CHAPTER 1 1) This chapter begins with a commonly heard opinion: "People are pretty much the same all over the world." Why is this assumption often wrong? How might your consideration of this understanding affect how you would design an anthropological study?
2)
What is culture? How do anthropologists define and study culture?
3) What does holism refer to? Why is the concept central to anthropology? How does this concept relate to the "four-field" approach within the discipline? Have you encountered this concept in any of your other classes?
4) This chapter provides an example of human adaptation to high altitude to illustrate the various forms of cultural and biological adaptation. Can you think of another example that illustrates the broad capacity of humans to adapt both biologically and culturally?
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5) To what does biocultural perspective refer? If you are planning to major in the biological sciences or planning a career as a medical doctor or clinical researcher, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education? If you are thinking of majoring in the humanities, how might a minor in anthropology complement your education?
6) This chapter considers differences and similarities between anthropology and other academic fields such as sociology. What about history?
7)
Anthropology is the study of A) the psychological stages of human development. B) myths in industrial societies. C) the evolution of religion. D) long-term psychological adaptation. E) humans around the world and through time.
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8) Anthropology as a holistic science refers to the study of the whole of the human condition: the past, the present, and the future of_________blank. A) math, physics, and astronomy B) faith and religion across the world C) biology, society, language, and culture D) geography and cartography E) ancient civilizations and archaeological remains
9) As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products A) are shared with other animals capable of organized group life—such as baboons, wolves, and even ants. B) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon. C) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible. D) prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature. E) have made some human groups more cultured than others.
10)
Which of the following statements about culture is false? A) Culture is passed on genetically to future generations. B) Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it. C) Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior. D) Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success. E) Culture is passed on from generation to generation.
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11)
What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition? A) biological adaptation B) ethnology C) enculturation D) ethnography E) acculturation
12) This chapter's description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates A) how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture. B) how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago. C) how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic. D) human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations. E) the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments.
13) The presence of more efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among human populations living at high elevations is an example of which form of adaptation? A) short-term physiological adaptation B) long-term physiological adaptation C) cultural adaptation D) symbolic adaptation E) genetic adaptation
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14) Over time, humans have become increasingly dependent on which of the following in order to cope with the range of environments they have occupied in time and space? A) biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research B) social and cultural means of adaptation C) a holistic and comparative approach to problem-solving D) technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality E) social institutions, such as the state, that coordinate collective action
15) Today's global economy and communications link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. People must now cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems—the region, the nation, and the world. For anthropologists studying contemporary forms of adaptation, why might this be a challenge? A) Anthropological research tools do not work in this new modern world system, making their contributions less valuable. B) A more dynamic world system, with greater and faster movements of people across space, speeds up the process of evolution, making the study of genetic adaptations more difficult. C) Since cultures are tied to place, people moving around and connecting across space means the end of culture, and thus the end of anthropology. D) Truly isolated indigenous communities, anthropology's traditional and ongoing study focus, are becoming harder to find. E) According to Marcus and Fischer (1986), "The cultures of world peoples need to be constantly rediscovered as these people reinvent them in changing historical circumstances."
16) The academic discipline of anthropology includes four main subfields. They are sociocultural anthropology, anthropological archaeology, biological anthropology, and _____.
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A) linguistic anthropology B) psychosociological archaeology C) scientific–humanistic studies D) genetical anthropology E) biological archaeology
17)
What are the four subdisciplines of anthropology?
A) genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and anthropology and linguistics B) primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleoscatology C) biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology D) archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology E) medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology
18)
Anthropologists' early interest in Native North Americans A) is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the
U.S. B) was more important than interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of U.S. four-field anthropology. C) proved early on that culture is a function of race. D) was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach. E) is unique to European anthropology.
19)
How are the four subfields of U.S. anthropology unified?
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A) Each subfield studies the human capacity for language. B) Each subfield studies human variation through time and space. C) Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space. D) Each subfield studies human biological variability. E) The subfields are really not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical accident.
20)
What is one of the most fundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share?
A) Anthropologists cannot agree on what anthropology is, much less share key assumptions. B) A comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition. C) A degree in philosophy is the best way to produce good ethnographies. D) There are no universals, so cross-cultural research is bound to fail. E) We can draw conclusions about human nature by studying a single society.
21)
Cultural anthropologists carry out their fieldwork in A) the ruins of ancient civilizations. B) all kinds of societies. C) typically in the third world nations. D) mostly in formerly colonized countries. E) factories.
22)
Ethnography is the
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A) generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology. B) cross-cultural comparative component of cultural anthropology. C) fieldwork component of cultural anthropology. D) study of biological adaptability. E) preliminary data that sociologists use to develop survey research.
23) Based on his observation that contact between neighboring tribes had existed since humanity’s beginnings and covered enormous areas, Franz Boas argued that A) general anthropologists were wrong to focus too much attention on biology. B) even the earliest foragers engaged in warfare. C) cultures should not be treated as isolated phenomena. D) biology, not culture, was responsible for the vast majority of human diversity. E) language must have originated among the Neandertals.
24) What component of cultural anthropology is comparative and focused on building upon our understanding of how cultural systems work? A) fieldwork B) data collection C) archaeology D) data entry E) ethnology
25) Archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of Florida and analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples of how
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A) training in the use of research skills for extreme environments—such as landfills and the deep sea—are worth the time, resources, and risk for the sake of the anthropological knowledge gained. B) Hollywood has popularized archaeology in recent movies, making it a popular college major. C) archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples. D) archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people. E) archaeology is going through an identity crisis, with its practitioners questioning the discipline's focus on studying prehistory.
26)
Which of the following best describes biological anthropology? A) the study of language and linguistic diversity B) the study of biological and cultural approaches to a given problem C) the study of biology through soil and decomposing matter D) the study of public health E) the study of human biological diversity
27)
The study of monkeys, apes, and other nonhuman simians is termed_________blank. A) primatology B) paleontology C) ornithology D) osteology E) semiology
28) Which of the following subfields of anthropology studies language in its social and cultural context, throughout the world and over time?
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A) demographical anthropology B) linguistic anthropology C) archaeological anthropology D) palaeoecological anthropology E) symbiological anthropology
29) Which of the following dimensions of anthropology employs anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems? A) public ethnography B) applied anthropology C) academic anthropology D) social archaeology E) medical anthropology
30)
Applied anthropology A) focuses on preparing emerging academic scholars to improve their grant application
skills. B) is concerned with the relationships between anthropological knowledge and the uses of that knowledge in the world beyond anthropology. C) is a European phenomenon. D) has yet to be recognized by the American Anthropological Association. E) originated at the same time that anthropology's four-field approach became established among early 20th-century U.S. academics.
31) During a massive construction project, a city came across a treasure trove of archeological sites under its streets. It decided to call in an expert to help decide what needed to be saved and how to preserve information about what was not saved. This expert's role is best described to be in the field of
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A) sociological anthropology. B) sociolinguistics. C) historic preservation. D) biological anthropology. E) cultural resource management.
32) Anthropology is a science, yet it has been suggested that anthropology is among the most humanistic of all academic fields. This is because A) its main object of study is humans. B) of its fundamental respect for human diversity. C) its findings are best expressed with the tools of the humanities. D) it puts so much emphasis on the study of culture that cannot be studied scientifically. E) the field, particularly in the United States, traces its origins to philosophy and literature.
33)
Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures. ⊚ ⊚
34)
Humans can adapt to their surroundings through both biological and cultural means. ⊚ ⊚
35)
true false
true false
Culture is not itself biological but rests on certain features of human biology. ⊚ ⊚
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36) Adaptation refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses, such as those posed by climate and topography. ⊚ ⊚
true false
37) Anthropologists agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as researchers are diligent in their work. ⊚ ⊚
true false
38) Ethnography involves the collection of data used to create an account of a particular community, society, or culture. ⊚ ⊚
39)
Ethnomusicology is one of the four main subfields of anthropology. ⊚ ⊚
40)
true false
Archaeologists study only prehistoric communities. ⊚ ⊚
41)
true false
true false
Biological anthropologists study only human bones.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
42) As an academic discipline, anthropology has links to both the social sciences and the humanities. ⊚ ⊚
true false
43) The differences between sociology and cultural anthropology are becoming increasingly distinct. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) Applied anthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve theoretical problems. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) Anthropological archaeology reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through anecdotal records passed through the generations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) Archaeologists may infer cultural transformations by observing changes in the size and type of sites and the distance between them. ⊚ ⊚ Version 1
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47) The forces of globalization and industrial production link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 01_10e_What Is Anthropology? 7) E 8) C 9) C 10) A 11) C 12) D 13) B 14) B 15) E 16) A 17) C 18) A 19) B 20) B 21) B 22) C 23) C 24) E 25) C 26) E 27) A 28) B 29) B 30) B 31) E 32) B Version 1
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33) FALSE 34) TRUE 35) TRUE 36) TRUE 37) FALSE 38) TRUE 39) FALSE 40) FALSE 41) FALSE 42) TRUE 43) FALSE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE
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CHAPTER 2 1)
What does it mean to say that culture is all-encompassing?
2)
How has this chapter challenged your understanding of the concept of human nature?
3) What are the different kinds of learning? On which kind (or kinds) of learning is culturebased? How is culture transmitted across generations?
4) Explain the distinctions among cultural universals, generalities, and particularities, and give examples of each.
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5) Agency refers to the actions that individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming culture. Describe examples in your own life that illustrate the relationship between agency and culture.
6) What does it mean to say that there are levels of culture? What are they? How do cultural traits extend to a broader geographic area?
7) What are ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, and how do they affect the work of anthropologists? How do they influence your own life in an increasingly diverse society?
8) Compare and contrast the various mechanisms of cultural change discussed in this chapter. In particular, to what extent does each model for change suggest that culture shapes human behavior or is shaped by human behavior?
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9)
Which of the following statements about culture is true? A) It is being destroyed by electronic media through the process of acculturation. B) It is the exclusive domain of the elite. C) It developed among nonhuman primates around 10,000 years ago. D) It is acquired by humans as members of society through the process of enculturation. E) It is more developed in industrial nations than among hunters and gatherers.
10)
Which of the following statements about enculturation isfalse?
A) It is the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations. B) It occurs through a process of conscious and unconscious learning. C) It results in internalization of a cultural tradition. D) It may involve teaching. E) It is the exchange of cultural features that results when two or more groups come into consistent firsthand contact.
11)
Regarding human capacity for culture, anthropologists agree that
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A) both mental abilities and mental disabilities are evenly distributed among individuals of all cultures. B) because human populations differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, the ability to learn culture differs among societies. C) although women and men both share the emotional and intellectual capacities for culture, at the population level there is less variability in these capacities among men than among women. D) although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual capacities, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture. E) although an individual's genetic endowment does not affect that person's ability to learn cultural traditions, it does affect his or her capacity to change culture creatively.
12) Anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols. What is a symbol? A) a distinctive or unique cultural trait, pattern, or integration that can be translated into other cultures B) a linguistic sign within a particular language that comes to stand for something else in another language C) something verbal or nonverbal within a particular language or culture that comes to stand for something else, with no necessary or natural connection to the thing for which it stands D) any element within a culture that distinguishes it from other cultures, precisely because it is difficult to translate E) something verbal or nonverbal with a nonarbitrary association with what it symbolizes
13)
What does it mean to say that humans use culture instrumentally?
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A) People use culture to develop artistic endeavors, including musical instruments and visual arts. B) Culture is a human construct. C) Culture is instrumental in the creation of societies. D) People use culture to advance civilization. E) People use culture to fulfill their basic biological needs for food, drink, shelter, comfort, and reproduction.
14)
What do anthropologists mean when they say culture is shared?
A) Culture is an attribute of particular individuals. B) Culture is what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions. C) Passive enculturation is accomplished by more than one person. D) Culture is an attribute of individuals as members of groups. E) Culture is universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual.
15)
Identify an example of a maladaptive cultural trait. A) overconsumption of processed foods B) individuals seeking informal support to satisfy emotional needs C) individualism seeking formal support to conform to social norms D) industrialization of manufacture of essential everyday items E) use of machinery in agriculture
16) People must eat, but culture teaches us what, when, and how to do so. This is an example of how
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A) individuals are powerless to alter the strong relationship between nature and culture. B) we are all just uncultured animals. C) "human nature" is a cultural construction, an idea we have in our minds that has nothing to do with true nature. D) biology dominates culture. E) culture takes the natural biological urges we share with other animals and teaches us how to express them in particular ways.
17) Something verbal or nonverbal, within a particular language or culture, that stands for something else is known as a_________blank. A) transmitter B) taboo C) substitute D) symbol E) talisman
18)
Which of the following statements about culture isfalse?
A) It is acquired by all humans, as members of society, through enculturation. B) Everyone is cultured. C) It encompasses rule-governed, shared, symbol-based, learned behavior, as well as beliefs transmitted across the generations. D) It is transmitted genetically. E) It has an evolutionary basis.
19)
Culture can be adaptive or maladaptive. It is maladaptive when
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A) cultural traits, patterns, and inventions threaten the group's continued survival and reproduction and thus its very existence. B) cultural traits evolve and change with time. C) it threatens the core values of a culture that guarantee its integration. D) cultural traits diminish the survival of particular individuals but not others. E) it exhibits cultural traits that are not shared with the majority of the group.
20) The human capacity for culture has an evolutionary basis that extends back perhaps 3 million years. This date corresponds to A) the earliest production of cave art found in South Africa. B) the advent of anatomically modern primates. C) early toolmakers, whose products survive in the archaeological record. D) evidence of hunting and the use of fire to cook tough meats. E) a genetic mutation that caused an increase in brain size and complexity.
21) Why does this chapter on culture include a section that describes similarities and differences between humans and apes, our closest relatives? A) to stress that there is no such thing as human nature B) to promote the study of primatology, which has nothing to do with human culture C) to illustrate how evolution is just a theory D) to emphasize culture's evolutionary basis E) to better define culture as a capacity that distinguishes members of the zoological family Hominidae from anatomically modern humans
22) Many human traits reflect the fact that our primate ancestors lived in trees. These traits include all of the followingexcept
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A) grasping ability. B) depth and color vision. C) learning ability based on a large brain. D) substantial parental investment in a limited number of offspring. E) echolocation, made possible by overlapping visual fields.
23)
Which of the following is a mechanism of cultural change? A) diffusion B) particularity C) ethnocentrism D) cultural relativism E) generational enculturation
24)
Which of the following is an example of cultural generality? A) vegetarianism B) immortality C) illiteracy D) solo living E) the nuclear family
25)
Which of the following is true of cultural change through diffusion?
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A) In today's world, much international diffusion is indirect—culture is spread by mass media and information technology. B) It doesn't commonly happen because cultures are isolated C) It occurs through independent human invention D) In the current world, finding creative solutions to problems is the main means of diffusion of culture E) It is the ongoing exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous firsthand contact.
26)
What are cultural particularities? A) different levels of culture B) traits isolated from other traits in the same culture C) cultural traits of individuals rather than of groups D) traits unique to a given culture, not shared with others E) the most general aspect of culture patterns
27)
All of the following are evidence of the tendency to view culture as a process except A) attention to agency in anthropological analysis. B) analyses that attempt to establish boundaries between cultures. C) interest in public, collective, and individual dimensions of day-to-day life. D) practice theory. E) interest in how acts of resistance can make and remake culture.
28)
What process is most responsible for the existence of international culture?
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A) gene flow B) cultural relativism C) cultural diffusion D) dendritic acculturation E) ethnocentrism
29)
Which of the following is a major contrast between humans and other primates?
A) Unlike primates, humans maintain lifelong ties with sons and daughters. B) Unlike primate females, human females have a visible estrus cycle. C) Unlike humans, primates practice exogamy exclusively. D) Unlike humans, primate adolescents do not disperse, leaving kinship ties intact lifelong. E) Primate pair bonds for mating are more exclusive and more durable than are those of humans.
30) The tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to use one's own standards and values in judging others is called A) ethnocentrism. B) moral relativism. C) patriotism. D) illiteracy. E) cultural relativism.
31) In anthropology, cultural relativism is not a moral position but a methodological one. It states that
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A) because cultural values vary between cultures, they cannot be analyzed and compared. B) to bring about desired cultural change, anthropologists should act as emissaries of the most evolved cultural values. C) to understand another culture, we must use tactics to try to jar people so that their true views are revealed. D) to understand another culture fully, we must try to understand how the people in that culture see things. E) some cultures are relatively better than others.
32)
How are cultural rights different from human rights? A) The United Nations protects human rights but not cultural rights. B) Human rights are real, whereas cultural rights are just perceived. C) The termcultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights. D) Cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights. E) Cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.
33)
Human rights are seen as inalienable. This means that A) anthropologists have no moral grounds to question them. B) they are vested in groups and not individuals. C) no one can abuse them. D) nations cannot abridge or terminate them. E) they are universally accepted by all individuals.
34) Although rap music originated in the United States, it is now popular all over the world. Which of the following mechanisms of cultural change is responsible for this?
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A) diffusion B) colonization C) independent invention D) acculturation E) enculturation
35) What is the term for the kind of cultural change that results when two or more cultures have consistent firsthand contact? A) independent invention B) imperialism C) colonization D) enculturation E) acculturation
36) What is the primary and neutral meaning of globalization as it is applicable to anthropology? A) opposition to global free trade B) global connectedness and linkages, and not any kind of political position C) the impact of the world on the rest of the universe D) the promotion of the interests of multinational corporations at the expense of farmers and workers E) the efforts by international financial powers to create a global free market for goods and services
37) Which of the following is an example of independent invention, the process by which people in different societies have innovated and changed in similar but independent ways?
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A) language B) agriculture C) acculturation D) globalization E) culture
38) Culture helps us define the world in which we live, to express feelings and ideas, and to guide our behavior and perceptions. ⊚ ⊚
39)
true false
Culture is transmitted by both formal and informal instruction, but not by observation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
40) Most ethnographers try to be objective, accurate, and sensitive in their accounts of other cultures. The presence of objectivity, sensitivity, and a cross-cultural perspective means that anthropologists must ignore international standards of justice and morality. ⊚ ⊚
41)
true false
Language is one of the distinctive possessions ofHomo sapiens. ⊚ ⊚
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42) Cultures are integrated, patterned systems in which, if one part of the system is changed, other parts may also change. ⊚ ⊚
true false
43) Although culture is one of the principal means humans use to adapt to their environment, some cultural traits can be harmful to a group's survival. ⊚ ⊚
44)
true false
While cultural abilities have a biological basis, they do not have an evolutionary basis. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) Although humans do employ tools much more than any other animal does, tool use also turns up among several nonhuman species, including birds, beavers, sea otters, and apes. ⊚ ⊚
46)
true false
Hunting is a distinctive human activity not shared with the apes. ⊚ ⊚
true false
47) Exogamy, marriage outside one's kin or local group, is a major cultural contrast between humans and other primates.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
48) Cultural particularities are unique to certain cultures, while cultural generalities are common to several (but not all) cultures. ⊚ ⊚
true false
49) Practice theory recognizes that the study of anthropology takes a lot of practice before resulting inaccurate descriptions of a culture. ⊚ ⊚
50)
true false
Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are inherently problematic viewpoints. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Europe and the United States are ethnocentric. ⊚ ⊚
true false
52) Cultural relativists believe that a culture should be judged only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to the standards of other cultural traditions. ⊚ ⊚
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53) Anthropology is characterized by a methodological rather than moral relativism; in order to understand another culture fully, anthropologists try to understand its members' beliefs and motivations. ⊚ ⊚
54)
true false
Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgments or taking action. ⊚ ⊚
true false
55) The idea of universal and inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and ethics of any one culture can conflict with some of the ideas central to cultural relativism. ⊚ ⊚
56)
true false
Diffusion plays an important role in spreading cultural traits around the world. ⊚ ⊚
true false
57) In many countries, use of the English language reflects a colonial history and is thus a consequence of forced diffusion. ⊚ ⊚
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58) Independent invention occurs when two or more cultures independently come up with similar solutions to a common problem. ⊚ ⊚
59)
true false
Acculturation is the process by which people lose the culture they learned as children. ⊚ ⊚
true false
60) Indigenous cultures are at the mercy of the forces of globalization, as they can do nothing to stop threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood. ⊚ ⊚
61)
true false
Globalization has led to new forms of cultural expression. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 02_10e_Culture 9) D 10) E 11) D 12) C 13) E 14) D 15) A 16) E 17) D 18) D 19) A 20) D 21) D 22) E 23) A 24) E 25) A 26) D 27) B 28) C 29) A 30) A 31) D 32) E 33) D 34) A Version 1
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35) E 36) B 37) B 38) TRUE 39) FALSE 40) FALSE 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) TRUE 46) FALSE 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) FALSE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) TRUE 59) FALSE 60) FALSE 61) TRUE
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CHAPTER 3 1) What are the ethical obligations of archaeologists and biological anthropologists working in foreign countries? In what situations can complicated conflicts of interest arise?
2) In what ways are biological anthropology and archaeology multidisciplinary? Why is this important to know?
3) What are the different kinds of research that fall under biological anthropology? How is such a wide range of topics linked?
4) What are the two ways in which archaeologists collect information in the field? What kinds of information does each technique collect? What are the limitations of each technique?
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5) The study of ancient human, or hominin, diversity involves reconstructions based on collecting, analyzing, and dating physical and archaeological remains. Actual human behavior does not fossilize, except in the form of its material products, such as tools. Consider the ways you currently rely on electronic technologies to communicate with others and to read, write, and do research. For archaeologists in the distant future, how might this challenge their attempts to learn about the past?
6)
What are the different kinds of archaeology?
7)
How are fossils formed? Where are they found? How representative is the fossil record?
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8)
How do researchers date the past? What are the limitations of each dating technique?
9) What is molecular dating? What is the basic assumption upon which this technique is based? Can you think of other potential applications of this technique beyond those mentioned in the text?
10) Briefly describe the field techniques of the ethnographer. How do they compare with the research techniques you have learned about in courses or readings in other academic disciplines?
11)
What is the genealogical method, and why did it develop in anthropology?
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12) What advantages do you see in ethnographic research techniques? What are the advantages for survey techniques? Which one would you choose, and what would that choice depend on?
13) What advantages might a project that combines both quantitative and qualitative techniques have over one that utilizes only one or the other? What research situation might be best suited to such a combined strategy?
14) In today's world in which people, images, and information move as never before, people simultaneously experience the local and the global. Explain what this means and consider its implications for methods in cultural anthropology.
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15) What is the Human Terrain System? What concerns have these Pentagon programs raised among anthropologists? In your view, what role (if any) should academics play in national security?
16) How did the early work of scholars, such as Émile Durkheim, develop into the modernday disciplines of sociology and anthropology?
17) Archaeologists use microscopic evidence to reconstruct ancient human biological and cultural features, such as a_________blank, a microscopic crystal found in many plants, including wheat, maize, rice, beans, squash, manioc, and other early domesticates. A) teratogen B) ceramide C) plaque D) coprolite E) phytolith
18) Margaret Mead may be the most famous anthropologist who ever lived. She is famed for her work on Version 1
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A) primate behavior in the wild. B) the development of the American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics. C) artists in Miami and bankers in Beirut. D) teen sexuality in Samoa and gender roles in New Guinea. E) the culture of the indigenous people of the Trobriand Islands.
19) The specialist among a team of scientists at an excavation site who focuses on the study of ancient plants through pollen samples taken from the site is most likely a A) pollenologist. B) palynologist. C) paleontologist. D) phytologist. E) paleopathologist.
20) Advances in technology enable archaeologists to gather evidence that is not visible to the naked eye. One example of such microscopic evidence is the study of A) microanthropometric remains. B) phytoliths, microscopic crystals found in many plants that are inorganic and do not decay. C) starch grains that solidify into crystals and therefore do not decay. D) microscopic organic remains of common early plant domesticates. E) microstratigraphic layers.
21) In an example of how microscopic evidence in studying the past can yield surprising results that may overturn long-held assumptions, Williamson's analysis of microscopic residues stuck to the edges of cutting tools found at a cave site in South Africa revealed that
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A) all of the residues were from butchered animals, but most of the butchering had been performed by women and not by men. B) 30 percent of the residues were from plants, suggesting a slow transition from vegetarian to carnivorous diets. C) 30 percent of the residues were from human flesh, suggesting cannibalism. D) 50 percent of the residues were from plants, contradicting the prevailing assumption that such tools were used mainly to hunt and butcher animals. E) 50 percent of the residues were from domesticated plants, pushing back the date of plant domestication from 10,000 to 40,000 years ago.
22)
Paleopathology is the study of A) hominin evolution and human life as revealed by the fossil record. B) the biological and geological processes by which dead animals become fossils. C) disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites. D) ancient environments using samples of ancient pollen. E) the evolution of linguistic communication through ancient speech sounds and texts.
23) The field of_________blank focuses on managing the preservation of archaeological sites that are threatened by modern development. A) pre-construction survey of land B) urbanization control for human history C) cultural resource management D) land resource management E) archaeological control over change
24)
Molecular anthropology
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A) is the specialty of the most important member of an archaeological excavation project. B) studies early hominins through fossil remains. C) uses genetic analysis of a DNA sequence to assess evolutionary links. D) uses archaeological survey techniques to gather its data. E) uses microscopic phytolithic analysis to study molecular evolution.
25)
Systematic survey and excavation
A) are techniques of the past that have been replaced by remote sensing and digital photography. B) yield better results when the study team is small. C) are the two major components of fieldwork in archaeology and paleoanthropology. D) are techniques that have been discouraged because they lead to negative environmental impacts. E) are the two major components of fieldwork in molecular anthropology.
26) Data collected using systematic surveys donot typically address which of the following questions? A) How big are the sites in a given region? B) How old are the sites? C) What kinds of buildings existed in a given region? D) Where are the archaeological sites located? E) What is the relative chronology of the layers exposed during excavation?
27)
The principle of superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence of strata,
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A) the stratigraphic techniques are useful only if the soils have a high content of sandstone. B) the youngest layer is the least disturbed by environmental changes such as erosion. C) the oldest layer is the shallowest in the sequence. D) the oldest layer is on the bottom. E) the oldest layer is on the top.
28) Which excavation technique provides more information about the context of the artifacts, fossils, or features discovered? A) digging through the layers of deposits that make up a site B) scanning multiple test pits C) screening and floating D) removing the soil in consistent amounts E) surface collection and mapping
29) Which of the following is true of cultural resource management (CRM), and CRM archaeologists? A) Most CRM archaeologists seek research grants from governmental educational institutions. B) CRM is most often practiced in remote, uninhabited, and forested locations. C) CRM archaeologists must often work rapidly, for example, when an immediate threat to archaeological materials becomes known. D) Most CRM archaeologists are contract archaeologists, who typically negotiate specific contracts. E) CRM tends to focus on the literate civilizations of the Old World, such as Greece, Rome, and Egypt.
30)
Under what conditions are fossils most likely to form?
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A) geologically inactive regions B) regions with lots of scavengers C) maritime environments D) acidic soils E) areas covered by volcanic ash
31) What term refers to the study of the measurement of human body parts and dimensions, including skeletal parts? A) anthropometry B) paleopathology C) primatology D) stratigraphy E) biomechanics
32)
The utility of stratigraphy for dating purposes is based on the fact that A) the depth and order of undisturbed soil strata reflect the age of their deposition. B) once in the soil, there are very few things that can damage or disturb bones. C) all environmental forces leave behind the same kind of soil deposit. D) soil strata are uncluttered by bones, stones, and artifacts. E) higher strata are usually older than lower strata in undisturbed soil.
33)
Radiometric dating techniques available to anthropologists
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A) do not work well for hominin fossils, because such fossils are too young for the effective range of the techniques. B) can only be used to date inorganic materials that are more than 1 million years old. C) have caused a reevaluation of the fossil record since their 1991 development. D) establish a probable date for fossils by calculating radioactive decay in the specimen found or the rocks surrounding it. E) work only for nonhuman primates, because the genusHomo had culture.
34) true?
Which of the following statements about techniques used in dating fossil remains isnot
A) Carbon-14 techniques are used to date organic material. B) The potassium-argon technique is used to date inorganic substances such as rock. C) Potassium-argon dating is most accurate on specimens over 500,000 years old. D) Carbon-14 dating is most accurate on specimens more than 70,000 years old. E) Electron spin resonance is used to date rocks and minerals between 1,000 and 1,000,000 years old.
35)
What are both carbon-14 and potassium-argon dating techniques based on? A) reversals of magnetic fields B) stratigraphic associations C) radioactive decay D) accumulations of mineral salts E) relative as opposed to absolute dating
36) The so-called Piltdown man was once considered an unusual and perplexing human ancestor, but it turned out to be the jaw of a young orangutan attached to aHomo sapiens skull. What dating technique exposed the Piltdown fraud?
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A) fluorine absorption analysis B) potassium-argon C) thermoluminescence D) carbon-14 E) electron spin resonance
37)
What kind of dating technique is fluorine absorption analysis? A) chronologic B) radioactive C) Relative D) radiometric E) absolute
38)
Which absolute dating technique is used to date volcanic rock? A) fluorine absorption analysis B) thermoluminescence C) electron spin resonance D) potassium-argon E) carbon-14
39) The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) gives ownership of Native American remains to living Native Americans. Under this act,
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A) any contemporary Native American tribe is considered to be culturally affiliated with all Native American remains or artifacts. B) museums must return all materials to Native American tribes and are not allowed to keep any Native American skeletal remains. C) DNA analysis of all human skeletal remains is prohibited. D) museums are required to return remains and artifacts to any tribe that requests them and can prove a "cultural affiliation" to the remains. E) museums must destroy any remains they do not repatriate to living Native Americans.
40)
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics
A) is applicable only to research being conducted in the United States. B) applies differently to the different types of anthropology. C) is the result of a UN resolution designed to ensure that human rights are respected in the field of U.S. anthropology. D) is designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and society in general. E) is too broad for most anthropologists to find it useful.
41) The legal and scientific debates that arose after the discovery in 1996 of a skeleton dubbed Kennewick Man illustrates all of the followingexcept A) that is advisable and recommended to work with the consent and collaboration of the indigenous people. B) that sometimes questions of ownership of and access to physical and archaeological remains place anthropologists and indigenous people in opposing camps. C) the ineffectiveness of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, which has no real legal or political recognition. D) the often-complicated ethical implications of unearthing human remains and attempting to reconstruct their physical and cultural identities. E) that scientific knowledge is not politically or culturally neutral.
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42)
Informed consent refers to
A) a signed contract between anthropologists and their academic institutions regarding the potential monetary value of the data they will collect in the field and how they will safeguard that data. B) a coercive agreement between anthropologists and study participants that characterized much of the dubious and unethical research practices of the past. C) a host country's leaders' agreement that the specified research is to be carried out. D) U.S. anthropologists' signed commitment to the American Anthropological Association that they will abide by the organization's laws and regulations. E) people's agreement to take part in research after they have been fully informed about its purpose, nature, funding, procedures, and potential impact on them.
43) Which of the following research methods is a distinctive strategy within anthropology? A.its practice of cross-cultural comparison B.the biological perspective C.working with skilled respondents D.ethnography E.the evolutionary perspective
44) All of the following are characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer except A.direct, firsthand observation of behavior, including participant observation. B.detailed work with key consultants. C.in-depth interviewing, often leading to the collection of life histories. D.longitudinal analysis of data sets gathered from state-sponsored statistical agencies. E.problem-oriented research.
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45) An anthropologist has just arrived at a new field site and feels overwhelmed with a creepy, profound feeling of alienation, of being without some of the most ordinary, trivial (and therefore basic) cues of his culture of origin. What term best describes what he is experiencing? A.culture shock B.configurationalism C.diachrony D.synchrony E.agency paralysis
46) Which of the following is not an example of participant observation? A.administering interviews according to an interview schedule over the phone B.helping out at harvest time C.buying a shroud for a village ancestor D.dancing at a ceremony E.engaging in informal chit-chat
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47) What did Bronislaw Malinowski mean when he referred to everyday cultural patterns as "the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior"? A.Everyday cultural patterns are full of senseless cultural "noise," and it is the anthropologist's job to get at the truly valuable behaviors that distinguish one culture from another. B.Features of culture such as distinctive smells, noises people make, how they cover their mouths when they eat, and how they gaze at each other are so fundamental that natives take them for granted but are there for the ethnographer to describe and make sense of. C.Everyday cultural patterns of native life can best be studied by asking key informants to explain them. D.Everyday cultural patterns are important but so numerous that their detailed description should not be included in the main body of an ethnographic study. E.Features of everyday culture are, at first, imponderable, but as the ethnographer builds rapport, their logic and functional value in society become clear.
