MEDIAN by Nicole Elman

M E DI A N 1

“...those living ‘on the street’ are perceived by socieyat-large as a ‘marginalized’ population. To live on the street is to be an ‘eye-sore,’ to be ostracized, to have nothing, to be nothing, to be invisible...”

The Architecture of Homelessness and Utopian Pragmatics Rae Bridgman

NIKKI ELMAN DESIGN THINKING SPRING 2016 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS instructor JONATHAN STITELMAN teaching assistant BEN ARENBERG 4

introduction

My investigation began with the idea of homelessness and, consequently, the street. The street is defined as one, the part of the city reserved for vehicles and, two, a word describing the homeless, those living on the street and who are nothing, who are invisible.

The site should be one that the homeless can take ownership over, but also one that does not disturb, and can even serve the community in which it is located. For this reason, the site should be located at the boundary of one or more neighborhoods.

The homeless challenge the social ideas of what streets are for. The majority of the population uses the street purely for circulation and transportation, while the homeless live in the streets--they sleep, eat, work, and gather there.

Three other criteria helped to locate this median. The first is the notion of deviation. The exisiting concentration of shelters and services support the idea that the homeless should be excluded, rather than instigate change by allowing them to integrate into the wider community.

Inclusion and ownership would help the homeless to assimilate with society. With these ideas in mind, I began to question: if we take ownership over the city that the homeless move through, is there a way to give the homeless a sense of moral ownership over the streets that we move through? This led to my investigation of street and site. It became evident that, even though the roadways, and sidewalks, even the street furniture and trees, are all owned by some city entity, the medians are essentially unclaimed. With this, the median presented itself as a favorable type of site to locate my proposal.

The key objective in defining a program is that it needs to address homelessness as well as have to ability to serve the greater Clayton community. My research identified the most significant struggle of homelessness to be one of substance abuse. Similarly, substance abuse is a prominent concern for the majority of the incarcerated in the St. Louis County Jail--regardless of the nature of their convitction--only a half mile from the site.

The second and third criteria both regard accessibility. It was important for the site to have access to essential resources in order to have equal opportunity to acclimate.

With all of this in mind, I have decided to propose a substance abuse treatment facility with both inpatient and outpatient services, as well as an emergency shelter. The program can be separated into three main categories: support, residence, and recreation. Each of these program types require different levels of visibility within the building and within the larger context.

Ultimately, Clayton emerged as the ideal location for the project site, specifically at the perceived boundary between downtown and residential Clayton, where Brentwood Boulevard passes underneath Forest Park Parkway. It is situated against the elevated Forest Park Parkway and slopes down to Walinca Drive.

The sectional nature of the site has the ability to address these different levels of visibility along with the original idea of street ownership for the homeless. The residential areas can serve as either a literal or metaphorical extension of the street, while the recreation or public spaces can occupy the unclaimed median. 5

street (n.): a public road in a city or town, typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides the part of a city reserved for vehicles the roads or public areas of a city or town denoting someone who is homeless

Merriam-Webster

homeless (n.): a person sleeping in a place not meant for human habitation or living in a homeless emergency shelter

US Department of Housing and Urban Development

chronically homeless person (n.): an unaccompanied individual with a disabling condition who has been continuously homeless for a year or more an unaccompanied individual with a disabling condition who has had at least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years

US Department of Housing and Urban Development

st. louis’ chronically homeless

GENERAL POPULATION 314,800

CHRONICALLY HOMELESS POPULATION 1,861 (0.6%)

NO SHELTER / ON STREETS 1,563 (84%)

IN SHELTER

AGES 31-50

HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA / GED

AGE BELOW 31 OR ABOVE 50

St. Louis City Department of Human Services St. Louis County Department of Human Services The Homeless Service Providers Network

NO HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION

st. louis’ chronically homeless CHRONICALLY HOMELESS POPULATION 1,861

CHRONICALLY HOMELESS WITH DISABILITIES 1,750 (94%) 14

57%

40%

St. Louis City Department of Human Services St. Louis County Department of Human Services The Homeless Service Providers Network

L BI H E ALT H DIS A

40%

L BI ISA E A LT H D

A C E A B U S E DIS

AL H

NT AL

YS IC

UB ST AN

st. louis’ chronically homeless CHRONICALLY HOMELESS SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISABILITIES 1,060 (57%)

