services in vertical building

DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the Dissertation Report entitled “SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING� is written and submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the award of Bachelor of Architecture under the guidance of Ar. Harendra Bohra. This is my original work and interpretations drawn therein are based on material and matter collected by me.

NIDHI LATHI B. Arch IV Year Department Of Architecture M. B. M. Engineering College Jodhpur Date: __/__/____

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Dissertation report made by student MS. NIDHI LATHI is her bonafide work. The report presented is made by her under my guidance and supervision.

AR. HARENDRA BOHRA Dissertation Guide Head of Department Department of Architecture M. B. M. Engineering College Jodhpur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many people have contributed to this work. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

Thank you to my dissertation guide AR. HARENDRA BOHRA for your continual guidance and sound advice, for the related queries, who made me to think more critically and innovatively to complete this project. I am highly indebted for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for the support in completing the project. It was a great honor to work under her supervision.

I am grateful to AR. HARENDRA BOHRA, Head of Department for his guidance and support.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents, friends and seniors for their constant love and encouragement.

NIDHI LATHI B. Arch IV Year Department Of Architecture

CONTENT 1.

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10

CHAPTER ONE WHAT IS HIGH RISE BUILDING WHY THERE IS NEED OF HIGHRISE BUILDING? RELEVANCE OF SERVICES IN HIGHRISE BUILDING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF HIGHRISE BUILDING ABOUT SKYSCRAPER HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH RISE BUILDING AIMS OBJECTIVE SCOPE METHODOLOGY

2.

2.1 2.2

CHAPTER TWO INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING SERVICES IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING SERVICES

3.

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION NATURAL VENTILATION MECHANICAL VENTILATION ENERGY CONSERVATION IN VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR NATURAL VENTILATION

4.

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15

AIR CONDITIONING INTRODUCTION CENTRALLY PLANT SYSTEM AIR HANDLING UNIT PLANNING OF PIPE SHAFTS PLANNING FOR SUPPLY AIR DUCTS AND RETURN AIR COOLING TOWER DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING VAPOUR COMPRESSION WATER CHILLER ABSORPTION SYSTEM SYSTEM DESIGN AIR MOVEMENT APPLICATION FACTOR UNITARY AIR CONDITIONER SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONER

5.

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7

STAIRCASE TYPES OF STAIRS WIDTH OF STAIRCASE TREAD AND RISER HEAD ROOM FLIGHTS WITH WINDERS AND SPLAYED STEPS DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF RISERS

6. LIFT 6.1 EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION 6.2 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED BY ARCHITECT 6.3 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS 6.4 OUTLINE DIMENSION 6.5 LIFT WELLS 6.6 LIFT WELL ENCLOSURES 6.7 LIFT PITS 6.8 MACHINE ROOMS AND OVERHEAD STRUCTURES 6.9 PRELIMINARY DESIGN 6.10 FIRE PROTECTION 6.11 SUPPLY CABLES AND SWITCHES 7. ELECTRICAL 7.1 PLANNING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS 7.2 WIRING 7.3 FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES 7.4 EARTHING 7.5 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF INSTALLATION 8. WATER SUPPLY 8.1 WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENT FOR BUILDING 8.2 WATER SOURCE AND QUALITY 8.3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN MULTISTOREY BUILDING. 8.4 GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR PIPE WORK 8.5 JOINTING OF PIPES 8.6 BACKFLOW PREVENTION 8.7 LAYING OF MAIN PIPE AND PIPE ON SITE 9. FIRE FIGHTING 9.1 EXIT REQUIREMENT 9.2 PROVISION OF LIFT

9.3 BASEMENT 9.4 PROVISION OF HELIPAID 9.5 SERVICE DUCTS/REFUGE CHUTE 9.6 ELECTRICAL SERVICES 9.7 STAIRCASE AND CORRIDOR LIGHTS 9.8 AIR-CONDITIONING 9.9 BOILER ROOM 9.10 ALTERNATE SOURCE OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY 9.11 SAFETY MEASURES IN ELECTRIC SUB-STATION 9.12 FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS 9.13 STATIC WATER STORAGE TANK 9.14 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS 9.15 FIXED CARBON DI-OXIDE / FOAM / DCO WATER SPRAY EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM 9.16 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM 9.17 CONTROL ROOM 9.18 FIRE DRILLS AND FIRE ORDERS 9.21 MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING 9.22 LPG 9.23 HOUSE KEEPING 9.24 FIRE PREVENTION 9.25 OCCUPANCY RESTRICTIONS 10. CASESTUDY 10.1 WORLD TRADE CENTER, MUMBAI 10.2 SHALIN SKY, AHMEDABAD 11. CONCLUSION 12. REFERENCES

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

HIGH-RISE BUILDING

CHAPTER ONE 1.1.

WHAT IS A HIGH-RISE BUILDING?

A building is an enclosed structure that has walls, floors, a roof, and usually windows. A tall building is a multi-story structure in which most occupants depend on elevators [lifts] to reach their destinations. The most prominent to all buildings are called high-rise buildings in most countries and tower blocks in Britain and some European countries. However, a high-rise building can be defined as follows: • Any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation.

• For most purposes, the cut-off point for high-rise buildings is around seven stories. Sometimes, seven stories or higher define a high-rise, and sometimes the definition is more than seven stories. Sometimes, the definition is stated in terms of linear height (feet or meters) rather than stories.

• Generally, a high-rise structure is considered to be one that extends higher than the maximum reach of available fire-fighting equipment. In absolute numbers, this has been set variously between 75 feet (23 meters) and 100 feet (30 meters), 5 or about seven to ten stories (depending on the slab-toslab distance between floors).

Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as “A multi-story structure between 35– 100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–39 floors.” According to the building code of Hyderabad, India, a high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or 15 to 18 meters or more in height.

1.2. WHY THEIR IS NEED OF HIGHRISE BUILDING ?

• Rapid growth of population in urban communities, and therefore the constant pressure of the limited land area affected the evolution of building.

• Expensive land prices.

• Restriction of random expansion in major cities adjacent to agricultural land.

• The high cost of setting up infrastructure for new cities.

• Expression of progress and civilization.

• Increasing demand for residential and business space.

• Innovation in structural system.

• Scarcity of land.

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1.3. RELEVANCE OF SERVICES IN HIGH RISE BUILDING • Services plays very important role in any building it may be high rise or low rise. With the designing and planning of building things like light, ventilation, hvac systems, staircase, lift, water supply system, drainage system, fire fighting system,etc. will keep in mind. Only the shape of building doesn’t matter while designing any building. Designing of services in proper manner makes good circulation. It is a base of designing.

• Building services play a central role in contributing to the design of a building, not only in terms of overall strategies and standards to be achieved, but also in facade, the weights, sizes and location of major plant and equipment, the position of vertical service risers, routes for the distribution of horizontal services, drainage, energy sources, sustainability, and so on.

• This means that building services design must be integrated into the overall building design from a very early stage, particularly on complex building projects such as high rise building.

• Building is in directly relevance to services. Without services building is nothing.

1.4. POSITVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF HIGHRISE BUILDING Like other human-made artifacts, high rise buildings have both positive effects and advantages and negative effects and disadvantages obtained from their construction in urban environments. Negative effects of high rise building can be studied in different environmental, traffic, social, aesthetical etc. Inaddition, positive effects of tall buildings can be known as such things as reduced cost, visual aspects etc.

1.4.1 POSITIVE ASPECTS • They save space and accommodate more residents as compared to shorter buildings.

• The higher floors are relatively more airy and receive more sunlight.

• Taller buildings are a better option for the idea of a green building since they are more lit, airy and provide more surface area to install solar panels.

• They are much more economical as buying a small land and constructing a tall building is more affordable than purchasing a widespread land.

• Reduced Cost- Save costs of construction and reduced cost of residential units. Use tall buildings decreases land price per capita, street cost per capita, and cost of underlying facilities. Compressed cities decrease volume of infrastructures of cities and reduce costs.

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• Perspective-Due to visual highlight, high rise buildings can help orientation of cities. Possible creation of cozy and relaxed atmosphere far from crowdedness; urban perspective.

• Prevention of Horizontal Extension-Decreased suburban development and decreased damage to environment.A suitable model for housing in cities facing limited physical horizontal extension.

• Social - Possible creation of suitable space for improving social facilities and urban services.

1.4.2

NEGATIVE ASPECTS

• The construction of very tall buildings requires highly skilled engineers and architects to design the building, thus increasing the total cost.

• Very tall buildings bear wind forces and seismic forces apart from dead and live loads.

• Buildings above 100 story height face the problem of oscillation, sometimes resulting in crashing of windowpanes (e.g. the case of 200 Clarendon[1].)

• The foundations of very tall buildings with smaller construction land are under tremendous load and failing of soil may lead to collapse of the building.

• Constant oscillations may give a nauseating feeling to the residents of the building.

• Environmental-Destroy nature and environment in case of incorrect location. Environmental pollutions due to vehicle congestion. Tall buildings block fresh air circulation and sunlight • Traffic-Increased traffic volume due to increased plot ratio of tall buildings.

Increased distance between place of occupants, because of erected tall residential.

• Social-Decreased health social relations among occupants of tall buildings due to their scale and nature. Social degeneration, social isolation and alienation in tall residential complexes.

• Cultural- Incompatibility of ideology and culture of occupants of tall buildings with their spaces. Priority of high rise buildings over low rise ones • Safety- Vulnerability of tall buildings relative to low rise buildings against accidents such as earthquake. In cases where such accidents as fire occur, the fire will spread. Possibility of accidents including falling down the stairs and falls from height • Health-Pressure from weight of tall building breaks soil layers and interferes sewage networks with groundwater supplies. Existence of car parking lots in a closed space in tall buildings makes pollution stable.

• Aesthetical-Erection of tall buildings near each other prevents natural perspectives such as sunrise and sunset, from being seen from low rise buildings.

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1.5

SKYSCRAPERS

A skyscraper is a very tall, continuously habitable building. Usually, a building is called a skyscraper if it clearly stands out above the surrounding built environment and significantly changes the city’s overall skyline. The structure is expected to be at least 20 stories tall (although the term “skyscraper” was applied to early, 10-storied structures). Apart from that, there is no universally accepted minimum height for a skyscraper. In the United States today, a loose convention draws the lower limit for a skyscraper at 150 meters. Elsewhere, a building that is 80 meters (about 262 feet) tall may be considered a skyscraper, based on its relative impact on the city’s skyline. In addition, habitability distinguishes skyscrapers from towers and masts.

1.5.1

Origin of the term

The term “skyscraper” was a nautical term for a tall mast or sail on a sailing ship. In the late nineteenth century, the term was first applied to tall buildings, reflecting public amazement at the structures being constructed in Chicago and New York City.

Later, architectural historians used a structural definition for the word skyscraper, based on engineering developments of the 1880s that had enabled construction of tall, multi-story buildings. This definition was based on the steel skeleton—-as differentiated from the construction of load-bearing masonry.

Philadelphia’s City Hall, completed in 1901, still holds claim as the world’s tallest load-bearing masonry structure, at 167 m (548 ft).

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1.6

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHRISE BUILDING

Adams Street, a witness of its times. It has twelve floors – there were originally ten, but two were subsequently added – and was built in roughly eighteen months. The architect W. L. B. Jenney used an uncommon new method for the construction of his building: the weight of the walls was borne by a framework of cast-iron columns and rolled I-sections which were bolted together via L-bars and the entire “skeleton” embedded in the masonry. The early Equitable Life Building in New York, which was completed in 1872, also contributed towards the development of high-rise buildings, for it was the first tall building to have an elevator. Although it only had six floors, the edge of the roof was no less than 130 feet (roughly 38 m) above the road surface. Due to its elevator, the upper floors were in greater demand than the lower floors. Following completion of the “Equitable” building, it was the thing done to reside on one of the “top” floors. Burnham and Roof’s Monadnock building, which was completed in Chicago in 1891, must also be mentioned as one of the last witnesses of a whole generation of solid masonry high-rise buildings. Sixteen floors of robust brick masonry rise skywards in stern, clear lines: an astonishing sight to eyes accustomed to the frills and fancies of the late 19th century.

Standing on an oblong base measuring 59 m _ 20 m, the building is reminiscent of a thin slice and not only recalls the industrial brick buildings of the late 19th century, but also anticipates the formal simplification of the later 1920s.

The buildings rose higher and higher with the spread of pioneering construction methods – such as the steel skeleton or reliable deep foundation methods – as well as the invention and development of the elevator. The highly spectacular skylines of North American cities, particularly Chicago and New York, originated in the early years of the 20th century. Glancing over Manhattan’s stony profile, the silhouettes dotting the first 12 km of the 22-kmlong island bear vociferous testimony to this dynamic development.

• • • • • •

The legendary Empire State Building, built in 1931, 381 m, The Chrysler Building dated 1930, 320 m, The former Pan Am Building completed in 1963, 246 m, The Rockefeller Center (1931–1940), a complex of 19 buildings, The Citicorp Center built in 1978, 279 m, and The AT&T Building opened in 1984, a pioneering building by the postmodern architect Philip Johnson, with an overall height of 197 m.

• The World Trade Center, currently the tallest building in New York, 417 m high

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It is only recently that attention has also turned to interesting high-rise buildings outside North America: Norman Foster’s Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Ieoh Ming Pei’s Bank of China in Hong Kong and the twin tops of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, currently the tallest building in the world at 452 m. High-rise buildings in Germany are a modern development and are concentrated particularly in Frankfurt am Main: today, Frankfurt is the only German city with a skyline dominated by skyscrapers. One of the tallest buildings in the city is the Messeturm built in 1991 with a height of 259 m, which is not much more than half the height of the Sears Tower in Chicago, currently the tallest office and business tower in North America with a total height of 443 m. It was the rapid growth in population that originally promoted the construction of high-rise buildings. New York once again provides a striking example: land became scarce well over a hundred years ago as more and more European immigrants streamed into the city. From roughly half a million in 1850, the city’s population grew to 1.4 million by 1899. More and more skyscrapers rose higher and higher on the solid ground in Manhattan, as buildings could only be erected with great difficulty on the boggy land to the right and left of the Hudson River and East River.

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In this way, New York demonstrated what was meant by “urban densification” despite the considerable doubts originally voiced by experts in conjunction with this development. The first area development code to come into force in New York was the so-called “zoning law” of 1916, according to which the height of a building must not exceed two and- a-half times the width of the road running alongside the building. The building mass was further limited by the requirement that the floor space index must not exceed twelve times the area of the site. Among other things, the zoning law stipulated that only the first twelve floors of a building were allowed to occupy the full area of the site and that all subsequent floors must then recede in zoned terraces – a requirement of major aesthetic significance, for this terraced form still dominates the silhouette of American skyscrapers today.

All doubts as to the profitability of high-rise buildings were set aside with completion of the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers in the 1930s, for they would never have been built if they could not have turned a profit. Although rentals proceeded slowly at first when the Empire State Building was completed in the heart of the recession in the 1930s and it was therefore known as the “Empty State Building” for many years, it subsequently generated satisfactory revenues once all the premises had been let.

Cities in Europe and Asia grew horizontally and it was only when production and services acquired greater economic significance throughout the world and the price of land rose higher and higher in economic centres after the Second World War that they also began to grow vertically. Modern Hong Kong is a striking case in point: it encompasses an area of 1,037 km2 (Victoria, Kowloon and the New Territories), of which only one-quarter has been developed, but with maximum density and impressive efficiency. Almost all the new buildings, office towers and particularly residential towers in the New Territories have more than thirty floors.

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1.7

AIM

To study and analysis about the services used in vertical or High Rise building.

1.8

OBJECTIVE

• to study the different type of services commonly used according the government bylaws • to study how services are used in vertical or high rise building • Why services important in vertical building.

• To better understand of services taking an example of building from any city in India.

1.9

SCOPE

Services may include • Vertical services like escalator, lift and staircase.

• Water, plumbing and drainage.

• Fire safety, detection and protection • Electrical • Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.

• Information and communication technology network.

• Light (natural and artificial) • Security and alarm systems or others. and the way they are planned for large number of people in high rise developments with respecting their needs and satisfying the government bylaws.

1.10

METHODOLOGY

The process starts by identifying aims and objectives and followed by the literature study and reviews. Literature gives a sought into the work and makes easy to identify the different services in high rise building. The live study of building also helps to understand the services. Government bylaws and the use of the services can be studied.

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BUILDING SERVICES

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

CHAPTER TWO 2.1

INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING SERVICES

When construct a building architects must pay their attention and give the priority for following services.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Ventilation Electrical HVAC Stairs Lifts Plumbing services Fire fighting

Simply building can define as a structure and building services can be defined as the elements needed to allocate a building to function, and provide for the occupant’s requirements. Electricity, water and the telecommunication are commonly use in the domestic houses for domestic uses. But in the high rise buildings which are erect for commercial purposes consist with all of these services. There is highly required a technical knowledge to fix these services to the relevant areas in the building and have a good understand to use it properly.

Building services can consider as the thing which complete the building and the thing which create a comfortable in side of the building. When consider all of these facts, building services is a necessary thing for a construction industry.

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BUILDING SERVICES

2.2

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING SERVICES

• Building services are indispensable for buildings.

• As an example certain types of building such as department store or industrial buildings are almost 100% dependent on electrical lighting, ventilating and air-conditioning .

• High rise buildings rely on vertical transportation and high speed pressure for water supply.

• A complex series of pipes, ducts, cables, and conduit run vertically through high-rise buildings in order to provide utility services to the upper floors.

• Vertical transportation is a phrase used to describe the various means of travelling between floors in a building.

• In buildings with more than four storeys, a lift (commonly known as an elevator) is desirable as there is a limit to how far people are willing to walk up stairs.

• The implementation of services demands a considerable amount of floor and ceiling so proper planning is necessary for their allocation.

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VENTILATION

3. VENTILATION Ventilation is a process of exchanging air. It includes both replacing air from outside or circulating air within space. It is important obtaining healthy and comfort condition. Ventilation helps us to prevent heat concentration ( heat produced by lighting, machine and human) and air humidity. Ventilation is also used to remove carbon dioxide, unpleasant smells, excessive moisture and contaminants such as airborne bacteria, smoke to replenish the indoor space with oxygen to maintain the percentage of oxygen at 21%. The disposal of gas plays a crucial role in fire prevention. Therefore, a building should ensure a good air circulation for comfort and safety purpose.

Ventilation is divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation.

3.1

NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation is an economic means of providing air changes in a building. It uses components integral with construction such as air bricks and louvres, or openable windows. The sources for natural ventilation are wind effect/pressure and stack effect/pressure.

Stack effect is an application of convected air currents. Cool air is encouraged to enter a building at low level. Here it is warmed by the occupancy, lighting, machinery and/or purposely located heat emitters. A column of warm air rises within the building to discharge through vents at high level.

Wind passing the walls of a building creates a slight vacuum. With provision of controlled openings this can be used to draw air from a room to effect air changes. In tall buildings, during the winter months, the cool more dense outside air will tend to displace the warmer lighter inside air through windows or louvres on the upper floors. This is known as stack effect.

3.2

MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Mechanical Ventilation is used for application where natural ventilation is not appropriate. Without mechanical ventilation brings in fresh air, containants, heat, moisture, odors may be left in the building and caused health problem as well as fire. Mechanical ventilation circulates fresh air by using fans, ductwork rather than relaying on openings.

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The propose of having mechanical ventilation primarily goes to the importance of fresh outdoor air. Besides, mechanical ventilation is much more controllable compare to the natural ventilation. Relying on airflow via openings through walls, windows or roof, there’s no control of the source and the amount of airflow. Air is brought in and pollutant is extracted out consistently and thus provides a comfort living condition.

3.2.1 TYPES OF MECHANICAL SYSTEM Mechanical ventilation can be found in various systems according to the function of the space. There are three type of system, which are, supply ventilation system, extract ventilation system and combined ventilation system.

3.2.1.1 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEM - A fan or a set of ductwork is used to distribute the fresh air from outside or it can be connect with the returning air duct, allowing the heating and cooling system’s fan and duct to process the outside air before being distributed.

The benefit of connecting to returning air duct is the outdoor air can be air-conditioned or dehumified before it is introduced into the room. At the same time refreshing the returning indoor air. Supply ventilation system suitable for hot and mix climates. It is because they pressurize the house, but may have the potential to create moisture problem in cold climates.

3.2.1.2 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEM work by depressurizing the building. By reducing the inside air pressure below the outdoor air pressure, they extract indoor air from a house while make-up air infiltrates through leaks in the building shell and through intentional, passive vents. Exhaust ventilation systems are most applicable in cold climates. Exhaust ventilation systems are relatively simple and inexpensive to install. Typically, an exhaust ventilation system is composed of a single fan connected to a centrally located, single exhaust point in the house.

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3.1.2.3 BALANCED VENTILATION SYSTEM, if properly designed and installed, neither pressurize nor depressurize a house. Rather, they introduce and exhaust approximately equal quantities of fresh outside air and polluted inside air, respectively. A balanced ventilation system usually has two fans and two duct systems. It facilitates good distribution of fresh air by placing supply and exhaust vents in appropriate places.

Balanced ventilation systems are appropriate for all climates; they are usually more expensive to install and operate than supply or exhaust systems.

3.2.2 DUCTING Generally circular, square or rectangular but may be oval.

For efficient distribution of air, the uniformity of circular ducting is preferred for the following reasons: • less opportunity for turbulence • less resistance to friction • inherent rigidity • lower heat losses or gains • sound transfer generally less • Less potential for air leakage Where space is restricted under floors or in suspended ceilings, rectangular ducting of high aspect ratio may be required for practical reasons. Square or rectangular ducting direction changes are more easily formed than with circular sections

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3.2.2.1 DUCTING MATERIAL • Galvanised sheet steel is the most common material used for ventilation and air conditioning ducting.

• Factory prefabricated sections are site jointed by bolted steel angle flanges with a rubber sealing gasket, the rigid angles can also function as suspended bracket fixings.

• Sleeve jointing with pop-rivets and tape sealant is also used with smaller profile sections.

• In addition to galvanised steel, aluminium may be used in smaller profiles or externally in noncorrosive atmospheres.

• Copper or stainless steel is used where the ducting forms a feature, e.g. a cooker hood.

• Polypropylene and uPVC piping is suitable in short lengths and small diameters, mainly for domestic applications such as extract fan extensions.

• Plastic materials have limitations where performance in fire is a consideration.

3.2.2.2 Flexible ducts • They are useful for short connections from air distribution boxes to several diffusers within close proximity.

• They are also useful for correcting misalignments and for convenient connections to fan housings and terminals.

• Flexible connections to fans will help to reduce vibration and sound.

• Flexible ducting is produced in corrugations made up in a concertina format from thin sheet aluminium or from spirally wound steel reinforced fabric.

• Lengths should be limited to as short as possible, as the concertina effect will impede air flow and create noise.

• Also, flexible ducting is more likely to suffer damage and leakage. Jointing is by taped sleeve and jubilee clip.

3.2.3 TYPES OF FAN Propeller fan- does not create much air pressure and has limited effect in ductwork. Ideal for use at air openings in windows and walls.

Axial flow fan- can develop high pressure and is used for moving air through long sections of ductwork. The fan is integral with the run of ducting and does not require a base.

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Bifurcated axial flow fan- used for moving hot gases, e.g. flue gases, and greasy air from commercial cooker hoods.

Cross-flow or tangential fan-in fan convector units.

Centrifugal fan- can produce high pressure and has the capacity for large volumes of air. Most suited to larger installations such as air conditioning systems. It may have one or two inlets. Various forms of impeller can be selected depending on the air condition. Variable impellers and pulley ratios from the detached drive motor make this the most versatile of fans.

3.2.4 SOUND ATTENTUATION IN DUCTWORK Fans and air turbulence can be a significant noise source in air distribution systems. System accessories and fittings such as ductwork material, grilles/ diffusers, mixing boxes, tee junctions and bends can compound the effect of dynamic air. Ducts of large surface area may need to be stiffened to prevent reverberation. Fans may be mounted on a concrete base, with either cork, rubber or fibre pad inserts. Strong springs are an alternative. Duct connections to a fan should have a flexible adaptor of reinforced PVC.

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3.2.5 AIR FILTER • Cell or panel -flat or in a vee formation to increase the surface contact area.

Available in dry or wet (viscous) composition in disposable format for simple fitting within the ductwork. A rigid outer frame is necessary to prevent flanking leakage of dirty air. Dry filters can be vacuum cleaned to extend their life, but in time will be replaced. The viscous filter is coated with an odourless, nontoxic, non-flammable oil. These can be cleaned in hot soapy water and recoated with oil.

• Absolute- a type of dry cell filter produced from dense glass paper. The paper is folded into deep pleats to create a series of vee formations arranged parallel to the air flow to increase surface contact. Some manufacturers apply cardboard or thin aluminium interleaves to support the glass paper and to channel the air through the filter depth.

• Bag- a form of filtration material providing a large air contact area. When the fan is inactive the bag will hang limply unless wire reinforced. It will resume a horizontal profile during normal system operation. Fabric bags can be washed periodically and replaced.

• Roller- operated manually or by pressure sensitive switch. As the filter becomes less efficient, resistance to air flow increases. The pressure effects a detector which engages a motor to bring down clean fabric from the top spool. Several perforated rollers can beused to vee format and increase the fabric contact area.

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• Viscous- these have a high dust retention capacity and are often specified for application to industrial situations. An improvement on the panel type has close spaced corrugated metal plates continuously sprayed with oil.

A rotating variation has filter plates hung from chains. The lower plates in the cycle pass through a bath of oil which removes attached particles and resurfaces the plates with clean oil. • Electrostatic unit- this has an ionising area which gives suspended dust particles a positive electrostatic charge. These are conveyed in the air stream through metal plates which are alternately charged positive and earthed negative. Positively charged particles are repelled by the positive plates and attracted to the negative plates. The negative plates can also be coated with a thin layer of oil or gel for greater retention of dust. The unit can have supplementary, preliminary and final filters giving an overall efficiency of about 99%. • Activated carbon-A disposable filter composed of carbon particles resembling pieces of coconut shell and arranged to provide a large surface contact area. A glass fibre matting is often used to contain the carbon shells.

Activated carbon filters are disposable and must be easily accessible for inspection and replacement.

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TYPICAL APPLICATION

3.2.6 FAN LAWS Fan performance depends very much on characteristics such as type and configuration of components. Given a standard set of criteria against which a fan's performance is measured, i.e. 20 degree Celsius dry bulb temperature, 101.325 kPa (1013 mb) atmospheric pressure, 50% relative humidity and 1.2 kg/m3 air density, any variation in performance can be predicted according to the following fan laws: • Discharge (volumetric air flow) varies directly with the fan speed.

Q2 = Q1(N2/N1) • Fan pressure is proportional to the fan speed squared.

P2 = P1(N2/N1)2 • Fan power is proportional to the fan speed cubed.

W2 = W1(N2/N1)3 where: Q = air volume in m3/s N = fan speed in rpm (revolution per minute) P = pressure in pascals (Pa) W = power in watts or kilowatts.

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3.2.7 LOW VELOCITY AIR FLOW IN DUCT Simple ducted air systems, typical of those serving internal WCs and bathrooms, operate at relatively low air velocity with little frictional resistance or pressure drop. In these situations the relationship between air flow and duct diameter can be expressed as

Q = air flow rate in m3/sec. d = duct diameter in mm. h = pressure drop in mm water gauge.

L = length of duct in metres.

To determine duct diameter from design input data, the formula is represented:

3.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN VENTILATION SYSTEM • Maximum possible use should be made of wind induced natural ventilation.

• Adequate number of circulating fans should be installed to serve all interior working areas during summer months in the hot dry and warm humid regions to provide necessary air movement at times when ventilation due to wind action alone does not afford sufficient relief.

• The capacity of a ceiling fan to meet the requirement of a room with the longer dimension D metres should be about 55 D m3/min.

• The height of fan blades above the floor should be (3H + W)/4, where H is the height of the room, and W is the height of work plane.

• The minimum distance between fan blades and the ceiling should be about 0.3 metre.

• Electronic regulators should be used instead of resistance type regulators for controlling the speed of fans.

• When actual ventilated zone does not cover the entire room area, then optimum size of ceiling fan should be chosen based on the actual usable area of room, rather than the total floor area of the room. Thus smaller size of fan can be employed and energy saving could be achieved.