48) In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working relationship, based on personal contact, A.and if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk about their culture. B.that if done properly ensures the ethnographer's ability to conduct detached, unbiased research. C.achieved in large part by engaging in participant observation. D.that is necessary in conducting any valuable research in the social sciences, not just anthropology. E.as well as on payment, based on local standards, for people's time spent with the researcher.
49) The research technique that uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections is called A.the genealogical method. B.kin-based interviewing. C.interpretive anthropology. D.DNA testing. E.family tree creation.
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50) What is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of native life? A.etic informant B.life-history approach specialist C.biased informant D.key cultural consultant E.representative sample
51) Ethnographers typically combine emic and etic research strategies in their fieldwork. This means they are interested in applying both A.reflexive and salvage approaches. B.local and bifocal research approaches. C.personal and impersonal research approaches. D.genealogical and survey methods. E.local- and scientist-oriented research approaches.
52) Archaeologists use the _________blank absolute dating technique to date organic materials. A.potassium-argon B.uranium series C.carbon-14 D.thermoluminescence E.electron spin resonance
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53) Traditional ethnographic research focused on the single community or culture, which was treated as more or less isolated and unique in time and space; however, A.this is no longer true, nor has it ever really been true, a fact that renders classic ethnographies historical curiosities and not serious academic works. B.there has been a shift within the discipline toward recognition of ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information. C.the American Anthropological Association still requires its members to strive toward research focused on one single community. D.all such single communities have already been studied, so anthropologists have very limited project choices. E.there has been a shift within the discipline against the concept of culture and toward the individual as the only true, reliable unit of analysis.
54) Reflecting today's world, in which people, images, and information move about as never before, fieldwork must be more flexible and done on a larger scale. The result of such fieldwork is often an ethnography that A.requires researchers to stay at the same site for more than three years. B.is increasingly multi-sited and multi-times, integrating analyses of external organizations and forces to understand local phenomena. C.becomes less useful and valuable to understanding culture. D.is more traditional, negating anthropologists' concerns about defending their field's roots. E.challenges anthropologists concerned with salvaging isolated and untouched cultures around the world.
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55) In survey research, what is sampling? A.the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants B.a collection reflecting the emic perspective C.the collection of life histories of every member in a community D.a form of participant observation E.the selection of a study group from a larger population
56) In survey research, a sample should A.include anyone who will be interviewed by the ethnographer. B.target only one social, cultural, or environmental factor that influences behavior. C.be invariant. D.be constituted to allow inferences about the larger population. E.include the entire population in question.
57) In survey research, what term is used to refer to the attributes that vary among the members of a population? A.questionnaires B.random samples C.unknowns D.variables E.interviews
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58) Despite the variety of research techniques the ethnographer may utilize in the field, in the best studies the hallmark of ethnography remains A.gathering large quantities of data on a limited budget. B.entering the community and getting to know its people. C.collaborating with the community to construct a cohesive image of local culture. D.defining the local culture in such a way as to highlight what makes the particular culture so unlike any other. E.providing detailed descriptions of "the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior."
59) An agreement to take part in research after having the nature, procedures, and possible impacts of the research explained is known as A.informed consent. B.the do no harm directive. C.a research protocol briefing. D.etic and emic protocols. E.implied consent.
60) The Human Terrain System has sought to embed anthropologists and other social scientists within military teams in Iraq and Afghanistan. Which of the following is not a reason anthropologist and the AAA Executive Board object to the use of anthropologists in the military? A.The Human Terrain System conflicts with the ethical responsibility of anthropologists to disclose who they are. B.Anthropologists, by the nature of their discipline, are not permitted to interact with any military personnel. C.Anthropologists may not be able to identify themselves as anthropologists, distinct from military personnel. D.It is difficult to give informed consent in an active war zone without feeling coerced, thereby compromising "voluntary informed consent" in the AAA Code of Ethics. E.Anthropologists in war zones have an ethical dilemma where their responsibilities to their military units may conflict with their obligations to the local people they study.
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61) Biological anthropology and archaeology both involve multidisciplinary approaches to research. ⊚ ⊚
true false
62) The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is applicable only to research being conducted in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
true false
63) Informed consent refers to people's agreement to take part in research after they have been fully informed about its purpose, nature, funding, procedures, and potential impact on them. ⊚ ⊚
true false
64) Anthropologists who study the past do not have to worry so much about ethical concerns, since their studies do not involve living people. ⊚ ⊚
65)
true false
Palynology is the study of ancient animals through fossil remains. ⊚ ⊚
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66)
Remote sensing refers to carrying out excavations in distant locations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
67) The most reliable evidence in studying the past is that which is visible to the naked eye. Anything microscopic is too small to be considered reliable. ⊚ ⊚
68)
Anthropometry is the study of human culture using satellite imagery. ⊚ ⊚
69)
true false
Paleopathology is the study of disease and injury in skeletons. ⊚ ⊚
70)
true false
true false
Molecular anthropology studies evolutionary links using genetic analysis. ⊚ ⊚
true false
71) Archaeological anthropologists excavate sites to gain a better understanding of the regional patterning of the molecular record.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
72) Systematic survey refers to the archaeological technique of systematically digging through the cultural and natural stratigraphy of an archaeological site. ⊚ ⊚
true false
73) Experimental archaeologists try to replicate ancient techniques under controlled conditions. ⊚ ⊚
74)
true false
Historical archaeologists use written records to supplement the archaeological record. ⊚ ⊚
true false
75) Colonial archaeologists are historical archaeologists who use written records as guides to locate and excavate postcontact sites in North and South America, and to verify or question the written accounts. ⊚ ⊚
76)
true false
Classical archaeologists focus on archaeological sites that are threatened by development. ⊚ ⊚
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77) Classical archaeologists often are more interested in the social, economic, and political features than in the styles of architecture and sculpture that typically interest anthropological archaeologists. ⊚ ⊚
78)
Absolute dating uses stratigraphy to establish a time frame in relation to other strata. ⊚ ⊚
79)
true false
true false
Electron spin resonance is used to date organic material from archaeological sites. ⊚ ⊚
true false
80) The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) requires museums to return remains and artifacts to any tribe or nation that requests them and can prove a cultural affiliation between itself and the remains or artifact. ⊚ ⊚
true false
81) The characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer are participant observation, the genealogical method, and in-depth interviewing. ⊚ ⊚
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82)
Traditionally, ethnographers have tried to understand the whole of a particular culture. ⊚ ⊚
true false
83) When an ethnographer uses an interview schedule to gather information from the field, the researcher's capacity to ask and answer truly relevant questions is inevitably limited. ⊚ ⊚
true false
84) Really good key cultural consultants will actually end up recording most of the data needed to write an ethnography. ⊚ ⊚
85)
The emic perspective focuses on local explanations of criteria and significance. ⊚ ⊚
86)
true false
true false
Theetic perspective refers to a nonscientific perspective. ⊚ ⊚
true false
87) Because there are so many anthropologists in the United States, the distinction between emic and etic does not apply to American culture. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
true false
88) Longitudinal research is the long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits. ⊚ ⊚
true false
89) Despite the increasing popularity of team research among anthropologists, the best ethnographies are always the product of individual work. ⊚ ⊚
true false
90) Ethnography is increasingly multitimed and multisited, the result of a shift toward a recognition of the ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information that characterizes much of the world today. ⊚ ⊚
true false
91) Given the realities of the contemporary world, anthropologists need to apply methods that protect their analyses from biases caused by external forces. ⊚ ⊚
true false
92) The American Anthropological Association Code of Ethics prohibits anthropologists from working with governments on matters of national security.
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⊚ ⊚
93)
true false
Survey research studies a small sample of a larger population. ⊚ ⊚
true false
94) Survey research is usually conducted through intensive personal contact with the study subjects. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 03_10e_Doing Anthropology 17) E 18) D 19) B 20) B 21) D 22) C 23) C 24) C 25) C 26) E 27) D 28) A 29) C 30) E 31) A 32) A 33) D 34) D 35) C 36) A 37) C 38) D 39) D 40) D 41) C 42) E Version 1
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61) TRUE 62) FALSE 63) TRUE 64) FALSE 65) FALSE 66) FALSE 67) FALSE 68) FALSE 69) TRUE 70) TRUE 71) FALSE 72) FALSE 73) TRUE 74) TRUE 75) TRUE 76) FALSE 77) FALSE 78) FALSE 79) TRUE 80) TRUE 81) TRUE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) FALSE 90) TRUE Version 1
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91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE
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CHAPTER 4 1) Identify and discuss Charles Darwin's major contribution to the study of life forms. What was new about Darwin's views, and what had previously been proposed by others?
2) "Evolution is just a theory!" How would you respond to someone who challenges you with such a statement?
3) How is evolution defined by population geneticists? What are the major mechanisms of genetic evolution?
4) Identify and discuss the genetic sources of variety on which natural selection may operate.
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5) How does directional selection result in reaching a new equilibrium? Explain how species become endangered and extinct.
6) Outline the natural history before Charles Darwin's work. Elaborate on the biblical concepts of creationism, catastrophism.
7) How does the concept of race used by anthropologists today differ from the concept used by early biologists?
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8) Support or refute this statement: By rejecting the race concept, anthropologists are ignoring obvious human biological variations.
9) Populations in equatorial Africa and Papua New Guinea are phenotypically similar. They are both dark skinned, with similar hair and facial features. How would a typical racial model explain these similarities? How would evolutionary biology's explanation differ? Which model does a better job of explaining such data?
10) How has contemporary work in genomics helped scientists address questions of human biological diversity?
11)
Why do differences in skin pigmentation exist around the world?
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12) What is the difference between phenotypic adaptation and genetic adaptation? What role does each play in human evolution?
13) How does globalization remain an important component in the modern spread of disease? What are some present-day examples? How have humans adapted to the negative consequences of globalization?
14) We have learned that reliance on culture has increased in the course of human history. Yet the fact and mechanisms of evolution remain a key part of our human present and future because A) people haven't stopped adapting biologically. B) they provide the clues to building a better human race by promoting directed speciation. C) they determine, at the genetic level, our phenotype. D) the pace of evolution has been continuously increasing, as human cultural solutions have not been able to keep up with environmental changes such as global warming. E) they continue to justify anthropology's biocultural perspective.
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15) During the 18th century, many scholars became interested in biological diversity, human origins, and our position within the classification of plants and animals. At that time, the most commonly accepted explanation of the origin of species was A) catastrophism, the belief that species arise from one another through a long and gradual process of transformation. B) biblical punctuated equilibrium. C) Mendelianism. D) creationism, the belief that biological similarities and differences originated at the Creation and that these characteristics, once set, could not change. E) uniformitarianism, the belief that natural forces at work today also explain past events.
16) Although Darwin became the best-known evolutionist, the idea of evolution had been around well before him. Darwin's key contribution was to propose a mechanism that drives evolution, which is known as A) natural selection. B) mutation. C) catastrophism. D) lamarckianism. E) creationism.
17)
Darwin and Wallace jointly proposed which of the following theoretical models? A) uniformitarianism B) natural selection C) transformism D) evolution E) creationism
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18) Sir Charles Lyell's bookPrinciples of Geology and his principle of_________blank were major influences on Charles Darwin's work on evolutionary theory. A) uniformitarianism B) creationism C) catastrophism D) intelligent design E) extraterrestrial seeding
19) What is the term for the belief that explanations for past events should be sought in ordinary forces that are at work today? A) catastrophism B) speciation C) recombination D) uniformitarianism E) creationism
20) Natural selection is the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so in greater numbers than others in the same population. But more than survival of the fittest, natural selection is the natural process that leads to A) the toughest members of their population having the longest life span. B) the survival of those members of their population that practice true altruism. C) the most fit members collecting the most resources from the environment. D) differential reproductive success. E) survival success in any environment.
21)
For natural selection to work on a particular population,
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A) the environment must remain constant. B) there must be variety within that population. C) the members must have a strong will to survive. D) there must be genotypic diversity but phenotypic homogeneity. E) the members must have a sufficiently long life span.
22)
Which of the following statements about natural selection isfalse?
A) Natural selection operates with respect to specific environments. B) Natural selection operates directly on genetic variety. C) Natural selection was first scientifically described by Darwin and Wallace. D) Natural selection is the sum of environmental forces that conditions the survival of particular phenotypes. E) Natural selection is most obvious when there is competition among a population for strategic resources.
23) This chapter describes the case of giraffes' long necks to illustrate how natural selection works on variety within a population. This explanation contrasts with the incorrect alternative of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, which suggests that A) in each generation, individual giraffes strain their necks to reach food just a bit higher, and that this straining somehow modifies their genetic material. B) in each generation, individual giraffes mate with giraffes having longer necks because they are better at getting food, and their offspring's neck size results in an average of the parents' neck sizes. C) the presence of variety among a population works against the advantages of natural selection. D) natural selection works on the genotype, not the phenotype. E) a need for a longer neck activates the long-neck gene throughout development.
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24)
Why are genetics and evolution so important to anthropology?
A) They give anthropology some credibility as a scientific field. B) They provide the key to understanding the rate of environmental change throughout human history. C) They define humans' position at the top of the hierarchy of biological diversity. D) They help anthropologists document and explain human biological diversity. E) They determine the clear distinction between biological and cultural forces acting through human history.
25)
Mendelian genetics studies
A) the paint-pot theory. B) catastrophism. C) transformism. D) the ways in which chromosomes transmit genes across generations. E) how the Earth's structure has been transformed gradually through natural forces operating for millions of years.
26)
Gregor Mendel's work with hereditary traits of pea plants A) confirmed the paint-pot theory of inheritance. B) was the basis for Darwin's theory of evolution. C) discredited the phenomenon of balanced polymorphism. D) proved that natural selection operates on genotypes. E) led to the formulation of the law of independent assortment.
27)
What role do recombination and independent assortment play in evolution?
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A) They work to limit the amount of variation in a population. B) They act to create genetic variability in a breeding population. C) They act to reduce the overall fitness of a breeding population. D) They increase the frequencies of deleterious genes. E) They work to limit the number of potential phenotypes.
28)
What is the process by which sex cells are produced? A) meiosis B) mitosis C) independent assortment D) directional selection E) recombination
29)
DNA molecules A) initiate and guide the construction of complex sugars. B) are the messenger molecules of RNA. C) are made up of three bases: adenine, cytosine, and factor. D) were discovered in the decade after Darwin's death. E) make up genes and chromosomes, which are basic hereditary units.
30)
The term gene pool refers to all the A) alleles, genes, chromosomes, and genotypes of the animal kingdom. B) mutations in a breeding population. C) alleles, genes, chromosomes, and genotypes within a breeding population. D) processes of achieving a perfect fit to the environment. E) mechanisms of competition over strategic resources.
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31)
Human biology A) is no longer affected by evolutionary processes. B) remains the best explanation for genetic evolution. C) is 75 percent genotype and 25 percent phenotype. D) is not set at birth; it has considerable plasticity. E) is all in the genes.
32) Any factor that contributes to the change in allele frequency in a breeding population from generation to generation is considered a mechanism of genetic evolution. Those mechanisms are A) natural selection, mutation, random genetic drift, gene flow, and plasticity. B) sexual selection, mutation, and human biological plasticity. C) phenotypic straining through the organism's development and mutations across the generations. D) random genetic drift and random gene flow. E) independent assortment, recombination, and mutation.
33) The example of the sickle-cell allele demonstrates a key aspect of evolution through natural selection, in that
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A) adaptation and fitness are in relation to specific environments; traits are not universally adaptive or maladaptive. B) human populations in the tropics are the most susceptible to random changes caused by natural selection. C) adaptation and fitness are in relation to the individual organism, not the general population. D) although natural selection usually acts upon the phenotype, it can sometimes act upon the genotype. E) natural selection increases the variety in a population upon which subsequent natural selective processes can act.
34) Which of the following statements about individuals with the HbS allele in the homozygous form is true? A) They always develop fatal cases of sickle-cell anemia late in life. B) They are usually found in temperate regions of the world. C) They usually develop fatal cases of sickle-cell anemia. D) They rarely develop any form of sickle-cell anemia before reaching reproductive age. E) They lack the capacity to digest lactose.
35)
Which of the following statements about the HbS allele isfalse?
A) In areas where malaria has been reduced through drainage programs and insecticides, its frequency declines. B) Homozygous individuals usually develop fatal cases of dysentery. C) It is found in higher gene frequencies in regions where malaria is endemic. D) It causes sickle-cell anemia in homozygous individuals. E) Heterozygous individuals have an increased immunity to malaria.
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36) that
The study of sickle-cell anemia and its relation to malarial environments demonstrates
A) selection removes recessive alleles from the gene pool faster than it does dominant alleles. B) homozygotes lack the capacity to digest lactose. C) a maladaptive allele may be preserved if it provides an advantage. D) heterozygotes are not as selectively fit as are dominant homozygotes. E) natural selection improves a gene pool by wiping out deleterious alleles.
37)
Which of the following statements is true of sickle-cell anemia?
A) Only people who were heterozygous for HbS ever died from sickle-cell anemia, and homozygotes suffered very mild anemia, if any. B) People homozygous for HbA suffered from anemia, and they were also much more susceptible to malaria. C) Sickle-cell interferes with the blood's ability to store oxygen, thereby clogging the small blood vessels and increasing the heart's burden. D) The form of hemoglobin associated with sickle-cell anemia is caused by a genetically major (but phenotypically minor) difference between normal individuals and those with the disease. E) Sickle-cell anemia is usually not fatal to anyone.
38)
To what does the term gene flow refer? A) the random loss of genes through sampling error B) the exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species C) a random pattern of chromosome mutations D) the genetic mutations that occur during meiosis E) the movement of alleles from one chromosome to another
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39)
Against what does gene flow act? A) natural selection B) migration C) speciation D) mutations E) balanced polymorphisms
40)
Which of the following statements about the concept of race as applied to humans is true?
A) It is a discredited concept in biology. B) It does not include what used to be called subraces, because these are now known as ethnic groups. C) It has been verified by recent fossil finds in the Neander Valley in Germany. D) It is determined by the juxtaposition of alleles. E) It is based on the Western science of genetics.
41) Which of the following statements about attempts to assign humans to discrete racial categories, purportedly based on common ancestry, is true? A) They are based on global racial categories that vary little from one society to another. B) Even though most people assume races are based in biology, they are not. C) They are based on genotypic rather than phenotypic characteristics. D) They are a recent phenomenon brought on by globalization. E) They are applied to endogamous breeding populations.
42) In theory, a biological race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species. Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks such races because
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A) human populations have experienced types of controlled breeding such as that of dogs and roses. B) they are politically incorrect. C) although humans exhibit biological differences, these are only skin deep. D) humans are less genetically predictable than animals and plants susceptible to domestication. E) human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups.
43)
What term refers to an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"? A) hereditary inequality B) phenotype C) biological circumscription D) manifest destiny E) genotype
44)
Identify a true statement about race and racism. A) Racism has existed since the ancient human settlements. B) Racism is intrinsic to humanity. C) Humans belong to distinct races. D) Race is unreal as a set of biological facts, and it has no basis in genetics. E) Race is a biological category rather than a cultural reality.
45) In understanding the problems with attempts at human racial classification, why is it important to know the difference between genotype and phenotype?
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A) Phenotypic similarities and differences do not always have a genetic basis. B) Although phenotypic characteristics may change, the genetic material of populations stays the same for a long time. C) The phenotypic traits typically used to classify humans into races go together as genetic units. D) Attempts at human racial classification have typically used phenotypic traits like skin color as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect shared genetic material. Instead, they are often the result of different populations biologically adapting to similar environmental stressors in similar ways. E) Attempts at human racial classification have typically used genotypic traits like blood type as markers of common ancestry, and these traits are passed on from generation to generation in discrete bundles.
46) In the early 20th century, anthropologist Franz Boas described changes in skull form among the children of Europeans who had migrated to North America. He found that the reason for these changes could not be explained by genetics. His findings underscore the fact that A) diet affects which genes get turned off and on, resulting in a particular phenotypic characteristic. B) phenotypic similarities and differences don't necessarily have a genetic basis. C) describing changes in skull form is the most accurate way to study the impact of migration on traveling populations. D) though the environment influences phenotype, genetics is a more powerful determinant of racial differences. E) observing changes over one generation is not enough to make conclusions about changes in genotype and phenotype.
47) Traditional racial classification assumed that biological characteristics such as skin color were determined by heredity and remained stable over many generations. We now know that
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A) skin color is determined by sun exposure and the amount of melanin in our diets. B) a biological similarity such as skin color is always the result of both common ancestry and natural selection. C) skin color is determined by a single gene that is prone to mutations over many generations. D) a biological similarity such as skin color is also the result of natural selection working among different populations that face similar environmental challenges. E) skin color is actually determined throughout child development.
48) Which of the following is the best plan of action for a light-skinned woman of childbearing age living in the tropics and concerned about giving birth to a child with neural tube defects (NTDs)? A) drinking plenty of fluids to boost her body's ability to regulate its own temperature B) using a tanning booth to give her skin accelerated protection against the sun C) doing nothing, since a woman's chance of giving birth to a child with NTDs is genetically determined D) taking folic acid/folate supplements and protecting herself against the sun with sunscreen, clothing, and shelter E) taking vitamin D supplements
49) East Asians who have migrated recently to northern areas of the United Kingdom have a higher incidence of rickets and osteoporosis than the general British population. This illustrates that
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A) natural selection continues today. B) natural selection's role in determining skin color is a thing of the past, relevant only prior to the sixteenth century when massive migrations of populations altered the geographic distribution of dark-skinned people. C) cultural adaptation provides effective shortcuts to the genetically disadvantaged in a foreign environment. D) because of global warming, the lack of sunlight that people are exposed to in these northern regions is made up for by the intensity of the sunlight. E) genetic adaptation of environmental stressors can occur within one generation.
50)
Which of the following statements about human skin color isfalse?
A) The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's production of vitamin D. B) Light skin is a selective disadvantage in the tropics because it is more susceptible to the destruction of the folate that is needed to produce folic acid, which protects against neural tube defects in human embryos. C) The amount of melanin in the skin affects the body's ability to process lactose. D) Skin color varies because of differences in ultraviolet radiation between different regions of the world. E) Light skin is a selective advantage outside the tropics because it admits ultraviolet radiation that causes the body to manufacture vitamin D, helping to prevent rickets and osteoporosis.
51) The explanations given in this chapter for the differences in and distribution of skin color in populations around the world are examples of A) equilibrium. B) explanatory approaches to human biological diversity. C) attempts at classifying human groups into clines. D) how having a political interest in justifying racial policies interferes with objective science. E) the social construction of so-called scientific categories.
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52) Which of the following is the best example of how diseases have been powerful selective agents for humans, particularly before the arrival of modern medicine? A) Smallpox, which appeared after people and animals started living together, has worked as a selective agent against people with sickle-cell anemia. B) Smallpox, which mutated from cowpox, has worked as a selective agent for people with blood types B and O who have an ability to produce antibodies against smallpox. C) Blood type A individuals are more prone to stomach and cervical cancer. Since these diseases usually occur after reproduction has ended, they are particularly powerful agents in adaptation and evolution through natural selection. D) Blood type O will soon become something of the past since it does not confer an advantage to any disease. E) Diseases no longer work as powerful selective agents for humans, thanks to the widespread availability of modern medicine.
53) What does the relationship between genetic traits and the prevalence of diseases such as malaria and smallpox illustrate? A) the ways in which human biological diversity reflects adaptation to such environmental stresses as disease, diet, and climate B) how with technology, human biology is less important to human survival C) the mechanisms of hominid evolution D) how despite some evidence to the contrary, some human races are better than others E) the shortcomings of research that focuses on environmental variability but ignores genetics
54)
According to contemporary scientists, racial distinctions are based on
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A) biological classifications. B) shared blood. C) human breeds. D) culture. E) genetics.
55) The theory of creationism argues that all the species present today is the result of natural selection of the fittest individuals. ⊚ ⊚
56)
true false
The inheritance of acquired characteristics is central to Darwin's theory of evolution. ⊚ ⊚
true false
57) Uniformitarianism states that the natural forces at work today have more or less been the same as those at work in the past. ⊚ ⊚
true false
58) Darwin proposed the theory of evolution, although the fact of evolution was known well before his work. ⊚ ⊚
59)
true false
Austrian monk Gregor Mendel proved that the paint-pot theory of heredity was true.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
60) One of Gregor Mendel's contributions to genetics was his discovery that traits are inherited as discrete units. ⊚ ⊚
61)
Natural selection operates only on phenotype, the manifest biology of organisms. ⊚ ⊚
62)
true false
true false
Genotype refers to expressed physical traits based on genetic makeup. ⊚ ⊚
true false
63) Balanced polymorphism refers to two or more alleles of the same gene that maintain constant frequencies in a population from generation to generation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
64) Mendel's concept of independent assortment is based on the fact that individual traits are inherited independently of one another. ⊚ ⊚
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65)
Mitosis is the special process by which sex cells are produced. ⊚ ⊚
true false
66) Genetic evolution involves changes in gene frequencies between generations within a given breeding population. ⊚ ⊚
67)
Natural selection is the only mechanism driving genetic evolution. ⊚ ⊚
68)
true false
true false
Natural selection operates directly on the genotype of an organism. ⊚ ⊚
true false
69) Directional selection works to reduce genetic variation by removing maladaptive traits from the gene pool. ⊚ ⊚
70)
true false
The biblical doctrine of creationism replaced the original doctrine of catastrophism.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
71) The HbS allele has been maintained in certain populations in Africa, India, and the Mediterranean because heterozygous individuals with this allele are less susceptible to malaria. ⊚ ⊚
72)
Mutations introduce genetic variation into a gene pool. ⊚ ⊚
73)
true false
true false
Gene flow between populations works to prevent speciation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
74) Genotype—an organism's evident or manifest biological characteristics—develops over the years as environmental forces influence that organism. ⊚ ⊚
true false
75) Historically, scientists have approached the study of human biological diversity in two main ways: racial classification (now largely abandoned), and the current explanatory approach, which focuses on understanding specific differences. ⊚ ⊚
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76) Biological races have been scientifically discredited not just for humans but to all living species. ⊚ ⊚
true false
77) Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks distinct races because human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop into discrete groups. ⊚ ⊚
true false
78) Biologists have rejected the idea of three great races (white, black, and yellow) largely because it fails to account for Native Americans. ⊚ ⊚
true false
79) The only chance for human racial classification schemes to work is to shift from using phenotypic to genotypic characteristics of human populations. ⊚ ⊚
80)
true false
Physical features cluster and get passed on in discrete consistent bundles. ⊚ ⊚
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81)
Phenotypic similarities and differences always have a genetic basis. ⊚ ⊚
true false
82) Today, most anthropologists agree that race is unreal as a set of biological facts, but it is very real as a set of social, political, and experiential facts. ⊚ ⊚
true false
83) The role of natural selection in producing variation in human skin color illustrates the explanatory approach to explaining human biological diversity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
84) Higher amounts of melanin in the skin inhibit the body's ability to manufacture vitamin D. This confers an adaptive advantage in environments with excessive sun exposure. ⊚ ⊚
85)
true false
Rickets is caused by an overabundance of vitamin D in the body. ⊚ ⊚
true false
86) The indigenous communities in the tropical regions of the Americas are not as dark skinned as populations living in other tropical regions, because the dense vegetation in this continent blocks out much of the sunlight.
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⊚ ⊚
87)
true false
Native Australians are closer genetically to tropical Africans than they are to Asians. ⊚ ⊚
true false
88) Skin color is a simple biological trait that is influenced by one gene and environmental exposure to sunlight. ⊚ ⊚
true false
89) One of the selective advantages of dark skin color in the tropics is that it reduces the susceptibility to folate destruction and therefore diminishes the likelihood of neural tube defects among human embryos. Folate is also necessary in men in order to maintain normal sperm production. ⊚ ⊚
true false
90) In the case of skin color, natural selection is no longer active today, thanks to human cultural adaptations that confer an advantage no matter the skin color or environment one lives in. ⊚ ⊚
true false
91) Thanks to medical advances, genetic resistance to diseases no longer confers any selective advantage.
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⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 04_10e_Evolution, Genetics, and Human Variation 14) A 15) D 16) A 17) B 18) A 19) D 20) D 21) B 22) B 23) A 24) D 25) D 26) E 27) B 28) A 29) E 30) C 31) D 32) A 33) A 34) C 35) B 36) C 37) C 38) B 39) C Version 1
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40) A 41) B 42) E 43) B 44) D 45) D 46) B 47) D 48) D 49) A 50) C 51) B 52) B 53) A 54) D 55) FALSE 56) FALSE 57) TRUE 58) TRUE 59) FALSE 60) TRUE 61) TRUE 62) FALSE 63) TRUE 64) TRUE 65) FALSE 66) TRUE 67) FALSE 68) FALSE 69) TRUE Version 1
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70) FALSE 71) TRUE 72) TRUE 73) TRUE 74) FALSE 75) TRUE 76) FALSE 77) TRUE 78) FALSE 79) FALSE 80) FALSE 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) TRUE 84) TRUE 85) FALSE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) FALSE
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CHAPTER 5 1) Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of adaptation.
2) Phylogenetically, who are our closest relatives? What evidence is used to support this relationship?
3) Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that confirm they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New World monkeys and proto-monkeys.
4) Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures, and anthropologists who study them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?
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5) What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived hominoid traits appeared during this time?
6) Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton that seem to be more commonly found as fossils? What are the anatomical clues that these fossils provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?
7) Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:
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A) those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas). B) those with whom we share the least number ofhomologies, and those with whom we share the mostanalogies. C) Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus. D) those that are in the tribehominini, and those in the familyhominidae. E) catarrhines and platyrrhines.
8)
Which of the following is an example of an analogy? A) similarities in chromosomal DNA between apes and humans B) dolphin fins and fish fins C) bony eye sockets in chimps and similar structures in gorillas D) pentadactyly (having five digits on the hands and feet) among baboons and macaques E) the mammary glands of dogs and the mammary glands of cats
9)
What is the term for traits that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor? A) analogies B) homologies C) phenotypes D) meiosis E) alleles
10) Common ancestry isn't the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This process is known as
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A) homology. B) convergent evolution. C) gene flow. D) molecular divergence. E) genome sequencing.
11)
What is a taxonomy? A) a way to define an organism's repertoire of social behaviors B) a trait inherited from a common ancestor C) a classification scheme where organisms are assigned to categories D) an adaptive trait due to convergent evolution E) a set of selective forces enacted on one lineage
12)
Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees? A) lemurs B) siamangs C) orangutans D) humans E) gibbons
13)
The tribehominini consists of
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A) all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today. B) all of the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas. C) what scientists used to refer to as hominoids twenty years ago. D) all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans. E) all the great apes.
14)
Lemurs belong to the taxonomic suborder of A) Strepsirrhini. B) Platyrrhini. C) Catarrhini. D) Tarsiiformes. E) Haplorrhini.
15) Which of the following isnot one of the general primate adaptations discussed in the textbook? A) relatively large brain size B) five-digited hands C) stereoscopic vision D) small litter size E) aquatic lifestyle
16)
Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?
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A) grasping proficiency and an opposable thumb B) larger females and gentle males C) meat eating and aggression D) fingernails (instead of claws) and soft fingertips E) fewer offspring and bipedalism
17)
Which of the following isnot an adaptive trend in anthropoids? A) increased brain complexity B) decreased sociality C) stereoscopic vision D) enhanced sense of touch E) grasping hands and feet
18)
Which of the following is/are shared by primates? A) stereoscopic vision B) prehensile tails C) a decrease in the size of canines and an increase in the size of molars D) the ability to knuckle-walk and carry tools E) bipedalism; and one offspring born at a time
19) Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive care. What did this select for?
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A) increased sociality B) increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators C) pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day anthropoids D) a greater reliance on nuts and tubers E) a greater capacity for brachiation
20)
Which of the following isnot considered an anthropoid trend? A) the evolution of a complicated visual system B) an increase in smelling capacity at the expense of color vision C) a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch D) a decrease in litter size E) an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size
21) Which of the following was not one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other primates? A) a shift from reliance on smell to reliance on sight B) improved stereoscopic and color vision C) increased reliance on smell D) a tendency toward being active during the day E) None of these answers are correct.
22)
New World monkeys are the only anthropoids that
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A) are capable of brachiation. B) have prehensile tails. C) have rough patches of skin on the buttocks. D) exhibit sexual dimorphism. E) have orthograde postures.
23) tail?
Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile
A) gibbon B) lemur C) New World monkey D) Old World monkey E) loris
24)
Platyrrhines are to catarrhines as A) brachiators are to nonbrachiators. B) prosimians are to anthropoids. C) terrestrial is to arboreal. D) New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys. E) Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.
25)
Which of the following statements about orangutans is true?
