Triad. C. Four Noble Truths. D. Ahimsa Path. E. Path of Reincarnation.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

39. (p. 188) Theravada Buddhism is also known as A. Hinayana Buddhism. B. Mahayana Buddhism. C. Zen Buddhism. D. Chan Buddhism. E. Ahimsa Buddhism.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

40. (p. 187) The bodhisattva is associated with which religion? A. Buddhism B. Judaism C. Zoroastrianism D. Hinduism E. Jainism

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

41. (p. 188-189) The Indian work that deals with a dialogue between the warrior, Arjuna, and his charioteer, Krishna, is the A. Mahabharata. B. Ramayana. C. Bhagavad Gita. D. Arthashastra. E. Book of Songs.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

42. (p. 190) Hindu ethical teachings held out the promise of salvation precisely to those who A. rejected the caste structure and sought to improve their lives. B. participated in the world and observed their caste duties. C. gave to the poorest members of society. D. removed themselves from the world and material concerns. E. committed themselves to extreme nonviolence and aestheticism.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

43. (p. 191) The line, "As a man, casting off old clothes, puts on others and new ones, so the embodied self, casting off old bodies, goes to others and new ones," comes from the A. Bhagavad Gita. B. Analects. C. Arthashastra. D. Daodejing. E. Ramayana.

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

True / False Questions 44. (p. 176) The man that unified northern India and laid the foundation for the first empire to control most of the subcontinent was Chandragupta Maurya. TRUE

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

45. (p. 176) The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian political handbook. TRUE

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

46. (p. 188) Mahayana was known as the greater vehicle because it opened the road to salvation for large numbers of people. TRUE

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

47. (p. 176) Chandra Gupta was the Indian ruler who converted to Buddhism and became a very active missionary for its spread. FALSE

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

48. (p. 189) The Bhagavad Gita is the work containing a dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna. TRUE

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

49. (p. 184) The Jainist principle of nonviolence to other living things is ahimsa. TRUE

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

50. (p. 188) The Ramayana is the Indian epic about the adventures of a hero and his wife Sita. TRUE

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

51. (p. 188) With the spread of Mahayana Buddhism, the Hinayana faith disappeared. FALSE

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

52. (p. 179) Chandra Gupta II was the founder of the Gupta dynasty. FALSE

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

53. (p. 184) Siddhartha Gautama was the Buddha. TRUE

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Essay Questions 54. Describe the beliefs of the Charvaka sect and how they were a reflection of changes in Indian society. Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

55. Compare the deep spirituality of ancient India with the secularism of ancient Chinese thought. Why were the two areas so different? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

56. In the Bhagavad Gita, Arjuna says, "As a man, casting off old clothes, puts on others and new ones, so the embodied self, casting off old bodies, goes to others and new ones." What did he mean? How does this comment express the basic ideals of Hinduism? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

57. Compare and contrast the reigns of Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka Maurya. What common techniques did the Mauryas pursue? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

58. Compare the unification of India with the unification process in China under the Qin and Han dynasties, and in southwest Asia under the Assyrians and Persians. Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

59. What social and religious changes worked to transform the caste system during these years? What were the long-term consequences of this transformation? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

60. Compare and contrast the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. What were the essential differences between the two? What hope did they give to the common people of India? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

61. What sets Jainism apart from other religions, such as Hinduism or Buddhism? How does Jainism compare to Daoism? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

62. Despite the efforts of several Indian emperors, Buddhism never became the main religion of India. What factors explain this? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

63. In what ways did outsiders influence India during this period? In turn, how did India influence the rest of the world and especially Asia? Answers will vary

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

64. Examine Chandragupta Maurya's effort to unify India. What steps did he take? What factors helped make this process possible? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

65. Examine the reign of Ashoka Maurya. In what ways was his reign the high point of Mauryan rule? How did he affect the religious beliefs of India and Asia? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

66. Examine the social structure of India during the time of the Mauryas and the Guptas. How did long-distance trade influence India? Answers will vary

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

67. Examine the period of political revitalization under the Guptas. How does this dynasty compare to the earlier Mauryas? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

68. Examine the religious philosophy of Siddhartha Gautama. What are the basic tenets of Buddhism? How did this religion influence India? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

69. Discuss the formation and beliefs of Jainism. What factors explain why it never became as successful as Hinduism or Buddhism? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

70. Examine the transformation of Hindu thought during this period. Why did it change? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

71. Examine the Mauryan and Gupta dynasties as represented in Map 9.1, The Mauryan and Gupta empires, 321 B.C.E.-550 C.E. What did these dynasties have in common? How did trade influence them? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

72. Examine the defensive fortifications of Pataliputra in the picture on page 179. What do these fortifications tell us about the political situation during the Mauryan period? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

73. Describe the status of women during this period. Did the level of patriarchy differ based on the class one belonged to? Answers will vary

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

74. Examine the picture of the Buddha on page 185. Why would the Buddha be portrayed in this manner? Why would the representation be so stylized? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

75. Examine the carving of the boddhisatva Avalokitesvara on page 190 and read the inscription below the picture. What is the theory behind the boddhisatva? Can you think of any similar religious concepts? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

76. What brought about the decline of the Gupta dynasty? What replaced the empire in the power vacuum that resulted? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

77. Read the passage from the Bhagavad Gita (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Caste Duties according to the Bhagavad Gita). Krishna speaks to Arjuna and says, "Having regard to your own duty, you ought not to falter, for there is nothing better for a kshatriya than a righteous battle." What Hindu concept does this comment represent? How would this concept be different from Jainism or even Daoism? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

78. How did the Persian conquest set the stage for the emergence of the Mauryan empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

79. What were the major accomplishments of the emperor Ashoka? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

Chapter 09 - State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

80. How did the Gupta administrative practices differ from the Mauryan? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fortunes of Empire in Classical India

81. How did India fit in to the trade along the silk roads? Answers will vary

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

82. In what ways did the development of trade and manufacturing impact the caste system? Answers will vary

Topic: Indian Economic Development and Social Distinctions

83. How did early Buddhism evolve into Mahayana Buddhism? How did that help spread the religion? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

84. Why did Buddhism eventually lose popularity in India? Answers will vary

Topic: Classical Indian Religions of Salvation

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

Chapter 10 Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 195) The Homeric epic the Iliad deals with the A. journey home of the hero Odysseus. B. war to capture Troy. C. adventures of Aeneas. D. adventures and tragic end of Jason and Medea. E. adventures of the hero Rama.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

2. (p. 195) The author of the Iliad was A. Sappho. B. Plato. C. Xeno. D. Herodotus. E. Homer.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

3. (p. 196) In the early classical era, the political structure of the ancient Greeks A. achieved unification through a monarchy under Pericles. B. was a history of early, long-lasting centralized government. C. stabilized after conquest by Persia. D. was very similar to that of Egypt. E. usually consisted of independent, autonomous city-states.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

4. (p. 196-197) The Mycenaeans received early, indirect influence from the Egyptians and Phoenicians through their contact with the A. Minoans. B. Persians. C. Lydians. D. Macedonians. E. Aryans.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

5. (p. 196) The most notable of the lavish palaces of Minoan culture was built at A. Troy. B. Sparta. C. Athens. D. Harappa. E. Knossos.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

6. (p. 197) Of the natural disasters that plagued the Minoans, the most devastating was the volcanic eruption in 1628 B.C.E. on the island of A. Crete. B. Thera. C. Corsica. D. Atlantis. E. Salamis.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

7. (p. 197) The Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan written language to their own needs, and developed a syllabic script called A. Linear A. B. Cuneiform. C. Linear B. D. Phoenician. E. Hieroglyphics.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

8. (p. 196) The Minoans wrote with a script, not yet deciphered, that was known as A. Linear B. B. Hieroglyphics. C. Coptic. D. Linear A. E. Harappa.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

9. (p. 197) The Greeks used the word polis to refer to A. the concept of excessive pride. B. the city-state. C. the notion of loyalty to the central government. D. the pursuit of truth. E. barbarians.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

10. (p. 198-199) The Spartans were constantly afraid of the prospect of an uprising by serfs known as A. helots. B. poleis. C. Minoans. D. Athenians. E. Dravidians.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

11. (p. 199) Distinction among the ancient Spartans came from A. social status. B. political infighting. C. accumulated wealth. D. family lineage. E. discipline and military talent.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

12. (p. 199) Athenian democracy was open to A. all Athenians. B. both men and women as long as they owned property. C. all male citizens. D. all males. E. all Greek citizens.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

13. (p. 199) The leader who forged a compromise between Athens's social classes by allowing the aristocrats to keep their land while also providing representation for the common classes was A. Solon. B. Socrates. C. Miltiades. D. Pericles. E. Plato.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

14. (p. 198) Which of the following words was used by the Greeks to refer to generals or politicians who, although often popular, gained power by irregular means? A. tyrant B. polis C. archon D. emperor E. hellas

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

15. (p. 200, 202) Which of the following occurred during the time of Pericles? A. Athenian democracy reached its high point. B. Athens became the most sophisticated of the poleis. C. The Delian League operated as an alliance among many of the poleis. D. Athens underwent a massive building program. E. All these answers are correct.

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

16. (p. 200-201) Which of the following did NOT come about because of Greek colonization? A. an increase in the size and diversity of trade B. a centralized imperial state C. the spread of Greek language and cultural traditions D. a quickening of the tempo of social life E. increased contact with other societies

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

17. (p. 202) The decisive naval battle of the Persian War was fought at A. Marathon. B. Salamis. C. Persepolis. D. Sparta. E. Syracuse.

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

18. (p. 200) Under whose leadership did Athens become the most sophisticated of the poleis? A. Solon B. Cleisthenes C. Pericles D. Pisistratus E. Plato

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

19. (p. 202) The naval loss at Salamis was viewed by the Persian king A. Xerxes. B. Cyrus. C. Darius. D. Cambyses. E. Darius III.

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

20. (p. 202) Who won the Peloponnesian War? A. Persia B. Carthage C. Sparta D. Athens E. Thebes

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

21. (p. 202) In the years after the Persian War, the leader of the Delian League was A. Sparta. B. Persia. C. Athens. D. Miletus. E. Syracuse.

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

22. (p. 203) By 338 B.C.E., the Greeks had fallen to A. Darius. B. Alexander. C. Philip II. D. Xerxes. E. Julius Caesar.

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

23. (p. 207) The most important port in the Hellenistic world was A. Alexandria. B. Athens. C. Thebes. D. Persepolis. E. Sparta.

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

24. (p. 204) The easternmost point of Alexander's conquests was A. Alexandria. B. Persepolis. C. Punjab. D. Susa. E. Athens.

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

25. (p. 206) The largest part of Alexander's conquests, essentially the former Achaemenid empire, was taken over by A. Ptolemy. B. Antigonus. C. Darius. D. Seleucus. E. Julius Caesar.

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

26. (p. 205) Which of the following people wrote that Alexander the Great possessed, "great personal beauty, invincible power of endurance, and a keen intellect"? A. Herodotus B. Arrian C. Livy D. Aristotle E. Pericles

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

27. (p. 207) Of all the Hellenistic empires, Greek influence was greatest in A. the Seleucid realm. B. Ptolemaic Egypt. C. Carthage. D. the Antigonid state. E. the Roman empire.

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

28. (p. 207) The wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires was the ________ empire. A. Seleucid B. Antigonid C. Gupta D. Ptolemaic E. Mauryan

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

29. (p. 207) Ai Khanum was A. the greatest leader of the Parthian empire. B. a Hellenistic colony in Bactria. C. a Hellenistic philosopher. D. an important religious center visited by Alexander the Great. E. a later Persian prince.

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

30. (p. 209) In which polis did women have the most freedom? A. Sparta B. Corinth C. Athens D. Thebes E. Syracuse

Topic: Greek Economy and Society

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

31. (p. 209) Sappho was A. the most important battle of the Persian War. B. the most influential female Greek poet. C. the leader of Athens during its Golden Age. D. a Mediterranean island destroyed by a volcano. E. the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy.

Topic: Greek Economy and Society

32. (p. 209) Which of the following statements is true about women in the Greek world? A. Their roles varied dramatically among the various poleis. B. Freedom and opportunity for women reached its peak in Athens. C. Their roles were limited in a strictly patriarchal society. D. Women were provided dramatically more freedom than in any other society of the ancient age. E. Women increased dramatically in importance until they often found themselves in positions of leadership.

Topic: Greek Economy and Society

33. (p. 210) Socrates believed that it was most important to understand A. the will of the gods. B. the basic forces of nature. C. the makeup of the cosmos. D. human beings and human affairs. E. the hierarchy of animal life.

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

34. (p. 210) Which of the following did Socrates believe was more important than wealth or fame? A. the will of the gods B. honor C. love D. Forms or Ideas E. political authority

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

35. (p. 210) Who said, "The unexamined life is not worth living"? A. Socrates B. Aristotle C. Pericles D. Plato E. Hippocrates

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

36. (p. 211) The concept of Forms or Ideas is associated with A. Socrates. B. Plato. C. Xeno. D. Aristotle. E. Marcus Aurelius.

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

37. (p. 212) In Republic, Plato proposed that the true rulers of society should be A. the descendents of Socrates. B. the electorate, through a democratic framework. C. the Spartans, because of their emphasis on character and control. D. the Athenians, because of their wealth and fame. E. philosopher kings.

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

38. (p. 212) Which Greek god was the grandson of the earth and sky gods? A. Apollo B. Zeus C. Hera D. Demeter E. Dionysus

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

39. (p. 212) Aristotle A. gave unconditional support for the Platonic world of Forms. B. called for a renunciation of the world because its distractions blinded the thinker. C. believed that philosophers could rely on their senses. D. exclusively studied human nature. E. was Socrates' best student.

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

40. (p. 212) Later Christian scholastic philosophers referred to which man as "the master of those who know"? A. Socrates B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Jesus E. St. Paul

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

41. (p. 213) Women were the chief devotees of the Greek god of wine, who was named A. Demeter. B. Dionysus. C. Zeus. D. Apollo. E. Hera.

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

42. (p. 213) The author of The Bacchae was A. Euripides. B. Plato. C. Aristophanes. D. Sophocles. E. Aristotle.

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

43. (p. 213) Which of the Hellenistic philosophical schools viewed pleasure as the greatest good? A. Skeptics B. Stoics C. Platonists D. Epicureans E. Daoists

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

44. (p. 213) Which of the Hellenistic philosophical schools considered all human beings to be members of a single, universal family? A. Epicureans B. Skeptics C. Stoics D. Platonists E. Legalists

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

True / False Questions

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

45. (p. 202) The decisive naval battle in the Persian War was at Salamis. TRUE

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

46. (p. 200) Philip II was the leader under whose leadership Athens became the cultural forefront of the Greek world. FALSE

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

47. (p. 197) The definition of the term polis is city-state. TRUE

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

48. (p. 204) Alexander was the Macedonian leader who conquered Persia. TRUE

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

49. (p. 212) Aristotle is the thinker who suggested that philosophers should trust their senses to examine the world. TRUE

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

50. (p. 213) Hellenistic philosophers who identified pleasure as the highest good were Stoics. FALSE

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

51. (p. 199) Solon was an aristocrat who played a key role in the creation of democracy. TRUE

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

52. (p. 203) The Macedonian leader who defeated the Greeks by 338 B.C.E. was Philip II. TRUE

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

53. (p. 211) Socrates was the philosopher who discussed the world of Forms. FALSE

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

54. (p. 196) Knossos was the most notable of the lavish palaces of the Minoan civilization. TRUE

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

Essay Questions 55. Arrian proposed that Alexander the Great "had an uncanny instinct for the right course." What were Alexander's main goals? Was his ambition his greatest strength or most dangerous weakness? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

56. Socrates believed that "no evil can happen to a good man, either in life, or after death." How would Socrates define a good man? What were the foundations of his thought? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

57. Socrates suggested that, "The unexamined life is not worth living." How does this statement run throughout all Greek thought? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

58. Discuss the philosophical contributions of the ancient Greeks. How did thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and the later Hellenistic philosophers shape the world? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

59. Compare and contrast the ancient Athenians and Spartans. In what essential ways were they different? How did these differences affect their eventual fates? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society Topic: Greece and the Larger World

60. Examine the influence of the Egyptians, Phoenicians, and Minoans on the early Greeks. What Greek characteristics express these influences? In what ways were the Greeks different from these other societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

61. In what ways were the Mycenaeans similar to the later Athenians and Spartans of the classical age? What legacy did the Mycenaean period leave behind? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society Topic: Greek Economy and Society

62. What were the achievements and limitations of Greek democracy? In what ways could the experiences of the Greeks have influenced the early American thinkers in the formation of their republic? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society Topic: Greek Economy and Society

63. What were the major historical legacies of the Hellenistic age? In what ways was this period different from the earlier Hellenic age? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World Topic: Greek Economy and Society Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

64. Discuss the Greek Olympic Games. What can these games tell us about the nature of the Greeks? Answers will vary

Topic: Greek Economy and Society

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

65. What could the nature of Greek drama and comedy tell us about how the Greeks viewed themselves? What makes their drama and comedy unique? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

66. Discuss the nature of the Homeric epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. How influential were these works to the Greeks? In what ways do these works express the Greek worldview? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society Topic: Greek Economy and Society

67. Examine the social structure of the ancient Greeks. What role did women play in their society? Were there variations of the social structure among the different city-states? Answers will vary

Topic: Greek Economy and Society

68. Examine the relationship between the Greeks and the Persians. How influential were the Persian Wars on later Greek history? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

69. Examine Greek exploration and colonization. What do these actions say about the Greek economic, social, and intellectual worlds? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

70. Examine the career of Alexander of Macedon. What factors drove him onto the world stage? How did he influence history? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

71. Examine the most important city-states shown in Map 10.1, Classical Greece, 800-350 B.C.E. How did geography influence the political structure of ancient Greece? Why didn't the Greeks ever unify? What brought them together? What tore them apart? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

72. Look at the map of Greek colonies—Map 10.2, Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, 800-500 B.C.E. What role did Greek sailors and merchants play in cultural as well as economic expansion? How did sailing and adventure express the nature of the Greeks? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

73. Follow the path of Alexander's conquests using Map 10.3, Alexander's empire, ca. 323 B.C.E. How did his conquests create new cultures in the Hellenistic world? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

74. Discuss the cultural and architectural splendor of Athens as represented in the picture on page 203. Remember that some of these buildings were built with money from the Delian League. What might this fact say about Athenian arrogance? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society Topic: Greece and the Larger World

75. Examine the carving of Alexander on page 203. What virtues was the sculptor trying to portray? What traits made Alexander a good leader? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

76. Examine the ships in the illustration on page 201. Why would Greeks decorate their pottery with pictures of ships? Did ships represent a part of the Greek spirit? What role did sailing play in the Greek world? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

77. Examine the Lion Gate at Mycenae in the picture on page 197. What might the gate tell visitors about Mycenaean society? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

78. Look at the bust of Pericles on page 200. Why does a helmet symbolize the post of an Athenian leader? How does this reflect the problems of politics in a Greek city-state? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

79. Read the section in the text drawn from Arrian's description of Alexander the Great (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Arrian on the Character of Alexander of Macedon). According to Arrian, what were Alexander's greatest attributes? How does this view relate to the historical Alexander? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World

80. Compare and contrast the Minoan and the Mycenaean societies. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

81. What was Greece like during the period after the Trojan War, from about 1100 to 800 B.C.E.? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

82. What is a polis? How did having the polis as the central political institution of classical Greece shape the history of Greece during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society

83. Compare and contrast Sparta and Athens. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society Topic: Greek Economy and Society

84. How did the Persian and Peloponnesian wars influence the development of the Greek citystates? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Development of Greek Society Topic: Greece and the Larger World

Chapter 10 - Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

85. What was the legacy of the empire of Alexander? Answers will vary

Topic: Greece and the Larger World Topic: Greek Economy and Society Topic: The Cultural Life of Classical Greece

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 217) Paul's case was transferred to Rome because A. the empire was in such a deplorable state that Rome was the only court. B. all cases were heard in Rome. C. all cases dealing with Christianity were heard in Rome. D. as a Roman citizen Paul had the right to appeal his case to Rome, which he did. E. All these answers are correct.

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

2. (p. 218) According to legend, Rome was founded by A. Paul of Tarsus. B. Tarquin the Proud. C. Romulus. D. Cincinnatus. E. None of these answers is correct.

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

3. (p. 218) During the middle centuries of the first millennium B.C.E., Italy was dominated by the A. Greeks. B. Persians. C. Minoans. D. Etruscans. E. Assyrians.

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

4. (p. 219) In the early stages of the Roman republic the patricians elected two A. kings. B. consuls. C. tribunes. D. archons. E. senators.

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

5. (p. 219) Which group, in an effort to alleviate social tensions, was allowed to elect two and then later ten tribunes? A. plebeians B. slaves C. patricians D. consuls E. dictators

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

6. (p. 220) During times of crisis the Romans would appoint an official with absolute power known as a(n) A. consul. B. tribune. C. archon. D. emperor. E. dictator.

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

7. (p. 220) The Roman policy toward conquered peoples was A. centered around the policy of forced conversion to the Roman religion. B. generous, with the potential for citizenship. C. cruel and despotic. D. successful because citizenship was granted to all from the very beginning of expansion. E. based on immediately turning conquered peoples into slaves.

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

8. (p. 220) In the early period of Roman expansion, the principle power in the western Mediterranean was the A. Greeks. B. Etruscans. C. Persians. D. Gauls. E. Carthaginians.

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

9. (p. 221) During the Punic Wars, the Romans first fought the Carthaginians over the most important source of grain in the western Mediterranean. Where was it? A. Britain B. Greece C. Egypt D. Sicily E. Carthage

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

10. (p. 221) Rome's monumental struggle with the Carthaginians was known as the A. Phoenician Wars. B. Gracchi Wars. C. Persian Wars. D. Punic Wars. E. Sicilian Wars.

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

11. (p. 221) The turning point in Roman history was their struggle, in the Punic Wars, with the A. Phoenicians. B. Carthaginians. C. Persians. D. Greeks. E. Sasanids.

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

12. (p. 221) During Roman expansion throughout the Mediterranean region, the Romans engaged in conflict with all EXCEPT which of the following? A. the Carthaginians B. the Antigonids C. the Seleucids D. the Harappans E. pirates and ambitious local lords

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

13. (p. 221-222) Latifundia were A. enormous plantations worked by slaves. B. the emperor's elite guard. C. the priestly class devoted to the worship of Mithras. D. the wealthy classes of ancient Rome. E. short lyric poems focused on erotic love.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

14. (p. 222) The tribune whose call for land reform led to his assassination in 132 B.C.E. was A. Julius Caesar. B. Lucius Cornelius Sulla. C. Tiberius Gracchus. D. Gaius Marius. E. Cincinnatus.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

15. (p. 222) Gaius Marius A. created an army of common men who were loyal only to him and marched on Rome. B. had the support of the patrician class. C. posted a list of enemies who were to be killed on sight. D. was the chief Roman proponent of Stoicism. E. was the greatest writer in Rome before the time of Virgil.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

16. (p. 222) The leader who, supported by the Roman aristocrats, led a slaughter of more than ten thousand of his political enemies was A. Gaius Marius. B. Lucius Cornelius Sulla. C. Julius Caesar. D. Gaius Gracchus. E. Augustus Caesar.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

17. (p. 222) In regard to political philosophy, Julius Caesar A. was a staunch supporter of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. B. followed the example of his uncle Augustus. C. favored liberal policies and social reform. D. had stridently demanded the abolition of the republic. E. proposed the establishment of a theocracy.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

18. (p. 223) After naming himself dictator in 46 B.C.E., Julius Caesar did all of the following EXCEPT A. launch large-scale building projects in Rome. B. give land to the conservatives to win their favor. C. extend Roman citizenship to peoples in the imperial provinces. D. appoint some Gauls to the Roman senate. E. seize land from the conservatives and distribute it to his army veterans.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

19. (p. 223) Octavian was able to restore order to the Roman world with his victory in 31 B.C.E. at A. Rome. B. Marathon. C. Actium. D. Athens. E. Carthage.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

20. (p. 223) Augustus was able to reunify the empire after defeating his main rivals, who were A. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. B. Mark Antony and Cleopatra. C. Marius and Sulla. D. Pompey and Crassus. E. the Seleucids and Sasanids.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

21. (p. 223) The last of the Ptolemaic rulers was A. Cleopatra. B. Julius Caesar. C. Mark Antony. D. Lucius Cornelius Sulla. E. Darius III.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

22. (p. 223) The government established by Augustus Caesar A. was a monarchy disguised as a republic. B. was a dictatorship similar to the one imposed by Julius Caesar. C. carried on the classical republic structure that the Romans had followed for centuries. D. quickly dissolved into anarchy. E. was copied from the successful Persian model.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

23. (p. 224) The Roman conquest of Gaul, Germany, Britain, and Spain A. led to unprecedented economic devastation. B. led to profound social problems caused by massive Roman slavery. C. reduced these states to nothing more than agrarian villages. D. sparked the immediate destruction of major anti-Roman kingdoms. E. stimulated the development of the local economies and states.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

24. (p. 224) The period known as the pax romana was started by A. the Gracchi brothers. B. Julius Caesar. C. Lucius Cornelius Sulla. D. Augustus Caesar. E. Mark Antony.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

25. (p. 224) The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as the A. Punic Wars. B. pax romana. C. mare nostrum. D. carpe diem. E. Augustan reform.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

26. (p. 226) The most important early Roman historian for the empire was A. Tacitus. B. Herodotus. C. Arrian. D. Suetonius. E. Gaius Gracchus.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

27. (p. 225) The Romans had a long tradition of written law, stretching back to 449 B.C.E. and the creation of the A. Ten Commandments. B. Twelve Tables. C. Etruscan Code. D. Patrician Standards. E. Solonic Reforms.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

28. (p. 225) All of the following were foundations of Roman law EXCEPT A. the principle that defendants were innocent until proven guilty. B. the notion that defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court of law. C. the idea that patricians were exempt from accusation under the law. D. the ability of judges to set aside laws that were inequitable. E. a tradition of written law.

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

29. (p. 227) Periplus maris erythraei is A. the Roman cavalry. B. the fundamental principle of Roman law. C. the prolonged period of peace and stability beginning with the reign of Augustus. D. a description of Red Sea, African, and Indian ports. E. the Roman senate.

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

30. (p. 229) The term paterfamilias refers to the A. eldest male of the Roman family, who had the ultimate authority over the family. B. prolonged period of peace and stability beginning with the reign of Augustus. C. concept of Jesus of Nazareth's relationship to his god. D. position of Jupiter as the king of the Roman gods. E. central role of the Roman emperor in running the state.

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

31. (p. 230) By the second century C.E., how much of the total population of the Roman empire was represented by slaves? A. one-hundredth B. one-twentieth C. one-tenth D. one-third E. two-thirds

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

32. (p. 230) In 73 B.C.E., Spartacus A. assassinated Gaius Gracchus. B. raised an army of seventy thousand rebellious slaves. C. fought a bloody civil war with Lucius Cornelius Sulla. D. seized control of Rome under the title "dictator" in an effort to restore order. E. introduced the first Christian heresy.

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

33. (p. 232) Vesta was the Roman goddess of A. the moon. B. fertility. C. the hearth. D. erotic love. E. the night.

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

34. (p. 231-232) The Roman thinker Marcus Tullius Cicero is most associated with what Hellenistic school of thought? A. Epicureanism B. Skepticism C. Stoicism D. Legalism E. Platonism

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

35. (p. 232) The most prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome was A. Stoicism. B. Epicureanism. C. Legalism. D. Mithraism. E. neo-Platonism.

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

36. (p. 232) Mithras was A. a Zoroastrian sun god whose cult was popular in Rome. B. the leader of the Essenes. C. a Roman slave who led a dangerous slave revolt in the first century B.C.E. D. the leading Roman Stoic philosopher. E. the wife of Augustus Caesar, and an influential religious thinker in her own right.

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

37. (p. 232-233) Which of the following religions was NOT popular during the Roman empire? A. Christianity B. Mithraism C. Islam D. Judaism E. the cult of Isis

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

38. (p. 233) From 66 to 70 C.E., the Romans fought a bloody war with the A. Jews. B. Carthaginians. C. Greeks. D. Antigonids. E. Christians.

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

39. (p. 233) The Essenes were A. the aristocratic class of Rome. B. the political officials chosen by the plebeians. C. a Jewish sect that looked for the appearance of a savior. D. Rome's main rival in the Punic Wars. E. the followers of the cult of Isis.

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

40. (p. 233) Jesus of Nazareth's followers called him "Christ," which meant A. "the son of god." B. "the anointed one." C. "the redeemer." D. "the son of man." E. "the king."

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

41. (p. 233) The phrase "the kingdom of God is at hand" is associated with A. Jesus of Nazareth. B. Paul of Tarsus. C. Cicero. D. St. Augustine. E. St. Anthony.

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

42. (p. 234) The leading figure in the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism was A. Jesus of Nazareth. B. Mithras. C. Marcus Tullius Cicero. D. Paul of Tarsus. E. St. Augustine.

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

True / False Questions 43. (p. 219) The tribunes were the wealthy classes in early Rome. FALSE

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

44. (p. 222) Tribune Tiberius Gracchus called for land reform. This led to his assassination. TRUE

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

45. (p. 219) The Etruscans were a northern Italian tribe that heavily influenced Rome in its early history. TRUE

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

46. (p. 231) Epictetus was a slave who became a leading Roman Stoic philosopher. TRUE

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

47. (p. 233) The Essenes were a Jewish sect that looked for the appearance of a savior. TRUE

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

48. (p. 219) The common people in early Rome were called patricians. FALSE

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

49. (p. 224) Julius Caesar was the leader who reunified the Roman world and began the pax romana. FALSE

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

50. (p. 222) Gaius Marius was a Roman general who created a common army loyal only to him. TRUE

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

51. (p. 234) Paul of Tarsus was the leading figure in the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism. TRUE

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

52. (p. 220) Rome's rival in the Punic Wars was Carthage. TRUE

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

Essay Questions 53. The reign of Augustus Caesar is usually seen as the beginning of a glorious age. The historian Tacitus, however, noticed many problems, including the fact that the "legal system . . . was wholly incapacitated by violence, favoritism, and—most of all—bribery." Which of these views is correct? What were the achievements and shortcomings of Augustus's reign? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

54. Jesus said, "Ye have heard that it hath been said, ‘An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.' But I say unto you that ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also." To what legal tradition was Jesus referring? Why would this simple philosophy make so many people angry? What were the foundations of his thought? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

55. Examine the role that family played in ancient Rome. What role did women play inside and outside the home? Did women have more or less freedom in Rome than in other societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

56. Examine the reign of Augustus Caesar. What steps did he take to restore order and implement the pax romana? What were the long-term effects of his influence? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

57. Examine the intellectual world of the Romans. How did the Greeks influence the Romans? In what ways were they different? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

58. Why did the Romans create such a huge and long lasting empire, when the Greeks were never able to unify? Did character play a role? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

59. Compare and contrast the Roman and Chinese empires. What made these states so powerful and influential for such a long period of time? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

60. How did trade shape the Roman world? How did trade work to bring the Roman world together? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

61. Compare the status of women in Rome to their status in the rest of the ancient world. How was the role of women different in Rome than in the Greek city-states? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

62. Compare the Punic Wars to the Persian War. In what ways were both events pivotal? What might have happened if the wars had turned out differently? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

63. What were the main achievements and limitations of the Roman republic and Roman empire? What were the key turning points in Roman history? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

64. Examine the constantly changing religious world of the Romans. Explain the Roman role in the rise of Christianity. Answers will vary

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

65. Discuss the Roman concept of citizenship. Relate it to the success of Roman expansion. How does citizenship relate to the ideals of Roman character? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

66. Examine the social history of ancient Rome. What do the experiences of the Gracchi brothers, as well as that of Marius and Sulla, say about the social tensions in Rome? What caused these problems? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

67. Discuss the reign of Julius Caesar. How did he transform the Roman state? How great was his influence on the later Roman empire? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

68. Discuss the concept of pax romana. What were the outstanding characteristics of this period? How were the Romans able to unify this region and hold it together for such a long period of time? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

69. Examine Map 11.1, Expansion of the Roman republic to 146 C.E. What role did the Punic Wars play in that expansion? What strains could such a rapid expansion have placed on the republic? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

70. Examine Map 11.2, The Roman empire, ca. 117 C.E. Compare the size and diversity of this empire to other empires covered earlier in the class. Why did roads and trade play such a key role in Roman success? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

71. Examine the illustration of the paved road on page 227. What can this picture tell us about Roman building skills? What can the picture tell us about the tremendous needs of the growing Roman cities? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

72. Examine the picture of Augustus Caesar on page 223. What image was the sculptor trying to convey of the emperor? Did that image coincide with Augustus's accomplishments? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

73. Examine the picture of the mithraeum on page 232. What can its location, under the church of San Clemente, tell you about the changing religious world of the Romans? Does this picture have any symbolic meaning? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

74. Look at the picture of the Roman forum on page 220. What do the ruins tell us about public life in Roman times? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

75. Look at the selection drawn from Tacitus (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Tacitus on Corruption in the Early Roman Empire). According to Tacitus, what were the problems facing Rome during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

76. Examine the moral and ethical teachings of Jesus of Nazareth (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Jesus' Moral and Ethical Teachings). Compare his religious thought to other thinkers we have studied in the class. Answers will vary

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

77. What contributions did the Etruscans and the early Roman monarchy make to the Roman republic? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

78. How did the republican constitution affect conflict between the patricians and the plebeians? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic

79. What was the significance of the Punic Wars to the later development of Rome? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

80. In general, how did the Romans deal with the people and lands that they conquered? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean Topic: From Roman Kingdom to Republic Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

81. What inherent weaknesses in the political and economic institutions of Rome did the Gracchi brothers' conflicts highlight? Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

82. Describe the transition from republic to empire in the 1st century B.C.E. Answers will vary

Topic: From Roman Republic to Empire

83. How did the Romans promote trade throughout the empire? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

84. What was the status of women during the empire? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in the Roman Mediterranean

Chapter 11 - Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

85. How did Jesus' message threaten the Roman administration? What was the response? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

Chapter 12 Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 239) Zhang Qian was A. an ambassador sent out by Han Wudi. B. the last emperor of the Han dynasty. C. the leader of the powerful Xiongnu tribe. D. the greatest Han philosopher. E. an influential Han historian.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

2. (p. 239) Zhang Qian's mission was to line up allies for Han China against the A. Romans. B. Persians. C. Mauryas. D. Koreans. E. Xiongnu.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

3. (p. 239) The information that Zhang Qian brought back encouraged Han Wudi to destroy the Xiongnu and lay the foundations for the A. pax romana. B. Sui dynasty. C. silk roads. D. Royal Road. E. Han dynasty.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

4. (p. 240-241) The most important port on the Red Sea, constructed by the Ptolemies, was A. Alexandria. B. Meroë. C. Berenice. D. Thebes. E. Tyre.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

5. (p. 242) The easternmost point of the main silk road was the Han capital of A. Beijing. B. Kashgar. C. Erlitou. D. Dunhuang. E. Chang'an.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

6. (p. 241) A key element in establishing trade across the Indian Ocean was the A. defeat of the Xiongnu. B. defeat of the Indian pirates who controlled the region. C. signing of an alliance with the leading Sri Lankan prince. D. mastering of the monsoon system. E. discovery of "Greek fire."

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

7. (p. 241) The trading port of Rhapta was located A. in southern China. B. in the eastern Mediterranean. C. on the west African coast. D. in the Black Sea. E. on the east African coast.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

8. (p. 242) Which of the following deserts was one of the most dangerous parts of the silk roads? Its name has been interpreted as "he who enters does not come back out." A. Sahara B. Gobi C. Gedrosian D. Taklamakan E. Bactrian

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

9. (p. 243) In the west, the principle silk roads route terminated in the Turkish port of A. Persepolis. B. Antioch. C. Constantinople. D. Alexandria. E. Bakhara.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

10. (p. 242-243) The land route of the main silk road ran from the Han capital of ________ to the Mediterranean port of ________. A. Chang'an; Rome B. Beijing; Tyre C. Nanjing; Alexandria D. Chang'an; Antioch E. Dunhuang; Antioch

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

11. (p. 243) In the ancient world, the main producer of silk was A. Japan. B. Ceylon. C. China. D. India. E. Vietnam.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

12. (p. 246) Buddhism was spread to China by A. Indian holy men. B. the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. C. foreign merchants. D. the Koreans. E. the Buddha.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

13. (p. 246) The fact that by the first century C.E. southeast Asian kings called themselves rajas shows how they were influenced by the A. Indians. B. Chinese. C. Persians. D. Romans. E. Japanese.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

14. (p. 246) The expanding influence of India was shown by the fact that southeast Asian kings called themselves A. rajas. B. tsars. C. sultans. D. archons. E. brahmins.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

15. (p. 246) Christianity was carried to Anatolia during the third century C.E. by A. Paul of Tarsus. B. Jesus. C. St. Augustine. D. St. Peter. E. Gregory the Wonderworker.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

16. (p. 247) The Nestorians were A. Persian merchants who played a central role in trade along the silk roads. B. a Christian community that emphasized the human nature of Jesus. C. monks who helped bring Buddhism to China. D. evangelical preachers who stressed the divine nature of Jesus. E. Indian tea merchants who helped spread Hinduism to southeast Asia.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

17. (p. 248) The prophet who promoted a syncretic blend of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements into a religious faith that would serve the needs of a cosmopolitan world was A. Gregory the Wonderworker. B. Paul of Tarsus. C. Mani. D. Nestorius. E. Ashoka.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

18. (p. 248) Devout Manichaeans, who abstained from marriage and sexual relations and who devoted their lives to prayer and fasting, were called the A. "hearers." B. "chosen." C. "Mani." D. "elect." E. "pure."

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

19. (p. 248) The "hearers" were A. Manichaeans who led a normal life but who followed a strict moral code. B. the slaves of the "elect." C. devout Manichaeans who abstained from marriage and personal comforts. D. the first disciples of the Buddha who carried Buddhism into China. E. Christian missionaries who brought their faith to central Asia.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

20. (p. 248) The prophet Mani died in chains as a prisoner of the Sasanid emperor, under the urging of the A. Jews. B. Christians. C. Zoroastrians. D. Buddhists. E. Muslims.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

21. (p. 249) In 180 C.E., smallpox claimed the life of the Roman emperor A. Augustus Caesar. B. Constantine. C. Romulus Augustulus. D. Marcus Aurelius. E. Tiberius.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

22. (p. 249) By around the year 600 C.E., the ravages of epidemic disease had caused both the Mediterranean and Chinese populations to fall by A. at most five percent. B. around a tenth. C. at least a quarter. D. over half. E. over four-fifths.

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

23. (p. 250) Who among the following recorded the suffering of Christians caused by epidemic diseases in his On Mortality? A. Aristotle B. St. Augustine C. Constantine D. Mani E. St. Cyprian

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

24. (p. 251) In the year 184 C.E., peasant discontent in China led to an uprising known as the A. Wang Mang revolt. B. Yellow Turban rebellion. C. White Lotus rebellion. D. period of the six dynasties. E. Taiping rebellion.

Topic: China after the Han Dynasty

25. (p. 252) With the collapse of political order after the fall of the Han empire, A. Confucianism became much more popular. B. Christianity became one of the most important religions in China. C. Daoism and Buddhism became much more popular. D. Hindu thought began to have a profoundly important influence in China. E. religions of every variety were persecuted and suppressed.

Topic: China after the Han Dynasty

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

26. (p. 252) The term sinicization refers to the A. rise of a religion combining Christian, Zoroastrian, and Buddhist ideals. B. influence of Platonic thought on early Christianity. C. ravages of disease. D. spread of Chinese culture. E. belief that disease was caused by excessive human sinning.

Topic: China after the Han Dynasty

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

27. (p. 253) The "barracks emperors" were the A. powerful military leaders who built the Roman empire. B. twenty-six Roman emperors between 235 and 284 C.E. C. last Han rulers who fought to hold the empire together. D. nomadic tribes who dominated the silk roads. E. Xiongnu rulers who toppled the Han dynasty.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

28. (p. 253) The Roman empire was divided into two parts by A. Diocletian. B. Constantine. C. Theodosius. D. Attila. E. Augustus.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

29. (p. 253) The tetrarchs were A. the four officials who ruled the Roman empire under Diocletian's plan. B. Manichaean priests. C. early Christian hermits who influenced the rise of monasticism. D. regional rulers who dominated trade along the silk roads. E. Christian missionaries who lost their lives spreading the faith in central Asia.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

30. (p. 255-256) Which of the following was NOT accomplished by Constantine? A. the building of a new capital city for the empire B. the establishment of the tetrarchs system C. the reunification of the empire D. the allowance of Christians to practice their own religion E. the promulgation of the Edict of Milan

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

31. (p. 254) After 330 C.E., the capital of the Roman world became A. Rome. B. Antioch. C. Alexandria. D. Constantinople. E. Milan.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

32. (p. 255) Chaos threatened the Roman empire in the mid-fifth century C.E., when Germanic tribes poured into the empire for protection from A. Alaric. B. Attila. C. Odovacer. D. Theodosius. E. Tamerlane.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

33. (p. 256) In 410 C.E., Rome was sacked by the A. Huns. B. Visigoths. C. Carthaginians. D. Vandals. E. Ostrogoths.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

34. (p. 256) The leader of the Visigoths who sacked Rome in 410 C.E. was A. Attila. B. Odovacer. C. Romulus Augustulus. D. Chinggis Khan. E. Alaric.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

35. (p. 256) In 476 C.E., the Germanic leader Odovacer brought an end to the western half of the Roman empire when he overthrew A. Theodosius. B. Constantine. C. Romulus Augustulus. D. Diocletian. E. Justinian.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

36. (p. 256) In 476 C.E., the western part of the Roman empire finally fell to A. Attila. B. Theodosius. C. Odovacer. D. Chinggis Khan. E. Miltiades.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

37. (p. 256) After the collapse of the western half of the Roman empire, imperial authority survived for another thousand years in the A. Sasanid empire. B. Ptolemaic empire. C. Byzantine empire. D. Holy Roman Empire. E. Carolingian empire.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

38. (p. 256) Christians were allowed to openly practice their religion when the emperor Constantine issued the Edict of A. Rome. B. Milan. C. Constantinople. D. Antioch. E. Jerusalem.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

39. (p. 256) In the late fourth century, Christianity was proclaimed the official religion of the Roman empire by Emperor A. Constantine. B. Marcus Aurelius. C. Theodosius. D. Tiberius. E. Severus.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

40. (p. 256) Christian thought was linked to Platonic philosophy through the work of A. St. Augustine. B. Paul of Tarsus. C. St. Peter. D. Theodosius. E. St. Anthony.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

41. (p. 256-257) St. Augustine made Christian thought more appealing to the educated classes by harmonizing it with A. Greek and Roman philosophical traditions. B. Jewish thought. C. Byzantine philosophy. D. Manichaean syncretism. E. Confucian thought.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

42. (p. 257) In the structure of the early Christian church, who presided over the dioceses? A. bishops B. priests C. archbishops D. patriarchs E. cardinals

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

43. (p. 257-258) The Council of Nicaea and the Council of Chalcedon A. established the boundary line between the eastern and western Roman empires. B. accepted the Nestorian view of the solely divine nature of Jesus. C. settled a bloody civil war and reunited Rome. D. decided that Jesus possessed both human and divine natures. E. adopted certain features of the Manichaean faith.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

44. (p. 257-258) That Jesus possessed both human and divine natures was a decision made in part by the Council of A. Milan. B. Nicaea. C. Constantinople. D. Rome. E. Jerusalem.

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

True / False Questions 45. (p. 247) Nestorians were Christian thinkers who stressed the human nature of Jesus. TRUE

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

46. (p. 256) Constantine was the Roman emperor who proclaimed Christianity the official religion of the empire. FALSE

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

47. (p. 255) Attila, the leader of the Huns, caused chaos in the Roman empire with his invasion of eastern Europe. TRUE

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

48. (p. 248) The religion that attempted to incorporate Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements was known as Manichaeism. TRUE

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

49. (p. 256) Odoacer was the Visigoth leader who sacked Rome in 410 C.E. FALSE

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

50. (p. 253) Diocletian divided the Roman empire in half. TRUE

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

51. (p. 257-258) Nicaea was one of the early church councils that decided that Jesus possessed both human and divine natures. TRUE

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

52. (p. 254) Constantine built a new capital for the Roman empire in the east. TRUE

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

53. (p. 256) St. Augustine tried to harmonize Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophical traditions. TRUE

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

54. (p. 239) The Chinese emissary whose journeys helped to establish the silk roads was Zhang Qian. TRUE

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

Essay Questions 55. St. Cyprian proposed that, "It requires enormous greatness of heart to struggle with resolute mind against so many onslaughts of destruction and death." What calamity was Cyprian talking about? In what ways were the spread of diseases and the spread of Christianity linked? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

56. Examine the collapse of the Han dynasty. What factors help explain this phenomenon? How influential were the Han on Chinese history? Answers will vary

Topic: China after the Han Dynasty

57. Examine the rise and spread of Manichaeism. Who was Mani, and what was his basic philosophy? How influential was this religion? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

58. Examine the collapse of the Roman empire. What factors explain this event? What would be the legacy of the Roman empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

59. Examine the structure of the early Christian church. What challenges did the church face? Relate the rise of the church to Roman history. Answers will vary

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

60. You are a Chinese merchant in the city of Chang'an. How would you get products to the profitable Roman market? What might you bring back? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

61. How was the religion of Manichaeism representative of the increasingly cosmopolitan world in which it developed? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

62. What were the major achievements of the Roman empire? How influential were the Romans on later history? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network Topic: The Late Roman Empire

63. Compare and contrast the decline and collapse of the Han and Roman empires. Are there common problems that always help to explain the collapse of powerful empires? Use examples from earlier empires to back up your arguments. Answers will vary

Topic: China after the Han Dynasty Topic: The Late Roman Empire

64. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of trade? How did trade along the silk roads influence the societies that engaged in trade? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

65. Compare and contrast the spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity. What were the social and cultural implications of this movement of different faiths? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

66. What role did nomadic tribes play in the decline of the Roman empire? Examine the role of Attila the Hun in detail. Answers will vary

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

67. Examine the establishment of the silk roads. How did increased trade along these routes influence the participating societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

68. Examine the spread of Christianity. How was it helped along by the established trade routes? How did it evolve in the later Roman period? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads Topic: The Late Roman Empire

69. Discuss the spread of epidemic diseases along the trade routes. Examine the consequences of these diseases in the Han and Roman empires. Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

70. Examine Map 12.1, The silk roads, 200 B.C.E.-300 C.E. Follow the trade routes and discuss what items would be traded from country to country. How did trade along these routes foster relationships between societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

71. Examine Map 12.2, which details the spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity. Now compare this map to Map 12.1. How was the spread of these religions tied to the trade routes? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

72. Examine Map 12.4, Germanic invasions and the fall of the western Roman empire, 450476 C.E. How does the map illustrate the cause of the western collapse? What factors, both political and economic (see Map 12.1), might help to explain why the eastern half of the empire survived much longer? Answers will vary

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

73. Examine the illustration of the statue of the Buddha on page 246. What can this statue tell you about the mixture of religious and cultural themes that came about because of trade? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

74. Examine the picture of the sculpture of the four tetrarchs on page 253. What does this sculpture tell you about the fragmentation of the Roman empire? Now compare it to the illustration of the colossal statue of Constantine on page 256. How do the two statues illustrate the different roles played by Constantine and the tetrarchs? Answers will vary

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

75. Look at the picture of St. Augustine on page 257. How does the picture reflect St. Augustine's role in transforming Christianity into a religion acceptable to the educated classes? Answers will vary

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

76. Look at the picture of soldiers in northern India on page 241. How does the carving represent contacts between India and other states? What influence did the Persians and other visitors have on India? How did India influence the outside world? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

77. Read the section from St. Cyprian (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: St. Cyprian on Epidemic Disease in the Roman Empire). How was this event representative of the spread of epidemic disease that was crippling both the Roman and Han empires? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

78. Referring to the selection in the text (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: St. Cyprian on Epidemic Disease in the Roman Empire), how would St. Cyprian have explained the horrors being suffered by Christians? Were the just and unjust really receiving the same punishment? What was the Roman response to the spread of disease? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

79. What developments in the classical era helped reduce the risks inherent in long-distance trade? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

80. How did the trade networks of the Hellenistic era help set the stage for the silk roads? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

81. In general, what goods from what regions were traded along the silk roads? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

82. How did Buddhism become the most popular faith in all of east Asia? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

83. How did the silk roads facilitate the spread of Hinduism and Christianity? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

84. Why is the rise of Manichaeism such a good example of the relationship between longdistance trade and the spread of religion? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

85. What were the long-term effects of the spread of disease along the silk roads? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural and Biological Exchanges along the Silk Roads

86. How did China's culture change after the decline of the Han dynasty? Answers will vary

Topic: China after the Han Dynasty

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

87. What were some of the main causes of the decay and fall of the western Roman empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 12 - Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era

88. How did Europe's culture change during the late Roman empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Late Roman Empire

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

Chapter 13 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 265) The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang was famous for A. traveling to Constantinople as an envoy of the Sui emperors. B. his conversion to Nestorian Christianity. C. traveling to India to collect Buddhist texts. D. starting a new sect of Buddhism called Chan. E. his merging of Buddhist and Confucian thought.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

2. (p. 266) The Sui dynasty was founded by A. Yang Jian. B. Qin Shihuangdi. C. Tang Taizong. D. Song Taizu. E. Xuanzang.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

3. (p. 266-267) The greatest advance of Sui Yangdi, the second Sui emperor, was A. a series of reforms that allowed the Sui to survive for another three hundred years. B. the construction of the Grand Canal. C. his conversion to Buddhism. D. his conquest of Vietnam. E. his formation of a lasting trading network with the Byzantines.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

4. (p. 267) The Sui construction of which of these items would have important economic implications until the twentieth century? A. Grand Canal B. Great Wall C. first printing press D. modern banking industry E. Royal Road

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

5. (p. 266) The Grand Canal stretched from what city in the south to what city in the west? A. Beijing to Nanjing B. Chang'an to Nanjing C. Hangzhou to Chang'an D. Nanjing to Chang'an E. Annam to Dunhuang

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

6. (p. 267) The success of the Tang dynasty was due to its energetic second ruler. Who was he? A. Yang Jian B. Song Taizu C. Qin Shihuangdi D. Confucius E. Tang Taizong

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

7. (p. 268) The Tang plan to avoid the concentration of land in the hands of the wealthy was called the A. Hangzhou system. B. Tang Taizong system. C. kowtow system. D. equal-field system. E. new economic plan.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

8. (p. 268) During the Tang dynasty, the imperial civil service examinations A. declined dramatically in importance. B. were used extensively, filling posts with officials of genuine intellectual ability. C. were halted and not restarted until the Ming dynasty. D. were restricted to the wealthier families. E. were monopolized by the foreign Manchus and used for their advantage.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

9. (p. 268-269) During the Tang dynasty, A. powerful neighbors kept the Chinese from expanding. B. most of far western China fell to barbarian tribes. C. Japan was brought under complete Chinese control. D. Chinese armies pushed into Korea, Manchuria, Tibet, and northern Vietnam. E. Japanese forces captured northern China.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

10. (p. 269) The kowtow was A. the "south-pointing needle." B. the most popular school of Buddhism in China. C. a ritual prostration. D. the word that neo-Confucian scholars used when discussing physical matter. E. a fast Chinese ship that played a key role in expanding trade.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

11. (p. 269) In 757, the Tang emperors were forced to invite the Turkish Uighurs to bring an army into China and suppress a rebellion by A. Zhu Xi. B. An Lushan. C. Song Taizu. D. Huang Chao. E. Murasaki Shibuku.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

12. (p. 270) The founder of the Song dynasty was A. Song Wudi. B. Huang Chao. C. Song Taizu. D. Tang Taizong. E. Sei Shonagon.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

13. (p. 271) The Song dynasty was substantially weakened by Song Taizu's decision to A. invade India. B. allow scholar-bureaucrats to lead the army. C. dismantle the Chinese bureaucracy. D. give his generals almost unlimited authority. E. turn control of the state over to his brilliant Korean bureaucrats.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

14. (p. 271) In 1279, the Song dynasty finally fell to the A. Mongols. B. Manchus. C. Khitan. D. Uighurs. E. Japanese.