• Power consumption by larger fans is obviously higher, but their power consumption per square metre of floor area is less and service value higher.

Evidently, improper use of fans irrespective of the rooms dimensions is likely to result in higher power consumption.

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3.4 Design Guidelines for Natural Ventilation By wind action • A building may be oriented at any convenient angle between 0° and 30° without loosing any beneficial aspect of the breeze. If the prevailing wind is from East or West, building may be oriented at 45° to the incident wind so as to diminish the solar heat without much reduction in air motion indoors.

• Inlet openings in the buildings should be well distributed and should be located on the windward side at a low level, and outlet openings should be located on the leeward side.

• Maximum air movement at a particular plane is achieved by keeping the sill height if the opening at 85 percent of the critical height (such as head level) for the following recommended levels of occupancy: 1) For sitting on chair 0.75 m, 2) For sitting on bed 0.60 m, and 3) For sitting on floor 0.40 m.

• In rooms of normal size having identical windows on opposite walls the average indoor air speed increases rapidly by increasing the width of window up to two-third of the wall widtly beyond that the increase is in much smaller proportion than the increase of the window width. The air motion in the working zone is maximum when window height is 1.1 m.

• Greatest flow per unit area of openings is obtained by using inlet and outlet openings of nearby equal areas at the same level.

• The maximum average indoor wind speed does not exceed 40 percent of outdoor velocity.

• The building should be oriented perpendicular to the incident wind Where direction of the wind is quite variable the openings may be arranged so that as far as possible there is approximately equal area on all sides. Thus no matter what the wind direction be, there’would be some openings directly exposed to wind pressure and others to air suction and effective air movement through the building would be assured.

• Windows of living rooms should open directly to an open space. In places where building sites are restricted, open space may have to be created in the buildings by providing adequate courtyards.

• In the case of rooms with only one wall exposed to outside, provision of two windows on that wall is preferred to that of a single window.A horizontal slot between the wall and horizontal louver prevents upward deflection of air in the interior of rooms. Provision of inverted L type (r) louver increases the room air motion provided that the vertical projection does not obstruct the incident wind.

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• Provision of horizontal sashes inclined at an angle of 45° in appropriate direction helps to promote the indoor air motion.

• Provision of horizontal sashes inclined at an angle of 45° in appropriate direction helps to promote the indoor air motion.

• VERANDAH open on three sides is to be preferred since it causes an increase in the room air motion for most of the orientations of the building with respect to the outdoor wind.

• Air motion in a building is not affected by constructing another building of equal or smaller height on the leeward side; but it is slightly reduced if the leeward building is taller than the windward block.

• Air motion in a shielded building is less than that in an unobstructed building. To minimix shielding effect, the distances between two rows should be 8 H for semi-detached house and 10 H for long rows houses.

However, for smaller spacing the shielding effect is also diminished by raising the height of the shielded building.

• Hedges and shrubs defect the air away from the inlet openings and cause a reduction in indoor air motion. These elements should not be planted at a distance of about 8 m from the building because the induced air motion is reduced to minimum in that case. However, air motion in the leeward part of the building can be enhanced by planting a low hedge at a distance of 2 m from the building.

• In case of industrial buildings the window height should be about 1,6 m and width about two-third of wall width. These should be located at a height of 1,1 m above the floor. In addition to this, openings around 0.9 m high should be provided over two-third length of the glazed area in the roof lights.

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4. AIR CONDITIONING 4.1 INTRODUCTION

Air conditioning is achieved by developing the principles of moving air in ducted ventilation systems to include a number of physical and scientific processes which enhance the air quality.

Some basic terminology used in air conditioning system are: • Dewpoint Temperature — The temperature at which condensation of moisture begins when the air is cooled at same pressure.

• Dry-Bulb Temperature — The temperature of the air, read on a thermometer, taken in such a way as to avoid errors due to radiation.

• Enthalpy — A thermal property indicating the quantity of heat in the air above an arbitrary datum, in kilo Joules per kg of dry air (or in Btu per pound of dry air).

• Global Warming Potential (GWP) — The potential of a refrigerant to contribute to global warming.

• Hydronic Systems — The water systems that convey heat to or from a conditioned space or process with hot or chilled water.

• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) — Air quality that refers to the nature of conditioned air that circulates throughout the spacelarea where one works or lives, that is, the air one breathes when indoors.

• Relative Humidity — Ratio of the partial pressure of actual water vapour in the air as compared to the partial pressure of maximum amount of water that may be contained at its dry bulb temperature.

• Water Conditioning — The treatment of water circulating in a hydronic system, to make it suitable for air conditioning system due to its effect on the economics of air conditioning plant.

• Wet-Bulb Temperature — The temperature registered by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wetted wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air of velocity not less than 4.5 m/s.

4.2 CENTRALLY PLANT SYSTEM This system is used where the air condition can be the same throughout the various parts of a building. It is also known as an all air system and may be categorised as low velocity for use in buildings with large open spaces, e.g. supermarkets, theatres, factories, assembly halls, etc.

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4.2.1 Planning of Equipment Room for Central Air Conditioning Plant • In selecting the location for plant room, the aspects of efficiency, ec~nomy and good practice should be considered an&wherever possible it shall be made contiguous with the building. This room shall be located as centrally as possible with respect to the area to be air conditioned and shall be free from obstructing columns.

In the case of large installations (500 TR and above), it is advisable to have a separate isolated equipment room where possible. The clear headroom below soffit of beam should be minimum 4.5 m for centrifugal plants, and minimum 3.6 m for reciprocating and screw type plants.

• The floors of the equipment rooms should belight coloured and finished smooth.

• All floor and ceiling supports shall be isolated from the structure to prevent transmission of vibrations.

• Equipment rooms shall have provision for mechanical ventilation. In hot climate, evaporative air-cooling may also be considered.

• Plant machinery in the plant room shall be placed on plairdreinforced cement concrete foundation anti provided with anti-vibratory supports.

• Equipment room should preferably be located adjacent to external wall to facilitate equipment movement and ventilation.

• acoustic treatment should be provided in plant room space to prevent noise transmission to adjacent occupied areas.

• Air conditioning plant room should preferably be located close to main electrical panel of the building in order to avoid large cable lengths.

• In case air conditioning plant room is located in basement, equipment movement route shall be planned to facilitate future replacement and maintenance. Service ramps or hatch in ground floor slab should be provided in such cases.

• Floor drain channels or dedicated drainpipes in slope shall be provided within plant room space for effective disposal of waste water.

• Thermal energy storage- In case of central plants, designed with thermal energy storage its location shall be decided in consultation with the air conditioning engineer. The system may be located in plant room, on rooftop, in open space near plant room or buried in open space near plant room.

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4.3 AIR HANDLING UNIT • Fresh air enters through a louvred inlet and mixes with the recirculated air.

Maximum 75% recirculated to minimum 25% fresh air.

• The air is filtered to remove any suspended dust and dirt particles.

• In winter the air is pre-heated before passing through a humidifier. A spray wash humidifier may be used to cool the air up to dew point temperature.

If a steam humidifier is used the air will gain slightly in temperature.

• In summer the air can be cooled by a chilled water coil or a direct expansion coil. The latter is the evaporator coil in a refrigeration cycle. Condensation of the air will begin, until at saturation level the air dehumidifies and reduces in temperature. Spray washing will also dehumidify the air.

• Air washers have zig-zag eliminator plates which remove drops of water and any dirt that may have escaped the filter.

• The final heater or reheater is used to adjust the supply air temperature and relative humidity before delivery through a system of insulated ductwork.

4.3.1 Planning Equipment Room for Air Handling Units and Package Units • This shall be located as centrally as possible to the conditioned area and contiguous to the corridors or other spaces for carrying air ducts.

• In the case of large and multistoried buildings, independent air handling unit should be provided for each floor. Air handling unit rooms should preferably be located vertically one above the other.

• Provision should be made for the entry of fresh air. The fresh air intake shall have louvers having rain protection profile, with volume control damper and bird screen.

• In all cases air intakes shall be so located as to avoid contamination from exhaust outlets or to the sources in concentrations greater than normal in the locality in which the building is located.

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• Exterior openings for outdoor air intakes and exhaust outlets shall preferably be shielded from weather and insects.

• No air from any dwelling unit shall be circulated directly or indirectly to any other dwelling unit, public corridor or public stairway.

• All air handling rooms should preferably have floor drains and water supply. The trap in floor drain shall provide a water seal between the air conditioned space and the drain line.

• Supply/return air duct shall not be taken through emergency fire staircase.

However, exception can be considered if fire isolation of ducts at wall crossings is carried out.

• Waterproofing of air handling unit rooms shall be carried out to prevent damage to floor below.

• The floor should be light coloured, smooth finished with terrazzo tiles or the equivalent. Suitable floor loading should also be provided after consulting with the air conditioning engineer.

• structural design should avoid beam obstruction to the passage of supply and return air ducts. Adequate ceiling space should be made available outside the air handling unit room to permit installation of supply and return air ducts and fire dampers at air handling unit room wall crossings.

• Access door to air handling unit room shall be single/double leaf type, airtight, opening outwards and should have a sill to prevent flooding of adjacent occupied areas.

• The door shall be fire resistant and fire/smoke dampers shall be provided in supply/ return air duct at air handling unit room wall crossings and the annular space between the duct and the wall should be fire-sealed using appropriate fire resistance rated material.

• For buildings with large structural glazing areas, care should be taken for providing fresh air intakes in air handling unit rooms.

4.4 PLANNING OF PIPE SHAFTS • The shafts carrying chilled water pipes should be located adjacent to air handling unit room or within the room.

• Shaft carrying condensing water pipes to cooling towers located on terrace should be vertically aligned.

• All shafts shall be provided with fire barrier at floor crossings.

• Access to shaft shall be provided at every floor.t

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4.5 PLANNING FOR SUPPLY AIR DUCTS AND RETURN AIR • duct supports may be fixed with internally threaded anchor fastners and threaded rods without damaging the slabs or structural members.

• If false ceiling is provided, the supports forthe duct and the false ceiling, shall be independent.

• Where a duct penetrates the masonry wall it shall either be suitably covered on the outside to isolate it from masonry, or an air gap shall be left around it to prevent vibration transmission.

4.6 COOLING TOWER Range of a cooling tower is defined as temperature difference between the entering and leaving water. Approach of the cooling tower is the difference between leaving water temperature and the entering air wet bulb temperature.

4.6.1 TYPES OF COOLING TOWER 1. Natural draft cooling tower 2. Mechanical draft cooling tower 4.6.1.1 Natural draft cooling tower: This type of tower is larger than mechanical draft tower as it relies on natural convection to obtain the air circulation. A natural draft tower needs to be tall to obtain the maximum chimney effect or rely on the natural wind currents. this cooling tower classified in two: 1. Natural draft cooling towers spray type 2. Natural draft cooling towers splash deck type 4.6.1.2 Mechanical draft cooling tower: The fans on mechanical draft towers may be on the inlet air side (forced draft) or exit air side (induced draft). Typically, these have centrifugal or propeller type fans, depending on pressure drop in tower, permissible sound levels andenergy usage requirement. On the basis of direction of air and water flow, mechanical draft cooling towers can be counter flow or cross flow type.

Acc. to location of fan it may further divided as: 1. forced draft cooling tower 2. induced draft cooling tower

NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER

FORCED DRAFT COOLING TOWER

INDUCED DRAFT COOLING TOWER

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4.6.2 Factors to be considered for cooling tower selection 1. Design wet-bulb temperature and approach of cooling tower.

2. Height limitation and aesthetic requirement.

3. Location of cooling tower considering possibility of easy drain back from the system.

4. Placement with regard to adjacent walls and windows, other buildings and effects of any water carried over by the air stream.

5. Noise levels, particularly during silent hours and vibration control.

6. Material of construction for the tower.

7. Direction and flow of wind.

8. Quality of water used for make-up.

9. Maintenance and service space.

10. Ambient air quality.

• The recommended floor area requirement for various types of cooling tower is as given below: Natural draft cooling 0.15 to 0.20 m2/t tower of refrigeration Induced draft cooling tower of refrigeration

0.10 to 0.13 m2/t

Fibre-reinforced 0.07 to 0.08 m2/t plastic of refrigeration • Structural provision for the cooling tower shall be taken into account while designing the building, Vibration isolation shall bean important consideration in structural design.

• certain amount of water is lost from circulating water in the cooling tower: 1. Evaporation loss — In a cooling tower, the water is cooled by evaporating a part of the circulating water into the air stream. The amount of circulating water so evaporated is called ‘evaporation loss’. Usually it is about 1 percent of the rate of water circulation.

2. Drift loss — A small part of circulating water is lost from the cooling tower as liquid droplets entrained in the exhaust air stream. Usually the drift loss is 0.1 percent to 0.2 percent of rate of water circulation.

3. Blow-down or bleed-off— To avoid concentration of impurities contained in the water beyond a certain limit, a small percentage of water in the cooling water system is often purposely drained off or discarded. Such a treatment is called ‘blow-down’ or ‘bleedoff’. The amount of blow-down is usually 0.8 percent to 1 percent of the total water circulation.

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• Provision for make-up water tank to the cooling tower shall be made. Makeup water tank to the cooling tower shall be separate from the tank serving drinking water.

• Make-up water having contaminants or hardness, which can adversely affect the refrigeration plant life, shall be treated.

• Cooling tower should be so located as to eliminate nuisance from drift to adjoining structures.

4.7 DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING A ventilation and air conditioning system installed in a building should clean, freshen and condition the air within the space to be air conditioned.

Consideration should be given to relatively nearby buildings and any contaminated discharges from those buildings. Inlets should not be positioned near any flue outlets, dry cleaning or washing machine extraction outlets, kitchen, water-closets, etc. When possible, air inlets should beat high level so as to induce air from as clean an area as possible. If low level intakes are used, care should be taken to position them well away from roadways and car parks.

4.7.1

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

4.7.1.1 Types of system: Various types of refrigerating systems are available to accomplish the tasks of cooling and dehumidifying, which are an essential feature of air conditioning. Systems for air conditioning may be grouped as allair type, air and water type, all water type or unitary type.

Refrigeration systems are used to: • Cool water for circulation through chiller coils. Brine may be used as a more efficient alternative to water.

• Directly chill air by suspending the cold evaporator coil in the air stream.

When used in this way, the energy exchanger is known as a direct expansion (DX) coil.

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1. All-air system: This type of air conditioning system provides complete sensible and latent cooling, preheating and humidification in the air supplied by the system. Low velocity systems may be used. High velocity systems although require smaller ducts, are high on fan energy, require careful acoustic treatment and higher standards of duct construction.

All air systems can be further classified into: 1. Single duct systems, or 2. Dual duct systems The single duct systems can provide either cooling or heating using the same duct, but not both heating and cooling simultaneously. These systems can be further classified into: 1. Constant volume, single zone systems 2. Constant volume, multiple zone systems 3. Variable volume systems The dual duct systems can provide both cooling and heating simultaneously.

These systems can be further classified into: 1. Dual duct, constant volume systems 2. Dual duct, variable volume systems Constant volume system: Accurate temperature control is possible, according to the system adopted. Low velocity system variations include dehumidification with return air bypass, and multi-zone (hot declclcold deck mixing). High velocity system may be single or dual duct type.

Variable volume system: the variable air volume (VAV) system is able to reduce energy consumption by reducing the supply air volume to the space under low load conditions. Thp VAV system can be applied to interior or perimeter zones, with common or separate fans, with common or separate air temperature control.

2. All water systems: Provision of variable volume water flow system for chilled water circulation is recommended for varying load conditions. This may be incorporated with the help of constant volume primary chilled water circuit and variable flow secondary chilled water circuit having pumps with variable speed drives and pressure sensor to control the speed. This system allows better control on energy consumption under partial load conditions due to diversity or seasonal load variations.

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3. Unitary system Such systems are usually those incorporating one or more units or packaged air conditioners having a direct expansion vapour compression refrigeration system. Similar units using chilled water from a central plant would be designated fan coil systems. Most units are only suitable for comfort applications but specially designed units are also available for process and industrial applications.

4.8 Vapour Compression Water Chiller These normally contain the complete refrigerating system, comprising the compressor, condenser, expansion device and evaporator together with the automatic control panel. Pipe connection require flexible couplings.

The design of the refrigeration control system should be integrated, or be compatible, with the control system for the heat transfer medium circulated to the air cooler. It is normal for installation to have several water chilling packages, both to provide for stand-by and enable the cooling load to be matched with the minimum consumption of power. Although most packages can reduce capacity to match the cooling demand, the consumption of the power per unit of cooling increases; the resulting drop in efficiency is most serious below one-third capacity.

Power consumption can be reduced by taking advantage of a fall in the ambient temperature, which permits a corresponding fall in the condensing temperature and consequent reduction in the compressor power. It is important, for economy in the operation, that the optimum equipment selection and design of the control system is achieved. The classification of the water chilling packages is by the type of compressor.

1. Centrifugal compressor: These compressors have an impeller that imparts to the refrigerant vapour a high kinetic energy, which is then transformed into pressure energy.

The compressor can be modulated down to approaching 10 % of full load capacity because of its nature the flow through compressor can become unstable if the compressor is called upon to produce pressure rise in excess of its design limits. this is known as surging.

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2. Screw compressors Two types of screw compressors are available, that is, single and twin screw, and both are positive displacement machines. Compression of the refrigerant vapour is achieved by the progressive reduction of the volume contained with in the helical flutes of the cylindrical rotor(s) as they rotate.

3. Reciprocating compressors

These are available in a wide range of sizes and designs. They are almost invariably used in packages up to 120 TR cooling capacity. Because the cylinders have automatic valves, a single compressor may be used over wide range of operating conditions with near optimum efficiency.

4.9 Absorption system The absorption cycle uses a solution that by absorbing the refrigerant replaces the function of the compressor. The absorbenthefrigerant mixture is then pumped to a higher pressure where the refrigerant is boiled off by the application of heat, to be condensed in the condenser. Absorption machines are mostly used in liquid-chilling applications, These are most suitable for hotels and hospitals where steam is readily available from the boilers.

They are, Indirect firing: The lithium bromide/water absorption system can be powered by medium or high temperature hot water and low or medium pressure steam.

The four compartments enclosing the heat exchanger tube bundles for the condenser, evaporator, generator and absorber can be in a single or multiple pressure vessel arrangement.

The water and absorbants are circulated by electrically driven pump.

Capacity control down to 10 percent of full load capacity is achieved by modulating the flow of theheating medium in relation to the cooling demand.

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Direct fired lithium bromide/water absorption plants have become common, by incorporating precise control of generator temperature necessary to avoid crystallization.

Ammonia/water systems can be and are direct fired, but are rarely used for water chilling duties except for small sized units, which are installed outside the building. There are two reasons or this, firstly capital costs are higher and secondly the danger to personnel in the event of leakage of the refrigerant.

4.10 SYSTEM DESIGN 4.10.1 Duct work and Air distribution 1. Material: Ductwork is normally fabricated, erected and finished.Ductwork is generally manufactured from galvanized steel sheet. Building materials such as concrete or brick, are used in the formation of airways, the interior surface should be fire resistant, smooth, airtight and not liable to erosion.

2. Ductwork design: the recommendations for fwe protection relating to the design of air handling system to fire and smoke control in buildings.

3. Layout consideration: • Co-ordination with building, architectural and • structural requirements; • Co-ordination with other services; • Simplifying installation work; • Providing facilities and access for • commissioning md testing; • Providing facilities and access for operating • and maintenance; • Meeting fire and smoke control requirement; • and • Prevention of vibration and noise transmission • to the building/space.

4.10.2 Piping and water distribution system 1. Materials: Steel piping with welded or flanged joints is commonly used.

2. Design principles: • A good distribution of water to the various heat exchangers/cooling coils at all conditions of load.

• An economic balance between pipe size and piping cost.

3. Piping design: • The water velocity normally used are dependent on pipe size but are usually in the range 1 m/s to 3 m/s.

• Friction factor in piping should not exceed 5 m of water for 100 m of pipe length.

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4. Layout considerations: • The layout of the main pipe runs should be considered in relation to the building structure, which will have to support their weight and carry the imposed axial loads.

• The positioning of expansion joints should be considered in relation to the branches, which may only accommodate small movements.

• Provision should be made for venting air and any gas formed by corrosion processes from the high points in the system.

• Piping system should be designed to permit proper cleaning and flushing and should include suitable strainers at appropriate locations.

4.10.3 Thermal Insulation Thermal insulation is required to prevent undue heat gain or loss and also to prevent internal and external condensation; a vapour seal is essential if there is a possibility of condensation within the insulating materials.

Thermal insulating materials: 1. Certain insulating materials are combustible in a fire produce appreciable quantities of smoke and noxious and toxic fumes.

2. Material should not give rise to objectionable odour at the temperature at which they are to be used.

3. The material should not cause a known hazard to health during application, while in use, or on removal.

4. low thermal conductivity 5. non-flammable and should not support nor spread fire.

6. It should have good mechanical strength and rigidity.

4.11 Air Movement 1. In air conditioned space: The speed of an air current becomes more noticeable as the air temperature falls, owing to its increased cooling effect.

The design of the air distribution system therefore has a controlling effect of the quantity and temperature of the air that may be introduced into a space.

2. In buildings: Air flow within a building should be controlled to minimize transfer of fumes and smells. This is achieved by creating air pressure gradients within the building, by varying the balance between the 3. fans introducing fresh air and those extractingt the stale air.

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4.12 APPLICATION FACTOR: 4.12.1 COMMERCIAL SPACE • OFFICE: The external zone may be considered as extending from approximately 4 m to 6 m inwards from the external wall.

Internal zone loads are entirely due to heat gain from people, lights and office equipment, which represent a fairly uniform cooling load throughout the year.

For external building zones with large glass areas, for example, greater than 60 percent of the external facade, the air-water type of system, such as induction or fan coil is generally economical than all air systems and has lower space requirements.

For external zones with small glass areas, an all air system, such as variable volume, may be the best selection. For building with average glass areas, other factors may determine the choice of system.

For internal zones, a separate all-air system with volume control may be the best choice. Systems employing reheat or air mixing, while technically satisfactory, are generally poor as regards energy conservation.

• HOTEL GUEST ROOM: Guest room systems are required to be available for operation on a continuous basis. The room may be unoccupied for most of the day and therefore provision for operating at reduced capacity, or switching off, is essential.

Low operating noise level, reliability and ease of maintenance are essential.

Treated fresh air introduced through the system is generally balanced with the bathroom extract ventilation to promote air circulation into the bathroom. In tropical climates, where the humidity is high an all-air system with individual room reheat (and/or retool) may be necessary to avoid condensation problems. Fan coil units are generally found to be most suitable for this kind of application with speed control for fan and motorised/modulating valve for chilled water control for cooling.

• Restaurants, cafeteria, bars and night-clubs This type of application is generally best served by the all-air type of system preferably with some reheat or return air bypass control to limit relative humidity. Either self-contained packaged units or split systems, or air-handling unit served from a central chilled system may be used. Sufficient control flexibility to handle adequately the complete range of anticipated loads is essential.

• Department stores/shops The all-air type of system, with variable volume distribution from local air handling units, may be the most economical option. Facilities to take all outside air for ‘free-cooling’ under favorable conditions should be provided.

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• Theatres/Auditoria Buildings generally large in size, with high ceiling, low external loads, and high occupancy producing a high latent gain and having low sensible heat factor. These give rise to the requirements of large fresh air quantities and low operating noise levels. Theatres and auditoria maybe in use only a few hours a day.

• Hospitals/Operating theatres In operating theatres 100 percent fresh air system is normally provided and air pressures in various rooms are set by use of pressure stabilizers. Many types of air distribution pattern within operation theatres are in use but generally they conform to high-level supply and low-level pressure relief or exhaust.

Laboratories and other areas dealing with infectious diseases or viruses, and sanitary accommodation adjacent to wards, should be at a negative air pressure compared to any other area to prevent exfiltration of any airborne contaminants. In extreme cases any exhaust to atmosphere from these areas has to pass through high efficiency sub-micron particulate air (HEPA) filters.

• Computer rooms The equipment in computer rooms generates heat and contains components that are sensitive to sudden variations of temperature and humidity.

A low velocity re-circulation system maybe used with 5 percent to 10 percent fresh air make-up which is allowed to exfiltrate from the room and ensure a positive pressure to prevent entry of dust and untreated air. The air distribution should be zoned to minimize temperature variations owing to fluctuation in heat load.

• Residential buildings Very few residences are air conditioned. Some individual houses have unitary systems comprising of windowlsplit air conditioners. Some large houses have VRV based splits and some luxury block of flats are provided with air-water systems. VAV also works well for some luxury applications with chilled water applications.

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4.13 UNITARY AIR CONDITIONER • These are self-contained air conditioning units comprising a compressor and evaporator with fans for evaporator and air-cooled condenser.

• Unitary air conditioners are installed in windows so they are also known as window air conditioners.

• Unitary air conditioners are suitable for bedrooms, office cabins, general office area, hotel rooms and similar applications where normal comfort conditions are required upto a distance of 6 m from unitary air conditioner.

• Power Consumption: Power consumption of window air conditioners of 1 TR (3 500 W) rated capacity should not exceed 1.55 kW/TR. Rotary compressors normally consume 7 percent to 8 percent less power compared to the above value for reciprocating compressors.

• Unitary air conditioners should be mounted preferably at the window sill level on an external wall where hot air from air-cooled condenser may be discharged without causing nuisance.

• While deciding location of the window air conditioners, care should be taken to ensure that the condensate water dripping does not cause nuisance.

4.14 SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER • Split air conditioner has an indoor unit and an outdoor unit interconnected with refrigerant piping and power and control wiring.

• Indoor unit comprises of a filter, evaporator and evaporator fan for circulation of air in the conditioned space.

• Outdoor unit has a compressor, air-cooled condenser with condenser fan housed in a suitable cabinet for outdoor installation.

• Split air conditioner includes primary source of refrigeration for cooling and dehumidification and means for circulation and cleaning of air, with or without external air distribution ducting.

• Split air conditioners are suitable for wide range of applications including residences, small offices, clubs, restaurants, showrooms, departmental stores, etc.

• Split air conditioner indoor unit is mounted within the air conditioned space or above the false ceiling from where the air distribution duct is taken to the conditioned space to distribute the air. Outdoor unit is mounted at the nearest open area where unobstructed flow of outside air is available for air cooled condenser.

• Ceiling suspended indoor units are provided with rubber grommet to reduce vibration. Outdoor units are mounted on a steel frame in an open area.

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4.15 PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONER • Packaged air conditioner is a self-contained unit primarily for floor mounting, designed to provide conditioned air to the space to be conditioned.

• The unit comprises a compressor, condenser and evaporator, which are interconnected with copper refrigerant piping and refrigerant controls.

• It also includes fan for circulation of air and filter.

• Packaged units are suitable for wide range of applications including offices, clubs and restaurants, showrooms and departmental stores, and computer rooms, etc.

• The packaged unit can be mounted within the air conditioned space with discharge air plenum or in a separate room from where the air distribution duct is taken to the conditioned space.

• The packaged units are normally mounted on a resilient pad which prevents vibration of the unit from being transmitted to the building.

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5. STAIRCASE A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.

5.1 TYPES OF STAIRS: 1. STRAIGHT STAIR: In this stair, all the steps are arranged continuously along in one direction. One flight may be split into one or more than one flight by interposing a landing. This stair can be used where narrow and long space is available for a staircase such as entrance, porch etc.

2. DOGGED LEGGED STAIR:

This stair consists of two straight flights of steps with direct turns between them. This stair is very useful where the total width of the stair is just twice the width of the steps.

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3. OPEN NEWEL STAIR: This type of stair consists of two or more flights arranging a well or opening between the backward and forward flights. When all the steps are difficult to arrange in two flights, a short third flight of 3 to 6 steps may be provided along the direction perpendicular to the hall. Open newel stair is mostly adopted in the lift.

4. GEOMETRICAL STAIR: This is another type of open newel stair where the open well between the forward and the backward flight is curved. This stair may contain different geometrical shape. Here the change in direction is achieved by using winders.

5. CIRCULAR STAIR: In this type of stair, all the steps radiate from a newel or well hole, in the form of winders. The circular stair is adopted at the back side of a building to access its various floors.

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6. SPIRAL STAIR: Spiral stair is very similar to a circular stair. It consists of individual steps or treads, connecting to a centre column. The overall diameter of the stair may range from 1 to 2.5 m.