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A) Orangutans are less arboreal than gorillas. B) As is typical of arboreal species, the orangutan exhibits little sexual dimorphism. C) Orangutans are the most sociable primates. D) The large size of the orangutan protects it from extinction. E) Orangutans used to live over much of Asia but now are found only on two islands in Indonesia.
26) Bonobos, which belong to the same genus as chimpanzees, are exceptional among primates because of A) their cannibalism. B) their ability to withstand the pressures of deforestation. C) their male-centered communities. D) the frequency with which they have sex, a behavior associated with conflict avoidance. E) their marked sexual dimorphism.
27)
To what primate suborder do tarsiers belong? A) Haplorrhini B) Orthograde C) Prehensile D) Prosimian E) Strepsirrhini
28)
What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?
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A) Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Recent B) Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic C) Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian D) Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary E) Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic
29)
What helped create an ecological niche that enabled primates to spread and diversify? A) long period of global cooling B) spread of grasslands C) separation of the primate suborders D) spread of flowering plants E) extinction of primate predators
30)
A tiny complete skeleton found recently in China supports the view that
A) the first primates evolved in Asia. B) larger primates lived only in Europe. C) the specimens previously thought to be primates from Europe and North Africa were actually mislabeled. D) Asian primates were the first primates to live in the Paleozoic. E) our earliest ancestors were nocturnal, like Asian tarsiers.
31)
Which of the following statements about the Oligocene epoch isfalse?
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A) This period dates to 34–23 mya. B) Hominins first appeared during this epoch. C) Most of what we know about primates from this period comes from fossils found in the Fayum. D) It belongs to the Tertiary period. E) It was a time of major geological and climatic change.
32)
Hominin fossils became abundant during the_________blank epoch. A) Miocene B) Holocene C) Oligocene D) Pliocene E) Pleistocene
33)
In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did proto-monkeys first appear? A) Paleocene (65–54 mya.) B) Eocene (54–34 mya.) C) Pliocene (5–2.6 mya.) D) Miocene (23–25 mya.) E) Oligocene (34–23 mya.)
34)
What species do some think coexisted withHomo erectus in Asia?
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A) Afropithecus B) Sivapithecus C) Pierolapithecus D) Gigantopithecus E) Dryopithecus
35) The 2014 discovery in northern Kenya of a lemon-sized fossil ape skull, that of an infant that lived 13 mya, supports the idea that A) humans descended from gorillas. B) humans descended from Adam and Eve. C) gorillas and chimps descended from humans. D) humans and African apes share a common ancestor. E) humans descended from chimps.
36) The study of terrestrial primates and the great apes is of particular relevance to anthropologists. ⊚ ⊚
37)
true false
Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea. ⊚ ⊚
true false
38) Hominid refers to the zoological family that includes fossil and living humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and their common ancestors.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
39) Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a common ancestor. ⊚ ⊚
40)
Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus. ⊚ ⊚
41)
true false
Arboreal primates tend to be large and heavy. ⊚ ⊚
42)
true false
true false
Opposable thumbs evolved as early primates adapted to terrestrial life. ⊚ ⊚
true false
43) Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter period of time. ⊚ ⊚
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44)
The primate suborder Haplorrhini is found only in Madagascar. ⊚ ⊚
45)
Platyrrhines are New World monkeys. ⊚ ⊚
46)
true false
In taxonomy, Catarrhine means flat-nosed, and platyrrhine means sharp-nosed. ⊚ ⊚
49)
true false
Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species. ⊚ ⊚
48)
true false
Most New World monkeys tend to use an orthograde posture. ⊚ ⊚
47)
true false
true false
Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species. ⊚ ⊚
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50) Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism. ⊚ ⊚
51)
Chimpanzees' dominance relationships involve attacks and displacement. ⊚ ⊚
52)
true false
We live in the Cenozoic era. ⊚ ⊚
53)
true false
true false
Primates evolved along with the expansion of flowering plants. ⊚ ⊚
true false
54) It was during the Oligocene that proto-monkeys became the most numerous of the primates. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 05_10e_The Primates 7) A 8) B 9) B 10) B 11) C 12) D 13) B 14) A 15) E 16) A 17) B 18) A 19) A 20) B 21) C 22) B 23) C 24) D 25) E 26) D 27) A 28) B 29) D 30) A 31) B 32) A Version 1
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33) B 34) D 35) D 36) TRUE 37) TRUE 38) TRUE 39) TRUE 40) FALSE 41) FALSE 42) FALSE 43) FALSE 44) FALSE 45) TRUE 46) FALSE 47) TRUE 48) FALSE 49) TRUE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) TRUE
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CHAPTER 6 1) Discuss the place ofArdipithecus kadabba, Ardipithecus ramidus, andAustralopithecus anamensis in hominin evolution, considering the current dates associated with both species.
2) Identify and discuss the major features of australopith dentition. What do these teeth tell us about the australopiths' mode of adaptation?
3) What are the major difficulties that arise in trying to interpret the hominin fossil record? How do these difficulties lead to conflicting interpretations of human evolution?
4) What factors were critical in the evolution of bipedalism? How do they illustrate the close relationship between biology and culture? How does the discovery of "Lucy's Baby" contribute to the understanding of this relationship?
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5) Discuss the persistent reliance on meat within the hominin diet. How did it influence the evolution and culture of hominins?
6) Discuss the significance ofAustralopithecus sediba. Why do paleoanthropologists debate its place in human evolution? What is unique about this fossil?
7) Bipedalism, considered a key defining characteristic that differentiated early hominins from other apes,
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A) resulted in greater exposure to heat stress because on two feet, hominins spent increasingly more time in the open grasslands. B) evolved as a result of anatomical changes caused by an increase in brain size. C) was accompanied by a sharp increase in hominins' climbing abilities. D) may have evolved as a result of anatomical changes caused by stone tool manufacturing. E) perhaps developed in the woodlands but became even more adaptive in a savanna habitat.
8) Which of the following was a key obstacle that hominins' increase in brain size had to overcome? A) overcoming the trend of ever more self-sufficient children eager to separate themselves from their mothers B) the challenges of walking with a head that is too heavy C) larger skulls demanding more elastic birth canals, even though the requirements of skeletal development during a woman's lifetime limit the elasticity of birth canals D) overcoming the trend of clumsy locomotion that makes hominins vulnerable to predators E) larger skulls demanding larger birth canals, even though the requirements of upright bipedalism impose limits on the expansion of the human pelvic opening
9) Which of the following statements about the recent discovery of the world’s oldest child, dubbed "Lucy's Baby, " isfalse?
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A) The fossil supports the theory thatAu. afarensis walked upright on two legs but still retained an apelike upper body, including two complete shoulder blades similar to a gorilla's, so it could have been better at climbing than are humans. B) She is a member ofAu. afarensis. C) Her remains, which are amazingly complete, include a remarkably well-preserved skull, baby teeth, tiny fingers, a torso, a foot, and a kneecap. D) The fossil suggests that the child died because her brain, which appears to have been larger than an average chimp brain at that age, was too large for her slowly developing skull. E) The 3.3-million-year-old fossilized toddler was uncovered in northern Ethiopia.
10)
Which of the following is true of theSahelanthropus tchadensis, or Toumai? A) Toumai's snout protruded as far as a chimp's, making it more apelike. B) Toumai mainly lived in rocky and icy mountains. C) Toumai's canine teeth were considerably longer than other apes. D) Toumai's diet was meat-based. E) Toumai was an adult male with a chimp-sized brain.
11)
A 2001 fossil find calledOrrorin tugenensis, dated approximately 6 million years of age,
A) appears to have been a chimp-sized creature that climbed easily and walked on two legs when on the ground. B) was found in South America, suggesting that the transition into bipedalism may have happened there. C) is the undisputed "missing link." D) is older than the famous Toumai find. E) lacks any possible evidence that it was bipedal.
12) In 2009, a newly reportedArdipithecus find (a fairly complete skeleton of A.ramidus), dubbed Ardi (4.4 mya),
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A) is the ancestor of Homo but not australopiths. B) stood about a foot shorter and weighed half as much as Lucy. C) replaced Lucy (3.2 mya) as the earliest known hominin skeleton. D) is the new undisputed oldest hominin fossil. E) lived in a dry savanna habitat.
13)
Which of the following statements aboutArdipithecus kadabba isfalse?
A) Its fossils belong to individuals that were apelike in size, anatomy, and habitat. B) It lived during the late Miocene, between 5.8 and 5.5 million years ago. C) Thekadabba find consists of eleven specimens, including a jaw bone with teeth, hand and foot bones, fragments of arm bones, and a piece of collarbone. D) It is recognized as the earliest known hominin, with the Toumai find from Chad, dated to 7–6 mya, andOrrorin tugenensis from Kenya, dated to 6 mya, as possibly even older hominins. E) Its bipedalism is still questioned because none of the fossil bones found was a pelvis or a femur.
14)
The earliest widely accepted hominin genus is A) Kenyanthropus platyops. B) Australopithecus. C) Ardipithecus. D) Homo erectus. E) Paranthropus robustus.
15)
Which of the following statements aboutOrrorin tugenensis is accurate?
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A) Orrorin walked on two legs on the ground but also climbed easily. B) The hominin status ofOrrorin is more generally accepted than is that of Ardipithecus. C) Orrorin's brain is approximately the same size of a human brain. D) Orrorin's dentition was more human than chimplike. E) Orrorin appears to have lived on the grassy savanna.
16) Interestingly, some of the physical markers that have led scientists to identify certain fossils as early hominins rather than apes are features that have been lost during subsequent human evolution. Which of the following is an example of this? A) thermoregulation B) stereoscopic vision C) big back teeth D) presence of salivary enzymes E) narrow birth canals
17) Although the first hominins appeared late in the Miocene, most hominin fossils have been dated to A) 20 to 15 mya. B) 400,000 to 300,000 years ago. C) the early Miocene. D) the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. E) the Holocene.
18)
The hominins known collectively as the australopiths had at least eight species,
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A) Au. anamensis, Au. afarensis, Au. kenyanthropus, Au. kadabba, Au. garhi, Au. robustus, Au. paranthropus, and Au. sediba. B) all discovered and named by the Leakey family. C) but only five of them have been confirmed to be bipedal, thus putting into question that all australopiths were hominins. D) all discovered in Africa except Au. boisei. E) Au. sediba, Au. garhi, Au. africanus, Au. afarensis, Au. anamensis, Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, and Paranthropus aethiopicus.
19) What major hominin group, for which we have an extensive fossil record, lived from approximately 4 to 1 mya? A) Ramapithecus B) Homo erectus C) Dryopithecus D) Homo sapiens E) Australopithecus
20) Northern Tanzania and the Afar region of Ethiopia have yielded some of the most famous and informative glimpses into hominin evolution. Which of the following statements about fossil finds in these areas isfalse? A) Although the fossils from these two regions were deposited half a million years apart, their many resemblances justify including them all as part of the same species,Homo habilis. B) The fossils from both Laetoli and Hadar, although clearly hominin, were similar in many ways to chimps and gorillas. C) Lucy, a tiny hominin female who lived around 3 mya, was found in the Hadar site in the Afar region of Ethiopia. D) The fossils from both Laetoli and Hadar are representative ofAustralopithecus afarensis. E) The Laetoli site in northern Tanzania yielded a series of fossilized footprints.
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21) What is the most important difference betweenAustralopithecus afarensis and the modern apes? A) Australopithecus afarensis had better color vision than apes. B) Australopithecus afarensis had a narrow chest, whereas living apes have a barrel chest. C) Australopithecus afarensis had increased cranial capacity. D) Australopithecus afarensis was bipedal. E) Australopithecus afarensis had lost its prehensile tail.
22) "Lucy's Baby," an importantAustralopithecus afarensis fossil from northern Ethiopia, includes a complete skull, mandible, and face. What is an important outcome of this find? A) It has a human-like skull and upper body, unlike Lucy. B) It sheds light on growth processes in human ancestors, including brain and dental development. C) It indicates thatAustralopithecus afarensis had a prolonged childhood period of slow brain growth. D) It is the first fossil hominid child found alongside its mother. E) It was found to have a large cranial capacity but was not bipedal, drawing into question how these traits develop in childhood.
23) Which of the following statements about the South African australopiths andHomo sapiens is true?
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A) Australopith Australopithecussediba is a Homo sapiens ancestor. B) Australopith brain size was approximately the same asHomo sapiens. C) As compared toHomo sapiens, australopiths had large chewing muscles that ran up the jaw. D) Australopiths probably relied more on the use of tools than did the earlyHomo. E) Australopith sexual dimorphism was less pronounced than it is inHomo sapiens.
24)
Which of the following isnot a location where australopith fossils have been found? A) Ethiopia B) South Africa C) Kenya D) Gibraltar E) Tanzania
25)
Fossils ofAustralopithecus afarensis are particularly significant because
A) they are the oldest hominin fossils yet found in the New World. B) they comprise the first fossil evidence to confirm that bipedalism preceded the evolution of a humanlike brain. C) they show that humans evolved in Asia rather than Africa. D) they show that the gracile australopiths were not hominins after all. E) Australopithecus afarensis remains are the oldest to be found in association with evidence of both stone tools and fire use.
26)
Which of the following statements about australopiths is true?
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A) They have been found predominantly in West Africa. B) They lived in the tropical forest. C) They had a greater cranial capacity thanHomo erectus. D) They were primarily carnivores. E) They were fully bipedal.
27) Of the following features belonging toAustralopithecus afarensis, which is evidence of its adaptation to bipedal locomotion? A) the position of itsforamen magnum underneath the skull B) its relatively large grinding surfaces on the back teeth, compared to earlier primate fossils C) its cranial capacity D) the presence of crude stone tools E) the development of an opposable thumb
28) What is the term for the bony protuberance found on top of the skulls ofParanthropus robustus? A) sagittal crest B) ischium C) foramen magnum D) temporalis E) masseter
29) The presence of which of the following is evidence that the diet ofParanthropus robustus was mainly vegetarian, with occasional meat?
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A) large back teeth, jaws, and a sagittal crest on the top of the skull B) massive, fossilized temporalis muscles C) prehensile tail D) fine finger bones and a large mandible E) a small but flexible masseter muscle and an enlarged occipital bun
30)
Of all the australopiths, which species had the largest back teeth? A) Australopithecus sediba B) Paranthropus boisei C) Australopithecus anamensis D) Paranthropus robustus E) Australopithecus garhi
31)
What do the skull, jaws, and teeth of australopiths indicate? A) Warfare was commonplace, because we see much evidence of head trauma. B) They used a fairly complex spoken language. C) Their diet was vegetarian with occasional meat. D) They were carnivores. E) They were cannibals.
32)
Which of the following statements about the so-called "black skull" isfalse?
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A) The skull shows anatomical features similar to those of genusParanthropus. B) The skull has a sagittal crest. C) Some scientists categorize the skull as belonging to a very early hyperrobustParanthropus boisei. D) Some scientists assign the black skull its own species,Paranthropus aethiopicus. E) The skull shows evidence of cold-weather adaptations.
33)
As compared to the robust australopiths, the gracile australopiths A) had smaller teeth and faces. B) had larger skulls. C) had bony crests on their skulls. D) were carnivorous. E) were not sexually dimorphic.
34) Which of the following hominin traits is key to differentiating early hominins from the apes? A) sharp teeth B) bipedalism C) opposable thumbs D) tool use E) brain size
35)
Which of the following characterizedParanthropus robustus?
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A) human-sized skull B) large back teeth C) weak chewing muscles D) thin face E) oversized canines
36)
Oldowan tools
A) show evidence that they were used on fellow hominins, providing the earliest evidence of human warfare and cannibalism. B) were found at the same site and stratigraphic layer as theArdipithecus kadabba fossils, dramatically pushing back in time the onset of stone tool use to the late Miocene. C) are manufactured stone tools that consist of flakes and cores. D) include elaborate axes and spears. E) were also used to decorate burial sites, suggesting very early symbolic thought.
37)
Which of the following statements aboutAustralopithecus garhi is false? A) It was a previously undiscovered hominin that dated to 2.6–2.5 mya B) It was discovered in 1999 in Ethiopia. C) It was found along with the earliest evidence yet discovered of animal butchery. D) It was found with the remains of antelopes and horses. E) It was not likely to have had the capacity to use stone tools.
38) Which of the following statements about the relationship betweenAustralopithecus sediba?
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A) Australopithecus sediba is the direct evolutionary link to between modern humans and australopiths. B) Australopithecus sediba did not have many human-like features but walked bipedally. C) Australopithecus sediba allowed scientists to confirm that australopiths had a different anatomical makeup than humans. D) Australopithecus sediba has been dated to between 1.98 and 1.78 mya. E) Australopithecus sediba is the earliest known fossil member of the genus Homo.
39) Postcranial material fromArdipithecus, the earliest widely accepted hominin genus (5.8– 4.4 mya), indicates a capacity—albeit an imperfect one—for upright bipedal locomotion. ⊚ ⊚
true false
40) The Piltdown Hoax was exposed by the use of the K/A (potassium/argon) dating technique. ⊚ ⊚
41)
true false
Orrorin tugenensis lived in open grasslands. ⊚ ⊚
true false
42) In trying to determine whether a fossil is a human ancestor, we should always look for traits that make us human today. ⊚ ⊚
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43) The discovery ofSahelanthropus tchadensis (Toumai) indicates that early hominin evolution was not confined to East Africa's Rift Valley. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) A characteristic trend in hominin evolution has been an increase in brain size, especially with the advent of the genusHomo. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) Scientists hypothesize that Ardipithecus may have evolved intoAustralopthecus anamensis, a bipedal hominin whose remains were found in northern Kenya and Ethiopia. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) The teeth and skulls of the South African australopiths suggest that they had a vegetarian diet with occasional meat consumption. ⊚ ⊚
47)
true false
The footprints at the site of Laetoli in northern Tanzania were made byAu. afarensis. ⊚ ⊚
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48) The cranial features ofAustralopithecus afarensis were poorly adapted to chewing, grinding, and crushing. ⊚ ⊚
49)
true false
Sexual dimorphism is less pronounced in modernHomo sapiens than in the australopiths. ⊚ ⊚
true false
50) The dentition ofAustralopithecus afarensis exhibits some similarities to the dentition of modern chimpanzees. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) In apes, the thighbone angles into the hip, permitting the space between the knees to be narrower than the pelvis during walking. ⊚ ⊚
52)
Robust australopiths have been found only in East Africa. ⊚ ⊚
53)
true false
true false
The genusHomo did not appear until after all the australopiths had died off. ⊚ ⊚
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54) Compared to the australopiths, earlyHomo had larger cheek teeth and a larger cranial capacity. ⊚ ⊚
55)
true false
Oldowan tools were made by striking flakes off the sides of cores. ⊚ ⊚
true false
56) In 2015 it was announced that stone tools 700,000 years older than the previously recognized oldest stone tools were found in Kenya. ⊚ ⊚
true false
57) One of the reasons the discovery of the specimenAustralopithecus garhi and other materials in its site is important is that it provided evidence that large mammals were being butchered, which suggests that australopiths were stone toolmakers with some capacity for culture. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 06_10e_Early Hominins 7) E 8) E 9) D 10) E 11) A 12) C 13) E 14) C 15) A 16) C 17) D 18) E 19) E 20) A 21) D 22) B 23) C 24) D 25) B 26) E 27) A 28) A 29) A 30) B 31) C 32) E Version 1
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33) A 34) B 35) B 36) C 37) E 38) D 39) TRUE 40) FALSE 41) FALSE 42) FALSE 43) TRUE 44) TRUE 45) TRUE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) FALSE 49) TRUE 50) TRUE 51) FALSE 52) FALSE 53) FALSE 54) FALSE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE
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CHAPTER 7 1) Summarize the fossil evidence for the evolution of H. erectus out of australopith ancestors. Make sure to identify major trends and how they correlate with different uses of the environment.
2) Discuss the major anatomical differences between the australopiths and H. erectus. What are the major anatomical differences between H. erectus and modern human anatomy?
3) Drawing on biological and cultural evidence, discuss the major similarities and differences in the cultural adaptive strategies employed by australopiths and H. erectus.
4) In this chapter we learn how the Acheulean hand ax represents a predetermined shape based on a template in the mind of the toolmaker. How might the scientists analyzing these tools have made that assessment? What are the implications of such a finding?
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5) How do biological changes in H. erectus reflect new cultural adaptive strategies? How do these relate to H. erectus's capacity to extend the hominin range beyond Africa to Asia and Europe?
6) What are the main morphological differences between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans? How have these differences been interpreted?
7) The recent discovery of H. floresiensis has captivated scientists and the general public alike. Why? What is so surprising about this find? Based on what you have learned so far about human evolution, what seems to you the more plausible explanation for H. floresiensis?
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8) Discuss the Neandertals' dating and geographic distributions. Review and evaluate the various positions that have been taken in interpreting the relationship between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans.
9) What is behavioral modernity? What are some of the competing theories (and the evidence to support each) of when, where, and how behavioral modernity originated?
10) How did the glacial retreat and interglacials affect evolution and movement across continents? Base your answer on the Würm glacial.
11) How has genetic evidence helped us understand the settling of new continents? Base your answer on Beringian inhabitants.
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12)
Which of the following statements is true of KNM-ER 1470? A) Postcranial remains found a decade later confirm it to be a hyperrobust australopith. B) Its brain size indicates an australopith, whereas its molars indicate a human. C) It has an unusual combination of a large brain (775 ) and very large molars. D) The KNM-ER 1470 skull has a noticeably marked brow ridge and a depression behind
it. E) It was a juvenile skull with a remarkably complete lower jaw bones.
13)
Which of the following statements about the appearance of H. habilis is true?
A) H. habilis shows evidence of a shift from an arboreal to an open-grassland environment. B) H. habilis evolved from Paranthropus boisei, the hyperrobust australopith. C) H. habilis was relatively small in stature compared to H. erectus. D) H. habilis represents a gradual shift away from predation to vegetarianism. E) H. habilis demonstrates the adaptive advantage of sedentism.
14) What is so significant about the recent fossil finds of an H. erectus and an H. habilis from Ileret, Kenya, east of Lake Turkana?
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A) They prove that sexual dimorphism was finally absent as a trend in human evolution by 2 mya. B) They confirm that H. habilis evolved from H. erectus. C) They prove that functional differentiation in toolmaking preceded the advent of Homo. D) They negate the conventional view held since 1960 that habilis and erectus evolved one after the other. Instead, they lived side by side in eastern Africa for perhaps half a million years. E) They prove that H. erectus and H. habilis coexisted in the same ecological niche and eventually interbred to result in a single species.
15) The earliest tools of the Acheulean type associated with H. erectus (1.76 mya) come from a site near Lake Turkana in Kenya. These tools were used A) to smash bones or dig for tubers. B) during cultural rituals. C) in rudimentary attempts at farming. D) to hunt down small game. E) in building basic shelters, such as huts.
16)
Which of the following statements aboutH. erectus fossils isfalse? A) They show an increasing reliance on cultural adaptation. B) They indicate increasing hunting proficiency. C) They had a thicker skull bone and a very robust skeleton. D) They have hyperrobust chewing muscles and broad, flat molars. E) They are often found associated with Acheulean stone tools.
17) What have researchers learned by looking at the molars and other cranial features of H. erectus?
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A) The paucity of dental remains of H. erectus has made it difficult for researchers to say anything significant. B) H. erectus was more dependent on hunting—and the lifestyle it demanded—than earlier hominins. C) H. erectus was more dependent on tubers than earlier hominins. D) The chewing apparatus of H. erectus was essentially the same as that of H. habilis. E) H. erectus had yet to make the shift to hunting seen later on with Neandertals.
18) Biological and cultural changes enabledH. erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy— hunting and gathering. This in turn was crucial forH. erectus to A) diminish the rate of mortalities due to violent encounters with large animals and other hominins. B) bring about the onset of complex language. C) push the hominin range beyond Africa, into Asia and Europe. D) beat out H. habilis in competition for key ecological niches. E) overcome its greatest challenge: an imperfect bipedal gait.
19) What is the name of the time period that evolved out of the Oldowan tradition and lasted until about 15,000 years ago? A) Oldowan B) Paleolithic C) Chalcolithic D) Acheulean E) Neolithic
20) Which of the following statements describes a key difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools?
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A) Oldowan tools show an increase in size and a focus in being used for hunting. B) Acheulean tools, such as the hand ax, represent a predetermined shape based on a template in the mind of the toolmaker, suggesting a cognitive leap between earlier hominins and H. erectus. C) Oldowan tools are based on the production of blades, associated with an increasing range of ways hominins exploited their biological and cultural environments. D) Acheulean tools constitute a move away from wood toward more plastic media like clay. E) Acheulean tools show representations of the human form on nonfunctional surfaces.
21)
Which of the following is true of the adaptive strategies ofH. erectus?
A) It had a rugged and long-legged skeleton adapted to stalking and hunting large animals. B) The averageH. erectus brain (about 500 ) was half of the australopith average. C) It had thin skull bones, and the braincase was high and flat. D) It had a sagittal crest and hard bone development at the lower end of the skull. E) The averageH. erectus had a face, teeth, and jaws larger than in australopiths but smaller than those of contemporary humans.
22) The spread of H. erectus from tropical and subtropical climates into temperate zones was facilitated by all of the followingexcept A) blade-toolmaking traditions. B) living in rock shelters and caves. C) increasingly efficient hunting methods. D) the use of fire for survival. E) the use of fire for cooking.
23)
Which of the following isnot associated with H. erectus?
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A) a massive ridge above the eyes B) cave painting C) the development of Acheulean tools D) more sophisticated toolmaking E) the use of fire
24)
H. erectus is generally associated with which of the following tool-making technologies? A) Mousterian B) Oldowan C) Upper Paleolithic D) core and flake E) Acheulean
25) The fossil finds near Beijing, China (including the Zhoukoudian cave) yielded the remains of more than 40 specimens of A) H. habilis. B) H. erectus. C) H. naledi. D) Neandertals. E) H. heidelbergensis.
26) One fairly complete skull, one large mandible, and two partial skulls were found in the 1990s at the Dmanisi site in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia. Dated to 1.77 to 1.7 mya, these fossils
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A) established an undisputed new species, H. rudolfensis. B) are older than the fossils of the Nariokotome boy found in Kenya. C) suggest a slow spread of early Homo out of Africa and into Eurasia. D) exhibit no anatomical diversity, unlike the variable anatomically modern humans. E) suggest a rapid spread, by 1.77 mya, of earlyHomo out of Africa and into Eurasia.
27) What is the most likely explanation of why early Homo left Africa and spread into Eurasia? A) the pursuit of meat B) Homo's smaller bodies, which made them more fit for long-distance travel C) a hyperspecialization in vegetarian diets D) a maladaptation to a more energy-inefficient system of locomotion E) overpopulation in Africa
28)
Which of the following sites isnot included in the probable range of H. erectus? A) South Africa B) China C) the country of Georgia D) Alaska E) Java
29) European fossils and tools have contributed disproportionately to our knowledge and interpretation of anatomically modern H. sapiens. What explains this?
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A) that anatomically modern humans evolved in France B) that AMHs were driven to Europe by the more aggressive Cro-Magnons C) the long history of Paleolithic archaeology in Europe relative to other regions in the world D) the richness of data from the Zhoukoudian site E) stratigraphic disturbances caused by glaciers
30) Which of the following fossil finds from South Africa's Rising Star cave was announced in 2015? A) australopith remains with surprisingly large craniums B) hominin fossils, dubbed Homo naledi, that have a mix of primitive and modern features C) evidence of the earliest recorded stone tools D) the earliest known member of the hominin lineage, fossil LD 350-1 E) the skull and skeletons of miniature people, H. floresiensis
31) The geological epoch known as the_________blank has been considered the epoch of early human life. A) Cenozoic era B) Pleistocene C) Mousterian D) Miocene E) Würm
32) The Middle Pleistocene hominins that lived between H. erectus and the Neandertals from between roughly 850,000 and 200,000 B.P. were known as
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A) H. heidelbergensis . B) H. habilis . C) Denisovans. D) H. rudolfensis . E) H. floresiensis .
33) At the site of Terra Amata, in southern France, archaeologists have documented human activity dating back some 300,000 years. What do findings there indicate? A) Early hominids cultivated plants. B) Homo erectus engaged in warfare. C) The site's inhabitants led an essentially human lifestyle. D) These people had a largely vegetarian diet consisting of grass, leaves, and fruit. E) Homo habilis had language.
34) What group was found to have a pronounced brow ridge, stocky build, and massive nasal cavities, characteristics that were adaptations to cold weather? A) Australopithecus Garhi B) Sahelanthropus tchadensis C) Neandertals D) Orrorin tugenensis E) Danuvius guggenmosi
35)
Which of the following is true of Neandertals?
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A) They had short, slim trunks, and large, long and strong arms. B) They most likely had long, broad noses adapted for a cold climate. C) Thay had tiny front teeth, long faces, and nominal brow ridges. D) They used their fingers and toes for varied purposes, such as tearing animal hides to make soft winter clothing. E) They ate a mainly vegetarian diet.
36)
Which of the following traits doesnot characterize a Neandertal skull? A) an average cranial capacity larger than that of modern humans B) a broad face C) a large brow ridge D) a short and slim trunk E) huge front teeth
37)
What is the name of the stone-tool tradition associated with Neandertals? A) Oldowan B) blades C) Acheulean D) microliths E) Mousterian
38) Although the Neandertals are remembered more for their physiques than for their manufacturing abilities, their tool kits were sophisticated. In fact, the Mousterian technology with which Neandertals are associated
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A) provides the first definitive evidence of tool construction based on a template in the mind of the toolmaker. B) was characterized by a revolutionary use of metals in combination with wood and stone. C) included a variety of categories of tools designed for different jobs. D) consisted of the basic core and flake method. E) included the use of fire in toolmaking.
39) Generations of scientists have debated whether the Neandertals were ancestral to modern Europeans. The current prevailing view, which denies that ancestry, proposes that A) H. erectus split into separate groups, one ancestral to the Neandertals, the other ancestral to anatomically modern humans, who first reached Europe around 100,000 B.P.—long before Neandertals. B) Neandertals migrated eastward through Siberia and into the Americas until they died out. C) H. erectus killed off the Neandertals even prior to the emergence of anatomically modern humans. D) modern humans evolved in Africa and eventually colonized Europe, displacing the Neandertals there. E) Neandertals died out because they retained too many australopith characteristics that were poorly adapted to northern latitudes.
40)
One of the most surprising aspects of the recent discovery of H. floresiensis is the
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A) suggestion that anatomically modern humans may have reached the Americas much earlier than expected. B) archaeological evidence of sophisticated astronomical knowledge. C) evidence that this new species may have replaced Neandertals in the Middle East later than expected. D) their disproportionate feet. E) suggestion that this species had developed capacities for language despite their small brains, as is evidenced in their cave art.
41) The earliest (1.76 mya) Acheulean tools associated withH. erectus come from a site near Lake Turkana in Kenya. What are the characteristics of these tools? A) a high degree of variance in shape, indicating that the styles were not uniform B) symmetry, uniformity, and planning C) a low degree of functional differentiation D) symbolic etchings that indicate ritual behavior E) less sophistication than Oldowan tools
42)
According to some scientists, the Denisovans were A) AMHs with thick skulls, jutting jaws, and flat faces. B) distant hominin cousins of the Neandertals. C) the most recent australopiths. D) tiny human descendants of H. erectus. E) the earliest known members of the genus Homo.
43)
From where does mitochondrial DNA come?
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A) ribosomes B) the nucleus of cells C) the cytoplasm of cells D) Golgi apparatus E) lysosomes
44) Recent fossil finds from Ethiopia such as the Herto skulls (154,000–160,000 B.P.) and the Omo remains (estimated date 195,000 B.P.) provide accumulated evidence to support the A) idea that Neandertals originated in Africa and never left the continent. B) crucial role the manipulation of fire played in the advent of behavioral modernity. C) African origin of anatomically modern humans. D) Asian origin of the broad-spectrum revolution. E) European origin of anatomically modern humans.
45) In 2003, scientists announced the 1997 discovery in an Ethiopian valley of three anatomically modern skulls—two adults and a child. Known collectively as the Herto skulls, they were dated by researchers to 154,000–160,000 B.P. All of the following clues suggested these skulls were in fact of anatomically modern humans,except A) the skulls' detachment, suggesting they had been used—perhaps ritually—after death. B) their tall and narrow nasal bones. C) their tall and narrow sagittal crests. D) their long and broad midfaces. E) their high cranial vaults, falling within modern dimensions.
46)
According to mtDNA analyses, when did the first modern humans leave Africa?