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

15. (p. 271-272) The most important new crop introduced into China during the Tang and Song periods was A. cotton. B. fast-ripening rice. C. indigo. D. oranges. E. barley.

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

16. (p. 273) Foot binding is a powerful example of the A. technological brilliance of the Song dynasty. B. influence of Buddhist customs as the religion became popular in China. C. increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society. D. influence of Japanese traditions on the Chinese. E. increasing freedom of Chinese women during the Song dynasty.

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

17. (p. 274) Song military difficulties stemmed partly from the fact that nomadic peoples quickly learned Chinese techniques for fashioning A. steel weapons. B. iron weapons. C. leather saddles. D. gunpowder cannons. E. steel lances.

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

18. (p. 275) What alleviated the shortage of copper coins during the Song and Tang periods? A. sakks B. letters of credit C. letters of transit D. checks E. bluebirds

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

19. (p. 276) In 1024, A. the Song emperors outlawed the printing of paper money, by anyone. B. the Song emperors transferred the printing of paper money from government to private control. C. the Chinese economy collapsed because of inflation caused by the printing of paper money. D. the Tang emperors established the first modern banking industry. E. the first paper money, printed under government auspices, appeared.

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

20. (p. 279) Dunhuang in western China A. was the capital of the Tang dynasty. B. contained an early Buddhist community. C. served as the capital of the early Song dynasty. D. was the first area that fell to the advancing Mongols. E. was the Christian center of China.

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

21. (p. 280) In an effort to win support in China by tying into Chinese traditions, Buddhist missionaries translated the Indian term dharma as A. wuwei. B. sui. C. dao. D. nalanda. E. tang.

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

22. (p. 280) One of the more popular schools of Buddhism in China was A. Xuanzang Buddhism. B. Tang Buddhism. C. Hinayana Buddhism. D. Theravada Buddhism. E. Chan Buddhism.

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

23. (p. 280) Japanese Zen Buddhism is known in China as A. Chan Buddhism. B. Pure Land Buddhism. C. Kusha Buddhism. D. Mani Buddhism. E. a combination of Christian and Buddhist philosophies.

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

24. (p. 280) In the 840s, Tang emperors A. made Buddhism the favored religion of the central court. B. officially favored the Manichaeans instead of the Buddhists. C. converted to Buddhism but didn't force the spread of the religion. D. ordered the closure of monasteries and the expulsion of Buddhists. E. converted to Islam.

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

25. (p. 282) The Silla dynasty in Korea copied China in many ways, but never A. adopted Confucian thought. B. converted to Buddhism. C. formed a tributary relationship with China. D. established a Confucian examination system. E. established a bureaucracy based on merit.

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

26. (p. 282) In the seventh century C.E., the Tang dynasty agreed to a political compromise with the Korean ________ dynasty. A. Silla B. Kamakura C. Sui D. Nara E. Song

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

27. (p. 283) In regard to their relationship with China, the Viet people A. revolted against the Tang and won their independence. B. were not influenced by Chinese thought. C. gladly accepted the tributary status in order to gain access to Chinese markets. D. copied Confucianism but never converted to Buddhism. E. ruled China for over two centuries.

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

28. (p. 283) In relation to Chinese traditions and influences, Vietnamese women A. were forced to accept foot binding. B. played a more prominent role in society and the economy. C. had far fewer rights than Chinese women. D. were excluded from the local marketplaces. E. wrote many more books than their Chinese counterparts did.

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

29. (p. 284) The native religion of Japan is A. Hinduism. B. Buddhism. C. Shinto. D. Daoism. E. Manichaeism.

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

30. (p. 284) Chinese influence on Japan was most profound during the A. Kamakura shogunate. B. Heian period. C. Nara period. D. Muromachi shogunate. E. Tang shogunate.

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

31. (p. 284) The Japanese city of Nara was a copy of the Tang capital of A. Beijing. B. Chang'an. C. Hangzhou. D. Nanjing. E. Dunhuang.

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

32. (p. 285) In 1185 the Minamoto clan defeated their rival the Taira clan and A. restored power in the hands of the emperor. B. established the Muromachi shogunate. C. moved the capital to Monamoto. D. installed their clan leader as shogun. E. Japan fell under Korean control.

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

33. (p. 286) Which of the following refers to a mounted warrior? A. shogun B. samurai C. Shinto D. Heian E. Nara

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

34. (p. 284) The cultural development of Heian Japan primarily reflects A. Vietnam. B. Korea. C. India. D. China. E. Arabia.

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

35. (p. 285) What was the title of the military governor who ruled in place of the Japanese emperor? A. shogun B. samurai C. kamakazi D. Shinto E. Heian

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

True / False Questions

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

36. (p. 266) Built during the Sui dynasty, the Grand Canal facilitated trade between northern and southern China. TRUE

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

37. (p. 267) The Tang rulers organized China into a powerful and productive society during their three-hundred-year rule. TRUE

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

38. (p. 268) The Tang rulers maintained an extensive communication network but were unable to solve the problem of communication over long distances. FALSE

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

39. (p. 268) During the Tang dynasty, most of those who served as government officials had powerful relatives who placed them in positions of authority. FALSE

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

40. (p. 270) After the collapse of the Tang, warlords ruled in China until the Song dynasty reimposed imperial rule. TRUE

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

41. (p. 271) One of the major problems of the Song dynasty was the vast sums of money the bureaucracy spent, and the taxes levied to ease financial pressures. TRUE

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

42. (p. 272) During the Tang dynasty, the capital of Chang'an was the world's most populous city. TRUE

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

43. (p. 273) Along with wealth and productivity, Tang and Song China experienced a loosening of patriarchal social structures. FALSE

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

44. (p. 274) Tang and Song products gained such a reputation that fine porcelain has come to be known generally as chinaware. TRUE

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

45. (p. 276) The first paper money printed under government auspices appeared in 1024 in Sichuan province. TRUE

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

Essay Questions

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

46. Compare and contrast the Tang and Song bureaucratic brilliance to other societies studied so far. Why was the Chinese system stable for so long? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

47. How is the rise of neo-Confucianism related to the increasing popularity of Buddhism? Can you think of other examples from the course where one philosophy developed in opposition to another? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

48. Discuss the role of the Sui dynasty in reuniting China. Compare the Sui to the earlier Qin dynasty. How did they influence Chinese history? Answers will vary

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

49. Discuss the role played by Tang Taizong in the rise of the Tang dynasty. What were the foundations of Tang success? Answers will vary

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

50. Examine the spread of Buddhism into China. How did Buddhist thought influence China? How did China influence Buddhism? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

51. Discuss the role of trade in Tang and Song China. Examine the growing market economy. How did trade influence the development of financial instruments? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

52. Examine the evolution of early Japanese society. How were the Japanese influenced by China? In what ways was Japan unique? Answers will vary

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

53. Examine the rise of the early Korean and Vietnamese societies. How were the Koreans and Vietnamese influenced by China? In what ways were they different? Answers will vary

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

54. Examine the technological innovations of the Tang and Song periods. How did these innovations change the shape of Chinese history? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

55. Compare the role that China played in the development of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan to the role played by Greece and Rome in the Mediterranean basin and the role played by Byzantium in eastern Europe and Russia. Answers will vary

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

56. Compare the spread of Buddhism into China to the spread of Christianity and Islam discussed in earlier chapters. What are the common themes? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

57. Despite the political brilliance of the Tang and Song dynasties, they eventually collapsed. What factors explain this collapse? Are there any similarities to the decline and fall of other powerful states covered so far? Answers will vary

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

58. Compare and contrast the Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese response to the Chinese. Which society copied the Chinese most completely? Answers will vary

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

59. Examine Map 13.1, The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E. Why would the Grand Canal have played such a prominent role in the Chinese economy for over a millennium? Answers will vary

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

60. Examine Map 13.1, The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E. Follow the path of economic, religious, and cultural transmission. Does the map suggest why Japan never fell under Chinese military control? Answers will vary

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

61. Describe the growth of Buddhism in China. What effect did the invention of reusable, moveable type have on religion in China? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

62. Examine the picture of a silk scroll on page 280. How does the picture depict the journey of Xuanzang? What influence did his travels have on the rise of Buddhism in China? How did Buddhism shape China? How did China shape Buddhism? Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

63. Describe the relationship between Vietnam and China during the Tang and Song dynasties. How were the Vietnamese able to win their independence? Answers will vary

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

64. Compare the effects of Chinese imperial expansion and cultural influence on Japan and Korea. Which land adopted Chinese ways more thoroughly, and why? Answers will vary

Topic: Complex Societies in Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

65. Explain how China's view of itself as the Middle Kingdom shaped foreign relations. Answers will vary

Topic: Restoring Centralized Imperial Rule in China

66. What agricultural developments helped to transform the Chinese economy? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

67. What important technological, industrial, and commercial innovations occurred during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

Chapter 13 - The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

68. Trace the development of Buddhism in China and how it interacted with Daoism and Confucianism. Answers will vary

Topic: Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

69. What is the significance of foot binding? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Development in Tang and Song China

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

Chapter 14 The Expansive Realm of Islam

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 289) The Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca is known as the A. hajj. B. hijra. C. qadis. D. sharia. E. jizya.

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

2. (p. 289) The term Islam means A. "Allah is great." B. "devotion to the rule of life." C. "submission." D. "Allah desires for you what is easy, not what is hard." E. "the one god."

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

3. (p. 289) The phrase, "one who has submitted," is the meaning of the term A. Jain. B. Christian. C. Hindu. D. Buddhist. E. Muslim.

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

4. (p. 290) The phrase dar al-Islam means A. "victory of god." B. "conquest of Islam." C. "warrior of Islam." D. "missionary of the divine faith." E. "house of Islam."

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

5. (p. 290) In 595, Muhammad married a wealthy widow named A. Ibn Rushd. B. Khadija. C. Sufi. D. Sharia. E. Hadith.

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

6. (p. 291) The Quran A. is the holy book of Islam. B. were the priests who watched over the Ka'ba. C. was Muhammad's journey to Yathrib. D. is the law code of Islam. E. were Islamic scholarly bureaucrats.

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

7. (p. 292) The turning point in the rise of Islam was A. Muhammad's pilgrimage to Istanbul. B. the rise of the Umayyad dynasty. C. the conquest of Egypt. D. the hijra. E. Muhammad's conversion to Christianity.

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

8. (p. 294) The Islamic holy law is known as the A. umma. B. sharia. C. ulama. D. qadis. E. hijra.

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

9. (p. 295) No religious leader could succeed Muhammad as prophet, so political authority rested in the position of the A. ulama. B. caliph. C. hajj. D. sultan. E. shia.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

10. (p. 295) After the death of Muhammad, political leadership fell to a caliph by the name of A. Abu Bakr. B. Ali. C. Abu al-Abbas. D. Harun al-Rashid. E. Khadija.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

11. (p. 295-296) The Shia believe that A. the Umayyad dynasty were the only legitimate rulers. B. the caliphate should follow the line of Ali. C. that Allah was the main, but not necessarily the only, god. D. leadership in the Islamic world could fall to any true believer. E. a different and more pure version of the Quran exists.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

12. (p. 295-296) The main split inside Islam was between Sunni and A. Ulama. B. Qadis. C. Shia. D. Umayyads. E. Sufis.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

13. (p. 296) After the assassination of Ali, power fell to the A. Umayyad dynasty. B. Saljuq Turks. C. Abbasid dynasty. D. Byzantine empire. E. Roman empire.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

14. (p. 296-297) The victorious Arabic armies of the Umayyad dynasty A. forced the conquered peoples to convert to Islam. B. allowed the conquered peoples to practice their own religions if they paid a tax. C. opened up positions of authority to non-Muslims. D. restricted the jizya to practicing Muslims. E. forced everyone to convert from Sunni to Shia.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

15. (p. 297) The Umayyad insisted that conquered people pay a special head tax if they did not convert to Islam. This head tax was called the A. sakk. B. ulama. C. hajj. D. shia. E. jizya.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

16. (p. 297) The founder of the Abbasid dynasty was A. Harun al-Rashid. B. Ali. C. Abu al-Abbas. D. al-Ghazali. E. Muhammad.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

17. (p. 297) The Abbasid dynasty differed from the Umayyad dynasty in that the Abbasid dynasty A. was not a conquering dynasty. B. was much less cosmopolitan than its predecessor had been. C. conquered a much larger territory than its predecessor had. D. stressed the Shia sect of Islam. E. stressed the Shia sect of Islam and was much less cosmopolitan than its predecessor had been.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

18. (p. 298) The capital of the Abbasid empire was A. Damascus. B. Istanbul. C. Mecca. D. Córdoba. E. Baghdad.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

19. (p. 298) The word ulama refers to A. "the house of Islam." B. "holy war." C. "people with religious knowledge." D. "the community of Allah." E. "the one god."

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

20. (p. 298) During the last two hundred years of the Abbasid empire, it fell under the control of the A. Byzantine empire. B. Ottoman Turkish empire. C. Sasanids. D. Saljuq Turks. E. Holy Roman Empire.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

21. (p. 298) The Abbasid dynasty finally came to an end in 1258, when it was overrun by the A. Mongols. B. Ottoman Turks. C. Saljuq Turks. D. Byzantines. E. French.

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

22. (p. 299) What new industry, transmitted to the Islamic world from China, was introduced during the Abbasid period? A. steel production B. paper manufacture C. bronze production D. textile production E. iron production

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

23. (p. 300) Caravanserais were A. Islamic thinkers who stressed a more emotional connection to Allah. B. Islamic officials. C. inns offering food and lodging for traveling merchants. D. heretical Muslims who practiced polytheism. E. Arabic warriors.

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

24. (p. 301) Islamic banks honored letters of credit, drawn on the parent bank, known as A. sakk. B. qadis. C. ka'ba. D. sufis. E. sunnis.

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

25. (p. 303) The Quran, following the example of Muhammad, allowed men to have up to how many wives? A. one B. two C. four D. seven E. ten

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

26. (p. 303) How did the conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia influence the role of women in the Islamic world? A. Female infanticide was declared illegal. B. Islamic society became much less patriarchal. C. Polygamy was outlawed. D. Islamic society became more patriarchal. E. A fertility goddess rose to challenge Allah.

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

27. (p. 304) In an effort to recruit learned students, Islamic leaders often financially supported institutions of higher learning called A. madrasas. B. sufis. C. dar al-Islam. D. umma. E. qadis.

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

28. (p. 304) The Sufis believed A. in reconciling the spiritual and rational worlds. B. that they, and not the Umayyads, were the legitimate rulers of the Islamic world. C. in an emotional and mystical union with Allah. D. that the leadership of the Islamic world had to pass through the line of Ali. E. in a strictly logical and rational definition of the divine.

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

29. (p. 308) The Persian influence on Islam could be seen in A. treatises on mathematics. B. works calling for greater equality for women. C. Islamic administrative techniques. D. the adoption of Hellenistic gods into the Islamic pantheon. E. the fact that the Quran was written in Persian.

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

30. (p. 308) The other name for the collection of stories known as The Arabian Nights is A. the Rubaiyat. B. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. C. The Thousand and One Nights. D. the Quran. E. The Narrow Road to the Deep North.

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

31. (p. 309) One major Indian influence on Islamic thought was in the field of A. mathematics. B. mythology. C. poetry. D. history. E. architecture.

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

32. (p. 308) Arabic numbers actually had their origin in A. India. B. China. C. Persia. D. Egypt. E. Arabia.

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

33. (p. 308) From which region did the Muslims adopt their numerals? A. Persia B. Greece C. India D. Arabia E. Egypt

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

34. (p. 309) The Islamic thinker who studied Aristotle and whose thought, in turn, influenced the rise of European scholasticism was A. Omar Khayyam. B. Ibn Rushd. C. Ali. D. al-Ghazali. E. Ibn Khaldun.

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

35. (p. 309) The main influence on the thought of Ibn Rushd was A. Muhammad. B. Confucius. C. Abu al-Abbas. D. Aristotle. E. Hippocrates.

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

True / False Questions 36. (p. 289) An individual who accepts the Islamic faith is a Muslim, meaning "one who has submitted." TRUE

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

37. (p. 289) The word Islam means "submission," signifying obedience to the rule of Allah. TRUE

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

38. (p. 290) The larger Muslim society is often called dar al-Islam, an Arabic term meaning "the Muslim house." FALSE

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

39. (p. 290) In 595, Muhammad married a wealthy widow and entered into the ranks of elite Arabic society. FALSE

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

40. (p. 291) During the 650s, devout Muslims compiled Muhammad's revelations and issued them as the Quran, the holy book of Islam. TRUE

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

41. (p. 293) Muhammad came to refer to himself as the "seal of the prophets." TRUE

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

42. (p. 299) Increased agricultural production contributed to the rapid growth of cities in all parts of the Islamic world, from India to Spain. TRUE

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

43. (p. 302) Islamic Spain was known as al-Andalus. TRUE

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

44. (p. 303) The veiling of women originated in the Islamic culture. FALSE

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

45. (p. 304) The highly effective Islamic missionaries that paid less attention to doctrine and concentrated more on spiritual awareness were known as Sufis. TRUE

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

Essay Questions

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

46. The following words are in the Quran: "No believing men and women have any choice in a matter after God and His Apostle have decided it." What does this line tell us about the relationship between God and humans in Islam? What kind of God is Allah? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

47. Discuss the nature of Islamic tolerance. Compare the theory and practice of tolerance to the popular perception of it today. Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad Topic: The Expansion of Islam

48. How was the Islamic world influenced by its contact with the older Greek, Persian, and Indian societies? How did Islam influence these societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

49. Compare Islam to Judaism and Christianity. What are the biggest differences between these religions? What factors do they have in common? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

50. Discuss the implications of Muhammad's role as the "seal of the prophets." What other prophets were considered important in Islam? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

51. Compare and contrast Islam to other religions discussed in the class, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism. Do these religions have anything in common? Answers will vary

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

52. Examine the role Muhammad played in the rise of Islam. What was his basic philosophy? How did his life experiences shape this thought? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

53. What are the social implications of Islamic thought? Examine the social structure of Arabia before the rise of Islam. In what ways was Muhammad a social reformer? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad Topic: The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

54. Examine the role of women in the Arab and Islamic worlds. How did the position of women change as Islam expanded? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

55. Examine the rise and fall of the Umayyad dynasty. What caused its rapid rise to power? What internal problems caused its fall? Answers will vary

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

56. Examine the spread of Islam. What areas were brought under Muslim control and how? How did Islam influence these areas? How did these areas influence Islam? In what ways did Islam work as a unifying force? Answers will vary

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

57. Examine the split between the Sunni and Shia sects of Islam. What brought about this schism? How has it shaped Islamic history? Answers will vary

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

58. Discuss the Five Pillars of Islam. What are some of the other basic tenets of Islam? Examine the importance of the Quran. Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

59. Discuss the role that trade played in the Islamic world. How did the spread of Islam create a new trading zone? How did Muhammad view merchants? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

60. Trace the expansion of Islam, illustrated in Map 14.1, The expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E. Compare the size and wealth of the burgeoning Islamic empires to that of the Byzantines, Lombards, and Franks. How close did these Islamic empires come to conquering the former Roman empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

61. Examine Map 14.1, The expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E. What other cultures did the Muslims encounter during their conquests? How did the rapid conquests create problems for the new Muslim empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

62. Examine the picture of Sufis on page 305. What are they doing? How do the many activities in the picture relate to the Sufis' belief in Islam? Are their beliefs similar to any other religious groups studied so far? Answers will vary

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

63. Read the passage from the Quran (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: The Quran on Allah and His Expectations of Humankind). How is the Islamic view of Allah similar to the Jewish or Christian view of God? Compare it to other religions studied in the course. Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

64. The passage from the Quran (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: The Quran on Allah and His Expectations of Humankind) describes Allah and says, "He has begotten no one and is begotten of none." What does this phrase mean? How does it relate to the Islamic interpretation of the nature of Jesus? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

65. How did Muhammad's background influence his beliefs and the early development of Islam? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

66. What are the fundamental tenets of Islam? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of the Prophet Muhammad

67. After Muhammad died, what were the challenges faced by dar al-Islam, and how were they resolved within the first century? Answers will vary

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

68. How did the Abbasids come to power, and how did their rule differ from the Umayyads? Answers will vary

Topic: The Expansion of Islam

69. How did the growth of the realm of Islam contribute to agricultural, industrial, and urban development? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World Topic: The Expansion of Islam

70. What factors contributed to the expansion of Islamic overland and maritime trade? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

Chapter 14 - The Expansive Realm of Islam

71. What was the status of women in the early centuries of Islam? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World

72. What people and institutions helped to promote and spread the values of Islam? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

73. What is the significance of the hajj to Islamic religion and culture? Answers will vary

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

74. How did Persia, India, and Greece influence the realm of Islam? Answers will vary

Topic: Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

Chapter 15 India and the Indian Ocean Basin

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 313) Buzurg ibn Shahriyar A. was one of the most influential Sufi missionaries to visit India. B. led a series of devastating invasions of India in the eleventh century. C. established the Delhi sultanate in the thirteenth century. D. was the first powerful caliph after the death of Muhammad. E. wrote the Book of the Wonders of India.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

2. (p. 313) In regard to political structure, postclassical India A. rivaled Tang China in respect to size and administrative brilliance. B. developed no single centralized imperial authority. C. copied the Chinese model after being conquered by the Tang. D. was most influenced by Byzantium. E. was more similar to imperial Rome than to Tang China.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

3. (p. 314) An invasion in 451 C.E. by the White Huns began the collapse of the A. Gupta dynasty. B. Mauryan dynasty. C. Byzantine empire. D. Chola kingdom. E. Han dynasty.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

4. (p. 314) After the collapse of the Gupta dynasty in the fifth century, India would not be completely reunited until the A. seventh century. B. ninth century. C. thirteenth century. D. sixteenth century. E. twentieth century.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

5. (p. 314) The scholarly Buddhist emperor who reunited northern India in the seventh century was A. Shankara. B. Harihara. C. Mahmud of Ghazni. D. Harsha. E. Ashoka.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

6. (p. 315) In 711, the northern Indian area of Sind fell to the A. Abbasid dynasty. B. Umayyad dynasty. C. Tang dynasty. D. Byzantine empire. E. Chola dynasty.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

7. (p. 315-316) Islam reached India by all of the following routes EXCEPT A. conquest by Arabic invaders. B. missionaries sent by the emperor Harsha. C. Islamic merchants. D. migrations from Turkish-speaking peoples from central Asia. E. conquest by Arabic invaders and missionaries sent by Harsha.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

8. (p. 316) The Islamic ruler who led seventeen different raiding expeditions into India in the eleventh century was A. Harihara. B. Srivijaya. C. Ramanuja. D. Abu Bakr. E. Mahmud of Ghazni.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

9. (p. 316) Mahmud of Ghazni's main inspiration for visiting India in the eleventh century was to A. spread Islam. B. visit important Buddhist temples. C. build a centralized state based on a Persian model. D. plunder. E. forge a lasting trading alliance with China.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

10. (p. 316) Northern India was dominated from the thirteenth through the early sixteenth century by the A. Abbasid dynasty. B. Chola kingdom. C. Southern Song dynasty. D. Delhi sultanate. E. Umayyad dynasty.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

11. (p. 316-317) The Delhi sultans were A. never able to expand their control beyond northern India. B. able to unite all of India for the first time since the Mauryas. C. able to make Islam the main religion of India. D. proponents of a more syncretic version of Islam. E. not able to conquer all of India until they united with the Chinese.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

12. (p. 317) The wealthy trading state that controlled southern India from 850 through 1267 was the A. Chola kingdom. B. Delhi sultanate. C. Vijayanagar kingdom. D. kingdom of Funan. E. kingdom of Angkor.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

13. (p. 317-318) The kingdoms of southern India were mainly A. Islamic. B. Buddhist. C. Hindu. D. Sikh. E. Jain.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

14. (p. 318) In 1336, Harihara and Bukka, two emissaries from the Delhi sultan, renounced Islam, reconverted to Hinduism, and founded the southern kingdom of A. Chola. B. Vijayanagar. C. Funan. D. Angkor. E. Maurya.

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

15. (p. 318) Vijayanagar, the name of a southern Indian kingdom, means A. "land of Vishnu." B. "beloved of Allah." C. "the pure land." D. "city of victory." E. "land of the one god."

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

16. (p. 319) The presence of the changing monsoon winds ensured that A. irrigation never developed in India, because it was never necessary. B. India enjoyed complete isolation. C. shipping was impossible in the Indian Ocean basin. D. irrigation was necessary in arid southern India. E. the Indian religious hierarchy would be dominated by one great storm god.

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

17. (p. 319) From 53 million in 600 C.E., the population of India rose by 1500 C.E. to A. 60 million. B. 72 million. C. 81 million. D. 90 million. E. 105 million.

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

18. (p. 319) Hindu temples A. played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of southern India. B. were never able to compete with the strong Buddhist temples of northern India. C. held southern India back economically because of the Hindu law against lending money. D. disappeared in southern India because of the prominence of Islam. E. remained centers of women's rights.

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

19. (p. 321) India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of A. its central location in the Indian Ocean basin. B. the continuous problem of Chinese pirates. C. its cold, dry climate. D. the absence of any monsoon winds. E. its strong, centralized government.

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

20. (p. 323) During the postclassical age, the caste system A. disappeared because of the arrival of Islam. B. created chaos in local communities. C. became securely established in southern India for the first time. D. rejected migrants coming into India. E. was merged into modern Buddhist thought.

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

21. (p. 326) By around 1500 what portion of the total Indian population was Muslim? A. one-twentieth B. one-tenth C. one-fourth D. one-half E. two-thirds

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

22. (p. 326) The bhakti movement A. never caught on in India as it had in China. B. appealed to Indians who were stifled by the strictly monotheistic views of Hinduism. C. tried to find god through a strictly rationalistic pursuit of the divine. D. sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam. E. sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism.

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

23. (p. 327) The bhakti teacher Guru Kabir believed A. that the only true path to salvation was through complete devotion to Allah. B. in a harshly exclusive faith. C. that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of a single, universal deity. D. that true disciples had to renounce the foreign influence of Islam and return to Hinduism. E. that Buddhism was the only true faith.

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

24. (p. 327-328) Which of the following Indian concepts did NOT become popular in the southeast Asian states influenced by India? A. Hinduism B. the caste system C. literary classics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata D. conducting official business in Sanskrit E. the creation of established positions for administrators and bureaucrats

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

25. (p. 328) The first southeast Asian state to reflect Indian influence was centered on its capital port city of Oc Eo. What was its name? A. Majapahit B. Melaka C. Srivijaya D. Funan E. Kra

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

26. (p. 328) Funan dominated the lower reaches of which southeast Asian river? A. Mekong B. Irrawaddy C. Salween D. Huang He E. Yangzi

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

27. (p. 329) The kingdom of Srivijaya A. converted to Islam. B. was located on Sumatra and maintained a sea trade route between China and India. C. was the first southeast Asian state to adopt Indian ways. D. was located in modern Cambodia and displayed Hindu and Buddhist influences. E. was the only Christian kingdom in southeast Asia.

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

28. (p. 330) The design of the Khmer temples at Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat show A. the influence of both Hindu and Buddhist traditions. B. the growing influence of Islam. C. a definite influence from the Tang dynasty. D. that the Khmer were the only kingdom in southeast Asia that avoided Indian influence. E. a Confucian influence.

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

29. (p. 330) The temples of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat were built by the rulers of what kingdom? A. Khmer B. Funan C. Srivijaya D. Melaka E. Majapahit

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

30. (p. 330) Which of the following states had its base in Cambodia? A. Funan B. Angkor C. Singosari D. Melaka E. Majapahit

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

31. (p. 331) Paramesvara was known for A. founding the southern Indian kingdom of Vijayanagar. B. playing a pivotal role in the spread of the bhakti movement. C. leading a series of plundering raids into India in the eleventh century. D. founding the kingdom of Melaka. E. writing the Bhagavata Purana.

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

32. (p. 331-332) Which of the following states was most heavily influenced by Islam? A. Vijayanagar B. Melaka C. Angkor D. Srivijaya E. Funan

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

33. (p. 332) The biggest difference between Melaka and the other states influenced by India was that Melaka A. played a role in sea trade, while the other states relied on land trade. B. became predominantly Islamic. C. started out as mainly Islamic but later converted to Buddhism. D. built a large, centralized land empire. E. was predominantly Hindu.

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

True / False Questions 34. (p. 314) King Harsha permanently restored unified rule to most of India and sought to revive imperial authority. FALSE

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

35. (p. 316) Mahmud of Ghazni had more of an interest in plundering India's wealth than in ruling India. TRUE

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

36. (p. 317-318) The two kingdoms that dominated southern India from the ninth through the sixteenth centuries were Chola and Vijayanagar. TRUE

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

37. (p. 318-319) During the fourteenth century, cities in southern India grew fast, partly due to increasing agricultural productivity. TRUE

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

38. (p. 320) Dhows and junks enabled traders to leave behind the coastlines and sail the blue waters of the Indian Ocean. TRUE

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

39. (p. 323) The caste system did not adjust to the migration of new people into Indian society, as it segregated migrants. FALSE

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

40. (p. 325) The two most important deities in the Hindu pantheon were Vishnu and Shiva. TRUE

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

41. (p. 325) Ramanuja was a brahmin philosopher who was a devotee of Shiva and held that the physical world was an illusion. FALSE

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

42. (p. 326) By 1500, Muslims numbered about one-quarter of the subcontinent's population. TRUE

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

43. (p. 326) In India, as elsewhere, the most effective agents of conversion to Islam were Sufi mystics. TRUE

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

Essay Questions 44. Examine the complex religious world of India. What were the main religions and how did they interact? Was there an attempt to bring the various branches of belief together? Answers will vary

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

45. Examine the invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni and the later establishment of the Delhi sultanate. When did Islam first arrive in India? How successful were Mahmud and the Delhi sultans in winning converts? How did religion affect the power of the Delhi sultans? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

46. Compare and contrast the political and religious structures of the Indianized kingdoms in southeast Asia. Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

47. Examine the development of Hinduism in response to the spread of Islam. What other religions have gone through periods of transition in response to outside threats? Answers will vary

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

48. How did Islam reach India? How might India's fragmented political situation help explain Islam's success? Why would Islam be popular among certain segments of the Hindu population? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

49. Why did a powerful, centralized state like the Tang dynasty in China never arise in India after the collapse of the Guptas? What factors might help explain this fact? How was India affected by its lack of political unification? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

50. Compare the influence of India on the southeast Asian, Indianized societies to the influence exerted by other major societies studied earlier (e.g., Greece, China, Byzantium, etc.). Are there any similarities? In what ways was Indian influence different? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

51. Examine the spread of Islam into southeast Asia. How did it spread and why was it successful? In what ways was Islam viewed differently in southeast Asia than elsewhere? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

52. What might the popularity of devotional cults explain about the Hindu response to the spread of Islam? Answers will vary

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

53. Discuss the changes in the social world of postclassical India. How do changes in the caste system reflect this process? Answers will vary

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

54. Examine the political structure of India after the collapse of Gupta rule. What role did Harsha play during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

55. Examine the small Hindu kingdoms of southern India that arose after the collapse of the Guptas. How did these states resist the spread of Islam? How successful were they in their other endeavors? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

56. Examine the influence of trade in the political, cultural, and religious development of the Indian basin. Explain the significance of the monsoon. What role did the Hindu temples of southern India play in economic growth? Answers will vary

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

57. Examine the trade routes illustrated in Map 15.2, The trading world of the Indian Ocean basin, 600-1600 C.E. How important was India's role in Indian Ocean basin trade? What role did the monsoons play in Indian trade? What are emporia? Answers will vary

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

58. Look at the sculpture of Shiva on page 325. How could Shiva be a god of fertility but also a destructive deity? How influential were the devotional cults during this period? What could the growing popularity of the Hindu devotional cults say about the rise of Islam? Answers will vary

Topic: Religious Developments in South Asia

59. What factors led to the collapse of unified, imperial rule in India before and after the reign of Harsha? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

60. When and how did Islam enter northern India? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical Islamic and Hindu Kingdoms in South Asia

61. How did Indian agriculture improve in the postclassical era? What was the impact of these improvements on the population of the subcontinent? Answers will vary

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

62. What were some of the significant trade goods produced in southern India? Answers will vary

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

Chapter 15 - India and the Indian Ocean Basin

63. What was the function of the Hindu temple within Chola society? Answers will vary

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

64. What were some of the specialized goods and manufactures to emerge from India into the world markets at this time? Answers will vary

Topic: Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

65. To what extent did Indian culture penetrate southeast Asia before the arrival of Muslim traders in the eighth century? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Indian Society in Southeast Asia

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

Chapter 16 The Two Worlds of Christendom

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 335) In 802, what gift did Charlemagne receive from the Abbasid caliph, Harun alRashid? A. a thousand pounds of gold B. a golden chandelier C. a terra-cotta army D. an elephant named Abu al-Abbas E. a chess set displaying the two leaders as the kings

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

2. (p. 337) Byzantion's major advantage was its A. position as the greatest trading center of the Greek world. B. huge army. C. strategic position on the Bosporus. D. magnificent library, which contained the cultural treasures of the Hellenistic world. E. status as the most populous city in the Mediterranean basin.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

3. (p. 337) Which of the following statements about Constantinople is NOT true? A. It was built in an attempt to revitalize the impoverished eastern half of the Roman empire. B. It was constructed by Constantine. C. It allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sasanid empire in Persia. D. It was built because the eastern half was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire. E. It allowed the imperial court to keep watch on Germanic tribes on the Danube.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

4. (p. 338-339) One important political feature of the Byzantine state was its A. docile acceptance of Rome's superiority. B. republican governmental structure that resembled early Rome. C. tightly centralized rule under a powerful emperor. D. division of power under the tetrarchs. E. reliance on Achaemenid ruling principles.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

5. (p. 338) The mixture of secular and religious authority that marked Constantine's reign as well as that of the Byzantine emperors is known as A. Byzantine. B. caesaropapism. C. Corpus iuris civilis. D. secularism. E. divine right rule.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

6. (p. 338) Historians use the term caesaropapism to refer to the A. European struggle between church and state. B. split between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. C. attempt by later Roman emperors to abolish the papacy. D. system in which the emperor has a mixture of political and religious authority. E. bureaucratic revolution brought about by Julius Caesar.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

7. (p. 339) The wife of Justinian, who proved to be an invaluable adviser, was A. Belisarius. B. Livia. C. Hagia Sophia. D. Theodora. E. Olympia.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

8. (p. 339) Theodora's career before marrying Justinian was as a A. mother superior in a nunnery. B. lady in waiting at the central court because of her family connections. C. Church cleric—one of the few women to hold this position. D. shop owner. E. striptease artist.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

9. (p. 339) Hagia Sophia was A. the wife of Justinian, who proved to be a wise adviser. B. the magnificent church at Constantinople. C. the legal foundation for Justinian's code. D. Justinian's most dangerous political enemy. E. the central trading city on the silk roads.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

10. (p. 339) Justinian's most important and long-lasting political achievement was his A. reconquest of the western half of the Roman empire. B. democratic reforms. C. religious compromise between the Roman Catholic and the Greek Orthodox churches. D. codification of Roman law. E. establishment of a lasting peace with the Islamic world.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

11. (p. 339) Justinian's issuance of the Corpus iuris civilis A. won recognition as the definitive codification of Roman law. B. outlawed the Greens and Blues. C. brought immediate excommunication from the pope. D. inspired the first crusade. E. was immediately recognized as the greatest literary feat in Byzantine history.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

12. (p. 340) Constantinople withstood sieges in 674-678 and 717-718 by A. the Sasanids. B. the Gauls. C. the Russians. D. the Greeks. E. Muslim forces.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

13. (p. 340) One of the causes of Byzantine resurgence was the political innovation wherein a general was given military and civil control over an imperial province, or A. theme. B. Sasanid. C. corpus. D. satrapy. E. polis.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

14. (p. 340) After the collapse of western Roman authority, A. Germanic tribes established a series of successor states. B. a greater pan-Germanic empire was established. C. the Visigoths created imperial unity. D. the Byzantine empire expanded into the west to re-create a lasting imperial state. E. Europe was overrun and united by Islamic forces.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

15. (p. 340) Western Roman imperial power ended in 476 C.E. with the invasion of the A. Germanic general Odovacer. B. Byzantine emperor Justinian. C. Frankish chieftain Clovis. D. Emperor Otto I. E. Islamic ruler Harun al-Rashid.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

16. (p. 341) The most successful and influential of the German peoples were the A. Visigoths. B. Angles. C. Franks. D. Ostrogoths. E. Vandals.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

17. (p. 341) Charlemagne maintained regular diplomatic relations with the A. Chola kingdom in India. B. Tang empire. C. Song empire. D. Abbasid caliphate. E. Mauryan empire.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

18. (p. 341) Even though Charlemagne spent much of his time traveling around his empire, he did establish a capital at A. Aachen. B. Rome. C. Paris. D. Constantinople. E. Ravenna.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

19. (p. 341-342) Which of the following statements is NOT correct about Charlemagne? A. He extended his authority as far south as Rome. B. He was mistrustful of intellectual pursuits. C. He instituted the missi dominici. D. He actively supported the popes. E. He established a capital at Aachen.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

20. (p. 341) Charlemagne made use of the missi dominici, or A. "masters of the secular domain." B. "imperial spies." C. "legates to the pope." D. "envoys of the lord ruler." E. "eyes of the king."

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

21. (p. 341) The main goal of the missi dominici was to A. foster better relations with the Byzantine emperor. B. bring the counts under tighter control. C. strengthen ties with the popes. D. strengthen the empire's military forces. E. spy on Charlemagne's Islamic enemies.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

22. (p. 341) When presented with the imperial crown, Charlemagne A. hesitated to call himself emperor out of respect for the Byzantine emperors. B. openly challenged the Byzantine emperors for the title. C. accepted the preeminence of the more powerful Islamic empires. D. laid siege to Rome in an attempt to force the popes to grant the title. E. raised an army to attack Constantinople.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

23. (p. 342) On Christmas Day 800, Charlemagne received the imperial crown from A. himself. B. Pope Leo III. C. Pope Gregory I. D. Byzantine emperor Justinian IV. E. Pippin.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

24. (p. 342) The Byzantine emperors deeply resented—as an affront to their dignity—the pope's imperial coronation in the year 800 of the Frankish king, A. Otto of Saxony. B. Charlemagne. C. Basil II. D. Cyril. E. Hugh Capet.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

25. (p. 342) After the death of Louis the Pious, the Carolingian empire A. reversed a short period of decline and reached its greatest territorial extent. B. was swallowed up by a resurgence of Byzantine power. C. was split into three parts by his sons. D. became a puppet state controlled by the expanding Islamic empires. E. fell under British control.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

26. (p. 344) Constantinople was raided at least three times in the ninth and tenth centuries by the A. French. B. Franks. C. Russians. D. Vikings. E. Magyars.

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

27. (p. 345) The theme system A. weakened the peasantry by taking their land away. B. made land available to the peasants in return for military service. C. led to the break between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. D. limited the religious authority of the Byzantine emperors. E. was the foundation of the Byzantine educational structure.

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

28. (p. 345) The bezant A. was the hereditary line of priests that dominated the Byzantine religious and social worlds. B. headed the Byzantine banking industry. C. was the Byzantine gold coin that became the standard currency in the Mediterranean basin. D. was one of the two main factions inside Constantinople. E. was the Byzantine class of nobles who blocked imperial centralization.

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

29. (p. 346) One of the biggest reasons for increased agricultural production in Europe was the A. introduction of a heavier plow. B. official support of the serfs by the popes. C. introduction of new crops from the Byzantine world. D. money invested in the countryside by the kings. E. agricultural loans guaranteed by powerful Italian banks.

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

30. (p. 350) Historians once used the term feudalism to refer to A. a strong, centralized political order. B. the Byzantine religious world. C. the Islamic bureaucratic system that dominated for over five hundred years. D. the class of highly trained Confucian officials. E. the political and social order of medieval Europe.

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

31. (p. 350) In medieval society, political power was vested in A. a strong centralized government. B. local notables or lords. C. the pope. D. the hands of the Holy Roman emperor. E. the hands of the Byzantine emperor.

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

32. (p. 350) The incredibly important relationship that formed much of the core of feudalism was between A. king and pope. B. serf and pope. C. lord and retainer. D. serf and merchant. E. king and archbishop.

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

33. (p. 350) By the year 1000, the population of the two provinces of Christendom rose to about A. ten million. B. twenty-two million. C. thirty-six million. D. sixty-one million. E. seventy-five million.

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

34. (p. 351) Who provided the Roman church with a sense of direction by reasserting papal primacy? A. Charlemagne B. Leo III C. Gregory I D. Benedict II E. St. Augustine

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

35. (p. 351) Emperor Leo III inaugurated the divisive ecclesiastical policy of A. caesaropapism. B. iconoclasm. C. insisting that the patriarch of Constantinople was superior to the pope in Rome. D. venerating religious icons. E. translating the Bible into German.

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

36. (p. 352) St. Basil of Caesarea A. played a key role in the rise of monasticism. B. excommunicated the pope and began the split inside Catholicism. C. worked out a compromise between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. D. began the movement known as iconoclasm. E. was the first and most famous of the "pillar saints."

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

37. (p. 352) The Benedictine Rule was spread to women living in convents by A. Gregory I. B. Clement VII. C. Leo III. D. St. Scholastica. E. Clotilda.

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

38. (p. 354) In 1054 the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople A. met at the Council of Milan to settle old differences. B. mutually excommunicated each other. C. agreed on a joint plan to bring Christianity to Russia. D. jointly called for a new crusade. E. agreed on a highly controversial plan to eliminate the Protestants.

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

39. (p. 353) Saints Methodius and Cyril A. converted the Slavic lands to Roman Catholicism. B. devised the Cyrillic alphabet. C. were responsible for a compromise between the Roman Catholic and Russia Orthodox churches. D. died while on a mission to spread the faith to Africa. E. were highly influential "pillar saints."

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

40. (p. 354) What city served as an important conduit for the spread of Byzantine cultural and religious influence in Russia? A. Moscow B. St. Petersburg C. Kiev D. Moravia E. Manzikert

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

41. (p. 353-354) The rise of Orthodox Christianity in Russia was helped by the conversion in 989 of A. Prince Vladimir. B. Peter the Great. C. Justinian. D. Ivan III. E. Catherine the Great.

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

True / False Questions

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

42. (p. 335) Historians refer to the era from about 500 to 1500 C.E. as the medieval period of European history—the "middle ages." TRUE

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

43. (p. 339) Justinian was the Byzantine emperor who attempted to reconquer the western Roman empire from the German tribes. TRUE

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

44. (p. 339) Corpus iuris civilis was Justinian's definitive codification of Roman law. TRUE

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

45. (p. 342) Charlemagne permanently reestablished imperial rule in the Frankish realm during his reign from 768 to 814. FALSE

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

46. (p. 343) The term "Vikings" originally referred to a group that raided the British Isles from their home in Vik in southern Norway. TRUE

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

47. (p. 345) Medieval western Europe was a society where cities thrived and trade linked all of the regions. FALSE

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

48. (p. 350) By the time the Roman empire collapsed, Christianity was the principal source of religious, moral, and cultural authority throughout the Mediterranean basin. TRUE

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

49. (p. 351) Basil II began iconoclasm. FALSE

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

50. (p. 352) St. Basil of Caesarea played an important role in the rise of monasticism. TRUE

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

51. (p. 353) St. Cyril helped to create a written Slavic alphabet. TRUE

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

52. (p. 353-354) Prince Vladimir helped convert Russia to Orthodox Christianity. TRUE

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

Essay Questions 53. Benjamin of Tudela proposed that, "Wealth like that of Constantinople is not to be found in the whole world." Why was Constantinople so wealthy? What role did trade play in its creation and its centuries of dominance? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

54. Describe the Christian missionary work that developed out of monastic society. How successful was it in spreading Christianity in the larger world? Answers will vary

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

55. Examine the role played by Charlemagne in the establishment of a powerful Europe. What were his main inspirations? What were his policies? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

56. How did the Viking invasions influence the rise of Europe? Besides being powerful warriors, what were the main achievements of the Vikings? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

57. Examine the social structure of the Byzantine empire. Explain the theme system. Trace the changing status of the peasants. Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

58. Discuss the religious beliefs and structure of the Byzantine world. Examine the rise and influence of the Orthodox church. Answers will vary

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

59. Examine the split between the Roman Catholic church and Greek Orthodox church. What led to this fundamental split? How did this split influence later history? Answers will vary

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

60. Compare the role that Christianity played in western Europe to the role played by Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism in creating political and social unity in the postclassical world. Answers will vary

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

61. Compare Europe during the early medieval period to other societies studied so far in the class. How do the political and social systems of Europe relate to those of the other regions? Answers will vary

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe Topic: The Quest for Political Order

62. Discuss the rise of monasticism. What were the religious and social implications of this system? What role did St. Basil of Caesarea and St. Benedict play? Answers will vary

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

63. Examine the role that trade played in the Byzantine empire. How did the economic world of Byzantium change over the years? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

64. In what ways did Byzantium carry on the legacy of Rome? What was Justinian's dream? In what ways was Byzantium different from Rome? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

65. Discuss the significance of the city of Constantinople. What was life in the city like? Why would its eventual fall be seen as such a disaster? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

66. In what ways was the political, intellectual, and cultural makeup of Byzantium different from that of the western half of the Roman empire? How could these differences explain greater discrepancies between eastern and western Europe? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe Topic: The Quest for Political Order

67. Discuss the influence of Byzantium on eastern Europe. In what ways did this influence shape early Russian history? Answers will vary

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

68. Examine the theory of caesaropapism. What were its origins? Explain its relation to the power of the Byzantine emperor. What influence did it have on European history? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

69. Examine the reign of Justinian. Explain the significance of Justinian's code. In what ways did Justinian influence history? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

70. What is Hagia Sophia used for today, and what does this use tell us about the fate of Byzantium? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

71. Examine the invasions that plagued Europe after the fall of Rome. How was Europe influenced by these migrations? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

72. Discuss the importance of the Franks. How did they build an empire? What role did the other Germanic tribes play after the fall of Rome? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

73. Examine Map 16.1, Success states to the Roman empire, ca. 600 C.E. What region became the new center of political and religious authority? What role did the Germanic kingdoms play in early medieval Europe? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

74. Look at Map 16.2, The Carolingian empire, 814 C.E. What were the foundations of Charlemagne's empire? In what ways did he attempt to re-create Rome? What were the major threats to his empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

75. Look at Map 16.3, The dissolution of the Carolingian empire (843 C.E.) and the invasions of early medieval Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. What has happened to Charlemagne's empire? Why did it fall apart so quickly? What role did the Vikings play in the destruction and rebuilding of Europe? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

76. Describe what historians in the past have meant by using the term "feudalism." Explain the lord-vassal relationship. Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

77. Describe urban life in Byzantium during the height of its power. Why did western Europe remain largely rural by comparison? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

78. What is the significance of the story of the monks smuggling the silkworm eggs to Byzantium? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

79. What was the theme system? How did it work? Why was it so successful? What led to its demise? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

80. What economic advantages did the Byzantine empire possess? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

81. Trace the development of the Byzantine church to the schism. What caused the schism? Answers will vary

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

Chapter 16 - The Two Worlds of Christendom

82. What was the significance of the invention of the heavy plow for European economy? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

83. Although trade constricted in the early middle ages, where and how was it still going on? Answers will vary

Topic: Economy and Society in Early Medieval Europe

84. What was the role of the pope in the early middle ages? How did his role evolve over this period of time? Answers will vary

Topic: Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe Topic: The Quest for Political Order

85. Who were the Vikings? What were the motivations behind their behavior? What were their accomplishments? How did they disrupt European society? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Order

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

Chapter 17 Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 363) Karakorum was the A. Asian capital of the Mongol empire. B. founder of the Mongol empire. C. term applied to the Mongol policy of religious toleration. D. last powerful Mongol ruler. E. leading god in the Mongol divine hierarchy.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

2. (p. 364) The largest empire of all time was created by the A. Romans. B. Chinese. C. Mongols. D. Incas. E. Indians.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

3. (p. 364) Most of the Mongol states A. collapsed during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. B. collapsed during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. C. collapsed during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. D. collapsed during the sixteenth century. E. continue to endure in modified form to the present day.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

4. (p. 364) The Turkish peoples A. were a single, homogeneous group. B. established a tightly structured centralized government. C. abandoned their urban existence because of disease and economic pressures. D. spread Islam to southwest Asia. E. never formed a single, homogeneous group.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

5. (p. 364) The environment of central Asia A. guaranteed a bountiful harvest. B. does not receive enough rain to support large-scale agriculture. C. was marred by such violent flooding that urbanization was almost impossible. D. facilitated urbanization because of its tremendous agricultural potential. E. was dominated by devastating monsoon rains.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

6. (p. 364) Yurts were A. tents used by the nomadic Turks. B. the first powerful Turkish tribe. C. the shamans who dominated nomadic Turkish religious thought. D. Turkish chieftains. E. the iron foundries that provided the Turks with their technological and military advantage.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

7. (p. 364) The nomadic Turkish tribes made use of kumiss, which A. was an iron lance. B. were large tents made of felt. C. were shaman priests. D. were central Asian oxen. E. was an alcoholic drink fermented from mare's milk.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

8. (p. 364-365) Which of the following did NOT act as a limitation on the development of central Asian societies? A. the aridity of the climate B. a lack of trading opportunities C. the nomadic lifestyle of the population D. the absence of large-scale craft production E. the limited potential for large-scale agriculture

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

9. (p. 365) The class structure of nomadic societies normally produced A. a tightly-structured class system with little flexibility. B. no class distinctions. C. a fluid two-class system of nobles and commoners. D. a division into nobles, warriors, farmers, and slaves. E. a caste system copied from India.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

10. (p. 365) The noble class, in nomadic society, A. ruled with absolute authority at all times. B. based their wealth and power on extensive landholdings. C. received their position through inheritance, and couldn't lose it. D. was based on divine sanction. E. was fluid, with many opportunities for rising and falling.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

11. (p. 366) The earliest religion of the Turkish peoples was A. Islam. B. shamanistic. C. Buddhist. D. Nestorian Christian. E. Hindu.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

12. (p. 366) Which of the following religions did NOT ever become popular among the nomadic Turkish tribes? A. Hinduism B. Buddhism C. Nestorian Christianity D. Islam E. Manichaeism

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

13. (p. 366) In the tenth century, the Turks living near the Abbasid empire began a large-scale conversion to A. Buddhism. B. Nestorian Christianity. C. Islam. D. Hinduism. E. Zoroastrianism.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

14. (p. 367) The political power of the khans was based on A. a tightly structured imperial framework. B. indirect rule through the leaders of allied tribes. C. an extension of the traditional Turkish urban kingship. D. the shamanistic belief in the divinity of the ruler. E. an educated class of scholarly bureaucrats—an idea borrowed from China.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

15. (p. 367) Nomadic peoples' military might was based on their A. infantry. B. possessing much larger armies than their enemies. C. extensive use of artillery. D. cavalry forces. E. use of gunpowder.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

16. (p. 367) The term sultan means A. "the chosen one." B. "first among equals." C. "consecrated before god." D. "master of nature." E. "chieftain."