NEED PERMANENT SUPPORTIVE HOUSING 195 (11%)

NEED OUTPATIENT/TRANSITIONAL ASSISTANCE 628 (34%)

St. Louis City Department of Human Services St. Louis County Department of Human Services The Homeless Service Providers Network

SLEEP 18

WORK CIRCULATE

LIVE

â&#x20AC;&#x153;For many homeless people, their lives are dispersed up and down the urban streets. Streets are not only streets, axes for the orderly circulation and storage of vehicles or pedestrian walks...â&#x20AC;?

The Architecture of Homelessness and Utopian Pragmatics Rae Bridgman

“The homeless, however, challenge social ideas of what streets are for and how we use them. Streets are the hallways and dwelling places for those who are homeless. The ‘dining room’ is in a church basement near the corner of Queen Street and Bathurst. The ‘laundry room’ is several blocks down at the local laundromat. The ‘living room’ and ‘TV room’ are at the corner bar. The ‘bedroom’ is at whatever hostel has room that night, or on the corner by the bank. The site of ‘work,’ begging, is uptown on Bloor Street at Yonge Street near the commercial towers and fine shops.”

The Architecture of Homelessness and Utopian Pragmatics Rae Bridgman

If we take ownership over the city that the homeless move through, is there a way to give the homeless a sense of moral ownership over the streets that we move through?

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Moral ownership derives from patterns of sociability that are learned and reinforced in everyday actions, and become symbols of inclusion. Together, actions and symbols create a sense that certain groups own the street, although their sense of inclusion often signifies the exclusion of others. Moral ownership is most empowering for groups who are excluded from mainstream society and unable to access economic ownership.â&#x20AC;? Global Cities, Local Streets: Everyday Diversity from New York to Shanghai Sharon Zukin

Permits for Construction on Sidewalks or in Roadway

Streets Department, City Council

Street Lighting Streets Department

Sidewalk Maintenance and Repair Property Owners

Street Trees Parks and Recreation Water Division

Sidewalks Streets Department City Council

Fire Hydrants Fire Department

Street Furniture Streets Department City Council

Traffic Control and Roadway Repair Streets Department

MEDIAN

Utilities Public Utilities Department 26

who owns the streets?

median (n.): medians serve three primary purposes: to separate opposing traffic, to provide space for planting, and to provide refuge for pedestrians who are crossing the road they can be effective at humanizing the scale of a street, softening an urban environment, and creating a sense of importance

Streetscape Manual - Urban Design - City Planning | City of Toronto

â&#x20AC;&#x153;...not to suggest that the built environment can determine social behavior, rather that the built environment reflects certain values and in turn reinforces those in a somewhat circular fashion.â&#x20AC;?

The Architecture of Homelessness and Utopian Pragmatics Rae Bridgman

THRIFT STORES MEAL PROVIDERS HOMELESS SERVICES HOMELESS SHELTERS

site considerations

DEVIATION

ACCESSIBILITY

WALKABILITY

site considerations

DEVIATION

ACCESSIBILITY

WALKABILITY

“One of the key problems here...is that traditional fund-raising images... elicit sympathy, but not solidarity. Under the guise of bringing people closer together they force them further apart, increasing the psychological distance between donor and recipient, and reinforcing the conviction of separateness that lies at the root of our failure to act.” Michael Edwards and Gita Sen “NGOs, Social Change, and the Transformation of Human Relationships: a 21st Century Civic Agenda”

Offering assistance to the homeless results in a failed effort when they continue to be treated as “other.” In order for real change to occur, for real progress to be made, the homeless must be treated more equally to the rest of the population. The cycle must be broken, and help must take a new form. Segregating the homeless by offering shelters and services only downtown and North St. Louis--otherwise essentially vacant locations--does not give them an equal opportunity to acclimate. The homeless should be treated as part of a community to give them, not only a sense of belonging, but a sense of moral ownership and encouragement for improving their own conditions. Consequently, the site should be located in a place currently devoid of any shelters or services.