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A) 2 mya B) 1 mya C) over 735,000 years ago D) 535,000 years ago E) no more than 135,000 years ago
47) In 1987, a group of molecular geneticists at the University of California at Berkeley offered support for the idea that anatomically modern humans arose fairly recently in Africa, then spread out and colonized the world. The geneticists analyzed genetic samples of 147 women whose ancestors came from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. By estimating the number of mutations that had taken place in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of each of these samples, the researchers concluded that A) everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed "Mitochondrial Eve") who lived in sub-Saharan Africa around 200,000 years ago, and her descendants left Africa no more than 135,000 years ago. B) everyone alive can count the Neandertal of western Europe as their ancestor. C) Neandertals coexisted with modern humans in the Middle East for at least 2,000 years. D) establishing a "genetic clock" to model human evolution is reliable only when focusing on 50,000 years into the past. E) everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed "Mitochondrial Eve") who lived in Asia around 50,000 years ago, and her descendants left Asia 100,000 years ago.
48) Compared to Neandertal skulls, anatomically modern specimens found at the Skhūl and Qafzeh sites in Israel have a modern shape. Their braincases A) are the largest of all hominins, even beyond modern dimensions. B) are thicker, the result of an adaptation to increased interspecies violence. C) have heavier brows, smaller chins, and wider and flatter faces. D) are larger and longer, with marked brows. E) are flatter and lighter, with a less marked chin.
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49)
To what does the advent of behavioral modernity refer?
A) the beginning of life beyond the forest and in the open grasslands B) when early anatomically modern humans began to manipulate fire C) when hominids became hominins D) the beginning of a truly civilized and sedentary life, achieved about 10,000 years ago E) when early anatomically modern humans became fully human in behavior (relying on symbolic thought and elaborating cultural creativity) as well as in anatomy
50)
In the context of the advent of modern humanity, scientists agree that A) our hominin ancestors originated in Africa around 10 mya. B) anatomically modern humans evolved from ancestors in Africa around 300,000 years
ago. C) hominins were making advanced stone tools in Africa 6 mya. D) hominins had spread from Africa to Asia and eventually Europe 3 mya. E) Neandertals and successors of H. erectus replaced anatomically modern humans.
51) There is much debate among scientists about when, where, and how anatomically modern humans achieved behavioral modernity. Some researchers suggest that about 50,000 years ago a genetic mutation acted to rewire the human brain, allowing for an advance in language and other related modern behaviors. Others propose
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A) a culinary hypothesis, suggesting that Homo's capacity to increase the range of foods in the diet triggered the necessary brain development to make modern behaviors possible. B) that the advent of the nuclear family within larger nomadic groups made possible intense social interactions that triggered more complex social behaviors. C) that instead of a sudden event in Europe due to a mutation, behavioral modernity resulted from a slow process of cultural accumulation within Africa, where Homo sapiens became fully human long before 40,000 years ago. D) that drastic climatic changes 40,000 years ago led archaic humans to turn to ritual—a definite sign of behavioral modernity—to explain the unforeseen environmental changes that suddenly altered their way of life. E) a hearth hypothesis, suggesting that the most important trigger to behavioral modernity was Homo's capacity, achieved 50,000 years ago, for manipulating fire and thus living in caves and cooking their meat.
52) Although the debate over the origin of behavioral modernity continues, archaeological work in many world areas A) provides undisputed evidence that human anatomical modernity was achieved in Asia. B) continues to prove that anatomical modernity preceded behavioral modernity. C) suggests strongly that neither anatomical modernity nor behavioral modernity was a European invention. D) illustrates how archaeological evidence is often more reliable than fossil evidence. E) shows that examples of behavioral modernity are obvious among material remains once they are found.
53) Recent discoveries in a cave at Pinnacle Point, South Africa, suggest that humans had achieved behavioral modernity as early as 164,000 B.P. All of the following were found at this siteexcept evidence of
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A) bladelet stone-tool technology. B) abstract carvings. C) animal butchery for the first time. D) the very early use of paint, likely for ritualistic behavior. E) artistic creativity.
54)
Which of the following characterize(s) Upper Paleolithic traditions? A) pebble tools B) hand axes C) blade tools D) plant domestication E) metallurgy
55) All of the following characterized the changeover from the Mousterian to the Upper Paleolithicexcept A) growth in Homo's total population and geographic range. B) increasing standardization in tool manufacture. C) an increase in the number of distinct tool types, reflecting functional specialization. D) increasing local cultural diversity as people specialized in particular economic activities. E) marked social and economic stratification among members of society.
56) How was the blade-core method, which characterizes the tools of Upper Paleolithic traditions, superior to Mousterian technology?
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A) The Upper Paleolithic blade-core method was faster, more efficient, and more productive than previous stone tool making. B) The Upper Paleolithic blade-core method used naturally occurring metal ores to strike blades off cores. C) The Upper Paleolithic blade-core method was faster but also more difficult to achieve, resulting in many tries that yielded no results. D) There was no difference between the two methods—only a greater diversity of tool uses among Upper Paleolithic traditions. E) The Upper Paleolithic blade-core method produced sharper and longer cores than was typical of the Mousterian method.
57)
During the Upper Paleolithic, the hominin range
A) was limited to Europe and Africa prior to the anatomically modern humans' stage of human evolution. B) reached its territorial maximum by 50,000 B.P. C) expanded significantly, in large part due to Homo's development of cultural and economic diversity. D) expanded to its maximum when Neandertal foragers entered the New World. E) moved away from the coasts because of natural disasters like flood and drought.
58) Climate changes had a profound impact on the hominin way of life. In southwestern Europe, for example,
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A) hominins turned to a more specialized diet based on big-game meat after the glacial retreat. B) the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period caused animal diversity to drop, challenging hominins to shift their diets from meat to coarse grasses. C) hominins began a sedentary life after the end of the Würm glacial period, forming the first villages in human history. D) the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period gradually lured big game farther north, pressuring hominins to use a greater variety of foods. E) hominins were forced to migrate northward during the Würm glacial interval.
59)
Which of the following isnot a general trend in hominin evolution? A) an increase in the quantity and quality of tools B) an increase in cranial capacity C) a greater reliance on cultural means of adaptation D) population growth E) a greater reliance on biological means of adaptation
60)
What species is associated with the manufacture and use of paint in South Africa? A) anatomically modern humans B) Neandertals C) Au. afarensis D) H. habilis E) H. erectus
61)
How did modern humans take advantage of global climate change to expand their range?
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A) Warmer periods forced people to adapt their diets to a smaller range of staples, in turn forcing them to move to ensure that these staples remained part of their diet, such as the case of the colonization of Sahul by 50,000 years ago. B) During major glacials, with so much water frozen in ice, land bridges formed, aiding human colonization of new areas such as Australia and the Americas. C) During interglacial periods the seas rose, encouraging human exploration of the oceans, such as the case of the Pacific islands from Asia by 46,000 B.P. D) During interglacial periods the sea levels dropped, encouraging human exploration along the coasts, leading to unexpected discoveries such as the case of the Pacific islands from Asia by 46,000 B.P. E) During major glacials, with so much of the earth's soils too frozen for agriculture, humans had to turn to hunting and foraging, which in turn forced them to be on the move once they depleted an area of its food resources.
62) The Clovis people were not the first inhabitants of the Americas. Recent research now suggests that A) the Americas were settled by one haplogroup—a lineage marked by one or more specific genetic mutations. B) the wheel, which has never been found in Clovis sites, was a critical part of an even earlier arrival to the Americas. C) ancient humans reached the western United States more than 16,000 years ago. D) the Americas were most likely settled by several colonists who came at different times and perhaps by different routes. E) the members of the Clovis tradition depended on the domestication of horses to make travel possible.
63) The Clovis tradition—a sophisticated stone technology based on a sharp point that was fastened to the end of a hunting spear—flourished
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A) around 18,000 B.P. in northeastern Asia, making possible the successful crossing of the Bering Sea into North America. B) widely all across the Americas, with archaeological evidence of its reach as far south as Tierra del Fuego. C) in Sahul, the land mass connecting Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania, around 50,000 B.P. D) in the Central Plains, on their western margins, and in what is now the eastern United States, between 13,250 and 12,800 B.P. E) as the dominant and exclusive cultural tradition of the Americas between 18,000 and 12,000 B.P.
64) The Monte Verde archaeological site in south-central Chile dates to at least 1,500 years before the Clovis people (which date to 13,250 B.P.). This evidence for the early occupation of southern South America, along with other lines of evidence, suggests that A) Paranthropus boisei successfully made it to the Americas. B) the first migration of humans into the Americas made it there from Asia by crossing the Pacific in reed boats. C) the Clovis people were the first humans into South America. D) the first migration of humans into the Americas may date back 18,000 years. E) the Clovis tradition, a sophisticated stone technology based on a sharp point fastened to the end of a hunting spear, was crucial for migration into South America.
65) Although there is now evidence that several human groups colonized the Americas, those that crossed over through Beringia to reach the Americas did so
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A) following herds of big-game animals. B) in their search for colder climates, because these Neandertals were adapted to cold weather. C) because they were fleeing from warlike Cro-Magnon groups. D) in order to take advantage of large flint deposits in South America. E) because they were gradually forced into new territories by the expansion of more advanced agricultural groups in Asia.
66) In South Africa's Blombos Cave, 100,000-year-old paint was recently discovered. This find indicates that A) humans made red paint for functional but not symbolic reasons. B) Neandertals used paint in different ways than anatomically modern humans. C) modern behavior is much older than anthropologists once believed. D) artistic behaviors developed before anatomically modern bodies. E) Neandertals created art and had symbolic thought.
67)
Several different kinds of hominin lived in Africa before and after the advent of Homo. ⊚ ⊚
true false
68) South Africa's Rising Star cave system is located in the "Cradle of Humankind," an area known for the important hominin fossil discoveries made there during the first half of the twentieth century. ⊚ ⊚
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69) The recent hominin fossil finds from Ileret, Kenya, negate the conventional view held since 1960 that H. habilis and H. erectus evolved one after the other. Instead, they lived side by side in eastern Africa for perhaps half a million years. ⊚ ⊚
true false
70) Natural selection operated against large teeth as the size of teeth, which form before they erupt, is under stricter genetic control than jaw size and bone size are. ⊚ ⊚
true false
71) The Acheulean tradition is characterized by core choppers that were made by removing flakes from one end of a core. ⊚ ⊚
true false
72) Biological and cultural changes enabled H. erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy— gathering and hunting. ⊚ ⊚
true false
73) The recent Dmanisi fossil finds suggest a rapid spread, by 1.77 mya, of earlyHomo out of Africa into Eurasia. ⊚ ⊚
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74) The species nameH. heidelbergensis is now commonly used to refer to the Middle Pleistocene hominins that lived betweenH. erectus and the Neandertals. ⊚ ⊚
true false
75) The discovery of the jaw of a H. heidelbergensis near Heidelberg, Germany, proves that H. sapiens evolved in Europe. ⊚ ⊚
true false
76) In addition to their stocky bodies, adapted to conserve heat, Neandertals made clothes, developed elaborate tools, and hunted reindeer, mammoths, and woolly rhinos in order to adapt to the cold climate in Europe during the Würm glaciation. ⊚ ⊚
77)
true false
The stone-tool tradition associated with Neandertals is called the Mousterian. ⊚ ⊚
true false
78) Compared to anatomically modern humans, Neandertals exhibited a greater degree of sexual dimorphism. ⊚ ⊚
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79) One of the most surprising aspects of the recent discovery of H. floresiensis, a species of tiny people who lived, gathered, and hunted on the Indonesian island of Flores from about 95,000 B.P. until at least 13,000 B.P., is the specimens' very large skulls; yet they lacked behaviors associated with anatomically modern humans. ⊚ ⊚
true false
80) On January 25, 2018, Israeli paleoanthropologist Israel Hershkovitz and team excavated the earliest member of Homo sapiens yet found outside of Africa from Misliya Cave on the western slopes of Mount Carmel. ⊚ ⊚
true false
81) The anatomically modern humans at Jebel Irhoud (300,000 B.P.) were smart enough to make complex tools, such as flint-bladed spears, sourcing the flint from 20 miles away. ⊚ ⊚
true false
82) Early AMHs in Western Europe often are called Cro Magnons, after the earliest fossil find of an anatomically modern human, in France's Les Eyzies region, Dordogne Valley, in 1868. ⊚ ⊚
true false
83) Recent genetic research comparing Neandertal DNA and modern human DNA supports the theory that Neandertals evolved into the European populations of anatomically modern humans. ⊚ ⊚ Version 1
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84)
The dry land that connected Australia and Tasmania is known as Beringia. ⊚ ⊚
true false
85) Although scientists agree on the nature of behavioral modernity, they disagree on how and where it originated. ⊚ ⊚
true false
86) Anatomically modern humans in Turkey and Lebanon used body ornaments that anthropologists believe could have been part a system of communication, signaling group identity and social status. ⊚ ⊚
true false
87) Analysis of Acheulean tools suggests that hand axes were versatile tools used for many tasks, from butchering and cutting to woodworking and vegetable preparation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
88) Unlike the Mousterian technology, which had many different kinds of stone tools, the tool traditions of the Upper Paleolithic included only a few different types of implements. ⊚ ⊚
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89) With the end of the Würm glacial period, human groups shifted their subsistence strategies to a broader spectrum of species that they exploited. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 07_10e_The Genus Homo 12) C 13) C 14) D 15) A 16) D 17) B 18) C 19) B 20) B 21) A 22) A 23) B 24) E 25) B 26) E 27) A 28) D 29) C 30) B 31) B 32) A 33) C 34) C 35) B 36) D 37) E Version 1
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38) C 39) D 40) D 41) B 42) B 43) C 44) C 45) C 46) E 47) A 48) C 49) E 50) B 51) C 52) C 53) C 54) C 55) E 56) A 57) C 58) D 59) E 60) A 61) B 62) C 63) D 64) D 65) A 66) C 67) TRUE Version 1
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68) TRUE 69) TRUE 70) TRUE 71) FALSE 72) TRUE 73) TRUE 74) TRUE 75) FALSE 76) TRUE 77) TRUE 78) TRUE 79) FALSE 80) TRUE 81) TRUE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) TRUE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE
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CHAPTER 8 1) What is broad-spectrum foraging, and why is it important in understanding the shift to farming?
2) What archaeological evidence can be used to support interpretations of either a foodproducing revolution or a gradual transition from foraging to strategies that relied more heavily on domesticated plants and animals?
3) What is a vertical economy? Why is this concept significant in the history of domestication and food production? In which areas of the world do we see vertical economies?
4) What are the similarities and differences in the transition from foraging to food production in the Middle East and Mesoamerica?
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5) Discuss the genetic changes in the domestication of plants in the New and Old Worlds and compare the selective factors for these changes in the two areas. How do these facts and their role in the history of domestication help explain the differences between natural selection and artificial selection?
6) One of the most significant contrasts between Old and New World food production involved animal domestication. Describe this contrast and its possible consequences in the diverging pattern of history on both sides of the Atlantic.
7) Anthropologists once thought, erroneously, that domestication would happen almost automatically once people gained sufficient knowledge of plants and animals. How has their view changed?
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8) What has been the relationship between geography and climate and the spread of food production? Provide examples.
9) Explain how what we think of as truly American usually has foreign roots. Give examples from your observation.
10)
To what did Kent Flannery (1969) refer with the term broad-spectrum revolution?
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A) the period beginning around 15,000 B.P. in the Middle East and 12,000 B.P. in Europe, during which a wider range of plant and animal life was hunted, gathered, collected, caught, and fished B) the period in which Asia became the only place in the world with communities leading a sedentary life and engaging in food and animal domestication C) the period between 20,000 B.P. and 10,000 B.P. when anatomically modern humans colonized the entire world, made possible by a smarter utilization of a wider range of environments D) the period in which a wider range of tools was being fabricated, for both utilitarian and ritualistic purposes E) the period in which the first large states began to grow, although there was nothing actually "revolutionary" about it because this process occurred very gradually
11) The broad-spectrum revolution in Europe included the late Upper Paleolithic and the Mesolithic, which followed it. What tool type characterized the Mesolithic? A) core B) microlith C) spear D) axe E) blade
12)
Which of the following regarding the human range in Europe by 10,000 B.P. isfalse?
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A) The range of hunting, gathering, and fishing populations extended to the formerly glaciated British Isles and Scandinavia. B) As a consequence of the increase in forest species, people increasingly practiced new hunting techniques, mainly solitary stalking and trapping, similar to more recent practices of many Native American groups. C) The humans yet lacked the skills to use the resources from the many waterbodies around, such as the ocean coasts and lakes. D) The process of preserving meat and fish by smoking and salting grew increasingly important. E) The continent was forest rather than treeless steppe and tundra, as it had been during the Upper Paleolithic.
13) What is the name given to the cultural period in which the first signs of domestication were present? A) Upper Paleolithic B) Microlithic C) Mesolithic D) Chalcolithic E) Neolithic
14) Middle Eastern food production arose in the context of four environmental zones. From highest altitude to lowest, they are A) high plateau, hilly flanks, piedmont steppe, and alluvial desert. B) Ali Kosh, high plateau, Mesopotamia, and piedmont steppe. C) high plateau, Natufian fields, Mesopotamia, and alluvial desert. D) high zone, middle-high zone, middle-low zone, and low zone. E) Zagros, piedmont steppe, hilly flanks, and alluvial plains.
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15)
Where do scholars believe food production first began in the Middle East? A) high plateau B) alluvial desert C) desert oases D) hilly flanks E) marginal areas
16)
Where does the world's oldest pottery come from? A) Nittano near Tokyo, Japan B) the British Isles C) Scandinavia D) Bavaria, Germany E) Jiangxi Province, Southern China
17)
What is sedentism? A) living off wild species B) a nomadic lifestyle C) a capitalist-based exchange D) living off domestic species E) life in settled villages
18)
When did sedentary life develop in the Middle East?
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A) at the same time that farming and herding developed B) after farming, but before herding C) after farming and herding D) after herding, but before farming E) long before farming and herding
19) The Natufians' ability to exploit their rich local environment with broad-spectrum foraging made it possible for them to A) have a nutritious diet with staples ranging from millet to manioc. B) live in year-round villages prior to the emergence of domestication. C) incorporate roaming herding groups into their sedentary communities. D) establish the foundations of a complex state even prior to boosting food production. E) experiment with agricultural techniques that would eventually lead to increased food production and a truly sedentary lifestyle.
20)
Where was the evidence for the world's earliest known bread found? A) Çatalhöyük, Turkey B) Shubayqa 1 in Jordan C) Copenhagen, Denmark D) Jiangxi Province, Southern China E) Bavaria, Germany
21)
What is a vertical economy?
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A) a means of integrating a society based on hereditary inequality and coercion B) a system that exploits environmental zones that contrast with one another in altitude, rainfall, overall climate, and vegetation C) a form of indirect-biased transmission D) one of the types of segmentary lineage organization found in regions of East Africa E) a system of top-down exchange across regions
22)
Which of the following statements is true of Natufian bread making? A) Natufian bread makers produced multigrain flatbread. B) Natufian bread was primarily made of rice ground into flour. C) Natufian bread was made 5,000 years after the Neolithic period. D) Natufian bread was made on an open fire. E) The first Natufian bread was found at Abu Hureyra, Syria.
23)
With domestication, the husk that encloses the edible portion of wild cereals became A) tougher. B) thicker. C) darker. D) more brittle. E) None of these answers is correct.
24)
Which of the following statements about sheep is true?
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A) The domestic sheep's wool offers it protection against extreme heat. B) Wool from wild sheep is better for making clothing. C) Woolly sheep are the product of natural selection. D) Wild sheep produce more wool than domesticated sheep. E) Wild sheep have a larger range of habitat than domesticated sheep.
25) The foundations of the state—a social and political unit featuring a central government, extreme contrasts of wealth, and social classes—emerged A) in the hilly flanks, because that was the area that could best sustain a growing population. B) against the will of the people, who correctly foresaw the many ills this new form of society would bring upon them. C) below the intersection of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, where the abundance of water helped keep a complex irrigation system working. D) out of an attempt to copy, on a larger scale, the lifestyle that early sedentism offered its members prior to the sudden population growth caused by food production. E) in the alluvial desert plain of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, where a new economy based on irrigation and trade fueled the growth of this entirely new form of society.
26)
Which of the following was not domesticated in China? A) millet B) dogs C) cassava D) cattle E) rice
27) Which of the following isnot one of the areas where food production was independently invented?
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A) the Middle East B) the eastern United States C) the Indus Valley D) northern and southern China E) Andean region
28)
The domestication of the dog A) likely occurred in two phases, the first beginning in China. B) occurred only after a key mutation that turned dogs into more docile creatures. C) ensured, worldwide, that all early states had strong enough animals to help plow
fields. D) occurred only in the Eastern Hemisphere. E) illustrates the strong human-animal bond that was an important adaptation during the time of early hominin evolution.
29)
Which of the following wasnot domesticated in the eastern United States? A) goosefoot B) corn C) sunflower D) marsh elder E) squash
30) Three key caloric staples and major sources of carbohydrates were domesticated by Native American farmers. These were
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A) maize, white potatoes, and manioc. B) maize, teosinte, and peanuts. C) corn, beans, and potatoes. D) corn, squash, and potatoes. E) wheat, maize, and cassava.
31) The path from foraging to food production was one that people followed independently in at least seven world areas. New archaeological research techniques continue to overturn previously held assumptions about where and how this occurred. Microscopic evidence from early cultivated plants suggests that A) the old assumption that New World farming originated in the upland areas is correct. B) farming in the South American tropical lowlands preceded domestication in the Middle East by some 5,000 years. C) maize was first domesticated in the Pacific islands and brought to the Americas by colonizers who navigated to the western coasts of South America. D) New World farming began in the tropical lowlands of South America and then spread to Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean islands. E) all early domesticates originated among the Clovis people, whose knowledge then diffused southward.
32) Contrary to the old assumption that New World farming originated in the upland areas, recent research suggests that A) farming originated in the coastal lowlands of Argentina and then diffused upward. B) all food staples except maize were domesticated in the tropical lowlands. C) all food staples except teosinte were domesticated in the South American jungle. D) the upland communities borrowed farming techniques from their lowland neighbors. E) farming first originated in the tropical lowlands at about the same time food production arose in the Middle East—around 10,000 years ago—and that these new techniques developed in the tropics and then diffused into drier regions at higher elevations.
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33)
What is the name of the wild ancestor of maize? A) cavia B) teosinte C) corn D) guajalote E) elote
34)
Which of the following was a caloric staple in the United States in 4500 B.P.? A) goosefoot B) marsh elder C) wheat D) sunflower E) squash
35)
Where were beans domesticated? A) New England B) China C) Patagonia D) Central Andes E) Beringia
36)
Unlike in the Old World,
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A) the dog was not domesticated anywhere in the New World. B) New World people did not domesticate the llama. C) animal domestication in the New World was not very important. D) New World domestication involved sheep and goats. E) herding was a common occurrence in the New World.
37) Which of the following is a key difference between the food-producing traditions of Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica that helps us understand the subsequent histories in the two regions? A) Large domesticated animals played an important role in Mesopotamia but were absent from Mesoamerica. B) Food production occurred as a gradual process in Mesoamerica but was revolutionary in Mesopotamia. C) Maize was the staple grain in Mesopotamia, whereas the primary grain in Mesoamerica was wheat. D) Food production emerged in Mesoamerica thousands of years prior than it did in Mesopotamia. E) In Mesoamerica, goats, sheep, and pigs were domesticated, but in Mesopotamia only dogs were domesticated.
38) Out of some 148 large animal species that seem potentially domesticable, only_________blank have been domesticated, and a mere_________blank among 200,000 known plant species account for 80 percent of the world's farm production. A) 10; 20 B) 14; 12 C) 17; 19 D) 23; 15 E) 5; 9
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39)
Which of the following was a consequence of domestication? A) There was an increase in dietary diversity. B) Sedentary life became more widespread. C) There was a gradual decrease in population size. D) There was a decline in disease. E) Humans had to work less than before to acquire food.
40)
Which of the following is a benefit of farming? A) greater predictability of staple species B) less work C) fewer diseases D) a broader diet E) better health
41)
Which of the following is true? A) Food production allowed most people to work less. B) Food production yielded more nutritious diets. C) Food production reduced warfare. D) Food production led to an increase in social inequality. E) Food-producing societies are more egalitarian than foraging societies.
42)
Food production was a critical step toward the broad-spectrum revolution. ⊚ ⊚
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43) Early cultivation began as an attempt to copy, in a less favorable environment, the dense stands of wheat and barley that grew wild in the hilly flanks. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) Most researchers today agree that the domestication of plants in the Middle East took place in the hilly flanks regions where wild plant ancestors naturally grew. ⊚ ⊚
45)
true false
In the Middle East, sedentism developed before plants and animals were domesticated. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) A vertical economy exploits environmental zones that are close together in space but are separated by altitude, rainfall, overall climate, and vegetation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
47) Compared to those of wild plants, the seeds of domesticated plants are larger and less likely to shatter and disperse. ⊚ ⊚
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48)
With domestication, plants developed thicker husks. ⊚ ⊚
49)
true false
Nabta Playa was an important center for prehistoric herders in southern Egypt. ⊚ ⊚
true false
50) Around 8000 B.P., communities on Europe's Mediterranean shores started to export species to the Middle East. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) By 5500 B.P., Middle Easterners were living in vibrant cities with markets, streets, temples, and palaces. ⊚ ⊚
52)
true false
Rice was domesticated in southern China. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) China was host to three different centers of domestication: one in the north, one in the south, and one on the eastern coast. ⊚ ⊚
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54) The domesticated millet that appeared in China around 7500 B.P. was first domesticated in sub-Saharan Africa by about 8000 B.P., then diffused to China through long-distance trade networks. ⊚ ⊚
true false
55) Unlike the centers of domestication in the Old World, very few animals were ever domesticated in the New World. ⊚ ⊚
56)
true false
Corn was first domesticated in the tropical lowlands of southwestern Mexico. ⊚ ⊚
true false
57) Food production was invented independently in at least three areas of the Americas: Mesoamerica, the eastern United States, and the south central Andes. ⊚ ⊚
true false
58) Recent research using microscopic evidence suggests that farming in the tropical lowlands of Central and South America began at around the same time that food production arose in the Middle East. ⊚ ⊚
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59)
In the New World, sedentism occurred before domestication. ⊚ ⊚
true false
60) The geography of the Old World facilitated the diffusion of plants, animals, technology, and information. ⊚ ⊚
61)
true false
Food production is more labor intensive than foraging. ⊚ ⊚
true false
62) With a more reliable food source, the early food producers were considerably healthier than the hunter-gatherers. ⊚ ⊚
true false
63) Agricultural intensification enabled people to farm for only part of the year, then leave the cities to live away from the problems endemic to urban populations for the rest of the year. ⊚ ⊚
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64) The domestication of plants and animals for food independently occurred in both the Old World and the Americas approximately 11,000 years ago. ⊚ ⊚
true false
65) Wheels fueled the growth of transport, trade, and travel in the Old World thousands of years after the origin of food production. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 08_10e_The First Farmers 10) A 11) B 12) C 13) E 14) A 15) E 16) E 17) E 18) E 19) B 20) B 21) B 22) A 23) D 24) A 25) E 26) C 27) C 28) A 29) B 30) A 31) D 32) E 33) B 34) C 35) D Version 1
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36) C 37) A 38) B 39) B 40) A 41) D 42) FALSE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) TRUE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) FALSE 49) TRUE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) FALSE 54) FALSE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) TRUE 59) FALSE 60) TRUE 61) TRUE 62) FALSE 63) FALSE 64) TRUE 65) TRUE Version 1
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CHAPTER 9 1) Summarize the evidence for and against the following theories of state formation: hydraulic systems, long-distance trade routes, and population circumscription.
2) How did the first states come to be formed? What kinds of societies evolved into states? What factors played important roles in the rise of the first states?
3) Summarize Carneiro's multivariate approach to state formation. What are the three important variables that are involved? Describe how these factors work together in the process of state formation.
4) two?
How are chiefdoms different from states? How do archaeologists distinguish between the
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5) Consider how your life is different from that of our Paleolithic ancestors or those of the most recent foragers. How many of those differences have to do with the fact that you live in a state-organized society?
6) Why do states collapse? How have the models archaeologists use to understand the process of collapse changed over time? Use the Maya decline as an example.
7) A_________blank is a polity that has a formal, central government and social stratification—a division of society into classes. A) kingdom B) state C) region D) chiefdom E) community
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8)
Which of the following best describes the role of hydraulic systems in state formation?
A) Mesolithic states developed so that they could build irrigation systems. B) Irrigation systems favored democracy. C) In Europe, irrigation provided the advantage that allowed anatomically modern humans to displace Neandertals. D) Irrigation began in China and spread along ancient trade routes. E) The growth in hydraulic systems is often but not always associated with state formation.
9) Robert Carneiro (1970) put forth an influential theory that incorporates three factors working together instead of a single cause for state formation. These three factors are A) intensive food production, population pressures, and large hydraulic works. B) warfare, environmental circumscription, and the advent of an early writing system. C) environmental circumscription or resource concentration, increasing population, and warfare. D) a strong central leadership, a uniting vision as a people, and food shortages. E) regional trade networks, food scarcity, and warfare.
10)
Which of the following attributes distinguishes states from chiefdoms? A) a subsistence economy based on domesticated species B) large residences C) armed conflict between competing communities D) sharp class distinctions E) a paramount ruler
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11) _________blank is an area that illustrates Carneiro's theory of three key factors interacting to promote state formation: environmental circumscription, population increase, and warfare. A) Coastal Peru B) Papua New Guinea C) Çatalhöyük in Turkey D) Copenhagen, Denmark E) Beijing, China
12) Thor Heyerdahl proposed that Egyptians could have navigated to the New World and influenced the emergence of civilization in the Americas. Erich von Däniken suggested that major human achievements had been borrowed from beings from outer space. What do these two views, both lacking credible scientific evidence, have in common? A) Both suggest that anthropology benefits from a broad range of views on human history, even if these views challenge the mainstream and even lack credible scientific evidence. B) Both argue that historical events such as plant and animal domestication, the state, and city life were not brilliant discoveries, inventions, or secrets that humans needed to borrow but were, rather, long-term, gradual processes, developments with down-to-earth causes and effects. C) Both suggest that evolutionary mechanisms explain both biological and cultural diversity across time and space. D) Both reflect the popular media's negative effect on the quality of high school and college education. E) Both take the position that major changes in ancient human lifestyles were the result of outside instruction or interference rather than the achievements of the natives of the places where the changes took place.
13)
What were the precursors to primary states?
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A) chiefdoms B) archaic states C) tribes D) bands E) city-states
14)
Which of the following doesnot describe a characteristic of states? A) They are stratified into social classes. B) They control specific regional territories. C) They have productive agricultural economies. D) They lack hereditary inequality. E) They have recordkeeping systems.
15)
Which of the following statements about Jericho isfalse? A) It is the earliest known town. B) Its rise proves Carneiro's theory of state formation. C) It had a large tower and a city wall. D) After 9000 B.P., the inhabitants buried their dead below their house floors. E) The Natufians foragers first settled it.
16)
Which of the following statements about Çatalhöyük isfalse?
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A) The dwellings at the site were entered through the roof. B) Food was stored and processed collectively, with a priestly elite managing these activities. C) The dead were buried beneath the house floors. D) The ritual life there was centered on animals, danger, and death. E) It never became a full-fledged city with centralized organization.
17)
When did pottery become widespread in the Middle East? A) 50,000 B.P. B) 30,000 B.P. C) 15,000 B.P. D) 7000 B.P. E) 2000 B.P.
18) What is the name of the cultural period during which the first chiefdoms and elites emerged in northern Syria? A) Uruk B) Ubaid C) Halafian D) Natufian E) Jomon
19) What is the name of the cultural period during which the first chiefdoms emerged in southern Mesopotamia?
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A) Natufian B) Ubaid C) Neolithic D) Uruk E) Halafian
20)
An egalitarian society
A) lacks status distinctions except those based on age, gender, and individual talents or achievements. B) must exist for a democratic state to emerge. C) lacks status distinctions among its members. D) is a key attribute of states. E) rarely experiences warfare and is therefore immune to the forces that inevitably lead to state formation.
21)
What kinds of societies are divided into social classes? A) states B) ranked societies C) communes D) chiefdoms E) egalitarian societies
22)
Which of the following statements about ranked societies isfalse?
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A) They are characterized by a continuum of status among their members. B) They have hereditary inequality. C) All ranked societies are chiefdoms. D) They lack social strata. E) All chiefdoms are ranked societies.
23) According to Flannery (1999), only ranked societies that have undergone a loss of village autonomy A) should be called chiefdoms. B) inevitably lead to state formation. C) suffer the consequences of extreme social stratification. D) can effectively organize into productive states with law-abiding citizens. E) experience intervillage warfare.