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

17. (p. 367) In 1055, the Saljuq Turkish leader Tughril Beg A. conquered Constantinople. B. was recognized as sultan by the Abbasid caliph. C. sacked the Indian city of Delhi. D. conquered northern China. E. formed an alliance with the Byzantines.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

18. (p. 367) At Manzikert in 1071, the Saljuq Turks won an important victory over the A. Byzantines. B. Mongols. C. Abbasids. D. Chinese. E. Indians.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

19. (p. 367) The Ghaznavid Turkish leader who raided and plundered India in the eleventh century was A. Osman. B. Chinggis Khan. C. Hülegü. D. Mahmud. E. Tamerlane.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

20. (p. 367) Mahmud of Ghazni's incursion into India in the eleventh century was inspired by A. his desire for plunder. B. his own missionary zeal to spread the Islamic faith. C. a desire to gain revenge for Indian crimes against his father. D. his desire to visit the religious sites associated with the Buddha. E. his devotion to Hinduism.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

21. (p. 367) By the thirteenth century, the Delhi sultans A. became the first dynasty to unite all of India since the ancient world. B. remained the last Hindu opposition to expanding Islamic authority. C. claimed authority over all of northern India. D. won widespread support because of their unqualified tolerance of Hinduism and Buddhism. E. united all of southeast Asia for the only time in history.

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

22. (p. 369) In an effort to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces, Chinggis Khan A. emphasized traditional tribal affiliations. B. traded with Europeans to obtain more powerful modern artillery. C. disbanded the Mongol cavalry and instead placed emphasis on the infantry. D. inspired them with a devotion to Allah. E. formed new military units with no tribal affiliations.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

23. (p. 369) At its height, Chinggis Khan's army was as large as A. 125,000 troops. B. 200,000 troops. C. 350,000 troops. D. 520,000 troops. E. 670,000 troops.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

24. (p. 370) After 1215, the Mongol capital in China was A. Beijing. B. Khanbaliq. C. Karakorum. D. Nara. E. Dunhuang.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

25. (p. 370) Chinggis Khan A. created a tightly structured centralized government. B. relied heavily on the Chinese to fill major governmental positions. C. did not establish a centralized government in the lands he conquered. D. carried Chinese governmental techniques to Persia. E. carried Persian governmental techniques to China.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

26. (p. 371) The Chaghatai khans ruled A. China. B. Russia. C. Persia. D. southeast Asia. E. central Asia.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

27. (p. 372) In 1279, Khubilai Khan proclaimed the A. Song dynasty. B. Ming dynasty. C. Yuan dynasty. D. Han dynasty. E. Qing dynasty.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

28. (p. 372) Marco Polo spent almost twenty years at the court of A. Chinggis Khan. B. Tamerlane. C. Hülegü. D. Chaghatai. E. Khubilai Khan.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

29. (p. 372) Khubilai Khan's military and imperial pursuits A. copied his father's when he conquered Persia. B. had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan. C. successfully brought Japan under Mongol control. D. incorporated Russia into the growing Mongol empire. E. conquered eastern Europe.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

30. (p. 372) The Mongol naval campaign against Japan in 1281 A. was a complete success. B. turned back because of the fear of disease. C. was the largest seaborne expedition before World War II. D. was aided by a favorable wind that the Chinese came to call kamikaze. E. conquered the northernmost islands of Japan.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

31. (p. 372-373) Russia was dominated from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries by the A. great khans. B. Chaghatai khans. C. ilkhans. D. Golden Horde. E. Turks.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

32. (p. 373-374) In 1295, the Ilkhan Ghazan converted to which religion, causing it to become the favored religion in Persia? A. Buddhism B. Nestorian Christianity C. Judaism D. Zoroastrianism E. Islam

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

33. (p. 374) During their time as rulers of China, the Mongols A. strengthened the Chinese educational and examination system. B. made tremendous use of native Chinese administrators. C. forbade the Chinese from learning the Mongol language. D. encouraged intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese. E. forged a lasting cultural and diplomatic exchange with Japan.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

34. (p. 374) During the period of Mongol domination, A. trade slowed dramatically because of heavy taxation. B. long-distance trade became much less risky. C. interaction between different peoples of Eurasia was limited by Mongol cruelty. D. unification was achieved by the implementation of a state religion. E. trade was halted by the extension of the Great Wall of China.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

35. (p. 374-375) The Mongols brought about greater integration among Eurasian peoples by all of the following means EXCEPT A. increased trade. B. resettlement of conquered peoples. C. a common state religion. D. diplomatic missions. E. the establishment and maintenance of a courier network.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

36. (p. 376) Commerce ground to a halt in the ilkhanate of Persia in the 1290s after A. the government issued paper money. B. the introduction of the bubonic plague. C. a devastating Turkish invasion. D. the conversion of Ilkhan Ghazan to Nestorian Christianity. E. the success of the fifth crusade.

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

37. (p. 378) The late-fourteenth-century Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolia was A. Chinggis Khan. B. Osman. C. Khubilai Khan. D. Tamerlane. E. Chaghatai.

Topic: After the Mongols

38. (p. 378) The capital of Tamerlane's empire was A. Khanbaliq. B. Beijing. C. Karakorum. D. Baghdad. E. Samarkand.

Topic: After the Mongols

39. (p. 379) The founder of the Ottoman Turk state was A. Chaghatai. B. Osman. C. Ilkhan Ghazan. D. Mehmed II. E. Tamerlane.

Topic: After the Mongols

True / False Questions

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

40. (p. 364) Nomadic people did not wander aimlessly through the steppes; rather, they followed migratory cycles. TRUE

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

41. (p. 365) Nomadic people did not trade with settled people, and sought neither manufactured nor agricultural products. FALSE

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

42. (p. 357) Led by the Saljuqs, Turkish peoples began migrating into Anatolia in large numbers in the early eleventh century. TRUE

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

43. (p. 368) Chinggis Khan was the unifier of the Mongols. His given name was Temüjin and he was born in 1167. TRUE

Topic: The Mongol Empires

44. (p. 369) The most important institution of the Mongol state was the clan, which magnified the power of the small population. FALSE

Topic: The Mongol Empires

45. (p. 371) The consolidation of Mongol rule in China came during the reign of Chaghatai, one of Chinggis Khan's sons. FALSE

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

46. (p. 372-373) Mongols of the group known as the Golden Horde overran Russia and mounted expeditions into Poland, Hungary, and Germany in the thirteenth century. TRUE

Topic: The Mongol Empires

47. (p. 375) When the Mongol forces overcame a city, they routinely separated out those with specialized skills and sent them to a place where their services were needed. TRUE

Topic: The Mongol Empires

48. (p. 378) By facilitating trade and communications throughout Eurasia, the Mongols unwittingly expedited the spread of bubonic plague. TRUE

Topic: The Mongol Empires

49. (p. 380) The Ottoman campaign culminated in 1453 when Osman captured the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. FALSE

Topic: After the Mongols

Essay Questions

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

50. Marco Polo wrote that the Mongols were "stout and valiant soldiers, and inured to war." Why were the Mongols such great warriors? Why couldn't they turn their conquests into longlasting empires? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

51. What influence did the Mongols have on Eurasian trade and cultural integration? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

52. Explore the career of Tamerlane. Were his aspirations any different than those of his conquering predecessors? How did he influence Eurasia? Answers will vary

Topic: After the Mongols

53. Examine the rise of the Ottoman Turks. How did they benefit from other conquerors that came before them? How important was the conquest of Constantinople? Answers will vary

Topic: After the Mongols

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

54. Examine the life of the Turkish nomadic tribes. How did they adjust to their environments? How did the environment limit their development? How did the environment and their nomadic lifestyle influence their intellectual world? Answers will vary

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

55. How dependent were the nomadic societies on their animals? How is this dependence different from today? How did this dependence influence the development of the nomadic societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

56. Compare and contrast the political and social structures, motivations, and influences of the Turkish and Mongol tribes. Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

57. How were Persia and China influenced by Mongol conquests? How were the Mongols transformed by their contact with the Persians and Chinese? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

58. Despite their fearsome reputations, were the Mongols tolerant rulers? Was their approach different in different parts of the empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

59. Compare and contrast the reigns of Chinggis Khan, Khubilai Khan, Tamerlane, and Osman. How did these rulers influence Eurasia? Answers will vary

Topic: After the Mongols Topic: The Mongol Empires

60. Examine the social structure and culture of Turkish nomadic tribes. How were the tribes structured? What role did warfare play in determining social status? Answers will vary

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

61. Examine the influence of Turkish tribes in Persia, Anatolia, and India. What inspired the Turks to conquer these areas? Answers will vary

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

62. Examine the role Chinggis Khan played in the creation of the Mongol empire. What were the foundations of his success? What was his legacy? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

63. Examine the reign of Khubilai Khan. How was he different from his grandfather, Chinggis Khan? What was Khubilai Khan's legacy? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

64. Examine Map 17.1, Turkish empires and their neighbors, ca. 1210 C.E. What role did the nomadic tribes play in the formation of these empires? After studying the huge and diverse area covered by these empires, discuss the importance of trade and cultural integration. Answers will vary

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

65. Examine Map 17.2, The Mongol empires, ca. 1300 C.E. How were the Mongols able to create the largest empire in history? Did they form a unified empire? How did they influence Eurasia? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

66. Look at Map 17.3, Tamerlane's empire, ca. 1405 C.E. In what ways were his conquests similar to those of the earlier Turkish and Mongol tribes? Compare Tamerlane to Chinggis Khan. Answers will vary

Topic: After the Mongols Topic: The Mongol Empires

67. Look at the picture of the siege of Baghdad on page 373. Consider the extraordinary diversity of the lands conquered by the Mongols. How could the Mongols rule over an area this complex? Were the Mongols, for all their well-documented ferocity, tolerant rulers? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

68. What does the passage from Marco Polo tell you about the military power of the Mongols? (See Textbook: Sources from the Past: Marco Polo on Mongol Military Tactics.) Why were they so successful? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

69. Read the passage from Marco Polo (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Marco Polo on Mongol Military Tactics). Discuss the relationship between the Mongols and their environment. How were they dependent on their horses? How did their nomadic existence influence the manner in which they governed their empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

70. What does the story of Guillaume Boucher represent? How does it fit in with Mongol strategies for Eurasian integration? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

71. How did the geography of central Asia affect the development of the nomadic cultures? How did these people adapt to their environment? What advantages did their adaptations give them? Answers will vary

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

72. Discuss the military organization, techniques, and strategies of these Asian nomads. How did these abilities make their military so formidable? Answers will vary

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

73. How did the Mongols come to conquer China? What were the key elements in their success? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

74. What does the book mean when it states that most of the Mongol leaders were better conquerors than administrators? How was this evident in the various Mongol states? Were there exceptions to that rule? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

75. Through what means did the Mongols integrate Eurasian cultures? List and explain at least five ways they did this. Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

76. Discuss the role of epidemics in the decline of the Mongol empires. Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires

77. How did the Turks come to topple the Byzantine empire? Answers will vary

Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 17 - Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

78. What role did religion(s) play in the nomadic empires? What generalizations can you make? What are the significant differences? Answers will vary

Topic: The Mongol Empires Topic: Turkish Migrations and the Origins of Imperial Expansion

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

Chapter 18 States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 383) The great epic story of Mali is known as the A. story of Sundiata. B. Mansa Musa. C. Adventures of the Lion. D. King's Journey. E. legend of the Lion of Mali.

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

2. (p. 383) Griots were A. the legendary kings of Mali. B. aqueducts that were essential for life in the oasis towns of the Sahara. C. singers and storytellers. D. Swahili slave traders. E. tribal shamans.

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

3. (p. 383) The legendary Mali king, Sundiata, built his capital at A. Jenne. B. Niani. C. Kongo. D. Ghana. E. Alexandria.

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

4. (p. 384) The introduction of a new food crop about 400 C.E. encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa. What was the crop? A. bananas B. wheat C. beans D. potatoes E. corn

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

5. (p. 384) By 1000, most parts of Africa south of the equator had been settled by people speaking what language? A. Mali B. Swahili C. Kongo D. Indo-European E. Bantu

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

6. (p. 384) By the middle of the first millennium B.C.E., the Bantu had mastered ________ metallurgy. A. bronze B. iron C. copper D. tin E. steel

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

7. (p. 384) Which food, first domesticated in southeast Asia, provided a nutritious supplement to Bantu diets and allowed the Bantu to expand into forested regions? A. yams B. wheat C. potatoes D. bananas E. pineapples

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

8. (p. 384) By 1000 C.E., the population of sub-Saharan Africa had risen to around A. eight million. B. twenty-two million. C. forty-one million. D. sixty-five million. E. one hundred million.

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

9. (p. 385) In regard to political structure, the early Bantu societies A. governed themselves mostly through family and kinship groups. B. depended a strong, centralized kingship. C. developed an elaborate hierarchy of officials. D. were influenced by their trading contacts with Rome. E. were governed by a centralized, theocratic structure.

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

10. (p. 385) A Bantu village ruling council was made up of A. the land-owning aristocracy. B. villagers wealthy enough to qualify for citizenship. C. the male heads of families. D. a matriarchal hierarchy. E. shamanistic elite.

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

11. (p. 385) A Bantu district, which consisted of a group of villages, A. was headed by a powerful greater chief. B. was ruled by a district council. C. was usually not ruled by a chief or by a larger government. D. never numbered more than a few hundred in total population. E. was a tightly centralized structure under a core of educated bureaucrats.

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

12. (p. 386) Ife and Benin were both A. kingdoms with broadly democratic rule. B. monarchies ruled by centralized dynasties. C. city-states ruled by family relationships and political alliances. D. empires that dominated the gold trade. E. oasis towns that began to exercise some power over a larger region.

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

13. (p. 386) Perhaps the most tightly centralized of the fourteenth-century Bantu kingdoms, in which the central government maintained a royal currency system based on cowries, was A. Kongo. B. Axum. C. Swahili. D. Songhay. E. Kush.

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

14. (p. 386-387) One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was the A. invention of lighter, but still powerful, artillery. B. use of large caravans of donkeys. C. spread of a common religion. D. invention of a wider horseshoe. E. increased use of the camel.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

15. (p. 387) Gao was an important trading center A. in central Asia. B. in the Sahara desert. C. on the east African coast. D. in southeast Asia. E. in northern China.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

16. (p. 387) The most powerful state in west Africa at the time of the arrival of Islam was A. Swahili. B. Ghana. C. Axum. D. Kongo. E. Kush.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

17. (p. 388) The capital of the kingdom of Ghana, a major trading center, was A. Koumbi-Saleh. B. Jenne. C. Timbuktu. D. Alexandria. E. Gao.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

18. (p. 388) By the tenth century C.E., the kings of Ghana had converted to A. Christianity. B. Buddhism. C. Islam. D. Judaism. E. Manichaeism.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

19. (p. 389) The founder of the kingdom of Mali was A. Great Zimbabwe. B. Niani. C. Sundiata. D. Mansa Musa. E. al-Bakri.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

20. (p. 390) Mali would reach its peak during the reign of A. Sundiata. B. Ibn Battuta. C. al-Bakri. D. Mansa Musa. E. Chaghatai.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

21. (p. 390) Who made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325? A. Mansa Musa B. Koumbi-Saleh C. Sundiata D. Ibn Battuta E. Zanj

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

22. (p. 390) Swahili is an Arabic term meaning A. "adventurous seafarers." B. "subjects of god." C. "servants of the one god." D. "possessors of god." E. "coasters."

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

23. (p. 390-391) The Swahili city-states A. succeeded in uniting Africa for the first time. B. strongly maintained their Christian roots. C. dominated trade along the east African coast. D. became the dominant political force in west Africa after the collapse of the Mali kingdom. E. spread Islam throughout Africa.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

24. (p. 393) What large kingdom, situated between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers, was dominated by a magnificent capital of stone towers, palaces, and public buildings? A. Kush B. Mogadishu C. Zimbabwe D. Ghana E. Mali

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

25. (p. 393) The term zimbabwe originally referred to A. the dwelling of a chief. B. the animistic spirit of nature. C. a cavalry force. D. the principal crop of east and central Africa. E. a lion, which was considered sacred.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

26. (p. 390) Just as the kingdoms of west Africa were linked to the wider world by trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa were linked mainly by A. Egyptian trade. B. Indian Ocean trade. C. trans-Atlantic trade. D. south African trade. E. Persian Gulf trade.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

27. (p. 393) The capital of Zimbabwe was A. Great Zimbabwe. B. Niani. C. Kilwa. D. Koumbi-Saleh. E. Gao.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

28. (p. 393) The conversion to Islam by east African merchants and princes did all of the following EXCEPT A. eliminate native religions. B. allow for the formation of alliances with other Islamic princes. C. give a greater sense of legitimacy for east African princes. D. help Islam become one of the principal cultural and religious traditions of the region. E. allow for greater cooperation with other Islamic merchants.

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

29. (p. 393) By the eleventh century, roughly how many different languages were spoken in Africa? A. 50 B. 75 C. 125 D. 190 E. 800

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

30. (p. 393) In the smaller states of sub-Saharan Africa, the chief considerations for determining social position were A. personal wealth and landholdings. B. military might and personal courage in battle. C. kinship, age groupings, and sex and gender expectations. D. ownership of slaves and ownership of weapons. E. a successful marriage and number of children.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

31. (p. 394) In regard to gender issues in sub-Saharan Africa, A. the position of women was essentially the same as in other societies of the time. B. women played the dominant role in society. C. women played a strictly subservient role. D. women had more opportunities open to them than did their counterparts in other societies. E. women had no opportunities and suffered more than their counterparts elsewhere.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

32. (p. 395) In sub-Saharan Africa, an age grade was A. a publicly recognized group that performed tasks appropriate to their level of development. B. a ceremony marking the passage from childhood to adulthood. C. the ritual suicide of tribal members, who were too old to contribute to the tribe. D. one aspect of the elaborate educational system. E. the infanticide of female babies.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

33. (p. 395-396) Since there was no concept of private ownership of land in sub-Saharan Africa, A. all members of the tribe lived in complete social equality. B. slave ownership formed an important aspect of determining personal wealth. C. social differentiation was based entirely on physical strength and military prowess. D. all land was owned by the chief. E. the land was owned by the church.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

34. (p. 396) Historians estimate that between 750 and 1500 C.E., the number of slaves transported north as part of the trans-Saharan slave trade exceeded A. five hundred thousand. B. two million. C. ten million. D. thirty million. E. fifty million.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

35. (p. 396) The term Zanj refers to A. the chief god in the African pantheon. B. an African shaman. C. ritual circumcision. D. an African chieftain. E. a Swahili slave.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

36. (p. 396) Ali bin Muhammad A. founded the kingdom of Zimbabwe. B. traveled widely throughout Africa and recorded his observances. C. was the author of the Story of Sundiata. D. led the Zanj revolt. E. converted Mansa Musa to Islam.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

37. (p. 397) Most sub-Saharan African religions A. developed an elaborate theology. B. were based on a belief in a powerful creator god, who took a very active role in everyday human affairs. C. were based on a belief in a main powerful fertility goddess. D. centered on the practical business of explaining and predicting the experiences of individuals. E. were influenced by Zoroastrian thought.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

38. (p. 397) Axum was A. a Christian kingdom in Ethiopia. B. the founder of the Ghana state. C. the capital of the Swahili city-states. D. the great creator god of most sub-Saharan religions. E. a Swahili slave.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

39. (p. 398-399) Ethiopian Christianity A. was identical to Roman Catholicism. B. was influenced much more profoundly by the Greek Orthodox church. C. retained both traditional African and Christian beliefs. D. was much closer to certain Islamic beliefs than to Roman Catholicism. E. was almost entirely African in nature.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

40. (p. 399) Christian churches carved from solid rock are an example of the influence of A. trade connections with India. B. pre-Christian values. C. contacts with Greek Orthodox missionaries. D. Muslim conquest. E. neolithic architectural design.

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

True / False Questions 41. (p. 384) By about 1000, most of the migrations in Africa were complete, and for the next several centuries societies were built on the foundations of small communities that the Bantu and the peoples of other migrations built. TRUE

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

42. (p. 384) The cultivation of bananas increased the supply of food available to the Bantu, enriched their diets, and allowed them to expand more rapidly. TRUE

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

43. (p. 386-387) The arrival of camels slowed the pace of communication and transportation across the Sahara. FALSE

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

44. (p. 388, 389) The kingdom of Ghana's capital and principal trading site was Niani. FALSE

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

45. (p. 388-389) The conversion to Islam by the kings of Ghana led to improved relations with Muslim merchants. TRUE

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

46. (p. 390) Mansa Musa gained great inspiration from his pilgrimage to Mecca and, upon his return to Mali, took his religion more seriously than before. TRUE

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

47. (p. 393) The term zimbabwe refers simply to the dwelling of a chief. TRUE

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

48. (p. 393) Extended families and clans served as the main foundation of social and economic organization in small-scale agricultural societies. TRUE

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

49. (p. 394) The arrival of Islam changed the status of women is sub-Saharan Africa as dramatically as it did in Arabia and southwest Asia. FALSE

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

50. (p. 396) After about the ninth century, the expansion of the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade networks stimulated increased traffic in African slaves. TRUE

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Essay Questions 51. What were the foundations of Mali? What role did Sundiata and Mansa Musa play in its rise? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

52. Ibn Battuta proposed that Mogadishu "is a town of enormous size." Why were the Swahili city-states so wealthy and powerful? What eventually happened to them? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

53. Discuss the significance of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca. How symbolic was this event? Discuss the importance of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

54. Examine the east African states. How were they different from their counterparts in western Africa? How and why did they evolve differently? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

55. Compare and contrast the role of women in sub-Saharan Africa to their role in some of the other societies studied in the course. Did the growing influence of Islam affect the status of women? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

56. Compare the appearance of Islam and Christianity in sub-Saharan Africa to their spread in other areas studied so far. What are the differences? In what ways did the more traditional African religious beliefs remain? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

57. Examine the influence of the Bantu migrations on African history. What concepts did the Bantu pass on to the rest of sub-Saharan Africa? Answers will vary

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

58. Examine the concept of stateless societies. What were the political and social implications of this system of governing? How does this relate to sub-Saharan Africa? Answers will vary

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

59. Examine the state of Ghana. How was its history representative of the transformation of sub-Saharan Africa? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

60. Examine Sundiata's establishment of the kingdom of Mali. How has his legend transcended the centuries? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

61. How did Mansa Musa add to the power of Mali? Discuss his political and economic power. Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

62. Examine the evolving and complex social world of sub-Saharan Africa. Discuss the role of women in this society. Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

63. What role did the rise and development of slavery play in sub-Saharan Africa? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

64. How did geographic and agricultural factors influence early sub-Saharan societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

65. Examine religion in sub-Saharan Africa. What religions and religious concepts dominated? How did trans-Saharan trade affect African religions? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

66. How did trade influence the development of sub-Saharan Africa? Compare this influence to the role that trade played in other societies studied so far. Answers will vary

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

67. Examine Map 18.1, Kingdoms, empires, and city-states of sub-Saharan Africa, 800-1500 C.E. What role did trade, both trans-Saharan and in the Indian Ocean, play in the development of these states? What were the differences and similarities among the western, eastern, and central African kingdoms? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

68. Look at the illustration of the Chinese porcelain on page 390. How could this item find its way into a Swahili tomb? What does this discovery tell us about life in the Swahili citystates? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

69. Examine the terra-cotta head on page 385. What can you learn from art as a historical source? What does this figure tell you about the political history of Ife? Answers will vary

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

70. What was the function of the griot in sub-Saharan African culture? Answers will vary

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

71. Why were bananas and camels so significant in early African history? What do they represent? How did they change the way people lived? Answers will vary

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations

72. How are kin-based societies structured? How are they organized politically? Answers will vary

Topic: Effects of Early African Migrations Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

73. Compare and contrast the kingdom of Kongo with the kingdom of Ghana. Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

74. Where and how did Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa? How was it different from north African and southwest Asian Islam? Why? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

75. What was the role of the Mali empire in the Eurasian trade network? How did Mansa Musa influence its development? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

76. In what ways was Kilwa a good example of a Swahili city-state? Answers will vary

Topic: Important Postclassical Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

77. What was the importance of gender and age grades in sub-Saharan African societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

78. Discuss the history of slavery in Africa. How did the developments in the slave trade from 1000 to 1500 set the stage for the Atlantic slave trade to come? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 18 - States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa

79. How did Christianity and Islam supplement native African religions in this period? Answers will vary

Topic: Postclassical African Social and Cultural Development

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

Chapter 19 The Increasing Influence of Europe

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 403) In the late 1200s, Marco Polo visited the court of A. Khubilai Khan. B. Chaghatai Khan. C. Chinggis Khan. D. Hongwu. E. Mansa Musa.

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

2. (p. 404-405) Which of the following was NOT a problem faced by the late Byzantine empire? A. accumulation of land by wealthy landowners B. reduced incentives to join the Byzantine military C. foreign invasions D. the inability of leaders to get the population to practice Christianity E. diminished tax receipts for the central government

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

3. (p. 405-406) In 962 C.E., Pope John XII presented the imperial crown to A. Charlemagne. B. Hugh Capet. C. Otto of Saxony. D. William of Normandy. E. Leo III.

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

4. (p. 406) The Holy Roman Empire was essentially a regional state ruling Germany, though it also wielded influence intermittently in A. France. B. Spain. C. Italy. D. England. E. Byzantium.

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

5. (p. 406) The single biggest obstacle to the rise of a powerful Holy Roman Empire was A. continual invasions by the French. B. the reoccurring appearance of epidemic diseases. C. occasional invasions from the Huns. D. an ongoing conflict with the papacy. E. continuous tensions caused by border disputes with England.

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

6. (p. 407) The quip that the Holy Roman Empire was "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" is attributed to A. Voltaire. B. Pope Gregory VII. C. William of Normandy. D. Hugh Capet. E. Saladin.

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

7. (p. 407) In 987, the French nobles chose which of the following men as their king? A. William of Normandy B. Frederick Barbarossa C. Hugh Capet D. Henry IV E. Gregory VII

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

8. (p. 407) Hugh Capet was crowned King of France in 987 A. and immediately turned France into a powerful, centralized state. B. and was immediately excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII. C. and was eventually overthrown by the Holy Roman emperor. D. but it took centuries for the French kings to build a powerful, centralized state. E. and immediately launched an unsuccessful invasion of Spain.

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

9. (p. 407-408) Which of the following states developed a tightly centralized political structure in its early stages in which all power stemmed from a group of dukes? A. England B. France C. Holy Roman Empire D. Italy E. Russia

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

10. (p. 408) In 1066, William of Normandy conquered A. England. B. France. C. Italy. D. Spain. E. the Holy Roman Empire.

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

11. (p. 408) In Italy, the political structure was marked by A. a tightly centralized government. B. a series of city-states and principalities. C. consolidated rule by the popes. D. unification imposed from the outside by the Holy Roman Empire. E. the world's first democracy.

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

12. (p. 409) The reconquest of land from the Muslims occurred in A. Italy. B. Sicily. C. the Iberian peninsula. D. the Byzantine empire. E. England.

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

13. (p. 410) Which of the following factors does NOT help explain the increased agricultural production of the high middle ages? A. the expansion of arable land B. government financial support C. the use of new tools D. the introduction of new crops E. the introduction of new technology

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

14. (p. 411) By the year 1300, the population of Europe had risen to around A. 24 million. B. 47 million. C. 79 million. D. 92 million. E. 152 million.

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

15. (p. 411) The early postclassical era in Europe witnessed A. a resurgence of urbanization. B. a decline in urbanization. C. a marked decline in trade. D. a strengthening of noble feudal control in the countryside. E. the return of unified imperial rule in Europe.

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

16. (p. 411) The growth of urbanization was most pronounced in A. England. B. northern Italy. C. France. D. Spain. E. Russia.

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

17. (p. 412) The Hanseatic League was a trading network that operated in the A. North Sea and Baltic Sea. B. Indian Ocean. C. Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. D. Atlantic Ocean. E. Black Sea.

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

18. (p. 412) Medieval social commentators often described the medieval social structure with the phrase A. "those who fight and those who work." B. "those who pray, those who fight, and those who work." C. "every man united in god and king." D. "king as father of the country." E. "the mandate of heaven."

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

19. (p. 415) The guilds of the high middle ages A. were exclusively male. B. were designed to fight for better wages from the factory owners. C. usually admitted women as members. D. were designed to fight against the increasing materialism of the age. E. were extensions of the monasteries.

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

20. (p. 416-417) Central to the philosophy of the high middle ages was the rediscovery of A. Socrates. B. Hippocrates. C. Virgil. D. Aristotle. E. Galen.

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

21. (p. 417) St. Thomas Aquinas A. stressed the importance of an emotional, unquestioning devotion to God. B. founded the Dominicans. C. believed that it was possible to prove rationally that God exists. D. looked to the Cathars for inspiration. E. was the author of The City of God.

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

22. (p. 417-418) During the high middle ages, the most popular saint was A. St. Peter. B. St. Dominic. C. St. Francis. D. the Virgin Mary. E. St. James.

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

23. (p. 418-419) The Dominicans and Franciscans A. were openly criticized during the high middle ages because of their vast wealth. B. espoused dangerous heresies during the high middle ages. C. attacked materialism and allowed no personal possessions. D. played a key role in financing the crusades. E. pushed for reconciliation among Christians, Jews, and Muslims.

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

24. (p. 418-419) Who founded the orders of mendicants? A. Gregory VII and St. Francis B. William of Normandy C. St. Dominic D. Leo III E. St. Francis and St. Dominic

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

25. (p. 419) The Waldensians A. were the most important of the crusading orders during the first crusade. B. advocated modest and simple lives. C. stressed the primacy of the Roman Catholic clergy. D. sailed to Newfoundland under the direction of Leif Ericsson. E. fought for independence from France.

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

26. (p. 421) Newfoundland was discovered around the year 1000 C.E. by the Scandinavian seafarer A. Leif Ericsson. B. Robert Guiscard. C. Eric the Red. D. Harold Hardrada. E. William of Normandy.

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

27. (p. 421) The reconquista occurred in A. Italy. B. Spain. C. the Holy Roman Empire. D. England. E. France.

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

28. (p. 418-419, 421) Which of the following was/were NOT among the crusading orders? A. Templars B. Franciscans C. Hospitallers D. Teutonic Knights E. Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

29. (p. 421) During the eleventh century, which of the following locations was captured from Muslims? A. Sicily B. Holy Roman Empire C. North Africa D. England E. France

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

30. (p. 421) The last surviving Islamic outpost in Spain before 1492 was A. Castile. B. Aragon. C. Granada. D. Portugal. E. Balearic Islands.

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

31. (p. 422) Pope Urban II A. led the fight against the Albigensian heresy. B. excommunicated Henry IV. C. launched the crusades in 1095. D. was forced to step down after a confrontation with Henry IV. E. both excommunicated Henry IV and was forced to step down after a confrontation with Henry IV.

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

32. (p. 422-423) The only crusade that recaptured Jerusalem was the A. first crusade. B. second crusade. C. third crusade. D. fourth crusade. E. sixth crusade.

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

33. (p. 423) Jerusalem was captured in 1187 by A. Richard the Lionheart. B. Saladin. C. Frederick Barbarossa. D. Peter the Hermit. E. Abu al-Abbas.

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

34. (p. 423) Which of the following was a consequence of the fourth crusade? A. the establishment of an Islamic regime in Constantinople B. a new spirit of cooperation between Constantinople and western Europe C. the sacking of Constantinople D. the rise of Salah al-Din E. a union of the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

35. (p. 423) Which of the following fell to the Turks in 1144? A. Constantinople B. Jerusalem C. Edessa D. Palestine E. Antioch

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

36. (p. 423) The crusades A. stopped all trade between the eastern and western Mediterranean because of the constant warfare. B. had virtually no impact on trade whatsoever. C. increased trade between the eastern and western Mediterranean. D. led to a slight decline in trade in the Mediterranean. E. introduced the Black Death into Europe.

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

True / False Questions 37. (p. 403) The collapse of the Roman empire and invasions by migratory peoples wrecked European society and economy. TRUE

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

38. (p. 406) Pope Gregory VII ordered an end to the practice of lay investiture—the selection of church officials by lay rulers. TRUE

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

39. (p. 408) In 1066 Duke William of Normandy invaded England and, after a speedy victory, introduced Norman principles of government and land tenure to England. TRUE

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

40. (p. 409) By the late thirteenth century, only the small kingdom of Castile was left in Muslim hands. FALSE

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

41. (p. 410) During the high middle ages, European farmers experimented with new crops and different cycles of crop rotation. TRUE

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

42. (p. 410) Oxen replaced horses in the high middle ages, which helped to increase agricultural production. FALSE

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

43. (p. 411) The growth of towns and cities brought about increasing specialization of labor, which in turn resulted in dramatic expansion of manufacturing and trade. TRUE

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

44. (p. 413) Chivalry was a formal and widely recognized code of ethics and behavior considered appropriate for nobles. FALSE

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

45. (p. 416) The evolution of the university coincided with the rediscovery of the works of Aristotle. TRUE

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

46. (p. 422) The term crusade refers to a holy war. TRUE

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

Essay Questions 47. Why were England, France, and Spain able to unify when the Italian states and the Holy Roman Empire struggled? What were the foundations of these new nation-states? Answers will vary

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

48. What role did William of Normandy play in the development of England? Why was England able to develop a centralized government earlier than the other states of the age? Answers will vary

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

49. An old saying described the social structure of medieval Europe as "those who pray, those who fight, and those who work." What does this saying really mean? Compare this social system and its eventual transformation during the high middle ages to the social structure of other societies during the same period. Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

50. What can the crusades tell us about the changing face of Europe during the high middle ages? What were the consequences, both good and bad, of the crusades? Answers will vary

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

51. Examine the emerging political and economic world of western Europe during the high middle ages. How does the western European world compare to the situation in China, India, the Byzantine empire, the Islamic states, and sub-Saharan Africa during the same period? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

52. Examine the origins and growth of the Holy Roman Empire. What were its strengths and its main limitations? Answers will vary

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

53. How was Europe influenced by economic expansion and increased trade during the high middle ages? Why was long-distance trade so important? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

54. What technological advancements increased agricultural production during the high middle ages? How did this increase influence European development? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

55. Discuss the social transformation of Europe during the high middle ages. What were the three estates? How did growing urbanization and increased trade influence this social system? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

56. How did the role of women change during the high middle ages? Relate the role of women to the rise of new cities and guilds. Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

57. Examine the growth of cities during the high middle ages. How did these cities establish a separate identity for themselves outside of feudalism? How did this transformation affect the social structure both inside and outside the cities? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

58. Examine the intellectual world of the high middle ages. What role did the new universities play? What was the influence of the rediscovered works of Aristotle and the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas? Answers will vary

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

59. What was the main message of the Franciscans and Dominicans? How turbulent was this religious period? What was the significance of the popular heresies? Answers will vary

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

60. How did the ideal of the Holy Roman Empire compare to the reality? Describe its actual political structure and its effect on the power structures of Europe. Answers will vary

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

61. Describe the popular heresies that arose during the high middle ages in Europe and the reactions of the church and government authorities. Answers will vary

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

62. Compare and contrast the political development of the Holy Roman Empire, France, England, Italy, and Spain. What factors allowed for some states to achieve greater levels of centralization, while others did not? Answers will vary

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

63. Look at Map 19.3, The medieval expansion of Europe, 1000-1250 C.E. What is the significance of the crusades? How do these movements help explain the transformation of Europe during the high middle ages? Answers will vary

Topic: The Medieval Expansion of Europe

64. Describe the guild system that developed alongside greater urbanization in Europe during the high middle ages. What factors encouraged the growth of guilds? What effect did they have, if any, on gender relations or the role of women in the economy? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

65. What effect did the papacy have on the ability of the Holy Roman Empire to develop a cohesive, centralized kingdom? Answers will vary

Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

66. What do the journeys of the Polos represent about European society during the high middle ages? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe Topic: The Regional States of Medieval Europe

67. What was the role of the textile industry in the European economy during this period? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

68. Where were the centers of the trade networks for Europe? Why those locations? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

69. How did the development of chivalry affect the noble classes? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

Chapter 19 - The Increasing Influence of Europe

70. During this period Europe saw the emergence of a new social class in the cities. Who were they? What roles did they play? How did they make a place for themselves in the medieval social order? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic Growth and Social Development in Middle Ages Europe

71. What is scholasticism and what broader intellectual movements did it reflect? How did it contrast with popular religion? Answers will vary

Topic: European Christianity during the High Middle Ages

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

Chapter 20 Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 428) Teotihuacan was A. the greatest Toltec king. B. the largest early Mesoamerican city. C. the Aztec god of the dead. D. the Inca goddess of fertility. E. a Central American bird whose brightly-colored plumage was traded by the Aztecs.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

2. (p. 427) Bernal Díaz del Castillo was A. the conquistador who defeated the Incas. B. the founder of the Jesuits. C. a Spanish missionary who made his way to India. D. the conquistador who defeated the Maya. E. a Spanish soldier who left detailed records of the Aztecs.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

3. (p. 428) The most important city of the Toltecs was A. Tula. B. Teotihuacan. C. Cuzco. D. Tenochtitlan. E. Cahokia.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

4. (p. 429) The influence of the Maya on the Toltecs can be seen in the similarities between Tula and the Maya city of A. Tenochtitlan. B. Teotihuacan. C. Cuzco. D. Cahokia. E. Chichén Itzá.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

5. (p. 429) The Toltec state collapsed by around 1175 because A. they were conquered by a powerful Aztec army. B. of a combination of civil conflict and nomadic invasion. C. of the resurgence of Maya power. D. of the spread of smallpox. E. of an invasion by the Incas.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

6. (p. 429) Mexica A. was the region that originally gave rise to the first Aztecs. B. was the name of the lake where the Aztecs established their capital. C. were the people who were later called Aztecs. D. was the principal god of the early Aztecs. E. was the leading pre-Inca society in South America.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

7. (p. 429) The word Aztlán means A. "the place of the seven legendary caves." B. "the great feathered serpent." C. "the hungry ghosts." D. "the sun god." E. "the warrior god."

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

8. (p. 429) The capital of the Aztec empire was A. Tula. B. Teotihuacan. C. Cuzco. D. Tenochtitlan. E. Chichén Itzá.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

9. (p. 429-430) The "chinampa system" refers to the A. process by which the Aztecs determined victims for ritualistic sacrifice. B. Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake's bottom. C. core of the Inca imperial administrative structure. D. Inca system for memorizing facts without the use of a written language. E. mixed agricultural and hunting system practiced by the Iroquois.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

10. (p. 430) By the middle of the fifteenth century, the Mexica had formed a triple alliance with A. the Maya and Incas. B. the Toltecs and Maya. C. the Incas and Iroquois. D. Tenochtitlan and Cuzco. E. Texcoco and Tlacopan.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

11. (p. 430) The Aztec expansion began under A. Motecuzoma I. B. Motecuzoma II. C. Itzcóatl. D. Quetzalcóatl. E. Topa.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

12. (p. 431) In the Aztec social hierarchy, most of the honors and rewards went to the A. priests. B. women. C. farmers. D. military elite. E. bureaucrats.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

13. (p. 431) Rulers among the Mexica were chosen by A. trials of combat. B. matrilineal descent. C. a council made up of the most successful warriors. D. land ownership. E. patriarchal descent.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

14. (p. 431) Women in Aztec society A. played a much more important role than in Inca society. B. played almost no political role. C. determined the identity of the emperor. D. played a dominant role. E. were significant because of the nature of matrilineal society.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

15. (p. 431) According to Mexica values, the primary role of women A. was to serve as attendants in temples dedicated to the warrior cult. B. was to serve as priestesses in the mysterious Chavín cult. C. was to serve as unofficial political and social leaders, while the men served as warriors. D. was to bear children. E. increased when the men were away at war, much as with ancient Sparta.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

16. (p. 431) A Mexica woman who died in childbirth A. suffered the greatest shame for her inability to serve the state. B. was denied the right to pass on to the afterworld. C. won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle. D. was seen as a sign of the gods' displeasure with the tribe. E. was considered to be a sacrifice to the rain god.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

17. (p. 431-432) Mexica priests A. played a very limited role in society. B. had great power as advisors to the rulers. C. made up the bulk of sacrificed victims. D. spent the majority of their time working to improve the lives of slaves. E. attended special state-funded schools.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

18. (p. 432) Most Mexica slaves A. were captives of war. B. were purchased from the Inca. C. were not foreigners, but Mexica. D. lost their free status because of their refusal to participate in the sacrificial ceremony. E. were women.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

19. (p. 433) When the Mexica migrated to central Mexico they A. adopted cultural and religious traditions shared by the peoples of Mesoamerica. B. imposed their own traditions on the societies of Mesoamerica. C. were not influenced by the traditions of the societies of Mesoamerica. D. dramatically improved the limited cultural achievements of their Mesoamerican predecessors. E. largely copied the existing brilliant Inca traditions.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

20. (p. 433) Tezcatlipoca was A. a god that the Aztecs introduced to Mesoamerica. B. the patron deity of warriors. C. the main god of the Aztecs. D. the Aztec god that supported the arts and agriculture. E. the Aztec god of suicide.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

21. (p. 433) Tezcatlipoca was also known as A. "the Feathered Serpent." B. "the Fire From Above." C. "the Devourer of Children." D. "the Hungry God." E. "the Smoking Mirror."

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

22. (p. 433) Most Aztec human sacrifices were in honor of A. Quetzalcóatl. B. Tezcatlipoca. C. Itzcóatl. D. Huitzilopochtli. E. Viracocha.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

23. (p. 433) The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice as a(n) A. means of mass entertainment. B. form of state terrorism to terrify their enemies into submission. C. essential ritual to ensure the world's survival. D. primitive act that their ancestors had ignorantly preformed. E. necessary evil to maintain their alliance with the wealthy Inca.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

24. (p. 434) North American societies A. developed on a relatively small scale. B. were much larger than the Mesoamerican or South American societies. C. were mainly influenced by the Aztecs. D. were mainly influenced by the Incas. E. were mainly influenced by the Maya.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

25. (p. 434) The Pueblo and Navajo peoples of the American southwest A. were the most nomadic of the North American native peoples. B. formed a political partnership with the Iroquois nations. C. lived a settled, agricultural existence. D. eventually fell under Aztec control. E. were wiped out after a bloody confrontation with the Maya.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

26. (p. 434) The five Iroquois nations were the A. Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Cahokia. B. Oneida, Pueblo, Navajo, Seneca, and Onondaga. C. Mohawk, Oneida, Cahokia, Seneca, and Onondaga. D. Onondaga, Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, and Pueblo. E. Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

27. (p. 434) Cahokia was the A. legendary founder of the Inca people. B. dominant South American society before the rise of the Incas. C. North American mound that was the third largest structure in the pre-Columbian Americas. D. Aztec god also known as "the Smoking Mirror." E. Maya woman who translated for the Spanish.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

28. (p. 435) The native peoples north of Mexico A. possessed no form of writing. B. invented a style of writing that was much more complex and useful than that of the Aztecs. C. copied their writing system from the Aztecs. D. used a series of hieroglyphics that were very similar to the Maya script. E. developed three distinct forms of writing, none of which can be read today.

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

29. (p. 436) The kingdom of Chucuito was located in A. southwest North America. B. northeast North America. C. Mesoamerica. D. Oceania. E. South America.

Topic: States and Empires in South America

30. (p. 436) The capital city of Chimu was A. Chanchan. B. Tula. C. Teotihuacan. D. Cahokia. E. Cuzco.

Topic: States and Empires in South America

31. (p. 436-437) The ruler that began the first major expansion of the Inca empire was A. Atahualpa. B. Itzcóatl. C. Pachacuti. D. Quetzalcóatl. E. Viracocha.

Topic: States and Empires in South America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

32. (p. 437) The Incas encouraged obedience from subject peoples A. through the use of extreme terror. B. through the spread of a common written language. C. by forcing the worship of their main god, Huitzilopochtli. D. by taking hostages from the conquered tribes' ruling classes. E. through a surprisingly modern professional police force.

Topic: States and Empires in South America

33. (p. 437) The Inca quipu was A. a mnemonic aid consisting of small cords with knots. B. the underground irrigation system that allowed for an agricultural surplus. C. the head priest in charge of determining victims for human sacrifice. D. the underworld. E. a type of demon who inhabited the night and who tempted the spiritually unprepared.

Topic: States and Empires in South America

34. (p. 437) The capital of the Inca empire was A. Teotihuacan. B. Tula. C. Cuzco. D. Chimu. E. Chanchan.

Topic: States and Empires in South America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

35. (p. 438) Rulers of which group deliberated state policy in the presence of the mummies of their predecessors? A. Inca B. Aztec C. Chimu D. Pueblo E. Maya

Topic: States and Empires in South America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

36. (p. 439) The Inca sun god was A. Viracocha. B. Huitzilopochtli. C. Cuzco. D. Quetzalcóatl. E. Inti.

Topic: States and Empires in South America

37. (p. 440-441) The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian aborigines A. spread throughout Australia as the aborigines conquered. B. died out completely before the arrival of the Europeans. C. eventually spread to the islands of Oceania. D. did not diffuse much beyond their own regions. E. were surprisingly similar to that of the ancient Aryans.

Topic: The Societies of Oceania

38. (p. 442) The massive stone palace at Nan Madol was located in the A. Caroline Islands. B. American southwest. C. Inca empire. D. Aztec empire. E. Cahokia complex in North America.

Topic: The Societies of Oceania

39. (p. 444) The Hawaiian class of high chiefs were known as the A. kapu. B. ali`i nui. C. marae. D. heiau. E. chimu.

Topic: The Societies of Oceania

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

40. (p. 444) A marae was A. a Pacific ceremonial precinct and temple structure. B. a member of the priestly class in Hawai`i. C. a Polynesian sun god. D. the type of open boat that allowed for continual trade between the Pacific islands. E. a family of water sprites that were a central feature in Pacific island mythology.