7. QUARTER-TURN STAIR: The quarter-turn stair can be defined as the stairs that are turned at 90 degrees with the help of level landing.

8. BIFURCATED STAIR: This type of stair is provided in modern public buildings as well as residential buildings. In this stair, the flight is so arranged that there is a wide flight at the start which is sub-divided into narrow flights at the midlanding. The narrow flights start from either side of the mid landing.

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5.2 WIDTH OF STAIRCASE Minimum width — The minimum width of staircase shall be as follows: a) Residential buildhgs (dwellings) b) Residential hotel buildings c) Assembly buildings like auditoria, theatres and cinemas d) Educational building e) Institutional buildings f) All other buildings

1.0 m 1.5 m 2.0 m 1.5 m 2.0 m 1.5 m

NOTE— For row housing with 2 storeys,the minimum width shall be 0.75 m.

5.3 TREAD AND RISER The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 250 mm for residential buildings. The minimum width of tread for other buildlngs shall be 300 mm.

The maximum height of riser shall be 190 mm for residential buildings and 150 mm for other buildings and these shall be limited to 12 per flight.

5.4 HEAD ROOM The minimum head-room in a passage under the landing of a staircase shall be 2.2 m. The minimum clear head-room in any staircase shall be 2.2 m.

5.5 Length of Run A stair flight should always consist of three or more risers. The flight should not have too many steps without a landing. In many codes the maximum number of risers permitted in a flight is eighteen.

5.6 FLIGHTS WITH WINDERS AND SPLAYED STEPS a winder is a wedge-shaped step of varying tread width. To obtain treads of about equal widths, the steps preceding and following the turn may be splayed.

• The narrow portion of the tread should be at least 4 inches (10.2 cm) at a distance of 6 inches (15.2 cm) from the end of the tread or inside of the stringer. At the walking line, 10.6 inches (27.0 cm) from the newel or outside handrail the going must be at least 11 inches (27.9 cm) 41

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• Do not run a step edge into a corner.

• Splayed steps and winders should rise in a clockwise direction where possible. This puts the wide portions of the treads to the right-hand side when going downstairs.

5.7 Determine the number of risers: where,

n = H/R H = Floor-to-floor height n = Number of risers R = Riser height

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6. LIFT The upward and downward movement of people in newly erected multistorey buildings is principally achieved by lifts.

6.1 EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION • the number, capacity, speed and disposition of the lifts necessary to give adequate lift service in the proposed building.

• the provision of adequate access to the machine room.

• The loads which the lift will impose on the building structure, and the holes to be left in the machine room floor and cut-outs for wall boxes for pushbuttons and signals • The necessity for and type of insulation to minimize the transmission of vibration and noise to other parts of the building; • The special requirements of local authorities and other requirements set out in the ‘planning permit’ • The need for the builder to maintain accuracy of building as to dimensions and in plumb; • The periods of time required for preparation and approval of relevant drawings for manufacturing and the installation of the lift equipment • The requirements for fixing guide brackets to the building structure • The time at which electric power will be required before completion to allow for testing.

• The requirements for electrical supply feeders, etc • The requirements for scaffoicbg in the lift well and protection of the lift well prior to and during installation of equipment.

• Delivery and storage of equipment.

6.2 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED BY ARCHITECT • Number, type and size of lifts and position of lift well • Particulars of lift well enclosure • Size, position, number and type of landing doors • Number of floors served by the lift • Height between floor levels • Number of entrances • Total headroom • Provision of access to machine room • Provision of ventilation and, if possible, natural lighting of machine room; Height of machine room; • Depth of lift pit • Position of lift machine, above or below lift well • Size and position of any trimmer joists or stanchions adjacent to the lift well at each floor 43

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• Size and position or supporting steel work at roof levels; • Size and position of any footings or gnllage foundations, if these are adjacent to the lift pit • In the case of passenger lifts whether the lift cage is required to carry household luggage, such as refrigerator, steel almirah, etc.

6.3 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS • Conformity with LIFTS Act and Rules • Conformity with Indian Electricity Act and Rules • In case of materials for which Indian Standard specifications do not exist, the materials shall be approved by the competent authority.

• Conformity with Fire Regulations • The minimum factor of safety for any part of the lift shall not be less than five.

6.3.1. Requirements for Passenger and Goods Lifts: 1. Bottom car cleareance: a minimum clearance of 600 mm is available over a horizontal area of 800 mm x 500 mm.

2. the car platform is level with the top landing, shall be not less than the sum of the following: a) The bottom counterweight runby. b) The stroke of the counterweight buffer used. c) One-half of the gravity stopping distance based on 115 percent of the rated speed where oil buffers are used and no provision is made to prevent the jump of the car at counterweight buffer engagement; and Governor tripping speed where spring buffers are used. d) 600 mm.

• Bottom Runby for Cars and Counterweights • The bottom runby of cars and counterweightsshall be not less than 150 mm where oil buffers are used. Where spring-buffers are used Rated speed Up to 0.125 0.125 to 0.25 0.25 to 0.50 0.50 to 1

Runby In/s mm 75 150 225 300

Maximum Bottom Runby 600mm for cars and 900 mm for counterweight.

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6.3.2 PLAN DIMENSIONS • All Plan dimensions of lift well are the minimum clear plumb sizes.

• Rough opening in concrete or brick walls to accommodate landing doors depend on design of architrave. It is advisable to provide sufficient allowances in rough opening width to allow for alignment errors of opening at various landings.

• When more than one lift is located in a common well, a minimum allowance of 100 mm for separator beams shall be made in the widths.

6.4 OUTLINE DIMENSION 6.4.1 Dimension for passenger lift and service lift

6.4.2 Recommended dimension of Pit, Overhead and Manchine-Room for passenger lift and services

1. The total overhead dimension has been calculated on the basis of car height of 2.3 m.

2. In case of manually operated doors, clear entrance will be reduced by the amount of projection of handle on the landing door.

3. Dimensions of pit depth and overhead may differ in practice as per individual manufacturer’s design depending upon load, speed and drive.

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PLAN

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6.4.3 Recommended Dimensions of Goods Lifts

1. The width of machine room shall be equal to be lift well width ‘C’ subject to minimum of 2500 mm.

2. The total headroom has been calculated on the basis of a car height of 2.2 m.

3. Clear entrance width ‘E’ is based on vertical lifting car-door and vertical biparting landing doors. For collapsible mid-bar doors the clear entrance width will be reduced by 200 mm (maximum 1800 mm).

4. Dimensions of pit depth and overhead may differ in practice as per individual manufacturer’s design depending upon load, speed and drive.

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1. The total headroom has been calculated on the basis of a car height of 2.2m.

2. In the case of manually-operated doors, clear entrance will be reduced by the amount of projection of handle on the landing door.

3. Although 15 persons capacity lift is not standard one, this is included to cover lifts of smaller capacity which can be used in small hospitals.

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6.4.4. Travel The tables have been established for a maximum travel of 30 m. For travels above 30 m, the lift manufacturer shotdd be consulted.

6.4.5 Pit The pit depth of the lifts will normally accommodate compensating chains. If compensating ropes are required, pit depth shall be increased for all loads and speeds and lift manufacturer should be consulted.

6.4.6 Minimum floor to floor height Minimum floor to floor height for landings on same side for horizontally sliding door is f +750 mm and for vertically biparting doors is 1.5f+ 250 mm, where f is clear entrance height in mm.

6.5 Lift Wells • the main supply lines shall be deemed to be a part of the lift and the underground cable, if laid along the lift well shaft, shall be properly clamped to the wall.

• Sufficient space shall be provided between the guides for the cars and the side walls of the lift well enclosure to allow safe and easy access to the parts of the safety gears for their maintenance and repairs.

• Lift wells, together with the whole of the contained equipment and apparatus, shall be rendered ftre resistant to the greatest possible extent.

• Every counterweight shall travel in juxtaposition to its car in the same lift well.

• It is undesirable that any room, passage or thoroughfare be permitted under any lift well. If unavoidable spaces for other uses may be permitted under the lift well, with the prior approval of the Lift Inspectorate Authority.

6.6 Lift Well Enclosures • Lift well enclosures shall be provided and shall extend on all sides from floor-to-floor or stairto- stair, and shall have requisite strength and in proper plumb.

• The inner sides of the lift well enclosures facing any car entrance shall, as far as practicable form a smooth, continuous flush surface devoid of projections or recesses.

• Where an open lift well would increase the fue risk in a building, the lift well enclosure shall be of fire resisting construction.

• Where wire grill or similar constructions is used, the mesh or opening shall be such that the opening between the bars shall reject the ball of 30 mm in diameter.

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• Where the clearance between the inside of an open-type lift well enclosure and any moving or movable part of the lift equipment of apparatus is less than 50 mm, the openings in the enclosure shall be further protected by netting of square mesh of aperture not greater than one centimeter and of wire not smaller than one mm.

• There shall be no opening in the lift well enclosure permitting access to the lift car by passing under the counterweight.

• Indicator: Where lifts are installed in totally enclosed wells, position indicators are recommended to be provided at each floor; however, where position indicators are not provided, at least direction indicators or ‘In Use’ indicators shall be provided at each landing.

• Landing doors: Every lift well shall, on each side from which there is access to a car, be fitted with a door. Such a door shall be fitted with efficient electromechanical locking so as to ensure that it cannot be opened except when the lift car is at landing and that the lift car cannot be moved away from the landing until the door is closed and locked.

• Automatic devices for cutting off power An efficient automatic device shall be provided and maintained in each lift whereby all power shalI be cut off from the motor before the car or counterweight lands on buffer.

6.7 Lift Pits • A lift pit shall be provided at the bottom of every lift.

• Pits shall be of sound construction and maintained in a dry and clean condition. Where necessary, provision shall be made for permanent drainage and where the pit depth exceeds 1.5 m suitable descending arrangement shall be provided to reach the lift pit. And a suitable fixed ladder or other descending facility in the form of permanent brackets grouted in the wall extending to a height of 0.75 m above the lowest floor level shall be provided. A light point with a switch shall also be provided for facility of maintenance and repair work.

6.8 Machine Rooms and Overhead Structures • The lift machine, controller and all other apparatus and equipment of a lift installation, excepting such apparatus and equipment as function in the lift well or other positions, shall be placed in the machine room which shall be adequately lighted and rendered fire-proof and weather-proof.

• The motor generators controlling the speed of multi-voltage or variable voltage machines, secondary sheaves, pulleys, governors, floor selecting equipment may be placed in a place other than the machine room, but such position shall be adequately lighted, ventilated and rendered fireproof and weather-proof.

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• The machine room shall have sufficient floor area as well as permit free access to all parts of the machines and equipment located therein for purposes of inspection, maintenance or repair.

• When the electrical voltage exceeds 220/230 V ac, a danger notice plate shaJl be displayed permanently on the outside of the door and on or near the machinery.

• The machine room shall be equipped with an insulated portable hand lamp provided with flexible cord for examining the machinery.

• If any machine room floor or platform does not extend to the enclosing walls, the open sides shall be provided with hand rails or otherwise suitably guarded.

• The machine room shall not be used as a store room or for any purpose other than housing the lift machinery and its associated apparatus and equipment.

• Machine room floor shall be provided with a trap door.

• The height of the machine room shall be sufficient to allow any portion of equipment to be accessible and removable for repair and replacement and shall be not less than 2 m clear from the floor or the platform of machine whichever is higher.

• It is desirable that emergency exit may be provided in case of large machine rooms having four or more lifts.

• Wherever the machine room is placed, it should be properly ventilated. The ambient temperature of machine room shall be maintained between + 5°C and + 40°C. • If located in the basement, it should be separated from the lift well by a separation wall.

6.9 PRELIMINARY DESIGN 1. POPULATION: The first point to be ascertained from the eventual occupier is the total building population and whether this is likely to increase in the future. Average population density can vary from about one person per 4 m2 to one person per 20 m2.

2. QUANTITY OF SERVICE: The quantity of service is a measure of the passenger handling capacity of a vertical transportation system.

Type of Building Office — Diversified tenants Office — Single tenant Residential

Handling Capacity 10 to 15 percent 15 to 25 percent 7.5 percent

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3. Quality of Service The quality of service on the other hand is generally measured by the passenger waiting time at the various floors.

20 to 25 seconds Excellent 30 to 35 seconds Good 34 to 40 seconds Fair 45 seconds Poor Over 45 seconds Unsatisfactory 4. Traffic Peaks The maximum traffic flow during the up peak period is usually used as a measure of the vertical transportation requirement in an office building. The employees of all offices are subject to discipline and are required to be at their place in time. Consequently, the incoming traffic flow is extremely high and the arrival time is over a short period.

5. Capacity The minimum size of car recommended for a single purpose buildings is one suitable for a duty load of 884 kg. Generally, for large office buildings cars with capacities up to 2040 kg are recommended according to the requirements.

6. Speed It is dependent upon the quantity of service required and the quality of service desired.

No. of Floors Speed 4t05 0.5 to 0.75 m/s 6 to 12 0.75 m/s to 1.5 m/s 3 to 20 1.5 m/s to 2.5 m/s Above 20 2.5 m/s and above 7. Layout The width of the car is determined by the width of the entrance and the depth of the car is regulated by the loading per square metre permissible under this Code. Centre opening doors are more practicable and efficient entrance units for passenger lifts.

8. Determination of Transportation or Handling Capacity During the Up Peak The handling capacity is calculated by the following formula:

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H = Handling capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled during 5 min period, Q = Average number of passengers carried in a car, T = Waiting interval in seconds, and P = Total population to be handled during peak morning period.

The waiting interval is calculated by the following formula: T = RTT/N T = Waiting interval in seconds, N = Number of lifts, and RTT = Round trip time RTT is the sum of the time required in the following process: • Entry of the passengers on the ground floor, • Exit of the passengers on each floor of discharge, • Door closing time before each starting operation, • Door opening time on each discharging operation, • Acceleration periods, • Stopping and levelling periods, • Periods of full rated speeds between stops going up, and • Periods of full rated speeds between stops going down.

6.10 FIRE PROTECTION The machine room should be constructed of a suitable grade of fire-resisting material and precautions should be taken to minimize spread of fire from the machine room into the lift well.

Requirements for Fireman’s Lift • For buildings having height of 15 m or more atleast one lift shall meet the requirements of fireman’s lift.

• The fireman’s lift shall have the following minimum requirements: a) Lift car shall have floor area of not less than 1.44 square meters. It shall also have a loading capacity of not less than 544 kg (8 persons). b) Lift landing doors shall have a minimum of fire resistance of one hour. c) Doors shall be of automatic operation for car and landing.

• Fireman’s lifts in a building having more than 15 m or more height, shall work at or above the speed of 1.0 nds so as to reach the top floor from ground level within one minute.

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• Operation Requirements of Fireman’s LiFT The lift shall be provided with the following as a minimum: a) A two position switch at evacuation floor (normally main entrance floor) (ON/OFF), b) Buzzer and ‘Fireman’s lift’ — light in car.

Sequence of operation: a) Return to evacuation floor (Phase 1): • Shall start when the switch at the evacuation floor is turned to the “ON’ • position or the signal from smoke detector (if provided by the Building Management System) is on. All lift(s) controlled by this switch shall cancel all existing car calls and separate from landing calls and no landing or car calls shall be registered. The buzzer and “firman’s lift” light shall be turned on. All heat and smoke sensitive door reopening devices shall be rendered inoperative.

• If the lift is traveling towards the evacuation floor, it shall continue driving to that floor.

• If the lift is traveling away from the evacuation floor, it shall reverse its direction at the nearest possible floor without opening its doors and return nonstop to the evacuation floor.

• If the lift is standing at a floor other than the evacuation floor, it shall close the doors and start traveling non-stop to the evacuation floor.

• When at the evacuation floor the lift shall park with doors open. The buzzer is turned off after this return drive. b) Fireman’s service (Phase 2): The phase 2 operation of the lift shall be as defined below.

• The phase 2 is started after phase 1, if the switch is “ON. • The lift does not respond to landing calls but registers car calls. AIl heat and smoke • sensitive door reopening devices are rendered inoperative.

• When the car call button is pressed the doors start closing. If the button is released before the doors are fully closed, they re-open. The car call is registered only when the doors are fully closed.

• After registering a car call the lift starts driving to the call. If more than one car call is registered, only the nearest call is answered and the remaining calls will be cancelled at thq first stop.

• At the floor the doors are opened by pushing the door open button. If the button is released before the doors are fully open, they re-close.

• The lift returns to normal service when it stands at the evacuation floor with doors open and the switch is “OFF”.

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6.11 SUPPLY CABLES AND SWITCHES Each lift should be provided with a main switch or circuit breaker of a capacity determined by the lift manufacturer and the incoming supply cable should terminate in this switch. For a single lift, this switch should be fixed adjacent to the machine room entrance inside the machine room. In a machine room common to more than one lift, each main switch should be conveniently situated with respect to the lift it controls. Switches and fuses (which may form part of a distribution switch-board) should be provided for isolating the supply cables to the machine room.

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7. ELECTRICAL 7.1 PLANNING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS 7.1.1. Design Consideration »» the type of supply, occupancy, envisaged load and the earthing arrangement available »» the atmospheric condition, such as cooling air temperature, moisture or such other conditions which are likely to affect the installation adversely »» the possible presence of inflammable or explosive dust, vapour or gas »» the degree of electrical and mechanical protection necessary »» the importance of continuity of service including the possible need for standby supply »» the probability of need for modification or future extension »» the probable operation and maintenance cost taking into account the eletricity supply tariffs available »» the relative cost of various alternative methods »» the need for radio and telecommunication interference suppression; »» case of maintenance »» safety aspects »» energy conservation »» the importance of proper discrimination between protective devices for continuity of supply and limited isolation of only the affected portion.

7.1.2 Location »» The substation should preferably be located in separate building and could be adjacent to the generator room. »» The ideal location for an electrical substation for a group of buildings would be at the electrical load centre on the ground floor. »» The floor level of the substation or switch room shall be above the highest floor level of the locality. »» Generally the load centre would be somewhere between the geometrical centre and the air conditioning plant room, as air conditioning plant room would normally be the largest chunk of load, if the building is air conditioned. »» Substations with oil filled equipment will require great consideration for the fire detection, protection and suppression. Substations with oil filled equipment shall not be located in any floor other than the ground.

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»» Substations with very little combustible material, such as a Dry type transformer, with Vaccum (or SFJ HT switchgear and ACB or MCCB for MV can be located in the basement as well as upper floors in a building with high load density in the upper floors. »» The power supply control to any such substation or transformer shall be from a location on ground floor/first basement level having direct access from outside so that in case of fire, the electrical supply can be easily disconnected. »» Oil filled transformers may be used only in substations located in separate single or two storeyed service buildings outside the main building structure. »» If dry type transformer is used, it may be located adjacent to medium voltage switchgear in the form of unit type substation. No separate room or fire barrier for the transformer is required, in a substation with oil free equipment. »» The emergency power supply should not be allowed to be installed above ground floor or below first basement level of building. »» Facility for connection from substation to adjoining building to feed essential emergency load in that building, such as escape route lighting, fuel or sprinkler pumps, emergency communication systems shall be provided. »» The availability of power lines nearby may also be kept in view while deciding the location of the substation. »» All door openings from substation, electrical rooms, etc should open towards outside.

7.1.3 Layout of Substation In allocating the area of substation, it is to be noted that the flow of electric power is from supply company’s room to HV room, then to transformer and finally to the medium voltage switchgear room. The layout of the room shall be in accordance with this flow, so as to optimise the cables, bus-trunking etc.

Visibility of equipment controlled from the operating point of the controlling switchgear is also a desirable feature, though it may not be achievable in case of large substations.

7.1.4 Room/Spaces Required a.

Supply company’s switchgear room andlor space for meters. b.

Capacity and Size — The capacity of a substation depends upon the area of the building and its type.

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c.

High Voltage Switch Room: The floor area required in case of a single switch is roughly 4 m x 4 m and for every additional switch the length would be increased by 1 m. d. Medium Voltage Switch Room — The floor area required in respect of medium voltage switchgear room maybe determined keeping in view the number and type of incoming/outgoing bus coupler switches including likely expansion in future.

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e. Room for Standby Generator: If installed in main building it shall beat the ground floor or at the semi basement, alternatively, in the first basement with facilities for forced ventilation. Adequate space shall be provided for storing of fuel. f. Facilities positions, including space at appropriate relative to the location of the installed equipment has to be kept in the layout design for removal of equipment or sub-assemblies for repair or maintenance. g. The capacity of standby generating set shall be chosen on the basis of essential light load, essential air conditioning load, essential equipment load and essential services load, such as one lift out of the bank of lifts, one or all water pumps. h. The generating set should preferably be housed adjacent to MV switchgear in the substation building to enable transfer of electrical load quickly as well as to avoid transfer of vibration and noise to the main building. i. Requirements of Room: All the rooms shall be provided with partitions up to the ceiling and shall have proper ventilation. Special care shouldbe taken to ventilate the transformer rooms and where necessary louvers atlower level and exhaust fans at higher level shall be provided at suitable locations.

In order to prevent storm water entering the transformer and switch roomsthrough the soak-pits, the floor level, the substation shall be at least 15 cm above the highest flood water level that may be anticipated in the locality.

The minimum height of high voltage switchgear room shall be 3.6 m below the soffit of the beam. j. Fire Compartmentation — It is advisable to provide fire compartmentation of buildings and segregation of associated wiring. Busbar tmnking of horizontal and vertical distribution type in place of cable based distribution system shall be used.

7.1.5 Location of Switch Room In large installations, a separate switch room shall be provided this shall be located as closely as possible to the electrical load centre preferably near the entrance of the building on the ground floor or on the first basement level, and suitable ducts shall be laid with minimum number of bends from the points of entry of the main supply cable to the position of the main switchgear. The switch room shall also be placed in such a position that rising ducts may readily be provided therefrom to the upper floors of the building in one straight vertical run. Such cable ducts shall be either be reserved for the electrical services only or provided with a means of segregation for medium and low voltage installations, such as call-bell systems; telephone installations, fire detection and alarm system, announcement or public address system.

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7.1.6 Location and Requirements of Distribution Panels The electrical control gear distribution panels and other apparatus, which are required on each floor may conveniently be mounted adjacent to the rising mains, and adequate space should be provided at each floor for this purpose.

7.1.7 Overhead Lines, Wires and Cables 7.1.7.1 Height Requirement While overhead lines may not be relevant within buildings, regulations related to overhead lines are of concern from two differerft angles. »» Overhead lines may be required in building complexes, though use of underground cables is the preferred alternative. »» Overhead lines may be passing through the site of a building. In such a case the safety aspects are important for the construction activity in the vicinity of the overhead line as well as portions of low height buildings that may have to be constructed below the overhead lines. »» Any person responsible for erecting an overhead line will keep informed the authority(s) responsible for services in that area for telecommunication, gas distribution, water and sewage network, roads so as to have proper co-ordination to ensure safety.

7.1.7.2 Position, Insulation and Protection of Overhead Lines »» Any part of an overhead line which is not connected with earth and which is ordinarily accessible shall be: a) made dead b) so insulated that it is protected, so far it is reasonably practicable, against mechanical damage or interference c) adequately protected to prevent danger. »» Any bare conductor not connected with earth, which is part of a low voltage overhead line, shall be situated throughout its length directly above a bare conductor which is connected with earth. »» No overhead line shall, so far as is reasonably practicable, come so close to any building, tree or structure as to cause danger. »» In this regulation the expression “ordinarily accessible” means the overhead line could be reached by hand if any scaffolding, ladder or other construction was erected or placed on/in, against or near to a building or structure.

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7.1.7.3 Fitting of Insulators to Stay Wires Every stay wire which forms part of, or is attached to, any support carrying an overhead line incorporating bare phase conductors shall be fitted with an insulator no part of which shall be less than 3 m above ground or above the normal height of any such line attached to that support.

7.1.8 Maps of Underground Networks Any person or organization or authority laying cables shall contact the local authority in charge of that area and find out the layout of »» »» »» »»

water distribution pipe lines in the area sewage distribution network telecommunication network and gas pipeline network and plan the cable network in such a manner that the system is compatible, safe and non interfering either during its installation or during its operation and maintenance.

Suitable cable markers and danger sign as would be appropriate for the safety of the workmen of any of the systems shall be installed along with the cable installation.

Any person or organization or authority laying cables shall have and, so far it is reasonably practicable, keep up to date, a map or series of maps indicating the position and depth below surface level of all networks or parts thereof which he owns or operates.

7.2

WIRING

7.2.1 Provision for Maximum Load Element Incandescent lamps Ceiling fans Table fans Ordinary socket outlet points Fluorescent tubes: Length: 600 mm 1200 mm 1500 mm Power socket-outlet Air-conditioner

Rating (in W) 60 100 100 100 25 50 90 1000 2500

Electrical installation in a new building shall normally begin immediately on the completion of the main structural building work and before finishing work such as plastering has begun except in the case of surface wiring which can be carried out after the plaster work.

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7.2.2 Selection of Size of Conductors The size of conductors of circuits shall be so selected that the drop in voltage from consumer’s terminals in a public supply to any point on the installation does not exceed three percent of the voltage at the consumer’s terminals when the conductors are carrying the maximum current under the normal conditions of service.

7.2.3 Branch Switches Where the supply is derived from a three-wire or fourwire source, and distribution is done on the two-wire system, all branch switches shall be placed in the outer or live conductor of the circuit and no single phase switch or protective device shall be inserted in the middle wire, earth or earthed neutral conductor of the circuit.

7.2.4 Layout and Installation Drawing »» The electrical layout should be drawn indicating properly the locations of all outlets for lamps, fans, appliances both fixed and transportable, motors, etc, and best suit for wirin »» Layout of Wiring: All wirings shall be done on the distribution system with main and branch distribution boards at convenient physical and electrical load centres. All types of wiring, whether concealed or unconcealed should be as near the ceiling as possible. »» Industrial layout drawings should indicate the relative civil and mechanical details. »» Conductors shall be so enclosed in earthed metal or incombustible insulating material that it is not possible to have ready access to them.

Means of access shall be marked to indicate the voltage present.

7.2.5 Conductors and Accessories 7.2.5.1 Conductor Conductors for all the internal wiring shall be of copper. Conductors for power and lighting circuits shall be of adequate size to carry the designed circuit load without exceeding the permissible thermal limits for the insulation. The conductor for final sub-circuit for fan and light wiring shall have a nominal crosssectional area not less than 1.50 mm2 copper. The cross-sectional area of conductor for power wiring shall be not less than 4.0 mmz copper. The minimum crosssectional area of conductor of flexible cord shall be 1.50 mm2 copper.

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7.2.5.2 Flexible Cables and Flexible Cords Flexible cables and cords shall be of copper and stranded and protected by flexible conduits or tough rubber or PVC sheath to prevent mechanical damage.

7.2.5.3 Cable Ends When a stranded conductor having a nominal sectional area less than 6 mm2 is not provided with cable sockets, all strands at the exposed ends of the cable shall be soldered together or crimped using suitable sleeve or ferrules.

7.2.5.4 Special Risk Special forms of construction, such as flame proof enclosures, shall be adopted where there is risk of the fire or explosion.

7.2.5.5 Connection to Ancillary Buildings Unless otherwise specified, electric connections to ancillary buildings, such as out-houses, garages, etc, adjacent to the main building and when no roadway intervenes shall be taken in an earthed GI pipe or heavy duty PVC or HDPE pipe of suitable size in the exposed portion at a height of not less than 5.8 m or by buried underground cables. This applies to both runs of mains or submains or final sub-circuit wiring between the buildings.

7.2.5.6 Expansion Joints The standard methods of connection at a structural expansion joint shall be followed: a) Flexible conduit shall be inserted at place of expansion joint. b) Oversized conduit overlapping the conduit. c) Expansion box.

7.2.5.7 Low Voltage (Types of Wires/Cables) Low voltage services utilizes various categories of cables/wires, such as Fibre optic cable, co-axial, CAT 5, etc. These shall be laid at atleast minimum specified distance of 300 mm from any power wire or cable.

7.2.6 Joints and Looping Back »» Where looping back system of wiring is specified, the wiring shall be done without any junction or connector boxes on the line. Where joint box system is specified, all joints in conductors shall be made by means of suitable mechanical connectors in suitable joint boxes. »» In any system of wiring, no bare or twist joints shall be made at intermediate points in the through run of cables unless the length of a final sub-circuit, submain or main or more than the length of the standard coil as given by the manufacturer of the cable.