24) The area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now southern Iraq and southwestern Iran is referred to as A) Jericho. B) Abu Hureyra. C) Çatalhöyük. D) Mesopotamia. E) Göbekli Tepe.
25) The first writing presumably developed to handle recordkeeping for a centralized economy. Where did this first happen?
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A) central Iran B) the Levant C) China D) southern Mesopotamia E) Çatalhöyük
26)
Cuneiform is the term for the early writing in what part of the world? A) China B) Indus Valley C) Andes D) Mesoamerica E) Mesopotamia
27) Metallurgy and the wider and rapid distribution of metals evident after 5000 B.P. would not have developed without the crucial discovery of A) wheels. B) irrigation techniques. C) cooking. D) mixing paint pigments. E) smelting.
28) Which of the following early states was located in what is now Pakistan and northwestern India?
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A) Mesopotamia B) Indus River Valley state C) Olmec D) Shang dynasty E) Mwenemutapa empire
29) Which of the following was the first Chinese state that developed in the wheat-producing regions of the north? A) Longshang B) Shang C) Nok Nok D) Taipei E) Chin
30)
Which of the following isnot a characteristic of the first Chinese state? A) a subsistence economy dominated by rice B) wealthy, royal tombs C) bronze metallurgy D) social stratification E) human sacrifice
31) Like Mesopotamia and China, many early civilizations came to rely on metallurgy. Aside from metallurgy, a skill that set the early civilizations of Peru's Andes apart was
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A) their pottery techniques. B) writing, which originated in this part of the world and not in Sumer as was previously believed. C) corpse embalming. D) trigonometry and advanced astronomy. E) the ability to achieve similar metallurgical results without ever discovering smelting, the high-temperature process by which pure metal is produced from ore.
32)
What kind of society were the Olmec? A) tribe B) band C) state D) empire E) chiefdom
33)
Which of the following statements about the Olmec isfalse? A) They carved massive stone heads. B) They built earthen mounds grouped around a plaza. C) They were the first Mesoamerican empire. D) They lived between 3,200 and 2,500 years ago. E) They lived along the Gulf Coast of what is now Mexico.
34) What prestige item was crafted by inhabitants of the Valley of Oaxaca and traded with Olmec elites?
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A) stoneware bangles B) colossal heads C) iron axes D) standard weights E) mirrors
35) Archaeologists previously believed that the supremacy of any one chiefdom spurred the period of rapid social change in Mexico between 3200 and 3000 B.P. However, they now believe that the cause of this rapid change was A) the chiefly centers' lack of separation and autonomy. B) the intensity of competitive interaction. C) a massive drought that required chiefdoms to cooperate to save the population from starvation. D) that the quality of trade routes among chiefdoms frustrated travelers and led to riots. E) dramatic changes in climate that affected rainfall.
36)
Which of the following statements is true of the Zapotec state?
A) The Zapotec was a peaceful egalitarian state with peaceful people. B) The Zapotec capital was Monte Albán between 500 B.C.E. and 700 C.E. C) The Zapotec state was formed of thatched mud dwellings that housed the state's bureaucracy. D) The Zapotecs people specialized in cuneiform writing. E) The Zapotec state was a primarily agrarian society.
37) Which of the following played a key role in the formation of Mesoamerica's earliest state, the Zapotec state?
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A) trade in pottery B) the written word C) conquest warfare D) egalitarianism E) lack of competition
38)
Which of the following was not a characteristic of the Teotihuacán state? A) a large population B) large-scale irrigation C) complex architecture D) a mature, syllabic writing system E) grid pattern city planning
39) Which of the following kinds of evidence for warfare wasnot found by archaeologists while investigating the Maya collapse? A) terracotta soldiers B) fortifications C) burned buildings D) hieroglyphic texts E) projectile points
40)
Anempire is a mature example of which organizational pattern?
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A) an egalitarian society B) a community C) a polity D) a tribe E) a state
41) The University of Michigan offers a popular undergraduate course titled Frauds and Fantastic Claims in Archaeology that examines and debunks theories that archaeologists view as fringe or pseudoscientific. ⊚ ⊚
true false
42) States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to population movements, with the overall aim of achieving egalitarianism among their members. ⊚ ⊚
43)
Early states had productive agricultural economies. ⊚ ⊚
44)
true false
true false
Early states lacked social classes. ⊚ ⊚
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45) Most researchers today believe that chiefdoms emerged in response to the growing administrative requirements for building, maintaining, and administering public hydraulic works. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) Coastal Peru illustrates the explanatory power of Carneiro's theory of state formation caused by the interaction of environmental circumscription, warfare, and population increase. ⊚ ⊚
47)
A key feature of Carneiro's model for the origin of states is metallurgy. ⊚ ⊚
48)
true false
true false
Early states arose from competition among rival tribes. ⊚ ⊚
true false
49) The earliest city-states were Sumer (southern Iraq) and Elam (southwestern Iran), with their capitals at Uruk (Warka) and Susa, respectively. ⊚ ⊚
50)
true false
The Natufians were the first culture to develop a state in the Indus Valley. ⊚ ⊚
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51)
Teotihuacán and Çatalhöyük are two of the earliest towns in the Middle East. ⊚ ⊚
52)
true false
Jericho, the earliest known town, is located in central Turkey. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) An egalitarian society makes distinctions among people based only on age, gender, and individual talents or achievements. ⊚ ⊚
54)
Ranked societies have hereditary inequality, but they lack stratification. ⊚ ⊚
55)
true false
Chiefdoms were the precursors to tribes. ⊚ ⊚
56)
true false
true false
Ranked societies lack social differences.
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⊚ ⊚
57)
China's first state, the Shang dynasty, had bronze metallurgy and writing. ⊚ ⊚
58)
true false
Egypt was the only region in Africa where states emerged prior to the 1500s. ⊚ ⊚
59)
true false
true false
Warfare and attracting followers are two key elements in state formation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
60) Writing never developed among the early states in Mesoamerica, so there is no reliable archaeological evidence of these states' histories. ⊚ ⊚
true false
61) Increased warfare among competing dynasties was the major factor in the fall of the Maya state. ⊚ ⊚
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62)
Environmental degradation often contributes to the collapse of states. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 09_10e_The First Cities and States 7) B 8) E 9) C 10) D 11) A 12) E 13) A 14) D 15) B 16) B 17) D 18) C 19) B 20) A 21) A 22) C 23) A 24) D 25) D 26) E 27) E 28) B 29) B 30) A 31) A 32) E Version 1
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33) C 34) E 35) B 36) B 37) C 38) D 39) A 40) E 41) TRUE 42) FALSE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) FALSE 48) FALSE 49) TRUE 50) FALSE 51) FALSE 52) FALSE 53) TRUE 54) TRUE 55) FALSE 56) FALSE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) TRUE 60) FALSE 61) TRUE 62) TRUE Version 1
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CHAPTER 10 1) Compare and contrast the evolution of language and biological evolution. What role may mutations play in the origins of human language, if any?
2)
Discuss factors that increase linguistic diversity among speakers of the same language.
3) Discuss some common interests of linguistics and ethnography. Of what use can knowledge of linguistic techniques and principles be to the ethnographer?
4) What are some ways in which linguistics can aid archaeologists, biological anthropologists, and sociocultural anthropologists who are interested in history?
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5) How has technology influenced the way you communicate? Considering what you already know about anthropological theory and methods, what kinds of questions might an anthropologist pose about the role of technology in human culture, and particularly language? How might he or she go about answering those questions?
6) According to some estimates, the world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half in the past 500 years, and half the remaining languages are predicted to disappear during this century. Why does this matter? Isn't this just a natural result of globalization, something we should actually celebrate because it makes communication among diverse groups much easier?
7)
Identify a true statement about language. A) Language is transmitted through learning. B) Language is inherited. C) Language is a uniform system. D) Language is a communication system based solely on the exchange of words. E) Language is the only system humans use to communicate.
8)
Which of the following statements about chimpanzee call systems is not true?
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A) They consist of a limited number of sounds. B) They are dependent on stimuli. C) They consist of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. D) Like language, they include displacement and cultural transmission. E) Calls cannot be combined when multiple stimuli are present.
9) Research on the communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals their inability to refer to objects that are not immediately present in their environment, such as food and danger. The ability to describe things and events that are not present is called A) displacement. B) phonology. C) productivity. D) cultural transmission. E) linguistic imagination.
10) What is the term for the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions? A) displacement B) phonemic utility C) morphemic utility D) diglossia E) productivity
11) Recent research on the origins of language suggests that a key mutation might have something to do with it. Comparing chimp and human genomes, it appears that
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A) a speech-friendly mutation occurred among Neandertals in Europe and spread to other human populations through gene flow. B) the speech-friendly form of the geneFOXP2 took hold in humans some 150,000 years ago. C) chimps lack the tongue-rolling gene that all humans have, which might explain why they struggle to achieve clear speech. D) the speech mutation occurred even before the hominin line split from the rest of the hominids. E) chimps share with humans all the genetic propensities for language but lack the language-activation mutation.
12) Language and communication involve much more than just verbal speech. The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions is known as A) diglossia. B) linguistic physiology. C) biosemantics. D) protolinguistics. E) kinesics.
13) Linguistic anthropologists also are interested in investigating the structure of language and how it varies across time and space. What is the study of the forms in which sounds combine to form words and their meaningful parts? A) syntax B) morphology C) lexicon D) grammar E) phonology
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14)
Thelexicon of a language is A) its symbolic and poetic value. B) the range of speech sounds. C) the set of rules that govern the written but not spoken language. D) its degree of complexity. E) a dictionary containing all of its morphemes and their meanings.
15)
What term refers to the arrangement and order of words into sentences? A) syntax B) morphology C) phonology D) grammar E) lexicon
16)
What are phonemes?
A) regional differences in dialect B) the rules by which deep structure is translated into surface structure C) the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language D) syntactical structures that distinguish passive constructions from active ones E) electromagnetic signals that carry messages between speakers in a telephone conversation
17)
_________blank refers to a language's meaning system.
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A) Semantics B) Phonemics C) Syntax D) Morphology E) Phonetics
18)
Which of the following was studied by Sapir and Whorf? A) the influence of deep structure on surface structure B) the influence of language on thought C) the influence of deep structure on semantic domains D) the interaction of thought and surface structure E) the influence of culture on language
19) Just as in other areas of anthropology, the study of language involves investigating what is or isn't shared across human populations and why these differences or similarities exist. The linguist Noam Chomsky has argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. He calls this set of rules A) a global mental map. B) generalities. C) linguistic structuralism. D) the evolutionary linguistic imprint. E) universal grammar.
20) Studies conducted by Lakoff, 2004, on the differences between female and male Americans with regard to the color terms they use suggest that
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A) women and men are equally sensitive to the marketing tactics of the cosmetic industry. B) changes in the U.S. economy, society, and culture have no impact on the use of color terms, or on any other terms for that matter. C) it might be more reasonable to say that changes in culture produce changes in language and thought, rather than the reverse. D) women spend more money on status goods than do men. E) different languages produce different ways of thinking, as was argued by Sapir-Whorf.
21) _________blank refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups. A) Vernacular vocabulary B) Temporal vocabulary C) Focal vocabulary D) Syntactical vocabulary E) Spatial vocabulary
22)
A sociolinguist studies A) cross-cultural comparisons of phonemic distinctions. B) linguistic competence. C) speech in its social context. D) the interaction of history and sociology. E) the universal grammar of language.
23)
Which of the following statements about sociolinguists isfalse?
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A) They are more interested in the rules that govern language than the actual use of language in everyday life. B) They are concerned more with performance than with competence. C) They are concerned with linguistic change. D) They focus on surface structure. E) They look at society and language.
24)
What is the term for variations in speech due to different contexts or situations? A) linguistic confusion B) situational syntax C) style shifts D) contextual phonetics E) Chomskian verbosity
25) Romance languages like French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin, which is their common A) call system. B) diglossia. C) syntax. D) focal vocabulary. E) protolanguage.
26)
What term refers to the existence of "high" and "low" dialects within a single language?
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A) semantics B) displacement C) diglossia D) lexicon E) kinesics
27) What is an example of what Bourdieu callssymbolic domination in the context of language use? A) pride in one's linguistic heritage, regardless of what the majority thinks B) the fact that in a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept its authority C) Chomsky's insistence that universal grammar defines all culture D) in an egalitarian society, the promotion of linguistic diversity E) focal vocabulary contrasts among groups
28) What term refers to languages that have descended from the same ancestral language and have been changing separately for hundreds or thousands of years? A) F2 languages B) brother languages C) daughter languages D) protolanguages E) sibling languages
29)
What is pidgin?
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A) a language that develops during acculturation, when different societies come into contact and must devise a system of communication B) metalanguage, developed by computer programmers, that has yielded valuable insights into the workings of the human brain C) a rhythmic sublanguage present in any human language as the result of a universally shared mutation D) a partial language that results from primitive tribes' attempts to learn the language of a modern industrialized state E) a set of languages believed to be most like the original human language, spoken by a small population of Indian Ocean islanders
30)
One aspect of linguistic history is language loss. When a language disappears, A) historical linguists have confirmation that language is also a victim of evolutionary
forces. B) so does pride in one's heritage. C) humanity is that much closer to global integration. D) cultural diversity is reduced as well. E) less strain is put on the educational system because it has less language diversity to deal with.
31)
Words that clearly descend from the same ancestral word are known as A) daughters. B) subgroups. C) synonyms. D) homonyms. E) cognates.
32)
Animal call systems exhibit linguistic productivity.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
33) Recent genetic research suggests that a speech-friendly mutation took hold in humans around 150,000 years ago. ⊚ ⊚
34)
All human nonverbal communication is instinctive and uninfluenced by cultural factors. ⊚ ⊚
35)
true false
Phonology is the study of speech sounds. ⊚ ⊚
36)
true false
true false
Syntax refers to the rules that dictate the order of words in a language. ⊚ ⊚
true false
37) The phonemes in a given language are discovered by comparing minimal pairs, words that resemble each other in all but one sound. ⊚ ⊚
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38) Sapir and Whorf argued that all languages share a single set of universal grammatical categories. ⊚ ⊚
true false
39) Focal vocabularies develop only among indigenous groups such as the Eskimos and the Nuer of South Sudan. ⊚ ⊚
true false
40) In this chapter, an alternative to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that cultural changes lead to changes in language. ⊚ ⊚
true false
41) Sociolinguists study linguistic performance by categorizing speakers as inadequate, competent, or highly proficient. ⊚ ⊚
true false
42) In his study on how linguistic variation correlated with social class in New York City department stores, William Labov found that job interviewers practiced sociolinguistic discrimination by using linguistic features in deciding who got certain jobs. ⊚ ⊚
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43) All languages and dialects are equally effective as systems of communication, regardless of whether or not they carry greater or lesser symbolic capital. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) Bourdieu argues that languages with the highest symbolic capital are those that are better systems of communication. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) Sociolinguistics has demonstrated that men lack the linguistic capacity to distinguish between slight changes in color. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk are examples of sociolinguistics. ⊚ ⊚
true false
47) African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is an incomplete linguistic system that is able only to express thoughts and ideas related to life in inner-city communities. ⊚ ⊚
true false
48) Creole languages are commonly found in regions where different linguistic groups come into contact with one another. Version 1
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true false
49) Historical linguists use linguistic similarities and differences in the world today to study long-term changes in language. ⊚ ⊚
true false
50) A close relationship between languages is always indicative of a close biological or cultural relationship between the speakers. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) The world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half, as measured by the number of distinct languages extant, in the past 500 years; and half the remaining languages are predicted to disappear during this century. ⊚ ⊚
true false
52) Problems arise with contemporary means of communication, such as texting and online messaging, because much of what we communicate is a nonverbal reflection of emotional states. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) Linguistic stratification can occur between dialects when one is considered a prestige dialect, as is the case with High German and Low German.
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⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 10_10e_Language and Communication 7) A 8) D 9) A 10) E 11) B 12) E 13) B 14) E 15) A 16) C 17) A 18) B 19) E 20) C 21) A 22) C 23) A 24) C 25) E 26) C 27) B 28) C 29) A 30) D 31) E 32) FALSE Version 1
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33) TRUE 34) FALSE 35) TRUE 36) TRUE 37) TRUE 38) FALSE 39) FALSE 40) TRUE 41) FALSE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) FALSE 48) TRUE 49) TRUE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE
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CHAPTER 11 1) List the first four of Cohen's adaptive strategies and summarize the key features of each. What are the correlated variables for each strategy?
2) We should not view contemporary foragers as isolated or pristine survivors of the Stone Age. Why? What is the evidence to suggest this view?
3) Imagine a foraging society that operates largely according to principles of generalized reciprocity, just prior to being colonized. Now defend the following statement: "Capitalism is not just an economic system; it is also a cultural system."
4) What are the basic differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging populations? Indicate reasons for the contrasts.
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5) Is the contrast between horticulture and agriculture one of degree, or are they entirely separate practices? What is the difference between these two types of cultivation? Cite ethnographic evidence in your answer.
6) Anthropologists often say that in nonindustrial societies, economic relationships are embedded in social relationships. What does this mean?
7) How does economic anthropology differ from classical economics? In what ways can economic anthropology serve as a safeguard against ethnocentrism?
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8) Do people in all societies maximize material benefits? If not, what other things could be maximized to help explain their motives in everyday life? Do anthropologists believe that the profit maximization motive is a universal? What do you think? Explain your answer.
9) How is a rent fund different from a subsistence fund? Cite examples to clarify your argument.
10) What is industrial alienation? What kinds of activities are most likely to be associated with alienation? Which activities in our own society are most alienating? Which are least so?
11) In recent times, many foraging groups have been exposed to the idea of food production but have not adopted it. Why?
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A) People naturally resist change, especially foragers. B) They had to ask permission from the state to do so. C) Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet, with a lot less work. D) They could not utilize the abundant water resources available to them. E) They did not realize the advantages of food production.
12)
Which of the following was a characteristic shared by recent foraging communities?
A) They devolved to foraging from a more advanced level of subsistence. B) They spoke simplified languages. C) They fished a great deal. D) They relied on welfare supplied by state-level societies. E) They lived in marginal environments that were of little interest to food-producing societies.
13) Despite differences arising from environmental variation, all foraging economies have shared one essential feature A) their interest in developing irrigation technologies to control sources of water. B) their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals. C) their emphasis on devising new forms of organic pesticides. D) their willingness to test out new food-producing technologies to see if they are any better than what they are used to. E) their reliance on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
14) This chapter's description of the Basarwa San Bushmen's relation to the government of Botswana provides a telling example of how
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A) foragers are willingly choosing to change their lifestyles and become a part of the global village. B) human rights are limited. C) more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced by the forces of globalization. D) foraging communities' identities are being reshaped by their relationships with NGOs. E) the foraging lifestyle has finally become a thing of the past.
15)
Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies
A) suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's mean and its mode of production. B) suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns. C) have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models. D) suggest hypothetical correlations—that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables. E) suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features.
16)
Which of the following isnot characteristic of band-organized societies? A) minor contrasts in prestige B) permanent villages C) fewer than 100 people D) an egalitarian social structure E) all related by kinship or marriage
17)
Which of the following are most characteristic of foragers?
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A) a redistributive economy and specialized leadership roles B) territoriality and organized warfare C) high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations D) permanent villages and full-time priests E) unilineal descent and ancestor worship
18)
Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies? A) social stratification B) large population C) irrigation D) egalitarianism E) sedentism
19)
A horticultural system of cultivation is characterized by A) lack of proper knowledge about plant domestication. B) intensive use of land and human labor. C) periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing. D) developing almost exclusively in arid areas. E) the use of irrigation and terracing.
20)
What kinds of societies are typically associated with slash-and-burn cultivation? A) nomadic societies B) state-level societies C) hydraulic societies D) foraging societies E) nonindustrial societies
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21)
Which of the following statements about shifting cultivation is true?
A) It is typically associated with the use of draft animals. B) It requires cultivators to change plots of land, with the fallowing durations varying in different societies. C) It requires irrigation. D) It cannot support permanent villages. E) It relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
22)
Which of the following statements about irrigation isfalse? A) Irrigated fields are labor intensive. B) Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies. C) Irrigated fields typically increase in value through time. D) Irrigation usually enriches the soil. E) The Ifugao of the Philippines used irrigation canals.
23) In which food production system does part of the group's population accompany the herds to distant pastures and the remaining population maintain year-round villages and grow crops? A) modified foraging B) pastoral nomadic C) intensive agriculturalist D) transhumance E) mixed specialization
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24) Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture, it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum. Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivation continuum? A) increased permanency B) increased egalitarianism C) increased leisure time D) improved overall health status of the population E) longer fallow periods
25)
Which of the following doesnot occur in moving along the cultivation continuum? A) Population density increases. B) Villages are located closer together. C) Land is used more intensively. D) Village size increases. E) Societies become more egalitarian.
26)
What happens as one moves along the cultivation continuum? A) Ceremonies and rituals become less formal. B) More time for leisurely pursuits becomes available. C) The use of communal cookhouses becomes more common. D) There is a heavier reliance on swidden cultivation. E) The use of land and labor intensifies.
27)
Intensive agriculture
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A) is an ecological improvement over sectorial fallowing. B) has significant environmental effects, such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of ecological diversity. C) has a significant impact on the environment, but this impact is very localized and can be controlled. D) can actually breed greater ecological diversity. E) is not ecologically destructive when it is done with fuel-efficient machinery.
28) What term refers to the type of pastoral economy in which the entire population moves with their animals throughout the year? A) discretionary pastoralism B) balanced subsistence C) foraging D) transhumance E) pastoral nomadism
29)
What is a mode of production?
A) a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture or international mercantilism B) a distinction that is made to determine whether a society is foraging, horticulturalist, or agriculturalist C) the cultural aspect of any given economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry D) the land, labor, technology, and capital of production E) the way a society's social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society's subsistence and energy needs
30)
What are the means, or factors, of production?
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A) labor forces organized by kinship ties B) a society's major productive resources, such as land, technology, and the available labor supply C) the ways a society organizes production D) synonyms of a society's mode of production E) a society's institutional mechanisms for making sure that everyone is productive
31) Unlike in industrial societies, where economic alienation is common, in nonindustrial societies A) social relations are embedded in all relations except the economic ones. B) alienation is an ascribed status. C) the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects. D) alienation is pervasive. E) alienation is suffered only among the poorer classes.
32)
How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society? A) Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems. B) The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people. C) People are not aware that they are working toward a goal. D) The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship. E) Most economic activity takes place far from home.
33) Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies except
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A) foragers. B) chiefdoms. C) pastoralists. D) horticulturalists. E) industrial.
34) Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions, one focusing on systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems. The first question is: How are production, distribution, and consumption organized in different societies? Which of the following is the second question? A) What are the best ways to convince individuals in funding agencies of the value of ethnographic knowledge in the realm of economics? B) What has been the impact of globalization at the level of individuals? C) What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume? D) Why has the myth of the profit-maximizing individual been so pervasive, despite evidence to the contrary? E) What encourages overconsumption in Western economies?
35)
Which of the following statements about peasants is not true?
A) They owe rent to the government. B) They owe rent to landlords. C) They are not part of the world market. D) They all live in state-organized societies. E) They practice small-scale agriculture without modern technology such as chemical fertilizers and tractors.
36)
Who are peasants?
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A) anyone who falls below the poverty line B) anyone who lives in the country C) people who ignore social norms of behavior D) small-scale farmers who own land and sell all their crops to buy necessities E) small-scale farmers with rent fund obligations
37) _________blank occurs when products, such as a portion of the annual harvest, move from the local level to a center, from which they eventually flow back out. A) Redistribution B) Generalized reciprocity C) Balanced reciprocity D) Transhumance E) Negative reciprocity
38)
Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society? A) balanced reciprocity B) redistribution C) the market principle D) negative reciprocity E) generalized exchange
39)
Which of the following isnot associated with the market principle?
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A) impersonal economic relations B) industrialism C) the profit motive D) the law of supply and demand E) kin-based generalized reciprocity
40)
Generalized reciprocity A) usually develops after redistribution but before the market principle. B) is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies. C) disappears with the origin of the state. D) is characterized by the immediate return of the object exchanged. E) is exemplified by silent trade.
41) Which of the following kinds of exchange is characteristic among the members of a family? A) generalized reciprocity B) balanced reciprocity C) negative reciprocity D) redistribution E) None of these answers is correct.
42)
Which of the following statements about potlatching isnot true?
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A) Potlatching is an example of competitive lavish feasting. B) Potlatching is a form of exchange that has long-term adaptive value. C) Potlatching was misinterpreted as a classical case of economically wasteful behavior. D) Potlatching is well documented among Native American communities of the North Pacific Coast of North America. E) Potlatching is a case that proves that the profit-maximizing motive is a human universal.
43) Most contemporary foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from contact with other modern, agricultural, and industrial communities. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) Domesticated animals, more specifically their manure and their pulling capabilities, are key components of horticulture. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and terraces. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) Correlations are highly useful for anthropologists studying societies because they are often highly accurate. ⊚ ⊚
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47) Agriculturalists tend to live in permanent villages that are larger and closer to other settlements than the semipermanent settlements of horticulturalists. ⊚ ⊚
true false
48) The high level of intensification and long-term dependability of horticulture paved the way for the emergence of large urban settlements and the first states. ⊚ ⊚
true false
49) Pastoralists are specialized herders whose subsistence strategies are focused on domesticated animals. ⊚ ⊚
50)
true false
In transhumant societies, the entire group moves with their animals throughout the year. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) Ties between people and land are less permanent among food producers than among foragers. ⊚ ⊚
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52) Although some kind of division of economic labor based on age and gender is a cultural universal, the specific tasks assigned to males, females, and people of different ages vary. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include the factors of production, such as land, labor, and technology. ⊚ ⊚
54)
Band- and tribal-level societies actively promote craft and task specialization. ⊚ ⊚
55)
true false
true false
In nonindustrial societies, economic activities are embedded in the society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
56) Redistribution is the most widespread form of exchange, because it exists in every kind of society, from foraging bands to industrial nations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
57) With negative reciprocity, the goal is to get something immediately and as cheaply as possible, even if it means being cagey or deceitful or even cheating.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
58) With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in the exchange usually do not know the other person prior to the exchange. ⊚ ⊚
59)
true false
With balanced reciprocity, the giver expects something in return equal to what was given. ⊚ ⊚
true false
60) Potlatching is a form of competitive feasting that enables individuals to redistribute surplus materials while simultaneously increasing their own prestige. ⊚ ⊚
true false
61) Anthropological analysis of potlatching contradicts the classic economics assumption that individuals are, by nature, profit maximizers. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 1!_10e_Making a Living 11) C 12) E 13) B 14) C 15) E 16) B 17) C 18) D 19) C 20) A 21) B 22) B 23) D 24) A 25) E 26) E 27) B 28) E 29) E 30) B 31) C 32) D 33) E 34) C 35) C 36) E Version 1
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37) A 38) C 39) E 40) B 41) A 42) E 43) FALSE 44) FALSE 45) TRUE 46) FALSE 47) TRUE 48) FALSE 49) TRUE 50) FALSE 51) FALSE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) FALSE 55) TRUE 56) FALSE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) TRUE 60) TRUE 61) TRUE
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CHAPTER 12 1) How does Morton Fried define political organization? Why does Kottak prefer to use the term sociopolitical organization in discussing the regulation or management of interrelations among groups and their representatives?
2) What are the major results and implications of food production? How does reliance on food production affect the social, economic, and political organization of societies that practice it?
3) Modern hunter-gatherers should not be seen as representative of Stone Age peoples, all of whom were also foragers. Why?
4) Anthropologists claim that in nonstate societies the political structure is embedded in relationships based on kinship, descent, and marriage. What does this mean? Use two ethnographic cases to illustrate this claim.
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5)
Discuss ways in which order is maintained in societies that lack chiefs and rulers.
6) Contrast two of the following as political regulators: (A) sodalities based on age and gender; (B) village headmen; (C) village councils; (D) big men; and (E) pantribal sodalities.
7) Contrast the Inuit and Yanomami with respect to their reasons for disputes, the effectiveness of their means of resolving disputes, and how they enforce decisions about resolving disputes.
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8) What factors are responsible for the variable development of political regulation and authority structures among pastoralists?
9) How does one distinguish between a chiefdom and a state? Is this a useful distinction? Is it always easy to make such a distinction?
10) This chapter describes various ways in which dominant members of society exert control over a population by resorting to indirect or even covert means. What are some examples of this? What concepts have some come up with to understand the social dynamics that arise from these situations? Can you think of some contemporary examples of the use of these means of control?
11) This chapter's description of the Makua of Mozambique illustrates the combination of newer and more traditional characteristics of the Makua's formal political system. Give three examples of how the formal and traditional systems mix. Would the duality of the Makua system have been revealed had the analysis of this community focused only on the formal aspects of social control?
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12) What are the differences between shame and guilt? Why is it important for anthropologists interested in understanding sociopolitical organization to pay attention to people's concerns with shame or guilt in the communities they study?
13) Kottak prefers the term sociopolitical organization to Morton Fried's term political organization in discussing the regulation or management of interrelations among groups and their representatives. This is because A) the term political refers only to contemporary Western states. B) anthropologists and political scientists have an interest in political systems and organization, but they cannot agree on the same terminology. C) Fried's definition is much less applicable to nonstates, in which it is often difficult to detect any public policy. D) sociopolitical is the term the founders of anthropology used to refer to the regulation or management of interrelations among groups and their representatives. E) the term sociopolitical is more politically correct.
14) Despite the analytical usefulness of learning about anthropologist Elman Service's typology of political organization into bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states, it is important to remember that
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A) Bronislaw Malinowski first came up with this typology. B) people all over the world vocally reject being classified under such a typology and typically express their anger through hidden transcripts. C) today, none of these political entities, or polities, can be studied as a self-contained form of political organization, because all exist within nation-states. D) it applies only to the reality of societies in developing nations. E) it has no practical value in ethnographic research, only in theoretical anthropology.
15) Foraging economies are usually associated with which type of sociopolitical organization? A) primate B) tribal C) chiefdom D) state E) band
16) Modern foragers are not Stone Age relics, living fossils, lost tribes, or noble savages. Still, to the extent that foraging has been the basis of their subsistence, contemporary and recent hunter-gatherers A) can illustrate links between foraging economies and other aspects of society and culture, such as their sociopolitical organization. B) are the closest we can come to studying true human nature. C) suggest that the most basic motive driving human survival is the need for power. D) illustrate the social precursors to hegemony. E) illustrate links between foraging economies and the emergence of social stratification.
17)
Which of the following wasnot used by traditional Inuit to handle disputes?
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A) song battles B) blood feuds C) killing of the offender D) kin ties E) courts of law
18)
The Inuit song battle is A) a ritualized means of designating hunting lands. B) a means of resolving disputes. C) a widespread feature of tribal society. D) used to initiate colonial strategies. E) sometimes the occasion for a "treacherous feast."
19)
Which of the following statements about political leaders in foraging bands is true? A) They maintain control by conquering foreign territories. B) They have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions. C) They have inherited special access to strategic resources. D) They are the most dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent group. E) They maintain power by nurturing strong ties with the commoner class.
20) Tribal societies, which are typically organized by village life or membership in descent groups, tend to be egalitarian. However, egalitarianism diminishes
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A) as tribal leaders gain too much power and use it to buy favors. B) as the village head's family grows. C) as the overall population ages. D) as village size and population density increase. E) the closer one is to the big man's wife.
21) As an example of how virtually no one is immune from larger political and economic forces, the Yanomami tribal society of Brazil has suffered recent changes as a result of A) the involvement of NGOs in their internal political affairs. B) being overrun by the more expansion-minded Nilotic peoples. C) encroachment by gold miners and ranchers. D) modern-minded big men amassing so much wealth that people have begun to regard them as chiefs. E) village raiding among tribal groups.
22) The Yanomami of Venezuela and Brazil have descent groups, which span more than one village and are A) purely horticultural. B) matrilineal and primarily dependent on foraging. C) patrilineal and exogamous in nature. D) without gender stratification. E) typically led by a female leader.
23)
In the context of tribal societies, a "big man" is a leader who
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A) acquires his position through hard work and good judgment. B) leads one village at a time. C) avoids and discourages excessive displays of generosity. D) acquires his position through coercion and violence. E) inherits his or her position by birth.
24)
How does a big man increase his status?
A) Big men are typically war leaders, and as such must have a standing supply of "grievance gifts" to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command. B) The primary means of becoming a big man is the wearing of a tonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards. C) The term big man refers to the liminal state a Kapauku youth enters before marriage; he accumulates wealth as a way of funding the wedding and paying the bride price. D) Big men are village heads who are trying to turn their achieved status into something more permanent; the standard way of doing this is through conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth. E) Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate; instead, they redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.