Topic: The Societies of Oceania

True / False Questions 41. (p. 428) The indigenous peoples of the Americas had only sporadic dealings with their contemporaries across the oceans. TRUE

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

42. (p. 430) Unlike imperial states in the eastern hemisphere, the Aztec empire had no elaborate bureaucracy or administration. TRUE

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

43. (p. 431) The Mexica looked only upon certain portions of the male population as potential warriors. FALSE

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

44. (p. 433) From the time of the Olmecs, Mesoamerican peoples had regarded the ritual sacrifice of human beings as essential to the world's survival. TRUE

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

45. (p. 436-437) About 1438, the Inca ruler Pachacuti launched a series of military campaigns that expanded the Incas' authority. TRUE

Topic: States and Empires in South America

46. (p. 437) An extensive road system enabled the central government at Cuzco to communicate with all parts of the Inca empire. TRUE

Topic: States and Empires in South America

47. (p. 437) Cuzco served as the administrative, religious, and ceremonial center of the Inca empire. TRUE

Topic: States and Empires in South America

48. (p. 440-441) With seasonal migrations, encounters with other people, and trade, the aboriginal people of Australia diffused their cultural traditions throughout the Pacific islands. FALSE

Topic: States and Empires in South America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

49. (p. 442) Fishponds allowed Hawaiians to harvest large quantities of mature fish with relative ease, and thus contributed to the islanders' supply of food. TRUE

Topic: States and Empires in South America

50. (p. 444) High chiefs guided the affairs of complex societies throughout Polynesia, as they allocated land, mobilized the work force, and organized men into military service. TRUE

Topic: States and Empires in South America

Essay Questions 51. According to Bernardino de Sahagún, newborn Aztec boys were told, "Heed, hearken: thy home is not here . . . Thou hast been sent into warfare." What can this simple statement tell you about Aztec society? What role did warriors play in Aztec society? Compare the Aztecs to other societies you've covered so far. Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

52. Aztec newborn girls were told, "Thou wilt be in the heart of the home, thou wilt go nowhere." Explain the significance of those instructions. What was the role of women in this military society? Compare the status of women in the Aztec empire to the role of women in other military societies studied so far. Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

53. What could the emphasis on human sacrifice tell you about the Aztec state and religion? In what ways was it a continuation of traditional Mesoamerican practices? In what ways was it not? Is the Aztec emphasis on human sacrifice similar to any other societies studied so far? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

54. What factors might explain the differences between the native peoples of North America and those of Mesoamerica and South America? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America Topic: States and Empires in South America

55. Compare the social, political, and religious worlds of the Americas and Oceania. In what ways were they similar? In what ways were they different? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America Topic: States and Empires in South America Topic: The Societies of Oceania

56. Examine the Toltec society. In what ways was it a continuation of earlier Mesoamerican societies? What was its influence on later societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

57. Examine the formation of the Aztec empire. What were the foundations of Aztec success? Who were the important leaders? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

58. Examine native North American societies. How were these societies different and how were they similar? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America Topic: States and Empires in South America

59. Examine the rise of the Inca empire. What were the leading factors in this movement? Who were the important leaders? Answers will vary

Topic: States and Empires in South America

60. Compare the social and religious structures of the Aztec and Inca empires. How might these structures help to explain their success? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America Topic: States and Empires in South America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

61. Examine Map 20.1, The Toltec and Aztec empires, 950-1520 C.E. What was the relationship between these societies? How did they influence each other? Why were the Aztecs able to put together such a large empire? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

62. Look at the reproduction of the Mexica list on page 431. How important was the role of writing to the Aztecs and other Mesoamerican societies? How does the role of writing for these tribes relate to that of the tribes of North and South America? What role did tribute from its conquered peoples play in the Aztec success? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America Topic: States and Empires in South America

63. Examine the picture of the Great Serpent Mound on page 435. What were the religious or functional purposes behind mound-building by North American peoples? Why didn't the societies of North America build states as large or as powerful as those of their counterparts in Mesoamerica and South America? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America Topic: States and Empires in South America

64. Examine the picture of the mummified Inca ruler on page 438. How was the Inca ruler viewed by his subjects? Have we seen anything similar in other societies? Answers will vary

Topic: States and Empires in South America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

65. Look at the picture of Nan Madol on page 442. What does the building of this structure tell you about the evolution of religious and political concepts in Oceania? Answers will vary

Topic: The Societies of Oceania

66. How did the Mexica people establish their authority over the peoples of central Mexico? How did the Mexica treat conquered peoples? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

67. What are some of the distinctive features of Mexica agriculture? Why was it so productive? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

68. What are some of the typical trade goods within the Aztec empire? Which items particularly impressed the Spanish? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

69. What are the distinctive features of the Mexica social structure? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

70. What are the distinctive aspects of Mexica religion? What is the purpose of human sacrifice? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

71. Which of the societies of North America had developed settled agriculture by the fifteenth century? What kind of agriculture was typical? Answers will vary

Topic: Key States and Empires in Postclassical Mesoamerica and North America

72. Describe the respective role of priests and peasants in Inca society. Answers will vary

Topic: States and Empires in South America

73. What role did trade play in the nomadic foraging societies of Australia? Answers will vary

Topic: The Societies of Oceania

74. What are some of the notable achievements of Inca society? Answers will vary

Topic: States and Empires in South America

Chapter 20 - Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania

75. What are the distinctive features of the agricultural societies to emerge in the Pacific islands before western contact? Answers will vary

Topic: The Societies of Oceania

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 447) Ibn Battuta was A. a Moroccan legal scholar who traveled extensively and recorded his observations. B. the sultan of Delhi. C. the leader of the central Asian kingdom that dominated all trade along the Silk Roads. D. Marco Polo's traveling companion. E. the leading Islamic scholar whose work reintroduced Aristotle to Europe.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

2. (p. 447) In the five centuries after the year 1000 C.E., the peoples of the eastern hemisphere A. cut off contact with the rest of the world because of the ravages of disease. B. fell under the control of the expanding empires of the western hemisphere. C. traveled and interacted more intensively than ever before. D. fell dangerously behind the rest of the world in science and technology. E. united into the largest empire the world had seen since the time of Rome.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

3. (p. 448) Luxury goods of high value relative to their weight A. always traveled the sea lanes. B. were exclusively trusted to Islamic merchants. C. were under a monopolistic control by the Chinese. D. were always in the possession of only one merchant for the entire journey. E. usually traveled overland on the Silk Roads.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

4. (p. 448) What was the principle long-distance trade route network for heavy and bulk goods? A. Indian Ocean lanes B. Red Sea lanes C. Atlantic Ocean lanes D. the Silk Roads E. the Mediterranean Ocean

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

5. (p. 448) The important trading city of Melaka is located in what is now A. France. B. India. C. China. D. Malaysia. E. Vietnam.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

6. (p. 449) The spread of Mongol control A. laid the political foundation for a surge in long-distance trade. B. resulted in a slow but permanent decline in trade. C. stopped all trade along the old Silk Roads immediately. D. had little impact on trade at all. E. ensured that trade only ran from west to east.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

7. (p. 451) Marco Polo's stories A. convinced other Europeans that trade with China was far too dangerous to pursue. B. were a product of forced propaganda by Khubilai Khan. C. influenced other Europeans to visit China. D. played no role in the expansion of European trade because they were lost until the twentieth century. E. influenced countless Chinese to visit Europe.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

8. (p. 451) Khubilai Khan employed foreigners like Marco Polo in administrative posts primarily A. because the khan did not entirely trust his Chinese subjects. B. as an indirect means of holding them hostage. C. because of their cosmopolitan nature. D. as a form of punishment against foreign governments. E. as a personal favor to Pope Innocent IV.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

9. (p. 451) According to Marco Polo's account, he was made governor of the large trading city of A. Khanbaliq. B. Melaka. C. Samarkand. D. Dunhuang. E. Yangzhou.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

10. (p. 451) When Pope Innocent IV sent envoys to invite the Mongols to join in an alliance against the Muslims, A. a treaty was signed that forged a long-lasting political partnership. B. the khans declined and in turn told the Christians to submit to Mongol rule or be destroyed. C. the resulting war brought about an end to Islamic influence in central Asia. D. it so angered the Islamic kingdoms that they rose up and crushed the Mongols. E. the khans accepted and quickly sacked Jerusalem.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

11. (p. 451) Rabban Sauma was A. a Mongol prince who traveled to China. B. the founder of the Ming dynasty. C. the eunuch admiral who sailed for the Chinese emperor Yongle. D. the most powerful wife of Süleyman the Magnificent. E. a Nestorian Christian priest who served as an envoy for the ilkhans.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

12. (p. 451) Rabban Sauma's journey was designed to A. invite the Europeans to join the Persian ilkhans against the Muslims. B. open up trade between China and Persia. C. open up trade between China and Europe. D. spread Islam into central Asia. E. inspire the Muslims to join China in an alliance against Christian Europe.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

13. (p. 452) The sharia A. were Islamic mystics who traveled the trade routes to spread the faith. B. prescribed religious observances and social relationships based on the Quran. C. refers, in Persian, to the changing monsoon winds that dominated trade across the Indian Ocean. D. called for an Islamic holy war against the nonbelievers. E. were Mongol scouts whose work was key to Mongol military success.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

14. (p. 452) Ibn Battuta was able to travel so extensively because A. his military might made conquest easy. B. his religious and legal training allowed him to serve as qadi. C. he held a position as an envoy for the Mongols. D. he traveled with Marco Polo. E. he enjoyed diplomatic immunity as a diplomat for the Vatican.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

15. (p. 454) Cotton was introduced to west Africa by the A. Europeans. B. Muslims. C. Chinese. D. Bantus. E. Mongols.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

16. (p. 454) Which of the following was NOT one of the products that had a new impact during this period of increasing interaction? A. silk B. gunpowder C. sugarcane D. cotton E. citrus fruits

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

17. (p. 454-455) Gunpowder had its origins in A. China. B. India. C. France. D. Persia. E. Mali.

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

18. (p. 457) The outbreak of the bubonic plague in the fourteenth century began in A. England. B. Africa. C. India. D. China. E. Italy.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

19. (p. 458) As a result of the bubonic plague, the population of Europe dropped from seventynine million in 1300 to around ________ in 1400. A. seventy-five million B. sixty million C. forty million D. fifteen million E. twenty-five million

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

20. (p. 459) Which of the following was NOT a common result of the bubonic plague in western Europe? A. greater peasant mobility B. a decrease in workers' wages C. a decline in population D. peasant rebellions caused by efforts to freeze wages E. labor shortages

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

21. (p. 459) The Ming dynasty was founded in 1368 by A. Yongle. B. Hongwu. C. Rabban Sauma. D. Khubilai Khan. E. Chinggis Khan.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

22. (p. 459) Hongwu's philosophy for ruling China was to A. continue the highly successful Yuan policies. B. completely break with the past. C. return to the model of traditional Chinese dynasties. D. modernize on a European basis. E. copy the Persian model.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

23. (p. 459) Which of the following was NOT a hallmark of Hongwu's rule? A. the reestablishment of Confucian education B. extensive use of the mandarins C. the reestablishment of the civil service system D. the move to a more decentralized governmental form E. greater use of eunuchs

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

24. (p. 461) The Yongle Encyclopedia A. signified a radical break with the past. B. is the only direct historical evidence remaining that catalogued the journeys of Zheng He. C. firmly entrenched the Yuan traditions in Chinese history. D. represented the Ming rulers' interest in supporting native Chinese cultural traditions. E. was influenced by the highly successful European encyclopedia of Diderot.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

25. (p. 462) Other than finding new sources of finance, the most important element facilitating European state-building in fifteenth century was A. the reestablishment of imperial unification. B. the formation of large standings armies. C. the European invention of gunpowder. D. papal leadership in a new round of crusades that gave purpose and inspiration for the Europeans. E. the leadership of a united, powerful Italy.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

26. (p. 463) The marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile A. led to the creation of the Spanish state. B. marked the end of the Hundred Years' War. C. led to the unification of France. D. resulted in the suspension of the Inquisition. E. brought Spain under unified Islamic control.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

27. (p. 463) The reconquista was A. the Portuguese trade route around the tip of Africa. B. the reestablishment of native Chinese rule by defeating the Mongols. C. the failed Islamic attempt to win back control over southern Italy. D. the Spanish Catholic capture of Spain back from Islamic control. E. a new round of crusades.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

28. (p. 463) Central to Renaissance thought was a(n) A. fascination with classic Greek and Roman art and philosophy. B. deeply religious desire to withdraw from the world. C. desire to re-create the glory of Byzantium. D. appreciation for the art and thought of the middle ages. E. appreciation of secular Confucian thought that had been brought about by closer ties to China.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

29. (p. 464) The dome on the cathedral of Florence was designed by A. Erasmus. B. Brunelleschi. C. Petrarca. D. da Vinci.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

30. (p. 463-464) Which of the following is NOT representative of Renaissance art? A. introduction of abstract painting as an artistic genre B. use of linear perspective to represent three dimensions C. representation of the emotions of artists' subjects D. inspiration drawn from classical Greek and Roman artists E. depiction of subjects in natural poses

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

31. (p. 465) The most notable of the humanistic thinkers, who published the first edition of the Greek New Testament, was A. Erasmus. B. Petrarca. C. Donatello. D. Masaccio. E. Paul III.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

32. (p. 465) Humanist moral philosophers believed that A. people should withdraw from the world and dedicate themselves to prayer. B. the thought of the middle ages was much more pure than the scandalous ideas of the Renaissance. C. people could lead morally virtuous lives while participating in the world. D. the ideals of the Greeks and Romans should be shunned because they were pagan. E. intellectual and moral excellence was dependent on a Byzantine model.

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

33. (p. 467) Zheng He was A. the founder of the Ming dynasty. B. the last powerful ruler of the Yuan dynasty. C. a Chinese envoy who met with the pope and the kings of France and England. D. the Chinese admiral who made seven journeys of exploration. E. a Ming emperor intent on closing China off from foreign contact.

Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

34. (p. 467-468) The nation that led the way in early European exploration was A. England. B. France. C. Portugal. D. Spain. E. the Holy Roman Empire.

Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

35. (p. 469) The Portuguese mariner who reached India in 1498 was A. Prince Henrique. B. Vasco da Gama. C. Bartolomeu Dias. D. Cristoforo Colombo. E. Francis Drake.

Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

True / False Questions 36. (p. 447) The best-known long-distance traveler of Mongol times was the Venetian Marco Polo. TRUE

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

37. (p. 451) The Nestorian priest that served as Mongol envoy to the states of Europe was Rabban Sauma. FALSE

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

38. (p. 453) The most active of the Roman Catholic missionaries in China was John of Montecorvino. TRUE

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

39. (p. 454) Long-distance journeys enabled Muslim travelers to introduce new food and commercial crops to sub-Saharan Africa. TRUE

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

40. (p. 454-455) Mongols contributed to the process of diffusion most notably by helping to spread gunpowder technologies west from China. TRUE

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

41. (p. 458) During the 1340s Mongols, merchants, and other travelers helped to spread disease along trade routes to points west of China. TRUE

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

42. (p. 458) The bubonic plague typically killed 60 to 70 percent of its human victims and had the potential to ravage a society within a few months. TRUE

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

43. (p. 459) Upon establishing the Ming dynasty, Hongwu embraced Mongol rule and kept China's government decentralized. FALSE

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

44. (p. 463) Fernando and Isabel sought to make a place for Spain in the markets of Asia by sponsoring Christopher Columbus's quest for a western route to China. TRUE

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

45. (p. 464-465) Humanists scorned the language of the Greek and Roman authors and early church fathers, preferring the writing style of the scholastic theologians. FALSE

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

46. Ibn Battuta suggested that, in regard to the people of Mali, "Among their good practices are their avoidance of injustice; there is no people more averse to it, and their Sultan does not allow anyone to practice it in any measure." At the same time Battuta could be quite critical. How valuable is Battuta as a source? Compare him to Marco Polo. Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

47. Relate the humanistic thought of the Renaissance to philosophies in other societies in the world at that time. How revolutionary was the humanistic view? How does the Renaissance emphasis on the uniqueness of the individual relate to other societies' worldview? Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

48. What was the significance of the Chinese decision to end the journeys of Zheng He? Why did Yongle send Zheng He out in the first place? Compare Zheng He's journeys of exploration to their European equivalents. Why were the Chinese journeys stopped? What did this change mean for China? Answers will vary

Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

49. Why would a relatively poor nation like Portugal have played such an important role in exploration? Why was Portugal the first of the European nations to make a serious attempt at long-distance exploration? Answers will vary

Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

50. What factors explain the increasing trade and interaction between various parts of the world in the centuries immediately following 1000 C.E.? Who was making these journeys and why? What were the results? Relate this information to the role that trade played in other societies. Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

51. Examine the career of Hongwu and the establishment of the Ming dynasty. How did Hongwu influence China? What were his goals? How long-lasting were his changes? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

52. Examine the reinvigoration of Europe in the later middle ages. How was it different from the reinvigoration of China during the same period? Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

53. Examine the Renaissance. What were its foundations? In what ways was it different from earlier European thought? Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

54. Examine European exploration. What were the Europeans' motives? Were their motives different from the reasons of the Chinese? What were the results of these journeys? Answers will vary

Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

55. What role did disease play in China and Europe in the fourteenth century? How were these societies influenced by the outbreak of disease? How did they recover? Compare the spread of the bubonic plague to other times when disease played an important role in history. Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

56. What role did trade play, both beneficial and harmful, during this period? How does this role relate to the role that trade has played in other societies studied earlier in the class? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

57. What is the significance of the Yongle Encyclopedia? In what ways would the Yongle Encyclopedia be representative of the accomplishments of the Ming dynasty? Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

58. In what ways was humanism representative of the Renaissance? How was it different from traditional European thought? Does humanism mean something different today? Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

59. Read the selection from Ibn Battuta (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Ibn Battuta on Customs in the Mali Empire). What can we learn about the status of women from this account? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

60. Identify the most significant land and sea routes in the fourteenth century. What societies tended to control and profit from these routes? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

61. What was the role of religion in the cultural interactions of this era? Which religion had the greater international impact, Christianity or Islam? Explain. Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

62. Give some specific examples of agricultural and technological diffusion along the trade routes. Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Distance Trade and Travel

63. Summarize the origins and the progress of the bubonic plague of the fourteenth century. Which regions were hit the hardest? Which regions were largely spared? Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

64. What were the social and economic outcomes of the plague? Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

65. How did the Ming dynasty rebuild the economy of China? Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

66. Note the kind of state to emerge in the fifteenth century in northern Italy, France, England, and Spain. Which was the most powerful state at this time? Answers will vary

Topic: Crisis and Recovery across Postclassical Eurasia

Chapter 21 - Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction

67. How were the Ming Chinese able to establish a forceful presence in the Indian Ocean in the fifteenth century? When and why did this presence cease? Answers will vary

Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

68. What were the Portuguese objectives in the exploration of the coast of west Africa? What did they accomplish? Answers will vary

Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

69. What did Columbus hope to accomplish when he set forth across the Atlantic in 1492? What did he achieve? Answers will vary

Topic: The Eurasian Ventures of Exploration and Colonization

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

Chapter 22 Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 479) The Portuguese mariner who sailed to Calicut in 1498 was A. Dias. B. Columbus. C. Cook. D. Magellan. E. Vasco da Gama.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

2. (p. 480-481) Which of the following was NOT one of the main inspirations for European exploration? A. the desire to conquer China and India B. the search for basic resources C. the desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets D. the desire to spread Christianity E. the search for lands suitable for cultivation of cash crops

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

3. (p. 481) The most prominent European nation in pursuing early voyages of long-distance exploration was A. England. B. Spain. C. Portugal. D. France. E. Italy.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

4. (p. 481) The Portuguese viewed the Atlantic Ocean islands as the perfect location for the cultivation of A. cotton. B. sugarcane. C. indigo. D. maize. E. citrus fruits.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

5. (p. 481-482) Which of the following was NOT a reason for European interest in finding a maritime trade route? A. that the spread of the bubonic plague made the Silk Roads more dangerous B. that Mongol domination had caused trade along the Silk Roads to stop C. the high prices charged by Muslim merchants D. the demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger E. the desire to expand the boundaries of Christianity

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

6. (p. 482) The reconquista came to an end in 1492 when A. Constantinople fell to Islamic forces. B. Jerusalem was recaptured by European forces as part of the seventh crusade. C. the Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces. D. the Silk Roads were overrun by Mongol forces. E. northern India was recaptured by the British.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

7. (p. 482) Lateen sails had the advantage of A. allowing for faster travel than anything available in the Islamic world. B. working better in crosswinds. C. being so colorful that they could be seen from many miles away. D. being able to take full advantage of a wind blowing from behind. E. being cheaper because their basic component was jute.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

8. (p. 483) The astrolabe was designed to measure A. latitude. B. velocity. C. distance. D. longitude. E. depth.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

9. (p. 483) Portuguese mariners originally developed a strategy called the volta do mar when A. sailing from the Canaries to Portugal. B. sailing from southern Africa to the Indian Ocean. C. sailing down the African coast. D. sailing to the Americas from Europe. E. returning to Portugal from the Americas.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

10. (p. 484) Which of the following men conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast? A. Christopher Columbus B. Henry VIII of England C. Francis I of France D. Süleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman empire E. Henry of Portugal

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

11. (p. 484) The first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope was A. Bartolomeu Dias. B. Vasco da Gama. C. Dom Henrique. D. James Cook. E. Christopher Columbus.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

12. (p. 485) The profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India was made up of A. gold and silver. B. silk and artwork. C. pepper and cinnamon. D. silk and ceramics. E. slaves and weapons.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

13. (p. 485) Christopher Columbus's decision to sail west to reach Asia was based on A. assistance from an experienced Muslim sailor. B. secret information on trade routes that he had received indirectly from Chinese sources. C. legends left over from the earlier Viking voyages. D. his miscalculation of the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan. E. information that he had gathered after inventing his own astrolabe.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

14. (p. 485) When he reached ________, Columbus sent delegates to seek the court of the emperor of China. A. Cuba B. Japan C. Brazil D. Nova Scotia E. modern-day Florida

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

15. (p. 485) On 12 October 1492, Columbus made landfall on an island that the native Taíno called A. Palos. B. Guanahaní. C. Calicut. D. San Salvador. E. Gao.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

16. (p. 489) The first circumnavigation of the world was completed in 1522 by A. Francis Drake. B. Ferdinand Magellan. C. Vasco da Gama. D. Ferdinand Magellan's crew. E. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

17. (p. 489) Ferdinand Magellan established a trade route between Mexico and A. Spain. B. Hawai`i. C. Portugal. D. the Canary Islands. E. the Philippines.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

18. (p. 489) Most of the actual early exploration of the Pacific Ocean was carried out by the A. Spanish. B. Portuguese. C. English. D. Dutch. E. French.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

19. (p. 489) The explorer who led three expeditions into the Pacific in the eighteenth century was A. James Cook. B. Ferdinand Magellan. C. Francis Drake. D. Vasco da Gama. E. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

20. (p. 489) The English explorer James Cook died during a fight in A. Australia. B. New Zealand. C. Hawai`i. D. Tahiti. E. Guam.

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

21. (p. 489) In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, Europeans during the period between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries A. achieved a monopoly. B. used an alliance with southern Indian princes to achieve success. C. were never able to displace the Chinese monopoly. D. used their seemingly godlike advantage in technology to establish a theocracy. E. met with limited success because of a lack of human numbers and military power.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

22. (p. 490) The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to A. force the native populations to convert to Christianity. B. form alliances with Chinese princes to take advantage of the large Chinese navy. C. force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties. D. conquer territories and bring them permanently into their growing empire. E. take advantage of their huge population to overwhelm their adversaries.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

23. (p. 490) Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka were all seized in the early 1500s by A. Vasco da Gama. B. Afonso d'Alboquerque. C. Francis Drake. D. Zheng He. E. James Cook.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

24. (p. 491) Which of the following cities was an English trading post? A. Goa B. Hormuz C. Melaka D. Bombay E. São Jorge da Mina

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

25. (p. 491) In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because A. it was a small country with a small population. B. a Chinese resurgence of naval exploration forced the Portuguese out. C. a late outbreak of the bubonic plague in the seventeenth century killed half the country's population. D. the English, French, and Dutch formed a lasting alliance designed to force the Portuguese to surrender. E. the Portuguese tired of the expenses of naval exploration and focused on their European land empire.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

26. (p. 491-492) Which of the following was NOT an advantage the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese? A. They possessed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships. B. They created joint-stock companies. C. They had much better captains. D. They were wealthier countries. E. They had much larger populations.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

27. (p. 492) The VOC was the A. English East India Company. B. indirect trade route that Portuguese mariners used to take advantage of wind patterns. C. Portuguese missionary organization that spread Christianity along the trade routes. D. United East India Company. E. European multinational organization, Victory Over China, that focused on Asian expansion.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

28. (p. 494) The Philippines fell to A. James Cook. B. Jan Pieterszoon Coen. C. Miguel López de Legazpi. D. Ferdinand Magellan. E. Zheng He.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

29. (p. 494) The center of Spanish commercial activity in Asia was A. Manila. B. Batavia. C. Bombay. D. Melaka. E. Hawai`i.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

30. (p. 494) Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population A. was allowed to follow their own religious traditions. B. was encouraged to pursue a syncretic brand of Christianity. C. converted almost exclusively to Islam. D. followed a classical European north-south Protestant-Catholic geographic split. E. was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

31. (p. 494) Jan Pieterszoon Coen was responsible for A. forcing the population of Indonesia to convert to Christianity. B. founding the city of Batavia on the island of Java. C. bringing the Philippines under Dutch control. D. establishing the United East India Company. E. the third circumnavigation of the globe.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

32. (p. 494) The Dutch policy in Indonesia was to A. control the production of spices. B. convert the population to Christianity. C. rule the native population through strict control. D. introduce new agricultural products to find a cash crop. E. control financial institutions but leave the fighting to their French allies.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

33. (p. 494) The most prosperous country in Europe in the seventeenth century was A. England. B. France. C. Spain. D. the Netherlands. E. Russia.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

34. (p. 495) Russian territorial expansion into northern Eurasia began in the A. fifteenth century. B. sixteenth century. C. seventeenth century. D. eighteenth century. E. nineteenth century.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

35. (p. 498) Russian merchants and explorers began the expansion into Siberia in the quest for A. gold. B. silver. C. copper. D. furs. E. iron.

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

36. (p. 501) In the long term, the Columbian exchange A. brought a lasting decline in population because of the ravages of diseases such as smallpox. B. had very little influence on world population figures. C. led to economic instability because of a glut of Chinese silver. D. barely broke even financially. E. increased world population because of the spread of new food crops.

Topic: Ecological Exchanges on a Global Scale

37. (p. 502) From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of A. enslaved Africans. B. Hindu Indians fleeing religious persecution. C. northern Europeans seeking economic opportunity in the Americas. D. Chinese peasant families fleeing recurring outbreaks of disease. E. southern Europeans seeking political freedom in the Americas.

Topic: Ecological Exchanges on a Global Scale

38. (p. 503) By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which Europeans played dominant roles, EXCEPT A. China. B. South America. C. Australia. D. India. E. Africa.

Topic: Ecological Exchanges on a Global Scale

True / False Questions

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

39. (p. 481) The Portuguese originally ventured into the open Atlantic Ocean seeking fish, seals, whales, timber, and lands where they could grow wheat. TRUE

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

40. (p. 482) Alongside material incentives, the goal of expanding the boundaries of Christianity also drove Europeans into the larger world. TRUE

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

41. (p. 483) The astrolabe was a simplified version of an instrument used by Chinese astronomers to determine latitude. FALSE

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

42. (p. 483) Spanish mariners developed a strategy called the volta do mar that enabled them to sail from the Canaries to Spain. FALSE

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

43. (p. 485) When Christopher Columbus returned to Spain, he reported to his royal sponsors that he had reached the islands just off the coast of Asia. TRUE

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

44. (p. 489) Ferdinand Magellan was killed in a political dispute in the Philippines; and of his five ships and 280 men, only one ship with 18 men returned to Spain. TRUE

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

45. (p. 490) The goal of the Portuguese in establishing a trading-post empire was to conquer new territories. FALSE

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

46. (p. 492) The English merchants formed an especially powerful joint-stock company, the East India Company. TRUE

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

47. (p. 498) The settlers who established a Russian presence in Siberia included social misfits, convicted criminals, and even prisoners of war. TRUE

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

48. (p. 499) The Seven Years' War laid the foundation for 150 years of Spanish imperial hegemony in the world. FALSE

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

49. In Christopher Columbus's journals, he suggested to the king and queen of Spain that they focus on converting the peoples of the Americas because "in a short time you will end up having converted to our Holy Faith a multitude of peoples and acquired large dominions and great riches." How does this brief statement express the European goals for exploration? Why did the Europeans explore? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

50. Describe Russian motivations for expansion into Siberia. How did the Russians initially treat the native peoples, and how did that treatment evolve over time? Answers will vary

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

51. Examine the western European conquest of the Philippines and Indonesia. How was this different from the role they played in trading with powers such as China? What did the areas that fell completely under European control have in common? Answers will vary

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

52. What developments and discoveries were important in the process of western European exploration? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

53. Examine the technological innovations that allowed for European exploration. How many of those innovations came from Europe originally? What other factors helped make sailing that far possible? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

54. Examine the early Portuguese exploration and dominance in trade. What made this dominance possible? Why didn't their early advantage last? Answers will vary

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

55. Examine the growth of worldwide trade from 1500 to 1800. Discuss the rise and implications of a global trading system. Answers will vary

Topic: Ecological Exchanges on a Global Scale Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

56. Discuss the implications of the Columbian exchange. What crops and animals were being shipped back and forth? Was there a negative side to this exchange? What would be the longterm consequences? Answers will vary

Topic: Ecological Exchanges on a Global Scale

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

57. What is it about the western Europeans that might explain this period of exploration? Why didn't this exploration happen earlier or elsewhere? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

58. What role has disease played in world history up to and including the period of the Columbian exchange? Be sure to consider the bubonic plague in China and Europe as well as the smallpox epidemics that struck the Americas. Answers will vary

Topic: Ecological Exchanges on a Global Scale

59. Explore the differing approaches to exploration, trade, and colonization of the western European nations. What might explain these differences? How would these different approaches influence the areas being explored and colonized? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

60. Look at the illustration of travel on the Silk Roads on page 481. Why were the Silk Roads so important? What was the significance of the Europeans finding an alternate route and avoiding the Silk Roads? How did this exploration impact the Europeans, the Islamic empires that formed the intermediaries of the Silk Roads, and the rest of the world? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

61. After reading the selection from Christopher Columbus's journal, can you tell what Columbus's motives were for exploration? (See Textbook: Sources from the Past: Christopher Columbus's First Impressions of the American Peoples.) Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

62. Read the Christopher Columbus section (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Christopher Columbus's First Impressions of the American Peoples). What were Columbus's impressions of the peoples he encountered? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

63. What specific motives prompted European overseas voyages? Of all these motives, which do you think took precedence? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

64. What was Columbus's goal in setting forth across the Atlantic in 1492? Was his voyage successful? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

65. What was the significance of Magellan's voyage of 1519-1522? What were the some of the challenges for explorers of the Pacific Ocean? Answers will vary

Topic: The European Reconnaissance of the World's Oceans

66. What factors contributed to the dramatic economic growth and the ensuing population growth of Russia in the eighteenth century? Answers will vary

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

67. What were some of the striking aspects of the battle for Hormuz, as recounted by Afonso d'Alboquerque (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Afonso D'Alboquerque Seizes Hormuz)? What was the strategic importance of Hormuz? Answers will vary

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

68. How were the English and Dutch trading companies organized and administered? How were these companies able to establish themselves in Asia? Answers will vary

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

Chapter 22 - Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

69. Compare the Spanish conquest of the Philippines with the Dutch conquest of Indonesia. What kind of colony emerged in each case? Answers will vary

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

70. What factors led to the Seven Years' War in the eighteenth century? What was the outcome, globally, of that conflict? Answers will vary

Topic: Trade and Conflict in Early Modern Asia

71. What were some of the positive aspects of the Columbian exchange? What were some of the destructive aspects of this exchange? Give some specific examples. Answers will vary

Topic: Ecological Exchanges on a Global Scale

72. What were the positive and negative demographic impacts of European contact with the New World? Answers will vary

Topic: Ecological Exchanges on a Global Scale

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

Chapter 23 The Transformation of Europe

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 507) Luther's initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was A. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. B. the sale of indulgences. C. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. D. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. E. the influence of John Calvin.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

2. (p. 507) The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was A. John Calvin. B. Erasmus. C. Voltaire. D. Martin Luther. E. Henry VIII.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

3. (p. 507) The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the A. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. B. threat posed by Islam. C. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. D. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. E. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

4. (p. 507) Who said, "I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one's conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other"? A. Martin Luther B. Jesus C. John Calvin D. Sima Qian E. Henry VIII

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

5. (p. 507-509) Henry VIII's reformation in England A. was based on the ideas of the Anabaptists. B. was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation. C. was inspired more by John Calvin's thought than by Luther's thought. D. made far more profound changes in theology than Luther's reformation did. E. ignored Luther and instead pushed for change within Catholic guidelines.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

6. (p. 509) The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was A. Henry's frustration with the pope's inability to bring about church reform. B. Henry's desire to gain a divorce. C. Henry's desire to unify all of Europe for a new round of crusades. D. Henry's belief that the pope was secretly backing the French in the latest war. E. a new English translation of the Bible.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

7. (p. 509) The author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion was A. Calvin. B. Luther. C. Zwingli. D. Henry VIII. E. Paul III.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

8. (p. 509) The city that stood as John Calvin's model Protestant community was A. Avignon. B. Paris. C. Geneva. D. Wittenberg. E. London.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

9. (p. 510) Which of the following was NOT among the core components of the Catholic Reformation? A. the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas B. the Council of Trent C. the Society of Jesus D. the efforts of St. Ignatius Loyola E. the religious fervor of the Renaissance popes

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

10. (p. 510) The council that helped define and advance the Catholic Reformation took place in A. Trent. B. Pisa. C. Wittenberg. D. Rome. E. Milan.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

11. (p. 510) The Council of Trent A. rooted out the Arian heresy. B. successfully reached a compromise in the early Protestant movement between Luther and Calvin. C. played a key role in Henry VIII's break with the Catholic church. D. took steps to reform the Catholic church. E. launched the witch-hunts of the sixteenth century.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

12. (p. 510) Ignatius Loyola was instrumental in A. creating the Society of Jesus. B. calling together the Council of Trent. C. making astronomical discoveries that called into question the Ptolemaic universe. D. the formation of Spanish absolutism. E. claiming the Philippines for Spain.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

13. (p. 510) The explosion of witch-hunting in the sixteenth century was heavily influenced by A. a dramatic increase in the practice of demonology. B. the publication of Copernicus's theories. C. the conquest of Spain by Islamic forces. D. tensions between Catholics and Protestants. E. the fear caused by the prominent role that women were increasingly playing in the Catholic church.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

14. (p. 511) Eighty-five percent of the condemned witches were A. men. B. Catholics. C. Protestants. D. women. E. Muslims.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

15. (p. 511) The Spanish leader who sent an armada against England in 1588 was A. Philip II. B. Don Juan. C. Fernando. D. Charles V. E. Dom Henrique.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

16. (p. 511) The leader of England during the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was A. Henry VIII. B. Charles II. C. Mary I. D. James II. E. Elizabeth I.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

17. (p. 512) The most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century was the A. Thirty Years' War. B. Seven Years' War. C. Hundred Years' War. D. Franco-Prussian War. E. War of the Spanish Succession.

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

18. (p. 513-514) Charles V was the A. pope who called the Council of Trent to address abuses in the Catholic church. B. Spanish king who attempted to invade England in 1588. C. English king who broke with the Catholic church for political reasons. D. Portuguese leader who supported exploration down Africa's west coast. E. leader who loosely administered but was unable to establish strong imperial authority over the Holy Roman Empire.

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

19. (p. 513-514) Which of the following factors was NOT one of the reasons for Charles V's failure to build a centralized, sovereign state in the Holy Roman Empire? A. frequent invasions by England B. internal religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics C. external pressure from the French D. imperial princes who refused to bend to Charles's will E. external pressure from the Ottomans

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

20. (p. 514) The Spanish Inquisition was first established in 1478 by A. Charles V. B. Don Carlos. C. Fernando and Isabel. D. Philip II. E. Philip III.

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

21. (p. 515) Which of the following states developed constitutional governments in the seventeenth century? A. England and France B. Spain and the Netherlands C. Russia and Italy D. the Netherlands and France E. England and the Netherlands

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

22. (p. 515-516) The English civil war ended with the trial and decapitation of A. James I. B. Charles I. C. Elizabeth I. D. James II. E. Charles II.

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

23. (p. 517) The architect of French absolutism was A. John Locke. B. Cardinal Richelieu. C. Charles II. D. Montesquieu. E. Louis XVIII.

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

24. (p. 517) The individual associated with the phrase "l'état, c'est moi" was A. Charles V. B. Philip II. C. Cardinal Richelieu. D. Charles I. E. Louis XIV.

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

25. (p. 517-518) Which of the following was NOT one of the policies pursued by Louis XIV? A. the maintenance of a huge standing army B. an attempt to make the nobles an active part of the government C. abolishing internal tariffs D. the creation of the palace at Versailles E. the promotion of economic development

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

26. (p. 517) Versailles was the magnificent royal palace of A. Charles I. B. Frederick the Great. C. Peter the Great. D. Francis I. E. Louis XIV.

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

27. (p. 519) Catherine the Great's attempts at reform in Russia were essentially ended by A. the Great Northern War. B. the "Time of Troubles." C. the English civil war. D. Pugachev's rebellion. E. the Old Beliefs schism.

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

28. (p. 520) The most important consequence of the Peace of Westphalia was in A. laying the foundation for English control of most of the world. B. combining the Spanish and French thrones. C. promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal. D. ending the carnage of the Seven Years' War. E. establishing an Anglo-French alliance that would last until World War I.

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

29. (p. 520-521) Which of the following conflicts was a major war that unfolded in the wake of the Peace of Westphalia? A. the English civil war B. the Thirty Years' War C. the Hundred Years' War D. the Seven Years' War E. the Glorious Revolution

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

30. (p. 521) The fundamental principle of diplomacy in early modern Europe was A. French domination. B. the Auld Alliance. C. raison d'etat. D. the Anglo-French alliance. E. the balance of power.

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

31. (p. 522) During the eighteenth century, the population of Europe rose to A. 81 million. B. 180 million. C. 240 million. D. 310 million. E. 350 million.

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

32. (p. 524) The system by which unfinished materials were delivered to rural households for production is known as the A. guild system. B. joint-stock company system. C. union system. D. putting-out system. E. countryside system.

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

33. (p. 525) The most important early capitalist thinker was A. Voltaire. B. Adam Smith. C. Montesquieu. D. Isaac Newton. E. Francis Bacon.

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

34. (p. 527) The Ptolemaic universe was based on A. the idea that the earth rested on the back of a giant turtle. B. a motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow spheres. C. a heliocentric structure. D. the unifying principle of gravity. E. the observations of Galileo.

Topic: Transformations in Scientific Thinking

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

35. (p. 527) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was written by A. Ptolemy. B. Galileo Galilei. C. Isaac Newton. D. Jonathan Swift. E. Nicolaus Copernicus.

Topic: Transformations in Scientific Thinking

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

36. (p. 527) That planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular, was demonstrated by A. Galileo. B. Voltaire. C. Newton. D. Kepler. E. Descartes.

Topic: Transformations in Scientific Thinking

37. (p. 528) The theory of universal gravity is associated with A. Isaac Newton. B. Galileo Galilei. C. Denis Diderot. D. Nicolaus Copernicus. E. Johannes Kepler.

Topic: Transformations in Scientific Thinking

38. (p. 530-531) The most important achievement of Émilie du Châtelet was A. her discovery of the principles of blood circulation in the human body. B. her translation of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica. C. the development of a law of inertia. D. in providing a model that undermined the Ptolemaic view of the universe. E. in demonstrating the transfer of disease through bacteria.

Topic: Transformations in Scientific Thinking

True / False Questions

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

39. (p. 509) Martin Luther's cause benefited greatly from the printing press, as a sizeable literate public eagerly consumed printed works on religious and secular themes. TRUE

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

40. (p. 509) Several princes of the Holy Roman Empire warmed to Luther's views, partly because of personal conviction but partly because of the opportunity for them to build a power base. TRUE

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

41. (p. 510) The Society of Jesus—the Jesuits—received instruction in theology, philosophy, and the classics, and became effective missionaries. TRUE

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

42. (p. 514) Charles V did not build an administrative structure for his empire, but instead ruled each of his lands according to its own laws and customs. TRUE

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

43. (p. 515) During the seventeenth century, England and the Netherlands evolved governments that claimed limited powers and recognized rights of individuals and representative institutions. TRUE

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

44. (p. 517) King Louis XIII of France was known as le roi soleil, "the sun king." FALSE

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

45. (p. 518) The most important of the Romanov tsars of Russia was Catherine II. She is credited with the process of transforming Russia into a modern state. FALSE

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

46. (p. 520) European states ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which laid the foundation for a system of independent, competing states. TRUE

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

47. (p. 520-521) Frequent wars and balance-of-power diplomacy increased the resources of European states and strengthened society as a whole. FALSE

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

48. (p. 523) Merchants were especially influential in the affairs of the English and Dutch states; these lands adopted policies that were most favorable to capitalist enterprises. TRUE

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

Essay Questions

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

49. Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

50. Look at Map 23.1, Sixteenth-century Europe. Why did Europe divide into a collection of sovereign states and not attain the level of the greater empires that occurred in China, India, and the Islamic lands? Why didn't the Holy Roman Empire reach the level of power and grandeur that its name implied? What were the consequences of this competition? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

51. Discuss the developments and differences between constitutional states and absolute monarchies. Which of these governmental forms would have the greatest long-term influence? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

52. Examine the idea behind the balance of power. How did this concept play itself out in Europe? How was this balance of power different from the political patterns in the rest of the world? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

53. Examine the wars in early modern Europe. What caused most of these conflicts? What were the results of these confrontations? Who won and who lost? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

54. Examine the career of Martin Luther. What were the foundations of his Reformation? What legacy did he leave Europe? Why did earlier reformers not have the same impact? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

55. Examine the European witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. What factors led to this movement? What were the results? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

56. Examine the rise of capitalist thought and practice. What factors led to this rise? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

57. Examine the leading thinkers of the scientific revolution. Why were the early discoveries of the scientific revolution met with such resistance? In what ways did these discoveries destroy an old worldview and create a new one? Answers will vary

Topic: Transformations in Scientific Thinking

58. What were the foundations of the scientific revolution? Could there be a disadvantage to the period's new emphasis on reason? What, if anything, was missing from this new intellectual universe? Answers will vary

Topic: Transformations in Scientific Thinking

59. Was there a political side to the sixteenth-century reformation movements? How did it relate to the religious issues? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

60. Examine Map 23.2, Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648. How does it compare to Map 23.1? What were the long-term implications of the Peace of Westphalia? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

61. What were the circumstances of the English Reformation? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

62. Examine the philosophy of Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, excerpted in the text (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Adam Smith on the Capitalist Market). Was it typical of the thinkers from this period? What was the heart of his philosophy? How influential was Smith's thought? Why was it so revolutionary? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

63. By the end of the sixteenth century, which European countries had become Protestant and which had remained Catholic? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

64. What are some the reasons suggested for the widespread persecution of suspected witches in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Answers will vary

Topic: The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

65. Why was Charles V, despite such vast holdings, unable to establish a durable empire? What forces worked against such an empire in the sixteenth century? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

66. How did European monarchs increase their power in the early modern era? What are some of the common characteristics of the new monarchs? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

67. Why did serfdom survive in Russia long after it had died out in western Europe? How did the institution of serfdom in Russia begin to take on capitalist qualities? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

68. What factors encouraged the evolution of a constitutional government in England and the Netherlands? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

69. How did Louis XIV maintain control over the nobles of France? What were some of the structures of absolutism during his reign? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

70. What aspects of European culture did Peter I seek to graft onto Russian society? Through what methods did he attempt to modernize his country? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of Early Modern Sovereign States

71. What factors led to the dramatic population growth of Europe between 1500 and 1700? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

72. What are the characteristics of capitalism in the early modern age? What financial innovations supported the growth of capitalism in Europe? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

73. What are some of the social changes that resulted from the growth of capitalism? What groups would have been most threatened by or resistant to these changes? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

Chapter 23 - The Transformation of Europe

74. Three great minds collaborated to shatter the ancient Ptolemaic view of the universe. Note the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Who do you think made the most significant contribution? Who took the greatest risk? Answers will vary

Topic: Transformations in Scientific Thinking

75. In what ways can it be said that Isaac Newton's work "symbolized the scientific revolution"? What was his role in the scientific revolution? Answers will vary

Topic: Transformations in Scientific Thinking

76. Describe the putting-out system. Why did manufacturers begin to seek out rural labor for the production of goods? What societal effects did this have? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Capitalist Society

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

Chapter 24 New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 535) Doña Marina was A. the first viceroy of the Spanish colonies in the Americas. B. the leading Spanish banker who funded exploration. C. the Portuguese explorer who first sighted Australia. D. a Mexican woman who aided Cortés in his conquest of the Aztecs. E. the nautical term for the dominant westerly wind that made voyages to the Americas faster.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

2. (p. 535) The term mestizo refers to A. the coins that were used in the Aztec empire. B. an individual of indigenous and European parentage. C. the Spanish plantations on which millions of Central and South Americans were enslaved. D. the Aztec term for the mysterious disease that devastated their population. E. the percentage of silver that went to the Spanish government.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

3. (p. 537) Before the arrival of Columbus, the Taíno lived under the authority of A. Aztec diplomats. B. local chiefs. C. a priestly class. D. a single monarch. E. groups of democratic councils of elders.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

4. (p. 536) The first people of the Americas to come into contact with the Spanish were the A. Maya. B. Aztecs. C. Incas. D. Taíno. E. Chimu.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

5. (p. 537) Christopher Columbus's first plan was to A. build trading posts where merchants could trade with the local population. B. plunder the legendary wealth of the Aztecs. C. form an alliance with the Aztecs against the Incas. D. form an alliance with the French before attacking the Taíno. E. subjugate the native population as a slave race for the Spanish.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

6. (p. 538) The encomenderos were A. Aztec priests who viewed the Spanish as visiting gods. B. Spanish settlers. C. the first society of the Americas to come into contact with the Spanish. D. the Spanish administrative officials who ruled over the colonies and reported back to Spain. E. individuals of indigenous and European parentage.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

7. (p. 538) The population of the Caribbean went from about 4 million in 1492 to ________ in the 1540s. A. 8 million B. 5 million C. 4 million D. 2 million E. a few thousand

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

8. (p. 539) Hernán Cortés was responsible for the conquest of the A. Taíno. B. Chimu. C. Incas. D. Aztecs. E. Moche.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

9. (p. 539) The last emperor of the Aztec empire was A. Atahualpa. B. Motecuzoma II. C. Itzcóatl. D. Topa. E. Motecuzoma I.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

10. (p. 539) The conquistador who conquered the Incas was A. Balboa. B. Cortés. C. Cabral. D. Magellan. E. Pizarro.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

11. (p. 540) The last emperor of the Inca empire was A. Motecuzoma II. B. Atahualpa. C. Topa Inca. D. Viracocha. E. Pachacuti.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

12. (p. 541) The conquistadores A. established empires in Central and South America that lasted until the eighteenth century. B. lost control because of a bloody battle between the forces of Cortés and Pizarro. C. eventually lost control and were replaced with formal rule by the Spanish crown. D. eventually died of the very same smallpox they had unwittingly introduced to the Americas. E. in turn were defeated by French forces.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

13. (p. 541) The two centers of Spanish royal authority in the Americas were A. Lima and Chanchan. B. Mexico City and Cuzco. C. Lima and Mexico City. D. Tenochtitlan and Mexico City. E. Cuzco and Tenochtitlan.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

14. (p. 541) The chief Spanish royal administrators in the Americas were the A. viceroys. B. peninsulares. C. conquistadores. D. encomiendas. E. haciendas.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

15. (p. 541) The power of the viceroys was checked by reviews conducted by the A. mestizo. B. zambos. C. encomiendas. D. conquistadores. E. audiencias.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

16. (p. 542) The Treaty of Tordesillas A. granted England control over Australia. B. split Central and South America between Spain and Portugal. C. ended the Seven Years' War. D. limited Spanish northern expansion to modern-day Florida. E. ended the English practice of raiding Spanish treasure galleons.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

17. (p. 543) The Portuguese began to show much more interest in Brazil after A. the establishment of profitable sugar plantations. B. the English victory over the Spanish Armada. C. brazil wood became a major cash crop. D. a Spanish military loss to France removed Spain as a serious rival for control of Brazil. E. the discovery of rich gold and silver mines.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

18. (p. 543) The English and French colonies A. were like the Spanish in that they viewed the Americas as a land to exploit rather than a place to settle. B. did not play a role in the Americas until the mid-eighteenth century. C. never showed any serious interest in the Americas. D. discovered gold and silver mines that rivaled Spanish claims. E. were supported to a greater degree by private investors than were the Spanish.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

19. (p. 543) Which of the following sites in North America was originally a Dutch colony? A. Plymouth B. Jamestown C. Port Royal D. New York E. Quebec

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

20. (p. 543) The English colony of Jamestown A. was nearly destroyed due to mass starvation. B. was wildly successful and quickly recouped the original financial investment. C. mysteriously disappeared during a period in which the English were too busy to send aid. D. served as a remarkably satisfactory location for the Puritans. E. was burned to the ground during a French invasion.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

21. (p. 543-544) Which of the following statements is NOT accurate about the differences between the Spanish approach to colonization and that of the English and French? A. Private investors played a much greater role in the English and French approach. B. The English and French viewed the indigenous populations as their equals more than did the Spanish. C. The English and French did not encounter large, centralized states like the Spanish. D. The English colonies had their own assemblies that influenced the choice of royal governor, which Spanish colonies lacked. E. Spanish explorers relied to a greater degree on royal backing.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

22. (p. 543-544) Which of the following is NOT true of the native Americans that the English and French came into contact with? A. The native societies of North America did not have large, centralized states like the Aztecs and Incas. B. The native Americans did not live in densely populated areas. C. The native Americans practiced agriculture, but moved frequently in pursuit of game. D. The native Americans lived in dozens of distinct societies. E. The native Americans guarded their claims to private ownership of land even more jealously than the Europeans.

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

23. (p. 544-545) The native population in what is now the United States stood at five million to ten million in 1492, and at ________ in 1800. A. fifteen million B. ten million C. eight million D. six million E. six hundred thousand

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

24. (p. 546) Spanish migrants who were born in Europe were known as A. zambos. B. encomiendas. C. mestizos. D. peninsulares. E. mulattoes.

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

25. (p. 546) The métis were A. French Jesuit missionaries. B. migrants who had been born in Europe. C. the Spanish administrative officials who reported back directly to the king. D. the French equivalents of the peninsulares. E. individuals of French and indigenous parentage.

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

26. (p. 546) For the Spanish, the greatest attraction of the Americas was A. precious metals. B. tobacco. C. the new class of trading partners to buy Spanish manufactured goods. D. sugar. E. slaves.

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

27. (p. 548) By the seventeenth century, the most prominent site of agriculture in Spanish America was the A. métis. B. hacienda. C. repartimiento. D. quinto. E. zambo.

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

28. (p. 549) To provide labor for their sugar plantations, the Portuguese by the 1580s A. offered higher wages than did their Spanish counterparts. B. copied the Spanish encomiendas. C. made extensive use of indentured servants. D. copied the Spanish repartimiento system. E. relied on imported African slaves as laborers.

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

29. (p. 550) In North America, the Europeans initially found a profitable commodity when fishermen began to barter with natives for A. furs. B. maize. C. tobacco. D. indigo. E. molasses.

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

30. (p. 551) Plantations created a high demand for A. cheap labor. B. cash crops. C. tobacco. D. money. E. education.

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

31. (p. 551) The first plentiful labor force for North America was A. indentured servants. B. peninsulares from South America. C. African slaves. D. métis purchased from Canada. E. native Americans who worked as part of a complicated barter system.

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

32. (p. 553) The Virgin of Guadalupe essentially became a national symbol for A. Peru. B. Mexico. C. Argentina. D. Brazil. E. Chile.

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

33. (p. 554) The first recorded European sighting of Australia was made by the A. Portuguese. B. Dutch. C. English. D. French. E. Spanish.

Topic: Early Experiences of Europeans in the Pacific

34. (p. 555) Which of the following countries established the first permanent settlement in Australia? A. England B. the Netherlands C. Portugal D. Spain E. France

Topic: Early Experiences of Europeans in the Pacific

35. (p. 555) The British initially made use of Australia A. because of its rich silver mines. B. because of its extraordinary agricultural abundance. C. as a busy port on the route from Acapulco to Manila. D. as a penal colony. E. as a tourist retreat.