site considerations

DEVIATION

ACCESSIBILITY

WALKABILITY

In order to have equal opportunity, the homeless must have access to the same resources--jobs, stores, education, etc.--as the rest of the population. While the homeless do not have the same luxuries, for example, cars, as the economically stable, they should have access to the same essential needs. As the homeless are generally dependent on public transit, the site must be located in close proximity to a major transit junction; that is, one with a metro stop as well as at least four different bus lines, in order to be able to easily reach the majority of the St. Louis area.

site considerations

DEVIATION

ACCESSIBILITY

WALKABILITY

The homeless need equal opportunity. For that reason, the site must be located within a one mile radius of a major public transit junction. Additionally, within this one mile radius there must be an above average public education system, a grocery store, and other significant city-like amenities. In order to break this enduring cycle, the homeless cannot continuously be segregated in areas devoid of these essential needs and tools for growth.

site selection

1 MILE

The site should be one of which the homeless can take ownership over, but also one that the residents of the communities are not disturbed by. As it is already evident that the homeless population live and work in the street that we use solely as a means of transportation and circulation, it seems ideal for the site to be located in the street--specifically a median between lanes of opposing traffic, a triangle of leftover space from the intersection of two non-perpendicular street grids, or some other leftover street space representative of this idea. Ideally, the identified site will fall at the boundary of one or more neighborhoods, allowing the homeless to feel a part of a thriving community. In addition, the site should have the potential and proximity to accommodate a program that can serve these adjacent communities.

site selection

CLAYTON

RICHMOND HEIGHTS

BRENTWOOD 1 MILE

“...a sustainable, welcoming community comprised of desirable neighborhoods, attractive green space, diverse artistic, cultural and recreational opportunities and a multi-modal transportation system, all of which foster a safe, healthy, and enriched quality of life. ...ensures its long-term viability as a thriving community and premier destination by developing and leveraging strategic relationships. Clayton leads and fosters collaboration among public, private and non-profit entities for the greater good of the community...”

“...a community of diverse population of people from all walks of life; a wide array of well-maintained and attractive homes in established, desirable neighborhoods; quality public and private schools, and high quality municipal services. Everything we do is aimed at ensuring our city’s future viability while maintaining the traditional character...”

“...known as the “City of Warmth” to residents because of its small town charm and friendly atmosphere. Brentwood is a full service community that provides fully staffed police and fire departments, city owned and operated residential trash and curbside recycling services, and licensing and permitting. With its housing quality and variety, beautiful neighborhoods, ample parks and walking trails, top notch city services and great central location, the quality of life in Brentwood is unsurpassed in the region.

site selection [ boundary ]

CLAYTON

RICHMON D HEIGHTS

BRENTWOOD

1 MILE

CLAYTON DOWNTOWN

PERCEIVED BOUNDARY

CLAYTON RESIDENTIAL

CLAYTON

site selection [ context ]

ST. LOUIS COUNTY LIBRARY

CLAYTON HIGH SCHOOL

ST. LOUIS COUNTY JAIL

PARK

ST. LOUIS COUNTY JUVENILE DETENTION CENTER MERAMAC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 1 MILE

AMMENIT

RESIDENTIAL

CLAYTON

site selection [ context ]

ST. LOUIS COUNTY JAIL

1 MILE

d Bouleva

EA TM

86%

C AR

NS Missouri Department of Corrections

INC

y AT IO

16%

arkwa

D R E Q UI RIN G

Park P

RA TE

Forest TR

C AR R E L AT E D I N C

Brentwoo

NC E

ENT

site analysis [ context ]

K PK

PAR REST

CLAYTON

LVD

1 MILE

METRO STATION access PUBLIC SCHOOL education RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY residential JUVINILE DETENTION CENTER support PUBLIC PARK recreation 02

site analysis [ quality ]

medians serve three primary purposes: to separate opposing traffic, to provide space for planting, and to provide refuge for pedestrians who are crossing the road they can be effective at humanizing the scale of a street, softening an urban environment, and creating a sense of importance

site analysis [ quality ]

sec ti [ sit on 04 e ad jace nt

sec ti [ th on 02 rou gh site ]

sec ti [ sit on 01 e ad jace nt

sec tion 03 [ th rou gh site ]

]

FOREST PARK PARKWAY @ BRENTWOOD BOULEVARD 0 56

]

sec ti [ sit on 05 e ad jace nt

]

