Oasis Institute, for youth orientation and self development by nimisha drolia

OASIS INSTITUTE

INTRODUCTION

OASIS INSTITUTE

PROJECT : OASIS INSTITUTE, at Vadodara.

The Oasis Movement is all about the propagation of certain concepts and lifestyle for development of better human-beings and a better society. Oasis Valleys will be the first of Oasis institutions in India, and probably the first ever informal university of character building. "Oasis" means a fertile, green and lush watery region in dry and plain desert ! The movement was originated in Gujarat, India and at present spreading the concepts of Character Building, Self Leadership, Values & Principles of Living meaningful life in various parts of the world. It is a model where Ideals for the best of life are practiced. Construction, Utilization of Natural & Energy Resources, Agriculture, Animal Rearing or simply living there. Oasis Valleys is a Project of O.A.S.I.S. Trust to create a sustainable Model institution for Nation Building. It is a Social Partnerships to create better human beings, better organizations, better society, better Nations!... Area : 13.5 Acres ( around 54791.54 sq.mt) Land Type : Contour Land Location : At Village Mandva, Near Chandod, Tal. Dabhoi,Dist. Vadodara Land Ownership : Dr. Pallavi Raulji, Core Team Member of Oasis

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JUSTIFICATION: In this fast and modern world man has lost all his values. In the race of money, fame and power he has forgotten the right way to live life. There is frustration, ill health, unhealthy competition, anger everywhere. Man has no time to sit and think where is he going…..what is he doing…… with increasing pressure at work, society, he neglects his family, friends and most of all himself. Today youth needs right guidance to realize his true potential and correct path of life. This institute is an organization which deals in such issues. It does not talk about any religion, caste or culture…. Rather it talks only about RIGHT WAY of living, which all of us know, but somehow have forgotten. They want people to realize, and orient them to the values we all have. Thus this institute has a very positive role to play for the society development.

SCOPE OF WORK: Understanding of the essential character of the proposed institution based on individual interpretations from analysis of influence of location, climate, topography, culture, and technology on the institution, as well as the client organization’s own philosophy. •Context •Hierarchy and spatial order, •Clarity of structural system, •Material and technology suited to the character of the institute, • Immediate landscape

and

There are two major parts of the institute based the kind of activities within the institute – the ‘learning’ part and the ‘living’ part. The focus is on gaining an understanding of the basic philosophy of the Oasis Movement and then arriving at design solutions based on individual interpretations from analysis of various relevant issues. The most important issue involved in this project is that of evolving a befitting character of the institution through an appropriate architectural language. Architecturally the site with high contours and different land profile makes it very interesting. Then there is a scope of creativity in understanding the values of the institute and interpretating it in architectural language. There is huge scope in other parts as well as the institute deals with organic agriculture, green architecture, sustainability…. Thus giving opportunity to understand many aspects which should be known and followed by all of us.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE THE PROJECT: Project Values •Sustainability •WOW Feeling (Fantastic Ambience) •Functional Architectural and Design Values •Oneness with Nature •Transparency •Articulates with the Philosophy of Oasis •Flexibility for Growth Possibilities •Contextual •Hygienic/ Cleanliness •Innovative, Energy Efficient •Low Capital Cost Construction •Simplicity •Honesty •Transparency •To create a unique multi-sector model for a better society through entrepreneurship in social development. •To create a live emblem of utilization of natural resources – be it soil, water, sun, wind...and the first and most important amongst all – Humans! •It aims at transformation of people into contributive citizens (who willingly contribute collectively for social / national development)

REASON FOR SELECTING THE PROJECT: In this fast and modern world man has lost all his values. In the race of money, fame and power he has forgotten the right way to live life. There is frustration, ill health, unhealthy competition, anger everywhere. Man has no time to sit and think where is he going…..what is he doing…… with increasing pressure at work, society, he neglects his family, friends and most of all himself. Today youth needs right guidance to realize his true potential and correct path of life. This institute is an organization which deals in such issues. It does not talk about any religion, caste or culture…. Rather it talks only about RIGHT WAY of living, which all of us know, but somehow have forgotten. They want people to realize, and orient them to the values we all have. Another reason being the huge scope in the site and the project which will help me have an exposure to various issues, and the experience will help little self development. 4

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"Oasis" means a fertile, green and lush watery region in dry and plain desert ! Oasis Movement is propagation of various concepts and lifestyle for development of better human-being and better society. The movement was originated in Gujarat, India and at present spreading the concepts of Character Building, Self Leadership, Values & Principles of Living meaningful life in various parts of the world.