25)
A big man's position depends on all of the followingexcept A) creation of wealth superior to that of others. B) inherited inequality. C) generosity. D) personal charisma. E) hard work.
26)
What is an age set?
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A) a village council B) a pantribal sodality that represents a certain level of achievement in the society, much like the stages of an undergraduate's progress through college C) all men and women related by virtue of matrilineal descent from a nonhuman apical ancestor D) all men and women related by virtue of patrilineal descent from a human apical ancestor E) a group uniting men born during a certain span of time in some pastoral African societies
27) A comparison between the Basseri and Qashqai, two Iranian nomadic tribes, illustrates how as regulatory problems increase, A) age sets begin to disintegrate. B) pastoralists are less likely to interact with other populations in the same space and time. C) political hierarchies become more complex. D) silence becomes the best strategy for avoiding conflict. E) rules regarding crime and punishment become more severe.
28) Why is it important to remember that the chiefdom and the state, like many categories used by social scientists, are ideal types? A) They are labels that make social contrasts seem sharper than they really are. B) They are useless in sociopolitical analysis. C) They represent social goals that politicians should strive to achieve. D) They ensure that the field of anthropology remains more scientific. E) They distinguish political and sociopolitical analyses among social scientists.
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29) Noting that chiefdoms created the megalithic cultures of Europe, such as the one that built Stonehenge, Kottak reminds us that A) all powerful chiefdoms required elaborate stonework to be recognized by competing groups. B) chiefdoms have been among the rarest forms of social organization throughout human history. C) chiefdoms and states can fall as well as rise. D) chiefdoms that failed to become states did not have enough stone. E) all chiefdoms end up becoming states.
30) In which of the following forms of political organization is it most likely that the most important leaders will acquire their positions based on personal background or ability, rather than heredity? A) agrarian, preindustrial states B) feudal states C) tribal societies D) imagined communities E) chiefdoms
31) The status systems of chiefdoms and states are similar in that both are based on differential access to resources. Nevertheless, a key distinction is that A) in chiefdoms, women are always excluded from the competition for status, whereas in states, this gender difference does not exist. B) differential access in chiefdoms is still very much tied to kinship. C) the status system of chiefdoms can sometimes function in a completely egalitarian manner when the populations are small enough. D) status is much more important to leaders in chiefdoms than in states. E) stratum endogamy exists in chiefdoms but not in state status systems.
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32) Which of the following kinds of societies is most likely to have stratum endogamy (marriage within one's own group)? A) tribe B) chiefdom C) society with segmentary lineage organization D) state E) band
33)
How do chiefdoms differ from states? A) Chiefdoms have full-time religious specialists. B) Chiefdoms are based on differential access. C) Chiefdoms lack socioeconomic stratification and stratum endogamy. D) Chiefdoms lack ascribed statuses. E) Chiefdoms have permanent political regulation.
34) The presence and acceptance of which of the following is one of the key distinguishing features of a state? A) generosity, even at the fiscal level B) gender differences in terms of access to resources C) the authority of charismatic leaders D) rapport between the elites and commoners E) stratification
35) The influential sociologist Max Weber defined which three related dimensions of social stratification?
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A) selfishness, greed, and ignorance B) superordinate, ordinate, and subordinate C) cultural capital, power, and population control D) judiciary, enforcement, and fiscal E) wealth, power, and prestige
36)
According to Max Weber, prestige is the basis of A) economic status. B) power. C) political capital. D) political status. E) social status.
37) Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state? A) speaking ability B) physical size C) anthropomorphism D) personality E) social status
38)
Which of the following is not typical of state-level societies?
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A) a boundary maintenance system B) a purely foraging-based subsistence strategy C) intensive, managed agriculture D) class stratification E) a specialized decision-making system
39)
What is hegemony?
A) use of social controls that induce guilt and shame in the population B) a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination C) open, public interactions between dominators and the oppressed—the outer shell of power relations D) the critique of power by the oppressed that goes on offstage, in private, where the power holders can't see it E) overt sociopolitical strategies used to control people
40) The case of the Igbo Women's War shows how women effectively used_________blank (through song, dance, noise, and "in-your-face" behavior) to subvert_________blank and, in so doing, gained greater influence. A) formal authority; social power B) prestige; differential access C) conflict resolution; formal authority D) social control; law E) social power; formal authority
41)
According to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault,
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A) if state institutions such as prisons and schools are able to control people's bodies, their minds will follow. B) anthropologists have no business studying the process of how the dominant ideology becomes internalized, since this is the job of psychologists and political scientists. C) it is easier and more effective to dominate people in their minds than to try to control their bodies. D) overt violence is critical in order for a state to succeed in dominating its population. E) anatomically modern humans have a long way to go in the process of evolution, since they are so easily tricked into believing that forms of state control are both natural and good.
42) In the southern United States before the Civil War, gatherings of five or more slaves were forbidden unless a white person was present, because A) some whites were eager to join the black slaves in their plans, some successful, in establishing free communities in isolated areas. B) white persons were curious about the use of the story of Moses that was popular among slaves at the time. C) these whites were actually covert anthropologists eager to study social relations during these politically difficult times. D) resistance was most likely to be expressed openly when black slaves were provoked by the presence of white persons. E) resistance is most likely to be expressed openly when people are allowed to assemble.
43) In an ethnographic field study of political systems in northern Mozambique, Nicholas Kottak found that avoiding shame can be an effective control against breaking social norms. This example of how shame can be a powerful social sanction
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A) is often a key component of the formal processes of social control. B) is an indication that women tend to suffer from the consequences of shame more than men do. C) is evidence that shame is a cultural universal. D) joins the work of many other anthropologists that cite the importance of informal processes of social control, including gossip and stigma. E) is unique among ethnographic cases illustrating the variety of sociopolitical systems that exist in the world today.
44)
In the context of anthropology, the term power is synonymous with the term authority. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) The anthropological approach to the study of political systems and organization is global and comparative and includes nonstates as well as the states and nation-states usually studied by political scientists. ⊚ ⊚
46)
true false
The sociopolitical organization of foragers tends to be bands. ⊚ ⊚
true false
47) In bands, the leader occupies an official office with coercive control over the members of the community. ⊚ ⊚
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48)
Since bands lack formalized law, they have no way of settling disputes. ⊚ ⊚
true false
49) Although rules and norms are cultural universals, only state societies, those with established governments, have formal laws that are formulated, proclaimed, and enforced. ⊚ ⊚
true false
50) In tribal societies, the village head leads by example and through persuasion; he lacks the ability to force people to do things. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) Pantribal sodalities function to integrate the community by providing a series of important nonkin relationships. ⊚ ⊚
true false
52) The Qashqai and Basseri peoples are examples of nomadic foragers who live in modernday Iran. ⊚ ⊚
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53) In archaic states, the subordinate group’s access to valued resources by was limited by the privileged group in the superordinate stratum. ⊚ ⊚
54)
true false
In chiefdoms, chiefs occupy formal offices and administer or regulate a series of villages. ⊚ ⊚
true false
55) In chiefdoms, individuals are ranked according to seniority, but everyone is believed to be descended from a common set of ancestors. ⊚ ⊚
true false
56) Stratum endogamy is restricted to chiefdoms, wherein chiefs occupied a formal elite stratum in society. ⊚ ⊚
57)
true false
Status in chiefdoms and states is based primarily on differential access to resources. ⊚ ⊚
true false
58) With the rise of states, kinship's role in society continued to grow and dominate daily activities.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
59) States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements. ⊚ ⊚
60)
A fiscal system includes the judges, laws, and courts that resolve conflicts. ⊚ ⊚
61)
true false
Population control in states refers to the police and military. ⊚ ⊚
62)
true false
true false
The elites of archaic states restricted access to sumptuary goods. ⊚ ⊚
true false
63) To be effective as a sanction, the prospect of being shamed or of shaming oneself must be internalized by the individual. ⊚ ⊚
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64) Social controls refers to the fields of the social system—beliefs, practices, and institutions—that are most actively involved in the maintenance of norms and the regulation of conflict. ⊚ ⊚
true false
65) In the Igbo women's war, women used song, dance, noise, and "in-your-face" behavior to attempt to subvert formal authority, but women did not gain any greater influence. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 12_10e_Political Systems 13) C 14) C 15) E 16) A 17) E 18) B 19) B 20) D 21) C 22) C 23) A 24) E 25) B 26) E 27) C 28) A 29) C 30) C 31) B 32) D 33) C 34) E 35) E 36) E 37) E 38) B Version 1
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39) B 40) E 41) C 42) E 43) D 44) FALSE 45) TRUE 46) TRUE 47) FALSE 48) FALSE 49) TRUE 50) TRUE 51) TRUE 52) FALSE 53) FALSE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) FALSE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) TRUE 60) FALSE 61) FALSE 62) TRUE 63) TRUE 64) TRUE 65) FALSE
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CHAPTER 13 1) Cite evidence confirming or denying the universality of the nuclear family. Give examples from different cultures. What other social units might assume the functions associated with nuclear families?
2) Discuss ways in which kinship and descent help human populations adapt to their environments.
3) This chapter offers a brief overview of kinship-related demographic changes in the United States and Canada. How have kinship arrangements changed? How do these changes relate to other cultural changes? Do you find any of the current trends surprising? If so, why?
4) "Anthropologists spend much of their time studying trivia like kinship." Do you agree with this statement? If so, why? If not, why not?
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5) How does the 2017 travel ban implemented by the Trump administration illustrate that there can be significant disagreement over kinship classification in a single nation-state? In what ways does the travel ban show that the social construction of kinship has moved into our systems of law and border control?
6) There are rights, duties, and obligations associated with kinship and descent. Many societies have both families and descent groups. Give an illustration of how obligations to one may conflict with obligations to the other. How does your example relate to your experience managing rights, duties, and obligations in your own family?
7) How would you explain the near universality of the incest ban? You may draw on one or more explanations.
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8) Using what you know about cross-cultural comparisons of marital practices, discuss the following statement: Serial monogamy is the result of a cultural emphasis on individualism, whereas polygamy is the result of a cultural emphasis on social responsibility.
9)
Does the practice of paying a dowry necessarily imply gender inequality?
10) Discuss some of the social functions of levirate and sororate marriage and identify the sociocultural context of these customs.
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11) What are some of the differences between endogamy and exogamy, and how absolute is the distinction implied by these terms? Use examples to illustrate your argument.
12) "A person can have multiple spouses without ever getting divorced." Using the concepts you have learned in this chapter, explain this seemingly contradictory statement.
13) This chapter includes several examples linking marriage practices with issues about property and inheritance. Describe these examples. Based on what you have learned so far about marriage, kinship, adaptive strategies, and political systems, can you suggest ways in which anthropologists could help explain relationships involving property?
14)
Understanding kinship systems is an important part of anthropology because
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A) kinship ties are what triggered the split between the hominin line and the rest of the primates and are thus the defining aspect of our humanity. B) kinship ties are important to the people anthropologists study; they are a key component of people's everyday social relations. C) it is the only aspect of anthropological study that the general public cares about. D) it provides an objective, universal perspective on how people are related to one another. E) the study of kinship is part of the anthropological tradition established by the field's pioneers.
15)
Which term refers to the family in which a child is raised? A) family of procreation B) family of nucleation C) genealogical family D) family of kin E) family of orientation
16) Traditionally, in some areas of Bosnia, several nuclear families were embedded in an extended family household called a zadruga. Among the Nayar in southern India, it was typical for people to live in matrilineal extended family compounds called tarawads. Descriptions of these two culturally specific cases highlight how A) nuclear families are extremely rare in terms of living arrangements. B) there are many alternatives to the nuclear family. C) children who grow up in stable kin groups are better off than those who don't. D) extended family households are an adaptive strategy for dealing with extreme poverty. E) the nuclear family is the only stable kin group arrangement.
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17) What is the name of the postmarital residence pattern in which the married couple is expected to establish their own home? A) ambilocality B) neolocality C) uxorilocality D) patrilocality E) matrilocality
18) In North America, the relatively high incidence of expanded family households in the lower class is A) an important strategy used by the poor to adapt to poverty. B) the reason the families of lower-class urbanites are dysfunctional. C) the result of enduring cultural ties to Europe. D) maladaptive, since poor families should be smaller in order to cut down on expenses. E) caused by bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century.
19) Although the nuclear family remains a cultural ideal for many Americans, nuclear families accounted for 18 percent of American households in 2019. In fact, other domestic arrangements outnumber the traditional U.S. household five to one. All of the following are among the reasons for this trendexcept that A) contrary to expectations, the importance of kinship is growing in contemporary nations. B) divorce rates have risen. C) job demands compete with romantic attachments. D) it is increasingly economically feasible for women to delay marriage and yet live away from their family of orientation. E) women are increasingly joining men in the workforce.
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20) Contemporary North American adults usually define their families as consisting of their husbands or wives and their children. In contrast, when middle-class Brazilians talk about their families, they mean their parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents, and on, down to their children. They rarely mention the spouse. Which of the following is among the reasons for this stark cultural contrast? A) Brazilians have purely economic relationships with their spouses. B) North Americans value independence over their family. C) Brazilians live in a less mobile society and so stay in closer contact with their relatives, including members of their extended family, than do North Americans. D) North Americans have more choices about where they can live, and they have chosen to live away from their relatives. E) Brazilians readily incorporate strangers into their social worlds.
21)
What are the two basic social units of foraging societies? A) the nuclear family and the band B) the lineage and the nuclear family C) the band and the clan D) the band and the extended family E) the extended family and the clan
22) A unilineal descent group whose members demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor is a(n) A) family of procreation. B) lineage. C) extended family. D) clan. E) family of orientation.
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23)
What does ego represent in a depiction of a kinship system?
A) the sense of distinct individuality that is present in any society B) the point of reference used to determine which kin terms are applicable to certain individuals C) the boundary between one's kin group and outsiders D) the emotional attachment felt by the people who use the system E) a gender-free way of reckoning kinship
24) In South Sudan, a Nuer woman can marry a woman if her father has only daughters but no male heirs. This is done to maintain the patrilineage. The "wife" has sex with one or more men until she gets pregnant. The children born are then accepted as the offspring of both the female husband and the wife. What is important in this example is A) how biology overrides culture regardless of human intentions. B) the fact that only same-sex marriages are recognized in patrilineal societies. C) that it illustrates how romantic love is both universal and complicated. D) how often marriage is simply about property. E) social rather than biological paternity, again illustrating how kinship is socially constructed.
25)
What is the term that anthropologists use to refer to the biological father of a child? A) provider B) pater C) genitor D) moiety E) creator
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26)
What is the term that anthropologists use to identify ego's socially recognized father? A) pater B) creator C) father D) mater E) genitor
27) All cultures have taboos against_________blank, sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative, although precisely what constitutes a close relative varies across cultures. A) incest B) fraternal C) exogamy D) levirate E) sororate
28) Why does exogamy, the practice of seeking a husband or wife outside one's own kin group, have adaptive value outside of biological concerns? A) It creates new social ties and alliances, providing access to more resources and social networks. B) It impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion. C) It was an important causal factor in the origin of social stratification. D) Exogamy is not adaptive; it is just a cultural construction. E) It increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and thus be eliminated from the population.
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29) Among the Yanomami of Venezuela and Brazil, as in many societies with unilineal descent, which of the following is true? A) Marriage between sororate cousins is preferred, although marriage between levirate cousins is considered incest. B) Marriage between Crow cousins is preferred; marriage between Omaha cousins is considered incest. C) Marriage between cross cousins is preferred; marriage between parallel cousins is considered incest. D) Marriage between parallel cousins is preferred, whereas marriage between cross cousins is considered incest. E) Marriage between first cousins is preferred, but marriage between second cousins is considered incest.
30) A recent cross-cultural study of 87 societies, all of which had incest taboos, investigated the rate at which such taboos were broken. The results of this study add to the evidence that A) many societies need better techniques of social control. B) incest does happen, but it is not clear whether the authors controlled for the social construction of incest. C) Freud was right: Children everywhere have sexual feelings toward their parents. D) many societies need better educational systems. E) cultural universals, like the human ability to make fire, always have a genetic basis.
31)
The incest taboo is almost culturally universal, but A) some cultures practice gerontology anyway. B) not all cultures have one. C) not all cultures know about the consequences of incest. D) not all cultures define incest the same way. E) some cultures have replaced it with the levirate.
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32) What term refers to the culturally sanctioned practice of marrying someone within a group to which one belongs? A) incest B) hypogamy C) endogamy D) exogamy E) endosperm
33) Which of the following marital customs dictate mating or marriage within a group to which one belongs? A) levirate B) progeny price C) sororal polygyny D) sororate E) endogamy
34)
Which of the following is an example of a rule of endogamy? A) the incest taboo B) the Nazi law forbidding Aryans from marrying anyone but other Aryans C) a taboo against marrying within the same village D) a taboo on marrying members of the same totemic group E) a taboo on mating with members of one's extended family
35)
How do the rules of endogamy function in society?
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A) They tend to maintain social distinctions between groups. B) They expand the gene pool. C) They prove that the incest taboo is not the cultural universal it was once thought to be. D) They extend kin ties across classes. E) They encourage the extension of affinal bonds to an ever-widening circle of people.
36) Anthropologist Edmund Leach (1955) observed that, depending on the society, several different kinds of rights are allocated by marriage. According to Leach, marriage can—but doesn't always—accomplish each of the followingexcept A) give either or both spouses a monopoly in the sexuality of the other. B) give either or both spouses rights to the labor of the other. C) establish a socially significant "relationship of affinity" between spouses and their relatives. D) give either or both spouses rights over the latent and manifest functions of the other. E) give either or both spouses rights over the other's property.
37) In a recent Pew Research Center survey, 88 percent of Americans ranked_________blank highest among reasons to get married. A) love B) making a lifelong commitment C) companionship D) having children E) financial stability
38) true?
Which of the following statements about same-sex marriage in the United States today is
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A) Same-sex marriage is only permissible in Vermont. B) Because of the Defense of Marriage Act, married same-sex couples do not have the same federal rights and benefits as other legally married couples. C) Unlike 21 other countries, same-sex marriage is illegal in the United States. D) The 2015 Supreme Court case of Obergefell v. Hodges legalized same-sex marriage in the United States. E) Although legal in most states, same-sex marriages are not recognized by the federal government.
39) A lobola, a substantial marital gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin, such as among the BaThonga of Mozambique, is A) only given for elopements. B) widespread in matrilineal societies. C) widespread in patrilineal societies. D) a form of bride theft. E) the same as a dowry.
40) What is the term for the marital exchange in which the bride's family or kin group provides substantial gifts when their daughter marries? A) polygamy B) brideservice C) dowry D) progeny price E) bridewealth
41)
Divorce tends to be more common
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A) in all societies when romance fails. B) when marriages are political alliances between groups. C) in matrilineal than in patrilineal societies. D) in societies in which marriage residence is patrilocal. E) when the dowry is very small.
42) What is the name of the custom by which a widower marries the sister of his deceased wife? A) serial polyandry B) filial marriage C) sororate marriage D) levirate marriage E) fraternal marriage
43)
Which of the following best defines polygyny? A) the custom whereby a wife marries the brother of her dead husband B) the type of marriage in which there is more than one husband C) the custom whereby a widower marries the sister of his dead wife D) the type of marriage in which there is more than one wife E) the type of marriage involving only two spouses
44)
_________blank is the term used to describe the practice in which brothers share a wife.
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A) Sororal polygyny B) Exogamy C) Endogamy D) Fraternal polygyny E) Fraternal polyandry
45)
All of the following are forms of polygamyexcept
A) a man who has three wives, all of whom are sisters. B) a woman who has two unrelated husbands. C) a man who has four wives simultaneously. D) a woman who has three husbands, all of whom are brothers. E) a man who marries, then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, then marries again, each time to a different woman.
46)
Which of the following statements about polygynous marriages is true?
A) They are associated with male infanticide. B) They are characteristic of high social instability, as with serial monogamy in southern California and Washington, D.C. C) They frequently involve a hierarchical arrangement among the wives. D) They tend to occur in societies that have more men than women. E) They are characterized by there being more than one husband in a single household.
47)
Which of the following statements about polyandry is most likely true?
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A) It is almost always sororate. B) It is legal in the United States. C) It is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation. D) It is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare. E) It is found only among fishing communities in Madagascar.
48) Which of the following statements about the role of the Internet in marriage and dating in contemporary societies isfalse? A) Like the workplace, bars, parties, and churches, the Internet is part of what has been labeled the "marriage market." B) Older people are more likely than younger ones to use online dating to find a partner. C) One's offline social connections influence one's opinions and use of online dating. D) The Internet has largely supplanted traditional "offline" partner shopping, which has dramatically faded in significance. E) Use of the Internet for partner shopping first began to soar when dynamic websites based on databases were introduced.
49)
Your family of procreation is the one into which you were born. ⊚ ⊚
true false
50) Although nuclear families are found in many societies around the world, this phenomenon is not a cultural universal. ⊚ ⊚
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51) The higher proportion of expanded family households among poorer Americans has been explained as an adaptation to poverty. ⊚ ⊚
true false
52) After reaching an all-time low for the twentieth century in the 1970s, the nuclear family is now making a rebound, accounting for a greater number of U.S. households each year. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) Industrialization increases mobility, which plays a major role in the disappearance of extended families in the United States. ⊚ ⊚
true false
54) Comparing notions of family between the United States and Brazil, the extended family still plays a central role for most Brazilians. ⊚ ⊚
55)
A descent group consists only of a married couple and their children. ⊚ ⊚
56)
true false
true false
Clans can have apical ancestors that are nonhuman such as an animal or a plant.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
57) With patrilineal descent, someone takes his or her father's last name but recognizes descent through both parents. ⊚ ⊚
58)
In unilineal descent, one's ancestry is traced through only one line of descent. ⊚ ⊚
59)
true false
true false
Members of a clan say they are descended from a common apical ancestor. ⊚ ⊚
true false
60) Neolocal postmarital residence rules require newly married couples to establish their own residence. ⊚ ⊚
true false
61) Among the Moso farmers of the Yunnan province, Tisese relationships are neither binding nor exclusive, and all children produced by such a union belong to their mother's household. ⊚ ⊚
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62) The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of Americans aged 18 to 29 years living with their parents—the highest share ever recorded. ⊚ ⊚
true false
63) The most common postmarital residence rule is matrilocality, in which the married couple moves in with the husband's family. ⊚ ⊚
true false
64) Members of a clan do not try to demonstrate specific genealogical links; rather, they just stipulate their common ancestry and descent. ⊚ ⊚
65)
Polyandry is common and practiced under a wide range of conditions. ⊚ ⊚
66)
true false
true false
Native American "Two-Spirits" were permitted to marry men. ⊚ ⊚
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67) love.
Anthropologists have noted a trend away from arranged marriages and toward romantic ⊚ ⊚
true false
68) Cultures have different definitions and expectations of relationships that are biologically or genetically equivalent. In other words, kinship is socially constructed. ⊚ ⊚
69)
Exogamy is the practice of seeking out a mate within one's own social group. ⊚ ⊚
70)
true false
true false
Incest is a cultural universal that is defined the same way by all cultures. ⊚ ⊚
true false
71) Early anthropologists explained incest as a reflection of an "instinctive horror" of mating with close relatives. However, this explanation for societal bans has been rejected because formal incest restrictions would be unnecessary if humans really do have an instinctive aversion to incest. ⊚ ⊚
true false
72) In the caste system of India, failure to adhere to class endogamy rules traditionally resulted in a ritually impure union. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
true false
73) In the United States, the Supreme Court upheld the legality of same-sex marriage in 2015. ⊚ ⊚
true false
74) Dowries are most common in societies in which women occupy an elevated status position. ⊚ ⊚
true false
75) In many societies with patrilineal descent, the giving of lobola by the husband's group to the bride's group is insurance against divorce. ⊚ ⊚
true false
76) In tribal societies, unlike industrial ones, marriage entails only an agreement between the people getting married; descent groups play only a minor role. ⊚ ⊚
true false
77) If Hannah marries her deceased husband's brother, the arrangement is considered a levirate marriage. ⊚ ⊚ Version 1
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78) Cross-culturally, divorce is known only in industrialized societies where a high percentage of women are gainfully employed. ⊚ ⊚
true false
79) In a study among the Hopi of northeastern Arizona, more than a third of the women of the community had been divorced at least once, which correlates with the fact that these women were socially and economically insecure. ⊚ ⊚
true false
80) Serial polygamy is the practice of having more than one wife, but never more than one at the same time. ⊚ ⊚
true false
81) Polygynous marriages often serve important economic and political functions, with the number of wives a man has serving as an indicator of his wealth, prestige, and status. ⊚ ⊚
82)
true false
With polyandry, a woman takes more than one husband at one time. ⊚ ⊚
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83) In almost all cases of marriage in nonindustrial societies, some kind of preexisting social relationship between any two individuals helps determine whether they may marry. ⊚ ⊚
true false
84) Although briefly popular after its introduction, online dating never became a significant part of the marriage market. ⊚ ⊚
true false
85) Oxford researchers found that younger people were more likely than older ones to use online dating to find their current partner. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 13_10e_Families, Kinship, and Marriage 14) B 15) E 16) B 17) B 18) A 19) A 20) C 21) A 22) B 23) B 24) E 25) C 26) A 27) A 28) A 29) C 30) B 31) D 32) C 33) E 34) B 35) A 36) D 37) A 38) D 39) C Version 1
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40) C 41) C 42) C 43) D 44) E 45) E 46) C 47) D 48) D 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) TRUE 52) FALSE 53) TRUE 54) TRUE 55) FALSE 56) TRUE 57) FALSE 58) TRUE 59) FALSE 60) TRUE 61) TRUE 62) TRUE 63) FALSE 64) TRUE 65) FALSE 66) TRUE 67) TRUE 68) TRUE 69) FALSE Version 1
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70) FALSE 71) TRUE 72) TRUE 73) TRUE 74) FALSE 75) TRUE 76) FALSE 77) TRUE 78) FALSE 79) FALSE 80) FALSE 81) TRUE 82) TRUE 83) TRUE 84) FALSE 85) FALSE
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CHAPTER 14 1) What position do most anthropologists take on the matter of whether male dominance is a cultural universal? What is your own view on the matter? What evidence can you put forth to support your view?
2) How are sexuality, sex, and gender related to each other? What are the differences among these three analytical concepts?
3) Contrast gender roles in two of the following: (A) foraging societies; (B) matrilinealmatrilocal societies; (C) patrilineal-patrilocal societies; (D) pastoralists; and (E) agriculturalists.
4) What is the domestic-public dichotomy? In what kinds of societies does it occur, and in what kinds of societies is it absent? What factors contribute to its presence or absence, and what are its effects on gender roles?
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5) What is the relationship between gender stratification and economic roles? Do these relationships apply equally to all types of societies, regardless of the type of productive activity? Why or why not?
6) Are certain sexual preferences more natural than others? What factors compel some societies to deviate from the heterosexual norm found in most human societies?
7) What factors might explain the correlation between women's work outside the home and a national index of happiness? What is it about women working outside of the home that might make a country's population happier? Brainstorm possible causes for this correlation.
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8) With the termsex, anthropologists are referring to biological differences. In contrast,gender is defined as A) the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex. B) the marked differences in male and female biology, which vary across cultures. C) a political system ruled by men that defines the identity of women. D) the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else. E) one's biological identity.
9)
The tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex are known as A) sexual ascribed status. B) the prestige coefficient. C) gender stereotypes. D) gender roles. E) sex roles.
10) The differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals are referred to as A) sexual orientation. B) gender identity. C) cisgender. D) sexual dimorphism. E) gender stereotypes.
11) Ethnographic evidence has revealed that traditionally, Pawnee women worked wood, and among the Hidatsa, women made boats. Cases such as these suggest that Version 1
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A) the division of labor by gender is a natural characteristic of human societies. B) patterns of division of labor by gender are culturally general—not universal. C) anthropologists are overly optimistic about finding a society with perfect gender equality. D) biology has nothing to do with gender roles. E) exceptions to cross-cultural generalization are actually the rule.
12)
This chapter's discussion on recurrent gender patterns stresses that
A) the United Nations should become more involved in reversing these patterns. B) these generalities are based on bad data, because the studies did not use randomized sampling. C) it is the role of industrialized nations to correct patterns that are immoral. D) these patterns are universals rather than generalities. E) exceptions to cross-cultural generalizations may involve societies or individuals.
13)
Thedomestic-public dichotomy refers to the separation of A) cooking and sleeping spaces in residential units. B) the elite and commoners. C) secular and sacred domains. D) home and the outside world. E) spheres of exchange.
14)
Among the Agta of the Philippines, women not only gather, they also
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A) are the primary warrior class, except when pregnant or breastfeeding. B) hunt small animals and do some fishing. C) fish, while carrying their babies with them. D) are the tribal leaders. E) cultivate small food plots inside village defenses.
15) When compared to other kinds of societies, all the following are true about foragersexcept that A) the public and private spheres are least separate. B) the rights, activities, and spheres of influence of men and women overlap the most. C) sexual promiscuity is most common and routinely punished. D) when gathering is prominent, gender status tends to be more equal. E) hierarchy is least marked.
16)
Among American working parents, which of the following isfalse?
A) As her children get older, a woman is less likely to enter the labor force. B) The median income of women working full time is about 80 percent that of a comparably employed male. C) Women today fill more than half of all management and professional jobs. D) Ninety-four percent of married fathers with children under age 18 are in the labor force. E) About 69 percent of married mothers are in the labor force.
17) Which of the following is not among the four sexual orientations found throughout the world?
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A) homosexuality B) heterosexuality C) asexuality D) bisexuality E) transsexuality
18) If a patriarchy is a political system ruled by men, what would a matriarchy be—a political system ruled by women? Anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday, who investigated these questions among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, found that A) true matriarchies do not exist. B) women of newer generations are experimenting with new ideas of gender roles. C) although Minangkabau women play a central role in their culture's social, economic, and ceremonial life, they are still regarded as having lower status than men. D) the Minangkabau matriarchy is not the equivalent of female rule because of their belief that decision-making should be by consensus. E) women in matriarchies see their male counterparts as being inferior.
19) Which of the following statements about groups with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex isfalse? A) They are sometimes characterized by a view that females are dangerous and polluting. B) They have strongly developed private-public dichotomies. C) Their land and prestige are passed through the females. D) They often practice polygyny and have patterns of intervillage raiding. E) They have their prestige goods under male control.
20) Among societies exhibiting the patrilineal-patrilocal complex in highland Papua New Guinea,
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A) women fear contacts, including sexual intercourse, with men. B) the population pressure on strategic resources is relaxed. C) women govern the extradomestic distribution of prestige items. D) women remain the primary producers of subsistence crops. E) household productivity is decreased by polygyny because a man must provide for more than one wife.
21) Why should the numbers from Kinsey's research be considered merely illustrative, rather than statistically accurate? A) flaws in the statistical models used B) failure to account for variance in the target population C) incorrect assignment of causation D) a reliance on nonrandom samples E) sample sizes that were too small
22) Of the following factors, which is historically correlated with the shrinking of the female factory workforce in the United States? A) the women's rights movement B) World War II C) European immigration around 1900 D) inflation E) voting rights for women
23)
More than half the poor children living in the United States live in families that are
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A) blended. B) patrifocal. C) headed by women. D) headed by men. E) dichotomized.
24)
Which of the following statements isfalse?
A) The feminization of poverty is unique to the United States. B) Households headed by women tend to be poorer than those headed by men. C) The feminization of poverty has serious consequences with regard to living standards. D) Married couples are much more secure economically than single mothers. E) Among developed nations, the U.S. has the largest percentage of single-parent households.
25)
In which type of society would you expect women's status to be highest? A) industrial states with high unemployment B) pastoralists C) hunters and gatherers D) societies where there is a great deal of population pressure E) agriculturalists
26) According to studies in the 1960s, why did young Etoro men and boys engage in homosexual relationships?
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A) They believed it is necessary for boys to ingest semen in order to mature in a healthy way. B) The status of Etoro women was considered above and beyond males. C) They did not understand biological reproduction, which is why they no longer exist. D) Genetic drift created a population dominated by a homosexual gene. E) A warrior cult of older adult men vigorously enforced a monopoly on access to women.
27)
Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrate that
A) foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies all have similar attitudes toward sex but different attitudes toward gender. B) changes in the gender roles of men and women are usually associated with social decay and anarchy. C) the gender roles of men and women are largely determined by their biological capabilities—relative strength, endurance, intelligence, and so on. D) women are subservient in nearly all societies, because their subsistence activities contribute much less to the total diet than do those of men. E) the relative status of women is variable, depending on such factors as the type of subsistence strategy employed, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domesticpublic dichotomy.