Topic: Early Experiences of Europeans in the Pacific

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

36. (p. 555-556) In the 1670s and 1680s, the Spanish were interested in consolidating control in which area because it lay directly on the route from Acapulco to Manila? A. Guam B. New Zealand C. the Marquesas Islands D. Tahiti E. Hawai`i

Topic: Early Experiences of Europeans in the Pacific

True / False Questions 37. (p. 536-537) The first site of interaction between European and American peoples was the Caribbean, and when the Spanish arrived there, the Taíno were the most prominent people. TRUE

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

38. (p. 537) Christopher Columbus and his immediate followers made the island of Cuba the base of Spanish operations in the Caribbean. FALSE

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

39. (p. 539) Between 1519 and 1521, Hernán Cortés and a small band of men brought down the Aztec empire in Mexico. TRUE

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

40. (p. 539-540) On the mainland, as in the Caribbean, epidemic disease aided Spanish efforts in the conquest of native American peoples and their lands. TRUE

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

41. (p. 543) Private investors rather than royal financial backing played a larger role in French and English colonial efforts in the Americas. TRUE

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

42. (p. 546) In both Spanish and Portuguese colonies, migrants from Europe known as peninsulares stood at the top of the social hierarchy, followed by criollos, individuals born in the Americas of Iberian parents. TRUE

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

43. (p. 547) The Spanish government reserved a fifth of gold production, known as the quinto, for the colonial settlers, and took the rest as revenue for the crown. FALSE

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

44. (p. 549) While the Spanish American empire concentrated on the extraction of silver, the Portuguese empire in Brazil depended on the production and export of sugar. TRUE

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

45. (p. 551) Planters in North America initially met the demand for cheap labor by recruiting indentured servants from Europe. TRUE

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

46. (p. 555) In 1788 a Dutch fleet arrived near what is now Sydney carrying about one thousand passengers, eight hundred of them convicts, and established the first European settlement in Australia as a penal colony. FALSE

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Essay Questions 47. Bernardino de Sahagún reported that the Aztecs were amazed by the Spanish guns. The Spanish gun "resounded as if it thundered when it went off. It indeed bereft one of strength." What role did a difference in technology play in the fall of the Aztecs and Incas? Think of earlier instances in the class when a difference in technology had a profound effect. Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

48. Captain James Cook, when talking about the Hawaiians, proposed that "No people could trade with more honesty than these people." Why would honesty be important to Cook? Were Cook's relations with the Hawaiians always this positive? Discuss the nature of the relationship between Europeans and indigenous peoples in the Americas and Oceania. Answers will vary

Topic: Early Experiences of Europeans in the Pacific

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

49. Examine the exploration of the Americas by the French, Dutch, and English. How and why was their approach different from that of the Spanish and Portuguese? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

50. Examine the social structure of colonial life in North America. How was it different from the social structure of life in Central and South America? What explains the differences? In what ways did the different societies intermingle? Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

51. Examine the world of trade in the Americas. What were its economic and social implications? How did trade in the Americas fit into the larger trading world of the Europeans? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

52. Examine the exploration and colonization of Australia and Oceania. Compare and contrast it to the European settlement of the Americas. Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas Topic: Early Experiences of Europeans in the Pacific

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

53. How is the story of Doña Marina representative of the collapse of Mesoamerican and South American societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

54. What factors help to explain the rapid Spanish conquest of Central and South America? What advantages did the Spanish enjoy? What events were important? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

55. What role did disease play in the Spanish conquest of the Americas? What can this express about the isolation of these societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

56. The Spanish colonial history has always had a very dark reputation. Do the Spanish actually deserve this tradition? Were their colonial policies any different from those of the Dutch, French, and English? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

57. Examine the role played by the Portuguese in the exploration and colonization of South America. How did this role relate to Portuguese exploration and colonization elsewhere? How were the Portuguese different from the Spanish or the English, French, and Dutch? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

58. Examine the social transformation of Mesoamerica and South America. How complete was this transformation? How much of native traditions remained? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

59. Examine the picture of the mining operations at Potosí on page 547. What does this picture tell us about the Spanish interest in the Americas? Was it different from that of the other Europeans? What was life like for the native miners? What result would a high death rate have on the search for a labor force? Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

60. Examine the picture of slaves working on a plantation on page 552. Why did slavery eventually become more common than indentured servitude? Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

61. What became of the Taíno people of the Caribbean? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

62. Consider the impact of the encomienda system of land distribution on the future of Spanish America. Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

63. How did Pizarro conquer the Inca empire with 180 men? Answers will vary

Topic: Colliding Worlds in the Americas

64. What kinds of communities were established in the New World colonies of Portugal and Spain? How were they organized? How were they governed? Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

65. Describe the typical relations between French and English settlers and the native Americans. Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

66. What determined the social hierarchy in the Iberian colonies? Who tended to have wealth and power? Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

67. What was the basis of the economy of the Spanish empire? Who profited most from this? Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

68. Explain how sugar production came to dictate so much of colonial Brazilian life. Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

69. What became the basis of the economy and settlement in the North American colonies of France and England? Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

70. When and how did slavery come to North America? How did the arrival of slavery impact the societies that emerged there? Answers will vary

Topic: Colonial Society in the Americas

Chapter 24 - New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania

71. What was distinctive about the European exploration and settlement of Australia? Answers will vary

Topic: Early Experiences of Europeans in the Pacific

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

Chapter 25 Africa and the Atlantic World

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 561) Thomas Peters was A. a wealthy plantation owner who became the largest slave owner in the Carolinas. B. the captain of the first ship to bring slaves to North America. C. an American congressman who played a key role in drafting legislation to end the slave trade. D. the author of The Crime of Slavery. E. central in promoting the establishment of a colony for ex-slaves in Sierra Leone.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

2. (p. 561) The Black Pioneers were A. Africans who served as indentured servants in return for land in the Caribbean. B. escaped slaves who fought to maintain British rule in the North American colonies. C. former slaves who fought on the colonial side in the American revolution. D. the most notorious of the slave raiding organizations. E. the name for members of the First Continental Congress who fought for the abolition of slavery.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

3. (p. 562) The rise in maritime trade in the early modern era in Africa A. ironically led to a decrease in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. B. led to the consolidation in the largest imperial states in African history. C. led to political chaos and the destruction of the traditional African balance of power. D. resulted in regional kingdoms replacing the imperial states of west Africa. E. resulted in a new pattern in which the village became the principal political entity.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

4. (p. 562-563) The most important early city in the Songhay empire was A. Gao. B. Timbuktu. C. Jenne. D. Mali. E. Kilwa.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

5. (p. 563) The ruler most responsible for consolidating the Songhay empire was A. Sundiata. B. Nzinga. C. Mansa Musa. D. Sunni Ali. E. Afonso I.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

6. (p. 563) Sunni Ali built a powerful imperial navy to patrol the A. Niger River. B. Atlantic Ocean. C. Mediterranean Sea. D. Congo River. E. Indian Ocean.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

7. (p. 563) All Songhay emperors were A. Zoroastrian. B. Christian. C. Muslim. D. Antonian. E. traditional animistic.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

8. (p. 563) The Songhay empire fell in 1591 to a(n) A. Moroccan army. B. Portuguese army. C. Dutch army. D. English army. E. French army.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

9. (p. 564) In 1505 all the Swahili city-states were subdued by the A. Portuguese. B. Spanish. C. Ottoman Turks. D. Dutch. E. English.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

10. (p. 565) The ruler of the kingdom of Kongo, Afonso I, converted to what religion and encouraged his subjects to convert as well? A. Islam B. Antonianism C. Christianity D. Judaism E. Buddhism

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

11. (p. 565) King Nzinga Mbemba of Kongo is best known for his A. rebellion against Portuguese rule. B. alliance with the British. C. fascination with Islam. D. development of a powerful navy. E. conversion to Catholicism.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

12. (p. 565) An alliance with Portugal brought wealth and foreign recognition to Kongo, as well as A. the right to limit the slave trade. B. an inroad into European politics. C. a later alliance with the English. D. a diplomatic connection to the Spanish. E. the eventual destruction of the kingdom.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

13. (p. 566) The Portuguese referred to Ndongo as Angola because of the word ngola, which meant A. "gold." B. "slave." C. "impure." D. "king." E. "indigo."

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

14. (p. 566) The chief obstacle to Portuguese control of Angola came from A. Queen Nzinga. B. King Afonso I. C. King Sundiata. D. Queen Dona Beatriz. E. King Sunni Ali.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

15. (p. 566) The first European colony in sub-Saharan Africa was A. Mozambique. B. Angola. C. Zimbabwe. D. Kanem-Bornu. E. Kongo.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

16. (p. 566) In an effort to drive the Portuguese out of Ndongo, Queen Nzinga formed an alliance with the A. Kongolese. B. kingdom of Axum. C. kingdom of Zimbabwe. D. Dutch. E. kingdom of Mali.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

17. (p. 567) What was the massive fortified city in southern Africa that dominated the gold trade in the gold-bearing plain between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers until the late fifteenth century? A. Mbanza B. Cape Town C. Ndongo D. Great Zimbabwe E. Jenne

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

18. (p. 567) A trading post was built at Cape Town in 1652 by the A. Portuguese. B. Dutch. C. Russians. D. English. E. French.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

19. (p. 567) When the Dutch founded Cape Town they encountered which of these indigenous groups? A. Kongolese B. Khoikhoi C. Ndongo D. Zimbabwe E. Fulani

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

20. (p. 567) The center of Islamic learning in west Africa was A. Kilwa. B. Jenne. C. Gao. D. Timbuktu. E. Mbanza.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

21. (p. 567) Islam was most popular in sub-Saharan Africa in A. the thinly populated rural areas of west Africa. B. the commercial centers of west Africa and the Swahili city-states of east Africa. C. areas that had previously had contact with Christian missionaries. D. poor areas, where payment for conversion had the greatest appeal. E. areas that had forsaken the traditional religions because of famine or plague.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

22. (p. 567) Islam and Christianity usually spread into sub-Saharan Africa A. because of the failure of Judaism to capture a larger audience. B. solely because of military conquest. C. as syncretic versions of the originals. D. as an uneasy and cumbersome mixture of Islamic and Christian concepts. E. as religions picked up by runaway slaves.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

23. (p. 567) The Fulani A. were the most feared of the slave raiders who haunted coastal Africa. B. established the central African kingdom of Ndongo. C. attempted, through military conquest, to instill a strict form of Islam in Africa. D. fell victim to Swahili expansion. E. eventually failed in their mission of spreading Christianity.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

24. (p. 567-568) Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment of the Fulani? A. They promoted the spread of Islam from the cities to the countryside. B. They founded powerful states in Senegal, Mali, and northern Nigeria. C. They established schools to study the Quran. D. They strengthened Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. E. They eliminated the traditional elements of syncretic Islam.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

25. (p. 568) The founder of the religion that stressed that Jesus Christ had been a black man and that Kongo was the true holy land was A. Dona Beatriz. B. King Pedro IV. C. Nzinga Mbemba. D. Queen Nzinga. E. Olaudah Equiano.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

26. (p. 568-569) During the early modern period in Africa, the basis of social organization continued to be A. religious organizations of a syncretic nature. B. kinship groups. C. paramilitary organizations. D. guilds. E. a modern European-style nuclear family.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

27. (p. 569) The most important American crop introduced into Africa in the sixteenth century was A. manioc. B. tomatoes. C. maize. D. peanuts. E. tobacco.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

28. (p. 569) By 1800, the population of sub-Saharan Africa stood at A. twenty-one million. B. thirty-four million. C. forty-five million. D. sixty million. E. eighty-four million.

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

29. (p. 569) Throughout most of history, the majority of slaves came from A. religious obligations to traditional, usually animistic, gods. B. traditional outcast portions of society. C. the poor who were forced to sell themselves into servitude to repay huge debts. D. renegade members of the royal family. E. war captives.

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

30. (p. 569) One of the factors that made African slavery different from the varieties practiced elsewhere was that A. African slavery was much more brutal than any other form of slavery. B. African slavery began much later than slavery in the rest of the world. C. African slavery was practiced almost entirely for religious rather than financial reasons. D. African law did not recognize private property, and thus slaves served as a measure of personal wealth. E. African slavery didn't last very long.

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

31. (p. 570) The arrival of Europeans A. halted the slave market, because of Christian rules against slavery. B. created a slave market where none had existed before. C. dramatically increased previously existing slave networks. D. had almost no influence on the slave networks. E. dramatically decreased the number of Africans sold into slavery.

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

32. (p. 571) The first European slave traders were the A. English. B. Spanish. C. French. D. Dutch. E. Portuguese.

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

33. (p. 571-572) As part of the triangular slave trade, Europeans usually picked up slaves in Africa in return for A. horses and firearms. B. sugar or molasses. C. silver from the Americas. D. European grains. E. indentured servants.

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

34. (p. 572) Over the course of the entire period of trans-Atlantic slavery, the mortality rate for the middle passage was A. 60 percent. B. 50 percent. C. 25 percent. D. 10 percent. E. 3 percent.

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

35. (p. 572) The heaviest slave trading took place in the A. fifteenth century. B. sixteenth century. C. seventeenth century. D. eighteenth century. E. nineteenth century.

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

36. (p. 572) How many Africans were forcefully brought to the Americas as part of the transAtlantic slave trade? A. less than one million B. one million C. two million D. four million E. twelve million

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

37. (p. 577) The vast majority of slaves A. died during the middle passage. B. were employed in the mines of Central and South America. C. became domestic servants. D. were trained for simple, bureaucratic work. E. provided agricultural labor on plantations.

Topic: The African Diaspora

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

38. (p. 578-579) The only place where a slave revolt actually brought about an end to slavery was A. Peru. B. Brazil. C. Saint-Domingue. D. Cuba. E. Virginia.

Topic: The African Diaspora

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

39. (p. 579) Which of the following is NOT associated with the syncretic religions of Africans in the Americas? A. Saramaka B. Voudou C. belief in spirits and supernatural powers D. Candomblé E. African rituals like drumming and dancing

Topic: The African Diaspora

40. (p. 582) The first European nation to abolish the slave trade was A. England. B. Denmark. C. France. D. Portugal. E. Spain.

Topic: The African Diaspora

True / False Questions 41. (p. 564) In 1505 a massive Portuguese naval expedition subdued all the Swahili cities from Sofala to Mombasa. TRUE

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

42. (p. 565) The kings of Kongo converted to Christianity as a way to establish closer commercial relations with Portuguese merchants and diplomatic relations with the Portuguese monarchy. TRUE

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

43. (p. 566) Queen Nzinga dressed as a male warrior when leading troops in battle and insisted that her subjects refer to her as king rather than queen. TRUE

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

44. (p. 567) Like Islam, Christianity would not make compromises with the traditional beliefs and customs of sub-Saharan peoples. FALSE

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

45. (p. 569) The most important American food crop brought to sub-Saharan Africa was maize. FALSE

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

46. (p. 572) The part of the slave trade that was the trans-Atlantic journey was called the "middle passage." TRUE

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

47. (p. 576) The slave trade created a sexual imbalance in some parts of Africa. In Angola, this imbalance encouraged the practice of polygyny and forced women to take on duties that had been the responsibility of men. TRUE

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

48. (p. 578) Slaves resisted in numerous ways: slow work, sabotage of equipment, running away, and slave revolts. TRUE

Topic: The African Diaspora

49. (p. 580, 582) As the profitability of slavery declined, Europeans began to shift their investments from sugarcane and slaves to newly emerging manufacturing industries. TRUE

Topic: The African Diaspora

50. (p. 582) The last country in the Americas to emancipate slaves was the United States, in 1865. FALSE

Topic: The African Diaspora

Essay Questions 51. When talking about the conditions on a slave ship, Olaudah Equiano wrote, "I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me." Why was the middle passage so devastating? Discuss the middle passage in detail. Answers will vary

Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

52. Relate the American concept of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" to slavery. How did these two concepts coexist? Answers will vary

Topic: The African Diaspora Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

53. Consider the creation of an African-American culture and society. Compare this to other examples of cultural melding. Answers will vary

Topic: The African Diaspora

54. Consider the events leading to the end of the slave trade. What economic factors led to the rise and eventual abolition of the slave trade? Would it have been possible for the slave trade to end earlier than it did? What did the end of the slave trade mean to the slave traders and the slaves? Answers will vary

Topic: The African Diaspora Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

55. Examine the changing nature of African political development in Songhay, the Swahili city-states, and the kingdom of Kongo. Who were the main leaders? What were the most important turning points? Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

56. Examine the increasing role of Islam and Christianity in sub-Saharan Africa. In what ways did these religions transform sub-Saharan Africa? What happened to the indigenous religions? Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

57. Examine the slave trade. Discuss its African and trans-Saharan roots. What were the economic foundations of the slave trade? Examine the middle passage of the slave trade. Discuss the nature of the journey. What percentage survived the journey? Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

58. Examine the nature and conditions of slavery in the western hemisphere. In what ways did it vary? What were the social and gender implications of slavery? Answers will vary

Topic: The African Diaspora Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

59. Examine the creation of an African-American cultural tradition. How is this culture reflected in religion and other factors? Answers will vary

Topic: The African Diaspora

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

60. How was Africa influenced by European contact during this period? What were the social implications of this interaction? Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

61. Examine the social and political influence of the slave trade on African societies. Were there African societies that benefited from the slave trade? Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

62. Examine the picture of Queen Nzinga on page 566. How does her struggle with the Portuguese represent the African response to the Europeans? Was she a typical woman of the age? What role did Dona Beatriz play in the religious world of Africa? Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

63. Compare the decline of Songhay with the decline of the Swahili city-states of east Africa. Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

64. How was the kingdom of Kongo transformed by its contacts with the Portuguese? Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

65. What were the objectives of Dutch colonists in south Africa? What kind of colony did they establish? Compare these objectives to the Portuguese objectives in colonizing Angola. Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

66. In what ways did Islam adapt to the customs and traditions of sub-Saharan Africa? Consider Songhay as an example. Where had strict Islam taken root by the end of the seventeenth century? Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society

67. Besides religion, what other changes came to sub-Saharan Africa as a result of increased contact with the outside world? Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Chapter 25 - Africa and the Atlantic World

68. Compare the institution of slavery within traditional African society with slavery as practiced in Europe and the New World. Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society Topic: The African Diaspora Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

69. What was the impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the societies of west Africa? Consider social, political, and demographic effects. Answers will vary

Topic: Developments in Early Modern African Politics and Society Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

70. Compare the experience of slaves in the Caribbean, in Brazil, and in North America. Answers will vary

Topic: The African Diaspora Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

71. Describe both native African resistance to the slave trade and the forms of resistance among African slaves in the Americas. How much success did these efforts have? Answers will vary

Topic: The African Diaspora Topic: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

Chapter 26 Tradition and Change in East Asia

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 585) Matteo Ricci was A. the Italian merchant who spent twenty years with Khubilai Khan and wrote of his adventures. B. a Roman Catholic missionary in China. C. the chief Italian who negotiated trade issues with the Qing emperor Qianlong. D. the Italian explorer who sailed to Japan in the late fifteenth century. E. mainly responsible for the introduction of American crops such as manioc to China.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

2. (p. 585) Matteo Ricci and other Europeans discovered they were more successful in their negotiations with the Chinese if they presented them with A. African slaves. B. mechanical clocks. C. cannons and other advanced artillery. D. signed Bibles. E. silver bars.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

3. (p. 586) After the arrival of the Europeans, A. east Asian societies quickly fell under indirect European economic control. B. the rapid spread of Christianity threatened the very survival of Buddhism. C. east Asian societies immediately fell under direct European control. D. east Asian societies quickly copied the ways of the more advanced Europeans. E. east Asian societies largely controlled their own affairs until the nineteenth century.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

4. (p. 586) In 1368 the Ming dynasty replaced the ________ dynasty. A. Song B. Qing C. Yuan D. Tang E. Qin

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

5. (p. 586) The Ming dynasty was founded by A. Qianlong. B. Shihuangdi. C. Yongle. D. Hongwu. E. Kangxi.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

6. (p. 586) Hongwu's new dynasty was called "Ming," which meant A. "all-powerful." B. "mandate of heaven." C. "center of the universe." D. "son of heaven." E. "brilliant."

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

7. (p. 586) In 1421, Yongle moved the capital of China to A. Beijing. B. Edo. C. Nanjing. D. Guangzhou. E. Kyoto.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

8. (p. 587) In an effort to stabilize China internally, the Ming emperors A. accepted the Yuan traditions that had been in place for a century. B. stressed Chinese traditions from the era before the Mongol Yuan dynasty. C. followed the more successful Indian centralization model. D. adopted the methods used by the powerful early modern European states. E. copied the centralizing techniques that had proved so successful in Japan.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

9. (p. 588) The Manchus called their dynasty Qing, which meant A. "northern conqueror." B. "brilliant." C. "floating world." D. "pure." E. "the chosen."

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

10. (p. 588) The leader who first organized the Manchu tribes into a centralized state was A. Qianlong. B. Nurhaci. C. Kangxi. D. Tokugawa Ieyasu. E. Yongle.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

11. (p. 588-589) Which of the following was NOT an action of the Manchus after conquering China? A. They encouraged intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus. B. They forbade Chinese from learning the Manchurian language. C. They forced Chinese men to grow a queue as a sign of submission. D. They did not allow the Chinese to travel to Manchuria. E. They carefully guarded their own cultural identity.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

12. (p. 589) Taiwan was conquered by A. Hongwu. B. Wanli. C. Qianlong. D. Kangxi. E. Nurhaci.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

13. (p. 590) Which ruler made Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal vassal states of China? A. Yongle B. Qianlong C. Nurhaci D. Hongwu E. Kangxi

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

14. (p. 590) In regard to ruling philosophy and techniques, the Qing A. followed the same pattern that the Ming had established. B. borrowed Persian techniques. C. relied on the Yuan approach but left out the reliance on terror. D. ignored the Ming approach and instead relied on more familiar Manchurian techniques. E. copied the remarkably successful centralizing techniques of Tokugawa Japan.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

15. (p. 590) The phrase "Son of Heaven" refers to the A. near godlike status that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci reached in China. B. explanation for the incredible appeal of Christianity in Japan. C. Chinese emperor's role in maintaining order on the earth. D. belief that the Japanese emperors were direct descendents of the sun goddess Amaterasu. E. syncretic Christian-Buddhist religion.

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

16. (p. 592) Which of the following was NOT one of the responsibilities assumed by the Chinese clans? A. providing educational opportunities for poor relatives B. bringing the different social classes in the clan up to equality with the gentry C. maintaining local order D. organizing local economies E. making provision for welfare

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

17. (p. 592) During the Ming and Qing dynasties, A. women achieved a level of equality and freedom never seen before in Chinese history. B. women had many more literary and cultural opportunities than ever before. C. the role of women was fashioned after the prevailing pattern in Japan. D. the greater freedom for women was a reflection of European influence. E. patriarchal authority over females became tighter than ever before.

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

18. (p. 592) The practice of foot binding A. was a Yuan form of torture that was copied during the Ming and Qing dynasties. B. represented the increasing subjugation of women during the Qing dynasty. C. was imported from India. D. expressed the growing freedom of women in Qing China to follow urban fashion trends. E. prevented Chinese prisoners from escaping during huge government-sponsored work projects.

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

19. (p. 593-594) By 1750, the population of China had grown to A. 415 million. B. 225 million. C. 100 million. D. 75 million. E. 50 million.

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

20. (p. 594) Foreign trade during the Qing dynasty was A. carried out exclusively with the Europeans. B. actively supported by the government and grew much larger than ever before. C. based on free-market principles. D. limited and under tight governmental control. E. fueled by the payment of valuable Chinese silver in return for imports.

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

21. (p. 595-596) China fell behind technologically during the Ming and Qing dynasties in large part because A. of the collapse of the civil service examination system. B. the Europeans refused to share their advanced technology with the Chinese. C. of a massive Qing-forced exile of intellectuals as part of a governmental crackdown. D. of the efforts of an ingenious Japanese spy network. E. the governments favored political and social stability over technological innovation.

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

22. (p. 596) With the exception of the emperor and his family, the most exalted members of Chinese society were the gentry and the A. scholar-bureaucrats. B. peasants. C. merchants. D. army. E. navy.

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

23. (p. 596) According to Confucian tradition, the most honorable class among the soldiers, peasants, artisans, and merchants was the A. peasants. B. artisans. C. soldiers. D. merchants. E. They were all considered to be equal because of their essential roles in supporting China.

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

24. (p. 597) Zhu Xi was the A. author of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. B. foremost architect of neo-Confucianism. C. Ming emperor who refused to see his advisers for years on end. D. most powerful Qing emperor. E. leading Chinese Christian missionary.

Topic: The Confucian Tradition and New Cultural Influences

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

25. (p. 598) The Dream of the Red Chamber shed light on the lives and dynamics of which of the following? A. scholar-gentry B. peasants C. artisans D. scholar-bureaucrats E. soldiers

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

26. (p. 598) Which of the following popular novels dealt with the intrigue following the collapse of the Han dynasty? A. Journey to the West B. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms C. The Dream of the Red Chamber D. The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love E. The Sea of Fertility

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

27. (p. 598) Who sought to convert China to Christianity? A. Zhu Xi B. Qianlong C. Ihara Saikaku D. Basho Matsuo E. Matteo Ricci

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

28. (p. 599) The Chinese were hesitant to convert to Christianity partly because A. of Matteo Ricci's refusal to respect Chinese traditions. B. by that time Islam had already made important inroads into China. C. of what had happened to Korea when they converted to Christianity. D. of Christianity's exclusivity concerning other beliefs such as Daoism and Buddhism. E. of the monotheistic traditions of Confucianism.

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

29. (p. 600) The term bakufu means A. "tent government." B. "mandate of heaven." C. "the country at war." D. "warrior state." E. "land of the one."

Topic: The Unification of Japan

30. (p. 600) In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu A. started a centuries-long civil war that tore Japan apart. B. established a military government and ruled as shogun. C. fought off an attempted Chinese invasion. D. founded the Qing dynasty. E. implemented "Dutch learning" in an attempt to modernize Japan.

Topic: The Unification of Japan

31. (p. 600) Daimyo were A. Buddhist monks. B. women writers. C. warriors. D. Japanese Christian missionaries. E. powerful Japanese territorial lords.

Topic: The Unification of Japan

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

32. (p. 601) Beginning in the 1630s and enduring for the next two centuries, Japanese foreign policy included all of the following EXCEPT A. forbidding Japanese travel overseas. B. a prohibition on the construction of large ships. C. a ban on the importation of foreign books. D. careful control of trade with Asian lands. E. open, vibrant trade with Europeans.

Topic: The Unification of Japan

33. (p. 601) The process known as "thinning out the rice shoots" refers to A. an agricultural innovation introduced by the Chinese. B. the Chinese decision to reduce the number of visiting Korean students. C. the Japanese decision to follow the Chinese tradition of limiting governmental positions. D. a Japanese attempt to limit population growth. E. a Japanese attempt to reduce the number of foreigners living in Japan.

Topic: The Unification of Japan

34. (p. 602) One of the results of the peace brought by the Tokugawa period was A. a tremendous growth in European trade. B. an even greater political role for the samurai. C. the tripling of the Japanese population between 1600 and 1850. D. a reduction in status for the samurai and daimyo. E. a resurgence in daimyo authority.

Topic: The Unification of Japan

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

35. (p. 603) The term "native learning" relates to A. the opinion held by Chinese scholars that Japanese culture was crude and uncivilized. B. a growing Japanese emphasis on indigenous traditions. C. a Japanese desire to discover the original, or "native," ideals of Confucianism. D. the European view that Japanese concepts such as Shintoism were actually holding the Japanese back. E. the opinion held by Japanese scholars that European culture was crude and uncivilized.

Topic: The Unification of Japan

36. (p. 604) The term "floating worlds" originally related to A. the entertainment and pleasure districts of cities such as Osaka. B. a Japanese attempt to understand the advanced technology as part of the "Dutch learning." C. the Tokugawa emphasis on "alternate residences." D. a Japanese attempt during the "native learning" period to re-instill enthusiasm in Buddhism. E. the Chinese view of heaven.

Topic: The Unification of Japan

37. (p. 604) The author of The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love was A. Tokugawa Ieyasu. B. Bunraku Ukiyo. C. Ihara Saikaku. D. Matteo Ricci. E. Zheng He.

Topic: The Unification of Japan

True / False Questions

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

38. (p. 586) The Ming dynasty restored native rule to China as Hongwu, founder of the dynasty, drove the Mongols out of China and built a tightly centralized state. TRUE

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

39. (p. 586) The Great Wall of China was a project of the Yuan dynasty during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. FALSE

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

40. (p. 592) Within the Chinese family, Confucian principles subjected women to the authority of men. TRUE

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

41. (p. 589) The Manchus were careful to preserve their own ethnic and cultural identity by outlawing intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese, and by forbidding the Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and learning the Manchurian language. TRUE

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

42. (p. 590) Chinese tradition held that the emperor was the "Son of Heaven," the human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on the earth. TRUE

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

43. (p. 595-596) During the Ming and Qing dynasties the Chinese government encouraged technological innovation as a foundation of economic strength. FALSE

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

44. (p. 596) Confucian tradition ranked three broad classes of commoners below the gentry: peasants, artisans, and merchants. TRUE

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

45. (p. 596) Merchants were at the bottom of society in China because they were viewed as being unscrupulous social parasites. TRUE

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

46. (p. 599) The Jesuits sought to capture Chinese interests with European science and technology and win converts by portraying Christianity as a faith similar to Chinese traditions. TRUE

Topic: The Confucian Tradition and New Cultural Influences

47. (p. 601) During the 1630s the shoguns of Japan forbade Japanese from going abroad, expelled Europeans, and prohibited foreign merchants trading in Japan and the import of foreign books for fear that Europeans might jeopardize the security of Japan. TRUE

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

Essay Questions

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

48. In a letter to King George III, the Chinese emperor Qianlong gave specific trade instructions to the English ruler and reminded him to "Tremblingly obey and show no negligence!" What does this exchange tell you about China's position in the world in the late eighteenth century? Why were they so powerful? Could there be a danger in the Chinese attitude? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

49. Examine the role of women during the Ming and Qing dynasties. How was foot binding representative of the changing social and gender worlds of China? Compare and contrast the situation in China to the role of women in other societies studied so far. Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

50. Compare and contrast the cultural, intellectual, and literary accomplishments of China and Japan during these years. In what ways was Japan influenced by China? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia Topic: The Confucian Tradition and New Cultural Influences

51. Examine the rise of the "floating world" in Japan. What factors led to this phenomenon? What can it say about the changing intellectual and social landscape of Japan? Were any other societies in the world going through a similar transformation? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

52. Examine the foundations of the Ming dynasty. What were the greatest accomplishments of the Ming? What led to their decline? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

53. Examine the rise of the Qing dynasty. How did the Manchus view Chinese society and culture? In what ways were the Manchus influenced by Chinese traditions? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

54. Examine the changing social world of the Ming and Qing period. What were the most important changes taking place? In what ways did the older traditions survive? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia Topic: The Confucian Tradition and New Cultural Influences Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

55. Examine the unification of Japan. What role did Tokugawa Ieyasu play in this movement? How did he influence Japanese history? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

56. Examine the decision to close Japan to foreign trade. What events inspired this decision? How successful was this attempt? What were its results? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

57. In what ways might the Great Wall of China be symbolic of both the strengths and weaknesses of China? Was it successful in its purpose? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

58. Examine the concept of the "Son of Heaven." What were the foundations of this belief? Compare this idea to other political systems seen so far in the class. Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

59. Look at the Map 26.2, The Qing empire, 1644-1911. Discuss Qing expansion. How much control did the Qing have over east Asia? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

60. Think about the picture of Kangxi on page 590. What did Kangxi and Qianlong contribute to Chinese history? How influential was the Qing dynasty? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

61. Read the letter from Qianlong to the English king (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Qianlong on Chinese Trade with England). Why might the Chinese be concerned about restricting English trade? Why were the English interested in expanding their trading rights in China? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

62. What steps did the Ming dynasty take to restore traditional Chinese culture and remove all foreign influences associated with Mongol rule? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

63. What factors led to the collapse of the Ming dynasty? How did Manchurian invaders gain control of China? Answers will vary

Topic: The Quest for Political Stability in Early Modern East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

64. What factors led to rapid population growth in China? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

65. Why did the Qing dynasty discourage Chinese travel abroad and try to control contacts with foreigners? What was the impact of this policy? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

66. How was Chinese society structured? Which classes enjoyed the greatest status? Which had the least? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

67. What are some of the principles of Confucianism that influenced Chinese notions of government and society at this time? Answers will vary

Topic: The Confucian Tradition and New Cultural Influences

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

68. How did the Tokugawa shogunate come to power in the sixteenth century in Japan? What steps did the shoguns take to control the daimyo? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

Chapter 26 - Tradition and Change in East Asia

69. What factors led to the economic and population growth of Japan under the Tokugawa shoguns? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

70. To what extent was the culture of Japan influenced by China? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

71. Why did the shoguns decide to cut off relations with the outside world? How was this isolation accomplished? What did this decision mean for the future of Japan? Answers will vary

Topic: Economic and Social Changes in East Asia

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 The Islamic Empires

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 609) The Mughal ruler who constructed the Taj Mahal was A. Shah Jahan. B. Akbar. C. Zahir al-Din Muhammad. D. Osman Bey. E. Aurangzeb.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

2. (p. 610) The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were all A. Christian. B. animistic. C. Zoroastrian. D. Buddhist. E. Islamic.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

3. (p. 610) The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires all originally came from A. descendants of the prophet Muhammad. B. renegade Byzantine generals. C. offshoots of the older Mongol empires. D. nomadic, Turkish-speaking tribes. E. direct descendants of the powerful Indian conqueror Chandragupta Maurya.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

4. (p. 610) The founder of the Ottoman dynasty was A. Süleyman the Magnificent. B. Osman Bey. C. Selim the Grim. D. Mehmed II. E. Shah Ismail.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

5. (p. 610) The word ghazi refers to A. the tax that non-Muslims paid in Islamic countries. B. Islamic merchants with protected social status in Ottoman society. C. the law codes of Süleyman. D. Muslim religious warriors. E. Akbar's universal religion.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

6. (p. 610) Which of the following empires began as an Islamic frontier state on the border of the Christian world? A. Ottoman B. Safavid C. Mughal D. Yuan E. Umayyad

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

7. (p. 611) The Ottoman institution that provided Balkan slaves for the formation of the Janissaries was the A. jizya. B. devshirme. C. dhimmi. D. sharia. E. millet.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

8. (p. 611) The Ottoman ruler who captured Constantinople was A. Babur. B. Süleyman the Magnificent. C. Selim the Grim. D. Osman Bey. E. Mehmed II.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

9. (p. 611) In the sixteenth century, the Ottomans captured A. Constantinople and Otranto. B. Isfahan and Delhi. C. Greece and Italy. D. Egypt and Syria. E. Turkey and Persia.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

10. (p. 612) Süleyman the Magnificent in 1529 inflicted a brief and terrifying siege on the Habsburgs' prized city of A. Vienna. B. Mohács. C. Belgrade. D. Chaldiran. E. Otranto.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

11. (p. 613) Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha was the A. architect who helped Süleyman rebuild Istanbul. B. founder of the Safavid dynasty. C. slave who helped Süleyman create his famed law codes. D. greatest Ottoman poet. E. admiral who carried Ottoman naval power into the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

12. (p. 613) The Islamic leader who converted to Twelver Shiism was A. Zahir al-Din Muhammad. B. Akbar. C. Selim the Grim. D. Shah Ismail. E. Shah Abbas.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

13. (p. 613) Central to the belief of Twelver Shiism was the idea that A. any true believer could be the leader of the Islamic world. B. the twelfth infallible imam was still alive and would return to spread his faith. C. Ali had betrayed the prophet Muhammad and therefore his descendants could not rule. D. there were twelve principle manifestations of Allah. E. there were Twelve Commandments.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

14. (p. 613) The Safavids traced their ancestry back to the leader Safi al-Din, who observed what religion? A. Buddhism B. Hinduism C. Sufism D. Christianity E. Judaism

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

15. (p. 613) Shah Ismail received the greatest support for his conversion to Twelver Shiism from the A. qizilbash. B. Sunnis. C. Abbasids. D. Ottomans. E. Mughals.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

16. (p. 614) At the battle of Chaldiran in 1514, A. the Byzantines temporarily captured Constantinople. B. Mehmed II captured the southern Italian port of Otranto. C. Zahir al-Din Muhammad conquered the leading Indian princes and unified India. D. the Ottomans defeated the Safavids. E. the Ottomans suffered a devastating defeat to the Spanish navy.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

17. (p. 614) The leader of the fully revitalized Safavid empire, who moved the capital to the central location of Isfahan, was A. Shah Ismail. B. Aurangzeb. C. Akbar. D. Ibrahim the Crazy. E. Shah Abbas.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

18. (p. 614) Zahir al-Din Muhammad's main inspiration for conquering India was likely to A. be recognized as a ghazi. B. act as a champion of Shiism. C. use India's wealth to build a vast empire. D. win converts for his own dream of a universal world religion. E. form a united Indian and Chinese trading network.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

19. (p. 614) The founder of the Mughal dynasty, who claimed descent from Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane, was A. Safi al-Din. B. Shah Ismail. C. Akbar. D. Osman Bey. E. Zahir al-Din Muhammad.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

20. (p. 615) Which of the following rulers displayed the greatest amount of religious toleration? A. Aurangzeb B. Akbar C. Shah Ismail D. Süleyman the Magnificent E. Charles V

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

21. (p. 615) Akbar's answer to the religious diversity and tension of India was to A. declare India an atheistic state. B. push Christianity in return for European-supplied advanced weapons. C. attempt to crush all Hindu resistance. D. encourage a syncretic religion called the "divine faith" that all could embrace. E. convert to Twelver Shiism as a means of inspiring a sense of divine leadership.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

22. (p. 616) The Mughal empire reached its greatest geographic extent during the reign of A. Akbar. B. Shah Jahan. C. Aurangzeb. D. Shah Abbas. E. Zahir al-Din Muhammad.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

23. (p. 616) The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb A. carried on the policy of religious toleration established by Akbar. B. built the magnificent Taj Mahal to honor his wife Mumtaz Mahal. C. converted to Hinduism. D. was victorious in the battle of Chaldiran against the Safavids. E. reversed the religious toleration of Akbar and began to tax the Hindus.

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

24. (p. 617) The steppe tradition that caused the greatest problem for the Islamic empires was the A. devotion to Twelver Shiism. B. symbolic blood sacrifice. C. bloody competition among heirs to the throne. D. insistence on a particularly brutal form of slavery. E. practice of dividing up the land equally among all the sons of the nobles.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

25. (p. 617) Hürrem Sultana was A. the founder of the Mughal dynasty. B. the Turkish law codes of Süleyman the Magnificent. C. the most powerful ruler of the Safavid empire. D. the magnificent mosque built in Istanbul by Süleyman the Magnificent. E. a concubine who had tremendous influence over Süleyman the Magnificent.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

26. (p. 618) Because of protests from moralists, the Ottoman sultan Murad IV A. outlawed coffee and tobacco. B. reinstituted the jizya. C. forbade women to play an active role in the marketplace. D. introduced a code of conduct for the Janissaries. E. burned every available copy of A Thousand and One Nights.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

27. (p. 618) In the three hundred years after 1500, the population of India grew from 105 million to A. 115 million. B. 125 million. C. 190 million. D. 230 million. E. 285 million.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

28. (p. 620) Sikhism was a syncretic combination of A. Hinduism and Buddhism. B. Christianity and Hinduism. C. Hinduism and Islam. D. Islam and Buddhism. E. Buddhism and Christianity.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

29. (p. 620) The jizya was the tax paid by A. Muslims to Hindus as a means of fostering better relations between the two faiths. B. European merchants for access to trade through the Indian Ocean. C. Chinese merchants as a sort of bribe to allow them access to Indian markets. D. non-Muslims as the price for retaining their religion in an Islamic country. E. the Safavids to the Ottomans after their disastrous defeat at Chaldiran.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

30. (p. 621) The Islamic leader who abolished the jizya was A. Akbar. B. Shah Ismail. C. Süleyman the Magnificent. D. Shah Abbas. E. Abu Bakr.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

31. (p. 621) Süleyman the Magnificent called on Sinan Pasha to A. reorganize the Ottoman navy and conquer the eastern Mediterranean. B. create the religious complex known as the Süleymaniye. C. defeat the growing threat of the Safavids. D. launch an invasion of Isfahan. E. help him create a sophisticated law code.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

32. (p. 621) The Ottomans took the Byzantine cathedral Hagia Sofia and A. burned it to the ground as part of the looting after Mehmed II's conquest. B. turned it into a special university for Janissaries. C. restructured its configuration to become the great palace of the sultans. D. converted it into the mosque of Aya Sofya. E. used it as an astronomical observatory.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

33. (p. 621) What Islamic city was one of the most precious jewels in terms of urban architectural development, still referred to by its inhabitants as "half the world"? A. Istanbul B. Delhi C. Alexandria D. Bursa E. Isfahan

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

34. (p. 622) Fatehpur Sikri was A. the garden tomb that Shah Jahan built to honor his favorite wife. B. the Sufi guru who served as Akbar's advisor. C. the capital city that Akbar built. D. the former pirate who served as Süleyman the Magnificent's leading admiral. E. Süleyman the Magnificent's favorite mistress.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

35. (p. 622) Shah Jahan was unable to finish the construction of the Taj Mahal because A. he was overthrown by his son Aurangzeb. B. he died of smallpox. C. he was captured by the Ottomans while on a hunting trip. D. his country was invaded by Afghan tribesmen. E. his Mughal rule was interrupted by a Safavid invasion.

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

36. (p. 624-625) Which of the following was NOT among the factors in the decline of the Islamic empires? A. a series of weak and incompetent rulers B. a collapse in the centuries-old civil service examination system C. rising tensions between different religious groups D. changing trade routes that bypassed the empires and hurt them financially E. increasing religious conservatism and intolerance among the Islamic leaders

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

37. (p. 626) Piri Reis was responsible for A. losing the battle of Chaldiran. B. preparing the Book of Seafaring. C. building the first astronomical observatory in Istanbul. D. overthrowing and jailing his father Shah Jahan. E. writing a famous Rubaiyat.

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

True / False Questions

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

38. (p. 610) The term Ottoman derived from Osman Bey, a chief of a band of seminomadic Turks who migrated to northwestern Anatolia in the thirteenth century. TRUE

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

39. (p. 611) Constantinople was captured by Mehmed II in 1453 and became the Ottoman capital, subsequently known as Istanbul. TRUE

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

40. (p. 614-615) By 1530 when Babur died he had built an empire from Kabul to the borders of Bengal and founded the Mughal dynasty. TRUE

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

41. (p. 617) The ideal of spreading Islam by fighting infidels resonated with the traditions of the Turkish and Mongolian people; on the steppes, fighting was routine, and successful warriors became charismatic leaders. TRUE

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

42. (p. 618) Most Islamic empires relied on potatoes and maize, which had flourished for centuries in the lands they ruled. FALSE

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

43. (p. 615) The Mughal emperor Akbar was a devout Muslim who was not tolerant of other religions. FALSE

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

44. (p. 622) The most famous of the Mughal monuments, and one of the most prominent of all Islamic edifices, was the Süleymaniye mosque. FALSE

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

45. (p. 624) Muslim leaders had considerable influence in the Islamic empires because of their monopoly on education and their deep involvement in the everyday lives and legal affairs of ordinary people. TRUE

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

46. (p. 625) The Islamic empires experienced military decline because they did not seek actively to improve their military technologies. TRUE

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

47. (p. 625-626) Muslim leaders were confident in their superiority over Europeans, but they did embrace European cultural and technological developments during the sixteenth century. FALSE

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

Essay Questions

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

48. The Mughal conqueror Babur wrote that "India is a country of few charms." If this is so, why did Babur conquer it? Compare and contrast the motives for conquest of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Do states need a driving force? What happens if they lose it? Think back to other societies in the class—did they have a driving motivation? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

49. Compare and contrast the reigns of Süleyman the Magnificent, Akbar, Aurangzeb, Shah Ismail, and Shah Abbas. What made them successful? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

50. Examine the reign of Akbar. What sets his reign apart from other rulers of his age, both Islamic and non-Islamic? Did he go too far and too fast? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

51. What role did religious conservatism play in the decline of the Islamic states? Have we seen similar problems in other societies studied so far? Answers will vary

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

52. What factors led to the decline and eventual collapse of the Islamic states? Did they have any problems in common that would help explain their fall? Answers will vary

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

53. Examine the rise and spread of the Ottoman empire. Who were the important leaders in this process? What role did the sense of holy war play in this expansion? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

54. Examine the military power of the Ottoman empire. What factors allowed for its success? What would later lead to its decline? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

55. Examine the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent. How large of an empire did he conquer? How was he able to build an empire that large? How powerful and wealthy was he? Discuss the magnificence of his court. Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

56. Examine the foundations of the Safavid empire. What made it unique? What role did Shah Ismail play in the rise of the empire? What were the religious implications and influence of the Safavids? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

57. Examine the rise of the Mughal empire. What leaders were influential in this process? What were the main problems that the Mughals faced in ruling India? What would be the long-term consequences of Mughal rule? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

58. Examine the role of trade in the success of the Ottoman and Safavid empires. How wealthy were these empires? How did this reliance on trade leave them susceptible? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

59. Examine the concept of society held by the Islamic states. How were they influenced by their steppe traditions and the new areas that they conquered? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

60. Examine Map 27.1, The Islamic empires, 1500-1800. Why would these empires be so wealthy and powerful? How could a change in the trade routes hurt them? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

61. How did the Islamic empires lose their leadership in technology? Why did they allow cultural conservatism to convince them of their own superiority? Answers will vary

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

62. In the section from Babur (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: A Conqueror and His Conquests: Babur on India), what is Babur's opinion of India? How does this view relate to some of the problems that would haunt India later during the Mughal rule? Compare Babur's view of India to that of Akbar. Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

63. How did the Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine empire? What was the basis of their military strength? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

64. Discuss the religious and political issues that separated the Ottoman Turks and the Safavid Turks, two neighboring Islamic states, in the sixteenth century. Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

65. By what steps did Shah Abbas achieve a strong and unified Safavid state? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

66. Compare Akbar's policies with those of Aurangzeb. Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires Topic: Imperial Islamic Society

67. What aspects of the Islamic empires made political succession so uncertain? What often happened when the ruler died? Answers will vary

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

Chapter 27 - The Islamic Empires

68. What were some of the principal commodities traded in and out of the Islamic states? Which state had the most to offer western merchants? Answers will vary

Topic: Formation of the Islamic Empires

69. Identify and compare the status of religious minorities within the three Islamic empires. Which empire faced the greatest challenges in this regard? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Islamic Society Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

70. What factors led to the economic and military decline of the Islamic empires? Answers will vary

Topic: The Islamic Empires in Transition

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 635) The author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen was A. Marie Antoinette. B. Olympe de Gouges. C. Maximilien Robespierre. D. Simone de Beauvoir. E. Mary Wollstonecraft.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

2. (p. 635) After the publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, A. the French revolutionary leaders called for complete equality for women. B. its author, Olympe de Gouges, became a leading force in the French revolution. C. it was, in fact, the English who offered complete equality for women. D. French women achieved political but not economic equality. E. the French revolutionary leaders refused to put women's rights on their political agenda.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

3. (p. 636) The revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century helped to spread Enlightenment ideals and A. encouraged the consolidation of national states. B. strengthened European control over South America. C. repudiated socialist and communist philosophies. D. resulted in the weakening of national states because of the growing emphasis on the individual. E. gave complete freedom and equality to women.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

4. (p. 636) Revolutionaries of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century A. were able to destroy all vestiges of the ancien régime. B. were mainly influenced by Marxist ideology. C. argued for the necessity of popular sovereignty. D. accepted the legitimacy of the divine right of kings. E. always stressed the inherent equality between men and women.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

5. (p. 638) The author of the Second Treatise of Civil Government was A. Voltaire. B. Rousseau. C. Locke. D. Hobbes. E. Robespierre.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

6. (p. 638) Which of the following was NOT one of John Locke's main ideas? A. that sovereignty was held by the people in a society B. that subjects had the right to remove their ruler C. that rulers derived their authority from the consent of those they governed D. that individuals retained personal rights to life, liberty, and property E. that although kings did have divine sanction, their subjects maintained personal rights

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

7. (p. 638) Which of the following was NOT one of the basic ideals of the Enlightenment thinkers? A. popular sovereignty B. legal equality C. political equality D. equality between women and men E. individual freedom

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

8. (p. 638) Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his book The Social Contract, argued that in an ideal society, the sovereign voice of government A. would be the members of society acting collectively. B. would be the king because, despite his faults, he was still of divine appointment. C. should be the nobles instead of the king because of their control of the land. D. should be the bishops and archbishops because of their special relationship to God. E. resided in the army.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

9. (p. 639-640) After the end of the Seven Years' War, A. the British lost complete control of their North American colonies. B. the French proved to be much better for the colonies after the British left. C. the British were forced to hand all of North America over to the French. D. the colonists grew much closer to the British, in appreciation for British sacrifices in the war. E. the colonists grew increasingly frustrated with British control and taxes.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

10. (p. 640) In the years leading up to the American revolution, the colonies responded to increasing British levies with the slogan A. "liberty, equality, fraternity." B. "equal rights for women." C. "self-government now." D. "free and independent states." E. "no taxation without representation."

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

11. (p. 640) The Declaration of Independence's contractual view of political structure, in which the government drew its authority from "the consent of the governed," was influenced most heavily by A. Edmund Burke. B. John Locke. C. John Stuart Mill. D. William Wilberforce. E. Voltaire.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

12. (p. 642) Which of the following was NOT one of the principles built into the government of the newly formed American state? A. the equality of all inhabitants B. emphasis on the rights of individuals C. a written constitution that guaranteed personal freedoms D. a responsible government based on popular sovereignty E. the creation of a federal republic

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

13. (p. 644) The leaders of the French revolution A. were much more conservative than the leaders of the American revolution. B. accepted the fact that France would always have to have a king. C. called for a complete reorganizing of French political, social, and cultural structures. D. created concepts and documents that would later influence the American revolution. E. placed unlimited faith in the potential of the peasants.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

14. (p. 642) The ancien régime was the A. estate that comprised the clergy in pre-revolutionary France. B. term for the first democracies in Greece and Rome. C. traditional, European-born ruling class in South America. D. term Metternich used to describe the dangerous and growing class of urban revolutionaries. E. old order in France that revolutionary leaders wanted to replace.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

15. (p. 643) On June 17th, 1789, members of the third estate seceded from the Estates General and declared themselves to be the A. House of Commons. B. Convention. C. National Assembly. D. Directory. E. House of Representatives.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

16. (p. 643) In August 1789, the National Assembly expressed the guiding principles of the French revolution by issuing A. the Declaration of Independence. B. the French Constitution of 1789. C. the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. D. the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. E. The Social Contract.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

17. (p. 644) The guiding principles of the French revolution are summed up in the phrase A. "no taxation without representation." B. "peace, bread, land." C. "let them eat cake." D. "all men are created equal." E. "liberty, equality, fraternity."

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

18. (p. 645) The leaders of the Convention hoped to hold off invading counterrevolutionary forces by A. calling for the levée en masse. B. forming a military alliance with the new American republic. C. restoring the power and position of the French monarchy and thus placating the other nations. D. handing over their most radical leaders for public trial. E. using new military technology purchased from the Ottomans.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

19. (p. 645) The most radical period of the French revolution was reached during the leadership of A. Louis XVI. B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. C. Maximilien Robespierre. D. Napoleon Bonaparte. E. Simón Bolívar.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

20. (p. 645) Maximilien Robespierre was known as A. the "Son of Heaven." B. the "French Jefferson." C. the "Lion of Paris." D. First "Among Equals." E. "the Incorruptible."