Oasis Movement is a group of Organisations. Oasis Organisations are either Proprietorship / Partnership Organisations or Public Charitable Trusts but they are all essentially Missionary Organisations. Missionary Organisations means – whether these are profit or non-profit organisations, they use all their energy, resources to achieve the objectives of Oasis Movement. Some People believe that Oasis programs are about how to live better, how to improve relationships etc. - but not about Productivity & Profitability of Individuals & Organisations. We usually think that •We can ignore the fact that people have heart. •Productivity has nothing to do with heart. •People's general unhappiness does not affect productivity. •People's unhappiness is usually because of lack of money & incentives (and not because of relationships with beloved ones) •We can "buy" people or control them/their productivity inspite of their unhappiness. •They will be loyal / fully dedicated to us evenif we do not bother about their unhappiness. However, at Oasis, we believe that •Happiness is something all people want. •Their happiness depends upon their paradigms, way of thinking & primarily on their relationships with beloved ones. •They work better when they are happy. •It is essential that they work whole-heartedly in the organisation. •They will be grateful to the organisation, if organisation teaches them this happiness unconditionally. Loyalty, Dedication, Productivity & Efficiency go hand-in-hand towards the sources of gratefulness. •Life is quite unpredictable! However at Oasis, we believe that helping an individual (including his family/relationships) is the best bet to ensure the growth of organisation in the long term! •It is wisdom that builds an organisation in the long term. 6

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Following are the Organisations of Oasis Group : 1.

Oasis Self Leadership Education for Community Development (Proprietory Firm) For Propagation of self-development through scientific concepts taught through workshops for individuals, families & organisations Also publishes relevant books & Literature Major Projects on Hand : Workshop on Self Leadership, Learning to Love, Family & Organisation Building, Partnership Projects for Positive change, Oasis Publication

2. Oasis a university of Love, Life & Friendship for youth (Proprietory Firm) For propagation of concepts amongst Youths & Children and for doing other supportive activities of self-development To transform Youths into sensitive Citizens of the Nation through various sensitization programs & processes Major Projects on Hand : The Oasis Shop, Oasis Publications, Indian Young Leadership Development Program 3. Oasis Continuous Health Movement (Partnership Firm) For propagation of self-rejuvenation throughâ&#x20AC;Ś Healthy Lifestyle, Yoga, Alternative Therapies etc. Major Activities : Yoga Classes for Youths, Housewives & Citizens, Self Rejuvenation 4. Oasis A Selfless International Society (Public Charitable Trust) This is for the propagation of all the above activities in the masses who can not afford the professional charges. It is carried out by harnessing & co-ordinating voluntary contribution by people in the form time, energy, donations, goodwill etc. The Registration no. of Trust is. E â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 4706 / BRD. Donations are accepted under 80G of Income Tax Exemption & FCRA Certificate. Latest Audit Reports are available upon request. Major Projects on hand : Oasis Valleys - Creation of sustainable model training institute, Health services at Slum of Bangalore, Adolescence Health Education Program, Self Leadership Workshops, Training the trainers for Character Building workshops 7

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This is a unique, rare program that systematically helps for wholistic growth. In fact, these are powerfully inspiring programmes for people who want to develop themselves and live a meaningful life. The processes designed herein are based on research of 15-17 years in the field of Leadership Development. While the programme addresses prime concerns of every human being, the practices are not quick fixes, they are proven practices based on Laws of Nature/ Principles of Life. This is workshop in truest sense. The environment at workshop facilitates Introspection & brings out the deeper values of the better self within. The high level of participant satisfaction achieved can be attributed to the fact that this is a highly participative programme including experimental learning. The deep psycho-spiritual concepts are taught by scientific processes.