SHAW PARK DRIVE, FOREST PARK PARKWAY + MERAMEC SCHOOL 0 SHAW PARK DRIVE, FOREST PARK PARKWAY, MERAMEC SCHOOL PROPERTY + WALINCA DRIVE 20%

SHAW PARK DRIVE, FOREST PARK PARKWAY, SITE + WALINCA DRIVE 28% SHAW PARK DRIVE, FOREST PARK PARKWAY, SITE + WALINCA DRIVE 12.5%

site analysis [ ownership ] Commercial Buildings, Property Owners

Strees & Sidewalks, Streets Department & City Council 58

Homes & Yards, Property Owners

site analysis [ access ]

EXISTING ACCESS TO SITE PROPOSED ACCESS TO SITE 60

POTENTIAL ADDITION TO SITE

site analysis [ occupancy ]

CONNECTION BELOW

60,000 SQFT 30,000 SQFT

MAT-BUILDING CAMOUFLAGED

CONNECTION ABOVE

60,000 SQFT 45,000 SQFT 30,000 SQFT 15,000 SQFT

MID-RISE BUILDING VISIBILE

program

SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT FACILITY

a facility to promote health, recovery, and community; inpatient and outpatient services; affordable housing and emergency shelter; servicing recently liberated prisoners and the chronically homeless; rejecting ‘otherness’ and encouraging inclusion

RESIDENTIAL

SUPPORT

RECREATION

Individual Bedrooms Communal Sleeping Room Communal Laundry Communal Kitchen + Dining Communal Living Individual Counseling Rooms Group Therapy Rooms Educational Spaces Adminisrative Offices

Gym + Sports Space Undefined Communal Space

program [ visibility ]

sensitivity

support

IN CONTEXT

IN BUILDING

residential privacy

ownership, pride

community

residential

recreation

support

community, reflection

teamwork

precedents DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

CONTEXT

HIGHWAY ADJACENT NARROW/TRIANGULAR SITE SENSITIVE BOUNDARY

PROGRAM

SUPPORT RESIDENTIAL RECREATION

VISIBILITY

LANDMARK CAMOUFLAGE

PROYECTO HOMBRE Elsa Urquijo

METROPOLITAN CORRECTION CENTER Harry Weese

BUD CLARK COMMONS Holst Architecture

23 EAST 22ND STREET Office For Metropolitan Architecture

MAGGIE’S CENTRE FIFE Zaha Hadid

VANCOUVER HOUSE Bjarke Ingels Group

PROYECTO HOMBRE | Elsa Urquijo

EDUCATION 1,500 SF RESIDENTIAL 3,000 SF

PUBLIC + RECREATIONAL 16,500 SF

OUTPATIENT THERAPY + ADMINISTRATION 14,000 SF 71

BUD CLARK COMMONS | Holst Architecture

RESIDENTIAL 83,000 SF

EDUCATION + RESOURCES 23,000 SF

PUBLIC + RECREATIONAL 8,000 SF

OUTPATIENT THERAPY + ADMINISTRATION 6,000 SF

MAGGIE’S CENTRE FIFE | Zaha Hadid

OUTPATIENT THERAPY + ADMINISTRATION 600 SF

CUT

PUBLIC SPACE MEDIAN CIRCULATE

BUILDING FOOTPRINT

EDUCATION 700 SF

PUBLIC + RECREATIONAL 550 SF

METROPOLITAN CORRECTIONAL CENTER | Henrey Weese

RESIDENTIAL 5,000 SF (PER FLOOR)

PUBLIC SPACE MEDIAN

CIRCULATE

CUT

BUILDING FOOTPRINT

PUBLIC + RECREATIONAL 2,250 SF (PER FLOOR)

23 EAST 22ND STREET | Office for Metropolitan Architecture

ENLARGED SURFACE 7,000 SF

FOR VIEWS + CLEARANCE OF ADJACENT BUILDINGS

SITE + BUILDING FOOTPRINT 3,500 SF

VANCOUVER HOUSE | Bjarke Ingels Group

PUBLIC SPACE MEDIAN

50’