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

21. (p. 646) During the rule of the Directory, A. the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was written. B. the French revolution reached its most radical stage. C. the French monarchy was abolished and Louis XVI was executed. D. France was finally defeated by a combined British, Prussian, Austrian, and Russian army. E. the French revolution came under more pragmatic control.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

22. (p. 646) Napoleon's Civil Code A. gave absolute free speech to French newspapers. B. was a modern restatement of Justinian's Corpus iuris civilis. C. affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men. D. had at its core the radical measures of the Convention. E. reduced patriarchal authority and gave more equality to women.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

23. (p. 647) The turning point in Napoleon's empire was his disastrous 1812 invasion of A. England. B. Austria. C. Russia. D. Spain. E. Italy.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

24. (p. 647) Napoleon's final defeat occurred at A. Waterloo. B. Leipzig. C. Elba. D. Moscow. E. St. Helena.

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

25. (p. 647) The only successful slave revolt in history took place in A. Brazil. B. Saint-Domingue. C. Cuba. D. Virginia. E. Mexico.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

26. (p. 649) The leader who was responsible for the success of the Saint-Domingue uprising was A. Simón Bolívar. B. Boukman. C. Miguel de Hidalgo. D. Louverture. E. José de San Martín.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

27. (p. 650) The creoles of Latin America were influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment A. and hoped for the establishment of an egalitarian society like that of Haiti. B. but only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions. C. but wanted to turn the tables and deny all rights to the peninsulares. D. and hoped for tremendous social reform like that promoted by the French revolutionary Robespierre. E. but wanted to carry these notions to their logical conclusion and grant equality to women.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

28. (p. 652) Colonial rule in Mexico ended in 1821 when the capital was seized by A. Augustín de Iturbide. B. Miguel de Hidalgo. C. Simón Bolívar. D. Bernardo O'Higgins. E. José de San Martín.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

29. (p. 652) The goal of Simón Bolívar was to A. form stable, smaller South American states centered around distinct tribal or linguistic groups. B. have the colonies of South America remain linked to Spain but attain a measure of selfgovernment. C. bring the former Spanish colonies of South America into union with the United States. D. weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States. E. bring about unification through a strict authoritarian form of government.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

30. (p. 652) Which of the following revolutionary leaders is NOT correctly linked with his country? A. Bernardo O'Higgins and Chile B. Toussaint Louverture and Haiti C. José de San Martín and Argentina D. Augustín de Iturbide and Mexico E. Miguel de Hidalgo and Peru

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

31. (p. 652) The leader who helped lead Brazil to independence was A. Simón Bolívar. B. Bernardo O'Higgins. C. José de San Martín. D. Miguel de Hidalgo. E. Emperor Pedro I.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

32. (p. 653) Among the leading proponents of conservatism in the eighteenth century was A. Giuseppe Mazzini. B. John Stuart Mill. C. Edmund Burke. D. Simón Bolívar. E. Maximilien Robespierre.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

33. (p. 654) William Wilberforce A. wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. B. pushed a bill through Parliament that ended the slave trade. C. was the chief proponent of conservatism in the eighteenth century. D. focused his efforts on gaining complete equality for women. E. was the leader of the British forces that surrendered at Yorktown.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

34. (p. 653) What nineteenth-century English thinker promoted individual freedom, universal suffrage, taxation of high personal income, and an extension of the rights of freedom and equality to women? A. Edmund Burke B. John Locke C. Jean Jacques Rousseau D. Cecil Rhodes E. John Stuart Mill

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

35. (p. 655) The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was A. Mary Astell. B. John Stuart Mill. C. Mary Wollstonecraft. D. Olympe de Gouges. E. Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

36. (p. 655) The organizer of the Seneca Falls conference was A. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. B. Thomas Jefferson. C. William Wilberforce. D. John Stuart Mill. E. Olympe de Gouges.

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

37. (p. 658) Theodore Herzl was the founder of A. German nationalism. B. modern conservatism. C. the Seneca Falls conference. D. modern anti-Semitism. E. the first Zionist Congress.

Topic: The Consolidation of National States in Europe

38. (p. 659) The Congress of Vienna created a diplomatic order based on balance of power under the guidance of A. Napoleon. B. Otto von Bismarck. C. Edmund Burke. D. Klemens von Metternich. E. Theodore Herzl.

Topic: The Consolidation of National States in Europe

39. (p. 662) The German leader Otto von Bismarck believed that the great issues of his day would be determined by A. "class struggle." B. "liberty, equality, fraternity." C. "the resurgence of the ancien régime." D. "blood and iron." E. "the realization of freedom."

Topic: The Consolidation of National States in Europe

True / False Questions

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

40. (p. 638) The English philosopher John Locke formulated one of the most influential theories of contractual government by introducing the idea of popular sovereignty. TRUE

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

41. (p. 638) Many thinkers of the Enlightenment affirmed the legal and social privileges enjoyed by the aristocrats of the seventeenth and eighteenth century. FALSE

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

42. (p. 639) Victory in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) ensured that Britain world dominate global trade and that British colonies would prosper. TRUE

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

43. (p. 640) The Declaration of Independence drew deep inspiration from Enlightenment political thought in justifying the colonies' quest for independence. TRUE

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

44. (p. 642) In the Constitution of the United States, American leaders based the federal government on popular sovereignty, and they agreed to follow this written constitution that guaranteed individual liberties. TRUE

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

45. (p. 642) French revolutionaries also drew inspiration from the Enlightenment; however, it was a less radical affair than the American revolution. FALSE

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

46. (p. 646) Napoleon Bonaparte was a brilliant military leader who became a general at age twenty-four. TRUE

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

47. (p. 652) Simón Bolívar was inspired by Napoleon Bonaparte and took up arms against Spanish rule with the goal of creating a great confederation from former Spanish colonies. FALSE

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

48. (p. 657) One of the most influential concepts of modern political thought is the idea of the nation. TRUE

Topic: The Consolidation of National States in Europe

49. (p. 658) The French revolution and the wars that followed it heightened feelings of national identity throughout Europe. TRUE

Topic: The Consolidation of National States in Europe

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

50. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen says that "the principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation." What point is being made here? What were the main inspirations of the writers of this document? How did this document—and its philosophy—influence other movements? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

51. Read the excerpts from The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen). What ideals of the Enlightenment are expressed? How revolutionary was this document? How can the influence of Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence be seen? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

52. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, Olympe de Gouges wrote, "Woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights." Why did she choose this exact wording? What was the foundation for her argument? What were her main points? Compare her document to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Did her document prove that the French revolution had failed? How was her life representative of the role of women in the French revolution? What role did women play in those events? (Both documents are presented as Sources from the Past features in the text.) Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

53. Why did the French revolution turn against itself when the American revolution didn't? In what ways was the French revolution more radical than its American predecessor? How radical did the French revolution become? Could it be argued that the American revolution did turn against its roots? Were there limits to the social and political change in the American revolution? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

54. Was Napoleon a child of the French revolution or the absolute antithesis of it? What were Napoleon's goals? Why was he successful, and why did he eventually fail? Was he a reformer or just a dictator? Was he a child of the Enlightenment? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

55. Examine Locke's notion of the social contract. How does it relate to the "divine right" theory of kingship? How does it relate to these revolutions? What important Enlightenment ideas played a key role in these revolutions? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

56. Discuss the origins of the American revolution. How did the American colonies go from happy British citizens to conscious revolutionaries? How did the American colonies win their freedom? How did the American revolution inspire other revolutionary movements? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

57. Discuss the significance of the Declaration of Independence. What were Jefferson's main influences? What were his main arguments? How influential was the Declaration of Independence? Compare it to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

58. Discuss the Haitian uprising. In what ways is this event an expression of the ideals of the Enlightenment? In what ways did Haiti go further than the American or French revolutions? Look at the picture of the slave rebellion in Saint-Dominique on page 650. Why would the artist portray this image? Compare the Haitian revolution to the other revolutionary movements in Latin America. Who were the leading figures? What were their main goals? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

59. Compare and contrast the philosophies of Metternich and Bismarck. What ideals drove them? Why would Metternich view nationalism as such a threat? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of National States in Europe

60. Otto von Bismarck proposed that "the great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority votes . . . but by blood and iron." What did Bismarck mean by this statement? Were his words proven true by the actions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Discuss the philosophy and actions of Otto von Bismarck. Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of National States in Europe

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

61. Examine the rise of theories of conservatism and liberalism. Who were the leading thinkers? How could they both have taken the French revolution as a starting point for the expression of their ideals? Did these groups have different political goals in mind? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

62. Examine the movements for the abolition of slavery and for the advancement of women's rights. Who were the leading figures? How were these thinkers influenced by the Enlightenment as well as by the French and American revolutions? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

63. Examine the rise of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe. Was there a transformation of nationalist thought? How would Europe be changed by the evolution of a more xenophobic nationalism? Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of National States in Europe

64. Describe the ways in which the Congress of Vienna remade the political order of Europe. In what ways did it support or detract from conservative or nationalist ideas? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

65. Examine the American revolutionary slogan "no taxation without representation." What does this phrase really mean? How does it relate to the ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Jefferson? Relate these ideas to the French slogan "liberty, equality, fraternity." Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

66. Why did Simón Bolívar lament that "those who have served the revolution have plowed the sea"? What was his dream for Latin America? Why was he so disappointed? Could similar arguments be made about the other revolutions discussed in the chapter? Did these revolutions turn out to be something very different from what their founders envisioned? Look at Map 28.3, Latin America in 1830. How was Latin America transformed by revolution? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

67. In what specific ways did the ideals of the Enlightenment challenge long-held assumptions about government and social order? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

68. What were the principal causes of the French revolution of 1789? Were these concerns addressed by the revolution? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

69. How was French society restructured during the most radical phase of the revolution (1793-1794)? Were these permanent changes, or short-lived ones? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

70. Conventional wisdom holds that Napoleon ended the revolution when he proclaimed himself emperor in 1804. In what ways did he continue the ideals of the revolution? In what ways did he reverse the revolution? Answers will vary

Topic: Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval across the Atlantic World

71. What events led to the slave rebellion of Saint-Domingue (Haiti)? Why was this rebellion successful when so many other slave revolts failed? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

72. Describe the basic social structure of Latin American society in 1800. What factors led to the revolutions that followed? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Chapter 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

73. What kind of states emerged in Mexico, Gran Colombia, and Brazil after the revolutions? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

74. What factors led the western powers to abolish the slave trade and then slavery in the nineteenth century? Answers will vary

Topic: The Influence of Revolution in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

75. Compare the unification of Italy with the unification of Germany. Answers will vary

Topic: The Consolidation of National States in Europe

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

Chapter 29 The Making of Industrial Society

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 669) The industrial revolution began in A. the United States. B. Great Britain. C. France. D. Italy. E. Russia.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

2. (p. 670) Crucial to industrialization was A. the leadership role taken by the Luddites. B. willing support of the major industrial unions. C. peasants' planned and willing relocation to the cities. D. the leading role that Russia provided in technology. E. the replacement of human and animal power with inanimate sources of energy such as steam.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

3. (p. 669) The growing demand for cotton cloth in the eighteenth century threatened British A. wool producers. B. monopoly over the Chinese silk trade. C. naval strength because of the dramatically rising cost of sails. D. educational dominance. E. trade with the Americas.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

4. (p. 669) The British Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721 A. restricted British importation of cotton cloth to the Americas. B. showed favoritism to cotton producers over wool producers. C. prohibited the importation of cotton cloth. D. required that a corpse be buried in a cotton shroud. E. encouraged the importation of printed cotton cloth in an effort to boost British trade.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

5. (p. 669) The inventor of the flying shuttle was A. John Kay. B. Samuel Crompton. C. Josiah Wedgwood. D. James Watt. E. Edmund Cartwright.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

6. (p. 669) The invention of the flying shuttle A. powered the first steam-driven locomotive. B. made the steam engine possible. C. led to the passage of the Calico Acts. D. gave the British an unquestioned military advantage. E. sped the weaving process.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

7. (p. 669) Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing of inventor and invention? A. James Watt and steam engine B. Josiah Wedgwood and "mule" C. John Kay and flying shuttle D. John Bessemer and converter E. Edmund Cartwright and power loom

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

8. (p. 669) Edmund Cartwright was responsible for the invention of the A. steam-driven locomotive. B. converter. C. steam engine. D. power loom. E. flying shuttle.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

9. (p. 670) James Watt invented a more efficient steam pump when he A. redesigned the flying shuttle. B. restructured the engine's compressor. C. copied and consolidated several important American inventions. D. invented a more efficient method of steel production. E. figured out how to make a piston turn a wheel for rotary motion.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

10. (p. 670) James Watt's steam engine did not adapt well to transportation uses because A. it weighed too much to be supported by rubber tires. B. the heat, combined with the vibrations of movement, caused instability in the structural integrity. C. the engine grew too hot and often exploded. D. it used too much gasoline to be cost efficient. E. it consumed too much coal.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

11. (p. 670) Cheaper iron was produced after 1709 when British smelters began to use what substance as a fuel? A. kerosene B. coke C. charcoal D. wood E. gasoline

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

12. (p. 670) Henry Bessemer's innovations made it possible to produce cheaper A. iron. B. cotton. C. steel. D. oil. E. wool.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

13. (p. 670) The first steam-powered locomotive was George Stephenson's A. Rocket. B. Blazer. C. Meteor. D. Lightning. E. Comet.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

14. (p. 671) The dominant form of industrial organization by the end of the nineteenth century was A. the putting-out system. B. cottage industry. C. the factory system. D. the guild system. E. a socialist-directed economy.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

15. (p. 672) The Luddites A. were the first utopian socialist thinkers. B. were the industrial workers that Marx felt would be the eventual victors in the revolution. C. led the movement away from traditional crafts manufacture and toward the factory system. D. were crafts workers who destroyed textile machines. E. promoted industrial advancement through their work in Parliament.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

16. (p. 674) The use of machine tools to produce large quantities of interchangeable parts was developed by A. Henry Ford. B. Henry Bessemer. C. Eli Whitney. D. Josiah Wedgwood. E. George Stephenson.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

17. (p. 676) In America the petroleum monopoly, Standard Oil Company, was owned by A. John D. Rockefeller. B. Robert Owen. C. Andrew Carnegie. D. George Stephenson. E. Henry Bessemer.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

18. (p. 678) Beginning in the nineteenth century, industrializing lands experienced a social change known as the demographic transition when A. 60 percent of the people were 55 years old and older. B. the rural population increased dramatically. C. the fertility rate increased dramatically. D. the majority of the population was college educated. E. the fertility rate began a marked decline.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

19. (p. 684) Marx and Engels proposed that capitalism divided people into two classes. The classes were A. the capitalists and the bourgeoisie. B. the capitalists and the proletariat. C. the workers and the peasantry. D. the capitalists and the middle class. E. the proletariat and the nobility.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

20. (p. 685) One of the authors of the Manifesto of the Communist Party was A. Marx. B. Fourier. C. Rousseau. D. Owen. E. Lenin.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

21. (p. 684) Marx and Engels suggested that music, art, and literature A. should be used by the communists to facilitate the revolution. B. were the "opiate of the masses." C. were the only aspects of the modern world that had not been contaminated by the capitalists. D. served the purposes of the capitalists because they diverted the workers from their misery. E. represented the peasants and were thus useless.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

22. (p. 685) Marx and the communists believed that once the "dictatorship of the proletariat" was established, private property A. would be the only aspect of industrial society that would survive the revolution. B. should be divided up on a more equitable basis. C. would be the foundation of the post-revolutionary world. D. should be abolished. E. should pass into the ownership of the workers.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

23. (p. 685) Marx and Engels believed that part of the final result of the socialist revolution would be A. a crisis of overproduction. B. the withering away of the state. C. the "complete inversion of the class hierarchy." D. the "realization of freedom." E. the "opiate of the masses."

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

24. (p. 686) According to the Manifesto of the Communist Party, all of human history had been a history of A. class struggle. B. the quest for religious self-awareness interfering with the development of the peasantry. C. the search for equality. D. the search for freedom. E. industrial integration.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

25. (p. 686) In the late nineteenth century, Germany led the European countries in the movement to A. dramatically reduce the rights and benefits of workers. B. pass reforms such as minimum wage laws and unemployment insurance for workers. C. crush the trade union movement so thoroughly that it didn't return for over fifty years. D. recognize trade unions only if they would publicly renounce their ties to the communists. E. convert to communism.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

26. (p. 687) Throughout most of the nineteenth century, employers and governments A. readily established their own trade unions. B. worked closely with the trade unions to improve the conditions of the working class. C. tried to convince trade unions to switch their allegiance from communists to socialists. D. viewed trade unions as illegal associations designed to restrain trade. E. saw the trade unions as the single best alternative to Marxian-type class revolution.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

27. (p. 687) Over the long haul, trade unions A. reduced the likelihood of a revolution by improving the lives of working people. B. dramatically increased the chances for a revolution through their ties to Marxian socialists. C. were completely unsuccessful in improving the conditions of the working class. D. stood out as the most radical critics of industrial society. E. fell under communist control.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

28. (p. 683) Charles Fourier was A. the Belgian foreign minister whose disastrous trade policies blocked Belgian advancement. B. the German nobleman who stood as the chief obstacle to German industrialization. C. the French nobleman who seized the throne after an economic collapse. D. the English radical who founded the Bolsheviks. E. a social critic who is often referred to as a utopian socialist.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

29. (p. 680) By 1900, which was the largest city in the world? A. New York B. Berlin C. Paris D. London E. Tokyo

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

30. (p. 670) The use of which of the following increased dramatically in the nineteenth century? A. steel B. iron C. copper D. gold E. aluminum

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

31. (p. 668-669) Which of the following was a key feature in the rapid industrialization of Great Britain? A. high agricultural productivity B. population density C. navigable rivers and canals D. sophisticated banking and financial institutions E. All of these answers are correct.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

32. (p. 677) Horizontal organization is A. the framework for the powerful European trade unions of the industrial age. B. the consolidation or cooperation of independent companies in the same business. C. the control of all facets of an industry. D. a method of mass production. E. the assembly line process developed by Henry Ford in 1913.

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

33. (p. 681) In which of the following ways did industrialization affect the family unit? A. Women gained increased status and responsibility. B. Over time it became less common for family members to work in groups. C. There came to be less of a distinction between work and family life. D. Middle-class women began working much longer hours. E. Working-class women typically did not work until they were married.

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

True / False Questions 34. (p. 668) Industrialization refers to the process that transformed agrarian and handicraftcentered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture. TRUE

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

35. (p. 669) The fortunate conjunction of coal deposits and the skills necessary to extract this fuel encouraged the substitution of coal for wood, thus creating the promising framework for industrialization. TRUE

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

36. (p. 670) The most crucial technological breakthrough of the early industrial era was the development of a general-purpose steam engine in 1765 by James Watt. TRUE

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

37. (p. 671) The factory system began to emerge in the seventeenth century, when technological advances transformed the British textile industry. FALSE

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

38. (p. 673) German industrialization proceeded at a faster pace than did French and Belgian because of German coal and iron production and extensive railroad building. FALSE

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

39. (p. 676) During the 1850s and 1860s, the governments of Britain and France laid the legal foundations for the modern corporation, which became the most common form of business organization in industrial societies. TRUE

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

40. (p. 679) Industrialization and population growth strongly discouraged migration and urbanization. FALSE

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

41. (p. 680) The rapid population growth in Europe encouraged massive migration to the Americas, especially the United States. TRUE

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

42. (p. 681) In the industrial society, the family was the basic productive unit. Family members worked together and contributed to the welfare of the larger group; there was little distinction between work and family life. FALSE

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

43. (p. 685) The most prominent of the nineteenth-century socialists were the German theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They argued that human history has been a struggle between social classes, and that the future lay with the working class because capitalism would grind to a halt. TRUE

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

Essay Questions 44. Marx wrote the famous words, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" in the Manifesto of the Communist Party. In what ways were these simple words the foundation of his philosophy? Who would eventually win the class struggle? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

45. Beyond expanding, what else was happening to the population of the industrializing world in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

46. How did the industrial revolution impact the social and family life of Europe? How did production by the family unit evolve in industrial society? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

47. How total was the transformation brought about by the industrial revolution? Did anything of the old world remain? Was there opposition to this transition? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

48. In the late nineteenth century, conditions for the workers did begin to improve. Why? What role did the labor unions play? What role did Marx—or fear of a Marxian-style revolution—play in this improvement? In what ways might this role be ironic? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

49. How could the demands and reality of industrialization influence factors such as nationalism or colonization? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

50. In what ways were families transformed by the process of industrialization? Why would the family structure have been stronger before the industrial revolution? How was the home transformed? How did the roles of women and children change in the industrial movement? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

51. Examine the transition from the more traditional putting-out system to the rise of the factory system. How did each invention lead to other innovations? What would be the economic and social implications of this change? What were the conditions like in these new factories? How different would the worker's life be from that of his ancestors? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

52. Examine the roots of the socialist movement. What were the basic goals of the utopian socialists? How did this movement evolve under Marx? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

53. Discuss the population explosion, urbanization, and other demographic factors of the industrial revolution. Discuss the growth of huge industrial cities during the nineteenth century. What would the life of the new urban dweller be like? What would be the implications of this existence? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

54. Examine the spread of industrialization beyond the borders of Great Britain. Are trade and transportation playing a different role than in the past? How did the movement change? Did industrialization influence every country the same way? Why did some nations in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia get left behind in the industrial race? Answers will vary

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

55. Place yourself in the position of a nineteenth-century English factory worker. What are the major factors of your existence? How might your life be different from that of your predecessors? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

56. Eli Whitney is known for inventions such as interchangeable parts. In what ways did industrialization turn workers into interchangeable parts? Answers will vary

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

57. Examine Map 29.1, Industrial Europe ca. 1850. What are the leading demographic factors? Look at the new industrial cities. What would life be like in those cities for the new urban workers? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

58. What inventions led to the mechanization of the cotton industry after 1750? Why was the textile industry so prominent at this time? Answers will vary

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

59. Explain how Great Britain took such a commanding lead in the industrial revolution. Answers will vary

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

60. Summarize the changes in iron and steel production and in transportation in the nineteenth century. Answers will vary

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

61. When and how did industrialization spread to the European continent and to the United States? What factors in those countries tended to support industry? Answers will vary

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

62. What are some of the characteristics of "industrial capitalism"? How did industrial giants like J. D. Rockefeller achieve such dominance over the marketplace? Answers will vary

Topic: Patterns of Early European Industrialization

63. What was the impact of the industrial revolution on the material standard of living in Europe and America? Who benefited the most from this? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

Chapter 29 - The Making of Industrial Society

64. What are the significant demographic (population) trends of the nineteenth century in Europe and America? What factors account for these changes? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

65. What was the impact of the industrial revolution on working-class families? Consider the changes for working-class men, women, and children. Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

66. In what ways did the major industrial nations of the west become more responsive to the needs and interests of working people? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

67. What was the impact of western industrialism on the nonindustrial countries of Asia, Africa, and the Americas? Answers will vary

Topic: Key Features of Early Industrial Society

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

Chapter 30 The Americas in the Age of Independence

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 693) Fatt Hing Chin was A. the founder of the Qing dynasty. B. the leader of the White Lotus peasant movement. C. the author of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. D. the leader of the Taiping rebellion. E. a Chinese immigrant to the United States who panned for gold.

Topic: The Building of American States

2. (p. 695) The term "manifest destiny" is associated with what country? A. United States B. Great Britain C. Japan D. Germany E. Russia

Topic: The Building of American States

3. (p. 695) In 1803, the United States doubled in size, after the Louisiana territory was purchased from A. Mexico. B. Spain. C. Canada. D. Great Britain. E. France.

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

4. (p. 695) The native Americans who relocated from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears were the A. Iroquois. B. Sioux. C. Cherokee. D. Apache. E. Pawnee.

Topic: The Building of American States

5. (p. 696) A major native American victory by the Lakota Sioux against the United States armed forces came in 1876 at the battle of A. the Little Bighorn. B. Wounded Knee. C. the Plains. D. Topeka. E. Bleeding Kansas.

Topic: The Building of American States

6. (p. 696) The last major native American resistance was defeated in 1890 at the battle of A. the Little Bighorn. B. Etowah. C. Fort Apache. D. Sioux River. E. Wounded Knee.

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

7. (p. 696-697) The main spark for the outbreak of the Mexican-American War in 1845 was the United States' acceptance of the new state of A. New Mexico. B. Missouri. C. Arizona. D. Texas. E. California.

Topic: The Building of American States

8. (p. 697) The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for Texas, California, and New Mexico as part of the Treaty of A. Texan Succession. B. Guadalupe Hidalgo. C. Adams-Onís. D. Paris. E. Mexico City.

Topic: The Building of American States

9. (p. 697) Which of the following future states was/were NOT passed from Mexico to the United States as part of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? A. Louisiana B. California C. Texas D. New Mexico E. California and New Mexico

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

10. (p. 698) Who was committed to free soil? A. Thomas Jefferson B. Stephen Douglas C. Jefferson Davis D. Simón Bolívar E. Abraham Lincoln

Topic: The Building of American States

11. (p. 698) Which of the following was NOT one of the chief factors in the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War? A. the election of Abraham Lincoln B. the issue of slavery C. the imperatives of a budding industrial-capitalist system against those of an export-oriented plantation economy D. the traditional argument between a British or French alliance E. states' rights as opposed to the federal government's authority

Topic: The Building of American States

12. (p. 698) The U.S. Civil War changed character on 1 January 1863, after A. the battle of Gettysburg. B. Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. C. the Nat Turner slave rebellion. D. the battle of Antietam. E. the Confederate states signed an alliance with the British.

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

13. (p. 698-699) Which of the following is NOT true of the conflict in the Civil War? A. The north fought exclusively for the abolishment of slavery. B. Around 90 percent of the country's industrial capacity was in the north. C. Two-thirds of the railroad lines were in the north. D. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation was followed two years later by the Thirteenth Amendment. E. The first two years of the war ended in stalemate.

Topic: The Building of American States

14. (p. 699) The victory of the northern states in the U.S. Civil War meant that A. there would no longer be sectional differences. B. African-Americans would enjoy complete equality. C. the federal government would remain small. D. racism would no longer be a problem in the United States. E. the federal government would have greater authority in the American republic.

Topic: The Building of American States

15. (p. 699) New France passed into British control after the A. War of 1812. B. Thirty Years' War. C. Seven Years' War. D. American revolution. E. War of the Spanish Succession.

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

16. (p. 700) The War of 1812 A. cost Canada almost a third of their territory. B. split the country along ethnic lines. C. split the country along religious lines. D. led to a Canadian-U.S. alliance against Great Britain. E. stimulated a new sense of Canadian unity against an external threat.

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

17. (p. 700) The U.S. invasion of Canada in the War of 1812 A. allowed for the Americas to claim the Dakotas, Idaho, and Montana. B. ensured that Quebec would remain independent from the rest of Canada. C. was the key event in ensuring the American victory over the British. D. was repelled. E. resulted in a humiliating defeat for the Canadians and long-standing hatred of the U.S.

Topic: The Building of American States

18. (p. 701) Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were joined together as the Dominion of Canada A. by the British North America Act of 1867. B. after the successful Canadian revolution of 1891-1893. C. after the French government granted them independence. D. as a last-ditch effort to keep America from annexing Nova Scotia. E. by the Canadian Independence Act of 1917.

Topic: The Building of American States

19. (p. 701) The first prime minister of Canada was A. Louis Riel. B. Martin Fierro. C. John Macdonald. D. Pierre Trudeau. E. Viscount McCartney.

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

20. (p. 701) Simón Bolívar succinctly summed up the developing political situation in Latin America when he said A. "The age of uncontested democracy has begun." B. "I fear peace more than war." C. "The key to true democracy is expanding the franchise to include every man." D. "Unity through Gran Colombia is the future for Latin America." E. "The behemoth to the north can only be constrained by a powerful Latin American confederation."

Topic: The Building of American States

21. (p. 701) Caudillos were A. democratic reformers who played an important role in the Mexican revolution. B. powerful Catholic priests who were suspicious of reform. C. regional military leaders who provided order in Latin America. D. economic reformers who promoted industrialization in Latin America. E. leftist guerillas in Mexico.

Topic: The Building of American States

22. (p. 703) Who called for regional autonomy in an attempt to reconcile competing interests in Argentina? A. Porfirio Díaz B. Juan Manuel de Rosas C. Emiliano Zapata D. Benito Juárez E. Simón Bolívar

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

23. (p. 703) Benito Juárez was A. the caudillo who restored order in Argentina. B. the author of the epic poem The Gaucho Martín Fierro. C. the first Mexican communist leader. D. a Mexican dictator who promoted industrialization. E. the leader of La Reforma in Mexico in the 1850s.

Topic: The Building of American States

24. (p. 704) Emiliano Zapata was A. a caudillo who dominated Argentina in the 1840s. B. a Mexican agrarian rebel who fought for "land and liberty." C. the "Machiavelli of the pampas." D. the first influential Brazilian writer. E. the president of Mexico in the 1920s.

Topic: The Building of American States

25. (p. 707) The early stages of industrial development in the United States depended in large part on investment capital from which of the following nations? A. Great Britain B. Japan C. France D. Spain E. China

Topic: American Economic Development

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

26. (p. 707) In terms of the industrial development of the United States in the late nineteenth century, the most important economic development was the A. introduction of the steam engine. B. introduction of the factory system. C. rise of trade unions. D. construction of railroad lines that linked all U.S. regions. E. vast increase in the merchant marine fleet for overseas commerce.

Topic: American Economic Development

27. (p. 709) The National Policy, which was designed to attract migrants, protect nascent industries through tariffs, and build national transportation systems was a policy in A. the United States. B. Mexico. C. Canada. D. Argentina. E. Japan.

Topic: American Economic Development

28. (p. 710) By the 1860s, Britain's leading supplier of beef was A. the United States. B. Holland. C. Argentina. D. Brazil. E. Canada.

Topic: American Economic Development

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

29. (p. 711) Walt Whitman was A. a major proponent in Congress for capping the flow of migrants into the United States. B. a pivotal figure in Reconstruction. C. the leader of the Northwest Rebellion. D. a poet who described the U.S. as "not merely a nation but a teeming nation of nations." E. an early railroad baron.

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

30. (p. 712) After the conclusion of Reconstruction, freed slaves A. achieved economic and political equality with whites. B. received enough grants of land to become substantial economic competitors to the white population. C. flocked to take advantage of the Back to Africa program. D. quickly lost their political and civil liberties in the southern states. E. almost unanimously migrated to the west in pursuit of economic opportunity.

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

31. (p. 712) After the U.S. Civil War, the southern states A. were not readmitted to the union until the demands of World War I made it necessary. B. were immediately granted equal status with their northern counterparts. C. were reduced to colonial status. D. underwent the forced program of Reconstruction. E. actually led the fight for black rights.

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

32. (p. 712-713) The lines, "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal," come from A. the "declaration of sentiments" of the Seneca Falls Convention. B. the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. C. the Declaration of Independence. D. Mary Wollstonecraft's The Vindication of the Rights of Woman. E. the Constitution of Canada.

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

33. (p. 713) In 1907, the United States government ordered a complete halt to migration from A. Ireland. B. Italy. C. Russia. D. Japan. E. India.

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

34. (p. 714) Louis Riel was the leader of the A. caudillos. B. métis. C. zambos. D. gauchos. E. golondrinas.

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

35. (p. 715) The Northwest Rebellion was led by A. Louis Riel. B. Jefferson Davis. C. Jourdan Anderson. D. John Macdonald. E. Porfirio Díaz.

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

True / False Questions 36. (p. 695) By the 1840s, westward expansion was well under way in the United States, and many spoke of a "manifest destiny" to occupy all of North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. TRUE

Topic: The Building of American States

37. (p. 697) With the defeat of Mexico, the United States laid claim to all Mexican territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. FALSE

Topic: The Building of American States

38. (p. 699) In the U.S. Civil War, the bloody battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 turned the tide against southern forces. TRUE

Topic: The Building of American States

39. (p. 701) The British North America Act of 1867 joined Quebec and Ontario and recognized them as the Dominion of Canada. FALSE

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

40. (p. 701) Written constitutions were more difficult to frame in Latin America than in the United States mainly because Latin American leaders had less experience with government, and creole elites prevented mass participation in public affairs. TRUE

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

41. (p. 707) British investment capital in the United States proved crucial to the early stages of industrial development. TRUE

Topic: American Economic Development

42. (p. 707) Railroads decisively influenced economic development in the United States, providing cheap transportation for agricultural and manufactured goods as well as individual travelers. TRUE

Topic: American Economic Development

43. (p. 712) The Dawes Severalty Act of 1867 shifted land policies of native Americans away from collective tribal reservations and toward individual tracts of land meant to promote the family farm. TRUE

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

44. (p. 712) After the armies of occupation left the south and went back north, freed slaves continued to enjoy the social and political reforms granted during the Reconstruction period. FALSE

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

45. (p. 715) The heritage of Spanish and Portuguese colonialism and the legacy of slavery inclined Latin American societies toward the establishment of hierarchical distinctions based on ethnicity and color. TRUE

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

Essay Questions 46. Compare and contrast the political development of the United States, Canada, and Latin America in the nineteenth century. What are the biggest differences in the three areas? How did legacies left over from their colonial past influence the development of these areas? Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

47. Discuss the reality and significance of the Civil War in U.S. history. What were the factors that led to the outbreak of war? What were the long-term consequences of the conflict? Discuss Lincoln's role. What did emancipation mean to both sides in the war? Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity Topic: The Building of American States

48. Discuss the fate of the indigenous populations of the United States, Canada, and Latin America. How did their fate relate to the sense of mission in each area? Compare it to similar situations in other societies covered so far in the class. Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity Topic: The Building of American States

49. Examine the economic development of the Americas in the nineteenth century. Were there any similarities in the different approaches? Why did some areas end up wealthier than others? Which of the areas would be in the best shape to compete in the twentieth century? Answers will vary

Topic: American Economic Development

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

50. Examine the changing role of women in the Americas in the nineteenth century. What advancements were made? How did the status of women vary among Canada, the United States, and Latin America? Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

51. Examine the cultural and ethnic diversity of the United States, Canada, and Latin America. What explains this diversity? What benefits and challenges did it bring? Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity Topic: The Building of American States

52. Examine the political history of Latin America in the nineteenth century. Who were the important leaders and what were their goals? Why would political stability be such a challenge? Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

53. In what ways did the United States, Canada, and Latin America influence each other in the nineteenth century? How did they interact? What were the benefits and problems of this interrelationship? Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity Topic: American Economic Development Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

54. Discuss the significance of slavery in its relationship to the fragmentation of American unity. Discuss the contradictory nature of slavery in relation to the ideal of America. What would be the status of freed blacks in the years after the conclusion of the Civil War? Was Reconstruction successful in its mission in relation to the blacks? Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

55. Discuss the role that migration played in the expansion of the United States. Why did migrants come to the United States? What awaited them? What were the benefits and difficulties of migration? Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity Topic: American Economic Development

56. Look maps 30.1 and 30.2 (Westward expansion of the United States during the nineteenth century, and The Dominion of Canada in the nineteenth century). Compare and contrast the expansion of the United States and Canada. What were the important sectional differences? How would it be possible for these huge, complex countries to create a sense of unity? Consider their relationship with each other. Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

57. Look at the picture of the Plains Indian camp on page 697. What fate befell the natives of North America in the nineteenth century? Of what significance were the battles of the Little Bighorn and Wounded Knee? Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

58. Examine the picture of Emiliano Zapata on page 704. What role did he play in Mexican history? What role did peasants and social stresses play in Latin American history? Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

59. Examine the picture of African-Americans voting on page 712. Why was slavery such a troubling issue for the United States? Did freedom bring equality? Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

60. Read the excerpt from Jourdan Anderson's letter (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: The Meaning of Freedom for an Ex-Slave). What is the tone of the letter? What are Anderson's reasons for not returning to Tennessee? What are his dreams for the future? Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

61. How did the United States gain control over the territory from the east to the west coast in the nineteenth century? Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

62. Summarize the steps by which Canada became politically united and independent of Britain. How was the government of the Dominion of Canada like and unlike that of the United States? Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

63. What kinds of constitutions emerged in the independent republics of Latin America? Which groups held political power? Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

64. How did the caudillos rise to power in Latin America? Who benefited most from their rule? Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

65. What factors led to La Reforma, the reform movement in Mexico? What was the ultimate outcome of this conflict? Answers will vary

Topic: The Building of American States

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

66. Compare nineteenth-century migration patterns of North America and Latin America. Where did migrants come from in each case? What opportunities did they find in each region? Answers will vary

Topic: American Economic Development

67. What factors contributed to the tremendous economic growth of the United States in the late nineteenth century? What were some of the problems generated by that economic growth? Answers will vary

Topic: American Economic Development

68. Compare the economic development of Canada with that of Latin America. Neither became an economic powerhouse like the United States. What are the similarities and differences? Answers will vary

Topic: American Economic Development

69. Note the political and economic status of each of the following groups in the United States in the late nineteenth century: native Americans, African-Americans, women, and foreignborn immigrants. Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

Chapter 30 - The Americas in the Age of Independence

70. What have been the central ethnic conflicts in Canadian history? Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

71. Summarize the political and cultural conflict between city and pampas in Argentina. Answers will vary

Topic: American Cultural and Social Diversity

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

Chapter 31 Societies at Crossroads

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 721) The leader of the Taiping rebellion was A. Cixi. B. Hong Xiuquan. C. Kang Youwei. D. Lin Zexu. E. Ito Hirobumi.

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

2. (p. 721) In 1851, Hong Xiuquan proclaimed his own dynasty, the Taiping tianguo, which meant A. "Expel the Barbarians." B. "Brilliant as the Sun." C. "Son of Heaven." D. "Return of the Holy." E. "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace."

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

3. (p. 723) The most significant territorial loss for the Ottomans was A. Egypt. B. Serbia. C. Istanbul. D. Greece. E. Anatolia.

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

4. (p. 723) Muhammad Ali was the A. most powerful leader of the Safavid dynasty. B. last powerful Ottoman sultan. C. founder of the Young Turk movement. D. Ottoman ruler who tried to strengthen the empire while simultaneously crushing liberal reform. E. Egyptian leader who overthrew Ottoman control.

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

5. (p. 724) The capitulations were unfair agreements between the western Europeans and the ________ that gave Europeans extraterritoriality and exempted them from local law. A. Qing dynasty B. Tokugawa bakufu C. Latin American nations D. Ottomans E. Russians

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

6. (p. 724) Which of the following statements is NOT true about the capitulations? A. They allowed for the establishment of tax-exempt banks and commercial enterprises. B. They were imposed on the Ottomans by the Europeans. C. They permitted foreign governments to levy duties on goods. D. They were imposed on the Europeans by the Ottomans. E. They exempted European visitors from Ottoman laws.

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

7. (p. 725) In the early nineteenth century, the Ottoman sultan Selim III A. was able to finally destroy the power of the Janissaries. B. started the Young Turk movement. C. was locked up by the Janissaries because they considered his reforms a threat. D. was the leading figure in the Tanzimat era. E. converted to Christianity in an effort to appease the Europeans.

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

8. (p. 725) What was the name of the sultan who, in 1826, had mutinous Janissaries slaughtered and thus opened the door for further reform within the Ottoman empire? A. Mahmud II B. Selim III C. Abdül Hamid II D. Abu Bakr E. Mehmed V Rashid

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

9. (p. 726) Which of the following was NOT a reform proposed in the Tanzimat era? A. educational reform B. equality under the law for all Ottoman subjects C. democracy as the governmental model for the empire D. a new penal code E. a new commercial code

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

10. (p. 726) The Young Ottomans were A. a later, more tolerant political reincarnation of the Young Turks. B. fiercely opposed to the Tanzimat reforms. C. proponents of a smaller but more efficient Turkish empire. D. the leading supporters of the Tanzimat reforms. E. religious mystics who viewed the Ottoman empire as an abomination in the eyes of Allah.

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

11. (p. 726) Sultan Abdül Hamid II A. poured money into a ship-building race with the British. B. ruled despotically but also followed Tanzimat principles. C. was forcibly placed in power by the Young Turk Party. D. carefully nurtured the development of the Turkish parliament. E. won the last great Ottoman Turkish military victory by recapturing Greece.

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

12. (p. 727) Which of the following was NOT one of the leading principles of the Young Turks? A. universal suffrage B. emancipation of women C. equality before the law D. Islam as the guiding principle in public life E. free public education

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

13. (p. 727) Educated subjects of the Ottoman empire came to believe that the biggest problem of the empire was A. the political structure that empowered the sultan. B. social diversity. C. the lack of sharia law. D. the poor education system. E. the relatively weak army.

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

14. (p. 727) Which of the following accounts for the beginning of the social reform movement in Russia in the nineteenth century? A. massive peasant rebellions B. military defeats C. a resurgence of the principles of the eighteenth century Enlightenment D. diplomatic pressure from the United States E. All these answers are correct.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

15. (p. 727) A defeat in the Crimean War stopped expansion by the A. Russians. B. French. C. Ottomans. D. Qing. E. Tokugawa.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

16. (p. 727) The key to social reform in Russia was A. the establishment of universal suffrage. B. the emancipation of the serfs. C. possession of the leading educational system in Europe. D. the final attainment of equality for women. E. the abolition of slavery.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

17. (p. 728) The Russian serfs were emancipated by A. Nicholas II. B. Catherine the Great. C. Peter the Great. D. Alexander II. E. Ivan III.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

18. (p. 729) The emancipation of the Russian serfs A. marked Russia's passage to total democracy. B. resulted in little if any increase in agricultural production. C. brought complete political equality for the Russian peasant. D. resulted in an explosion in agricultural production. E. meant that the peasants received free land as a compensation for centuries of semi-slavery.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

19. (p. 729) As part of the Russian reforms, during the reign of Alexander II the government created zemstvos, A. which were elected district assemblies. B. which were advanced artillery divisions based on a German model. C. which was the first functioning representative assembly in Russian history. D. which served as a constitutional limitation on the power of the tsar. E. which were efficient, technologically advanced factories.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

20. (p. 730) The prime mover behind Russian industrialization was A. Alexander II. B. Nicholas II. C. Avvakum. D. Sergei Witte. E. the zemstvos.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

21. (p. 730) The centerpiece of Sergei Witte's Russian industrial policy was A. his plan to emancipate the serfs. B. his attempt to copy the rapid industrialization carried out by the Japanese. C. his plan to fund the construction of large factories, initially with money made from exporting opium. D. a massive program of railway construction. E. cooperative trading and intellectual exchange programs with the United States.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

22. (p. 730) The working conditions of the growing Russian industrial class in St. Petersburg and Moscow A. were the best in Europe at the time. B. improved dramatically after the passage in 1897 of a law establishing an eight-hour work day. C. were terrible and left the workers receptive to revolutionary propaganda. D. were much better than their earlier English and French counterparts had been. E. improved when their main economic competitors, the serfs, became an un-free class in 1861.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

23. (p. 732) Tsar Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 by A. Gavrilo Princip. B. an agent of Lenin's Bolshevik Party. C. an agent of the Land and Freedom Party. D. a spy from the Ottoman government. E. an assassin hired by the Japanese government.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

24. (p. 732) After the assassination of Alexander II, his successor Nicholas II A. actively carried on Alexander's reforms. B. proved to be an even greater proponent of change and pushed for true democratic reform. C. issued an edict that categorically declared the peasants to be serfs. D. championed oppression and police control. E. gave in to Bolshevik pressure and instituted a communist regime.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

25. (p. 732) The decisive factor in the Russo-Japanese War was the A. destruction of the majority of the Russian navy in battle with the Japanese. B. Chinese support for the Japanese. C. failure of the main Russian ally, the United States, to enter the war. D. industrial superiority of the Russian armed forces. E. Russian surprise attack on the Japanese navy at Tokyo.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

26. (p. 732) The 1905 Bloody Sunday massacre eventually A. led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty in China. B. resulted in the abdication of Ottoman Sultan Abdül Hamid II and the rise of the Young Turks. C. led to the establishment of the Duma in Russia. D. led to a communist regime in China. E. cleared the way for the Meiji restoration.

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

27. (p. 733) Lin Zexu was A. the driving force behind the Meiji restoration. B. the last Qing emperor in China. C. in charge of stopping the opium trade in China. D. a leader of the Self-Strengthening Movement. E. the leader of the Taiping rebellion.

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

28. (p. 733-734) The decisive point in the Opium War was A. the British threat to the Grand Canal. B. the arrival of an American fleet to aid the British. C. a surprise British attack on the Chinese fleet at Port Arthur. D. the overwhelming numbers of Chinese forces as they, although outgunned, overran British outposts. E. a sudden reversal by China's erstwhile ally, the Japanese.

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

29. (p. 734-735) The Opium War ended with the signing of the Treaty of A. Paris. B. London. C. Beijing. D. Guangzhou. E. Nanjing.

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

30. (p. 736) Which of the following was NOT a rebellion that threatened China in the nineteenth century? A. Taiping B. Tungan C. Mongol D. Muslim E. Nian

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

31. (p. 736) Which of the following was NOT one of the principles of the Taiping rebellion? A. the creation of communal wealth to be shared according to need B. Hong Xiuquan's belief that he was the reincarnation of the Buddha C. the prohibition of foot binding and concubinage D. abolition of private property E. free public education

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

32. (p. 737-738) The Self-Strengthening Movement was an attempt to blend indigenous cultural traditions with European industrial technology in A. Korea. B. the Ottoman empire. C. Russia. D. Japan. E. China.

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

33. (p. 737-738) For most of the last fifty years of the Qing dynasty, China was ruled by A. Puyi. B. Liang Qichao. C. Cixi. D. Ito Hirobumi. E. Hong Xiuquan.

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

34. (p. 738) By the end of the nineteenth century, the only thing keeping China from being completely divided up into spheres of influence by foreigners was A. distrust among the foreign powers. B. the European respect for Chinese intellectual and cultural superiority. C. the British stipulation in the Treaty of Nanjing that China remain a unified and sovereign nation. D. a Franco-British manifesto to support China as a block to further Russian expansion. E. Japanese support, based on centuries of admiration for Chinese culture.

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

35. (p. 738) Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao were the leaders of the A. Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. B. Hundred Days reforms. C. Chinese Communist Party. D. Taiping rebellion. E. Meiji restoration.

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

36. (p. 738-739) In 1900, foreign embassies in China were besieged by A. the Taiping rebellion. B. the Hundred Days reformers. C. Chinese military forces as part of the Opium War. D. the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. E. a Japanese army invasion.

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

37. (p. 739) Japan was forcibly opened to foreign trade in 1853 by the A. Americans. B. British. C. French. D. Chinese. E. Dutch.

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

38. (p. 740-741) The Meiji reformers actively copied western Europeans and Americans because A. the Chinese refused to share their technology with the Japanese. B. they wanted to gain parity with foreign powers and force the revision of unequal treaties. C. of their desire to make Japan a democratic republic. D. those lands had always treated the Japanese with equality and respect. E. Japan had already been divided up into spheres of influence and they wanted to find a way to push the Europeans and Americans out.

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

39. (p. 741) Which one of the following leaders played a major role in the Meiji restoration? A. Kang Youwei B. Hong Xiuquan C. Mizuno Tadakuni D. Ito Hirobumi E. Liang Qichao

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

40. (p. 741-742) Which of the following was NOT one of the foundations of the Meiji restoration? A. abolishing the old social order B. turning Japan into a constitutional republic with primary power in the legislature C. improving the Japanese educational system D. revamping the tax system E. reorganizing the Japanese army and navy

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

41. (p. 743) One event that displayed Japan's rise to the level of a world power was their victory A. in the Opium War. B. over the Chinese in 1903. C. in the Crimean War. D. over the Russian empire in 1905. E. in the Taiping War.