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»» For flexible cables for small loads less than 1 kW, while it would be desirable to avoid joints, if unavoidable, joints can be made either by splicing by a recognised method or by using a connector and protecting the joint by suitable insulating tape orsleeve or straight joint. »» For joints in paper-insulated metal-sheathed cables, a wiped metal sleeve or joint box, filled with insulating compound, shall be provided. »» Pull at Joints and Terminals: Every connection at a cable termination shall be made by means of a terminal, soldering socket, or compression type socket and shall securely contain and anchor all the wires of the conductor, and shall not impose any appreciable mechanical strain on the terminal or socket.

7.2.7 Passing Through Walls and Floors Care shall be taken to see that wires pass freely through protective pipe or box and that the wires pass through in a straight line without any twist or cross in wires on either ends. »» Conduit colour coding The conduits shall be colour coded as per the purpose of wire carried in the same. The colour coding may be in form of bands of colour (4 inch thick, with centre-to-centre distance of 12 inches) or coloured throughout in the colour.

The colour scheme shall be as follows: Conduit Type Power conduit Security conduit Fire alarm conduit Low voltage conduit UPS conduit

Colour scheme Black Blue Red Brown Green

»» Cable trunking/cable ways For the smaller cables, enclosures such as conduit and trunking, may be employed and PVC-insulated, with or without sheath, singlecore cables installed following completion of the conduit/thrunking system. As these cables are usually installed in relatively large groups, care must be taken to avoid overheating and to provide identification of the different circuits. »» Tray and ladder rack Tray is eminently suitable for the smaller unarmored cabling while racks and structural support, except for short lengths, call for armoured cables as they provide the necessary strength to avoid sagging between supports. Both tray and ladder racks can be provided with accessories to facilitate changes of route, and as PVC and similar insulating materials are non-migratory they provide no difficulty in this respect on vertical runs.

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»» Insulated conductors while passing through floors shall be protected from mechanical injury by means of rigid steel conduit, nonmetal conduit or mechanical protection to a height not less than 1.5 m above the floors and flush with the ceiling below. »» Floor outlet boxes are generally provided for the use of appliances, which require a signal, or communication connection. The floor box and trunking system should cater to serve both power distribution and the signal distribution, with appropriate safety and non-interference. »» Where a wall tube passes outside a building so as to be exposed to weather, the outer end shall be bell-mouthed and turned downwards and properly bushed on the open end.

7.2.8 Wiring of Distribution Boards »» All connections between pieces of apparatus or between apparatus and terminals on a board shall be neatly arranged in a definite sequence, following the arrangements of the apparatus mounted thereon, avoiding unnecessary crossings. »» Cables shall be connected to a terminal only by soldered or welded or crimped lugs using suitable sleeve, lugs or ferrules unless the terminal is of such a form that it is possible to securely clamp them without the cutting away of cables stands. Cables in each circuit shall be bunched together. »» All bare conductors shall be rigidly fixed in such a manner that a clearance of at least 25 mm is maintained between conductors or opposite polarity or phase and between the conductors and any material other than insulation material. »» If required, a pilot lamp shall be fixed and connected through an independent single pole switch and fuse to the bus-bars of the board. »» In a hinged type board, the incoming and outgoing cables shall be fixed at one or more points according to the number of cables on the back of the board leaving suitable space in between cables, and shall also, if possible, be fixed at the corresponding points on the switchboard panel. »» The cables between these points shall be of such length as to allow the switchboard panel to swing through on angle of not less than 90°. The circuit breakers in such cases shall be accessible without opening the door of distribution board. »» Wires terminating and originating from the protective devices shall be properly lugged and taped.

7.2.9 PVC-Sheathed Wiring System Wiring with PVC-sheathed cables is suitable for medium voltage” installation and may be installed directly under exposed conditions of sun and rain or damp places.

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7.2.9.1 PVC Clamps/PVC Channel: The clamps shall be used for temporary installations of 1-3 sheathed wires only. The clamps shall be fixed on wall at intervals of 100 mm in the case of horizontal runs and 150 mm in the case of vertical runs.

7.2.9.2 Protection of PVC-Sheathed Wiring fromMechanical Damage »» In cases where there are chances of any damage to the wirings, such wirings shall be covered with sheet metal protective covering, the base of which is made flush with the plaster or brickwork, as the case may be, or the wiring shall be drawn through a conduit complying with all requirements of conduit wiring system. »» Such protective coverings shall in all cases befitted on all down-drops within 1.5 m from the floor.

7.2.9.3 Bends in Wiring The wiring shall not in any circumstances be bent so as to form a right angle but shall be rounded off at the corners to a radius not less than six times the overall diameter of the cable.

7.2.9.4 Passing Through Floors All cables taken through floors shall be enclosed in an insulated heavy gauge steel conduit extending 1.5 m above the floor and flush with the ceiling below, or by means of any other approved type of metallic covering. The ends of all conduits or pipes shall be neatly bushed with porcelain, wood or other approved material.

7.2.9.5 Passing Through Walls The method to be adopted shall be according to good practice. There shall be one or more conduits of adequate size to carry the conductors [see 6.10.l(a)].

The conduits shall be neatly arranged so that the cables enter them straight without bending.

7.2.9.6 Stripping of Outer Covering While cutting and stripping of the outer covering of the cables, care shall be taken that the sharp edge of the cutting instrument does not touch the rubber or PVC-sheathed insulation of conductors.

7.2.9.7 Painting If so required, the tough rubber-sheathed wiring shall, after erection, be painted with one coat of oil-less paint 32 or distemper of suitable colour over a coat of oil-less primer, and the PVC-sheathed wiring shall be painted with a synthetic enamel paint of quick drying type.

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7.2.10 Conduit Wiring System 7.2.10.1 Surface Conduit Wiring System with Rigid Steel Conduits Type and size of conduit : All conduit pipes shall conform to accepted standards finished with galvanized or stove enamelled surface. All conduit accessories shall be of threaded type and under no circumstance pin grip type or clamp type accessories be used. No steel conduit less than 16 mm in diameter shall be used.

Bunching of cables : For lighting and smrdl power outlet circuits phase egregation in separate conduits is recommended. Threaded on conduit pipes in all cases shall be between 11 mm to 27 mm long sufficient to accommodate pipes to full threaded portion of couplers or accessories.

Protection against dampness : In order to minimize condensation or sweating inside the tube, all outlets %f conduit system shall be properly drained and ventilated, but in such a manner as to prevent the entry of insects as far as possible.

Protection of conduit against rust — The outer surface of the conduit pipes, including all bends, unions, tees, conduit system shall be adequately protected against rust particularly when such system is exposed to weather. In all cases, no bare threaded portion of conduit pipe shall be allowed unless such bare threaded portion is treated with anti-corrosive preservative or covered with suitable plastic compound.

Fixing of conduit — Conduit pipes shall be fixed by heavy gauge saddles, secured to suitable wood plugs or other plugs with screws in an approved manner at an interval of not more than 1 m, but on either side of couplers or bends or similar fittings, saddles shall be fixed at a distance of 300 cm from the centre of such fittings.

Bends in conduit — All necessary bends in the system including diversion shall be done by bending pipes; or by inserting suitable solid or inspection type normal bends, elbows or similar fittings; or fixing cast iron, thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic material inspection boxes whichever is more suitable. solid type fittings shall be used. Radius of such bends in conduit pipes shall be not less than 7.5 cm.

Outlets — All outlets for fittings, switches, etc, shall be boxes of suitable metal or any other approved outlet boxes for either surface mounting system.

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Conductors — All conductors used in conduit wiring shall preferably be stranded. No singlecore cable of nominal cross-sectional area greater than 130 mmz enclosed along in a conduit and used for alternating current.

Erection and earthing of conduits: The entire system of conduit after erection shall be tested for mechanical and electrical continuity throughout and permanently connected to earth conforming to the requirements as already specified by means of suitable earthing clamp efficiently fastened to conduit pipe in a workman like manner for a perfect continuity between each wire and conduit.

Inspection type conduit fittings, such as inspection boxes, draw boxes, bends, elbows and tees shall be so installed that they can remain accessible for such purposes as to withdrawal of existing cables or the installing of traditional cables.

7.2.10.2 Recessed Conduit Wiring System with Rigid Steel Conduit Making of chase — The chase in the wall shallbe nearly made and be of ample dimensions to permit the conduit to be fixed in the manner desired. In the case of buildings under construction, chases shall be provided in the wall, ceiling, etc, at the time of their construction and shall be filled up neatly after erection of conduit and brought to the original finish of the wall.

Fixing of conduit in chase —The conduit pipe shall be fixed by means of staples or by means of saddles not more than 600 mm apart. Fixing of standard bends or elbows shall be avoided as far as practicable and all curves maintained by bending the conduit pipe itself with a long radius which will permit easy drawing-in of conductors.

Inspection boxes — Suitable inspection boxes shall be provided to permit periodical inspection and to facilitate removal of wires. Suitable ventilating holes shall be provided in the inspection box covers. The minimum sizes of inspection boxes shall be 75mmx75mm.

T.y.pes of accessories to be used — All outlet, such as switches and wall sockets, may be either of flush mounting type or of surface mounting type.

Flush mounting type — All flush mounting outlets shall be of cast-iron or mild steel boxes with a cover of insulating material or shall be a box made of a suitable insulating material. The switches and other outlets shall be mounted on such boxes. The metal box shall be efficiently earthed with conduit by a

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suitable means of earth attachment. The switches/socket outlets shall be a equately rated 1P for various utilizations.

Surface mounting type — If surface mounting type otulet box is specified, it shall be of any suitable insulating material and outlets mounted in an approved manner.

7.2.10.3 Conduit Wiring System with Rigid Non-Metallic Conduits Rigid non-metallic conduits are used for surface, recessed and concealed conduit wiring. Cable trunking and ducting system of insulating material are used for surface wiring. »» The conduits shall be circular or rectangular cross-sections. »» Conductors of ac supply and dc supply shall be bunched in separate conduits. For lighting and small power outlet circuits phase segregation in separate circuits is recommended. »» Conduits shall be joined by means of screwed or plain couplers depending on whether the conduits are screwed or plain. »» The provisions shall apply except that the spacing between saddles or supports is recommended to be 600 cm for rigid non-metallic conduits. »» Bends or diversions may be achieved by bending the conduits or by employing normal bends, inspection bends, inspection boxes, elbows or similar fittings. »» Conduit fittings shall be avoided, as far as possible, on outdoor systems. »» In order to minimize condensation or sweating inside the conduit, all outlets of conduit system shall be properly drained and ventilated, but in such a manner as to prevent the entry of insects. »» As the material softens when heated, sitting of conduit in close proximity to hot surfaces should be avoided. »» Non-metallic conduit systems shall be used only where it is ensured that they are: 1. suitable for the extremes of ambient temperature to which they are likely to be subjected in service, 2. resistant to moisture and chemical atmospheres, and resistant to low temperature and sunlight effects.

3. For use underground, the material shall be resistant to moisture and corrosive agents.

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7.2.10.4 Non-Metallic Recessed Conduit Wiring System »» Recessed non-metallic conduit wiring system shall comply with all the requirements of surface nonmetallicconduit wiring system. »» The conduit pipe shall be fixed by means of stapples or by means of nonmetallic saddles placed at not more than 80 cm apart or by any other approved means of fixing. »» The inspection/junction boxes shall be mounted flush with the wall or ceiling concrete. Where necessary deeper boxes of suitable dimensions shall be used. Suitable ventilating holes shall be provided in the inspection box covers, where required. »» All outlets such as switches, wall sockets, etc, may be either flush mounting type or of surface mounting type.

7.3 FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES 7.3.1 Ceiling Roses and Similar Attachments »» A ceiling rose or any other similar attachment shall not be used on a circuit the voltage of which normally exceeds 250 V. »» Normally, only one flexible cord shall be attached to a ceiling rose.

Specially designed ceiling roses shall be used for multiple pendants. »» A ceiling rose shall not embody fuse terminal as art integral part of it.'

7.3.2 Socket-Outlets and Plugs »» A socket-outlet provided in buildings for the use of domestic appliances such as air conditioner, water cooler, etc, shall be provided with its own individual fuse, with suitable discrimination with backup fuse or miniature circuit-breaker provided in the distribution/sub-distribution board. »» Each socket-outlet shall also be controlled by a switch which shall preferably be located immediately adjacent thereto or combined therewith. »» The switch controlling the socket-outlet shall be on the live side of the line. »» Ordinary socket-outlet may be fixed at any convenient place at a height above 20 cm from the floor level and shall be away from danger of mechanical injury. »» In an earthed system of supply, a socket-outlet with plug shall be of threepin type with the third terminal connected, to the earth. »» In wiring installations, metal clad switch, socketoutlet and plugs shall be used for power wiring.

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Location Socket Bed room Living room Kitchen Dining room Garage For refrigerator For air conditioner VERANDAH Bathroom

Number of 5A Outlets Socket 2 t0 3 2 t0 3 1 2 1 — — 1 per 10 m2 1

Numberof 15A Outlets 1 2 2 1 1 1 (one for each) 1 1

7.3.3 Lighting Fittings »» Switch shall be provided for control of every lighting fitting or a group of lighting fittings. Where control at more than one point is necessary as many two way or intermediate switches maybe provided as there are control points. »» In industrial premises lighting fittings shall be supported by suitable pipe/ conduits, brackets fabricated from structural steel, steel chains or similar materials depending upon the type and weight of the fittings. »» No flammable shade shall forma part of lighting fittings unless such shade is well protected against all risks of fire.

7.3.4 Fitting-Wire The use of fittings-wire shall be restricted to the internal wiring of the lighting fittings. Where fittings-wire is used for wiring fittings, the sub-circuit loads shall terminate in a ceiling rose or box with connectors from which they shall be carried into the fittings.

7.3.5 Lampholders All lampholders shall be provided with shade carriers. Where centre-contact Edison screw Iampholders are used, the outer or screw contacts shall reconnected to the ‘middle wire’, the neutral, the earthed conductor of the circuit.

7.3.6 Outdoor Lamps External and road lamps shall have weatherproof fittings of approved design so as to effectively prevent the ingress of moisture and dust. Flexible cord and cord grip lampholders shall not be used where exposed to weather. In VERANDAHS and similar exposed situations where pendants are used, these shall be of fixed rod type.

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7.3.7 Lamps All lamps unless otherwise protected, shall be hung at a 2.5 m above the floor level. a) Portable lamps shall be wired with flexible cord. Hand lamps shall be equipped with a handle of moulded composition or other material approved for the purpose. Hand lamps shall be equipped with a substantial guard attached to the lampholder or handle. Metallic guards shall be earthed suitably. b) A bushing or the equivalent shall be provided where flexible cord enters the base or stem of portable lamp. The bushing shall be of insulating material unless a jacketted type of cord is used. c) All wiring shall be free from short-circuits and shall be tested for these defects prior to being connected to the circuit. d) Exposed live parts within porcelain fixtures shall be suitably recessed and so located as to make it improbable that wires will come in contact with them. There shall be a spacing of at least 125 mm between live parts and the mounting plane of the fixture.

7.3.8 Fans, Regulators and Clamps 7.3.8.1 Ceiling Fans a) Control of a ceiling fan shall be through its own regulator as well as a switch in series. b) All ceiling fans shall be wired with normal wiring to ceiling roses or to special connector boxes to which fan rod wires shall be connected and suspended from hooks or shackels with insulators between hooks and suspension rods. There shall be no joint in the suspension rod. c) Fan clamps for reinforced concrete roofs shall be buried with the casting and due care shall be taken that they shall serve the purpose. Fan clamps for wooden beams, shall be of suitable flat iron fixed on two sides of the beam and according to the size and section of the beam one or two mild steel bolts passing through the beam shall hold both flat irons together. Fan clamps for steel joist shall be fabricated from flat iron to fit rigidly to the bottom flange of the beam.Care shall be taken during fabrication that the metal does not crack while hammer to shape. Other fan clamps shall be made to suit the position, but in all cases care shall be taken to see that they are rigid and safe. d) Canopies on top and bottom of suspension rods shall effectively conceal suspensions and connections to fan motors, respectively. e) The lead-in-wire slytll be of nominal crosssectional area not less than 1.5 mm2 copper and shall be protected from abrasion. .

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f) Unless otherwise specified, the clearance between the bottom most point of the ceiling fan and the floor shall be not less than 2.4 m. g) The minimum clearance between the ceiling and the plane of the blades shall be not less than 300 mm.

TYPICAL DESIGNOF FAN CLAMPS 7.3.8.2 Exhaust Fans For fixing of an exhaust fan, a circular hole shall be provided in the wall to suit the size of the frame which shall be fixed by means of rag-bolts embedded in the wall. The hole shall be neartly plastered with cement and brought to the original finish of the wall. The exhaust fan shall be connected to exhaust fan point which shall be wired as near to the hole as possible by means of a flexible cord, care being taken that the blades rotate in the proper direction.

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7.3.9 Attachment of Fittings and Accessories »» In wiring other than conduit wiring, all ceiling roses, brackets, pendants and accessories attached to walls or ceilings shall be mounted on substantial teak wood blocks twice varnished after all fixing holes are made in them. Blocks shall not be less than 4 cm deep. Brass screws shall only be used for attaching fittings and accessories to their base blocks. »» Where teak or hardwood boards are used for mounting switches, regulators, etc, these boards shall be well varnished with pure shellac on all four sides (both inside and outside), irrespective of being painted to match the surroundings. The size of such boards shall depend on the number of accessories that could conveniently and neatly be arranged.

7.3.10 Interchangeability Similar part of all switches, larnpholders, distribution fuse-boards, ceiling roses, brackets, pendants, fans and all other fittings shall be so chosen that they are of the same type and interchangeable in each installation.

7.3.11 Equipment Electrical equipment which form integral part of wiring intended for switching or control or protection of wiring installations shall conform to the relevant Indian Standards wherever they exist.

7.3.12 Fannage »» Where ceiling fans are provided, the bay sizes of a building, which control fan point locations, play an important part. »» Fans normally cover an area of 9 m2 to 10 m2 and therefore in general purpose office buildings, for every part of a bay to be served by the ceiling fans, it is necessary that the bays shall be so designed that full number of fans could be suitably located for the bay, otherwise it will result in illventilated pockets. In general, fans in long halls may be spaced at 3 m in both the directions. »» Proper air circulation could be achieved either by larger number of smaller fans or smaller number of larger fans. »» Exhaust fans are necessary for spaces, such as community toilets, kitchens and canteens, and godowns to provide the required number of air changes.

Since the exhaust fans are located generally on the outer walls of a room appropriate openings in such walls shall be provided for in the planning stage. »» Positioning of fans and light fittings shall be chosen to make these effective without causing shadows and stroboscopic effect on the working planes.

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7.4 EARTHING The main earthing system of an electrical installation must consist of a) An earth electrode b) A main earthing wire c) An earth bar (located on the main switchboard) for the connection of the main earthing wire, protective earthing wires and/or bonding wires within the installation d) A removable link,which effectively disconnects the neutral bar from the earth bar.

The main earthing wire termination must be readily accessible at the earth electrode.

The main earthing wire connection must a) be mechanically and electrically sound b) be protected against damage, corrosion, and vibration c) not place any strain on the various parts of the connection d) not damage the wire or fittings e) be secured at the earth electrode »» All medium voltage equipment shall be earthed by two separate and distinct comections with earth. Medium voltage systems of 400/230 V, 4-wire, 3-phase, systems are normally operated with the neutral solidly earthed at source. »» As far as possible, all earth connections shall be visible for inspection. »» Earth earth system shall be so devised that the testing of individual earth electrode is possible. It is recommended that the value of any earth system resistance shall be such as to conform with the degree of shock protection desired. »» It is recommended that a drawing showing the main earth connection and earth electrodes be prepared for each installation. »» No addition to the current-carrying system, either temporary or permanent, shall be made which will increase the maximum available earth fault current or its duration until it has been ascertained that the existing arrangement of earth electrodes, earth busbar, etc, are capable of carrying the new value of earth fault current which may be obtained by this addition. »» No cut-out, link or switch other than a linked switch arranged to operate simultaneously on the earthed or earthed neutral conductor and the live conductors, shall be inserted on any supply system. This, however, does not include the case of a switch for use in controlling a generator or a transformer or a link for test purposes.

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»» All materials, fittings, etc, used in earthing shall conform to Indian Standard specifications, wherever these exist. »» Earthing associated with current-carrying conductor is normally essential for the security of the system and is generally known as system earthing, while earthing of non-current carrying metal work and conductor is essential for the safety of human life, of animals and of property and it is generally known as equipment earthing.

7.4.1 Earth Electrodes »» Earth electrode either in the form of pipe electrode or plate electrode should be provided at all premises for providing an earth system. »» Although electrode material does not affect initial earth resistance, care should be taken to select a material which is resistant to corrosion in the type of soil in which it is used. »» Under ordinary conditions of soil, use of copper, iron or mild steel electrodes is recommended. »» In case where soil condition leads to excessive corrosion of the electrode, and the connections, it is recommended to use either copper electrode or copper clad electrode or zinc coastal galvanized iron electrode. »» The electrode shall be kept free from paint, enamel and grease. »» It is recommended to use similar material for earth electrodes and earth conductors or othetiise precautions should be taken to avoid corrosion. »» all earth connections shall be visible for inspection and shall be carefully made; if they are poorly made or inadequate for the purpose for which they are intended, loss of life and property or serious personal injury may result. »» To obtain low overall resistance the current density should be as low as possible in the medium adjacent to the electrodes; which should be so designed as to cause the current density to decrease rapidly with distance from the electrode.

7.4.2 Equipment and Portions of Installations which shall be Earthed 7.4.2.1 Equipment to be Earthed Except for equipment provided with double insulation, all the non-current carrying metal parts of electrical installations are to be earthed properly. All metal conduits, trunking, cable sheaths, switchgear, distribution fuseboards, lighting fittings and all other parts made of metal shall be bended together and connected by means of two separate and distinct conductors to an efficient earth electrode.

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7.4.2.2 Structural Metal Work Earthing of the metallic parts shall not be effected through any structural metal work which houses the installation. Where metallic parts of the installation are not required to be earthed and are liable to become alive should the insulations of conductors become defective, such metallic parts shall be separated by durable non-conducting material from any structural work.

7.4.3 Neutral Earthing No fuses or circuit breakers other than a linked circuit breaker shall inserted in an earthed neutral conductor, a linked switch or linked circuit breaker shall be arranged to break or the neutral either with or after breaking all the related phase conductors and. shall positively make (or close) the neutral before making (or closing) the phases.

If this neutral point of the supply system is connected permanently to earth, then the above rule applies throughout the installation including 2-wire final circuits. This means that no fuses may be inserted in the neutral or common return wire. And the neutral should consist of a bolted solid link, or part of a linked switch, which completely disconnects the whole system from the supply. This linked switch must be arranged so that the neutral makes before, and break after the phases.

7.4.4 Classification of Earthing System The earthing systems are classified as follows: TN System — A system which has one or more points of the source of energy directly earth, and the exposed and extraneous conductive parts of the installation are connected by means of protective conductors to the earth points of the source, that is, currents to flow from the installation to the earth points of the source.

TTSystem — A system which has one or more points of the source of energy directly earth, and the exposed and extraneous conductive parts of the installation are connected to a local earth electrodes or electrodes electrically independent of the source earth.

IT System — A system which has source either unearthed or earthed through a high impedance and the exposed conductive parts of the installations are connected to electrically independent earth electrodes.

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7.5 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF INSTALLATION All wiring diagrams shall indicate clearly, the main switch board, the runs of various mains and submains and the position of all points and their controls.

All circuits shall be clearly indicated and numbered in the wiring diagram and all points shall be given the same number as the circuit in which hey are electrically connected. Also the location and number of earth points and the run of each loads should be clearly shown in the completion drawings.

7.5.1 Inspection of the Installation 7.5.1.1 Substation installations »» The installation has been carried out in accordance with the approved drawings. »» Phase-to-phase and phase to earth clearances are provided as required. »» All equipments are efficiently earthed and properly connected to the required number of earth electrodes. »» The required ground clearance to liveterminals is provided. »» Suitable fencing is provided with gate with lockable arrangements. »» The required number of caution boards firefighting equipments, operating rods, rubber mats, etc, are kept in the substation. »» In case of indoor substation sufficient ventilation and draining arrangements are made. »» All cable trenches are provided with noninflammable covers. »» Free accessibility is provided for all equipments for normal operation. »» All name plates are fixed and the equipments are fully painted. »» All construction materials and temporary connections are removed. »» Oil-level, busbar tightness, transformer tap position, etc, are in order »» Earth pipe troughs and cover slabs are provided for earth electrodes/earth pits and the neutral and LA earth pits are marked for easy identification. »» Earth electrodes are of GI pipes or CI pipes or copperplates. For earth connections, brass bolts and nuts with lead washers are provided in the pipes/plates. »» Earth pipe troughs and oil sumps/pits are free from rubbish and dirt and stone jelly and the earth connections are visible and easily accessible. »» HT and LT panels are switchgears are all vermin and damp-proof and all unused openings or holes are blocked properly. »» The earth bus bars have tight connections and corrosion-free joint surfaces. »» Operating handle of protective device are provided at an accessible height from ground. »» Adequate headroom is available in the transformer room for easy toppingup of oil, maintenance, etc.

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»» Safety devices, horizontal and vertical barriers, bus bar covers/shrouds, automatic safety shutters/doors interlock, handle interlock are safe and in reliable operation in all panels and cubicles; »» Clearances in the front, rear and sides of the main HV and MV and subswitch boards are adequate; »» The switches operate freely; the 3 blades make contact at the same time, the arcing horns contact in advance; and the handles are provided with locking arrangements; »» Insulators are free from cracks, and are clean; »» In transformers, there is any oil lek, »» Connections to bushing in transformers for tightness and good contact; »» Bushings are free from cracks and are clean; »» Accessories of transformers like breathers, vent pipe, Buchholz relay, etc, are in order; »» Connections to gas relay in transformers are in order; »» Oil and winding temperature are set for specific requirements in transformers; »» In case of cable cellars, adequate arrangements to pump out water that has entered due to seepage or other reasons; »» All incoming and outgoing circuits of HV andMV panels are clearly and indelibly labelled for identifications; »» No cable is damaged; »» There is adequate clearance around the equipments installed; »» Cable terminations are proper.

7.5.1.2 Medium voltage installation »» All blocking materials that are used for safe transportation in switchgears, contractors, relays, etc, are removed »» All connections to be earthing system are feasible for periodical inspection; »» Sharp cable bends are avoided and cables are taken in a smooth manner in the trenches or alongside the walls and ceilings using suitable support clamps at regular intervals »» Suitable linked switch or circuit breaker or lockable pushbutton is provided near the motors/apparatus for controlling supply to the motor/apparatus in an easily accessible location »» Two separate and distinct earth connections are provided for the motor/ apparatus »» Control switch-fuse is provided at an accessible height from ground for controlling supply to overhead traveling crane, hoists, overhead bus bar trunking »» The metal rails on which the crane travels are electrically continuous and earthed and bonding of rails and earthing at both ends are done 79

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»» Four core cables are used for overhead traveling crane and portable equipments, the fourth core being used for earthing, and separate supply for lighting circuit is taken. »» If flexible metallic hose is used for wiring to motors and other equipment, the wiring is enclosed to the full lengths, and the hose secured properly by approved means. »» The cables are not taken through areas where they are likely to be damaged or chemically affected. »» The screens and arrnours of the cables are earthed properly. »» The belts of the belt driven equipments are properly guarded. »» Adequate precautions are taken to ensure that no live parts are so exposed as to cause dangev Ammeters and voltmeters are tested. »» The relays are inspected visually by moving covers for deposits of dusts or other foreign matter. »» Wherever bus ductsh-ising mainsloverhead bus trucking are used, special care should be taken for earthing the system. All tap off points shall be provided with adequately rated protective device like MCB, MCCB, fuses, ELCB, RCCB, etc. »» All equipments shall be weather, dust and vermin proof. »» Any and all equipments having air insulation as media shall maintain proper distances between phases; phase to neutral; phase to earth and earth to neutral.