BUILDING FOOTPRINTS

50’

program

SUPPORT 24,000 SF

RESIDENTIAL 24,000 SF

RECREATION 12,000 SF

Individual Bedrooms Communal Sleeping Room RESIDENTIAL

SUPPORT

Communal Laundry

x 50

7,500 SF

10,000 SF 7,500 SF

500 SF

Communal Kitchen + Dining

3,000 SF

Communal Living

3,000 SF

Individual Counseling Rooms

250 SF

x 30

7,500 SF

Group Therapy Rooms

500 SF

x 15

7,500 SF

Educational Spaces Administrative + Consulting Offices

RECREATION

200 SF

3,000 SF 200 SF

3,000 SF x 30

6,000 SF

Gym + Sports Space

6,000 SF

Undefined Communal Space

6,000 SF

60,000 SF 83

application

POTENTIAL ADDITION TO SITE

support

IN CONTEXT

IN BUILDING

residential

residential recreation

recreation support

RECREATION

community, reflection

visible to community embedded areas with low visibilty

SUPPORT

sensitivity, teamwork

embedded in site and hidden from community visibile to recreation area

RESIDENTIAL

ownership, pride, privacy

adjacent to residential neighbohood separation from recreation area

WALINCA DRIVE

FOREST PARK PARKWAY

application

POTENTIAL ADDITION TO SITE

RECREATION

SUPPORT

STRETCH

EXTENSION OF STREET

SHIFT

RESIDENTIAL

MEDIAN

EXTENSION OF STREET 87

application

MEDIAN

EXTENSION OF STREET

WALINCA DRIVE

FOREST PARK PARKWAY

“The homeless, however, challenge social ideas of what “One of the key problems here...is that traditional streets are for and how we use them. Streets are the hallways fund-raising images... elicit sympathy, but not solidarity. Under the guise of bringing people closer together they force and dwelling places for those who are homeless. The them further apart, increasing the psychological distance between donor and recipient, ‘dining room’ is in a church basement near theseparateness corner of and reinforcing the conviction of that lies at the root of our failure to act.” Queen Street and Bathurst. The ‘laundry room’ is several blocks down at the local laundromat. The ‘living room’ and ‘TV room’ are at the corner bar. The ‘bedroom’ is at whatever hostel has room that night, or on the corner by bank.beThe The the site should one of which the homeless can take ownership over, but also one that the residents site of ‘work,’ begging, is uptown on Bloor Street at Yonge of the communities are not disturbed by. As it is Street near the commercial towers and fine shops.” already evident that the homeless population live

and work in the street that we use solely as a means of transportation and circulation, it seems ideal for the site to be located in the street--specifically a traffic, a triangle median between lanes of opposing traffic of leftover space from the intersection of two non-perpendicular street grids, or some other leftover street space representative of this idea. Ideally, the identified site will fall at the boundary of one or more neighborhoods, allowing the homeless to feel a part of a thriving community. In addition, the site should have the potential and proximity to accommodate a program that can serve these adjacent communities.

conclusion

If we take ownership over the city that the homeless move through, is there a way to give the homeless a sense of moral ownership over the streets that we move through?

text and data resources Amster, Randall. "Patterns of Exclusion: Sanitizing Space, Criminalizing Homelessness." Social Justice 30.1 (91), Race, Security & Social Movements (2003): 195-221. JSTOR. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Bud Clark Commons / Holst Architecture." ArchDaily. N.p., 06 Dec. 2011. Web. 1 Apr. 2016. Bridgman, Rae. "The Architecture of Homelessness and Utopian Pragmatics." Utopian Studies 9.1 (1998): 50-67. JSTOR. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Desjarlais, Robert. "Review: Some Causes and Cultures of Homelessness." American Anthropologist 98.2 (1996): 420-25. JSTOR. Web. 25 Jan. 2016 Edwards, Michael, and Gita Sen. “NGOS, Social Change and the Transformation of Human Relationships: A 21st-century Civic Agenda”. Third World Quarterly 21.4 (2000): 605–616. Zukin, Sharon. Global Cities, Local Streets: Everyday Diversity from New York to Shanghai. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015. Print. "C the Future - Clayton's Strategic Planning Process." City of Clayton Missouri. N.p., 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 20 Mar. 2016. "City of Brentwood Community Profile." Brentwood, Missouri: City of Warmth. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2016. Lombardi, George A., Director. A Profile of the Institutional and Supervised Offender Population on June 30, 2012. Rep. State of Missouri Department of Corrections, 30 June 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2016. "Maggie's Centre Fife." Zaha Hadid Architects. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2016. Mitchell, Don. "The End of Public Space? People's Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85.1 (1995): 108-33. JSTOR. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Morris, Chris. "Metropolitan Correctional Center." Chicago Modern More Than Mies. N.p., 19 Mar. 2012. Web. 1 Apr. 2016. "Proyecto Hombre / Elsa Urquijo Arquitectos." ArchDaily. N.p., 03 Oct. 2014. Web. 1 Apr. 2016. "Streetscape Manual - Urban Design - City Planning | City of Toronto." Streetscape Manual - Urban Design - City Planning | City of Toronto. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. Ten Year Plan to End Chronic Homelessness. Rep. Department of Human Services, 21 July 2010. Web. 20 Feb. 2016. Welcome From the Mayor." City of Richmond Heights. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2016. Williams, Jean Calterone. "The Politics of Homelessness: Shelter Now and Political Protest." Political Research Quarterly 58.3 (2005): 497-509. JSTOR. Web. 25 Jan. 2016.