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

True / False Questions 42. (p. 723) By the late seventeenth century, Ottoman military forces were superior to European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, and training. FALSE

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

43. (p. 725) To make Ottoman authority more effective, Mahmud II established European-style ministries, constructed new roads, built telegraph lines, and inaugurated a postal service. TRUE

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

44. (p. 729) Tsar Alexander II emancipated the serfs to create a mobile labor force for industrialization, in order to strengthen the Russian empire. TRUE

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

45. (p. 732) The Russo-Japanese war began with a Russian surprise attack on a Japanese naval squadron in February 1904. FALSE

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

46. (p. 733) The Opium War made plain the military power differential between Europe and China. TRUE

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

47. (p. 738-739) In 1899 the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, known as Boxers, organized to rid China of "foreign devils" and their influences. TRUE

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

48. (p. 740) Tokugawa officials welcomed European and American visitors to Japan, including Dutch merchants, who traded at Nagasaki. FALSE

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

49. (p. 740) The Meiji restoration returned authority to the Japanese emperor and brought an end to the series of military governments that had dominated Japan since 1185. TRUE

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

50. (p. 741) In 1889 Japan, the emperor established a constitutional monarchy with a legislature, known as the Diet, composed of a house of nobles and an elected lower house. The Diet had limited authority and reserved power for the executive branch. TRUE

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

51. (p. 743) In a single generation the Meiji leaders transformed Japan into a powerful industrial society poised to play a major role in world affairs. TRUE

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

Essay Questions 52. What was the significance of the Young Turks? What was their main influence? How successful were the Ottoman Turks at reform? Compare efforts at reform among the Qing, Tokugawa, Ottomans, and Russians. Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure Topic: The Transformation of Japan

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

53. Examine the influence, both positive and negative, of western European and American knowledge and ideals on the Ottoman, Russian, Qing, and Tokugawa states in the nineteenth century. Why would these states be both attracted to and repelled by these influences? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure Topic: The Transformation of Japan

54. Not surprisingly, losses in wars are often more important than victories. How were the Ottoman, Russian, Qing, and Tokugawa states affected by defeats, military or otherwise, at the hands of western powers? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure Topic: The Transformation of Japan

55. Compare and contrast the Ottoman, Russian, Chinese, and Japanese efforts at industrialization. In what ways were they successful? Who, if anyone, was left out of this progress? Compare the process to that which went on in western Europe and the Americas. Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure Topic: The Transformation of Japan

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

56. Compare and contrast efforts at domestic protest in the Ottoman empire, Russia, China, and Japan in the nineteenth century. What did these movements have in common? How did they represent the unique problems of each country? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure Topic: The Transformation of Japan

57. Examine the decline of the Ottoman empire. What factors explain this process? What attempts at reform did the Ottomans undertake? How successful were they? Answers will vary

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

58. Examine the turbulent years of the nineteenth century in Russia. How successful were Russian efforts at modernization and industrialization? What were the limits of success? Answers will vary

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

59. Examine the decline of China in the nineteenth century. How did China fall from world leader to dominated state so rapidly? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

60. Examine the Taiping rebellion. What internal Chinese problems led to the rise of this movement? What role did Hong Xiuquan play? What were the rebellion's consequences? Answers will vary

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

61. Examine the Meiji restoration. What were its guiding principles? Why did it copy western Europe and the United States? Why was Japan successful in modernizing while Russia, China, and the Ottomans struggled? Was there a downside to the Meiji restoration? Answers will vary

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

62. Compare and contrast the changing situations in the Ottoman, Russian, Qing, and Tokugawa states during the nineteenth century. What common problems did they face? Were some more successful in adapting than others? If so, what accounts for the success? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure Topic: The Transformation of Japan

63. Examine the changing economic world of the Ottoman, Russian, Qing, and Tokugawa states. Why did these societies have so much trouble competing with western Europeans? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure Topic: The Transformation of Japan

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

64. Look at Map 31.2, The Russian empire, 1801-1914. What were the chief areas of Russian expansion? What areas would lead to trouble for Russia in the future with the western Europeans and Japanese? What role would the Trans-Siberian Railroad play? Answers will vary

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

65. Examine Map 31.3, East Asia in the nineteenth century. Trace the decline of China and the expansion of foreign domination. What role would Japan play in this changing Asian world? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege Topic: The Transformation of Japan

66. Look at the picture of nineteenth-century Russian merchants on page 730. How does it represent Russia's uneasy marriage of western European and traditional Russian influences? How successful were Russia's efforts at modernization and industrialization? Answers will vary

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

67. Study the picture of Empress Dowager Cixi's marble vessel on page 737. What is the symbolism of this story? Were other countries making short-sighted decisions? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

68. What factors led to the territorial decline of the Ottoman empire over the course of the nineteenth century? What territories were lost? Answers will vary

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

69. Compare the reforms of the Tanzimat era with the program of the Young Turks. Answers will vary

Topic: The Ottoman Empire in Decline

70. What significant political and legal reforms did the Russian government implement in the late nineteenth century? Answers will vary

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

71. What was Count Witte's program for the industrialization of Russia? What were the results? Answers will vary

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

72. What were the sources of social discontent and agitation in Russia in the late nineteenth century? How did the government respond? What events led to the Russian revolution of 1905? What was the outcome of this revolution? Answers will vary

Topic: The Russian Empire under Pressure

73. Why was the opium trade so important to the British? What factors led to the Opium War, and how was this war resolved? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

74. What was the impact of the Treaty of Nanjing on the Chinese empire? What nations benefited from this treaty? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

75. What were the causes of the Taiping rebellion? What was the outcome? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

76. Overall, what weaknesses led to the collapse of the Qing dynasty? Answers will vary

Topic: The Chinese Empire under Siege

Chapter 31 - Societies at Crossroads

77. What factors led to the collapse of the Tokugawa government and the restoration of the emperor Meiji in 1868? Answers will vary

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

78. How did Japanese reformers achieve rapid industrialization of Japan? What were the results of this effort? What were the costs? Answers will vary

Topic: The Transformation of Japan

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

Chapter 32 The Building of Global Empires

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 747) Cecil Rhodes was A. the British military leader who was responsible for a boom in naval expansion. B. the American politician who articulated the belief in manifest destiny. C. responsible for the philosophy that we know as social Darwinism. D. the first leader of an independent Canada. E. a leading British imperialist who founded a colony in Africa.

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

2. (p. 747) Who said, "We are the finest race in the world and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race"? A. Simón Bolívar B. Theodore Roosevelt C. Ito Hirobumi D. Cecil Rhodes E. Otto von Bismarck

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

3. (p. 752) The author of "The White Man's Burden" was A. Cecil Rhodes. B. Otto von Bismarck. C. Joseph Arthur de Gobineau. D. Theodore Roosevelt. E. Rudyard Kipling.

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

4. (p. 752) Rudyard Kipling's poem, "The White Man's Burden," was actually meant to inspire the Americans to colonize A. Canada. B. Mexico. C. Brazil. D. Vietnam. E. the Philippines.

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

5. (p. 752) The completion of the Suez Canal dramatically advanced A. U.S. control over Guam. B. British control over India. C. Spanish control over the Philippines. D. French control over Vietnam. E. the maintenance of the Ottoman empire.

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

6. (p. 758-759) The battle of Omdurman A. ensured British domination over New Zealand. B. allowed France to establish a colony in Vietnam. C. led to the collapse of the Ottoman empire. D. opened the door for British colonial rule in Sudan. E. doomed Russia to defeat in the Russo-Japanese war.

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

7. (p. 753) Submarine cables linked all parts of the British empire throughout the world by A. 1815. B. 1853. C. 1902. D. 1945. E. 1972.

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

8. (p. 753-754) The key figures behind the uprising in 1857 in India were A. Russian military officials looking for an advantage in the Great Game. B. disgruntled sepoy troops. C. French agents working to cause unrest in an important British colony. D. the representatives of the Indian National Congress. E. American soldiers looking for an excuse to pry India away from British control.

Topic: European Imperialism

9. (p. 756) In 1824, Thomas Stamford Raffles founded the port of A. Sydney. B. Rangoon. C. Manila. D. Singapore. E. Hong Kong.

Topic: European Imperialism

10. (p. 756) Between 1859 and 1893, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos all fell under the control of A. England. B. France. C. the Dutch. D. Germany. E. the United States.

Topic: European Imperialism

11. (p. 756-757) By 1900, the only part of southeast Asia not under European imperial rule was A. Vietnam. B. Cambodia. C. Malaysia. D. Siam. E. Laos.

Topic: European Imperialism

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

12. (p. 757) The Congo Free State was established in the 1870s by A. Italy. B. Belgium. C. England. D. France. E. Germany.

Topic: European Imperialism

13. (p. 758) The Berlin Conference A. set up a timetable for decolonization in Africa. B. devised the ground rules for the European colonization of Africa. C. ended the Crimean War. D. established the Triple Alliance. E. legitimized the German colonization of the Marshall Islands.

Topic: European Imperialism

14. (p. 757) The Boers were A. east African coastal merchants. B. Indians who served as soldiers for the British. C. Malaysian tribal chieftains who allied with the Dutch. D. Australian aborigines. E. Dutch settlers in the southern tip of Africa.

Topic: European Imperialism

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

15. (p. 759) "Concessionary companies" refers to a system of colonial rule that employed A. military forces tasked specifically with protecting trade operations. B. temporary governments. C. private companies that gave up substantial control over their operations to a sponsoring European government in order to participate in colonial expansion. D. private companies granted territory and control over taxation and labor for mining, construction, or agricultural projects. E. government-owned companies that controlled taxation and labor in the colony.

Topic: European Imperialism

16. (p. 760) In 1770, Captain James Cook anchored his fleet at Botany Bay, near what modern city? A. Melbourne B. Sydney C. Cape Town D. New South Wales E. Wellington

Topic: European Imperialism

17. (p. 760) New South Wales was originally settled by about one thousand people, most of them convicted criminals, A. but they gradually died out due to famine and disease. B. but they were soon displaced by British ranchers, who needed the land for their sheep. C. but voluntary migrants outnumbered convicts within 50 years. D. who were pardoned and given the opportunity to purchase land. E. and it remained a penal colony until 1905.

Topic: European Imperialism

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

18. (p. 762) Which matching of imperial power and colony is NOT correct? A. England and New Zealand B. Germany and the Marshall Islands C. France and the Marquesas D. the United States and Fiji E. France and Tahiti

Topic: European Imperialism

19. (p. 763) After the overthrow of Queen Lili`uokalani in 1893, the United States took over A. the Philippines. B. Cuba. C. Hawai`i. D. Guam. E. Puerto Rico.

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

20. (p. 763) The Monroe Doctrine A. ensured that neither the Europeans nor the Americans would ever interfere in western hemispheric affairs. B. opened Japan to U.S. trade. C. gave the British an inroad into New Zealand. D. worked as a justification for U.S. intervention in western hemispheric affairs. E. handed the Philippines over to the United States.

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

21. (p. 763) The United States occupied Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines after its victory in A. World War I. B. the Opium War. C. the War of 1812. D. the Filipino Civil War. E. the Spanish-Cuban-American War.

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

22. (p. 764) Emilio Aguinaldo led an uprising in A. Mexico against the Spanish. B. Fiji against the British. C. Indonesia against the Dutch. D. the Philippines against the United States. E. Brazil against the Portuguese.

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

23. (p. 764) The Roosevelt Corollary strengthened U.S. military and economic claims in which area of the world? A. China B. Africa C. those territories lying in the western hemisphere to the south of the United States D. lands in the Pacific not including Australia and New Zealand E. Indochina

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

24. (p. 764) The Sino-Japanese War began with a dispute over A. Burma. B. Korea. C. Mongolia. D. Vietnam. E. Siberia.

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

25. (p. 765) Japan became a major imperial power after its victory in the A. Sino-Japanese War. B. Crimean War. C. Korean War. D. Russo-Japanese War. E. Opium War.

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

26. (p. 766) Under British control, Ceylon became a major producer of A. cotton. B. pineapple. C. tea. D. rubber. E. indigo.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

27. (p. 766) Between 1800 and 1914, how many Europeans migrated overseas? A. five million B. ten million C. seven million D. fifteen million E. fifty million

Topic: Imperial Legacies

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

28. (p. 768) In the nineteenth century, the majority of indentured laborers came from A. Russia. B. India. C. China. D. Ireland. E. Africa.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

29. (p. 768) The Maji Maji rebellion occurred in A. Hawai`i against the Americans. B. Vietnam against the French. C. Fiji against the British. D. Indonesia against the Dutch. E. east Africa against the Germans.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

30. (p. 768) The author of Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races was A. Josiah Clark Nott. B. Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau. C. Charles Darwin. D. Herbert Spencer. E. Ram Mohan Roy.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

31. (p. 769) Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau viewed Europeans as A. smart but docile. B. somewhat intelligent but remarkably energetic. C. intelligent and morally superior to all other peoples in the world. D. dull and arrogant. E. unintelligent and lazy.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

32. (p. 769) The social Darwinists believed that A. a sharp distinction had to be made between the biological and social worlds. B. only a socialist political and social structure would keep humans from destroying themselves. C. more powerful nations had to protect weaker nations. D. powerful nations were meant to dominate weaker societies. E. human beings had reached the point at which competition among nations was no longer necessary.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

33. (p. 769) The term "social Darwinism" is associated with A. Cecil Rhodes. B. Josiah Clark Nott. C. Herbert Spencer. D. Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau. E. Otto von Bismarck.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

34. (p. 769) In regard to imperialism, the Japanese and Americans A. were much more tolerant and respectful of their colonies than were the Europeans. B. expanded for very different reasons than did the Europeans. C. never saw the need to expand. D. proved to be just as racist as the Europeans. E. drew a sharp distinction between their enlightened sense of rule and that of the Europeans.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

35. (p. 772) Ram Mohan Roy was a A. prominent Bengali intellectual sometimes referred to as the "father of modern India." B. member of the Indian elite and a newspaper publisher. C. Hindu reformer who tried to bring spirituality to bear on the problems of his time. D. member of the Indian elite who worked with Christian social reformers. E. All these answers are correct.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

36. (p. 772) In 1916 the Indian National Congress A. was granted financial support by the British colonial government. B. joined forces with the All-India Muslim League. C. demanded the establishment of "concessionary companies." D. represented about 25 percent of the Indian population. E. All these answers are correct.

Topic: Imperial Legacies

True / False Questions 37. (p. 748) During the second half of the nineteenth century, many Europeans believed that imperial expansion and colonial domination were crucial for the survival of their states. TRUE

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

38. (p. 750) English writer Rudyard Kipling defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands. TRUE

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

39. (p. 751) Both the Suez Canal and Panama Canal facilitated the building and maintenance of empires by enabling naval vessels to travel rapidly between the world's oceans. TRUE

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

40. (p. 753) The Dutch East India Company took advantage of Mughal weakness to strengthen and expand its trading posts in the eighteenth century. FALSE

Topic: European Imperialism

41. (p. 758) The Berlin West Africa Conference, which included delegates from twelve European states and the United States, devised the ground rules for the colonization of Africa. TRUE

Topic: European Imperialism

42. (p. 760) The underlying principle of indirect rule was the desire to keep African populations in check and permit European administrators to engage in a "civilizing mission." FALSE

Topic: European Imperialism

43. (p. 760-761) Because the nomadic peoples of Australia did not occupy lands permanently, British settlers considered the continent terra nullius, "land belonging to no one," and one that they could seize and put to their own uses. TRUE

Topic: European Imperialism

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

44. (p. 763) The United States emerged as a major imperial and colonial power after the brief Spanish-Cuban-American War. TRUE

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

45. (p. 766) In some cases, colonial rule led to the introduction of new crops that transformed the landscape and social order of subject lands, for example the introduction of tea bushes from India to China. FALSE

Topic: Imperial Legacies

46. (p. 766-767) Between 1800 and 1914, some fifty million Europeans left their poor agricultural societies and sought opportunities overseas, a majority heading to the United States. TRUE

Topic: Imperial Legacies

Essay Questions 47. What were the legacies of nineteenth-century imperialism? What was anticolonialism? In what ways is the world today shaped by the actions of nineteenth-century imperialists? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Legacies

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

48. When Rudyard Kipling suggested that Americans "Take up the White Man's burden," what did he mean? How does this phrase express the goals of imperialism? Did the Americans have to be encouraged to become imperialistic? Answers will vary

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

49. Compare and contrast European imperialism in central and southeast Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Were there any fundamental differences that would influence later history? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

50. Examine the racist beliefs that played such a central role in European imperialism. How did racism justify imperialism and also inspire it? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

51. What, if anything, did anticolonial uprisings such as the sepoy rebellion of 1857, the Maji Maji rebellion, and the Filipino rebellion have in common? Why were they not more successful? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: Imperial Legacies Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

52. What role did technology play in the expanding European hegemony? Why weren't other nations able to gain equal technological footing? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

53. Examine the British control over India. How did it set the stage for later British expansion? In what ways did British control of India represent the best and worst of British colonial rule? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: Imperial Legacies Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

54. Examine imperialism in central and southeast Asia. What nations were involved? What were the most economically valuable areas? How different were the varieties of colonial rule? How were central and southeast Asia transformed by European conquest? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: Imperial Legacies Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

55. Examine imperialism in Africa. What were the major goals of the Europeans? Why was Africa treated differently than other colonies? How did the carving up of Africa lead to tension among the European nations? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

56. Examine the rise of the United States and Japan as imperialist powers. What were the main U.S. and Japanese goals? Were they different than the goals of the western Europeans? What areas did these two countries conquer? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

57. Examine Map 32.2, Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1914. How was the political face of Africa changed between 1875 and 1900? What European nations were most active in carving up Africa? Were there differences in colonial rule? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism

58. Look at the picture of the British naval attack of Rangoon on page 756. What advantages did the western Europeans possess as they expanded their control? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism

59. Examine the illustration from the book Indigenous Races of the Earth on page 769. What role did racism play in European imperialism? Discuss the ideas of Gobineau and Spencer. Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Legacies

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

60. Read the Rudyard Kipling poem, "The White Man's Burden" (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Rudyard Kipling on the White Man's Burden). In what ways does Kipling express the cultural and philosophical foundations of European imperialism? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

61. Summarize the economic, political, and cultural motives of nineteenth-century imperialists. To what extent did those motives overlap and to what extent did they conflict with one another? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: Imperial Legacies Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

62. What were the principal "tools of empire"—the various technologies that gave the Europeans such an advantage? Answers will vary

Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

63. How did the British establish control over India in the early nineteenth century? How did the sepoy rebellion contribute to this process? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism Topic: The Foundations of Industrial Empires

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

64. Which Asian and African states managed to maintain their sovereignty in the nineteenth century? Why these states? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism

65. Who were the major players in the "scramble for Africa"? What was the principal objective of this land-grab? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism

66. Compare the British conquest of south Africa with that of Egypt and Sudan. Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism

67. Why were the great powers less interested in the Pacific islands for most of the nineteenth century? Why did that attitude change in the later part of the century? Answers will vary

Topic: European Imperialism

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

68. What did the United States gain from the Spanish-Cuban-American War? Note the political status of each of these acquisitions. Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

Chapter 32 - The Building of Global Empires

69. Where did the Japanese direct their ambitions as a new imperial power? How successful were they? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Imperial Powers

70. How did the imperial powers transform the economies of their colonies? Consider especially India and Ceylon. Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Legacies

71. Summarize some of the significant migrations of the late nineteenth century. What were the typical destinations? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Legacies

72. How did subject peoples resist colonial rule? How did imperialism foster conflicts within colonial societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Imperial Legacies

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

Chapter 33 The Great War: The World in Upheaval

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 781) The spark for World War I was provided when Gavrilo Princip assassinated A. Francis Joseph. B. Nicholas II. C. Alexander Kerensky. D. Francis Ferdinand. E. Otto von Bismarck.

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

2. (p. 782) The first total war in world history was A. the Crimean War. B. the American Civil War. C. World War II. D. the Franco-Prussian War. E. World War I.

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

3. (p. 782) Approximately how many combatants died in World War I? A. one million B. three million C. four million D. nine million E. fifteen million

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

4. (p. 782) The term for the idea that people with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals had the right to form sovereign states was A. Utopian socialism. B. positive nationalism. C. democratic republicanism. D. Fabianism. E. self-determination.

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

5. (p. 783) At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the nationalistic aspirations of subject minorities was most threatening to a state such as A. England. B. Austria-Hungary. C. Spain. D. France. E. Germany.

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

6. (p. 783) Pan-Slavism was actively promoted by A. Germany. B. the United States. C. Russia. D. Austria-Hungary. E. Italy.

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

7. (p. 783) In 1914, England's share of the world's industrial output stood at A. 3 percent, tied for tenth in the world. B. 9 percent, having dropped behind that of the United States and Germany. C. 14 percent, roughly the same as Germany's. D. 32 percent, the world's largest. E. 62 percent, twice as large as that of the nearest competitor.

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

8. (p. 783-784) Which of the following was NOT an important area of competition and conflict between England and Germany in the years leading up to World War I? A. religious differences B. the naval race C. colonial disputes D. industrial and trade rivalry E. nationalistic tensions

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

9. (p. 784-785) The members of the Triple Alliance were A. England, France, and Russia. B. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. C. Russia, Italy, and Germany. D. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. E. England, France, and Italy.

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

10. (p. 785) The French were deeply suspicious of German expansion because of A. Germany's role in the final defeat of Napoleon. B. the solid total alliance between the British and the Germans. C. the rise of Adolf Hitler. D. the inability of the French to forget their humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. E. German support for Basque separatists.

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

11. (p. 785) The military plan that called for an invasion of France through Belgium was called A. Plan XVII. B. the Bismarck plan. C. the Schlieffen plan. D. the Brest-Litovsk Offense. E. the Belgian insertion plan.

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

12. (p. 785) The soldiers who marched off in 1914 to fight in World War I were mostly A. depressed, because they remembered the incredible slaughter of the Franco-Prussian War. B. mercenary troops. C. extremely poor farmers that needed income for work as a soldier. D. depressed because of their religious opposition to the war. E. enthusiastic young men who expected a quick victory.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

13. (p. 787) The German offensive of 1914 was halted at A. Gallipoli. B. the Marne River. C. Verdun. D. the Somme. E. Prussia.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

14. (p. 787) The western front in World War I was A. a German victory, after the French abandoned their English allies. B. a bloody stalemate. C. an overwhelming French and English victory. D. a relatively easy German victory. E. an Italian victory that changed the shape of the war.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

15. (p. 790) The massive German assault on the western front in 1916 was A. the Somme. B. the Marne. C. Gallipoli. D. Verdun. E. Caporetto.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

16. (p. 789) Which of the following was NOT a common component of the early trench warfare experience in World War I? A. lice B. rats C. rain D. massive aerial bombing E. machine guns

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

17. (p. 790) The Somme was A. the battle in 1914 that halted the German Schlieffen plan. B. a huge German offensive against the French lines in 1916. C. a disastrous Italian defeat that destroyed any hope for an Italian invasion of Austria. D. the first great American victory of the war. E. an English assault in 1916 that gained a few thousand yards.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

18. (p. 789) In World War I, the eastern front was A. characterized by more fluid battle lines than the western front. B. a bloody stalemate. C. an Austrian victory in which Austria displaced Germany as the leading Central Power. D. a hard-fought, albeit slow, English and French victory. E. dominated by the Ottoman Turks.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

19. (p. 791-792) Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the new total war of World War I? A. the use of propaganda to inspire the participants to even greater sacrifice B. women taking on traditionally male jobs C. the extension of laissez-faire capitalism to its greatest extent D. the recognition of the importance of the home front in the war effort E. conscription of soldiers

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

20. (p. 792) What effect did World War I have on the status of women? A. Working-class women enjoyed the greatest advancement in economic opportunity. B. The demands of total war actually reduced opportunities for women. C. All women were able to take advantage of new economic opportunities, which lasted long past the end of the war. D. The slaughter caused by capitalistic tensions caused 32 percent of women to join socialist or communist parties. E. Women in many countries received the vote in the years after the war.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

21. (p. 793) The World War I poet who considered Horace's line "sweet and fitting it is to die for one's country" to be an "old Lie" was A. Robert Graves. B. Siegfried Sassoon. C. Wilfred Owen. D. Cecil Rhodes. E. Joseph Caillaux.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

22. (p. 794) Which one of the following is NOT an explanation of the expansion of World War I to Asia, Africa, and the Pacific? A. European nations carried their animosities into their colonies. B. Japan saw the war as an opportunity to grab German colonies. C. The German invasion of neutral Belgium was a profound breech of international law. D. Europeans were forced to recruit soldiers from their colonies because of the demands of the war. E. The principal actors entered the war for reasons that had nothing to do with the murder of Francis Ferdinand.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

23. (p. 794) The Twenty-one Demands were issued A. by the United States to Japan. B. by Japan to China. C. by Austria to Serbia. D. by England to Germany. E. by Germany to France.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

24. (p. 794) The Japanese fought in World War I due to their A. anger over German atrocities against Chinese civilians. B. long-standing Franco-Japanese alliance. C. fear of America entering into China. D. desire to acquire German colonies in Asia. E. concern over Austrian colonial aspirations in the Pacific.

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

25. (p. 794) Which of the following was a German African colony conquered by the Allies in the Great War? A. Togoland B. South Africa C. Congo D. Algeria E. Nigeria

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

26. (p. 796) The March Revolution of 1917 A. swept Lenin into power in Russia and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. B. resulted in the long-anticipated collapse of the Ottoman empire. C. forced France out of the war. D. was an unplanned and incomplete affair. E. erupted after the assassination of Nicholas II.

Topic: The End of World War I

27. (p. 796) The last tsar of Russia was A. Alexander II. B. Ivan IV. C. Nicholas II. D. Ivan III. E. Alexander III.

Topic: The End of World War I

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

28. (p. 796-797) The main reason for the failure of the provisional government in Russia in 1917 was A. Lenin's inexperience in actually running a government. B. the growing rivalry between Stalin and Trotsky. C. the strain placed on the government by the unpopular alliance with Germany. D. the public's desire for total victory, which clashed with the government's pacifistic approach. E. its inability to satisfy popular demands for an end to the war and for land reform.

Topic: The End of World War I

29. (p. 797-798) The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk A. was harsh toward the Germans and led to resentment after the war. B. forged the alliance between England and France that would later be expanded to the Triple Entente. C. forced the Chinese to give Hong Kong to the British. D. ended Russia's involvement in World War I. E. was shaped by American desires.

Topic: The End of World War I

30. (p. 799) The official factor in the United States' decision to enter World War I was A. its long-standing friendship with Great Britain. B. its position as leader of the free world. C. the U.S. desire to pick up German colonies in the Pacific. D. age-old antagonism between the United States and the Ottoman Turks. E. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare.

Topic: The End of World War I

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

31. (p. 801) What major power was NOT invited to attend the Paris peace negotiations that led to the Treaty of Versailles? A. Britain B. France C. the United States D. the Soviet Union E. Belgium

Topic: The End of World War I

32. (p. 805) Which of the following was most indicative of Europe's reduced economic might in the wake of the war? A. Europe's inability to field a navy B. Europe's greater reliance on income from its colonies C. Europe's reversed financial relationship to the U.S. D. Europe's inability, over the long term, to overcome serious inflation E. Europe's greater investment in foreign markets

Topic: The End of World War I

33. (p. 802) In the wake of World War I, Mustafa Kemal became president of A. Russia. B. Egypt. C. Persia. D. Syria. E. Turkey.

Topic: The End of World War I

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

34. (p. 803-804) The mandate system A. led to the occupation of Germany after the war. B. allowed the Germans to repay their reparations to the Allied powers. C. allowed for the rapid spread of communism. D. particularly angered the Arab world because it violated promises made by the French and British. E. was one of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.

Topic: The End of World War I

True / False Questions 35. (p. 782) The underlying causes of the Great War included intense nationalism, ethnic resentments, pursuit of economic interests, colonial rivalries, and a general struggle over the balance of power in Europe. TRUE

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

36. (p. 784-785) The Triple Alliance grew out of a close relationship among England, France, and Russia during the latter half of the nineteenth century. FALSE

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

37. (p. 785) Known as the Bismarck plan, Germany's war plan called for the swift knockout of France followed by defensive action against Russia. FALSE

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

38. (p. 787) Trenches along the western front ran from the English Channel to Switzerland. TRUE

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

39. (p. 788) The machine gun represented one of the most important advances in military technology and compelled military leaders to rethink their battlefield tactics. TRUE

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

40. (p. 791) The Great War became total, fought between entire societies, not just between armies. TRUE

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

41. (p. 795-796) During the Great War, the Ottoman government branded Armenians as traitorous internal enemies who threatened the security of the state, and unleashed a murderous campaign against them. TRUE

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

42. (p. 799) The official factor in the United States' decision to enter the war was Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917. TRUE

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

43. (p. 802) The final form of the peace treaty that ended the Great War represented Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points. FALSE

Topic: The End of World War I

44. (p. 805) The most significant economic loss to Europe following the Great War was the loss of overseas investments and foreign markets. TRUE

Topic: The End of World War I

Essay Questions 45. Why did Wilfred Owen call the line from Horace—"Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori" ("Sweet and fitting it is to die for one's country")—an "old Lie"? What does this line say about the role of nationalism in the war and the experience of the common soldier? Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

46. Would the experiences of the soldiers of World War I be representative of all soldiers in all wars? Was there something unique about the experiences of these soldiers? What would their experiences say about warfare in the twentieth century? Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

47. Imagine that you are a common soldier at a World War I battle such as Verdun or the Somme. What obstacles would you have faced? Why would your offensive assaults not work? Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

48. What were the fundamental mistakes of the negotiators at Paris who drew up the Treaty of Versailles? Were they doomed from the start? Was World War II inevitable? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

49. Discuss the factors that led to the outbreak of World War I. What role did the alliance system play in this process? What role did nationalism and imperialism play in the road to World War I? Answers will vary

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

50. Examine the role that the United States played in World War I. Why did the United States enter the war in the first place? How was the United States affected by the war? How did the United States shape the end of the war? Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

51. Examine the concept of "total war." How was World War I different from earlier wars? How important was the home front? Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

52. What role did women play in World War I? What effect would their contribution to the war effort have on their lives both during and after the war? How does this effect relate to concepts such as total war and the home front? Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

53. Examine the course of World War I in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. Why did the war spread? How important were these centers of the war? How were these areas influenced by the war? Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War Topic: The End of World War I

54. What were the major consequences of World War I? How was the world transformed by this bloody confrontation? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

55. Examine the causes of the Russian revolution. How was it tied to World War I? What were Lenin's main ideas? How did he transform Russia and the world? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

56. Examine maps 33.2 and 33.3. What were the major territorial changes mandated by the Paris Peace Conference? Was the new map so unstable that another war was inevitable? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

57. Examine the picture of Lenin on page 797. What were the foundations of his philosophy? Could it be argued that Lenin was a child of World War I? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

58. How does the Wilfred Owen poem (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Dulce et Decorum Est) reflect the life of the common soldier? How was the life of the common soldier different than in previous wars? Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

59. What goals and values were expressed in the various nationalistic movements of the early twentieth century? Which ethnic groups in particular asserted the right of self-determination? Answers will vary

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

60. How did the imperialistic rivalries of the European powers contribute to international tensions before World War I? Be specific. Answers will vary

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

61. Summarize the forces set in motion by the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand in 1914. When and why did the war begin? Answers will vary

Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

62. What was the typical experience of the soldier in World War I? Explain how new technologies changed the experience of war. Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War Topic: The Drift toward War in Early Twentieth-Century Europe

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

63. How did the war transform civilian life? Consider especially the enlarged role of the government. Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

64. Why did Japan enter WWI? What did they gain? Answers will vary

Topic: How a European War became the Great War

65. What factors caused the Russian revolutions in March and November of 1917? What changes emerged initially from these revolutions? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

66. How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks come to power? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

67. When and why did the United States enter the war? What did this move mean? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

Chapter 33 - The Great War: The World in Upheaval

68. What was the intent of the League of Nations? What were the weaknesses of this body? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

69. How did the mandate system work in the Middle East? Who profited most from this system? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of World War I

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

Chapter 34 An Age of Anxiety

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 813) The term "lost generation" was coined by A. Erich Maria Remarque. B. John Steinbeck. C. Karl Barth. D. Sun Yatsen. E. Gertrude Stein.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

2. (p. 813) The writer whose Decline of the West proposed that European society had entered the final stage of its existence was A. Karl Marx. B. Erich Maria Remarque. C. Oswald Spengler. D. Werner Heisenberg. E. Karl Barth.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

3. (p. 813) In Karl Barth's Epistle to the Romans, he A. laid the groundwork for the rise of fascism in Italy. B. shocked the Christian world by stressing the importance of material progress above everything else. C. suggested that Jesus' ideas were a precursor to communism. D. attacked the liberal Christian theology that had embraced the idea of progress. E. gave a religious foundation for the ideas of the social Darwinists.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

4. (p. 813) The author of All Quiet on the Western Front was A. Ernest Hemingway. B. Oswald Spengler. C. Erich Maria Remarque. D. W. Somerset Maugham. E. Arnold Toynbee.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

5. (p. 813) Who wrote, "Man's historical experience has been one of steady failure, and there are no grounds for supposing it will be ever anything else"? A. Erich Maria Remarque B. Oswald Spengler C. Arnold Toynbee D. Gertrude Stein E. Niokolai Berdiaev

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

6. (p. 813) In the years after World War I, the nineteenth-century concept of human progress A. gave a sense of hope in the midst of terrible human suffering. B. remained the foundation of Asian thought. C. became even more popular among liberal Christian thinkers. D. was bolstered by the growing popularity of Confucian thought. E. was attacked by many thinkers and cultural leaders.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

7. (p. 814) The notion that space and time are relative to the person measuring them was first articulated in A. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. B. Kepler's three principles of interplanetary movement. C. Spengler's The Decline of the West. D. Einstein's theory of general relativity. E. Newton's theory of gravity.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

8. (p. 815) The uncertainty principle is associated with A. Einstein. B. Spengler. C. Heisenberg. D. Freud. E. Keynes.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

9. (p. 814-815) Discoveries in physics added to the anxiety of the 1920s and 1930s because they A. caused a majority of the population to turn to atheism. B. proved that heaven, for purely scientific reasons, did not exist. C. called into question established notions of truth. D. suggested the universe was a very unstable and dangerous place. E. answered all major questions and eliminated blind faith as a legitimate option.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

10. (p. 815) In a purely scientific sense, the uncertainty principle proposes that A. cloning is essentially impossible because of the difficulty of accounting for genetic mutation. B. it is impossible to specify simultaneously both the position and velocity of a subatomic particle. C. complex factors make accurately predicting economic trends essentially impossible. D. a country's successful transition to democracy is dependent on internal rather than external factors. E. human behavior is driven more by psychological than by physiological factors.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

11. (p. 815) The individual who developed the theory of psychoanalysis was A. Werner Heisenberg. B. Oswald Spengler. C. Niokolai Berdiaev. D. Sigmund Freud. E. Albert Einstein.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

12. (p. 815) According to Freud, the root of neurotic behavior was A. a conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes. B. summed up in the term "uncertainty principle." C. the traumatic bloodshed of World War I. D. the hostility that young boys feel toward their mothers. E. an easily explainable chemical reaction.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

13. (p. 816) Artists of the Dada movement sought to strongly criticize all EXCEPT which of the following? A. rationality B. conformist art C. nationalism D. materialism E. abstract art

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

14. (p. 816) Which of the following artistic genres was characterized by a realistic style of painting that reflected a very cynical and highly critical attitude toward war? A. expressionism B. New Objectivity C. Dadaism D. impressionism E. surrealism

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

15. (p. 816) The Dadaists, surrealists, cubists, and abstractionists generally agreed on a program to A. develop a new artistic Renaissance. B. celebrate classical Greek and Roman form. C. attempt to solidify a concept of beauty. D. highlight the horrors of war. E. abolish the sovereignty of appearance.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

16. (p. 816) To finance reparation payments to France and England, the governments of Austria and Germany relied on A. agricultural surpluses. B. U.S. loans and investment. C. investment in British companies. D. war bonds. E. infrastructure sales.

Topic: Global Depression

17. (p. 816) One of the most significant results of the artistic experimentation of the 1920s and 1930s was that A. artists learned to adhere to accepted public definitions of reality. B. photography was no longer considered a legitimate art form. C. generally accepted standards that distinguished between "good" and "bad" art disappeared. D. impressionism was recognized as the single best art form. E. a set of criteria was established that allowed art students to distinguish between "good" and "bad" art.

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

18. (p. 816-817) A troubling economic problem in the 1920s was the depressed state of agriculture caused by A. virulent new strains of disease. B. the success of several new communist regimes. C. overproduction and falling prices. D. the collapse of the cotton market in the southern United States. E. dangerous underproduction.

Topic: Global Depression

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

19. (p. 817) By 1929, the price of a bushel of wheat was A. unnaturally and dangerously high. B. at its highest point in two hundred years. C. the same as today. D. at its lowest level in four hundred years. E. the same price it had been a hundred years earlier.

Topic: Global Depression

20. (p. 817) On Black Thursday, 24 October 1929, A. Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. B. Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. C. the U.S. stock market crashed. D. Stalin's bloodiest purges began in the Soviet Union. E. civil war broke out between the Chinese Communist Party and the Guomindang.

Topic: Global Depression

21. (p. 817-818) At the lowest point of the Great Depression, what percentage of U.S. banks were out of business? A. 5 percent B. 12 percent C. 17 percent D. 21 percent E. 44 percent

Topic: Global Depression

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

22. (p. 818) During the Great Depression, most nations A. cooperated globally to fight the problem, on a scale never seen before. B. dramatically reduced tariffs in an effort to facilitate international trade. C. expanded the money supply and undertook public works to provide jobs. D. practiced economic nationalism. E. pushed for an expansion of trade.

Topic: Global Depression

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

23. (p. 819) John Maynard Keynes A. first discussed the uncertainty principle. B. made early discoveries in psychoanalysis. C. warned that democracy was a threat to the achievements of western society. D. was positive that laissez-faire capitalism would survive forever. E. urged government to stimulate the economy by increasing the money supply.

Topic: Global Depression

24. (p. 819-820) In response to the Great Depression, economist John Maynard Keynes A. proposed that the government should do nothing and wait out the economic hard times. B. was a big supporter of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff. C. felt that the government should tighten the money supply. D. wrote that capitalism had failed and that it was time for the United States to experiment with communism. E. urged the government to expand the money supply and undertake public works to provide jobs.

Topic: Global Depression

25. (p. 820) Which of the following was NOT one of the chief actions of Roosevelt's New Deal? A. tighten the money supply B. give workers the right to organize and bargain collectively C. provide social security in old age D. guarantee minimum wages E. create jobs through public works projects

Topic: Global Depression

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

26. (p. 821) The Russian civil war that broke out after the revolution was between A. utopian socialists and Trotskyites. B. Reds, being the communists of Lenin's regime; and Whites, comprising a collection of anticommunist groups. C. Leninists and Stalinists. D. Nicholas II's Imperial Army and Lenin's Revolutionary Army. E. eastern and western factions.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

27. (p. 821) "War communism" A. was a term first used by Marx in the Manifesto of the Communist Party. B. called for carrying the communist revolution to the rest of the world by force. C. was an unplanned course of nationalization. D. instituted free market reforms. E. had been the central feature of Lenin's philosophy for twenty years before the revolution.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

28. (p. 821) Lenin's New Economic Policy of 1921 A. pushed the peasants onto large, state-run collectives. B. stripped all land ownership away from the peasants. C. called for a trading alliance with communist China. D. temporarily restored the market economy. E. initiated the First Five-Year Plan.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

29. (p. 822) Which individual's surname means "man of steel"? A. Lenin B. Marx C. Trotsky D. Gorbachev E. Stalin

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

30. (p. 822) The First Five-Year Plan was A. a military scheme that called for a massive increase in arms production. B. designed to transform the Soviet Union from an agricultural nation into an industrial one. C. designed to increase the agricultural production of the Soviet Union and make it the world's leading food producer. D. a communist plan to embrace capitalism in order to promote economic growth. E. a political plan to spark a communist revolution in the United States.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

31. (p. 823) Who began the fascist movement? A. Mussolini B. Hitler C. Franco D. Stalin E. Lenin

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

32. (p. 826) All of the following constitute steps taken by Benito Mussolini to consolidate power EXCEPT A. eliminating all other political parties. B. outlawing freedom of speech. C. instituting a communist system of government. D. decreasing freedom of the press. E. exiling, imprisoning, or killing Italians who spoke out openly against his regime.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

33. (p. 826) The leader of the national socialism movement in Germany was A. Benito Mussolini. B. Arthur de Gobineau. C. Joseph Stalin. D. Otto von Bismarck. E. Adolf Hitler.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

34. (p. 829) The 1935, the Nuremberg Laws A. made Austria part of Germany. B. removed any democratic restraints on Hitler's power and made him the dictator of Germany. C. recognized the Japanese as honorary Aryans. D. outlawed the communist parties in Germany. E. deprived German Jews of their citizenship.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

35. (p. 829) The official goal of the Nazi regime toward Jews in the period before World War II was A. one of killing all Jews that could be arrested in order to eliminate the Jews from Germany and eventually the world. B. to turn them into slaves to work in Germany's armament factories. C. to pressure them to emigrate. D. to force all educated German Jews to stay in Germany and expel the rest of the Jewish population. E. toleration.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

36. (p. 829) The Kristallnacht was A. a new artistic movement that flourished after World War I. B. a Nazi-arranged attack on thousands of Jewish stores. C. Hitler's political treatise that expressed his main ideas. D. the Russian term for the destructive civil war that followed the revolution. E. a German term for the sense of disillusionment that World War I veterans felt.

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

True / False Questions 37. (p. 813) Postwar intellectuals lamented the decline of western society. TRUE

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

38. (p. 815) According to Werner Heisenberg, it is impossible to specify simultaneously the position and the velocity of a subatomic particle; this is known as the "uncertainty principle." TRUE

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

39. (p. 816-817) One of the nagging weaknesses of the global economy in the 1920s was the depressed state of agriculture, the result of overproduction and falling prices. TRUE

Topic: Global Depression

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

40. (p. 818) As the Great Depression destroyed capitalist economies, international cooperation broke down and governments turned to their own resources and practiced economic nationalism. TRUE

Topic: Global Depression

41. (p. 819-820) John Maynard Keynes's answer to the central problem of the depression was for governments to balance budgets and curtail public spending. FALSE

Topic: Global Depression

42. (p. 821) Lenin's New Economic Policy allowed the Russian government to take control of all industries and allowed for no privately-owned enterprises. FALSE

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

43. (p. 822) An integral part of Stalin's drive for industrialization was the collectivization of agriculture. TRUE

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

44. (p. 823) The term fascism derives from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of punitive authority consisting of a bundle of wooden rods strapped together around an axe. TRUE

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

45. (p. 825) The guiding force behind Italian fascism was Benito Mussolini, who seized power as dictator in 1926 and ruled Italy as Il Duce. TRUE

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

46. (p. 826) Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party attracted members of mainstream society, who were frightened by the specter of socialist revolution. FALSE

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

47. (p. 827-828) The Nazi eugenics measures in the 1930s served as a precursor to the wholesale extermination of people classified as racial inferiors. TRUE

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

Essay Questions 48. Describe the course of nationalization in economic development in the Soviet Union under Lenin. Explain war communism and why it was replaced by the New Economic Policy in 1921. Answers will vary

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

49. Examine the causes and implications of the Great Depression. Why was the depression so widespread and so devastating? How did different countries respond to the depression? What would be the long-term consequences of the depression? Answers will vary

Topic: Global Depression

50. Examine the transformation of the Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin. What were the main ideas and programs of the two leaders? How did they influence Russian history? Answers will vary

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

51. Examine the rise to power of Adolf Hitler. What were his main ideas and goals? How did he transform Germany? Answers will vary

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

52. What did Gertrude Stein mean when she wrote that "You are all a lost generation"? What had caused this profound split from earlier generations? Can you think of similar dramatic breaks with the past in different countries and different centuries? Answers will vary

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

53. Discuss Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. How did this scientific theory capture the spirit of an entire age? Can you think of similar scientific discoveries or theories that had a similar effect? How did art reflect the intellectual transformation of the early twentieth century? What did the phrase "to abolish the sovereignty of appearance" mean? Answers will vary

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

54. What caused thinkers such as Oswald Spengler to believe that European society was entering its final stage? Why was progress doubted? Answers will vary

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

55. What role did innovations in physics and psychology play in the questioning of traditional knowledge and society? Were there criticisms of science? Answers will vary

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

56. Compare and contrast the ideas and regimes of Stalin and Hitler. Despite tremendous differences in political orientation, how similar were the German and Soviet states? In what ways were Stalin and Hitler a product of their times? Answers will vary

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

57. Examine the political movement known as fascism. What were its main tenets? Compare fascism to democracy and communism. Answers will vary

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

58. What are some indications of the "postwar pessimism" of the 1920s? Why did liberal values such as progress and democracy fall under attack at this time? Answers will vary

Topic: Probing Cultural Frontiers during the Early Twentieth Century

59. What were some of the economic problems facing the world powers in the 1920s? Specifically, what factors led to the crash of 1929 and the depression that followed? Answers will vary

Topic: Global Depression

60. What are some examples of "economic nationalism"? How effective were these measures? Answers will vary

Topic: Global Depression

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

61. What was the impact of the depression on social attitudes? On women and families? Answers will vary

Topic: Global Depression

Chapter 34 - An Age of Anxiety

62. What did John Maynard Keynes recommend as a solution to the economic crisis? How did the New Deal of President Roosevelt exemplify this solution? Answers will vary

Topic: Global Depression

63. How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks secure their power in Russia? How did Stalin secure his power within the party and within the Soviet Union? Answers will vary

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

64. What are the defining characteristics of fascism in both Italy and Germany? Consider the organizational structure and symbols that each adopted. To whom did this message appeal? Answers will vary

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

65. Compare the rise to power and consolidation of power by Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. Answers will vary

Topic: Challenges to the Liberal Order

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Chapter 35 Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 834) In the decades following World War I, nationalism in Asia was most powerful in A. Korea and Japan. B. China. C. India. D. Japan. E. China and India.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

2. (p. 834) The most influential organization dedicated to the end of British rule in India was the A. Muslim League. B. Pan-Indian Association. C. Indian National Congress. D. League of the Fourteen Points. E. Indian Communist Party.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

3. (p. 835) Indian nationals were influenced by A. Winston Churchill. B. Woodrow Wilson. C. Adolf Hitler. D. Benito Mussolini. E. Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

4. (p. 835) Satyagraha was A. Gandhi's philosophy of passive resistance. B. the Islamic leader who called for the creation of Pakistan for India's Muslims. C. the Nazi attack on Jewish shops known as the "night of broken glass." D. a new artistic movement that flourished after World War I. E. the Chinese nationalist party headed by Jiang Jieshi.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

5. (p. 836) Which of the following refers to "land of the pure"? A. India B. Soviet Union C. Korea D. Pakistan E. Manchuria

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

6. (p. 835) Which of the following was NOT one of the foundations of Gandhi's preferred methods for changing or improving the Indian state? A. an attempt to improve the position of the harijans B. boycotting British goods C. heavy industrialization D. passive resistance E. economic self-sufficiency

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

7. (p. 836) The India Act of 1937 A. gave total independence to India from Britain. B. instituted new measures of oppression that the British used to quell opposition to their rule in India. C. gave the institutions of a self-governing state to India, although the British government still exercised overall control. D. created the Muslim state of Pakistan. E. provided a clear timetable for the independence of India.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

8. (p. 836) Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the creation of A. Pakistan. B. Iraq. C. Palestine. D. Saudi Arabia. E. Indonesia.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

9. (p. 836) The Great Depression aggravated the tense situation between Muslims and Hindus in India, in part because A. Muslims perceived that they were economically controlled by the Hindu majority of India. B. all British economic assistance went to Hindus rather than Muslims. C. the Hindu majority of India refused to do business with Muslims. D. Hindus accused Muslims of being the cause of the depression in India. E. None of these answers is correct.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

10. (p. 837) The May Fourth Movement A. disguised the beginning of Stalin's great purge of his enemies. B. was Lenin's shocking free market reforms. C. perfectly expressed growing Japanese nationalism. D. galvanized the Chinese against foreign interference. E. dissolved Gandhi's nonviolent movement into a series of violent uprisings.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

11. (p. 837) The founding of the Chinese Communist Party was directly influenced by A. India. B. Indonesia. C. Iraq. D. Pakistan. E. Soviet Union.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

12. (p. 837, 839) The former teacher and librarian that became the leader of the Chinese communist movement was A. Jiang Jieshi. B. Sun Yatsen. C. Shanfei. D. Mao Zedong. E. Guomindang.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

13. (p. 838) Sun Yatsen's plan for China included all of the following EXCEPT A. the elimination of privileges for foreigners. B. the establishment of a communist, totalitarian government. C. national reunification. D. economic development. E. a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

14. (p. 839) Who launched the Northern Expedition? A. Sun Yatsen. B. Mohandas Gandhi. C. Jiang Jieshi. D. Puyi. E. Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

15. (p. 839) The nationalist government of China was challenged by all of the following EXCEPT A. the possibility of a revolution led by Chinese communists. B. Japanese aggression. C. economic hardship caused by the Great Depression. D. local Chinese warlords that controlled a portion of China. E. communists inspired by the Long March.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

16. (p. 839) The Long March A. destroyed Mao Zedong's credibility with the Chinese. B. left Jiang Jieshi in complete control of the Chinese Communist Party. C. forced Mao Zedong to flee China and hide in the Soviet Union. D. greatly strengthened Mao Zedong's leadership position. E. was the final victory for the Guomindang.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

17. (p. 839) Maoism was A. a political ideology that held that the urban proletariat was the foundation for a successful communist revolution. B. solely an economic policy based on encouraging agrarian growth in China. C. solely an economic plan that encouraged the growth of industry in China. D. a political ideology that held that peasants were the foundation for a successful communist revolution. E. a foreign policy agenda that actively encouraged open relations with democratic western powers.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

18. (p. 840) The Great Depression helped lead Japan to A. institute greater democratic reforms for its government. B. embrace more western institutions. C. consult more frequently with other countries on matters of security and economics. D. turn toward a militaristic government whose goal was the domination of east Asia. E. a revolution that placed the Japanese communist party in power.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

19. (p. 839-840) Which of the following Asian countries was part of the "big five" in the League of Nations? A. Indonesia B. China C. Korea D. Japan E. Manchuria

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

20. (p. 840) In 1928 the Japanese government signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which A. established peace between it and China. B. lowered world tariffs to try to kick-start economic development. C. renounced war as a tool of national policy. D. carved up China into zones of control by western powers and Japan. E. established an official boundary between China and Japan.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

21. (p. 840) The "Mukden incident" A. started active warfare between the Chinese nationalists and communists. B. started the career of Mao Zedong. C. resulted in the signing of the Sino-Russian Pact. D. provided Germany with an excuse to send troops into Poland. E. provided Japan with the fabricated excuse to send troops into Manchuria.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

22. (p. 840) Manchukuo was the A. Japanese nationalist leader who led Japan into World War II. B. Korean leader who vainly fought to push the Japanese out of Korea. C. Japanese puppet state in the former Manchuria. D. code name for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. E. scene of the biggest naval battle in the Pacific during World War II.

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

23. (p. 841) The Allies had invaded German colonies in Africa by A. 1914. B. 1915. C. 1919. D. 1917. E. 1923.

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

24. (p. 842) Africans were participants in World War I because A. they were paid a great deal of money by the Europeans to participate. B. many believed in the cause of the Entente powers versus the Central powers. C. many believed in the cause of the Central powers versus the Entente powers. D. they were bound by colonial ties to European powers. E. they were paid a great deal of money by the Europeans to participate, and many believed in the cause of the Entente powers versus the Central powers.

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

25. (p. 842) By the end of World War I, how many people from Africa had served in the French army? A. 500,000 B. 385,000 C. 480,000 D. 610,000 E. 450,000

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

26. (p. 841) All of the following African colonies were compelled by European colonial powers to participate in the Great War EXCEPT the A. British colonies. B. Spanish colonies. C. Belgian colonies. D. Italian colonies. E. German colonies.

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

27. (p. 842) After World War I, colonial powers A. let go of their colonial holdings. B. gave the colonials the right to vote. C. shut down exportation. D. sought to make the colonies dependent on the European economy. E. granted independence for those colonies that served during the war.

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

28. (p. 843) In South Africa, how much land was reserved for the whites? A. 88 percent B. 50 percent C. 95 percent D. 82 percent E. 68 percent

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

29. (p. 843) In South Africa, how much of the population did whites make up? A. 50 percent B. 20 percent C. 45 percent D. 65 percent E. 15 percent

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

30. (p. 844-845) In which of the following groups did ideas regarding African nationalism germinate? A. peasants B. veterans of World War I C. new elite D. laborers E. women

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

31. (p. 845) Pan-Africanism is an idea that advocated the A. formation of individual African states whose borders were the same as those established by the European colonial powers. B. creation of individual African states based solely on religious affiliation. C. creation of individual African states based on language groups. D. establishment of Muslim states throughout Africa. E. unification of all people of African descent around the globe into one African state.

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

32. (p. 845) One of the greatest proponents of Pan-Africanism was A. Martin Luther King, Jr. B. Malcolm X. C. Jomo Kenyatta. D. Marcus Garvey. E. Jesse Jackson.

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

33. (p. 847-848) U.S. policies toward Latin America included A. the New Deal. B. "dollar diplomacy." C. the Good Neighbor Policy. D. the Latin American Assistance Plan. E. "dollar diplomacy" and the Good Neighbor Policy.