7.5.1.3 Overhead lines »» All conductors and apparatus including live parts thereof are inaccessible; »» The types and size of supports are suitable for the overhead lines/ conductors used and are in accordance with approved drawing and standards; »» Clearances from ground level to the lowest conductor of overhead lines, sag conditions, etc, are in accordance with the relevant standard; »» Where overhead lines cross the roads or cross each other or are in proximity with one another, suitable guarding is provided at road crossings and also to protect against possibility of the lines coming in contact with one another »» Every guard wire is properly earthed; »» The type, size and suitability of the guarding arrangement provided is adequate; »» Stays are provided suitably on the over-head lines as required and are efficiently earthed or provided with suitably stay insulators of suitable voltages; »» Anti-climbing devices and Danger Board/ Caution Board Notices are provided on all HT supports ; 80

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»» Clearances along the route are checked and all obstructions such as trees/ branches and shrubs are cleared on the route to the required distance on either side; »» Clearance between the live conductor and the earthed metal parts are adequate; »» For the service connections tapped-off from the overhead lines, cut-outs of adequate capacity are provided, »» All insulators are properly and securely mounted, also they are not damaged. »» All poles are properly grouted/insulated so as to avoid bending of pole towards tension; »» Steel poles, if used shall be properly earthed.

7.5.1.4 Lighting circuits »» Wooden boxes and panels are avoided in factories for mounting the lighting boards and switch controls, etc; »» Neutral links are provided in double pole switch-fuses which are used for lighting control, and no protective devices (such as MCB, MCCB, fuses, ELCB, etc) is provided in the neutral; »» The plug points in the lighting circuit are all of 3-pin type, the third pin being suitably earthed; »» Tamper-proof interlocked switch socket an plug are used for locations easily accessible; »» Lighting wiring in factory area is taken enclosed in conduit and conduit properly earthed, or alternatively, armoured cable wiring is used; »» A separate earth wire is run in the lighting installation to provide earthing for plug points, fixtures and equipments; »» Proper connectors and junction boxes are used wherever joints are to be made in conductors or cross over of conductors takes place; »» Cartridge fuse units are fitted with cartridge fuses only; »» Clear and permanent identification marks are painted in all distribution boards, »» switchboards, sub-main boards and switches as necessary; »» The polarity having been checked and all protective devices (such as MCB, MCCB, fuses, ELCB, etc) and single pole switches are connected on the phase conductor only and wiring is correctly connected to socketoutlets; »» Spare knockouts provided in distribution boards and switch fuses are blocked; »» The ends of conduits enclosing the wiring leads are provided with ebonite or othersuitable bushes;

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»» The fittings and fixtures used for outdoor use are all of weather-proof construction, and similarly, fixtures, fittings and switchgears used in the hazardous area, are of flame-proof application; »» Proper terminal connectors are used for termination of wires (conductors and earth leads) and all strands are inserted in the terminals; »» Flat ended screws are used for fixing conductor to the accessories; »» Use of flat washers backed up by spring washers for making end connections is desimble; and »» All metallic parts of installation such as conduits, distribution boards, metal boxes, etc have been properly earthed.

7.5.2 Testing of Installation 7.5.2.1 Switchboards HV and MV switchboards shall be tested in the manner indicated below: »» All high voltage switchboards shall be tested for dielectric test as per good practice »» All earth connections shall be checked for continuity. »» The operation of the protective devices shall be tested by means of secondary or primary injection tests. »» The operation of the breakers shall be tested from all control stations. »» Indication/signalling lamps shall be checked for proper working. »» The operation of the breakers shrdl be tested for all interlocks. »» The closing and opening timings of the breakers shall be tested wherever required for auto-transfer schemes. »» Contact resistance of main and isolator contacts shall be measured. »» The specific gravity and the voltage of the control battery shall be measured.

7.5.2.2 Transformers Transformers are tested in the manner indicated below: »» All commissioning tests shall be in accordance with good practice. »» Insulation resistance on HV and MV windings shall be measured at the end of 1 min as also at the end of 10 min of measuring the polarization index. The absolute value of insulation resistance should not be the sole criterion for determining the state of dryness of the insulation. Polarization index values should form the basis for determining the state of dryness of insulation. For any class of insulation, the polarization index should be greater than 1.5.

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7.5.2.3 Cables »» The insulation resistance between each conductor and against earth shall be »» measured. The insulation resistance varies with the type of insulation used and with the length of cable. The following empirical rule gives reasonable guidance: »» Insulation resistance in megaohms =10x Voltage in kV/Length in km »» Physical examination of cables shall be carried out. »» Cable terminations shall be checked. »» Continuity test shall be performed before charging the cable with current.

7.5.2.4 Motors and other equipments The insulation resistance of each phase winding against the frame and between the windings shall be measured.

Megger of 500 V or 1000 V rating shall be used. Star points should be disconnected. Minimum acceptable value of the insulation resistance varies with the rated power and the rated voltage of the motor.

The following relation may serve as a reasonable guide: R= 20x E/ 1000+2P where R = Insulation resistance in megohms at 25°C. E = Rated phase to phase voltage.

P = Rated power in kW. If the resistance is measured at a temperature different from 25°C, the value shall be corrected to 25°C. 7.5.2.5 Wiring installation The insulation resistance shall be measured by applying between earth and the whole system of conductor or any section there of with all fuses in place and all switches closed, and except in earthed concentric wiring, all lamps in position or both poles of installation otherwise electrically connected together, a dc voltage of not less than twice the working voltage, provided that it does not exceed 500 V for medium voltage circuits. Where the supply is derived from three-wire (ac or dc) or a poly-phase system, the neutral pole of which is connected to earth either direct or through added resistance the working voltage shw be deemed to be that which is maintained between the outer or phase conductor and the neutral.

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Control rheostats, heating and power appliances and electric signs, may, if desired, be disconnected from the circuit during the test, but in that event the insulation resistance between the case of framework, and all live parts of each rheostat, appliance and sign shall be not less than that specified in the relevant Indian Standard specification or where there is no such specification, shall be not less than half a mega ohm.

The insulation resistance shall also be measured between all conductors connected to one pole or phase conductor of the supply and all the conductors connected to the middle wire or to the neutral on to the other pole of phase conductors of the supply. Such a test shall be made after removing all metallic connections between the two poles of the installation and in these circumstances the insulation resistance between conductors of the installation shall be not less than that specified in (b).

7.5.2.6 Completion certificate On completion of an electrical installation (or an extension to an installation) a certificate shall be furnished by the contractor, counter-signed by the certified supervisor under whose direct supervision the installation was carried out.

7.5.2.7 Earthing For checking the efficiency of earthing, the following tests are done: The earth resistance of each electrode shall be measured.

Earth resistance of earthing grid shall be measured.

All electrodes shall be connected to the grid and the earth resistance of the entire earthing system shall be measured.

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8. WATER SUPPLY

8.1 Water Supply Requirements for Buildings 8.1.1 Water Supply for Residences »» A minimum of 70 to 100 litres per head per day may be considered adequate for domestic needs of urban communities, apart from non-domestic needs as flushing requirements. »» Out of the 150 to 200 litres per head per day, 45 litres per head per day may be taken for flushing requirements and the remaining quantity for other domestic purposes.

8.1.2 Water Supply for Buildings Other than Residences Factories where bath rooms are required to be provided 45 PER HEAD Factories where no bath rooms are required to be provided 30 PER HEAD Hospitat(includinglaundry): a) Numberof beds not exceeding 100 340 PER HEAD b) Numberof beds exceeding 100 450 PER HEAD Nurses’homesand medicatquarters 135 PERHEAD Hostels 135 PERHEAD Hotel (Up to 4 Star) 180 PERHEAD Hotel(5 Starand above) 320 PERHEAD Offices 45 PER HEAD Restaurants 70 PER HEAD Cinemas,concerthalts and theatres 15 PER SEAT Schools: a) Dayschools 45 PER HEAD b) Boardingschools 135 PER HEAD 8.1.3 Water Supply Requirements of Traffic Terminal Stations The water supply requirements of traffic terminal stations (railway stations, bus stations, harbours, airports, etc) include provisions for waiting rooms and waiting halls.

BATHING NO BATH Intermediate stations 45 25 (excluding mail and expressstops) Junction stations and 70 45 intermediate stations where mail or express stoppage is provided Terminal stations 45 45 Intenational and ’ 70 70 domestic airports 85

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8.1..4 Water Supply for Fire Fighting Purposes The Authority shall make provision to meet the water supply requirements for fire fighting in the citylarea, depending on the population density and types of occupancy.

Provision shall be made by the owner of the building for water supply requirements for fire fighting purposes within the building, depending upon the height and occupancy of the building, in conformity with the requirements The requirements regarding water supply in storage tanks, capacity of fue pumps, arrangements of wet riser-cum-downcomer and wet riser installations for buildings above 15 m in height, depending upon the occupancy use.

8.1.5 Water Supply for Other Purposes Water supply in many buildings is also required for many other applications other than domestic use, which must be identified in the initial stages of planning so as to provide the requisite water quantity, storage capacity and pressure as required for each application. Some typical uses other than domestic use and fire fighting purposes are air conditioning and air washing, swimming pools and water bodies and gardening.

8.2 Water Sources and Quality »» Water can be collected as it falls as rain before it reaches the ground; or as surface water when it flows over the ground or is pooled in lakes or ponds; or as ground water when it percolates into the ground and flows or collects as ground water; or from the sea into which it finally flows. »» Waste Water Reclamation Treated sewage or other waste water of the community may be utilized for non-domestic purposes such as water for cooling, flushing, lawns, parks, fire fighting and for certain industrial purposes after giving the necessary treatment to suit the nature of the use.

This supply system shall be allowed in residences only if proper provision is made to avoid any cross connection of this treated waste water with domestic water supply system.

8.3 Distribution Systems in Multi-Storeyed Buildings There are four basic methods of distribution of water to a multi-storeyed buildings. .

1. Direct supply from mains to ablutionary tapsand kitchen with WCs and urinals suppliedby overhead tanks.

2. Direct Pumping Systems 3. Hydro-Pneumatic Systemst 4. Overhead Tanks Distribution

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8.3.1 Direct Supply System This system is adopted when adequate pressure is available round the clock at the topmost floor. With limited pressure available in most city mains, water from direct supply is normally not available above two or three floors.

8.3.2 Direct Pumping »» Water is pumped directly into the distribution system without the aid of any overhead tank, except for flushing purposes. The pumps are controlled by a pressure switch installed on the line. Pump of smaller capacity installed which meets the demand of water during low consumption and the main pump starts when the demand is greater. The start and stop operations are accomplished by a set if pressure switches are installed directly on the line. Direct pumping systems are suitable for buildings where a certain amount of constant use of water is always occurring. These buildings are all COOLING TOWER centrally air conditioned buildings for which a constant make up supply for air conditioning cooling towers is required. »» The system depends on a constant and reliable supply of power. Any failure in the power system would result in a breakdown in the water supply system. »» The system eliminates the requirements of overhead tanks for domestic purposes (except for flushing) and requires minimum space.

DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEM APPLICABLE WHERE THERE IS CONTINUOUS DEMAND ON SYSTEM 87

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8.3.3 Hydro-Pneumatic Systems Hydro-pneumatic system is a variation of direct pumping system. An air-tight pressure vessel is installed on the line to regulate the operation of the pumps.

The vessel capacity shall be based on the cutin and cut-out pressure of the pumping system depending upon allowable start/stops of the pumping system. As pumps operate, the incoming water is the vessel, compresses the air on top. When a predetermined pressure is reached in the vessel, a pressure switch installed on the vessel switches off the pumps. As water is drawn into the system, pressure falls into the vessel starting the pump at preset pressure. The air in the pressure tank slowly reduces the volume due to dissolution in water and leakages from pipe lines. An air compressor is also necessary to feed air into the vessel so as to maintain the required air-water ratio. The system shall have reliable power supply to avoid breakdown in the water supply.

Hydro-pneumatic system generally eliminates the need for an over head tank and may supply water at a much higher pressure than available from overhead tanks particularly on the upper floors, resulting in even distribution of water at all floors.

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8.3.4 Over-head Tank Distribution Water collected in the overhead tank is distributed to the various parts of the building by a set of pipes located generally on the terrace.

8.4 General Requirements for Pipe Work 8.4.1 Mains »» Service mains shall be of adequate size to give the required rate of flow. »» The mains shall be divided into sections by the provisions of sluice valves and other valves so that water may be shut off for repairs. »» To avoid dead ends, the mains shall be arranged in a grid formation or in a network. »» Where dead ends are unavoidable, a hydrantshall be provided to act as a wash-out.

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»» The wash-out valve shall not discharge directly into a drain or sewer, or into a »» manhole or chamber directly connected to it; an effectively trapped chamber shall be interposed, into which the wash-out shall discharge, »» Air valves shall be provided at all summits, and wash-out at low points between summits. »» Mains need not be laid at unvarying gradients, but may follow the general contour of the ground. They shall, however, fall continuously towards the wash-out and rise towards the air valves. The gradient shall be such that there shall always be a positive pressure at every point under working conditions. »» The cover for the mains shall be at least 900 mm under roadways and 750 mm in the case of footpaths. This cover shall be measured from the top of the pipe to the surface of the ground. »» The mains shall be located sufficiently away from other service linest like electric and telegraph cables to ensure safety and where the mains cannot be located away from such lines, suitable protective measures shall be accorded to the mains.

8.4.2 Communication Pipes »» Every premises that is supplied with water by the Authority shall have its own separate communication pipe. In the case of a group or block of premises belonging to the same owner the same communication pipe may supply water to more than one premises with the prior permission of the Authority. »» The communication pipe between the water main and the stop-cock at the boundary of the premises shall be laid by the Authority. »» Connections up to 50 mm diameter may be made on the water main by means of screwed ferrules, provided the size of the connections does not exceed one-third the size of the water main. »» The communication pipe and the underground service pipe shall be laid at right angles to the main and in approximately straight lines to facilitate location for repairs. It is also recommended that the communication pipe be laid in a pipe in pipe sleeve of larger dia. Made of non-corrosive material to protect the communication pipe. »» Every communication pipe shall have a stopcock and meter inserted in it. The waterway of each such fitting shall not be less than the internal sectional area of the communication pipe and the fittings shall be located within the premises at a conspicuous place accessible to the Authority which shall have exclusive control over it.

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8.4.3 Consumer Pipes »» No consumer pipe shall be laid in the premises to connect the communication pipe without the approval of the Authority. »» The consumer pipe within the premises shall be laid underground with a suitable cover to safeguard against damage from traffic and extremes of weather. »» To control the branch pipe to each separately noccupied part of a building supplied by a common service pipe, a stop tap shall be fixed to minimize the interruption of the supply during repairs. All such stop valves shall be fixed in accessible positions and properly protected. To supply water for drinking or for culinary purposes, direct taps shall be provided on the branch pipes connected directly to the consumer pipe. In the case of multi-storeyed buildings, downtake taps shall be supplied from overhead tanks. »» Pumps shall not be allowed on the service pipe, as they cause a drop in pressure on the suction side, thereby affecting the supply to the adjoining fire properties. In cases where pumping is required, a properly protected storage tank of adequate capacity shall be provided to feed the pump.

No direct boosting (by booster pumps) shall be allowed from the service pipes(communication and consumer pipes). »» Consumer pipes shall be so designed and constructed as to avoid air-locks.

Draining taps shall be provided at the lowest points from which the piping shall rise continuously to draw-off taps. »» Consumer pipes shall be so designed as to reduce the production and transmission of noise as much as possible. »» Consumer pipes in roof spaces and unventilated air spaces under floors or in basements shall be protected against corrosion. »» Consumer pipes shall be so located that they are not unduly exposed to accidental damage and shall be fixed in such positions as to facilitate cleaning and avoid accumulations of dirt.

8.4.5 Prohibited Connections »» A service pipe shall not be connected into any distribution pipe; such connection may permit the backflow of water from a cistern into the service pipe, in certain circumstances, with consequent danger of contamination and depletion of storage capacity. It might also result in pipes and fittings being subjected to a pressure higher than that for which they are designed, and in flooding from overflowing cisterns. »» No pipe for conveyance or in connection with water supplied by the Authority shall communicate with any other receptacle used or capable of being used for conveyance other than water supplied by the Authority.

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»» Where storage tanks are provided, no person shall connect or be permitted to connect any service pipe with any distributing pipe. No service or supply pipe shall be connected directly to any water-closet or a urinal. »» All such supplies shall be from flushing cisterns which shall be supplied from storage tank. »» No service or supply pipe shall be connected directly to any hot water system or to any other apparatus used for heating other than through a feed cistern thereof.

8.5 Jointing of Pipes »» Cast Iron Pipes : Jointing may be done by any of the following methods: a) spigot and socket joints, or b) flanged joints »» Steel Pipes : Plain-ended steel pipes may be jointed by welding. Electrically welded steel pipes shall be jointed. »» Wrought Iron and Steel Screwed Pipes : Screwed wrought iron or steel piping maybe jointed with screwed and socketed joints. Care shall be taken to remove any burr from the end of the pipes after screwing. A jointing compound approved by the Authority and containing no red lead composition shall be used. Screwed wrought iron or steel piping may also be jointed with screwed flanges. »» Asbestos Cement Pipes »» Copper pipes shall be jointed by internal solder ring joint, end-brazing joint or by use of compression fitting. The flux used shall be non-toxic and the solder used shall be lead free. The use of dezincification fittings shall be made in case of jointing of copper pipe and steel pipe. »» Concrete Pipes »» Polyethylene and Unplasticized PVC Pipes.

8.6 Backflow Prevention »» The various types of piping and mechanical devices acceptable for backflow protection are: a) Barometric loop, b) Air gap, c) Atmosphere vacuum breaker, d) Pressure vacuum breaker, e) Double check valve, and f) Reduced pressure backflow device »» The installation shall not adversely affect drinking water: a) by materials in contact with the water being unsuitable for the purpose b) as a result of backflow of water from water fittings, or water using appliances into pipework connected to mains or to other fittings and appliances.

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c) by cross-connection between pipes conveying water supplied by the water undertaker with pipes conveying water from some other source; and d) by stagnation, particularly at high temperatures. »» No pump or similar apparatus, the purpose of which is to increase the pressure in or rate of flow from a supply pipe or any fitting or appliance connected to a supply pipe, shall be connected unless the prior written permission of the water supplier has been obtained in each instance.

The use of such a pump or similar apparatus is likely to lead to pressure reduction in the upstream pipe work which, if significant, increase the risk of backflow from other fittings. »» The water shall not come in contact with unsuitable materials of construction. »» No pipe or fitting shall be laid in, on or through land fill, refuse, an ashpit, sewer, drain, cesspool or refuse chute, or any manhole connected with them. »» No pipe susceptible to deterioration by contact with any substance shall be laid or installed in a place where such deterioration is likely to occur. No pipe that is permeable to any contaminant shall be laid or installed in any position where permeation is likely to occur. »» If a liquid (other than water) is used in any type of heating primary circuit, which transfers heat to water for domestic use, the liquid shall be non-toxic and noncorrosive. »» A backflow prevention device shall be arranged or connected at or as near as practicable to each point of delivery and use of water. Appliances with built-in backflow prevention shall be capable of passing the test. All backflow prevention devices shall be installed so that they are accessible for examination, repair or replacement. Such devices shall be capable of being tested periodically by the Authority to ensure that the device is functioning efficiently and no backflow is occurring at any time.

8.7 Laying of Mains and Pipes on Site »» Excavation and Refilling: The pipes shall be carefully cleared of all foreign matter before being laid. »» Laying Underground Mains: Where there is a gradient, pipe laying shall proceed in ‘uphill’ direction to facilitate joint making. Anchor blocks shall be provided to withstand the hydraulic thrust. »» Iron surface boxes shall be provided to give access to valves and hydrants and shall be supported on concrete or brickwork which shall not be allowed to rest on pipes. »» Laying Service Pipes: Service pipes shall be connected to the mains by means of right-hand screw down ferrule or T-branches.

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The underground water service pipe and the building sewer or drain shall be kept at a sufficient distance apart so as to prevent contamination of water.

Water service pipes or any underground water pipes shall not be run or laid in the same trench as the drainage pipe. a) The bottom of the water service pipe, at all points, shall beat least 300 mm above the top of the sewer line at its highest point. b) The water service pipe shall be placed on a solid shelf excavated on one side of the common trench. c) The number of joints in the service pipe shall be kept to a minimum. d) The materials and joints of sewer and water service pipe shall be installed in such a manner and shall possess such necessary strength and durability as to prevent the escape of solids, liquids and gases therefrom under all known adverse conditions, such as corrosion strains due to temperature changes, settlement, vibrations and superimposed loads.

The service pipe shall pass into or beneath the buildings at a depth of not less than 750 mm below the outside ground level.

The space between the pipe and the sleeve shall be filled with bituminous or other suitable material for a minimum length of 150 mm at both ends. »» Pipes Laid Through Ducts, Chases, Notches or Holes Ducts or chases in walls for piping shall be provided during the building of the walls. If they are cut into existing walls, they shall be finished sufficiently smooth and large enough for fixing the piping. Piping laid in notches or holes shall not be subjected to external pressure. »» Lagging of Pipes lagged piping outside buikiings is attached to walls, k shall be entirely covered all round with waterproof and fire insulating material and shall not be in direct contact with the wall. Where it passes through a wall the lagging shall be continued throughout the thickness of the wall.

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9. FIRE FIGHTING 9.1 EXIT REQUIREMENT 9.1.1 Fire Escapes or External Stairs: »» Fire escape shall not be taken into account while calculating the number of staircases for a building. »» All fire escapes shall be directly connected to the ground. »» Entrance to the fire escape shall be separate and remote from internal staircase. »» The route to fire escape shall be free of obstructions at all times except the doorway leading to the fire escape which shall have the required fire resistance. »» Fire escape shall be constructed of non-combustible materials. »» Fire escape stairs shall have straight flight not less than 125 cm wide with 25 cm treads and risers not more than 19 cm. »» Handrails shall be at a height not less than 100 cm. »» Fire escape staircase in the mercantile, business, assembly, hotel buildings above 24 m. height shall be a fire tower and in such a case width of the same shall not be less than the width of the main staircase. No combustible material shall be allowed in the fire tower.

9.1.2 Spiral Stairs »» The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low occupant load and to a building height 9 m. »» A spiral stair shall not be less than 150 cm in diameter and shall be designed to give the adequate headroom.

9.1.3 Staircase Enclosures »» The external enclosing walls of the staircase shall be of the brick or the R.C.C. construction having fire resistance of not less than two hours. All enclosed staircases shall have access through self-closing door of one-hour fire resistance. These shall be single swing doors opening in the direction of the escape. The door shall be fitted with the check action door closers. »» The staircase enclosures on the external wall of the building shall be ventilated to the atmosphere at each landing. »» Permanent vent at the top equal to the 5% of the cross sectional area of the enclosure and openable sashes at each floor level with area equal to 1 to 15% of the cross sectional area of the enclosure on external shall be provided. The roof of the shaft shall be at least 1 m. above the surrounding roof. There shall be no glazing or the glass bricks in any internal closing wall of staircase. If the staircase is in the core of the building and cannot

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be ventilated at each landing, a positive of 5-mm. w.g. by an electrically operated blower/blowers shall be maintained. »» The mechanism for pressurizing the staircase shaft shall be so installed that the same shall operate automatically on fire alarm system/sprinkler system and be provided with manual operation facilities.

9.1.4 Ramps »» Ramps of slope of not more than 1 in 10 may be substituted for and shall comply with all the applicable requirements of all required stairways as to enclosure capacity and limiting dimensions. Larger slopes shall be provided for special uses but in no case greater than 1 in 8. For all slopes exceeding 1 in 10 and where the use is such as to involve danger of slipping, the ramp shall be surfaced with approved non-slipping material. »» The minimum width of the ramps in the Hospitals shall be 2.4 m. and in the basement using car parking shall be 6.0 m. »» Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the ramp. »» Ramp shall lead directly to outside open space at ground level or courtyards of safe place. »» For building above 24.0 m. in height, access to ramps from any floor of the building shall be through smoke fire check door. »» In case of nursing homes, hospitals etc. area exceeding 300 sq m. at each floor one of the exit facility shall be a ramp of not less than 2.4 m. in width.

9.2 PROVISION OF LIFTS »» Provision of the lifts shall be made for all multi-storeyed building having a height of 15.0 m. and above. »» All the floors shall be accessible for 24 hrs. by the lift. The lift provided in the buildings shall not be considered as a means of escape in case of emergency. »» Grounding switch at ground floor level to enable the fire service to ground the lift car in case of emergency shall also be provided. »» The lift machine room shall be separate and no other machinery be installed in it.

9.2.1 Lift Enclosure/lift General requirements shall be as follows »» Walls of lift enclosures shall have a fire rating of two hours. Lift shafts shall have a vent at the top of area not less than 0.2 sq m. »» Lift motor room shall be located preferably on top of the shaft and separated from the shaft by the floor of the room. »» Landing door in lift enclosures shall have a fire resistance of not less than one hour.

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»» The number of lifts in one lift bank shall not exceed four. A wall of two hours fire rating shall separate individual shafts in a bank. »» Lift car door shall have a fire resistance rating of 1 hour. »» For buildings 15.0 m. and above in height, collapsible gates shall not be permitted for lifts and solid doors with fire resistance of at least one hour shall be provided. »» If the lift shaft and lobby is in the core of the building a positive pressure between 25 and 30 pa shall be maintained in the lobby and a possible pressure of 50 pa shall be maintained in the lift shaft. The mechanism for the pressurization shall act automatically with the fire alarm/sprinkler system and it shall be possible to operate this mechanically also. »» Exit from the lift lobby, if located in the core of the building, shall be through a self-closing fire smoke check door of one-hour fire resistance. »» Lift shall not normally communicate with the basement. If however, lifts are in communication, the lift lobby of the basement shall be pressurized with self closing door. »» Grounding switch, at ground floor level shall be provided to enable the fire service to ground the lifts. »» Telephone/talk back communication facilities may be provided in lift cars for communication system and lifts shall be connected to the fire control room of the building. »» Suitable arrangements such as providing slope in the floor of the lift lobby shall be made to prevent water used during fire fighting, etc at any landing from entering the lift shafts. »» A sign shall be posted and maintained on every floor at or near the lift indicating that in case of fire, occupants shall use the stairs unless instructed otherwise. The sign shall also contain a plan for each floor showing the location of the stairways. Floor marking shall be done at each floor on the wall in front of the lift-landing door. »» Alternate power supply shall be provided in all the lifts.

9.2.2 Fire Lift Following details shall apply for a fire lift in addition to above requirements: »» To enable fire service personnel to reach the upper floors with the minimum delay, one or more of the lifts shall be so designed so as to be available for the exclusive use of the fireman in an emergency and be directly accessible to every dwelling/lettable floor space on each floor. »» The lift shall have a floor area of not less than 1.4 sq.mt. It shall have a loading capacity of not less than 545 kg. (8 persons lift) with automatic closing doors. »» The electric supply shall be on a separate service from electric supply mains in a building and the cables run in a route safe from fire, that is within a lift shaft. Lights and fans in the elevator having wooden paneling or sheet 97

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steel construction shall be operated on 24-volt supply. »» In case of failure of normal electric supply, it shall automatically switchover to the alternate supply. For apartment houses, this changeover of supply could be done through manually operated changeover switch.

Alternatively, the lift should be so wired that in case of power failure, it comes down at the ground level and comes to stand still with door open. »» The operation of a fire lift shall by a single toggle of two-button switch situated in a glass-fronted box adjacent to the lift at the entrance level.

When the switch is on landing; call points will become inoperative and the lift will be on car control only or on a priority control device. When the switch is off, the lift will return to normal working. This lift can be used by the occupants in normal times. »» The words 'F1RE LIFT' shall be conspicuously displayed in fluorescent paint on the lift landing doors at each floor level. »» The speed of the fire lift shall be such that it can reach to the top floor from ground level within one minute.

9.3 BASEMENT »» The access to the basement shall be either from the main or alternate staircase providing access and exit from higher floors. Where the staircase is continue the same shall be enclosed type serving as a fire separation from the basement floor and higher floors. Open ramps shall be permitted if they are constructed within the building line subject to the provision of the (iv). »» In case of basement for office, sufficient number of exit ways and access ways shall be provided with a travel distance not more than 15.0 m. The travel distance in case of dead-end shall be 7.5 m. »» The basement shall be partitioned and in no case compartment shall be more than 500 sq m. and less than 50 sq m. area except parking. Each compartment shall have ventilation standards as laid down in Bye-Laws separately and independently. The partition shall be made in consultation with Chief Fire Officer. »» The first basement (immediately below ground level) can be used for services/parking/other permissible services. Lower basement, if provided, shall exclusively be used for car parking only. »» Each basement shall be separately ventilated. Vents with cross-sectional area (aggregate) not less than 2.5 percent of the floor area spread evenly round the perimeter of the basement shall be provided in the form of grills or breakable starboard lights or pavement lights or by way of shafts.