28)
Regarding sexual orientation, all of the following are trueexcept that
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A) flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage, since both masturbation and same-sex sexual activity exist among chimpanzees and other primates. B) there is conclusive scientific evidence that sexual orientation is genetically determined. C) different types of sexual desires and experiences hold different meanings for individuals and groups. D) within a society, individuals will differ in the nature, range, and intensity of sexual interests and urges. E) culture always plays a role in molding individual sexual urges toward a collective norm, and these norms vary from culture to culture.
29)
Which of the following statements about the label "transgender" is accurate?
A) Transgender individuals may or may not contrast biologically with ordinary males and females. B) Just like the labels "masculine" and "feminine," "transgender" is an absolute and binary category. C) Feeling their previous gender assignment was incorrect, transgender individuals become female. D) Transgender only includes those whose gender identity has biological roots. E) Transgender and intersex are both biologically based.
30) Based on research in the 1960s, which of the following statements about Etoro conceptions of heterosexual intercourse isfalse? A) It was permitted to take place only in the couple's residence. B) It was thought to sap a man's vitality. C) Such sex was permitted only a hundred days a year. D) It was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death. E) Women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches.
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31)
What is meant by the termfeminization of poverty? A) the view that conditions of poverty are emasculating B) the popularity of feminist ideals among poor people C) the view that only women care about issues of poverty D) the increasing number of women among the poorest people E) the recent campaign by feminists to work with the poor
32)
Transgender is a social category that A) has no validity within the social sciences. B) includes people whose gender identity has no apparent biological roots. C) consists of only intersex people. D) always contrasts biologically with "ordinary" males and females. E) is entirely biologically constructed.
33) Intersex, a group of conditions involving discrepancy between external genitals and internal genitals, can have a variety of chromosomal causes that create a sex-gender difference. Which of the following chromosomal anomalies identifies a person with the chromosomes of a woman and female internal anatomy, but with male external genitals? A) XX intersex person B) Turner syndrome C) Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY configuration) D) true gonadal intersex person E) XY intersex person
34)
The specific roles assigned to each gender vary from culture to culture.
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⊚ ⊚
35)
Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors that are the exclusive domain of each sex. ⊚ ⊚
36)
true false
true false
Cross-culturally, the subsistence contributions of men and women are roughly equal. ⊚ ⊚
true false
37) Adding together men's and women's subsistence activities and their domestic work, men tend to work more hours than women do. ⊚ ⊚
38)
true false
Cross-culturally, polyandry is much more common than polygyny. ⊚ ⊚
true false
39) The anthropological record confirms that gender diversity has existed in many societies and taken many forms, including eunuchs in Byzantium, the Zuni Two-Spirit, and virginal transvestites of North Albania. ⊚ ⊚
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40)
Gender stratification tends to be extremely pronounced in patrilineal-patrilocal societies. ⊚ ⊚
true false
41) In foraging societies, gender stratification was most marked when men contributed much more to the diet than women did. ⊚ ⊚
true false
42) Family violence and domestic abuse of women are widespread problems: These occur as commonly in nuclear family settings, such as Canada and the United States, as in more blatantly patriarchal contexts. ⊚ ⊚
true false
43) In the United States, attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied according to economic needs. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) The reason there are more modern-day "Rosie the Riveters" is that modern industry is even more physically demanding than it was during World War II. ⊚ ⊚
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45)
COVID-19 disproportionately affected America's working men. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) As of 2019, more than 40 percent of American mothers were the primary or sole source of income in their homes. ⊚ ⊚
47)
true false
Female employment continues to lag noticeably in certain highly paid professions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
48) Only about 11 percent of American private-sector employers offer paid leave specifically for family reasons, and the consequence is that more than a quarter of American workers have encountered actual or threatened job loss because of an illness or family-related absence. ⊚ ⊚
true false
49) Transgender and XX intersex are interchangeable terms referring to individuals with external genitals that are incompletely formed, ambiguous, or female. ⊚ ⊚
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50)
Flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 14_10e_Gender 8) D 9) D 10) D 11) B 12) E 13) D 14) B 15) C 16) A 17) E 18) D 19) C 20) D 21) D 22) C 23) C 24) A 25) C 26) A 27) E 28) B 29) A 30) A 31) D 32) B 33) A Version 1
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34) TRUE 35) FALSE 36) TRUE 37) FALSE 38) FALSE 39) TRUE 40) TRUE 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE
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CHAPTER 15 1)
How do you explain the universality of religion?
2) On the basis of theories about the origins and functions of religion, what are the functions that organized religion serves in U.S. society? Can religion in the United States be described as embedded in other sociocultural institutions, such as politics? If you have spent most of your life in a different country, feel free to write about religion in that country.
3) Contrast ritual behavior with ordinary behavior. Give examples of religious and secular rituals. What are the main differences between such kinds of rituals?
4) Much religious and ritual behavior is adaptive. Can you think of cases in which it is not? What does it mean for religion to be maladaptive?
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5) What are the similarities and differences between religions of foraging societies and those of nation-states? How do these compare with Olympian religions and monotheism? What kinds of general evolutionary trends are discernible in religious worship?
6)
Discuss two cases illustrating religion's role in social change.
7) Is religion declining or becoming increasingly important in contemporary society? Why? If you believe that religion is declining, what is replacing it?
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8) Ironically, religious fundamentalism is a very modern phenomenon. Why is this an irony? How does learning about the concept of modernism in the context of a chapter on anthropology and religion alter, if at all, the way you understand world events today?
9) Émile Durkheim, an early scholar of religion, stressed what he termed religious effervescence. Anthropologists too have stressed A) the analysis of the use of behavior-altering drugs in religious experience. B) that proper analysis requires separation of collective re-creation from collective religion. C) the collective as well as individual universality of religion. D) the qualities that make religion present in some societies but not in others. E) that religious worlds are real and significant to those who construct and inhabit them.
10)
Like ethnicity and language, religion is A) a cultural generality. B) a social fiction. C) associated with social divisions within and between societies and nations. D) a phenomenon that illustrates the power of biology over culture. E) a topic of research that distinguishes anthropology from other disciplines.
11) Who focused on religion's explanatory role and argued that religion would eventually disappear as science provided better explanations?
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A) Claude Lévi-Strauss B) Sir E. E. Evans-Pritchard C) Sir Edward Burnett Tylor D) Margaret Mead E) Bronislaw Malinowski
12)
Animism, polytheism, and monotheism are the
A) three kinds of religion that exist in the world today. B) stages, according to Edward Tylor, through which religion evolved. C) stages of ritual, according to Victor Turner. D) stages through which all present-day religions have passed. E) names for the three psychological needs that all individuals have, thus explaining the universality of religion.
13) What kind of religion is based on the idea that each human has a double that is active during sleep? A) polytheism B) totemism C) mana D) animism E) animatism
14) Besides animism—and sometimes coexisting with it in the same society—there is a view of the supernatural as a domain of raw impersonal power, or force, that people can control under certain conditions. This conception of the supernatural is particularly prominent in Melanesia. Melanesians refer to this force as
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A) mana. B) taboo. C) good (or bad) luck. D) magic. E) The Force.
15)
What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals? A) magic B) pantheism C) animism D) a rite of passage E) religion
16) _________blank magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it. A) Contagious B) Simultaneous C) Imitative D) Sequential E) Serial
17) Religion and magic don't just explain things and help people accomplish goals—they also enter the realm of human feelings. In other words,
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A) they often lead to extreme psychological disruption and even mental illness. B) they determine the emotional well-being of all their practitioners. C) they are psychologically and cognitively relevant, but these realms are well contained and have no effect beyond the mental well-being of the practitioner. D) religion helps reduce differences by promoting brotherly love. E) they serve emotional needs as well as explanatory ones.
18) Bronislaw Malinowski found that the Trobriand Islanders used magic when sailing, a hazardous activity. He proposed that A) magic was a surprisingly effective stand-in for proper fishing skills and experience because it made people confident in their capabilities. B) magic emboldened people to take more risks. C) people turn to magic to instill psychological stress on their competitors, especially when the fish supply is very low. D) because people can't control matters such as wind, weather, and the fish supply, they turn to magic. E) magic actually reduced the fishing success of the Trobriand Islanders, but at least they did not feel directly responsible, since then they could blame it on bad luck.
19)
Which of the following is true about rites of passage?
A) Participants in rites of passage are only tricked into believing that there was a big change in their lives. B) Rites of passage only worsen the anxieties caused by other aspects of religion. C) Beliefs and rituals can, ironically, both diminish and create anxiety and a sense of insecurity and danger. D) Despite their prevalence during the time that Victor Turner did his research, rites of passage have disappeared with the advent of modern life. E) Rites of passage would be effective in diminishing anxiety and fear if they did not involve the liminal phase.
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20)
Which of the following isnot among contemporary rites of passage? A) baptism B) initiation C) marriage D) fasting E) bat mitzvah
21) According to Victor Turner, all rites of passage have three phases: separation, liminality, and incorporation. Of these three, the liminal phase—which is the most interesting—is typically characterized by A) symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior. B) no change in the social norms. C) a forming of an implicit ranking system. D) intensification of the social hierarchy. E) the use of secular language.
22) Both induction into the U.S. Marine Corps and the vision quest of certain North American Indian societies are examples of A) a generalized exchange. B) rites of passage. C) genetic programming. D) binary opposition. E) a structural analysis of religion.
23)
What is the term for the marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage?
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A) mana B) voodoo C) animism D) taboo E) liminality
24)
What is communitas? A) the Latin word for mana B) the supernatural C) a collective liminality D) a social inequality that is accepted even by those who are less privileged E) anxiety
25) Rituals serve the social function of creating temporary or permanent solidarity among people—forming a social community. We see this also in practices known as A) mana. B) totemism. C) fundamentalism. D) liminality. E) animism.
26)
Which of the following isnot a religious descriptor term?
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A) caste B) unaffiliated C) syncretic D) agnostic E) None of the answers is correct.
27) As today's forces of globalization displace people, which church has spread most quickly, offers a tightly knit egalitarian community, and adapts easily to local culture? A) Pentecostal B) Catholic C) mainline Protestant D) Islam E) Jewish
28) Which of the following describes a church's ability to become locally relevant as it spreads throughout the world? A) hybridization B) globalization C) antimodernism D) fundamentalism E) homogenization
29) Which of the following tend to be directed at socially marginal individuals as a method of social control?
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A) witchcraft accusations B) Olympian religions C) blood feuds D) rites of passage E) cargo cults
30) Which of the following isnot a problem when defining the difference between secular and sacred? A) Secular rituals are performed in strictly religious settings. B) The distinction between the supernatural and natural is not consistently made in society. C) Behavior considered appropriate for religious occasions varies from culture to culture. D) Some secular settings, things, and events acquire intense, powerful meaning. E) All answer choices are correct.
31) Which of the following kinds of religion involves part-time religious specialists in foraging societies? A) individualistic cults B) communal religion C) idiosyncratic belief systems D) shamanistic religion E) Olympian religion
32)
Which of the following kinds of religion involves full-time religious specialists?
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A) Olympian religion B) shamanistic religion C) idiosyncratic belief system D) communal religion E) individualistic cult
33) Protestant values such as asceticism and entrepreneurship, as a result of the belief that success on Earth could lead to salvation, and a fervent individualism due to the belief that only individuals could be saved, both lead—in the right conditions—to the rise of capitalism. Who made this argument? A) Sir Edward Burnett Tylor B) Robert Bellah C) Claude Lévi-Strauss in his famous book The Savage Mind D) Max Weber in his influential book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism E) Anthony F. C. Wallace in his attempt to show religion's relevance in understanding historical change
34) Which of the following groups see a sharp divide between themselves and other religions, as well as between a "sacred" view of life and the "secular" world? A) Haredi Jews B) Communitas C) mainline Protestants D) Hindus E) Pentecostals
35)
Cargo cults, syncretic religions that mix Melanesian and Christian beliefs, are
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A) cultural acts that mock the widespread but erroneous belief of European cultural supremacy. B) antimodernist movements that reject anything Western. C) culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another. D) just like religious fundamentalism in that they are ancient cultural phenomena enjoying a rebirth in current world affairs. E) a religious response to the expansion of the world capitalist economy, often with political and economic consequences.
36) Antimodernism describes the rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived to be an earlier, purer, better way of life. Fundamentalism describes antimodernist movements in various religions. Ironically, A) religious fundamentalism is itself a modern phenomenon, based on a strong feeling among its adherents of alienation from the perceived secularism of the surrounding modern culture. B) fundamentalist sentiments depend on recognition of the modern culture. C) fundamentalists never lead a better way of life, precisely because they reject the benefits of modern life. D) religious fundamentalism is an extremely old phenomenon that actually spurred the rise of modernism. E) fundamentalist movements have both benefited from and promoted the use of technology for international networking.
37)
Which of the following statements about religion isfalse? A) It is sometimes a source of conflict. B) It can both create and maintain social solidarity. C) It can both create and maintain divisions within society. D) It is, in some cases, ecologically adaptive. E) It is a cultural construction, therefore not a reality.
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38)
Which of the following statements about religion isfalse?
A) Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain societal divisions. B) Religious beliefs can help regulate the economy. C) Political leaders never mix religion with politics. D) Religion is often an instrument of societal change, even revolution. E) The functions of religious beliefs and practices vary with the society.
39) Evangelical Protestantism is experiencing rapid growth in all of the following regionsexcept A) Latin America. B) sub-Saharan Africa. C) the Middle East and North Africa. D) Europe. E) Brazil.
40)
Which of the following isnot a problem with defining religion?
A) Defining religion with reference to supernatural powers makes it difficult to classify ritual-like behavior in secular contexts. B) Only one religion can be considered true, so all others must be classified as myth. C) Distinctions between supernatural and natural are not consistently made in a society, making it difficult to tell what a religion is and what isn't. D) There are both sacred and secular rituals. E) Behaviors considered appropriate for religious occasions vary between cultures.
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41) Émile Durkheim, an early scholar of religion, stressed what he termed religious effervescence, the bubbling up of collective emotional intensity generated by worship. ⊚ ⊚
true false
42) Like ethnicity and language, religion is associated with social divisions within and between societies and nations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
43) According to Edward Tylor, religion evolved from polytheism to animism to monotheism. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) In Melanesia, mana is an essential sacred life force that resides in people, animals, plants, and objects. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) According to Bronislaw Malinowski, religion provides people with emotional comfort during problematic times. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) Animism, belief in souls or doubles, is thought by some to be the earliest form of religion. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
true false
47) By participating in a ritual, the participants signal that they accept the common social and moral order prescribed by their religion. ⊚ ⊚
48)
true false
Rites of passage involve three phases: separation, liminality, and totemism. ⊚ ⊚
true false
49) Communitas is the strong feeling of collective unity shared by individuals at the core of a society who define themselves in opposition to the society's liminal members. ⊚ ⊚
50)
true false
Religion can be used as a powerful means of controlling society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) Witch hunts are an example of how religion can be used to limit deviant social behavior by instilling strong motivations to behave properly. ⊚ ⊚
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52)
Shamans are full-time religious practitioners generally found in state-level societies. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) Max Weber argued that the spread of capitalism was closely linked to the ethics and values of Catholicism. ⊚ ⊚
true false
54) Based on people's claimed religions, Christianity is the world's largest, with some 2.3 billion adherents. ⊚ ⊚
true false
55) Worldwide, Islam is growing at a rate of about 2.9 percent annually, versus 2.3 percent for Christianity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
56) After Christians and Muslims, the largest spiritual group consists of those who lack any religious affiliation. ⊚ ⊚
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57)
Syncretic religions are a blending of elements from different religions. ⊚ ⊚
58)
Christianity originated as a revitalization movement. ⊚ ⊚
59)
true false
true false
The rapid spread of Islam illustrates cultural globalization and hybridization. ⊚ ⊚
true false
60) Antimodernism is a rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, better way of life. ⊚ ⊚
61)
true false
Militant groups are part of an organized global network based on top-down control. ⊚ ⊚
true false
62) Extremist group members are often refugees, migrants, and marginalized groups— individuals who feel adrift and apart from, perhaps even despised by, the society or nation-state that surrounds them. ⊚ ⊚
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63) Like Catholicism, Pentecostalism is egalitarian, and adherents need no special education to preach or run a church. ⊚ ⊚
64)
true false
Behaviors associated with sports fandom could be considered secular rituals. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 15_10e_Religion 9) E 10) C 11) C 12) B 13) D 14) A 15) A 16) A 17) E 18) D 19) C 20) D 21) A 22) B 23) E 24) C 25) B 26) A 27) A 28) A 29) A 30) A 31) D 32) A 33) D 34) A Version 1
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35) E 36) A 37) E 38) A 39) D 40) B 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) FALSE 44) TRUE 45) TRUE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) FALSE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) TRUE 52) FALSE 53) FALSE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) TRUE 59) TRUE 60) TRUE 61) FALSE 62) TRUE 63) FALSE 64) TRUE Version 1
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CHAPTER 16 1) Is it contradictory to say that membership in an ethnic group is an ascribed status while arguing that we negotiate our social identities? Why or why not?
2) What is meant by thesocial construction of race? How does this concept differ from race as perceived by the average middle-class American?
3) What is hypodescent? Why is it an arbitrary rule of racial classification What are the effects of this rule in American society?
4) Racial classification is a political issue. Compare the Canadian census, in its treatment of racial categories, to the U.S. Census. What do you think would be the political consequences of using one census over another? The election of Barack Obama to the U.S. presidency in 2008 rekindled many public discussions on race in the United States. What is the substance of these discussions? What are the terms of the debate?
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5) What are the major differences between the Brazilian and U.S. systems of racial classification?
6) Describe the political aspect of ethnicity. Give examples. How is multiculturalism an attempt to depoliticize ethnicity? (Start out with a careful definition of what you mean bypolitical.)
7) Describe the difference between nations and nationalities. What effect did colonialism have on both?
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8) There are nation-states in which multiple ethnic groups live together in harmony. What are the different types of positive ethnic interaction that occur in these societies?
9) The second half of the 20th century saw a great increase in the significance of ethnicity as a factor in regional and world identity politics. What are the historical, social, and cultural reasons for this?
10) Why aren't most nation-states homogeneous? How do countries vary in their ethnic compositions in different regions of the world?
11)
Ethnicity means identification with
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A) and feeling part of two or more groups in a plural society. B) the cultural values of the dominant culture. C) neighbors in a multicultural society. D) identification with and feeling part of a cultural group and exclusion from other cultural groups. E) and feeling part of a biologically racial group.
12) An anthropological understanding of ethnicity and race requires exploring how people and institutions define, negotiate, and even challenge their identities in society. One way anthropologists—and social scientists in general—do this is by studyingstatus, which refers to A) any position, no matter what its prestige, that someone occupies in society. B) an identity determined by the state through census practices. C) a mutually exclusive social identity that is set by others and has little to do with an individual's actions. D) a biologically determined identity within a hierarchical society. E) a socially negotiated identity that always changes throughout a person's lifetime.
13)
An ascribed status is a status that A) you choose for yourself. B) bestows dominance in society; for example, that of a king. C) you earn, as when a successful law student becomes a lawyer. D) people have little choice about occupying. E) is based on standardized test scores.
14) Depending on the situation, the same man might declare: "I'm Jimmy's father"; "I'm your boss"; "I'm African American"; or "I'm your professor." This phenomenon, whereby a person's claimed or perceived identity varies depending on context, is called
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A) ethnicity. B) rotating core personality traits. C) ethnic tolerance. D) situational negotiation of social identity. E) hypodescent.
15)
Race, like ethnicity in general, is A) a biological reality as much as a cultural one. B) poorly understood by geneticists and therefore considered a cultural category. C) a cultural category rather than a biological reality. D) used by social scientists to classify humans based on genes and shared blood. E) a meaningless concept to people living day-to-day.
16)
Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true?
A) Ethnicity is the politically correct term for race. B) Americans maintain a clear distinction between ethnicity and race. C) Ethnicity is based on common biological features. D) Ethnicity and race are synonyms. E) Ethnicity is one's identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms.
17)
Which of the following statements about U.S. racial categories is true?
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A) U.S. racial categories are applied to endogamous breeding populations. B) U.S. racial categories are culturally arbitrary, even though most people assume them to be based on biology. C) U.S. racial categories are biologically valid, as demonstrated by the Phipps case in the 1970s in Louisiana. D) U.S. racial categories are based on global racial categories that vary little among societies. E) U.S. racial categories are based on genetics, whereas Japan's are based upon undemonstrated descent.
18) What is the term for the arbitrary rule that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less-privileged group? A) polygyny B) hypervitaminosis C) hypodescent D) polyandry E) hypogamy
19) In the United States, organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Council of La Raza, a Hispanic advocacy group, have opposed adding a "multiracial" census category. This suggests that A) racial classification is all about cultural pride. B) racial classification can become more scientifically accurate despite people's ignorance to the contrary. C) racial classification matters only to Hispanic minorities in the United States. D) racial classification is a political issue, in that these groups fear their political clout will decline if their numbers go down. E) both organizations need to hire anthropologists.
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20)
In Japan, theburakumin A) are perceived as pure Japanese, even if one of their parents is not Japanese. B) are the cream of Japan's racial categories, having the purest blood. C) constitute a numerical majority in Japan. D) no longer face discrimination. E) are stigmatized despite being genetically indistinguishable from other Japanese.
21)
Which of the following statements about the concept of race in Brazil is false?
A) The perception of biological races is influenced not just by the physical phenotype but by how one dresses and behaves. B) There are more than 500 different terms used to describe phenotypes. C) The large number of racial categories does not lend itself easily to socioeconomic discrimination based on race. D) Racial classification in Brazil is built around the concept of hypodescent. E) A person's race can change from day-to-day.
22) Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial taxonomies? A) Brazilians do not recognize racial differences. B) There are no important differences between the two taxonomies. C) Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas U.S. categories are based on phenotype. D) In the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil, race can change from day-to-day. E) American categories are purer than Brazilian categories.
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23) What term formerly referred to a culture that shared a single language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship? A) homeland B) monoculture C) country D) nation E) society
24) What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status? A) nations B) nationalities C) captive nations D) ethnicities E) ethnic avengers
25)
What term refers to an independent, centrally organized political unit, or a government? A) culture B) tribe C) state D) nationality E) bureaucracy
26)
Nation-states are
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A) ethnically homogeneous. B) the same as tribes and ethnic groups. C) defined by their lack of ethnic identity. D) parts of other states. E) otherwise known as countries.
27) Which of the following isnot a Francophone West African nation wherenégritude ("black identity") developed? A) Ivory Coast B) Senegal C) Liberia D) Mali E) Guinea
28) What term does anthropologist Fredrik Barth use to refer to a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups? A) pluralism B) assimilation C) broad-spectrum subsistence D) plural society E) multicultural
29) According to Fredrik Barth's theories about ethnic identity, ethnic boundaries are most stable when
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A) ethnic groups occupy different ecological niches. B) the members of the ethnic groups are highly educated, as in postcolonial states. C) ethnic groups share the same nation-state. D) ethnic groups share a common ancestor. E) ethnic groups are culturally very similar and tend to pursue the same goals.
30)
The presence of ethnic neighborhoods may indicate what kind of coexistence? A) multiculturalism B) colonialism C) acculturation D) assimilation E) enculturation
31)
What is the term for policies and practices that harm a group and its members? A) prejudice B) racism C) discrimination D) colonialism E) ethnocentrism
32) A policy of ethnic expulsion aims at removing groups that are culturally different from a country. There are many examples, including Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 1990s. Uganda expelled 74,000 Asians in 1972. The neofascist parties of contemporary Western Europe advocate repatriation of immigrant workers. What is one of the potential consequences of such policies?
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A) state-mandated forced assimilation B) gender stratification C) the breakup of imaginary communes D) the creation of class consciousness E) the creation of refugees
33) What term refers to the deliberate suppression or destruction of an ethnic culture by a dominant group? A) ethnocide B) ethnocentrism C) ethno-nationalism D) ethnocleansing E) discrimination
34) What is the term for the use of force by a dominant group to compel a minority to adopt the prevailing culture? A) forced assimilation B) ethnocentrism C) genocide D) environmental racism E) attitudinal discrimination
35) Prominent in the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump was the idea of an association between ethnicity (traditionally European derived and Christian) and the right to rule the United States, otherwise known as
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A) assimilation. B) ethno-nationalism. C) ethnocide. D) pluralism. E) cultural colonialism.
36) Ronald Brownstein (2010) identified groups he described as "the gray and the brown.” Based on his findings, which of the following are true of "the gray and the brown"? A) The "gray" population is generally accepting of taxes and public spending. B) The "brown" population appears increasingly resistant to taxes and public spending. C) The "gray" population voted solidly for Democratic candidates, whereas the "brown" population voted consistently for Republican candidates. D) Politically, "the gray and the brown" are very similar. E) The "gray and the brown" are more independent economically than either realize.
37) The disproportionate likelihood of arrest, incarceration, and mistreatment by police faced by African Americans is an example of A) de facto discrimination. B) cultural colonialism. C) ethnocide. D) de jure discrimination. E) ethnonationalism.
38) Achieved statuses come through choices, actions, efforts, talents, or accomplishments, and may be positive or negative. ⊚ ⊚
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39)
When one's ethnic identity is flexible and situational, it can become an achieved status. ⊚ ⊚
40)
true false
In cultural terms, a race is an ethnic group that has a biological basis. ⊚ ⊚
true false
41) Most Americans are not very precise in distinguishing between the termsrace andethnicity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
42) Hypodescent in the United States automatically determines the race of a child whose parents belong to different racial groups. ⊚ ⊚
43)
true false
Hypodescent refers to individuals who are racially pure. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) Interracial, biracial, and multiracial identities are becoming more and more common in the United States. Version 1
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⊚ ⊚
45)
The U.S. and Canadian governments use the same racial categories in their censuses. ⊚ ⊚
46)
true false
true false
Racial categories in Japan are more rigid than they are in Brazil. ⊚ ⊚
true false
47) In Japan, theburakumin represent an isolated breeding population that is genetically distinct from the rest of the country. ⊚ ⊚
true false
48) The Japanese media treatment of tennis's Naomi Osaka illustrates an exception to Japanese racism. ⊚ ⊚
49)
true false
Brazilian racial classification is based exclusively on an individual's phenotype. ⊚ ⊚
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50) Phenotype refers to an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"— physiology and anatomy, including skin color, hair form, facial features, and eye color. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) The termnation formerly referred to an ethnic group that shared a religion, language, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship. ⊚ ⊚
52)
true false
One of the definitions of state is a centrally organized political unit; a government. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) Colonialism often erected boundaries that corresponded poorly with preexisting cultural divisions. ⊚ ⊚
true false
54) Host countries that emphasize assimilation tend to encourage minority ethnic groups to retain their identities. ⊚ ⊚
55)
true false
Assimilation is inevitable, and there cannot be ethnic harmony without it.
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⊚ ⊚
56)
true false
A plural society is the opposite of a society that forces groups to assimilate. ⊚ ⊚
true false
57) Multiculturalism emphasizes the need for a series of cultures to abandon their old ethnic identities and join together to forge a new and unique cultural identity. ⊚ ⊚
58)
true false
A key element of multiculturalism is a respect for ethnic diversity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
59) Migration and rapid population growth are fueling multiculturalism in countries like the United States and Canada. ⊚ ⊚
true false
60) Only dominant or majority groups can have prejudiced views; minority groups are not capable of being prejudiced. ⊚ ⊚
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61) De facto discrimination occurs when laws exist that harm a specific group and its members. ⊚ ⊚
true false
62) Genocide refers to the physical destruction of an ethnic or religious group through mass murder. ⊚ ⊚
true false
63) A common technique in cultural colonialism is to flood ethnic areas with members of the dominant ethnic group to diminish the cohesion and clout of the local people. ⊚ ⊚
64)
Refugees are those who flee a country to escape persecution or war. ⊚ ⊚
65)
true false
The U.S population is aging, and most of the senior population is white. ⊚ ⊚
66)
true false
true false
Ethnic/racial diversity is decreasing in the United States.
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⊚ ⊚
67)
true false
It is the norm in Africa for countries to have no ethnic majority. ⊚ ⊚
true false
68) Most countries of the world have a single ethnic group accounting for 90 percent or more of the population. ⊚ ⊚
true false
69) The 2020 poverty rates for different minority groups in the U.S. are an example of stratification. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 16_10e_Ethnicity and Race 11) D 12) A 13) D 14) D 15) C 16) E 17) B 18) C 19) D 20) E 21) D 22) D 23) D 24) B 25) C 26) E 27) C 28) D 29) A 30) A 31) C 32) E 33) A 34) A 35) B 36) E Version 1
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37) A 38) TRUE 39) TRUE 40) FALSE 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) FALSE 44) TRUE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) FALSE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) TRUE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) FALSE 55) FALSE 56) TRUE 57) FALSE 58) TRUE 59) TRUE 60) FALSE 61) FALSE 62) TRUE 63) TRUE 64) TRUE 65) TRUE 66) FALSE Version 1
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67) TRUE 68) FALSE 69) TRUE
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CHAPTER 17 1) Define applied anthropology. What distinguishes the old from the new applied anthropology? What are some current examples that raise the question of whether or not new applied anthropology has completely moved on from the dangers of the old?
2) Discuss the relevance of the ethnographic method for modern society, contemporary problems, and applied anthropology.
3) What is the relationship between theory and practice in anthropology? Do you agree that applied anthropology should be recognized as a separate subsection of anthropology?
4) Identify government, international, and private organizations that concern themselves with socioeconomic change abroad and hire anthropologists to help meet their goals. Review their mission statements. Do they make reference to the dangers of underdifferentiation or overinnovation?
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5) What, if anything, is the difference between an anthropologist currently consulting on a development project in Indonesia and another one conducting research in support of the British colonial government's efforts to subdue African natives in the 1930s?
6) There is considerable debate today over whether or not governments should require schools to provide bilingual education for students, and if so, to what extent this should be carried out. Pretend that you are an anthropologist who has been asked to provide guidance on this issue to a school board in a bilingual community. What can you suggest about the nature of ethnicity, language, and enculturation that will help educators address their challenges?
7) Distinguish between scientific medicine and Western medicine. How can Western systems of medicine benefit from emulating the more non-Western curer-patient-community relationship?
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8) How might a premedical student apply some of the knowledge learned through anthropology as a physician? What is the value of studying the curing and belief systems of patients' ethnic groups?
9) HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic. How does culture play a role in HIV transmission? How might applied anthropology help in finding a solution to this problem?
10) Discuss the ways in which globalization and industrialization have contributed to an increasing number of health problems.
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11)
Applied anthropology is
A) the purely academic dimension of anthropology. B) the term used for all anthropological research programs. C) rarely possible, as anthropological studies are not practical in the "real world." D) the use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems. E) not guided by anthropological theory.
12) do?
Which of the following does not illustrate the kinds of work that applied anthropologists
A) working for or with international development agencies, such as the World Bank and the U.S. Agency for International Development B) using the tools of medical anthropology to work as cultural interpreters in public health programs C) borrowing from fields such as history and sociology to broaden the scope of theoretical anthropology D) helping the Environmental Protection Agency address environmental problems E) applying the tools of forensic anthropology to work with police, medical examiners, the courts, and international organizations to identify victims of crimes, accidents, wars, and terrorism
13) Why is ethnography one of the most valuable and distinctive tools of the applied anthropologist?
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A) It can be produced without leaving the comfort of the anthropologist's office. B) It provides a firsthand account of the day-to-day issues and challenges that the members of a given community face, as well as a sense of how the people think about and react to such issues. C) It produces a statistically unbiased summary of human responses to set stimuli. D) It is valuable insider data that can be routinely sold to multinational corporations and state agencies without the consent of the people studied. E) It is among the most economical and time-efficient tools that exist in the social sciences.
14) Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the work that applied anthropologists do? A) They enter the affected communities and talk with people. B) They promote development. C) They gather government statistics. D) They consult government officials and other experts. E) They consult project managers.
15) Which of the following illustrates some of the dangers of early applications of applied anthropology? A) anthropologists collaborating with nongovernmental organizations in the 1980s B) anthropologists practicing participant observation and taking photographs of ritualistic behavior C) anthropologists promoting the study of their field among university undergraduates D) anthropologists' work on the contrasts between urban and rural communities E) anthropologists aiding colonial expansion by providing ethnographic information to colonists
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16) Who were studied at a distance during the 1940s in an attempt to predict the behavior of the political enemies of the United States? A) the Germans and Japanese B) the Koreans and English C) the Malagasy D) the Yanomami and Betsileo E) the Brazilians and Indonesians
17)
The U.S. baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s
A) fueled the general expansion of the U.S. educational system, including academic anthropology. B) brought anthropology into most high school curricula. C) promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s. D) worked to shrink the world system. E) produced a new interest in ethnic diversity.