1. It is an educational process. It is a process to bring out the inherent potential of a person that is lying within him/ her-deep rooted values and principles of life. 2. No lecture delivery, ‘workshop’ in true sense. As in workshop the ‘raw material’ metamorphoses into a different and ‘finished shape’ after the process[es], similarly, in Oasis workshop people are transformed for better through experiential learning, practices, sharing. 3. Oasis believes in integrity. So, only those things are taught by Oasis, which are practiced by it. 4. It is always a mutual learning process for the facilitator[s] of the workshop and the learners. Life is very vast and everybody has some unique and positive things to share with others. 5. Oasis believes in“Treat a man as he is and he will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can be and should be and he will become as he can and should be.” 6. All the participants of the workshop are educated to educate others Participants of Oasis workshops always attend it in the capacity of teachers/Leaders. The concepts they learn in the workshop must be shared by them with other people in a defined, short span of time. Every individual would love to teach what [s] has learnt and benefited from. They are affirmed when they do so. 7. All the participants are empowered to teach others. Participants will feel worthy when they contribute in the growth of other human beings. This way the concepts also can be spread to many people

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Followings are the principles and values being practiced while conducting the Oasis Life Workshops. Genuine respect for all : All the participants are potentially great and divine human beings. They are treated with utmost sincere respect. In this way, the facilitator does not have to remember ‘status’ or ‘designations’ of the participants as all are treated with equal respect. An environment of genuine friendship is created this way. Minute plans, spontaneous flexibility : The workshop is planned very minutely, down to the subtle details so as to give the participants best value for their investments (in terms of time and money). Yet, the facilitator is open for all changes if they are in favour of effectiveness of the workshop ( in terms of gains to the participants). So spontaneity and flexibility are also important parameters of planning. More affirmation, negligible criticism : Participants are affirmed for all their positive aspects to strengthen their core. Criticism and unsolicited advices are avoided. Praise introspective statements : Participants are heartily praised and affirmed for their honest self-assessments, frank confessions, sharing of deep personal experiences etc. An environment is created to look respectably at such introspective participation as this is the main pillar of success for an individual. Listen more to communicate well : The workshop doesn’t include lectures, and preaching, that is, talking too much on the part of the facilitator. His responsibility is to listen well, to encourage introspective participation, to affirm positively and judiciously share his insights after creating intense environment for learning. Meaningful chaos is okay : Chaos can be very useful and constructive for learning provided it is with the collective spirit to search the truth. They are not necessarily “indiscipline”, “disorder”, to be curbed all the time. Facilitator is happy to allow purposeful chaos. Facilitator is a model learner : Facilitator does not have to be playing the “superiority” role all the time ! Rather he comes across as a humble human being, willing to learn from anybody, everybody all the time. He does not pretend having solutions and expert comments about anything. He feels free to confess his ignorance or inability / inappropriateness to comment or judge something.

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MAJOR PROJECTS : •Oasis Movement for Character Building [Workshops on Self Leadership & Human Development] •Partnership for Positive Change [Partnership with Organisations for Self-development] •Publishing & Propagation of Literature [Publishing Gujarati Books on Character Building & propagation best seller books by other publishers] •Healthy Living Programmes & Workshops [Yogasana & other programmes at Surat]

•Oasis Valleys - Institution Building [Creation of Oasis Institution at Chanod, Dist. Vadodara, Gujarat] •Healthy Lifestyle Store - the OASIS shop [First ever outlet of Publications & Organic Products by Oasis at Vadodara] •Slum Development Project [Health Services & Overall Development of slums at Bangalore] •Organic Farming & Waste Management [Sustainable way of Farming, using natural resources] •Rural Development [Participation in various Rural Development activities with different organizations]