Alternatively a system of air inlets shall be provided at basement floor level and smoke outlets at basement ceiling level. Inlets and extracts may be terminated at ground level with starboard or pavement lights as before.

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»» But ducts to convey fresh air to the basement floor level have to be laid.

Starboard and pavement lights should be in positions easily accessible to the firemen and clearly marked "SMOKE OUTLET" or AIR INLET" with an indication of area served at or near the opening. »» The staircase of basement shall be of enclosed type having fire resistance of not less than two hours and shall be situated at the periphery of the basement to be entered at ground level only from the open air and in such positions that smoke from any fire in the basement shall not obstruct any exit serving the ground and upper stories of the building and shall communicate with basement through a lobby provided with fire resisting self closing door of one hour rating. In case of basement being used as car parking only, the travel distance shall be 45 m. »» vii) In multi-storeyed basements, intake duct may serve all basements levels, but each basement and basement compartment shall have separate smoke outlet duct or ducts. Mechanical extractors for smoke venting system from lower basement levels shall also be provided. The system shall be of such design as to operate on actuation of smoke, heat sensitive detectors/sprinklers, if installed, and shall have a considerably superior performance compared to the standard units. It shall also have an arrangement to start it manually. »» Mechanical extractors shall have an internal locking arrangement so that extractors shall continue to operate and supply fans shall stop automatically with the actuation of fire detectors. Mechanical extractors shall be designed to permit 30 air changes per hour in case of fire or distress call. However, for normal operation, only 30 air changes or any other convenient factor can be maintained. »» Mechanical extractors shall have an alternate source of power supply. »» Ventilating ducts shall be integrated with the structure and made out of brick masonry or RCC as far as possible and when this duct crosses the transformer area of electrical switchboard, fire dampers shall be provided. »» Kitchens working on gas fuel shall not be permitted in basement/subbasement. »» If cutouts are provided from basement to the upper floors or to the atmosphere, all side cutout openings in the basements shall be protected by sprinkler heads at closed spacing so as to form a water curtain in the event of a fire. »» Dewatering pump shall be provided in all basements.

9.4 PROVISION OF HELIPAD »» All high-rise buildings 50 m. and above shall have provision for a Helipad on the terrace. The same shall be approved by the Authority.

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9.5 SERVICE DUCTS/REFUGE CHUTE »» Service duct shall be enclosed by walls and door, if any, of 2 hours fire rating. If ducts are larger than 10 sq m. the floor should seal them, but provide suitable opening for the pipes to pass through, with the gaps sealed. »» A vent opening at the top of the service shaft shall be provided between one-fourth and one-half of the area of the shaft. Refuge chutes shall have an outlet at least of wall of non-combustible material with fire resistance of not less than two hours. They shall not be located within the staircase enclosure or service shafts or air-conditioning shafts. Inspection panel and door shall be tight fitting with 1 hour fire resistance; the chutes should be as far away as possible form exits. »» Refuge chutes shall not be provided in staircase walls and A/C shafts etc.

9.6 ELECTRICAL SERVICES Electrical Services shall conform to the following: »» The electric distribution cables/wiring shall be laid in a separate duct shall be sealed at every floor with non-combustible material having the same fire resistance as that of the duct. Low and medium voltage wiring running in shaft and in false ceiling shall run in separate conduits. »» Water mains, telephone wires, inter-com lines, gas pipes or any other service lines shall not be laid in ducts for electric cables. »» Separate conduits for water pumps, lifts, staircases and corridor lighting and blowers for pressuring system shall be directly from the main switch panel and these circuits shall be laid in separate conduit pipes, so that fire in one circuit will not affect the others. Master switches controlling essential service circuits shall be clearly labeled. »» The inspection panel doors and any other opening in the shaft shall be provided with airtight fire doors having fire resistance of not less then 1 hour. »» Medium and low voltage wiring running in shafts, and within false ceiling shall run in metal conduits. Any 230 voltage wiring for lighting or other services, above false ceiling should have 660V grade insulation. The false ceiling including all fixtures used for its suspension shall be of noncombustible material. »» An independent and well-ventilated service room shall be provided on the ground floor with direct access from outside or from the corridor for the purpose of termination of electrical supply from the licenses service and alternative supply cables. The doors provided for the service room shall have fire resistance of not less than 1 hour »» MCB and ELCB shall be provided for electrical circuit.

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9.7 STAIRCASE AND CORRIDOR LIGHTS The staircase and corridor lighting shall be on separate circuits and shall be independently connected so that it could be operated by one switch installation on the ground floor easily accessible to fire fighting staff at any time irrespective of the position of the individual control of the light points, if any. It should be of miniature circuit breaker type of switch so as to avoid replacement of fuse in case of crisis. »» Staircase and corridor lighting shall also be connected to alternate source of power supply. »» Suitable arrangement shall be made by installing double throw switches to ensure that the lighting installed in the staircase and the corridor does not get connected to two sources of supply simultaneously. Double throw switch shall be installed in the service room for terminating the stand by supply. »» Emergency lights shall be provided in the staircase and corridor.

9.8 AIR-CONDITIONING »» Air- conditioning system should be installed and maintained so as to minimise the danger of spread of fire, smoke or fumes thereby from one floor of fire area to another or from outside into any occupied building or structure. »» Air -Conditioning systems circulating air to more than one floor area should be provided with dampers designed to close automatically in case of fire and thereby prevent spread of fire or smoke. Such a system should also be provided with automatic controls to stop fans in case of fire, unless arranged to remove smoke from a fire, in which case these should be designed to remain in operation. »» Air- conditioning system serving large places of assembly (over one thousand persons), large departmental stores, or hostels with over 100 rooms in a single block should be provided with effective means for preventing circulation of smoke through the system in the case of fire in air filters or from other sources drawn into the system even though there is insufficient heat to actuate heat smoke sensitive devices controlling fans or dampers. Such means shall consist of approved effective smoke sensitive controls.

Air- Conditioning should conform to the following: »» Escape routes like staircase, common corridors, lift lobbies; etc should not be used as return air passage. »» The ducting should be constructed of metal in accordance with BIS 655:1963 »» Wherever the ducts pass through fire walls or floor, the opening around the ducts should be sealed with fire resisting material of same rating as of walls / floors.

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»» Metallic ducts should be used even for the return air instead of space above the false ceiling. »» The material used for insulating the duct system (inside or outside) should be of flame resistant (IS 4355: 1977) and non- conductor of heat. »» Area more than 750 sq m. on individual floor should be segregated by a firewall and automatic fire dampers for isolation should be provided. »» In case of more than one floor, arrangement by way of automatic fire dampers for isolating the ducting at every floor from the floor should be made. Where plenums used for return air passage, ceiling and its features and air filters of the air handling units, these should be flame resistant.

Inspection panels should be provided in the main trenching. No combustible material should be fixed nearer than 15 cm. to any duct unless such ducting is properly enclosed and protected with flame resistant material »» In case of buildings more than 24 m. in height, in non-ventilated lobbies, corridors, smoke extraction shaft should be provided.

Fire Dampers »» These shall be located in air ducts and return air ducts/passages at the following points: i) At the fire separation wall. ii) Where ducts/passages enter the central vertical shaft. iii) Where the ducts pass through floors. iv) At the inlet of supply air duct and the return air duct of each compartment on every floor. »» The dampers shall operate automatically and shall simultaneously switch off the air- handling fans. Manual operation facilities shall also be provided. »» Fire/smoke dampers(for smoke extraction shafts) for building more than 24 m. in height. »» For apartment houses in non-ventilated lobbies /corridor operated by detection system and manual control sprinkler system. »» For other buildings on operation of smoke/ heat detection system and manual control/sprinkler system. »» Automatic fire dampers shall be so arranged so as to close by gravity in the direction of air movement and to remain tightly closed on operation of a fusible link.

9.9 BOILER ROOM »» Provisions of boiler and boiler rooms shall conform to Indian Boiler Act. Further, the following additional aspects may be taken into account in the location of boiler/ boiler room »» The boiler shall not be allowed in sub-basement, but may be allowed in the basement away from the escape routes.

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»» The boilers shall be installed in a fire resisting room of 4 hours fire resistance rating, and this room shall be situated on the periphery of the basement. Catch pits shall be provided at the low level. »» Entry to this room shall be provided with a composite door of 2 hours fire resistance. »» The boiler room shall be provided with fresh air inlets and smoke exhaust directly to the atmosphere. »» The furnace oil tank for the boiler if located in the adjoining room shall be separated by fire resisting wall of 4 hours rating. The entrance to this room shall be provided with double composite doors. A curb of suitable height shall be provided at the entrance in order to prevent the flow of oil into boiler room in case of tank rupture. »» Foam inlets shall be provided on the external walls of the building near the ground level to enable the fire services to use foam in case of fire.

9.10 ALTERNATE SOURCE OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY A stand by electric generator shall be installed to supply power to staircase and corridor lighting circuits, lifts detection system, fire pumps, pressurization fans and bowlers, P..A system, exit sign, smoke extraction system, in case of failure of normal electric supply. The generator shall be capable of taking starting current of all the machines and circuits stated above simultaneously.

If the standby pump is driven by diesel engine, the generator supply need not be connected to the standby pump. The generator shall be automatic in operation.

9.11 SAFETY MEASURES IN ELECTRIC SUB-STATION »» Clear independent approach to the sub-station from outside the building shall be made available round the clock »» The approaches/corridors to the sub-station area shall be kept clear for movement of men and material at all times. »» The sub-station space is required to be provided with proper internal lighting arrangements. »» In addition to natural ventilation proper ventilation to the sub-station area is to be provided by grill shutters and exhaust fans at suitable places so as to discharge all smoke from the sub-station without delay in case of fire so that sub-station operations can be carried out expeditiously. »» Cable trenches of 0.6 m. X 0.6 m. dummy floor of 0.6 mt. depth shall be provided to facilitate laying of cable inside the building for connecting to the equipment.

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»» Steel shutters of 8’X 8’ with suitable grills shall be provided for transformers and sub-station room. »» The floor of the sub-station should be capable of carrying 10 tons of transformer weight on wheels. »» Built up substation space is to be provided free of cost. »» Sub-station space should be clear from any water, sewer, air conditioning, and gas pipe or telephone services. No other service should pass through the sub station space or the cable trenches. »» Proper ramp with suitable slope may be provided for loading and unloading of the equipment and proper approach will be provided. »» RCC pipes at suitable places as required will be provided for the cable entries to the sub station space and making suitable arrangement for noningress of water through these pipes. »» The sub station space is to be provided in the approved/sanctioned covered area of the building. »» Any other alteration /modification required while erection of the equipment will be made by the Owner / builder at site as per requirement. »» Adequate arrangement for fixing chain pulley block above the fixing be available for load of 15 tons. »» Provision shall be kept for the sumps so as to accommodate complete volume of transformer oil, which can spillover in the event of explosion of the transformer in the basement of the building. Sufficient arrangement should exist to avoid fire in the sub-station building from spread of the oil from the sumps. »» Arrangement should be made for the provision of fire retardent cables so as to avoid chances of spread of fire in the sub-station building. »» Sufficient pumping arrangement should exist for pumping the water out, in case of fire so as to ensure minimum loss to the switchgear and transformer. »» No combustible material should be stacked inside the substation premises or in the vicinity to avoid chances of fire. »» It should be made mandatory that the promoters of the multi-storeyed building should get substation premises inspected once a year to get their license revalidated for the provision of electric supply from Electricity Board so that suitable action can be taken against the Owner / Builder in case of non- implementation of Bye-Laws. »» The sub-station must not be located below the 1st basement and above the ground floor. »» The sub station space should be totally segregated from the other areas of the basement by fire resisting wall. The ramp should have a slope of 1 : 10 with entry from ground level. The entire Sub-station space including the entrance at ground floor be handed over to the licensee of electricity free of cost and rent.

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»» The sub-station area shall have a clear height of 12 feet (3.65 m.) below beams. Further the Sub-station area will have level above the rest of basement level by 2 feet. »» It is to be ensured that the Sub-station area is free of seepage / leakage of water. »» The licensee of electricity will have the power to disconnect the supply of the building in case of violation of any of the above points. »» Electric sub station enclosure must be completely segregated with 4-hours fire rating wall from remaining part of basement. »» The Sub-station should be located on periphery /sub basement and (not above ground floor). »» Additional exit shall be provided if travel distance from farthest corner to ramp is more than l5 m. »» Perfect independent vent system 30 air changes per hour linked with detection as well as automatic high velocity water spray system shall be provided. »» All the transformers shall be protected with high velocity water spray system / Nitrogen Injection System Carbon Dioxide total flooding system in case of oil filled transformer. In addition to this, manual control of auto high velocity spray system for individual transformers shall be located outside the building at ground floor. »» Suitable arrangement for pump house, water storage tanks with main electrical pump and a diesel-operated pump shall be made if no such arrangement is provided in the building. In case the water pumping facilities are existing in the building for sprinkler system, the same should however be utilized for high velocity water spray system. Alternatively automatic CO2 total flooding system shall be provided with manual controls outside the electric sub-station. »» System shall have facility to give an audio alarm in the basement as well as at the control room. »» Fire control room shall be manned round the clock. »» The electric sub station shall have electric supply from alternate source for operation of vent System lighting arrangements. »» Cable trenches shall be filled with sand »» Party walls shall be provided between two transformers as per the rules. »» Electric control panels shall be segregated. »» Exits from basement electric substation shall have self-closing fire smoke check doors of 2-hours fire rating near entry to ramp. »» All openings to lower basement or to ground floor shall be sealed properly. »» Yearly inspection shall be carried out by electrical load sanctioning Authority. »» Ramp to be designed in a manner that in case of fire no smoke should enter the main building.

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»» Electric sub station transformer shall have clearance on all sides as per BBL/relevant electric rules. »» Other facility will be as per Building Bye-Laws and relevant electric rules. »» Rising electrical mains shall consist of metal bus bars suitably protected from safety point of view. »» Oil less transformer shall be preferred.

9.12 FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS 9.12.1 First Aid /Fixed Fire Fighting /Fire Detection Systems and other Facilities Provision of fire safety arrangement for different occupancy from. SI no. 1 to 23 as indicated below shall be as per Annexure 'A' 'B' & 'C'.

1.

Access 2.

Wet Riser 3.

Down Comer 4.

Hose Reel 5.

Automatic Sprinkler System 6.

Yard Hydrant 7.

U.G. Tank with Draw off Connection 8.

Terrace Tanks 9.

Fire Pump 10. Terrace Pump 11. First Aid Fire Fighting Appliances 12. Auto Detection System 13. Manual operated Electrical Fire Alarm System 14. P.A System with talk back facility 15. Emergency Light 16. Auto D.G. Set 17. Illuminated Exit Sign 18. Means of Escape 19. Compartimentation 20. MCB /ELCB 21. Fire Man Switch in Lift 22. Hose Boxes with Delivery Hoses and Branch 23. Pipes Refuge Area Note for Annexure ‘A’ ‘B’ & ‘C’ »» Where more than one riser is required because of large floor area, the quantity of water and pump capacity recommended in these Annexures should be finalized in consultation with Chief Fire Officer. »» The above quantities of water shall be exclusively for fire fighting and shall not be utilized for domestic or other use.

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»» A facility to boost up water pressure in the riser directly from the mobile pump shall be provided in the wet riser, down comer system with suitable fire service inlets (collecting head) with 2 to 4 numbers of 63 mm inlets for 100-200 mm dia main, with check valve and a gate valve. »» Internal diameter of rubber hose for reel shall be minimum 20 mm. A shut off branch with nozzle of 5 mm. size shall be provided. »» Fire pumps shall have positive suctions. The pump house shall be adequately ventilated by using normal/mechanical means. A clear space of 1.0 m. shall be kept in between the pumps and enclosure for easy movement /maintenance. Proper testing facilities and control panel etc. shall be provided. »» Unless otherwise specified in Bye-Laws, the fire fighting equipments / installation shall conform to relevant Indian Standard Specification. »» In case of mixed occupancy, the fire fighting arrangement shall be made as per the highest class of occupancy. »» Requirement of water based first aid fire extinguishers shall be reduced to half if hose reel is provided in the Building.

9.13 STATIC WATER STORAGE TANK »» A satisfactory supply of water exclusively for the purpose of fire fighting shall always be available in the form of underground static storage tank with capacity specified in Annexure-A with arrangements of replenishment by town's main or alternative source of supply @ 1000 liters per minute.

The static storage water supply required for the above mentioned purpose should entirely be accessible to the fire tenders of the local fire service.

Provision of suitable number of manholes shall be made available for inspection repairs and insertion of suction hose etc. The covering slab shall be able to withstand the vehicular load of 45 tonnes in case of high rise and 22 tonnes in case of low rise buildings. A draw off connection shall be provided. The slab need not strengthened if the static tank is not located in mandatory set- back area. »» To prevent stagnation of water in the static water tank the suction tank of the domestic water supply shall be fed only through an over flow arrangement to maintain the level therein at the minimum specified capacity. »» The static water storage tank shall be provided with a fire brigade collecting branching with 4 Nos. 63mm dia instantaneous male inlets arranged in a valve box with a suitable fixed pipe not less than 15 cm dia to discharge water into the tank. This arrangement is not required where down comer is provided.

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9.14 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS Automatic sprinkler system shall be installed in the following buildings: »» All buildings of 24 m. and above in height, except group housing and 45 m. and above in case of apartment /group housing society building. »» b) Hotels below l5 m. in height and above 1000 sq m. built up area at each floor and or if basement is existing. »» c) All hotels, mercantile, and institutional buildings of 15 m. and above. »» d) Mercantile building having basement more than one floor but below 15 m. (floor area not exceeding 750 sq m.) »» e) Underground Shopping Complex. »» f) Underground car / scooter parking /enclosed car parking. »» g) Basement area 200 sq m. and above. »» h) Any special hazards where the Chief Fire Officer considers it necessary. »» i) For buildings up to 24 m. in height where automatic sprinkler system is not mandatory as per these Bye-Laws, if provided with sprinkler installation following relaxation may be considered. i) Automatic heat/smoke detection system and M.C.P. need not be insisted upon. ii) The number of Fire Extinguisher required shall be reduced by half.

9.15 FIXED CARBON DI-OXIDE / FOAM / DCO WATER SPRAY EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM Fixed extinguishing installations shall be provided as per the relevant specifications in the premises where use of above extinguishing media is considered necessary by the Chief Fire Officer.

9.16 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM All buildings of 15 m. and above in height shall be equipped with fire alarm system, and also residential buildings (Dwelling House, Boarding House and Hostels) above 24 m. height. »» All residential buildings like dwelling houses (including flats) boarding houses and hostels shall be equipped with manually operated electrical fire alarm system with one or more call boxes located at each floor. The location of the call boxes shall be decided after taking into consideration their floor without having to travel more than 22.5 m. »» The call boxes shall be of the break glass type without any moving parts, where the call is transmitted automatically to the control room without any other action on the part of the person operating the call boxes.

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»» All call boxes shall be wired in a closed circuit to a control panel in a control room, located as per Bye-Laws so that the floor number from where the call box is actuated is clearly indicated on the control panel. The circuit shall also include one or more batteries with a capacity of 48 hours normal working at full load. The battery shall be arranged to be a continuously trickle charged from the electric mains. »» The call boxes shall be arranged to sound one or more sounders so as to ensure that all occupants of the floor shall be warned whenever any call box is actuated. »» The call boxes shall be so installed that they do not obstruct the exit ways and yet their location can easily be noticed from either direction. The base of the call box shall be at a height of 1.5 m. from the floor level. »» All buildings other than as indicated above shall, in addition to the manually operated electrical fire alarm system, be equipped with an automatic fire alarm system. »» Automatic detection system shall be installed in accordance with the relevant standard specifications. In buildings where automatic sprinkler system is provided, the automatic detection system may not be insisted upon unless decided otherwise by the Chief Fire Officer.

9.17 CONTROL ROOM There shall be a control room on the entrance floor of the building with communication system (suitable public address system) to all floors and facilities for receiving the message from different floors. Details of all floor plans along with the details of fire fighting equipment and installation shall be maintained in the Control Room. The Control Room shall also have facility to detect the fire on any floor through indicator boards connecting fire detection and alarm system on all floors. The staff in charge of the Control Room shall be responsible for the maintenance of the various services and fire fighting equipment and installation. The Control Room shall be manned round the clock by trained fire fighting staff.

9.18 FIRE DRILLS AND FIRE ORDERS The guidelines for fire drill and evacuation etc. for high-rise building may be seen in Appendix (B) of National Building Code part IV. All such building shall prepare the fire orders duly approved by the Chief Fire Officer.

9.19 A qualified fire officer and trained staff shall be appointed for the following buildings. a) All high rise buildings above 30 m. in height where covered area of one 109

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floor exceeds 1000 sq m. except apartments / group housing. b) All hotels, identified under classification three star and above category

by Tourism Department and all hotels above 15 m. in height with 150 beds capacity or more without star category. c) All hospital building of 15 m. and above or having number of beds exceeding 100. d) Underground shopping complex where covered area exceeds 1000 sq m. e) All high hazard industries. f) Any other risk which Chief Fire Officer considers necessary.

9.20 The lightening protection warning light (red) for high-rise buildings shall be provided in accordance with the relevant standard. The same shall be checked by electrical department.

9.21 MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING »» The combustible/flammable material shall not be used for partitioning, wall paneling, false ceiling etc. Any material giving out toxic gases/ smoke if involved in the fire shall not be used for partitioning of a floor or wall paneling or a false ceiling etc. The surface frames spread of the lining material shall conform to class-I of the standard specification. The framework of the entire false ceiling would be provided with metallic sections and no wooden framework shall be allowed for paneling/false ceiling. »» Construction features/elements of structures shall conform to National Building Code and BIS code 9.22 LPG The use of LPG shall not be permitted in the high-rise building except residential/hotel/hostel/kitchen/pantry (if any) and shall be located at the periphery of the building on the ground level.

9.23 HOUSE KEEPING A high standard of house keeping must be insisted upon by all concerned.

There must be no laxity in this respect. It must be borne in mind that fire safety is dependent to a large extent upon good housekeeping.

9.23.1 Good House-Keeping includes the following:»» Maintaining the entire premises in neat and clean condition. »» Ensuring that rubbish and combustible material are not thrown about or allowed to accumulate, even in small quantity, in any portion of the building. Particular attention must be paid to corners and places hidden from view.

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»» Providing metal receptacles/waste paper basket (of non-combustible material) at suitable locations for disposal of waste. Separate receptacles must be provided for disposal of cotton rags/waste, wherever it is generated, these must under no circumstances be left lying around in any portion of the building. »» Ensuring that receptacles for waste are emptied at regular intervals and the waste removed immediately for safe disposal outside the building. »» Ensuring that all doors/fixtures are maintained in good repairs, particular attention must be paid to self-closing fire smoke check doors and automatic fire/doors/rolling shutters. »» Ensuring that self-closing fire/smoke check doors close properly and that the doors are not wedged open. »» Ensuring that the entire structure of the building is maintained in good repairs. »» Ensuring that all electrical and mechanical service equipments are maintained in good working condition at all times. »» Ensuring that Cars / Scooters etc. are parked systematically in neat rows. It is advisable to mark parking lines on the ground in the parking areas near the building and in the parking area on ground floor and in basement(s); as applicable, inside the building. A parking attendant must ensure that vehicles are parked in an orderly manner and that the vehicles do not encroach upon the open space surrounding the building.

9.23.2. Smoking Restrictions »» Smoking shall be prohibited throughout the basement(s) and in all areas where there is a profusion of combustible materials. Easily readable "NO SMOKING" signs must be conspicuously posted at locations where they can catch the eye. Each sign must also include a pictograph. The sign may also be illuminated. »» In all places where smoking is permitted ashtrays, half filled with water, must be placed on each table/at each other suitable locations for safe disposal of spent smoking material. The design of the ashtrays must be such that they cannot easily topple over. If, for any reason, this is not practicable a minimum of one metal bucket or other non-combustible container half filled with water must be provided in each compartment for disposal of spent smoking materials.

9.23.3 Limiting the Occupant Load in Parking and Other Areas of Basement(s) »» Where parking facility is provided in the basement(s) no person other than the floor-parking attendant may be allowed to enter and remain in the parking areas except for parking and removal of Cars/Scooters.

Regular offices must not be maintained in the storage /parking area in the basement(s). The stores / godowns must be opened for the limited purpose of keeping or removing stores.

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9.24 FIRE PREVENTION In addition to the measures recommended above, the following fire prevention measures must be implemented when the building is in occupation. »» Storage of flammable substances, such as diesel oil, gasoline, motor oils, etc must not be allowed anywhere within the building. The only exception to this rule may be: i) Storage of diesel oil in a properly installed tank in a fire-resisting compartment in the generator room; ii) Diesel oil, gasoline, motor oil etc, filled in the vehicle tanks. »» Preparation of tea and warming of food must be prohibited throughout the building. »» Where heaters are used during winters, the following precautions must be taken. i) All heaters, except convector heaters, must be fitted with guards. ii) Heaters must not be placed in direct contact with or too close to any combustible material. iii) Heaters must be kept away from curtains to ensure that the latter do not blow over the heater accidentally. iv) Heaters must not be left unattended while they are switched on. v) Defective heaters must be immediately removed from service until they have been repaired and tested for satisfactory performance. vi) Use of heaters must be prohibited in the entire basement, fire control room and in all weather maker rooms throughout the building. Also in all places where there is profusion of combustible flammable materials. »» Use of candles or other naked light flame must be forbidden throughout the building, except in the offices (for sealing letters only) and kitchen. When candles/ spirit lamps are used for sealing letters/packets, extreme care must be take to ensure that paper do not come in direct contact with the naked flame and the candle/spirit lamp does not topple over accidentally while still lighted. All candles/spirit lamps kitchen fires must be extinguished when no longer required. »» Fluorescent lights must not be directly above the open file racks in offices/ record rooms. Where this is unavoidable, such lights must be switched on only for as long as they are needed. »» Filling up of old furniture and other combustible materials such as scrap paper, rags, etc. must not be permitted anywhere in the building. These must be promptly removed from the building. »» More than one portable electrical appliance must not be connected to any single electrical outlet. »» Used stencils, ink smeared combustible materials and empty ink tubes must not be allowed to accumulate in rooms/compartments where cyclostyling is 112

FIRE FIGHTING

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

done. These must be removed and disposed off regularly. »» All shutters/doors of main switch panels and compartments/shafts for electrical cables must be kept locked. »» Aisles in record rooms and stores must have a clear uniform width of not less than 1.0 m. Racks must not be placed directly against the wall/partition. »» In record rooms, offices and stores, a clear space of not less than 30 cm. must be maintained between the top-most stack of stores/records and the or lighting fittings whichever is lower. »» A similar clearance, and at (k) above must be maintained from fire detectors. »» Fire detectors must not be painted under any circumstances and must also be kept free from lime/distemper. »» Records must not be piled/dumped on the floor. »» Welding or use of blow torch shall not be permitted inside the building, except when it is done under strict supervision and in full conformity with the requirements laid down in IS: 3016-1966 code of practice for fire precautions in welding and cutting operation. »» Printing ink/oil must not be allowed to remain on the floor, the floor must be maintained in a clean condition at all times.

9.25 OCCUPANCY RESTRICTIONS »» The premises leased to any party shall be used strictly for the purpose for which they are leased. »» No dangerous trade/practices (including experimenting with dangerous chemicals) shall be carried on in the leased premises; »» No dangerous goods shall be stored within the leased premises. »» The common/public corridor shall be maintained free of obstructions, and the lessee shall not put up any fixtures that may obstruct the passage in the corridor and/or shall not keep any wares, furniture or other articles in the corridor. »» The penalty for contravention of the condition laid down below must be immediate termination of lease and removal of all offending materials. »» Regular inspection and checks must be carried out at frequent intervals to ensure compliance with conditions above.