18)
All of the following are proper roles for applied anthropologistsexcept
A) identifying the needs for change that local people perceive. B) working with people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change. C) protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that might threaten them. D) placing the cultural values of local people above all others' cultural values. E) working as participant observers, taking part in the events they study in order to understand local thought and behavior.
19) Development anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, which type of development?
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A) theoretical B) political C) economic D) scholastic E) ethical
20)
What is the commonly stated goal for most development projects? A) decreased local autonomy B) greater socioeconomic stratification C) increased equity D) ethnocide E) cultural assimilation
21) Which of the following was observed in the Bahia, Brazil, development project in which sailboat owners got loans to buy motors, as described in this chapter? A) There was an increase in commercial sailboat ownership. B) The price of power fishing vessels decreased. C) Individual initiative was rewarded, and the fishing industry grew. D) Ambitious young men increasingly sought wage labor. E) The fishing community became more egalitarian.
22) People are usually willing to change just enough to maintain, or slightly improve on, what they already have. For this reason, development projects are most likely to succeed when they avoid the fallacy of
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A) intervention philosophy. B) underdifferentiation. C) cultural relativism. D) overinnovation. E) ethnobias.
23) are?
What term refers to the tendency to view less developed countries as more alike than they
A) cultural relativism B) underdifferentiation C) ethnobias D) overinnovation E) intervention philosophy
24)
Development projects should aim to accomplish all of the followingexcept A) respecting local traditions. B) promoting change, but not overinnovation. C) preserving local systems while working to make them better. D) developing strategies with little input from the local communities. E) drawing models of development from indigenous practices.
25) Which of the following is a reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful?
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A) The educated members of Malagasy society are those who have struggled to fend for themselves and therefore brought an innovative kind of independence to the project. B) There is a clear fit between capitalist development schemes and corporate descentgroup social organization. C) The project took into account the inevitability of native forms of social organization breaking down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation. D) The elites and the lower class were of different origins and thus had no strong connections through kinship, descent, or marriage. E) Malagasy leaders were of "the people" and were therefore prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.
26) of
The Malagasy development program described in this chapter illustrates the importance
A) the local government's ability to improve the lives of its citizens, when committed to doing so. B) breaking down corporate descent groups, which are too independent and interfere with development. C) replacing subsistence farming with a viable cash crop. D) replacing outdated traditional techniques of irrigation with more modern ones. E) the top-down strategies developed by the UN.
27) In an example of applied anthropology's contribution to improving education, this chapter describes a study of Puerto Rican seventh graders in a Midwestern U.S. urban school (HillBurnett, 1978). What did anthropologists discover in this study?
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A) The Puerto Rican students' education was being affected by their teachers' misconceptions. B) Puerto Ricans do not benefit from bilingual education. C) Puerto Rican students came from a background that placed less value on education than did that of White students. D) The parents of Puerto Rican students did not value achievement. E) The Puerto Rican subjects benefited from the English-as-a-foreign-language program.
28) Anthropology may aid in the progress of education by helping educators avoid all of the followingexcept A) tolerance of ethnic diversity. B) ethnic stereotyping. C) indiscriminate assignment of nonnative English speakers to the same classrooms as children with "behavior problems." D) incorrect application of labels such as "learning impaired." E) sociolinguistic discrimination.
29)
One of the stated goals of public anthropology is to A) encourage academic anthropologists to become applied anthropologists. B) refrain from discussion of social issues in the media. C) promote anthropology as a career, especially to minorities. D) restrict the publication of research papers to professional journals. E) oppose policies that promote injustice.
30)
Which of the following statements about medical anthropology is true?
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A) It is the field that proved that people from rural areas suffer only from illnesses and not diseases. B) It applies non-Western health knowledge to a troubled industrialized medical system. C) This field applies Western medicine to solving health problems around the world. D) This growing field considers the biocultural context and implications of disease and illness. E) Typically, in cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, medical anthropology does market research on the use of health products around the world.
31)
What is a disease? A) a scientifically identified health threat B) an artificial product of biomedicine C) a consequence of a foraging lifestyle D) an unnatural state of health E) a health problem as it is experienced by the one affected
32)
What is an illness? A) a purely linguistic problem B) a scientifically described health threat C) an artificial product of biomedicine D) a condition of poor health perceived by an individual E) a nonexistent ailment (only diseases are real)
33) Shamans and other magicoreligious specialists are effective curers with regard to what kind of disease theory?
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A) personalistic B) exotic C) ritualistic D) scientific E) naturalistic
34)
Which of the following best describes scientific medicine? A) the practice of medicine in particular Western nations B) a tendency to overprescribe drugs and surgeries C) a health care system that relies on advances in technology D) the availability of free or low-cost health care for all E) the beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with curing illness
35)
An ethnographic study of the workplace
A) is routinely performed by employees of the U.S. federal government. B) provides evidence that economic factors are fundamental to understanding differential productivity. C) provides close observation of workers and managers in their natural setting. D) is required of all organizations that want to become not-for-profit, according to the American Anthropological Association. E) is not very useful, because all workplaces are becoming increasingly homogeneous, compared to 20 years ago.
36) Which of the following is true of market research techniques such as focus groups and surveys?
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A) Focus groups and surveys tend to elicit only what people say, report, or write down. B) Focus groups involve observing real-time, real-life behavior, as anthropologists do. C) Focus groups eliminate the possibility of groupthink, making it an extremely reliable research technique. D) Surveys are useful as a market research technique because participants are likely to be patient and deliver accurate responses. E) Focus groups and surveys are more reliable techniques for market research than interviews or observation methods.
37)
Efforts to demonstrate the public policy relevance of anthropology are known as A) cultural resource management. B) underdifferentiation. C) public anthropology. D) ethnography. E) development anthropology.
38)
Anthropology has three dimensions: academic, applied, and a mix of the two. ⊚ ⊚
true false
39) During World War II, the U.S. government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German cultures. This chapter uses this example to illustrate the problems with early applications of anthropology. ⊚ ⊚
40)
true false
During the 1950s and 1960s, most American anthropologists were college professors.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
41) Academic and applied anthropology have a symbiotic relationship, as theory aids practice and application fuels theory. ⊚ ⊚
true false
42) Development anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, moral development. ⊚ ⊚
true false
43) The Bahia, Brazil, development project in which loans were given to fishing-boat owners is an example of how some development projects can actually widen wealth disparities instead of increasing equity. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) The best strategy for change is to base the social design for innovation on locally based demand. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) Fortunately for applied anthropologists eager to do effective international work, all governments are by their nature genuinely and realistically committed to improving the lives of their citizens.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
46) When nations become more tied to the world economy, indigenous forms of social organization inevitably break down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation. ⊚ ⊚
true false
47) Sociolinguists and cultural anthropologists studying Puerto Rican communities in the Midwestern United States found that Puerto Rican parents valued education more than nonHispanics did. ⊚ ⊚
48)
Urban anthropologists research topics such as immigration, ethnicity, poverty, and class. ⊚ ⊚
49)
true false
true false
Strictly speaking, medical anthropology is an applied field within anthropology. ⊚ ⊚
true false
50) Epidemic diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and bubonic plague are more likely to thrive in isolated indigenous communities rather than in agrarian and urban populations. ⊚ ⊚ Version 1
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51) When Western medicine is introduced into a local culture, people usually preserve many of their old methods while also accepting new ones. ⊚ ⊚
true false
52) Biomedicine, which aims to link an illness to scientifically demonstrated agents that bear no personal malice toward their victims, is an example of naturalistic medicine. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) The term curer describes a specialized role acquired through a culturally appropriate process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image. ⊚ ⊚
true false
54) Health care systems refers only to the nationalized health care services that exist in core industrial nations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
55) Non-Western medicine does not maintain a sharp distinction between biological and psychological illnesses. ⊚ ⊚
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56) Non-Western medicine recognizes that poor health has intertwined physical, emotional, and social causes. ⊚ ⊚
57)
Scientific medicine is not the same thing as Western medicine. ⊚ ⊚
58)
true false
true false
A bachelor's degree in anthropology is of little value in the corporate world. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 17_10e_Applying Anthropology 11) D 12) C 13) B 14) A 15) E 16) A 17) A 18) D 19) C 20) C 21) D 22) D 23) B 24) D 25) E 26) A 27) A 28) A 29) E 30) D 31) A 32) D 33) A 34) C 35) C 36) A Version 1
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37) C 38) FALSE 39) TRUE 40) TRUE 41) TRUE 42) FALSE 43) TRUE 44) TRUE 45) FALSE 46) FALSE 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) FALSE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) FALSE 55) TRUE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE
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CHAPTER 18 1)
What is the world system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?
2) What is the world capitalist economy? When did it originate, and what are its features? What are the core, semiperiphery, and periphery? What is their relationship to world capitalism?
3) What was the Industrial Revolution, and how did life in that period differ from previous life in villages, towns, and cities? Why is this topic relevant to an anthropologist?
4) How did the views of Marx and Weber on stratification differ? Relate their views to the modern global stratification system.
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5) How is the world stratification system related to structural positions within the world capitalist economy? What about the modern stratification system within the United States?
6) Based on the way the text definesimperialism andcolonialism, do you think that they describe phenomena of the past? These terms have been used recently to describe current international affairs. Find an example of this and compare the use of the term to its definition in the text.
7) Hundreds of ethnic groups and so-called tribes are colonial constructs. What does this mean—does it suggest that they are only imaginary and therefore of no consequence? Illustrate your answer with examples.
8) Discuss neoliberalism and NAFTA as an intervention philosophy. What are the consequences to Mexican and American farmers? What is the current impact on immigration?
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9) What economic system is committed to production for sale or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs? A) intervention philosophy B) communism C) world-system theory D) capitalist world economy E) neoliberalism
10) What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit? A) the modern world system B) capital C) socioeconomic stratification D) industrialization E) an open class system
11) According to world-system theory, countries are assigned to one of which three positions?
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A) metropole, satellite, and semisatellite B) state, nation-state, and nation C) preliterate, nonliterate, and literate D) wealth, power, and prestige E) core, periphery, and semiperiphery
12)
Periphery nations
A) have economies that produce raw materials for export to the core and the semiperiphery. B) are isolated from the world economy. C) have little incentive to interact with nations of the core. D) lack industrialization. E) export to the core but not to the semiperiphery.
13)
Which of the following statements about core nations is false? A) They consist of the strongest and most powerful states. B) They represent the dominant structural position in the world system. C) They export their raw materials to other countries. D) They have advanced systems of production. E) They have complex economies.
14) According to Gerhard Lenski (1966), what reduces the polarization between the owning and working classes in advanced industrial societies?
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A) less social mobility B) a simplified stratification system C) the growth of the middle class D) a socialist government E) off-shoring of low-wage jobs
15)
What does the termColumbian exchange refer to?
A) the exchange of culture that occurred among Native Americans and Europeans that eventually led to the first great civilizations in the Americas and, in Europe, the first classless societies B) the peaceful exchange among Europeans and Native Americans of native edible plant species C) the spread of European notions and technologies of warfare to Native Americans, who never engaged in massive violent campaigns prior to the 1500s D) the general reciprocity that characterized the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans during the first 15 years after initial contact E) the spread of people, resources, products, ideas, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres after contact
16)
The growth of a market for sugar in Europe spurred
A) a tremendous expansion in the strength of independent indigenous nations of Mexico and South America. B) a long-term improvement in the distribution of wealth among the rural peasantry of England. C) the movement of capitalism, once a cultural trait specific to New Guinea (where sugar was first domesticated), to the rest of the world. D) the development of the transatlantic slave trade. E) the movement of sugar-producing nations from the periphery to the core of the world system.
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17)
According to Marx, who are thebourgeoisie and the proletariat? A) the products of gender differentiation from Europe's tribal past B) moiety groups that dominate Western capitalism C) distinct and opposed classes produced by the world capitalist economy D) exogamous social groups E) groups destined to reconcile through the postcapitalist process of alienation
18)
According to Karl Marx, classes are
A) based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences. B) not important to his vision of social change in Western society. C) complementary, in that they each do different tasks necessary for the survival of society. D) powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence the course of history. E) part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans.
19)
What changes did workers instigate in response to industrialization in England? A) Workers barred women and children from working in factories. B) Workers launched a proletarian revolution. C) Workers demanded the 8-hour workday and the Sabbath off. D) Workers won the right to control production. E) Workers developed organizations to protect their interests.
20)
Which of the following statements about Karl Marx isfalse?
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A) He emphasized class consciousness. B) He called the owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie. C) He analyzed 19th-century industrial production capitalism. D) He called the people who sold their own labor the proletariat. E) He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests.
21)
Which of the following is not true about the poorest Americans?
A) Companies that produce environmental hazards are mostly located in poorer communities. B) The poorest 1 percent of males die an average of 15 years younger than a male from the richest 1 percent. C) The large number of poor in the country gives the group a strong political influence. D) Irreparable health damage has been done to an entire city in Michigan due to a costcutting switch of water sources. E) The life expectancy difference between a poor community and a rich one can be as much as 30 years.
22)
According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification? A) status, exchange, and religion B) gender, ethnicity, and race C) the means of production, mode of production, and measure of production D) wealth, power, and prestige E) age, gender, and ethnicity
23) What is the name of the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time?
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A) alienation B) petty capitalism C) industrialization D) apartheid E) colonialism
24)
Which of the following statements about British colonialism isfalse? A) It was partly driven by business interests. B) It lacked an intervention philosophy. C) It was legitimized by the racist notion of the "white man's burden." D) It began to disintegrate after World War II. E) It can be divided into two stages.
25)
Which of the following is a principle of Keynesian economics? A) Full employment was necessary for capitalism to grow. B) The government should stay out of its nation's economic affairs. C) Central banks should avoid intervening in employment. D) There should be no restrictions on manufacturing, no barriers to commerce, and no
tariffs. E) Free, unregulated trade, is the best way for a nation's economy to develop.
26) What term refers to the ideological justification for outsiders to guide native groups in specific directions?
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A) development philosophy B) development ideology C) intervention philosophy D) coercive philosophy E) intrusive ideology
27)
What best characterizes the intervention philosophy of the British empire? A) white man's burden B) in his majesty's domain C) manifest destiny D) this land is our land E) fifty-four forty or fight
28)
What best typifies the intervention philosophy of the French empire? A) mission civilisatrice B) savoir-faire C) coup d'état D) carte blanche E) nom de plume
29) How did the Belgian colonizers of East Africa identify who was Tutsi and who was Hutu?
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A) unique tribal body modifications such as scar tattoos B) the number of cattle owned C) phenotype, or how the individual physically looked D) individual self-identification E) previous census data
30) In anthropology, history, and literature, the field of postcolonial studies has gained prominence since the 1970s.Postcolonial refers to A) a moral stance toward oppressed peoples. B) the period succeeding the slave trade. C) an up-and-coming subfield in sociology. D) the study of social movements that, instead of rejecting colonialism, actually embraced it and transformed it for their own benefit. E) the study of the past and present interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized.
31)
All of the following are true about neoliberalismexcept that it
A) characterizes the type of policies designed by powerful international financial institutions. B) is characterized by the policy that environmental protection and job safety are too important to be left unregulated. C) has been spreading globally. D) refers to a recent revival of economic liberalism. E) seeks to control costs by lowering wage expenses.
32) Neoliberalism is a new form of the old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith'sThe Wealth of Nations (1776). To Smith, economic liberalism encouraged free enterprise and competition, with the goal of generating profits. However, this meaning of liberal
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A) has no implications for the relationship between economics and the state. B) varies depending on whether it refers to politics in a Western or non-Western context. C) is a more accurate use of the term than the one Americans typically hear on current talk radio. D) is a Protestant ideology. E) is different from the one typically used in current U.S. politics, in which liberal is the opposite ofconservative.
33) _________blank is a sociopolitical organization and economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the government, rather than by individuals or corporations. A) Liberalism B) Imperialism C) Colonialism D) Neoliberalism E) Socialism
34) Communism has two meanings, distinguished by how they are written. Small-c communism describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. Large-C Communism A) is Lenin's political theory of small-c communism. B) is just another version of neoliberalism but in disguise. C) was a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (the USSR) from 1917 to 1991. D) is an imperial doctrine to appropriate private capital for the sake of the survival of the state. E) refers to the social aspects of small-c communism.
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35) In postsocialist Russia's initial changeover to capitalism, all of the following declinedexcept A) life expectancy. B) the birth rate. C) the gross domestic product. D) the poverty rate. E) farm and industry subsidies.
36) By promoting rural-to-urban migration, industrialization hastened the process of proletarianization, which is A) personal identification with one's own economic group. B) the shift from mills and factories to cottages and farms. C) the separation of workers from the means of production. D) a form of communism. E) elite domination of the means of communication, schools, and other key institutions.
37) Which of the following refers to a conscious policy of extending the rule of a country or an empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies? A) neoliberalism B) imperialism C) postcolonial D) colonization E) communism
38)
Adam Smith laid out an economic plan of laissez-faire capitalism that is currently called
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A) neoliberalism. B) socialism. C) conservatism. D) democracy. E) colonialism.
39) Which of the following statements about environmental hazards in American communities isnot accurate? A) Environmental hazards are located disproportionately in minority and poor neighborhoods. B) Polluting industries are more likely to target communities with fewer resources to organize a resistance. C) Polluting facilities are often built-in neighborhoods undergoing demographic and social transition. D) Poorer communities are more likely to be victims of toxic waste exposure than are more affluent or even average (middle class) communities. E) Economic resources and political clout have little to do with where polluting facilities are constructed.
40) The current world stratification system features a substantial contrast between capitalists and workers in the core nations and workers on the periphery. ⊚ ⊚
true false
41) Trade and other economic relations between core and periphery disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core. ⊚ ⊚
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42) When deciding where to locate polluting facilities, industries typically target minority and low-income neighborhoods. ⊚ ⊚
43)
true false
Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) Class conflicts tend to occur within nations, and nationalism has impeded global class solidarity, particularly of proletarians. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) One of the reasons that the Industrial Revolution started in England was that England needed to innovate in order to meet a demand for staples both at home and in its far-flung colonies. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) The seeds of industrial society were planted well before the 18th century. For example, a knitting machine invented in England in 1589 was so far ahead of its time that it played a profitable role in factories two and three centuries later. ⊚ ⊚
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47) Marx argued that socioeconomic stratification was based on the sharp and simple division between the successful Protestant industrialists and the poor Catholic peasantry. ⊚ ⊚
true false
48) According to Marx, the bourgeoisie is made up of the people who must sell their labor to survive. ⊚ ⊚
true false
49) Weber argued that without Catholic ethics and values, capitalism and industrialism would have never spread beyond England. ⊚ ⊚
true false
50) Weber argued that the only true capitalists were Protestants, and people who believed in any other faith could never fully mature as capitalists. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) Thedomestic system is the economic system in which an organizer-entrepreneur supplies the raw materials to workers in their homes and collects the finished products from them. ⊚ ⊚
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52) English national income tripled between 1700 and 1815 and increased 30 times more by 1939. Standards of comfort rose, but prosperity was uneven. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) The United States originally started out as a peripheral nation, but by 1900 it had asserted itself as a member of the industrialized core. ⊚ ⊚
true false
54) Mass production gave rise to a culture of consumption, which has become global in scope. ⊚ ⊚
true false
55) Colonialism refers to the solicitation by peripheral countries of political and financial assistance from core nations. ⊚ ⊚
true false
56) The British notion of the "white man's burden" was similar to the French concept ofmission civilisatrice, in that both were racist ideologies used to justify the colonial efforts of their respective countries. ⊚ ⊚
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57)
French colonial strategies incorporated both direct and indirect rule. ⊚ ⊚
true false
58) Many of the political, linguistic, religious, and economic distinctions among the countries of West Africa today are artifacts of colonialism. ⊚ ⊚
true false
59) The Portuguese colonial empire included the Caribbean, the southern portions of what was to become the United States, and Central and South America. ⊚ ⊚
true false
60) Neoliberalism refers to a revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism, which suggests that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule. ⊚ ⊚
true false
61) All Communist systems were authoritarian, promoting obedience to authority rather than individual freedom. ⊚ ⊚
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62) The distinction between small-c communism and large-C Communism is an example of arbitrary concepts defined in the social sciences. ⊚ ⊚
true false
63) Postsocialist Russia's economy was growing again by 2010, as were its birth rate and average life expectancy. ⊚ ⊚
true false
64) There has been a dramatic decline in the socioeconomic contrasts between the richest and the poorest Americans. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 18_10e_The World System, Colonialism, and Inequality 9) D 10) B 11) E 12) A 13) C 14) C 15) E 16) D 17) C 18) D 19) E 20) E 21) C 22) D 23) E 24) B 25) A 26) C 27) A 28) A 29) B 30) E 31) B 32) E 33) E Version 1
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34) C 35) D 36) C 37) B 38) A 39) E 40) TRUE 41) TRUE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) TRUE 45) TRUE 46) TRUE 47) FALSE 48) FALSE 49) FALSE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) TRUE 53) TRUE 54) FALSE 55) FALSE 56) TRUE 57) TRUE 58) TRUE 59) FALSE 60) TRUE 61) TRUE 62) FALSE 63) TRUE Version 1
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64) FALSE
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CHAPTER 19 1) How can the perspective of an ethnographer, who carries out research at the local level of communities, contribute to tackling large-scale environmental concerns such as climate change and deforestation?
2) What is environmental anthropology? What can be its contribution to addressing environmental threats around the world?
3) What are some of the arguments for and against the interpretation of the mass media as a form of cultural imperialism?
4) How can mass media play a cultural role for those individuals and families leading transnational lives?
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5) What is the difference between postmodernity and postmodernism? How has postmodernity affected the units of anthropological study?
6) What are the key points of the American Anthropological Association's "Statement on Humanity and Climate Change"?
7) How have recent movements regarding the politics of identity and indigenous peoples varied around the world?
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8) How have indigenous movements, political mobilization, and identity politics affected ethnography?
9)
What are some recent examples that illustrateglobalization of risk?
10) Discuss the two meanings of the termglobalization. What factors must an anthropologist consider in relation to environmental and indigenous influence?
11) Because our planet's climate is always changing, the key question becomes: How much of global warming is caused by human activities versus natural climate variability? On this issue, most scientists agree that the causes are mainly
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A) indigenized. B) evolutionary. C) moral. D) anthropogenic. E) ecological.
12) The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that keeps the earth's surface warm. Without greenhouse gases—water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and ozone—life as we know it wouldn't exist. The current problem is that A) global warming actually benefits 90 percent of the world's population, so it is difficult to mobilize the will to address the anthropogenic causes of climate change. B) scientists cannot agree on a general model of how the greenhouse effect went from being a positive to a negative and life-threatening force. C) the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has reached its highest level in 400,000 years and will continue to rise, as will global temperatures, without actions to slow it down. D) most scientists dispute the anthropogenic reasoning for high concentrations of greenhouse gases. E) it is difficult to distinguish between climate change and global warming.
13)
Which is the single greatest obstacle to slowing climate change?
A) a lack of data portraying the effects of climate change B) a lack of visible climatic changes C) the growing population of the poorer nations in the world D) meeting global energy needs, particularly in energy-hungry countries such as the United States, China, and India E) having scientists agree on a definition of climate change
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14) Anthropology has always been concerned with how environmental forces influence humans, and how human activities affect the biosphere and the Earth itself. The 1950s through the 1970s witnessed the emergence of an area of study known ascultural ecology orecological anthropology. This field A) studied human-environment relations as cultural constructions and analyzed them as "texts." B) is no longer relevant, because it dealt with research models that were either regional or local, but not global enough to account for the changes caused by climate change. C) focused on how cultural beliefs and practices help human populations adapt to their environment. D) has limited value in the present day, because it is not scientifically rigorous enough to address environmental problems. E) studied etic perspectives on human-environment relationships.
15) Which of the following isnot one of the key points of the American Anthropological Association's "Statement on Humanity and Climate Change"? A) Consumerism and reliance on fossil fuels are the two key factors influencing climate change. B) Most of those affected will be people living on coasts, in island nations, and in highlatitude and high-altitude areas. C) Climate change should be addressed exclusively at the international and national levels. D) Climate change will exacerbate the spread of infectious diseases. E) Human action is the cause of the environmental changes that have taken place during the last 100 years.
16) Today's ecological anthropology, also known as environmental anthropology, attempts not only to understand environmental problems but also to
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A) work closely with state agencies, among whom these anthropologists do most of their ethnography, to promote institutional change. B) contribute to development projects that sometimes, out of necessity, replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts. C) promote the concepts of environmental rights, even at the expense of cultural rights. D) prescribe top-down solutions to ecological problems. E) find solutions, acknowledging that ecosystems management involves multiple levels.
17)
Westernization is a form of what kind of cultural change? A) migration B) enculturation C) exodus D) acculturation E) imperialism
18) Deforestation is a global concern. Forest loss can lead to increased greenhouse gas production, which contributes to global warming. The destruction of tropical forests is also a major factor in the loss of global biodiversity. The global scenarios of deforestation include all of the followingexcept A) commercial logging and road building. B) cash cropping. C) urban expansion. D) demographic pressure on subsistence economies. E) the intensification of foraging lifestyles among communities that have retreated from the chaos of modern life.
19) _________blank refers to the changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact.
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A) Diffusion B) Hegemony C) Colonialism D) Enculturation E) Acculturation
20) Which of the following isnot one of the possible consequences experienced after the "shock phase" of an encounter between indigenous societies and more powerful outsiders? A) damaged social support systems B) disrupted subsistence C) fragmentation of kin groups D) a broad-spectrum revolution E) increased mortality
21) Which of the following isnot a factor in the emergence and spread of dangerous infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, West Nile, SARS, Lyme disease, and Zika? A) changing settlement patterns B) modern air travel C) spillovers from humans to wildlife D) population increase E) commercial expansion
22) What is the name of the Brazilian dance play that reenacts the Portuguese discovery of Brazil?
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A) Parantíns B) Arembepeiros C) Chegança D) Carnaval E) Dia do Descobrimento
23) _________blank refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures. A) Cultural imperialism B) Diasporation C) Symbolic domination D) Conquest E) Colonialism
24) In the process of globalization, people continually make and remake culture as they assign their own meanings to the information, images, and products they receive from outside. This process is described as_________blank. A) postmodernization B) Westernization C) autochthony D) acculturation E) indigenization
25) Cases of local communities using modern technology to preserve and revive their traditions
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A) are examples of hidden ethnocide. B) contradict Gramsci's theory of hegemony. C) are becoming increasingly rare due to the ballooning cost of the technologies involved. D) are becoming more common. E) suggest that modern technology is always an agent of cultural imperialism.
26)
All of the following are examples of key forces in modern global cultureexcept A) commerce. B) production. C) finance. D) the media. E) essentialism.
27) As discussed in the text, what Caribbean people have been characterized as living "between two islands" (Grasmuck and Pessar 1991)? A) Trinidadians B) Jamaicans C) Puerto Ricans D) Cubans E) Dominicans
28) To Arjun Appadurai (1990), "_________blank" describes the linkages in the modern world that have both enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions.
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A) diasporic B) ethnocentric C) translocal D) postmodern E) essentialized
29)
Which of the following isnot true of postmodernism? A) The term originally referred to a style and movement in architecture. B) It rejects rules, geometric order, and austerity. C) It has a clear and functional design or structure. D) It extends value well beyond classic, elite, Western cultural forms. E) It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places.
30) _________blank refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canons—rules, standards, categories, distinctions, and boundaries. A) Postmodern B) Chaos C) Entropy D) Diaspora E) Agoraphobia
31) Social movements worldwide have adopted which term as a self-identifying label based on past oppression but now legitimizing a search for social, cultural, and political rights?
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A) autochthon B) indio C) mestizo D) indigenous people E) freedom fighter
32) In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians favor which term overindio (Indian), the colonial term that the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors used to refer to the native inhabitants of the Americas? A) autochthon B) citizen C) civilian D) indígena (indigenous person) E) cultural patrimony
33) The last 30 years have seen a dramatic shift in the conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America, where the push by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the followingexcept A) political reforms involving a restructuring of the state. B) sustainable development and political representation. C) an implicit call for excluding strangers. D) limited self-government. E) their cultural distinctiveness.
34) Unlikeindigenous peoples, the term_________blank highlights the prominence that the exclusion of strangers has assumed in day-to-day politics worldwide and has been claimed by majority groups in Europe.
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A) autochthony B) indigenous people C) freedom fighter D) Euroindio E) mestizo
35) _________blank describes the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed. A) Patrimony B) Essentialism C) Marketing D) Fluidity E) Autochthony
36)
Identities are A) not fixed; they are fluid and multiple. B) fictions. C) never dependent on context. D) creative constructs and therefore of little real consequence. E) fixed by both genotype and phenotype.
37) _________blank is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions—that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.
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A) Indigenized B) Ecological anthropology C) Essentialism D) Ecological imperialism E) Ethnoecology
38) The average American consumes almost 3 times the energy used by the average Chinese and about 12 times the energy used by the average citizen of India. ⊚ ⊚
true false
39) Although anthropologists may be interested in contemporary global issues such as climate change, their perspective is necessarily limited to the local scale of their fieldwork. ⊚ ⊚
true false
40) Scientists prefer the termclimate change to global warming. Climate change points out that, beyond rising temperatures, there have been changes in sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects. ⊚ ⊚
41)
true false
Global warming is primarily due to increased solar radiation, not human activity. ⊚ ⊚
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42) Ethnoecology is any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions—that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society. ⊚ ⊚
true false
43) Development projects usually fail when they try to replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts. ⊚ ⊚
true false
44) When people are asked to give up the basis of their livelihood, they usually comply, especially if they are paid money. ⊚ ⊚
true false
45) The spread of environmentalism may expose radically different notions about the rights and values of plants and animals versus humans. Fortunately, it is clear to everyone that certain animal rights trump other rights. ⊚ ⊚
true false
46) Contemporary, applied ecological anthropologists work to plan and implement policies aimed at environmental preservation. They also advocate for people who are at risk, actually or potentially. One of the roles of today's environmental anthropologist is to assess the extent and nature of risk perception and to harness that awareness to combat environmental degradation. ⊚ ⊚
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47) If contact between two groups is sustained long enough, acculturation will be reciprocal—influencing both groups, even if one is influenced more than the other.. ⊚ ⊚
48)
true false
Diseases that spread from animals to humans are known aszoonotic diseases. ⊚ ⊚
true false
49) Modern technology plays an important role in both facilitating cultural imperialism and resisting it. ⊚ ⊚
true false
50) Cultural forces are indigenized when native traditions are presented to and appreciated by the former colonialists, who then acknowledge these forces as indigenous or native. ⊚ ⊚
true false
51) Mass media can play an important role in constructing and maintaining national and ethnic identities. ⊚ ⊚
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52) TV programming that is culturally alien tends to outperform native programming when the alien programming comes from the United States, Great Britain, or France. ⊚ ⊚
true false
53) Forces influencing production and consumption are no longer restricted by national boundaries. ⊚ ⊚
54)
true false
Diasporas refer to people who have spread out from an original, ancestral homeland. ⊚ ⊚
true false
55) Postmodernism refers to the breakdown of traditional categories, standards, and boundaries in favor of a more fluid, context-dependent set of identities. ⊚ ⊚
true false
56) In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians now favor the termindio overindígena when referring to Native Americans. ⊚ ⊚
true false
57) The termindigenous people gained legitimacy within international law with the creation in 1982 of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations.
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⊚ ⊚
true false
58) In Latin America, the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized their autochthony, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their communities. ⊚ ⊚
true false
59) Essentialism refers to the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed. ⊚ ⊚
true false
60) Either speaking an indigenous language or wearing "native" clothing is required for one to identify as indigenous. ⊚ ⊚
true false
61) Anthropology teaches us that there is little chance that the current world system and the power relations within it will last forever, and that future developments will need to build on, modify, and perhaps discard preexisting practices and institutions. ⊚ ⊚
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Answer Key Test name: Chap 19_10e_Anthropology’s Role in a Globalizing World 11) D 12) C 13) D 14) C 15) C 16) E 17) D 18) E 19) E 20) D 21) C 22) C 23) A 24) E 25) D 26) E 27) E 28) C 29) C 30) A 31) D 32) D 33) C 34) A 35) B 36) A Version 1
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37) E 38) TRUE 39) FALSE 40) TRUE 41) FALSE 42) TRUE 43) TRUE 44) FALSE 45) FALSE 46) TRUE 47) TRUE 48) TRUE 49) TRUE 50) FALSE 51) TRUE 52) FALSE 53) TRUE 54) TRUE 55) TRUE 56) FALSE 57) TRUE 58) FALSE 59) TRUE 60) FALSE 61) TRUE
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