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

34. (p. 850) Mexican President ________ nationalized his country's oil industry, thus posing a challenge to the U.S. policy of nonintervention in Latin American affairs. A. Lázaro Cárdenas B. Diego Rivera C. José Carlos Mariátegui D. Juan Batista Sacasa E. Anastacio Somoza Garcia

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

35. (p. 849) Who of the following is most closely associated with the Good Neighbor Policy? A. Woodrow Wilson B. Warren Harding C. Herbert Hoover D. Theodore Roosevelt E. Franklin D. Roosevelt

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

True / False Questions 36. (p. 835) During the twenty-five years he spent in South Africa, Gandhi embraced a moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence, and developed the technique of passive resistance. TRUE

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

37. (p. 836) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim league, proposed two states, one for Hindus and one for Muslims: India and Pakistan. TRUE

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

38. (p. 838) Sun Yatsen called for special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and a democratic republican government based on universal suffrage. FALSE

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

39. (p. 839) Jiang Jieshi launched a political and military offensive known as the Northern Expedition, which aimed to unify the nation and bring China under Guomindang rule. TRUE

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

40. (p. 839) During the Long March, Mao Zedong emerged as the leader and principal theoretician of the Chinese communist movement. TRUE

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

41. (p. 844) Africa's new elite were Europeans who came to Africa after the Great War and attained high-ranking offices and helped Africans gain independence. FALSE

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

42. (p. 847) It is President Theodore Roosevelt that argued that the United States should substitute "dollars for bullets" in its foreign policy. FALSE

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

43. (p. 848-849) The pressures of the Great Depression led to a reassessment of U.S. foreign policy in Latin America during the 1920s and 1930s; this revamped approach became known as the "Good Neighbor Policy." TRUE

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

44. (p. 849) The leader of the opposition to U.S. Marines occupying Nicaragua in the 1920s was Anastacio Somoza Garcia. FALSE

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

45. (p. 851) Widespread Mexican migration to the United States during and after the Great War suggested the attractiveness of the United States for at least some Latin Americans. TRUE

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

Essay Questions 46. Examine United States President Woodrow Wilson's concept of the self-determination of nations. Why did it have such a profound impact, in the years following World War I, on Asia, Africa, and Latin America? How, specifically, did it contribute to the rise of nationalism and political identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America? Answers will vary

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

47. Why did Mao champion the peasants as a revolutionary force? Why was this proposal so radical? Compare Mao's philosophy to that of Marx and Lenin. Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

48. Examine the evolution of Indian nationalism. What role did Gandhi play in the process? What were his main ideas? What made the Indian situation so complicated in regard to forging a sense of national unity and achieving independence? Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

49. Examine the struggle for political stability in China in the 1920s and 1930s. What role did Sun Yatsen play in this process? Compare and contrast the political philosophies of Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong. Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

50. Compare and contrast Indian and Chinese nationalism. In what ways did they differ? What were the main threats to each? Which would be more successful? Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

51. The efforts of European colonial powers to consolidate their political control over Africa in the years following World War I contributed to African domestic unrest that spurred nationalist movements. What were some of these measures? What specifically made them detrimental to the Africans? Answers will vary

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

52. Nationalism in Africa did not emerge in only one form. Who were some of the leaders of African nationalism and what were some of the different approaches they took toward establishing African national identity and ultimately an Africa independent of European influence? Answers will vary

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

53. Latin American nationalism developed from the struggle of the region's indigenous populations with neocolonialism. What is neocolonialism? How did it manifest itself in Latin America, and what was its impact on the evolution of Latin American nationalist identity? Answers will vary

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

54. Examine Map 35.1, The struggle for control in China, 1927-1936. What were the main groups contesting for control of China? What threat did the Japanese represent to Chinese independence? Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

55. Examine Map 35.1, The struggle for control in China, 1927-1936. What was the role of the Chinese Communist Party and the Guomindang in the development of Chinese nationalism? What role did the Long March play in the career of Mao Zedong? Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

56. Look at the picture of Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong on page 839. What were their main philosophies? What was their relationship to Sun Yatsen? How did they influence Chinese history? Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

57. Study the excerpt from Marcus Garvey regarding "Africa for Africans" (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Africa for Africans). How does Garvey convey to his listeners the need for African independence? How does he believe that African independence can be accomplished? Answers will vary

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

58. What was the status of India within the British empire after World War I? What were some of the sources of tension in India at this time? Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

59. Two warring factions emerged in China between the wars: the Nationalists and the Communists. What values and interests did each represent? What advantages did each have? Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

60. Two political factions dominated Japanese politics after World War I: those that favored international involvement, and the militarists. What values and interests did each represent? What advantages did each have? Answers will vary

Topic: Asian Paths to Autonomy

61. To what extent was the continent of Africa transformed by the Great War? What circumstances caused changes to occur, and what was the nature of those changes? Answers will vary

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

62. What factors caused Africans to challenge European authority during the Great War? Answers will vary

Topic: Africa under Colonial Domination

Chapter 35 - Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

63. Explain the role of the United States and the financial interests of U.S. businesses in the evolution of economic imperialism in Latin America. Answers will vary

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

64. Looking at the careers of artist Diego Rivera and entertainer Carmen Miranda, discuss how popular culture related to international politics and diplomacy between the United States and Latin America during the decades after the Great War. Answers will vary

Topic: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

Chapter 36 New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 856) World War II began with A. the assassination of Francis Ferdinand. B. Japanese attacks on China. C. a Russian invasion of Poland. D. the Nazi invasion of Poland. E. the German takeover of Czechoslovakia.

Topic: Origins of World War II

2. (p. 857) The height of Japanese atrocity in China was reached at the Rape of A. Beijing. B. Shanghai. C. Hong Kong. D. Nanjing. E. Manchukuo.

Topic: Origins of World War II

3. (p. 857) By September 1937 nationalists and communists had A. largely lost the capability to fight. B. begun to fight against each other as fiercely as they fought against the Japanese. C. agreed on a "united front" policy against the Japanese. D. reached out to Japanese occupiers with peace offerings. E. begun to work with the Germans to fight Japan.

Topic: Origins of World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

4. (p. 857) The Tripartite Pact brought together A. England, France, and the Soviet Union. B. China, England, and the United States. C. Germany, Italy, and Japan. D. England, the Soviet Union, and the United States. E. Germany, Italy, and Austria.

Topic: Origins of World War II

5. (p. 858) Hitler's air force was able to intervene in and use which war to gain valuable military experience? A. Russian civil war B. Ethiopian civil war C. Czechoslovakian civil war D. Algerian civil war E. Spanish civil war

Topic: Origins of World War II

6. (p. 858) The weakness of the League of Nations was revealed in its inability to take any substantial action in response to the Italian invasion of A. Czechoslovakia. B. Ethiopia. C. Austria. D. Egypt. E. Switzerland.

Topic: Origins of World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

7. (p. 858) Adolf Hitler often spoke of the "November crime," which was the A. election of Franklin Roosevelt. B. Bolshevik takeover in Russia. C. signing of an alliance between England and the Soviet Union. D. Japanese takeover of China. E. signing of the 1918 armistice.

Topic: Origins of World War II

8. (p. 859) In 1938, Germany sent troops into what country and forced its leaders to accept the Anschluss? A. the Rhineland B. Poland C. France D. Austria E. Czechoslovakia

Topic: Origins of World War II

9. (p. 859) The high point of appeasement was A. the Munich Conference. B. the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Pact. C. the German invasion of Poland. D. Germany sending troops into the demilitarized Rhineland. E. the Washington Conference.

Topic: Origins of World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

10. (p. 859) In the wake of the Munich Conference, what leader proposed that the meeting had ensured "peace for our time"? A. Winston Churchill B. Adolf Hitler C. Benito Mussolini D. Joseph Stalin E. Neville Chamberlain

Topic: Origins of World War II

11. (p. 859) While the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact was on the surface a nonaggression treaty, it had secret stipulations that spelled out A. the division of eastern Europe. B. a plan for the eventual invasion of the United States. C. the plans for the "final solution." D. the division of China into spheres of influence. E. the expansion of the treaty to include the British.

Topic: Origins of World War II

12. (p. 860) The European part of World War II began with the A. Soviet invasion of Romania. B. Polish invasion of Germany. C. German invasion of Poland. D. German takeover of Austria. E. Munich Conference.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

13. (p. 860) The German Blitzkrieg referred to A. an elaborate series of concrete bunkers built on the experiences of World War II. B. the Nazi plan for a "final solution" to the "Jewish question." C. the living space in the east that was necessary for an expanding Germany. D. a lightning war. E. the German representative assembly that voted Hitler into power.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

14. (p. 861) After the fall of France in 1940, the only country standing in opposition to Germany was A. Britain. B. the United States. C. the Soviet Union. D. Italy. E. Norway.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

15. (p. 861) In the Battle of Britain, the Germans hoped to defeat the English A. through a massive naval invasion of Scotland. B. through their secret alliance with the Irish. C. almost solely through air attacks led by the Luftwaffe. D. through simultaneous attacks launched from Norway and France. E. using their vast advantage in submarine warfare.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

16. (p. 861) Operation Barbarossa was the A. British plan for a counter invasion of Germany. B. German plan for an invasion of France through Belgium. C. Polish operation designed to steal the secret German code machine. D. German plan for an invasion of the Soviet Union. E. American plan for a landing at Normandy in northern France.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

17. (p. 861) Hitler's comment "You only have to kick in the door, and the whole rotten structure will come down" was a reference to the planned act of invading which of the following powers? A. Great Britain B. France C. Italy D. Poland E. the Soviet Union

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

18. (p. 861) By December 1941, the Soviets gained two new allies in their struggle to defeat the German invasion of their country: a severe winter and A. China. B. India. C. the United States. D. Finland. E. Romania.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

19. (p. 862) The Japanese goal in the bombing of Pearl Harbor was to A. take the first step in a planned invasion of the United States. B. draw the Americans away from fighting the Germans in Europe. C. permanently add Hawai`i to the Japanese empire. D. destroy the United States' naval capacity. E. implement the "final solution."

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

20. (p. 863) "Asia for Asians" was the slogan of the A. Japanese. B. Chinese. C. Indians. D. Vietnamese. E. Koreans.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

21. (p. 863) The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was envisioned by A. the United States. B. Germany. C. China. D. England. E. Japan.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

22. (p. 864) The key to the Allied victories in Europe and Asia was A. industrial capacity and personnel reserves. B. the creation of the atomic bomb. C. a better group of generals. D. the complete agreement on all issues among the British, Soviets, and Americans. E. convincing Japan to change sides.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

23. (p. 865-866) The Normandy invasion A. failed, and Hitler was not able to conquer Britain. B. allowed Hitler to surprise the French and enter Paris with relative ease. C. failed because of stiffening Russian resistance and the onset of winter. D. freed Italy. E. overwhelmed the Germans and led to the collapse of the German western front.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

24. (p. 865) The U.S. victory in the Pacific that turned the tide against the Japanese was A. Pearl Harbor. B. Guam. C. Midway. D. Iwo Jima. E. Okinawa.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

25. (p. 866) The U.S. secret weapon in the Pacific campaign was A. an almost three-to-one advantage in aircraft carriers. B. its alliance with the Soviets. C. its possession of the atomic bomb from 1941 on. D. massive military aid from Korea and Vietnam. E. a code-breaking operation known as Magic.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

26. (p. 868) In the Battle of Okinawa, the Japanese introduced A. their own unsuccessful atomic weapon. B. the V-1 rocket. C. a new and particularly lethal poison gas. D. kamikaze pilots. E. a new, more devastating model of submarine that effectively ended the U.S. policy of island-hopping.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

27. (p. 868) During the battle of Okinawa, A. the people of Okinawa took the opportunity to rebel against their Japanese oppressors. B. the United States suffered a devastating defeat that almost cost them the entire war. C. the United States introduced its own variety of the V-1 rocket. D. the United States was able to seize 90 percent of Vietnam. E. roughly 110,000 Okinawan civilians died refusing to surrender.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

28. (p. 868) The Japanese finally surrendered in August 1945 A. in response to the surrender of Germany. B. after the emperor resigned and a republic was established. C. after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. D. after the American landing at Kyushu. E. after the Soviet landing at Okinawa.

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

29. (p. 871) At the Wannsee Conference, A. the British agreed to hand over the Sudetenland to Hitler. B. Germany officially surrendered and signed the peace treaty. C. the United Nations was founded. D. the Nazis decided to implement the "final solution." E. differences among the former Allies helped lead to the cold war.

Topic: Life during World War II

30. (p. 871) The largest of the Nazi death camps was A. Treblinka. B. Kulmhof. C. Belzec. D. Majdanek. E. Auschwitz.

Topic: Life during World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

31. (p. 873) "Comfort women" were A. members of the WAVES (Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service). B. American women who took over men's work during the course of World War II. C. women forced into prostitution by the Japanese. D. German spies sent to infiltrate Allied nations. E. wealthy women who received the title as an insult because of their refusal to assist in the war effort.

Topic: Life during World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

32. (p. 873) The majority of the "comfort women" in World War II were from China and A. Japan. B. Russia. C. the United States. D. the Philippines. E. Korea.

Topic: Life during World War II

33. (p. 878) The German Democratic Republic A. was formed out of the British, French, and American zones of occupation. B. was sealed off from its eastern half by the construction of the Berlin Wall. C. prospered under American leadership. D. was really under direct Chinese control. E. was formed out of the Soviet zone of occupation.

Topic: The Cold War

34. (p. 878) In the wake of the Berlin blockade and airlift, the U.S., British, and French zones of occupation in western Germany were A. combined into one large American zone of occupation. B. evacuated by the countries occupying them in order to prevent a wider conflict. C. combined to form the Federal Republic of Germany. D. occupied by the Soviet Union after a treaty was signed between the Soviets and the west. E. None of these answers is correct.

Topic: The Cold War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

35. (p. 878) The Warsaw Pact A. was under the leadership of Lech Walesa. B. was formed in response to NATO. C. was designed to contain the spread of communism. D. was a free trade organization designed to foster greater economic expansion in western Europe. E. monitored the treaty that ended World War II.

Topic: The Cold War

36. (p. 883) An active policy of de-Stalinization was begun in 1956 by A. Dwight Eisenhower. B. Harry Truman. C. Marshall Tito. D. Mikhail Gorbachev. E. Nikita Khrushchev.

Topic: The Cold War

37. (p. 883) Alexander Dubček's "Prague Spring" A. was a literary account of his years in a Soviet labor camp. B. promised "socialism with a human face." C. was a pejorative term for his ruthless crackdown on anticommunists. D. inspired Czechoslovakia to switch to communism. E. was a controversial musical piece that expressed the freedom in eastern Europe in the late 1960s.

Topic: The Cold War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

38. (p. 883) The "Brezhnev doctrine" A. called for economic and political liberalization in eastern Europe. B. was a policy of containment to stop the spread of communism. C. offered billions of dollars in aid to combat the spread of capitalism. D. reserved the right of the Soviet Union to invade any socialist country that was deemed to be threatened by forces hostile to socialism. E. forbade changes in the basic communist economic structure but allowed for some local political freedom.

Topic: The Cold War

39. (p. 883) The "policy of détente" means A. a reduction in hostility between nations. B. a gradual increase in hostility between nations, as one power tries to force the other to bend to its will. C. an economic program between two powers designed to create a trading bloc. D. a commitment to allowing the international body of the United Nations to lead the world community. E. a French plan to greatly increase their arsenal of nuclear weapons.

Topic: The Cold War

True / False Questions 40. (p. 856) Japan, Germany, and Italy—known as the Axis powers—squared off against the Allied powers of France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and the United States. TRUE

Topic: Origins of World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

41. (p. 857) In 1933, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after it condemned China for its conquest of Manchuria. FALSE

Topic: Origins of World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

42. (p. 858) Benito Mussolini promised to bring glory to Italy through acquisition of territories; Ethiopia and Albania were acquired through conquest and annexation. TRUE

Topic: Origins of World War II

43. (p. 859) In March 1938, Hitler forced Anschluss with Austria, justifying the annexation as an attempt to reintegrate all Germans into a single homeland. TRUE

Topic: Origins of World War II

44. (p. 860) On 1 September 1939, the German military invaded Poland; the world was stunned with the German Blitzkrieg and sudden victory. TRUE

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

45. (p. 862-863) On 7 December 1941, Japanese pilots attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawai`i, with the hope of destroying American naval capacity in the Pacific, which would clear the way for the conquest of southeast Asia for Japan. TRUE

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

46. (p. 864) German and Japanese war production matched that of the Allied powers during World War II. FALSE

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

47. (p. 865) With the Soviets attacking from the east and with U.S. and British forces attacking Germany from the west, the Allies forced a conditional surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945. FALSE

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

48. (p. 868) The combination of the Soviet Union declaring war on Japan in August 1945 and the devastation caused by nuclear bombs persuaded Emperor Hirohito to surrender unconditionally on 15 September 1945. FALSE

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

49. (p. 871) Sometime during 1941, the Nazi leadership committed to the "final solution" of the Jewish question, a solution that entailed the attempted murder of every Jew living in Europe. TRUE

Topic: Life during World War II

50. (p. 878) The Soviet blockade of Berlin (1948-1949) failed to force the British, French, and Americans to vacate Berlin. TRUE

Topic: The Cold War

51. (p. 879) In 1961 the communists reinforced their fortification along the border between East and West Germany, following the construction of a wall dividing the city of Berlin. TRUE

Topic: The Cold War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

52. (p. 880) The Korean War began when the communist government of North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950. TRUE

Topic: The Cold War

53. (p. 882) The Bay of Pigs was an invasion of Cuban nationals trained by the United States; it was a failure, but it weakened Castro's position in Cuba. FALSE

Topic: The Cold War

54. (p. 879) During the early days of the cold war, the USSR and China grew closer because leaders of both nations felt threatened by the United States. TRUE

Topic: The Cold War

Essay Questions 55. Yamaoka Michiko reported that right after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a friend told her "Miss Yamaoka, you look like a monster!" How devastating was the atomic bomb? Why did the United States drop the bomb? Did the U.S. have a choice? Answers will vary

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

56. When defending the "final solution," Heinrich Himmler said, "We had the moral right, we had the duty towards our people, to destroy this people that wanted to destroy us." What did Himmler mean? Relate this passage to German nationalism. Why did the Germans decide on the "final solution" to the "Jewish question"? Answers will vary

Topic: Life during World War II

57. Examine the early German successes in World War II. Why was Hitler so successful? What was Germany's high point? How close was Hitler to total victory? What were the turning points in World War II? What mistakes did Hitler make? How quickly did the tide turn against Germany? Discuss the end of the war. Answers will vary

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

58. What were the consequences of World War II? How destructive was the war? How was the postwar world shaped by the war? Answers will vary

Topic: Life during World War II Topic: The Cold War Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

59. Discuss the Pacific theater of World War II. What led to the bombing of Pearl Harbor? What were the Japanese goals? What was the height of Japan's power? What were the turning points? Answers will vary

Topic: Origins of World War II Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

60. Compare and contrast the origins of World War I and World War II. Were there any similarities? Discuss the nature and size of the conflict. Why has World War II been called the "good war"? Answers will vary

Topic: Origins of World War II Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

61. Examine the role of women in World War II. In what ways did women on the Allied side contribute to the war effort? Discuss the fate of "comfort women." Answers will vary

Topic: Life during World War II

62. Examine the origins of the cold war. What were the essential problems? What events and leaders were crucial in this movement? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cold War

63. What were the east Asian roots of World War II? What were Japan's goals? How successful would Japan be in achieving these goals? What were the roots of the antagonism between Japan and the United States? Answers will vary

Topic: Origins of World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

64. What role did the Soviet Union play in the course of World War II and the origins of the cold war? Why did the Soviet-American partnership collapse so quickly? What were the main Soviet goals at the end of World War II? Answers will vary

Topic: Origins of World War II Topic: The Cold War Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

65. Discuss the Rape of Nanjing. What were the wartime goals of the Japanese? Why are these atrocities less well known than those perpetrated by the Germans in Europe? Answers will vary

Topic: Origins of World War II

66. One of the old complaints about the origins of World War II is that if only the British and French hadn't "appeased" Hitler, then the whole conflict could have been avoided. Is this theory justified? Could the war have been avoided? Answers will vary

Topic: Origins of World War II

67. Examine Map 36.1, High tide of Axis expansion in Europe and north Africa, 1942-1943. How had the Germans reached this point? How close was Hitler to complete victory at this point? What mistakes would he make? Answers will vary

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

68. Examine Map 36.2, World War II in Asia and the Pacific. When did Japan have its greatest advantage? Why was it necessary to attack the United States? What battles were most important in the Pacific theater of the war? Answers will vary

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

69. What was the "final solution"? How did it represent Hitler's philosophy? Answers will vary

Topic: Life during World War II

70. Read the section from Yamaoka Michiko's account of the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: A Hiroshima Maiden's Tale). What were the reasons behind the decision to drop the bomb? Were there other options? What role would the existence of the atomic bomb play in the cold war? Answers will vary

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

71. Discuss the origins of the cold war. What were the fundamental differences between the Soviet Union and the United States? What role did ideology play in the cold war? Examine the contrasting ideologies of the superpowers. Answers will vary

Topic: The Cold War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

72. Examine the situations in Korea and Cuba in relation to the cold war competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. Who, if anyone, was victorious in these confrontations? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cold War

73. Look at the map of occupied Germany on page 877. Why was Germany divided and occupied? What problems did this division cause? What would be the significance of the Berlin Wall and Berlin airlift? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cold War

74. Why were the numerically superior Chinese so easily defeated by the Japanese? Why did the Chinese resistance efforts fail? Answers will vary

Topic: Origins of World War II Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

75. Note the specific steps taken by Italy and Germany in the 1930s that were in direct violation of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Answers will vary

Topic: Origins of World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

76. Why didn't Britain and France object when Hitler and Mussolini violated the peace treaty? What were the consequences of their policy of appeasement? Answers will vary

Topic: Origins of World War II

77. Describe the strategy of the Blitzkrieg. How were the Germans able to overwhelm continental Europe so quickly? Answers will vary

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

78. What steps did the United States take to support the Allies, both in Asia and in Europe, before Pearl Harbor? Answers will vary

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

79. What was the Japanese purpose in attacking the United States? What was their long-range plan? Answers will vary

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

80. Compare the occupation policies of Germany and Japan during the war. Answers will vary

Topic: Life during World War II Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

81. What factors led to the defeat of the Axis powers in Europe? Answers will vary

Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

82. What were some of the forms of resistance to occupying forces? How effective were these efforts? Why was resistance so difficult? Answers will vary

Topic: Life during World War II Topic: The Development and Key Features of Total War

83. How did the war affect civilian populations, families, and women on the home front? Answers will vary

Topic: Life during World War II

Chapter 36 - New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War

84. Why were the two communist giants, China and the Soviet Union, unable to sustain an alliance after the war? Answers will vary

Topic: The Cold War

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

Chapter 37 The End of Empire

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 887) On 30 January 1948, Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by a(n) A. agent of the Soviet Union. B. renegade Sikh militant. C. CIA agent. D. Hindu extremist. E. Islamic terrorist.

Topic: Independence in Asia

2. (p. 889-890) Both Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru felt that communalism was A. dangerous because it emphasized religion over national identity. B. essential for Indian survival. C. difficult—though necessary—to construct because of the need for community in India. D. the key to the long-lasting political stability of India. E. a natural fit for India, although they certainly didn't agree with every aspect of Marx's philosophy.

Topic: Independence in Asia

3. (p. 889) Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the creation of A. an independent Palestinian state. B. the division of Palestine between Arabs and Jews. C. a UN peacekeeping force to maintain peace in Palestine until order was restored. D. an independent Indonesia. E. an independent Muslim state.

Topic: Independence in Asia

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

4. (p. 890) Who said, "The only solution to India's problem is Pakistan"? A. Mohandas Gandhi B. Winston Churchill C. Jawaharlal Nehru D. Harry Truman E. Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Topic: Independence in Asia

5. (p. 890) In 1946, some six thousand people died in the Great Calcutta Killing in a confrontation between A. Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. B. Hindus and Muslims. C. Americans and Russians. D. North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese. E. communists and fascists.

Topic: Independence in Asia

6. (p. 890) What did Gandhi prophesize would cause the flow of "rivers of blood"? A. Indian nuclear testing B. Pakistan's new alliance with the Soviet Union C. the fate of Bangladesh D. control over the Ganges River E. the partition of India and Pakistan

Topic: Independence in Asia

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

7. (p. 890) The Bandung Conference A. brought an end to the fighting between India and Pakistan. B. officially ended World War II. C. was a precursor to the nonalignment movement. D. resulted in the creation of the policy known as the "final solution." E. created the state of Israel.

Topic: Independence in Asia

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

8. (p. 890) Regarding international affairs, Nehru A. strongly supported the Americans. B. changed sides depending on who gave him the best deal. C. would only align with nations willing to declare war on Pakistan. D. strongly supported the Soviets. E. was one of the impassioned supporters of nonalignment.

Topic: Independence in Asia

9. (p. 890-891) The leader of North Vietnam was A. Syngman Rhee. B. Ho Chi Minh. C. Ngo Dinh Diem. D. Vo Nguyen Giap. E. Mobutu Sese Seko.

Topic: Independence in Asia

10. (p. 890) The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence was modeled on the A. work of Lenin. B. Manifesto of the Communist Party. C. Soviet constitution. D. Japanese constitution. E. American Declaration of Independence.

Topic: Independence in Asia

11. (p. 891) The disastrous 1954 defeat that forced the French out of Vietnam was at A. Saigon. B. Haiphong. C. Dunhuang. D. Dienbienphu. E. Hanoi.

Topic: Independence in Asia

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

12. (p. 891) Ngo Dinh Diem was A. the pacifistic Vietnamese philosopher who opposed warfare of all kinds. B. the first president of South Vietnam. C. the communist leader of North Korea. D. the communist leader of North Vietnam. E. responsible for the Vietnamese victory over the French at Dienbienphu.

Topic: Independence in Asia

13. (p. 892) In 1965, which U.S. president ordered a bombing campaign against North Vietnam and sent American ground troops to bolster the South Vietnam army? A. Richard Nixon B. Lyndon Johnson C. Dwight Eisenhower D. John Kennedy E. Harry Truman

Topic: Independence in Asia

14. (p. 892) The European country that served as the mandate power in Palestine after World War I was A. France. B. Germany. C. Russia. D. Italy. E. Great Britain.

Topic: Independence in Asia

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

15. (p. 892) In the Balfour Declaration of 1917, A. the United States agreed to enter World War I. B. Korea was divided along the 38th parallel. C. the Irish officially stated that they couldn't support the British in the war effort. D. the British government committed itself to supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine. E. the Russians officially surrendered to the Germans and pulled out of World War I.

Topic: Independence in Asia

16. (p. 893) In 1947, the United Nations proposed that Palestine should A. be a Jewish state. B. be returned to Ottoman control. C. be divided into Jewish and Arabic halves. D. be an Arab state. E. remain under the auspices of the UN until an acceptable peace could be reached.

Topic: Independence in Asia

17. (p. 894) Gamal Abdel Nasser's internationalist position was most similar to that of A. Jawaharlal Nehru. B. Ho Chi Minh. C. Syngman Rhee. D. Mohandas Gandhi. E. Nikita Khrushchev.

Topic: Independence in Asia

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

18. (p. 894) The leader who sought to develop Egypt economically and militarily and make it the fountainhead of pan-Arab nationalism during the 1950s was A. Saddam Hussein. B. Gamal Abdel Nasser. C. Anwar Sadat. D. King Farouk. E. Ayatollah Khomeini.

Topic: Independence in Asia

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

19. (p. 894) The Suez Canal crisis of 1956 A. destroyed Gamal Abdel Nasser's reputation. B. left Gamal Abdel Nasser as the leading figure in the Arab world. C. resulted in U.S. control over the Canal. D. almost led to nuclear war between the Soviets and Americans. E. economically devastated India.

Topic: Independence in Asia

20. (p. 894) The English and French were forced to withdraw from controlling the Suez Canal during the crisis in 1956 because A. the Egyptians under Gamal Abdel Nasser drove them out. B. the Soviets used the threat of nuclear war to force them out. C. of the threat posed by a rebuilding Germany back home. D. the United States condemned the attack and forced them to withdraw. E. the Anglo-French alliance fell apart, due to an old dispute between the two traditional enemies.

Topic: Independence in Asia

21. (p. 895) "The year of Africa" refers to A. the creation in 1960 of the United Federation of African Nations. B. the winning of independence in 1960 of thirteen former European African colonies. C. a plague in 1960 that devastated the populations of the nations of east Africa. D. a massive worldwide aid program to Africa launched in 1960. E. the creation in 1960 of the state of Liberia.

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

22. (p. 895) After a long and bloody conflict, the Algerians gained their independence in 1962 from A. Great Britain. B. Portugal. C. Germany. D. Russia. E. France.

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

23. (p. 896) In The Wretched of the Earth, Frantz Fanon A. suggested that the suffering of Africans was a result of their own sin. B. detailed the horrible conditions in Indian cities. C. stated that France was meant to rule over Africa because of the civilizing role of the Europeans. D. passionately defended the United States as the only country powerful enough to end world hunger. E. urged the use of violence against colonial oppressors.

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

24. (p. 896-897) The revived interest in African traditions, cultures, poets, and writers was known as A. pan-Africanism. B. Négritude. C. nonalignment. D. apartheid. E. "the year of Africa."

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

25. (p. 897) The leader of the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence, and a persuasive spokesman for pan-African unity, was A. Kwame Nkrumah. B. Jomo Kenyatta. C. Marcus Garvey. D. Bernard Dadié. E. Frantz Fanon.

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

26. (p. 898) The rebels labeled as Mau Mau sought to free Kenya from control by the A. Soviets. B. Germans. C. British. D. French. E. Dutch.

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

27. (p. 899) Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist leader in A. Ghana. B. Algeria. C. Zimbabwe. D. South Africa. E. Kenya.

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

28. (p. 901) The disastrous Great Leap Forward was backed by A. Deng Xiaoping. B. Kwame Nkrumah. C. Jomo Kenyatta. D. Yasser Arafat. E. Mao Zedong.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

29. (p. 902) Deng Xiaoping A. masterminded the Great Leap Forward. B. was the driving force behind the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. C. was the leader of Taiwan who helped bring about tremendous economic expansion. D. fled to Taiwan after the Chinese civil war. E. opened China to foreign, capitalist values.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

30. (p. 903) The Indian leader who attempted to control massive population growth in India by ordering birth control policies such as involuntary sterilization was A. Rajiv Gandhi. B. Mohandas Gandhi. C. Kwame Nkrumah. D. Indira Gandhi. E. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

31. (p. 903) In the 1970s, leading Islamic thinkers sought all of the following EXCEPT A. enforcement of the sharia. B. pan-Islamic unity. C. the revival of Islamic traditions. D. the adoption of successful western economic practices. E. the promotion of Muslim political influences.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

32. (p. 894) The Egyptian leader who nationalized the Suez Canal was A. Hosni Mubarak. B. Yasser Arafat. C. Gamal Abdel Nasser. D. Anwar Sadat. E. Ayatollah Khomeini.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

33. (p. 903) A desire for the reassertion of Islamic values in the political and social sphere of Muslim countries was at the heart of A. globalization. B. Ariel Sharon's philosophy. C. American foreign policy. D. the Iran-Iraq War. E. Islamism.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

34. (p. 904) The U.S.-backed government of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in Iran was overthrown in 1979 by a movement under the direction of A. Mobutu Sese Seko. B. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. C. Yasser Arafat. D. Saddam Hussein. E. Hosni Mubarak.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

35. (p. 905) From 1980 through 1988, Iran was involved in a bloody war with A. Israel. B. the Soviet Union. C. Pakistan. D. Afghanistan. E. Iraq.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

36. (p. 906) What country has the Institutional Revolutionary Party ruled for much of the twentieth century? A. the Soviet Union B. India C. Argentina D. Mexico E. China

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

37. (p. 906) Juan Perón, a nationalistic militarist who was nonetheless popular with the poor, ruled A. Mexico. B. Chile. C. Brazil. D. Nicaragua. E. Argentina.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

38. (p. 907) Argentina, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, A. moved steadily toward a multiparty political system. B. was ruled by military dictators who caused the disappearance of thousands of individuals. C. experimented briefly with a communist system. D. was invaded and briefly ruled by a Chilean puppet dictator. E. became a puppet state of the United States.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

39. (p. 907) The U.S.-backed Somoza family ruled what country for more than forty years? A. Cuba B. Brazil C. Argentina D. San Salvador E. Nicaragua

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

40. (p. 907) The Association of Women Concerned about National Crisis was established in 1977 to oppose rule by the Somoza regime in A. Honduras. B. Guatemala. C. Nicaragua. D. Panama. E. Mexico.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

41. (p. 905) The situation wherein national boundaries were artificial conveniences that did not correspond to economic or ethnic divisions was most common in A. Africa. B. eastern Europe. C. southeast Asia. D. North America. E. Latin America.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

42. (p. 899) In 1948, the system of apartheid was put into place by the Afrikaner National Party in A. Zaire. B. Algeria. C. Ethiopia. D. South Africa. E. Mozambique.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

43. (p. 899) The leader of the African National Congress was A. Kwame Nkrumah. B. Mobutu Sese Seko. C. F. W. de Klerk. D. Laurent Kubila. E. Nelson Mandela.

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

44. (p. 900) In 1960, sixty-nine black demonstrators were slaughtered in South Africa in the ________ massacre. A. Amritsar B. Sharpeville C. Johannesburg D. Congo E. Homeland

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

True / False Questions

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

45. (p. 889-890) Gandhi and Nehru supported the concept of communalism and, therefore, the partition of India and Pakistan. FALSE

Topic: Independence in Asia

46. (p. 890) Leaders of the new African and Asian countries first discussed nonalignment at the Bandung Conference, to find a "third path" between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. TRUE

Topic: Independence in Asia

47. (p. 891) The Viet Minh defeated the French at their fortress in Dienbienphu in 1954. TRUE

Topic: Independence in Asia

48. (p. 893) In November 1947 the UN General Assembly announced a plan to create the independent state of Israel. FALSE

Topic: Independence in Asia

49. (p. 894) In 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser abolished French rights to the Suez Canal. FALSE

Topic: Independence in Asia

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

50. (p. 894) Agitation for independence in sub-Saharan Africa took on many forms, peaceful and violent, and decolonization occurred at a steady pace. FALSE

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

51. (p. 901) Under Mao Zedong, China served as a guide and inspiration for many of the developing countries of southeast Asia seeking political development distinct from the ways of their colonial masters. TRUE

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

52. (p. 902) Deng Xiaoping moderated Mao's commitment to Chinese self-sufficiency and isolation and engineered China's entry into the international financial and trading system. TRUE

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

53. (p. 904) The power of Islam as a means of staving off secular foreign influences was demonstrated by the revolution that took place in Iran in 1979. TRUE

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

54. (p. 900) In April 1994, South Africa elected ANC candidate Nelson Mandela as the first black president. TRUE

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

55. Kwame Nkrumah proposed that "we must find an African solution to our problems, and . . . this can only be found in African unity." Why was political fragmentation such a threat to the newly independent Africa? Was Nkrumah the first leader to speak about the need for African unity? Study Nkrumah's career. Why was he such a symbol for African nationalism? Did he also represent the difficulties of state building in modern Africa? Answers will vary

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

56. Examine the philosophy and career of Mao Zedong. Was his variety of communism different from that practiced in the Soviet Union? Discuss the significance of the Great Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. How successful was Mao? Answers will vary

Topic: Independence in Asia Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

57. Examine the transformation of Latin America in the twentieth century. What did the events in Mexico and Argentina say about the changing political, economic, and social worlds of Latin America? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

58. Examine the struggle of independent nations in sub-Saharan Africa. How did the legacy of colonialism and the cold war influence the development of these states? Discuss the creation and later fall of apartheid in South Africa. Answers will vary

Topic: Decolonization in Africa Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

59. What was the significance of the Iran-Iraq War? Was it influenced in any way by legacies of the cold war? Discuss the implications of the Gulf War. Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

60. Examine the Islamic revolution of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran. In what ways did this revolution represent another step away from a bipolar political world? What would be the significance of fundamentalist Islam? In what ways did fundamentalist Islam become part of a growing nationalism? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

61. Discuss India's role as a functioning democracy. Why did India remain democratic when so many of its neighbors underwent revolutions or were brought down by military coups? Who were the important leaders? Why would democracy be such a challenge in a country like India? Answers will vary

Topic: Independence in Asia Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

62. Consider the role of Israel in the Arab world. How has Israel survived for the past halfcentury? What steps have been made toward peace? Is Israel the main stabilizing or destabilizing agent in southwest Asia? Answers will vary

Topic: Independence in Asia Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

63. Examine Map 37.2, The Arab-Israeli conflict, 1949-1982. How did Israel come into existence? What are the obstacles to peace in the region? Answers will vary

Topic: Independence in Asia

64. Study the picture of Mohandas Gandhi on page 886. In what ways did his life represent the potential and limitation of nation building in the modern age? Now look at the picture of Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru on page 889. In what ways did the two men differ in their vision of an independent India? Answers will vary

Topic: Independence in Asia

65. Study the picture of Ho Chi Minh on page 892. Was he a nationalist or a communist? How did he lead Vietnam to independence? Answers will vary

Topic: Independence in Asia

66. What were the goals of the Great Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution? Discuss the implications of the reforms of Deng Xiaoping. What happened at Tiananmen Square? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

67. What was Gamal Abdel Nasser's vision for the Arab world? What was his view of the cold war? Answers will vary

Topic: Independence in Asia

68. Study the words of Kwame Nkrumah (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Kwame Nkrumah on African Unity). Who was Kwame Nkrumah? Why is he so important to African history? In what ways was his career also symbolic of the difficulties of African nation building? Answers will vary

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

69. What factors led to the partition of India? What kinds of states emerged? Answers will vary

Topic: Independence in Asia

70. What were the goals of the Nonaligned Movement? How successful was this effort? What were some of the obstacles to nonalignment? Answers will vary

Topic: Independence in Asia

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

71. Compare the process of independence for both Ghana and Kenya. What factors might account for the differences? Answers will vary

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

72. What steps did the Chinese Communist Party take to transform the economy of China after the revolution? What were the results of these measures? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

73. What are the goals and concerns of the modern Islamist movement? What specific policies and actions have emerged from this movement? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

74. Compare the recent political history of Mexico and Argentina. What factors might account for the differences? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

Chapter 37 - The End of Empire

75. What role did women play in political developments in Nicaragua after 1977? How did AMNLAE affect politics and the status of women there? Answers will vary

Topic: Long-Term Struggles in the Postcolonial Era

76. What kind of society emerged in South Africa under apartheid? What factors led to the end of apartheid? Answers will vary

Topic: Decolonization in Africa

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

Chapter 38 A World without Borders

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 912) The Russian leader who brought massive reform to the Soviet Union beginning in 1985 was A. Boris Yeltsin. B. Mikhail Gorbachev. C. Leonid Brezhnev. D. Nikita Khrushchev. E. Vladimir Putin.

Topic: The End of the Cold War

2. (p. 913) Solidarity was A. a combined trade union and nationalist movement in Poland. B. the call for reunification of Germany. C. the appeal that East German leader Erich Honecker made for the communist world to stay united. D. one of the new ideological phrases made popular by Mikhail Gorbachev. E. the philosophy that a united capitalist world was destined to destroy communism.

Topic: The End of the Cold War

3. (p. 913) The "velvet revolution" brought change to A. Czechoslovakia. B. Poland. C. Romania. D. Bulgaria. E. East Germany.

Topic: The End of the Cold War

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

4. (p. 914) Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika referred to A. openness. B. "the great leap forward." C. decentralizing the economy. D. de-communism. E. reeducation.

Topic: The End of the Cold War

5. (p. 914) When Mikhail Gorbachev discussed the opening of Soviet society to public criticism and admission of past mistakes, he used the term A. uskorenie. B. perestroika. C. ceauşescu. D. glasnost. E. zhivkov.

Topic: The End of the Cold War

6. (p. 916-917) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) started with how many nations? A. 30 communist nations B. 10 communist nations; and 15 noncommunist nations C. 55 noncommunist nations D. 35 noncommunist nations; and 11 communist nations E. 23 noncommunist nations

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

7. (p. 917) Which of these organizations has developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes? A. North American Treaty Organization B. Warsaw Pact C. United Nations D. World Trade Organization E. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

8. (p. 918) Which of the following was NOT one of the "little tigers"? A. Thailand B. Hong Kong C. Singapore D. South Korea E. Taiwan

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

9. (p. 918) The Asian economic crisis began in 1997 in what country? A. China B. Thailand C. Hong Kong D. Japan E. South Korea

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

10. (p. 920) The most famous and most strongly integrated regional bloc is A. OPEC. B. ASEAN. C. the European Union. D. NAFTA. E. the Warsaw Pact.

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

11. (p. 920) OPEC is A. the remnant of the old communist bloc nations. B. an association of southeast Asian nations. C. a military wing of the United Nations. D. an oil-producer cartel. E. designed to stop the spread of communism.

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

12. (p. 922) Americanization is sometimes used to refer to the A. homogenizing of global culture. B. spread of liberal democracy throughout the globe. C. spread of U.S.-financed high technology. D. central role that U.S. financial institutions play in the world market. E. spread of Latin American influences to the U.S. market.

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

13. (p. 922) The spread of U.S. mass culture A. is welcomed around the world. B. provides a standard of quality that did not exist before. C. is viewed as the first positive step in the creation of a truly global American empire. D. is feared at all times. E. is often seen as a threat to local or indigenous cultures.

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

14. (p. 923) Because of the rise of communication technology, observers have labeled today's era the age of A. anxiety. B. entertainment. C. access. D. intrusion. E. privacy.

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

15. (p. 923) The new age of global interconnectedness A. has the potential to ensure complete equality among nations. B. eliminates the distinction between "connected" and "unconnected." C. has resulted in near-universal literacy. D. carries the threat, perceived by some, of mass media acting as a vehicle for cultural imperialism. E. ensures the continued victory of capitalism over communism.

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

16. (p. 923) What has become the "universal tongue" of the twenty-first century? A. html B. hip hop C. English D. Spanglish E. commercialism

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

17. (p. 923) What medium has most been used to promote state-building around the world, as it is mostly state-controlled? A. movies B. radio C. blogs D. the Internet E. television

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

18. (p. 924) The world's population increases by ________ every year. A. 200,000 B. 600,000 C. 4.3 million D. 6 million E. 8.1 million

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

19. (p. 924) It is estimated that by 2050 the population of the earth will stabilize at around A. 4.2 billion. B. 5.7 billion. C. 9.6 billion. D. 15.4 billion. E. 18.9 billion.

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

20. (p. 924) In 2013, the population of the earth stood at A. 2 billion. B. 3.5 billion. C. 4.3 billion. D. 7.2 billion. E. 8.6 billion.

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

21. (p. 926) The 1997 agreement at Kyoto was aimed at controlling which of the following threats to the world's environment? A. overpopulation B. the extinction of large numbers of plants and animals C. global warming from the emission of greenhouse gasses D. the threat of nuclear war in central Asia E. the destruction of the rainforests of Africa

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

22. (p. 928) The area(s) of the world where child labor is most prominent is/are A. Africa. B. south Asia. C. southeast Asia. D. the Middle East. E. south and southeast Asia.

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

23. (p. 931) The United States' war against global terrorism began in the wake of which of the following events? A. the Islamic revolution in Iran B. the first Gulf War C. the attacks on the U.S. World Trade Center and Pentagon D. the 2003 invasion of Iraq to oust Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein E. an attack on a U.S. warship in Yemen

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

24. (p. 932-933) One very early prototypical nongovernmental organization was A. the Red Cross. B. the International Monetary Fund. C. Greenpeace. D. the United Nations. E. the European Union.

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

25. (p. 933) Global recognition and acceptance of the concept of human rights came in the aftermath of A. World War I. B. World War II. C. the cold war. D. the Vietnam War. E. the Korean War.

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

26. (p. 934) In the Islamic world, roughly ________ or less of women are in the workforce. A. 50 percent B. 35 percent C. 20 percent D. 10 percent E. 2 percent

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

27. (p. 935) The Equal Rights Amendment in the United States A. ensured equal pay for women. B. ensured government support for reproductive rights. C. dramatically increased the pay of women. D. was such a success that it was copied around the world. E. was never ratified.

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

28. (p. 935) In the 1950s, the legal position of women most closely matched that of men in A. Islamic countries. B. western European countries. C. Latin American countries. D. communist countries. E. North American countries.

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

29. (p. 935) China's population policy A. limits couples to one child. B. encourages families to have as many children as possible. C. has created a complicated but logical formula tying number of children to economic wellbeing. D. suggests that couples have no more than four children. E. was copied from a successful Indian policy.

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

30. (p. 935) One unsuspected consequence of China's one-child family rule is A. a precipitous drop in the Chinese population. B. the need to "import" women of a marriageable age. C. the mystery of a half million "missing" girls every year. D. repeated anti-governmental uprisings in the countryside. E. the loophole that allows the Chinese to adopt as many children as they want.

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

31. (p. 936) By 2001, female literacy in India stood at about A. 12 percent. B. 20 percent. C. 42 percent. D. 51 percent. E. 75 percent.

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

32. (p. 936) Dowry deaths are a major problem facing women in A. India. B. China. C. Saudi Arabia. D. the former Soviet Union. E. Mexico.

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

33. (p. 937) The Myanmar leader who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 is A. Indira Gandhi. B. Benazir Bhuto. C. Arundhati Roy. D. Aung San Suu Kyi. E. Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga.

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

34. (p. 937) The first female president of Sri Lanka was A. Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga. B. Indira Gandhi. C. Aung San Suu Kyi. D. Benazir Bhuto. E. Arundhati Roy.

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

True / False Questions 35. (p. 912) President Ronald Reagan's cold war rhetoric and budgets challenged détente and the Soviet ability to match U.S. spending, but internal changes in the communist world worked most effectively to bring an end to the communist system and the cold war. TRUE

Topic: The End of the Cold War

36. (p. 916) International trade has proved to be a key driving force behind economic globalization. TRUE

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

37. (p. 918) The earliest and most successful imitators of the Japanese model for economic development were the "two little tigers," Hong Kong and Thailand. FALSE

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

38. (p. 920) In the 1970s, OPEC's policies concerning oil production and trade contributed to global economic growth. FALSE

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

39. (p. 922) Critics sometimes refer to the homogenizing aspect of global culture as the "McDonaldization" of the world. TRUE

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

40. (p. 923) The Internet reinforces the contemporary fact that English has become the universal tongue of the twenty-first century. TRUE

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

41. (p. 929) The AIDS epidemic is a serious public health threat throughout the world; the disease has struck the developed world the hardest. FALSE

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

42. (p. 930) A key feature of terrorism is the deliberate and systematic use of violence against civilians with the aim of advancing political, religious, or ideological causes. TRUE

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

43. (p. 931) The Taliban emerged out of the disorder and devastation of the Afghan-Soviet war and the later civil war. TRUE

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

44. (p. 935) The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race but not gender. FALSE

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

Essay Questions 45. Describe the relationships among the Soviet Union, the Taliban, and the United States. How has the U.S. war on terrorism progressed so far, and how has President Obama's implementation of that war differed from his predecessors? Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

46. Examine the political and social philosophy of Mikhail Gorbachev. How did he try to bring about changes in the Soviet Union? Did he go too far and too fast? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of the Cold War

47. Examine the role played by eastern Europe in the cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Answers will vary

Topic: The End of the Cold War

48. What role has technology and mass communication played in the formation of today's world? How does reporting the news sometimes cause the news to happen? Why are some nations afraid of the communication revolution of today's world? Can it be stopped? Is there a downside to the age of access? Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

49. What roles have international organizations such as the United Nations played in today's world? How will they continue to shape the future? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century Topic: The End of the Cold War Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

50. What are the ecological challenges facing the planet today? How great of a threat is the explosive population growth, especially in the developing world? Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

51. How have the mass migrations of people shaped the world today? How are these migrations helping to break down boundaries? What are the dangers? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

52. Examine concepts such as Americanization and McDonaldization. How influential is the United States in the world today? Why are some countries frightened by this influence? Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

53. What threat does terrorism pose to the world, and what are some of the possible implications of the "war on terror"? Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

54. How have rural populations in the developing world dealt with the increasing trend of urbanization? How has this affected migration patterns? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

55. Discuss China's one-child family rule. What would drive the Chinese to take such a drastic step? Have there been any unexpected problems associated with this rule? Compare this rule to actions taken by Indira Gandhi to slow India's population growth. How difficult is population control to enforce? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

56. What are some of the characteristics of global corporations? What are the advantages and disadvantages of corporations that can operate without any national regulation? Answers will vary

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

57. What factors account for the explosive postwar growth of the Japanese economy? What factors led to a recession in Japan in the 1990s? Answers will vary

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

58. The "little tigers" of Asia have been able to escape the cycle of economic colonialism that has haunted so many former colonies. What factors account for this reversal? Answers will vary

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

59. What factors led to the oil embargo of 1973-1975? What were the results? Answers will vary

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

60. Discuss the concept of consumption as a form of self-expression. Give some specific examples from your own experience. Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Global Communications

61. What are the challenges of combating HIV/AIDS in Africa? What has been the impact on African societies? Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

62. What events led to the invasion of Afghanistan by the United States and the Northern Alliance in 2001? Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

63. What are some of the significant nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) operating in the world since WWII? What causes do these groups address? Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

64. What have been the principal causes of mass migration since World War II? What are some of the challenges presented by these migrations to host countries? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

65. Why did communism fail to connect with nationalism? How did this failure lead to the collapse of the Soviet empire? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of the Cold War

66. Discuss the efforts of Mikhail Gorbachev to restructure the Soviet economy. Why did these reforms fail? Answers will vary

Topic: The End of the Cold War

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

67. Discuss the exploding economies of Asia in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Why was Japan so successful? Examine the rise of the "four little tigers." Answers will vary

Topic: The Twenty-First Century Global Economy

68. What was the significance of the Iran-Iraq War? Was it influenced in any way by legacies of the cold war? Discuss the implications of the Gulf War. Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

69. Study the leading population areas shown in Table 38.1, Population (in Millions) for Major Areas of the World, 1900-2013. What challenges does a huge population bring? What do the areas with an extraordinary population growth rate have in common? Answers will vary

Topic: Twenty-First Century Global Problems

70. What are some of the problems facing women in the world today? Describe the growth of the feminist movement in the industrialized world as well as the plight of women in developing countries like India and China. Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

Chapter 38 - A World without Borders

71. What role are female political leaders playing around the world? Discuss the strides made by Indira Gandhi and Benazir Bhuto. Compare these accomplishments to the everyday life of women. Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century

72. What role does internal and external migration play in today's world? How have migrant communities developed in various countries, and what has been their effect? Answers will vary

Topic: The Emergence of New Challenges to Cultural Traditions in the Twenty-First Century