113

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

10. CASESTUDY 10.1 WORLD TRADE CENTER, MUMBAI World trade center (WTC) Mumbai is promoted by the M. Visvesvaraya industrial research and development center (MVIRDC), a non-profile company established on June 26 1970. the government of India, the Maharashtra government, other trade promoters organizations/associations and leading industrialists were instrumental in the creation of the center.

The WTC offers you a galaxy of services and facilities and houses offices of organizations connected with world trade , business and industry. International representative offices, export promotion council, travel and cargo agents, banks and financial institution are found under one roof.

LOCATION: It is located on a stretch of reclaimed on the southern tip of Mumbai-cuffed parade. It over look the Arabian sea and is surrounded by commercial as well as residential area of Mumbai city.

114

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

APPROACH Local: main entrance for the complex is from sadhu vaswani marg a 42.5 m. wide road. Bus route from Churchgate and C.S.T. station.

Regional: from Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, it takes travel of two hour by bus or one hour by train to Church gate and 10 minutes by bus.

SITE Topography: Reclaimed land on shore of Arabian sea in cuffe parade, mumbai.

Orientation: Arabian sea lies on the southwest side.

Area: Total site area is 71065.3697 sq.m.

SKYLINE The center being the tallest building in mumbai with center-2 (IDBI tower) form the major skyline among the other commercial and tall building.

BUILDINGS The WTC complex Mumbai comprises of the following: »» The Shopping arcade »» center-1 »» IDBI Tower CARPET AREA Arcade : 2,24,041 sq.ft.

Center-1 : 3,42,075 sq.ft.

IDBI tower : 2,77,389 sq.ft.

Total : 8,43,505 sq.ft.

The area for the same are as follows: SHOPPING ARCADE Ground floor 82,048 sq.ft.

Mezzanine 21,468 sq.ft.

First floor 84,322 sq.ft.

Mezzanine 30,030 sq.ft.

Second floor 84,322 sq.ft Terrace 29,793 sq.ft.

Total area: 3,31,983 sq.ft.

CENTER-1 5,31,943 sq.ft IDBI Tower 4,26,896 sq.ft.

115

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

SHOPPING ARCADE The building proportion and shape.

The Arcade, in plan is a combination of 2 connecting squares forming a figure of 8 of height G+3 floors with 6 tower at the corners. Two courtyard are formed by the interlocking of the two blocks, which are landscaped. The center lobby of the Arcade known as the Crush Hall has two escalators, which connect it to the first floor. The towers at the corners include spiral staircases and toilet blocks.

The Shopping Arcade houses a variety of shops, showroom services.

Several state government have set up their emporia reflected their respective cultures. It also offers a variety of services such as banking, postal facilities and travels agencies. The product on display range from carpets to herbal tea to readymade garments and jewelry.

The covered Arcade of the semicircular arches forms the space for the circulation of the shoppers arround the shops on the exteriors. The shops are numbered and locations are guided by signages and plans in the staircase lobby.

The Arcade also houses the EXPO CENTER covering an area of 25,250 sq.ft.exhibition space for displaying and holding trade fairs.

BUILDING STRUCTURE The Arcade is G+ 3 storeys and constructed in concrete and steel frame work.

The height of the arches is 3m and their span vary. In the interiors, shops are well placed and the aisles are 6m wide. Spiral staircase of the Arcade is of R.C. C. the false ceiling in the Crush Hall is made of timber but was previously studded with smoky mirrors. Above the timber is housed wiring for h - g or systems and air supply ducts.

SERVICES AC Plant It is placed in the basement structure in the premises. Type of A.C. system used is central A.C. system.

Fire Fighting Smoke detectors and rubber hose systems are present on each floor but the work is done manually for extinguishing fire.

116

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

Parking Parking is provided for 83 cars.

CENTER_1 (Business Tower) Center -1 is chamfered square in plan.

The building rises to a hi ht of 506 ft. 6 inches. It is 35 storied with 34,35 floor and terraces The horizontal bands on the building is the most prominent feature. Center one offers various facilities for conference and meetings.

Building Structure:-It is a sq plan chaamfered at 45 degree.

Structural system : U shaped twincolumns onbn the perifery, regular beams on the interval of 7 ft. The centeral core is made of walls. The space between the u colums is used for storage, windows and also for pipes as ducts. The space between the core and the external wall is clear and column free.

The height of the florrs are:Gf:27ft Normal floor to flor hieght: 15ft 31th and 32rd floor :15 ft 33, 34 and 35- service floor:13ft 6 inches Plingth height:4ft False ceiling height: 9ft U-shaped column is maintained from the base to the 30th floor, otherwise 31th, 32thand 33rd floors columns behave as twin of bands rectangular Columns without the u shape, instead opening are provide in that space. The wide projections in the form dominate the facade.

Basement:Pile foundation is used in the construction of the single storied basement with its diaphram within the rock and wall at the bottom single anchor used for support- excavation walls done in 5 ft panneling.

Service core:Central service core of center one is 17.65 X 22 m and contains 12 passenger lifts.

6 lifts upto 16 floors.

6 lifts — expres lift, which goes from 16 to 32 floors.

One freight lift — ground floor to ten-ce capacity 1 tone.

Stair case provided at the side of the central core on either sides and these join to the external wall with a passage in between and an adjoining fire fighting lift.

117

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

It also consists of...

Kitchen exaust Toilet blocks + toilet ducts, AC duct + AHU Electrical shafts Pressurization shaft Telephone shaft Smoke shaft Ladies + gents Restrooms Security rooms(gf) Console room (gf) Maintanace room (gf)

Services

Air conditioning AC is placed in the basement of the respective building. Chilled water system has been used. Capacity of AC machines is 6000 tones and occupy 6000 sqft of area.

Ac machine (8 nos.): 0.9X1.8 sqm AHU with ac panel:- 8.2X5 sqm Cooling tower(35 floor):7.6X5.9 sqm

Electrical Meter system is used in 4 quadrants, which read on each floor, and quarter reading is recorded on the mains. W.T.C. is the individual lessee and builds the cost of supply.

Transformers Capacity: 1500 KUA (3 no.): 4.4 X 5.2 sq.m.

Generators B.E.S.T. room: 3.8 X 6.5 sq.m

118

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

Fire Fighting Sprinkler system Peel box system Alarm system Rubber hose system Smoke detector Smoke dampers Sprinkler system works on gravity of forced pressure. Water tanks are placed on 18th floor and 35th floor connected to a pump which works on electricity or diesel.

If low pressure is created, then water from the lowest floor tanks is sucked. Sprinklers above and below the false ceiling sprey on an area of 2.5m radius.

119

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

2. SHALIN SKY (AHMEDABAD) Shalin Sky is a spacious yet affordable 3BHK apartments with modern formations. It has all ingredients to become an exclusive home that can be expended by generations.It is a high-rise apartment with an impressively stylish home. It is located in one of the finest developing areas in Ahmedabad having a superior location advantage. Shalin Sky is successful in catering to the needs of all the family members as it is within the close proximity to Delhi Public School and Umiya Mata Temple.

LOCATION Shalin Sky,Nr.Nilkanth Villa,Opp. Samprat Residency, Shilaj, Ahmedabad

120

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

SHALIN SKY

FLXBL DESIGN CONSULTANCY

AREA CALCULATION ( HP + 10+1 PENTHOUSE) PLOT AREA PERMISSIBLE F.S.I. ( 2.4 ) PERMISSIBLE C.O.P. AREA ( 10 % ) PROPOSED C.O.P. AREA PERMISSIBLE BUILT UP AREA PROPOSDED BUILT UP AREA 3-BHK ( HP + 10) 4 UNITS PER FLOOR , TOTAL BUILT-UP AREA STAIR, LIFT, DUCT & PASSAGE AREA

Sq.Mt. 1761.24 4226.98 176.12 375.05 4226.98 4213.22

Sq.Yd. 2106.44 5055.46 210.64 448.56 5055.47 5039.01

40 UNITS 4550.19 5442.03 606.80 725.73 3943.39 4716.29

3-BHK ( Pent House) UNITS PER FLOOR , TOTAL BUILT-UP AREA STAIR, LIFT, DUCT & PASSAGE AREA

333.64 63.81 269.83

2 UNITS

399.03 76.32 322.72

BALANCE BUILT UP AREA PERMISSIBLE BUILT UP AREA PROPOSDED BUILT UP AREA ( WITHOUT AMINITIES ) BALANCE F.S.I.

4226.98 4213.22 13.76

5055.47 5039.01 16.46

3-BHK ( HP + 10 ) CARPET AREA BUILT UP AREA SALEABLE BUILT UP AREA (35 % ) SALEABLE BUILT UP AREA (40 % )

91.85 99.12 152.49 165.20

110 119 182 198

»» The building having G+11 floors+basement. »» The services in this building include electical, plumbing, firefighting, stairs, lift etc.

121

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

STAIRS

122

123

CTION_01

T

1150

1800

1300

1500

1000

LANDING

LANDING

LANDING

11

11

11

11

12

10

12

10

12

10

12

10

09

13

09

13

09

13

09

13

08

14

152.50

08

14

08

14

08

14

152.50

LANDING

3050

3125

3100

1500

07

15

07

15

07

15

07

15

160

16

06

16

06

16

19

20

18

19

03

02

20

05

17

18

19

03

02

20

04

18

04

03

19

03

02

20

02

TRADE:300 mm RISER :160 mm STEP :20 NOS

05

17

04

300

05

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS

17

04

EARTH FILLING

06

16

05

300

06

18

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS

17

300

01

01

01

01

01

200

FOYER

FOYER

LIFT

LIFT

LIFT PIT

BASEMENT

300 300

575

2475

575

2475

575

2625

575

2425

2165 2165 2165 200 2165

575 1875

300 575 1875 300

3050 3050 3400 3800

575 2825 600 3200

9500 600 3200

175

1000

BASEMENT FLOOR - 3200 MM.

GROUND LEVEL ± 0000 MM.

PLINTH LEVEL + 0600 MM.

GF. FL. B.BOTTOM LEVEL LVL. + 3425 MM.

1st. FL.SILL LVL. + 4300 MM. GF. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 4000 MM.

1st. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 6475 MM. 1st. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 6175 MM.

2nd. FL.SILL LVL. + 7350 MM. 1st. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 7050 MM.

2st. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 9525 MM. 2nd. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 9225 MM.

2nd. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 10100 MM.

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

3800 1050

2050

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

300

300 2125

S.CABIN PARAPET LVL.+42450 MM. O.H.W.TANK TOP LVL. + 42150 MM.

150

2125

LIFT

O.H.W.T.DOMESTIC 2280 X 4630 X 2000 1850 Mtr.Liquid Depth CAPACITY- 20,000 LT.

OPEN TERRACE

STAIR CABIN SLAB TOP LVL. + 40025 MM. 825

1850

O.H.W.T.FIRE 2280 X 4630 X 2000 1850 Mtr.Liquid Depth CAPACITY- 20,000 LT.

500 13

09

10

09

1500 1000 BASEMENT

11

12 10

13

09

16

04

18

17

03

19

300 575 02 20

01

15

16

2165

06

05

04

18

17

03

19

02 20

01 LIFT

15

06

16

05

04

18

17

03

19

02 20

01

15

06

16

05

04

18

17

03

19

02 20

01 LIFT

15

06

16

05

04

18

17

03

19

02 20

01

15

06

16

05

04

18

17

03

19

02 20

01

LIFT

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

14

07

15

06

16

05

04

18

17

03

19

02 20

01

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

07

06

05

04

14

15

16

18

17

03

19

02 20

07

06

05

04

14

08

15

07

16

06

17

18

03

19

02 20

05

04

5th. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 18675 MM. 5th. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 18375 MM.

5th. FL.SILL LVL.+ 16500 MM. 4th. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 16200 MM. 4th. FL.B.BOTTOM LVL. + 15625 MM. 4th. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 15325 MM.

4th. FL.SILL LVL.+ 13450 MM. 3rd. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 13150 MM. 3rd. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 12575 MM. 3rd. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 12275 MM.

3rd. FL.SILL LVL.+ 10400 MM. 2nd. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 10100 MM. 2nd. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 9525 MM. 2nd. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 9225 MM.

2nd. FL.SILL LVL.+ 7350 MM. 1st. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 7050 MM. 1st. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 6475 MM. 1st. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 6175 MM.

1st. FL.SILL LVL.+ 4300 MM. 01

LIFT

TRADE:300 mm RISER :160 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

03

EARTH FILLING

02

6th. FL.B.BOTTOM LVL. + 21725 MM. 6th. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 21425 MM.

6th. FL.SILL LVL.+ 19550 MM. 5th. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 19250 MM.

300 575 300

14

07

1875

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

7th. FL.SILL LVL.+ 22600 MM. 6th. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 22300 MM.

300 575 300

14

07

1875

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

7th. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 24775 MM. 7th. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 24475 MM.

300 575 300

14

07

1875

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

8th. FL.SILL LVL.+ 25650 MM. 7th. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 25350 MM.

300 575 300

14

07

1875

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

8th. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 27525 MM.

300 575 300

14

07

1875

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

3050

1875 300 575 300 1875

2165 05

8th. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 27825 MM.

41850

15

06

3050

1875 LIFT

300 575 300

14

07

3050

1875

01

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

9th. FL.SILL LVL.+ 28700 MM. 8th. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 28400 MM.

300 575 300

20

3050

02

3050

17

03

19

3050

18

FOYER

01

2165

75

LANDING

300 575 300

2165 04

3050

16

05

9th. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 30875 MM. 9th. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 30575 MM.

3050

15

06

10th. FL.SILL LVL.+ 31750 MM. 9th. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 31450 MM.

3050

14

07

2165

08

2165

11

13

01

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS

3100

LANDING

12

20

GF. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 4000 MM. GF. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 3425 MM.

01

600

10

09

02

PLINTH LEVEL LVL.+ 0600 MM. GROUND LEVEL LVL. ± 0000 MM.

3200

12

13

17

03

19

3050

10

09

18

1875

12

13

04

300 575 300

10

09

16

05

3050

12

13

15

06

1875

10

09

14

07

10th. FL. B.BOTTOM LVL. + 33925 MM. 10th. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 33625 MM.

575 300

12

13

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

11th.P.H.SILL LVL.+ 34800 MM. 10th. FL. SLAB TOP LVL. + 34500 MM.

3400

10

09

LIFT

01

2825

12

13

20

2165

10

09

02

2165

12

13

17

03

19

600

11

10

18

3125

LANDING

11

12

09

04

3800

LANDING

11

10

13

16

05

3200

LANDING

11

12

09

15

06

11th. PENT.HOU.B.B.LVL. + 36975 MM. 11th. LINTEL. LEVEL LVL. + 36675 MM.

75

LANDING

11

10

13

14

07

2165

LANDING

11

12

09

TRADE:300 mm RISER :152.50 mm STEP :20 NOS 08

11th. PENT.HOU. SLAB TOP LVL. + 37550 MM.

21

2165

LANDING

11

10

13

20

2165

LANDING

11

12

09

19

2165

LANDING

11

10

13

18

17

200

LANDING

11

12

16

FOYER

BASEMENT

2050

LANDING

11

15

PARAPET TOP LVL. + 38700 MM.

1150

STAIR CABIN

150 LANDING

14

2475

LIFT SLAB TOP LVL.+ 39200 MM.

LIFT PIT

1050

ION_01

CASESTUDY

124

BASEMENT FLOOR LVL. - 3200 MM.

1050

1200

230 150

50mmØ Airvent Pipe

820

R.C.C. Slab & Wall as per Structural consultant detail

Detail - X

230

TWO LEVEL CONTROL FOR DEWATERING PUMPS IN BASEMENT SUMP

Drainage pump Flow = 60 LPM @ 6meter head Particle size - 10mm

Basement -3200 Lvl.

600x600 uPVC Openabale gratingas per Arch. detail

H

H

H

3067

R

E

D

C

4615

H

R

01 S

Duct 01a

5615

H

3775 [12'-4 1/2"]

COMPACT

H

COMPACT

COMPACT COMPACT COMPACT COMPACT

12683 14004

H

E

COMPACT

5825

C

UP

6"Ø

650

Duct 01b D

5080 [16'-8"] BUILDING LINE

6"Ø

RAMP

UP

10136

2062 939 UP

UP

14666

H

FOYER 3515 X 6980

COMPACT

H

LIFT 2500 X 2050

LIFT 2500 X 2050

C2 E1

COMPACT

Cleaning pipe

E1

Duct 02b

6"Ø

D

H

D

01 S

H

X

Openable shutter or Grill as per architect detail

2435

500 110 OD Overflow pipe with mosquito net (O/f.)

600x600 C.I./uPVC Cover

02 S 75 OD VP with mosquito net

6"Ø

EXISTING BORE POINT

RAMP 600x600 C.I./uPVC Cover

U/g. water tank for fire 3295 X 7545 X 3650 Mtr.

RAMP PROFILE BEAM

600x600 C.I./uPVC Cover

3500 Mtr. Liquid depth U/g. water tank 87,000 liter 1545 X 7545 X 3650 Mtr. 3500 Mtr. Liquid depth 40,000 liter

75 OD VP with mosquito net

600x600 C.I./uPVC Cover

3375 [11'-0 3/4"]

SUMP 1.20X1.20X 1.00meter 1440 Ltr.Capacity

To Municipal MH

C Duct 02a

3765 [12'-4 1/4"]

COMPACT

3790 [12'-5 1/4"]

COMPACT

C2

Cut off trench

COMPACT

4486

COMPACT

7500 [24'-7 1/4"]

COMPACT

COMPACT COMPACT

2680

Plinth +0600mm level

406

COMPACT COMPACT COMPACT

3360 [11'-0 1/4"] 3500

1239 6261

1425 1425

125

02 S

`P' TRAP

G

GUBBY

MFT Multi Floor Trap

DATE

Atul Mevada Apurva Shah

Prashant Mevada

1 : 125

10/09/15

M 01/R2

02/12/15 07/03/16

DATE

04/12/15 07/03/16

1302

SHALIN SKY Basement plan

COPIES SENT TO Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Architect / Client approval - Soft copy

Water chanel section added.

Water chanel remove & Main SW Pipe added

DESCRIPTION

EXECUTION DRAWING

PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

BALL COCK

PHONE:(O) 2693 1105 EMAIL : apurvashah18@gmail.com

100 ft Anand nagar road, AHMEDABAD-380 051.

201, Pushpam Shopping Complex, Opp. Seema Hall

NO. 1 1

R1 R2

R.NO.

REVISIONS:

MAIN DRAINAGE LINE RAIN WATER LINE FIRE LINE

PRESSURIZED ( TREATED )WATER SUPPLY LINE- k(10th to 11Th Floor) GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g (6th to 9Th Floor) GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g (1st to 5Th Floor) PRESSURIZED ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - k GRAVITY ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g CONCEAL HOT WATER LINE( INSULATED- 9mm th. Nitride rubber) OPEN HOT WATER LINE ( INSULATED - 19mm th.Nitrile rubber with glass lined cloth) BORE WATER SUPPLY LINE BALL VALVE SOIL WASTE LINE NON RETURN VALVE WASTE WATER LINE

C - 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 50 C1 - 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 40 C2 - 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 100 D - 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) W/W PIPE D/T. E - 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 40 E1 - 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 100 F - 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W PIPE D/T F1 - 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W AIR VENT PIPE G - 110mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE PIPE SLOPE 1:80 H - 160mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE PIPE SLOPE 1:100 VP- 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type A Ring Fit) AIRVENT PIPE AS PER SITE A - 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATER PIPE A1 - 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATER PIPE uPVC (SWR -TypeLINE B Ring Fit) RAINWATER SLOPE 1:200 - 160mm A2 LEGEND OFOD WATER SUPPLY

P

LEGEND:

NOTE : THIS DRAWING IS THE PROPERTY OF AVANI ENTERPRISE SHALL NOT BE USED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE WITHOUT OBTAINING PRIOR PERMISSION.  IN CASE THERE IS ANY DISCREPANCY BETWEEN ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND OTHER DRAWINGS, ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SHALL BE FOLLOWED.  THE DISCREPANCY SHALL BE BROUGHT TO THE NOTICE OF THE CONSULTANT BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK.  ALL DIMENSIONS ARE TO BE READ AND NOT MEASURED.  THIS DRAWING IS FOR PLUMBING DETAILS ONLY.  REFER STRUCTURE DWG. / DETAILS FOR CONSTRUCTION/ EXECUTION.

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

PLUMBING (BASEMENT)

1050

230

300

126

H

6000 MM.WIDE INTERNAL ROAD

H

D

C

Duct 01a

COMPACT

C

D Duct 04a

C

COMPACT

H

COMPACT

COMPACT

C

Vent pipe

COMPACT

H

M

M

LIFT 2500 2500 X 2050

LIFT 2500 X 2050

M

M M

M

COMPACT

M M

M

D Duct 04b C

C

COMPACT BUILDING LINE

6000 MM.WIDE INTERNAL ROAD

COMPACT

E

H

D Duct 03b C

C

H

COMPACT

COMPACT

To Municipal MH

C PARKING AREA

E

C

C

M

C

UP UP

FOYER 3515 X 6980

M

Vent pipe

C

PARKING AREA

C

Duct 02b D

Vent pipe

PARKING AREA

E

COMPACT

COMPACT

Vent pipe

C Duct 04c

C

E

PARKING AREA C

C

Duct 01b D

6000 MM.WIDE INTERNAL H ROAD

Duct 02a D C

C D

CHILDREN PLAY AREA

SECURITY CABIN

C

Duct 03a

COMPACT

H

ENTRY

NEW BORE POINT

DN

EXISTING BORE POINT

RAMP

3500 [11'-6"]

H

H

1150 [3'-9"]

1959 [6'-5"]

MFT Multi Floor Trap

NON RETURN VALVE

DATE

Atul Mevada 1 : 125

Apurva Shah

Prashant Mevada 10/09/15

M 02/R1

DATE 00/08/15 02/03/16 07/03/16

07/03/16

1302

SHALIN SKY Ground floor plan

COPIES SENT TO Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Architect / Client approval - Hard copy Architect / Client approval - Soft copy

MH & Main SW Pipe added

DESCRIPTION

EXECUTION DRAWING

PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

BALL COCK

PHONE:(O) 2693 1105 EMAIL : apurvashah18@gmail.com

100 ft Anand nagar road, AHMEDABAD-380 051.

201, Pushpam Shopping Complex, Opp. Seema Hall

NO. 1 1 1

R2

R.NO.

REVISIONS:

WASTE WATER LINE MAIN DRAINAGE LINE RAIN WATER LINE FIRE LINE

PRESSURIZED ( TREATED )WATER SUPPLY LINE- k(10th to 11Th Floor) GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g (6th to 9Th Floor) GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g (1st to 5Th Floor) PRESSURIZED ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - k GRAVITY ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g CONCEAL HOT WATER LINE( INSULATED- 9mm th. Nitride rubber) OPEN HOT WATER LINE ( INSULATED - 19mm th.Nitrile rubber with glass lined cloth) BORE WATER SUPPLY LINE BALL VALVE SOIL WASTE LINE

LEGEND OF WATER SUPPLY LINE

110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 50 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 40 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 100 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) W/W PIPE D/T. 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 40 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIPE SLOPE IN 1 IN 100 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W PIPE D/T 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W AIR VENT PIPE 110mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE PIPE SLOPE 1:80 160mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE PIPE SLOPE 1:100 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type A Ring Fit) AIRVENT PIPE AS PER SITE 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATER PIPE 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATER PIPE 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATER SLOPE 1:200

G GUBBY

`P' TRAP

P C C1 C2 D E E1 F F1 G H VPA A1 A2 -

LEGEND:

NOTE : THIS DRAWING IS THE PROPERTY OF AVANI ENTERPRISE SHALL NOT BE USED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE WITHOUT OBTAINING PRIOR PERMISSION.  IN CASE THERE IS ANY DISCREPANCY BETWEEN ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND OTHER DRAWINGS, ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SHALL BE FOLLOWED.  THE DISCREPANCY SHALL BE BROUGHT TO THE NOTICE OF THE CONSULTANT BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK.  ALL DIMENSIONS ARE TO BE READ AND NOT MEASURED.  THIS DRAWING IS FOR PLUMBING DETAILS ONLY.  REFER STRUCTURE DWG. / DETAILS FOR CONSTRUCTION/ EXECUTION.

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

PLUMBING (GROUND FLOOR)

D

Duct 04a

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

I.D.U -03

C

C

C Duct 04c

D Duct 04b

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

C

E

BATH 1525 X 2220

C

Vent pipe

WASH 1525 X 1730

1

WASH 1525 X 1730

C

Vent pipe

BATH 1525 X 2220

E

C

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5195

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5195

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

I.D.U -02

UP

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

ENTRY

FOYER 3515 X 6120

ENTRY

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

I.D.U -01

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

STORE 1500 X 1615

STORE 1500 X 1615

O.D.U 01

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

STORE 1500 X 1615

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

8 PERSONS LIFT 2500 X 2050

STRETCHER LIFT 2500 X 2050

STORE 1500 X 1615

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

ENTRY

ENTRY

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5080

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5080

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

C

D Duct 03b

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

C

E

BATH 1525 X 2220

C

Vent pipe

WASH 1525 X 1845

1525 X 1845

C WASH

Vent pipe

C

BATH 1525 X 2220

E

C

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

FALSE CEILING

COM.BATH

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

D

BATH 1530 X 2100

C

Duct 02a

450

Duct 03a

C D

BATH 1530 X 2100

Soil waste line waste water line

Air went line

1st to 5th floor gravity D/T line

D

375

D

Duct 01a

Rain water pipe

C

Duct 01a

C

205

PLUMBING PIPE

02

Duct 01b D O.D.U

C

WASH

Vent pipe

Soil waste line waste water line

FALSE CEILING

E

BATH

Air went line

1st to 5th floor gravity D/T line

750

02

Duct 01b D O.D.U

1295

NOTE : THIS DRAWING IS THE PROPERTY OF AVANI ENTERPRISE SHALL NOT BE USED FOR ANY PURPOSE WITHOUT OBTAINING PRIOR PERM  IN CASE THERE IS ANY DISCREPANCY BETW ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND OTHER DR ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SHALL BE FOLL  THE DISCREPANCY SHALL BE BROUGHT TO NOTICE OF THE CONSULTANT BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK.  ALL DIMENSIONS ARE TO BE READ AND NOT MEASURED.  THIS DRAWING IS FOR PLUMBING DETAILS O  REFER STRUCTURE DWG. / DETAILS FOR CONSTRUCTION/ EXECUTION.

MFT Multi Floor Trap

1 : 75

10/09/15

P 01a/R2

1302

Apurva

Atul Mev

Prashan

SHALIN SKY Typical floor plan ( 1st to 5th floor)

COPIES SENT TO Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Client approval - Hard copy Architect / Client approval - Hard copy Architect / Client approval - Soft copy

DESCRIPTION Whole dwg. revise RWP, AC drain pipe & Balcony drain pipe added

EXECUTION DRA

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

PHONE:(O) 2693 1105 EMAIL : apurvashah18@gmail.co

100 ft Anand nagar road, AHMEDABAD-380 051.