image resources African Woman Chopping Vegetables. N.d. Fotosearch. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Bar Room Diaries. 2013. Bar Room Diaries. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Bettmann. Homeless Newsboys Sleep Huddled in a Corner. 1900. Manhattan. Getty Images. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. BIG. 2013. Skyscraper City. Web. 6 Apr. 2016. Duncan. Maggie's Centre. 2006. Flickr. Web. 6 Apr. 2016. Chandigarh Bypass Phagwara. N.d. Panoramio. By Google Maps. Web. 6 Feb. 2016. Chia, Ronnie. Save Download Preview Homeless Senior Man Sleeping On Park Bench. 2012. Montreal. Bigstock. Web. 16 Jan. 2016. Clothes at the Laundromat. N.d. Pixbam. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Elsa Urquijo Arquitectos. 2012. Spain. ArchDaily. Web. 6 Apr. 2016. Emmanuel Hernandez, G. The Metropolitan Correctional Center. 2006. Chicago. Flickr. Web. 6 Apr. 2016. Homeless in Manhattan. 2005. New York. Wandering Hillbilly. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Kudrin, Andrew. 2011. St. Petersburg. Wikimedia Commons. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Kuforiji, Anne. Day 9: Waiting â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Mark 10:46-51. N.d. Thisisami. Web. 6 Feb. 2016. l i g h t p o e t. Housework: Young Woman Doing Laundry. N.d. Shutterstock. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Matesvilela. E Eu Me Lembro De Nos Dois Juntos Deitados Na Sua Cama. N.d. Since Ever... Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Marangi, Leonardo. Dark Alley. 2014. Flickr. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Monkey Business. Happy Family Having Roast Chicken Dinner at Table. N.d. Deposit Photos. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. OMA. N.d. ArchDaily. Web. 6 Apr. 2016. Pet and Home Care Cleaning Services. N.d. House Cleaning Services | Pet and Home Care. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Pichaya V. (Zolashine). Cpt. Kirk, the Soulful Homeless Man. N.d. Flickr. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Powell, Noel. Cars Race By on a Busy City Street. N.d. 123RF. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Pressmaster. Photo of a Girl Looking Attentively and Pointing. N.d. Shutterstock. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Proimos, Alex. Homeless Man. 2012. PsyPost. Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Schoolmaster, Sally. 2011. Portland. ArchDaily. Web. 6 Apr. 2016. Szukalski, Ted. Joy. 2008. Tales of Cheets. Web. 6 Feb. 2016. Tyler, Keith. Seattle Street Performer, Pacific Place. 2007. Flickr. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Weight Watchers. 2014. Kidspot. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Weingap, Seth. 2016. Manhattan. Daily News. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. WISEGEEK. N.d. Office Planning Group. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Woman Doing Laundry. N.d. Masterfile. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. Yuelet, Cathy. Elderly Couple Enjoying Meal. N.d. 123RF. Web. 2 Feb. 2016. 93

NIKKI ELMAN DESIGN THINKING SPRING 2016 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS instructor JONATHAN STITELMAN teaching assistant BEN ARENBERG