201, Pushpam Shopping Complex, Opp. Seema Hall

NO. 1 1 1 1 1

R.NO. R1 R2

REVISIONS:

110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE SLOP 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE SLOP 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE SLOP 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) W/W PIPE D/T. 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIPE SLOP 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIPE SLOP 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W PIPE D/T 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W AIR VENT 110mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE PIPE SL 160mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE PIPE SL 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type A Ring Fit) AIRVENT PIPE AS 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATER PI 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATER PI 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATER SL

G GUBBY `P' TRAP P C C1 C2 D E E1 F F1 G H VPA A1 A2 -

LEGEND:

PRESSURIZED ( TREATED )WATER SUPPLY LINE- k(10th GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g (6th to 9 GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g (1st to 5 PRESSURIZED ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - k GRAVITY ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g CONCEAL HOT WATER LINE( INSULATED- 9mm th. Nitrid OPEN HOT WATER LINE ( INSULATED - 19mm th.Nitrile rubber with glass lined cloth) BORE WATER SUPPLY LINE BALL VALVE SOIL WASTE LINE NON RETURN VALVE WASTE WATER LINE MAIN DRAINAGE LINE BALL COCK RAIN WATER LINE PRESSURE REDUCIN FIRE LINE

LEGEND OF WATER SUPPLY LINE

PLUMBING (1 TO 5TH FLOOR)

C

BATH 1530 X 2100

O.D.U 04

BATH 1530 X 2100

C

Duct 01a

I.D.U -04

Duct 02b D

1217

02

1142

Duct 01b D O.D.U

150

D

O.D.U 03

1217

S

205 300

127

205

CASESTUDY

125

75

128

D

Duct 04a

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

C

C

C Duct 04c

D Duct 04b

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

C

E

BATH 1525 X 2220

C

Vent pipe

WASH 1525 X 1730

1

WASH 1525 X 1730

C

Vent pipe

BATH 1525 X 2220

E

C

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5195

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5195

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

I.D.U -02

UP

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

ENTRY

FOYER 3515 X 6120

ENTRY

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

I.D.U -01

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

STORE 1500 X 1615

STORE 1500 X 1615

O.D.U 01

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

STORE 1500 X 1615

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

8 PERSONS LIFT 2500 X 2050

STRETCHER LIFT 2500 X 2050

STORE 1500 X 1615

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

ENTRY

ENTRY

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5080

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5080

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

C

C

E

D Duct 03b

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

C

BATH 1525 X 2220

C

Vent pipe

WASH 1525 X 1845

WASH 1525 X 1845

Vent pipe

C

BATH 1525 X 2220

E

C

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

FALSE CEILING

COM.BATH

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

D

150

450

Duct 03a

C D

BATH 1530 X 2100

Section-S1

BATH 1530 X 2100

C

Duct 02a

C

02

Duct 01a

Duct 01a

Rain water pipe

C

D

375

D

205

02

Duct 01b D O.D.U

Duct 01b D O.D.U

1295

PLUMBING PIPE

Soil waste line waste water line

6th to 9th floor gravity D/T line 1st to 5th floor gravity D/T line Air went line

750

WASH

Vent pipe

Soil waste line waste water line

FALSE CEILING

E

BATH

1st to 5th floor gravity D/T line Air went line

6th to 9th floor gravity D/T line

135

NOTE : THIS DRAWING IS THE PROPERTY OF ENTERPRISE SHALL NOT BE USED FO PURPOSE WITHOUT OBTAINING PRIOR  IN CASE THERE IS ANY DISCREPANCY ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND OTH ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SHALL B  THE DISCREPANCY SHALL BE BROUG NOTICE OF THE CONSULTANT BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK.  ALL DIMENSIONS ARE TO BE READ AN MEASURED.  THIS DRAWING IS FOR PLUMBING DET  REFER STRUCTURE DWG. / DETAILS F CONSTRUCTION/ EXECUTION.

EXECUTION D

1 : 75

20/10/15

P 01b/R1

1302

SHALIN SKY Typical floor plan ( 6th to 9th fl

COPIES SENT TO Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Client approval - Hard copy Architect / Client approval - Hard copy Architect / Client approval - Soft copy

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

PHONE:(O) 2693 1105 EMAIL : apurvashah18@g

100 ft Anand nagar road, AHMEDABAD-380 051.

201, Pushpam Shopping Complex, Opp. Seema Hal

NO. 1 1 1 1 1

R.NO. DESCRIPTION R1 RWP, AC drain pipe & Balcony drain pipe added

REVISIONS:

110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIP 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIP 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIP 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) W/W PIP 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIP 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIP 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W PIP 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W AIR 110mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE 160mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type A Ring Fit) AIRVENT 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWA 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWA 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWA

P

MFT Multi Floor

PRESSURE R

C C1 C2 D E E1 F F1 G H VPA A1 A2 -

G GUBBY

BALL COCK

`P' TRAP

LEGEND:

MAIN DRAINAGE LINE RAIN WATER LINE FIRE LINE

PRESSURIZED ( TREATED )WATER SUPPLY LIN GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g PRESSURIZED ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - k GRAVITY ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g CONCEAL HOT WATER LINE( INSULATED- 9mm OPEN HOT WATER LINE ( INSULATED - 19mm th.Nitrile rubber with glass lin BORE WATER SUPPLY LINE BALL VALVE SOIL WASTE LINE NON RETUR WASTE WATER LINE

LEGEND OF WATER SUPPLY LINE

PLUMBING (5 TO 9TH FLOOR)

C

BATH 1530 X 2100

O.D.U 04

BATH 1530 X 2100

C

D

I.D.U -04

02

1217

I.D.U -03

1142

Duct 01a

O.D.U 03

1217

Duct 02b D

125

250 205

Duct 01b D O.D.U

400

S

205

CASESTUDY

75

C

O.D.U 04

129

D

Duct 04a

O.D.U 03

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

I.D.U -03

C

C

C

D Duct 04b

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

C

E

BATH 1525 X 2220

C

Vent pipe

C Duct 04c

WASH 1525 X 1730

WASH 1525 X 1730

C

Vent pipe

BATH 1525 X 2220

E

C

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

02

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5195

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5195

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

I.D.U -02

UP

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

ENTRY

FOYER 3515 X 6120

ENTRY

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

I.D.U -01

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

STORE 1500 X 1615

STORE 1500 X 1615

O.D.U 01

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

STORE 1500 X 1615

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

8 PERSONS LIFT 2500 X 2050

STRETCHER LIFT 2500 X 2050

STORE 1500 X 1615

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

ENTRY

ENTRY

VESTIBULE 1585 X 835

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5080

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5080

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

E

C

E

D Duct 03b

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

C

BATH 1525 X 2220

C

Vent pipe

WASH 1525 X 1845

C WASH 1525 X 1845

Vent pipe

C

BATH 1525 X 2220

C

C

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

D C

Duct 03a

Soil waste line waste water line

Air went line

1st to 5th floor gravity D/T line

6th to 9th floor gravity D/T line

D

Soil waste line waste water line

Air went line

1st to 5th floor gravity D/T line

BATH 1530 X 2100

C

135

6th to 9th floor gravity D/T line

BATH 1530 X 2100

Duct 02a

D

375

D

02

C

10th & 11th floor pressurize D/L line

Duct 01a

Rain water pipe

C

Duct 01a

Duct 01b D O.D.U

750

205

02

Duct 01b D O.D.U

1295

O.D.U

O.D.U

AC drain pipe

10th & 11th floor pressurize D/L line

NOTE : THIS DRAWING IS THE PROPERTY ENTERPRISE SHALL NOT BE USE PURPOSE WITHOUT OBTAINING P  IN CASE THERE IS ANY DISCREPA ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SHA  THE DISCREPANCY SHALL BE BR NOTICE OF THE CONSULTANT BE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK.  ALL DIMENSIONS ARE TO BE REA MEASURED.  THIS DRAWING IS FOR PLUMBING  REFER STRUCTURE DWG. / DETAI CONSTRUCTION/ EXECUTION.

BALL C PRESS

1 : 75

20/10/15

P 01c/R1

1302

SHALIN SKY Typical floor plan ( 10th fl

COPIES SENT TO Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Client approval - Hard copy Architect / Client approval - Hard copy Architect / Client approval - Soft copy

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

PHONE:(O) 2693 1105 EMAIL : apurvashah1

100 ft Anand nagar road, AHMEDABAD-380 0

201, Pushpam Shopping Complex, Opp. Seem

NO. 1 1 1 1 1

R.NO. DESCRIPTION R1 RWP, AC drain pipe & Balcony drain pipe

EXECUTIO

G GUBBY MFT Multi F 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/ 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/ 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/ 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) W/ 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/ 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/ 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/ 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/ 110mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAI 160mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAI 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type A Ring Fit) AI 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) R 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) R 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) R

`P' TRAP

REVISIONS:

C C1 C2 D E E1 F F1 G H VPA A1 A2 -

P

LEGEND:

MAIN DRAINAGE LINE RAIN WATER LINE FIRE LINE

PRESSURIZED ( TREATED )WATER SUPP GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LI GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LI PRESSURIZED ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LI GRAVITY ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE CONCEAL HOT WATER LINE( INSULATEDOPEN HOT WATER LINE ( INSULATED - 19mm th.Nitrile rubber with gl BORE WATER SUPPLY LINE BALL V SOIL WASTE LINE NON R WASTE WATER LINE

LEGEND OF WATER SUPPLY LINE

PLUMBING (10TH FLOOR)

C

BATH 1530 X 2100

I.D.U -04

BATH 1530 X 2100

D

Duct 01a

250

Duct 02b D

207

Duct 01b D O.D.U

400 205

CASESTUDY

130

D

D

V

POWDER ROOM 1235 X 1600

OPEN TERRACE 10275 X 4780

BATH 3050 X 1600

D Duct 04b

BUILDING LINE

BED ROOM # 1 4690 X 3330

BED ROOM # 1 4690 X 3330

UP

FORMAL LIVING 3200 X 4865

VESTIBULE 2460 X 1730

VESTIBULE 2460 X 1730

FORMAL LIVING 3200 X 4865

FOYER 3515 X 8020

FAMILY LIVING 3200 X 4865

STORE 1500 X 1615

LIFT 2500 X 2050

LIFT 2500 X 2050

STORE 1500 X 1615

FAMILY LIVING 3200 X 4865

OPEN BALCONY 3165 X 1535

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 6595

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 6595

E

C

BATH 1525 X 2220

C

E

D Duct 03b

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

C

BATH 1525 X 2220

C

WASH 1525 C X 1880

WASH 1525 X 1880

C

C

C

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

Soil waste line waste water line

Air went line

Duct 03a

D

BATH 1530 X 2100

Soil waste line waste water line

1st to 5th floor gravity D/T line Air went line

C

135

6th to 9th floor gravity D/T line

6th to 9th floor gravity D/T line

BATH 1530 X 2100

1st to 5th floor gravity D/T line

D

C

Duct 02a

D

1295

02

02

C

Duct 01a

10th & 11th floor pressurize D/L line Slotted FRP Channel

L Bend 2"

Duct 01a

375

D

205

Duct 01b D O.D.U

750

Duct 01b D O.D.U

O.D.U

O.D.U

AC drain pipe

10th & 11th floor pressurize D/L line

DESCRIPTION

1 : 75

10/09/15

P 02/R2

1302

SHALIN SKY Pent house plan (11 th.floor)

COPIES SENT TO Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Architect / Client approval - Soft copy Client approval - Hard copy Architect / Client approval - Hard copy

Whole dwg. revise Whole dwg. revise

Ap

At

Pr

EXECUTION DR

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

PHONE:(O) 2693 1105 EMAIL : apurvashah18@gmai

100 ft Anand nagar road, AHMEDABAD-380 051.

201, Pushpam Shopping Complex, Opp. Seema Hall

NO. 1 1 1 1

R.NO. R1 R2

REVISIONS:

110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) W/W PIPE 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) W/W PIPE 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIPE 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Self Fit) S/W PIPE 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W PIPE 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) S/W AIR V 110mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE PI 160mmØ uPVC FOAM CORE OR ECO DRAINAGE PI 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type A Ring Fit) AIRVENT PI 110mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATE 75mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATE 160mm OD uPVC (SWR -Type B Ring Fit) RAINWATE

MFT Multi Floor Tr `P' TRAP P

G GUBBY

PRESSURE RE

BALL COCK

C C1 C2 D E E1 F F1 G H VPA A1 A2 -

LEGEND:

WASTE WATER LINE MAIN DRAINAGE LINE RAIN WATER LINE FIRE LINE

PRESSURIZED ( TREATED )WATER SUPPLY LINEGRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g (6t GRAVITY ( TREATED ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g (1s PRESSURIZED ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - k GRAVITY ( RAW ) WATER SUPPLY LINE - g CONCEAL HOT WATER LINE( INSULATED- 9mm th.

OPEN HOT WATER LINE ( INSULATED - 19mm th.Nitrile rubber with glass lined BORE WATER SUPPLY LINE BALL VALVE SOIL WASTE LINE

LEGEND OF WATER SUPPLY LINE

NON RETURN V

NOTE : THIS DRAWING IS THE PROPERTY OF A ENTERPRISE SHALL NOT BE USED FOR PURPOSE WITHOUT OBTAINING PRIOR P  IN CASE THERE IS ANY DISCREPANCY BE ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND OTHE ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS SHALL BE F  THE DISCREPANCY SHALL BE BROUGHT NOTICE OF THE CONSULTANT BEFORE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK.  ALL DIMENSIONS ARE TO BE READ AND MEASURED.  THIS DRAWING IS FOR PLUMBING DETAI  REFER STRUCTURE DWG. / DETAILS FOR CONSTRUCTION/ EXECUTION.

PLUMBING (PENT HOUSE)

Duct 04a

BATH 3050 X 1600

OPEN TERRACE 10275 X 4780

Revise toilet location & room planing as per duct

POWDER ROOM 1235 X 1600

V

OPEN BALCONY 3165 X 1535

250

Duct 02b D

207

Duct 01a

Duct 01b D

ENTRY ENTRY

400 205

CASESTUDY

UP

RAMP

UP

UP

LIFT 2500 X 2050

LIFT 2500 X 2050

131 WWW.FLXBL.IN T +91 982 442 3333 E studio@flxbl.in

FLXBL DESIGN CONSULTANCY PVT. LTD. 304+305 GALA MART NEAR SOBO CENTER OFF S.P. RING ROAD SOUTH BOPAL (SOBO) AHMEDABAD 380 058. INDIA

FOYER 3515 X 6980

PUMP ROOM 2645 X 3720

DESIGNTECH

CONSULTANTS

U/g. water tank 1600 X 7545 X 3500 Mtr. 3350 Mtr. Liquid depth 44,000 liter

Openable shutter or Grill as per architect detail

UP

RAMP U/g. water tank for fire 3350 X 7545 X 3500 Mtr. 3350 Mtr. Liquid depth 84,000 liter

EXISTING BORE POINT

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

ELECTRICAL(BASEMENT)

132

M

AREA FOR SUBSTATION

50KVA DG SET

LAWN

6000 MM.WIDE INTERNAL ROAD

DUCT

COMPACT DUCT

COMPACT

PARKING AREA

COMPACT

DUCT

M

M

PARKING AREA

DUCT

M

M

M

M

COMPACT

COMPACT

M

M

COMPACT

COMPACT

M

M

M

M

M

UP

M

FOYER 3515 X 6980

LIFT 2500 X 2050

LIFT 2500 X 2050

PARKING AREA

WWW.FLXBL.IN T +91 982 442 3333 E studio@flxbl.in

FLXBL DESIGN CONSULTANCY PVT. LTD. 304+305 GALA MART NEAR SOBO CENTER OFF S.P. RING ROAD SOUTH BOPAL (SOBO) AHMEDABAD 380 058. INDIA

COMPACT

COMPACT

PARKING AREA

6000 MM.WIDE INTERNAL ROAD

M

M

M

6000 MM.WIDE INTERNAL ROAD

DUCT

DUCT

COMPACT

COMPACT

COMPACT

CHILDREN PLAY AREA

DESIGNTECH

CONSULTANTS

SECURITY CABIN

DUCT

DUCT

ENTRY

17112 [56'-2"] 1959 [6'-5"]

DN

EXISTING BORE POINT

RAMP 17898 [58'-9"]

COMPACT

1959 [6'-5"]

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

ELECTRICAL(GROUND)

BATH

133

O.D.U 04

O.D.U 04

DUCT

BATH 1530 X 2100

I.D.U -04

I.D.U -04

DUCT

03 O.D.U

BED ROOM # 2

I.D.U -03

BED ROOM # 3

BED ROOM # 2

I.D.U -03

BED ROOM # 3

DUCT

02 O.D.U

COM. BATH

BATH

WASH 1525 X 1730

1300 MM X 50 MM LANDING CUTOUT

1300 MM X 50 MM LANDING CUTOUT

WASH 1525 X 1730

BATH

COM. BATH

BED ROOM # 1

I.D.U -02

BED ROOM # 1

KITCHEN / DINING

KITCHEN / DINING

I.D.U -02

01 O.D.U

ENTRY

ENTRY

VESTIBULE

VESTIBULE

UP

I.D.U -01

BALCONY

LIVING ROOM

STORE

STORE

LIVING ROOM

O.D.U 01

BALCONY

VESTIBULE

ENTRY

ENTRY

VESTIBULE

O.D.U 01

01 O.D.U

LIVING ROOM

I.D.U -02

BED ROOM # 1

I.D.U -02

KITCHEN / DINING

KITCHEN / DINING

BED ROOM # 1

STRETCHER LIFT 2500 X 2050

8 PERSONS LIFT 2500 X 2050

STORE

LIVING ROOM

STORE

BALCONY

I.D.U -01

BALCONY

O.D.U 02

DUCT

02 O.D.U

COM. BATH

BATH

WASH 1525 X 1845

WASH

BATH

COM. BATH

WWW.FLXBL.IN T +91 982 442 3333 E studio@flxbl.in

FLXBL DESIGN CONSULTANCY PVT. LTD. 304+305 GALA MART NEAR SOBO CENTER OFF S.P. RING ROAD SOUTH BOPAL (SOBO) AHMEDABAD 380 058. INDIA

I.D.U -03

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

I.D.U -03

03 O.D.U

BED ROOM # 2

DUCT

BATH

DUCT

BATH 1530 X 2100

BED ROOM # 3

BED ROOM # 2

O.D.U 03

I.D.U -04 I.D.U -04

O.D.U 02

04 O.D.U 04 O.D.U

O.D.U 03

DESIGNTECH

CONSULTANTS

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

ELECTRICAL(TYPICAL FLOOR)

HDMI

134 WWW.FLXBL.IN T +91 982 442 3333 E studio@flxbl.in

FLXBL DESIGN CONSULTANCY PVT. LTD. 304+305 GALA MART NEAR SOBO CENTER OFF S.P. RING ROAD SOUTH BOPAL (SOBO) AHMEDABAD 380 058. INDIA

Set Top Box

CONSULTANTS

DESIGNTECH

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

300MM(W)x100MM(D) RCC WALL CUTOUT

01 S

3165

COMPACT

COMPACT

COMPACT

COMPACT

COMPACT

UP

1525

230

1850

FIRE SHAFT

COMPACT

3775

COMPACT

5080 RAMP

UP

2700

UP

FOYER 3515 X 6980

COMPACT

COMPACT

LIFT 2500 X 2050

LIFT 2500 X 2050

COMPACT

7500

3375

3765

UP

PUMP ROOM 2645 X 3720

3360

U/g. water tank 1600 X 7545 X 3500 Mtr. 3350 Mtr. Liquid depth 44,000 liter

COMPACT

Openable shutter or Grill as per architect detail

COMPACT

3790

COMPACT COMPACT COMPACT

COMPACT COMPACT COMPACT COMPACT COMPACT

3034

01 S

3500

135

02 S

RAMP PROFILE BEAM U/g. water tank for fire 3350 X 7545 X 3500 Mtr. 3350 Mtr. Liquid depth 84,000 liter

EXISTING BORE POINT

RAMP 02 S

1100

50

250

50

250

K.N.P I.PANCHAL NTS

DATE : DEALT BY : CHKD BY : SCALE :

NORTH



DRAWING NO.

J . K . ASSOCIATES

APPROVAL DRG. 02-07-2016

STATUS :



REV.

ARCHITECT'S SIGNATURE

FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES LAYOUT

DRAWING TITLE :

CLIENT'S SIGNATURE





150 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE

100 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S."C" CLASS PIPE(128RMT)

80 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE

65 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE

50 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(28 RMT)

40 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(22 RMT)

32 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(141 RMT)

25 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(140 RMT)

SPRINKLER(64 NOS.)

200 DIA. PIPE SLEEVE

NON RETURN VALVE

BUTTER FLY VALVE

TWO WAY FIRE BRIGADE INLET

FIRE YARD HYDRANT

WATER "CO2" TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

"DCP" FIRE EXTINGUISHER

FIRE HYDRANT

HOSE BOX ,HOSE PIPES & BRANCH PIPE

HOSE REEL

PUMP ON-OFF SWITCH

HOOTER



MANUAL CALL POINT 

200

350 750 200



1400

200

350 750

200

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

FIRE FIGHTING (BASEMENT)

3001

PARKING AREA

PLANTER

3050

900

2590

6000 MM.WIDE INTERNAL ROAD

TREE

1136

UP

1360

900

TREE

COMPACT

3050

900

1360

TREE

2590

SITTING

DUCT

COMPACT

2590

3050

PLANTER

COMPACT

M

M

M

M

M

900

TREE

1360

DUCT

PARKING AREA

M

M

M

M

M

230

230

M

M

3108

668

230

LVL.+1100 mm

300

COMPACT

LVL.+900 mm

1360

TREE 900

2590

3050

3050

PLANTER

2590

900

TREE

1360

3050

SITTING

2590

6000 MM.WIDE INTERNAL ROAD

M

LVL.+900 mm

PARKING AREA

SITTING

COMPACT

COMPACT

M

M

COMPACT

FIRE SHAFT

M

230

DUCT

945

COMPACT

1150 600

2080 1400 975 905

DUCT

900

TREE

1130

LVL.±75 mm

PLANTER

LVL.+975 mm

4960

DROP OFF ZONE 4960 X 1885

DUCT

PARKING AREA

SITTING

RAILING AS/DETAIL

COMPACT

COMPACT

LVL.+900 mm

COMPACT

PARKING AREA

DUCT

SITTING

LVL.+00.00 mm

LVL.+150 mm

LVL.+325 mm

LVL.+500 mm

LVL.+675 mm

LVL.+825 mm

COMPACT

COMPACT

COMPACT

2275

COMPACT

540 900

115 900 1260 230

6000 MM.WIDE INTERNAL ROAD

1550

LVL.+975 mm

SECURITY CABIN 1550 X 2050

LVL.+825 mm

DUCT

DUCT

2160

CHILDREN PLAY AREA

RAMP

4640

4640

17112 LVL.+825 mm

DN

230

LVL.±75 mm

900

PLANTER

1959

1959

EXISTING BORE POINT

RAMP 6917

136 600

230

1100

50

250

50

250

K.N.P I.PANCHAL NTS

DATE : DEALT BY : CHKD BY : SCALE :

NORTH



DRAWING NO.

J . K . ASSOCIATES

APPROVAL DRG. 02-07-2016

STATUS :



REV.

ARCHITECT'S SIGNATURE

FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES LAYOUT

DRAWING TITLE :

CLIENT'S SIGNATURE





150 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE

100 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S."C" CLASS PIPE(128RMT)

80 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE

65 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE

50 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(28 RMT)

40 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(22 RMT)

32 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(141 RMT)

25 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(140 RMT)

SPRINKLER(64 NOS.)

200 DIA. PIPE SLEEVE

NON RETURN VALVE

BUTTER FLY VALVE

TWO WAY FIRE BRIGADE INLET

FIRE YARD HYDRANT

WATER "CO2" TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

"DCP" FIRE EXTINGUISHER

FIRE HYDRANT

HOSE BOX ,HOSE PIPES & BRANCH PIPE

HOSE REEL

PUMP ON-OFF SWITCH

HOOTER



MANUAL CALL POINT 

200

350 750 200



1400

200

350 750

200

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

FIRE FIGHTING (GROUND FLOOR)

D2

-20mm ± 00mm

DUCT

V

BATH 1530 X 2100

W

W

-20mm ± 00mm

D2

BATH 1530 X 2100

V

I.D.U -04

W1

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

D2

DW

D1

D1

D2

DUCT

V

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

± 00mm -20mm

D2

BATH 1525 X 2220

V1

D1

-20mm ± 00mm

DW

WASH 1525 X 1730

1300 MM X 50 MM LANDING CUTOUT

1300 MM X 50 MM LANDING CUTOUT

D1

-20mm ± 00mm

WASH 1525 X 1730

V1

BATH 1525 X 2220

D2

± 00mm -20mm

D1

D1

V

O.D.U 02

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

DUCT

FIRE SHAFT

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

I.D.U -03

W1

W1

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5195

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5195

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

I.D.U -02

W1

STORE 1500 X 1615 D2

STORE 1500 X 1615

D2

O.D.U 01

D

ENTRY

VESTIBULE 1585 X 950

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

SD

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

UP

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

SD

D2

STORE 1500 X 1615 D2

8 PERSONS LIFT 2500 X 2050

STRETCHER LIFT 2500 X 2050

STORE 1500 X 1615

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

VESTIBULE 1585 X 950

D

ENTRY

ENTRY

ENTRY

FOYER 3515 X 6120

D

VESTIBULE 1585 X 950

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

SD

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

D

VESTIBULE 1585 X 950

LIVING ROOM 3200 X 4865

I.D.U -01

SD

BALCONY 2360 X 1535

W1

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5080

KITCHEN / DINING 3050 X 5080

BED ROOM # 1 3165 X 3050

W1

D2

V1

D2

D2

V

DUCT

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920

D1

D1

-20mm ± 00mm

D2

BATH 1525 X 2220

V1

WASH 1525 X 1845

DW

D1

D1

-20mm ± 00mm

WASH 1525 X 1845

DW

± 00mm -20mm

D1

DUCT

BATH 1525 X 2220

± 00mm -20mm

D1

V

COM. BATH 1295 X 1920 ± 00mm -20mm

DUCT

O.D.U 04

O.D.U 03

± 00mm -20mm ± 00mm -20mm

± 00mm -20mm

-20mm ± 00mm

-20mm ± 00mm ± 00mm -20mm

± 00mm -20mm -20mm ± 00mm

± 00mm -20mm

± 00mm -20mm

137 -20mm ± 00mm

W1

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 3 4400 X 3350

BED ROOM # 2 3940 X 3050

W1

W

W

DUCT

V

BATH 1530 X 2100

D2

± 00mm -20mm

± 00mm -20mm

D2

BATH 1530 X 2100

V

DUCT

150 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE

100 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S."C" CLASS PIPE(128RMT)

80 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE

65 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE

50 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(28 RMT)

40 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(22 RMT)

32 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(141 RMT)

25 MM Ø FIRE LINE - M.S. "C" CLASS PIPE(140 RMT)

SPRINKLER(64 NOS.)

200 DIA. PIPE SLEEVE

NON RETURN VALVE

BUTTER FLY VALVE

TWO WAY FIRE BRIGADE INLET

FIRE YARD HYDRANT

WATER "CO2" TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

"DCP" FIRE EXTINGUISHER

FIRE HYDRANT

HOSE BOX ,HOSE PIPES & BRANCH PIPE

HOSE REEL

NTS SCALE :

NORTH



DRAWING NO.

J . K . ASSOCIATES

I.PANCHAL

CHKD BY :

APPROVAL DRG.

K.N.P

02-07-2016

DATE : DEALT BY :

STATUS :



REV.

ARCHITECT'S SIGNATURE

FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES LAYOUT

DRAWING TITLE :

CLIENT'S SIGNATURE







HOOTER 

PUMP ON-OFF SWITCH

MANUAL CALL POINT 

CASESTUDY SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

CASESTUDY

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

138

CONCLUSION

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

11. CONCLUSION In the designing of any building it may be low rise or high rise services play a very important role in building. without services the building will not became a building. so with the designing of any structural building we have to design services accordingly.

World trade center, Mumbai and Shalin Sky, Ahmedabad is very good examples to understand the services in building. The building having all services like Electrical, plumbing, stair case, lift, fire fighting etc. We are eble to identify all the required services component installed in the building itself by doing a thorough study of all services system.

Throughout the whole study, we learned the importance of understanding how the building services component function and how to traslate our under standing into explanatation and diagrammatic form.

With the guidance of national building code, India I learned about building services. Their are many systems for services which may be applied in different manner.

Services in vertical building is easy to applied as compared to vertical building.

The designing of high rise building will reduces the scarcity of land. In today, their is a shortage of land so by making high rise building, we will decrease the demand for land.

Structural building with building services form a complete building.

139

REFERENCES

SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING

12. REFERENCES »» https://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9781856175555/02~Chapt er_1.pdF »» https://www.slideshare.net/SiddharthKhanna11/history-lecture-1 »» http://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB5047.pdf »» https://www.g-casa.com/conferences/zagreb/papers/Akram1-HighRise.pdf »» https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper »» https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_block »» https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_services »» National building code 2005 »» building services hand book »» Book: dissertation on high rise building, �rem �harma »» Book: thesis book of �rem �harma »» http://www.dailycivil.com/types-of-stairs/ »» timesaver standard for architectural data, seventh edition »» neufert architect data, 3rd edition »» www.issuu.com »» www.scribd.com »» www2.iccsafe.org/states/seattle/seattle_fire/PDFs/Chapter%2093.pdf »» www.shalinsky.in/ »» www.google.com

140