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Broad programmatic requirements include provision for the following activities: Reception Administration Library Auditorium Seminar Halls – closed as well as semi-open Yoga Hall Organic Farm and Related Activities Dining Facility and Kitchen Residential Rooms for Guests/Participants Residences for Instructors and Staff Circulation Landscaping ‘Oasis Valleys’ is a first of our series of Friendship Land Projects, to be created at village Mandva, on the banks of river Narmada, near Chanod, dist. Vadodara. It is our dream - our Centre for Self Leadership Education for Community Development. It is a model where Ideals for the best of life are practiced. Be it Construction, Utilization of Natural & Energy Resources, Agriculture, Animal Rearing or simply living there. Oasis Valleys is a Project of creating a sustainable Model institution for Nation Building. It is a Social Partnerships to create better human beings, better organizations, better society, better Nations! The Project is undertaken by Oasis A Selfless International Society, a registered Public Charitable Trust. Objective •To create a unique multi-sector model for a better society through entrepreneurship in social development. •To create a live emblem of utilization of natural resources – be it soil, water, sun, wind...and the first and most important amongst all – Humans! •It aims at transformation of people into contributive citizens (who willingly contribute collectively for social / national development) •Activities to be done at Oasis Valleys •Character-building Workshops & Self Rejuvenation Programmes will be organised at Oasis Valleys. •Institute will be working approximately 300 days out of 365 days and approximately 100 workshops of 2-3 days will take place in a year. •80 % Workshops form these workshops will be Charitable (Non-profitable). Income from other workshops will also be utilised for Charitable cause only. •will try to give benefit to minimum 2000 participants of the workshops within first year after creation of the institute 11

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SITE ANALYSIS

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INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE: The movement is based in gujarat. It started in baroda and has its main center there. It has various other centers, but baroda being the main center is apropriate for the institute. Again the site is in rural area, far from urban settlement, where one can find his peace of mind. It is agricultural land which is getting converted to institution land. It has no structures around, organic farming is being practised on the site from last 3.5 years. LOCATION: The site is located at village Mandva, near Chandod, Tal. Dabhoi, Dist. Vadodara. Dabhoi is located at 22.18 deg. N 73.43 deg E . It has an average elevation of 99 metres (324 feet) Dabhoi is also major gateway for narmada dam the life line for Gujarat state. Map of the state showing the state of gujarat TOPOGRAPHY : • Contoured Land having upto 15-18 metre level differences forming a ‘bowl’ near the centre of the site •Situated 60 km away from Vadodara – one and a half hour road journey from Vadodara. The land in agricultural land use and being revised to be an institution land use. •The site area is around 13 acres. With the river NARMADA flowing near by. •Situated on the west coast of India between 206' N to 24-42' N north latitude and 68-10'E to 74-28'E east longitude.

Map showing the location of the chanod and its connection to BARODA

•Gujarat has geographical area of 196,024 sq km and accounts for 6.19 percent of the total area of the country. •It is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the West, by the States of Rajasthan in the North and NorthEast, by Madhya Pradesh in the East and by Maharashtra in the South and South East.

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CLIMATE •VADODARA is in the southern part of the state, and has WARM climate .Summers are hot and varies from month of April to June. •The city of CHANOD lies in the riverside of the river NARMADA. Thus the climate is not as dry. •The summer months are from April to June with temperatures ranging from 27ºC to 42ºC. and have been known to reach as high as 48° C (118° F). Winters are better with a temperature variance of 14ºC to 29ºC. •The net safe bearing capacity (SFB) at the foundation depth of 2.50m is recommended as 26.00 t/mt.sq. with a factor of safety 2.5 •In the southern part of Gujarat, rainfall averages 2000 mm (79 in) a year. •The soil in the site is clayey soil. But due to riverside the soil has clayey quality and is good for both agriculture and construction •Wind direction for the site is from south west. River narmada being on the south side of the site brings cool wind to the site. .

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ACCESSIBILTY The city of baroda is accessible by all systems of transportation , train, air, and bus. The site in dabhoi is then accessible by road. The road taking you to the site is well made and maintained . Thus the site is well connected by means of road. It takes 1.5 hrs to reach the site by road. EXISTING VEGETATION Organic farming is being practised on the site since 3.5 years. There is lot of bamboo plantation on the slopes. Many fruits and other trees are grown. Medicinal plants are also cultivated. This is an important feature of project and needs t be in the scope of design.

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MERITS OF THE SITE: •

The organization is based in baroda thus the site is ideal for the institute.

•

Far from urban setup, the site brings peace and solitude which helps human mind for realization and reorientation of life.

•

By staying closer to nature you realize many things as nature has a lot to teach.

•

The contours bring huge scope of landscaping. There is good scope of play of levels and creation of different vistas and various points of interest.

•

Narmada river being close, brings a lot of advantage for: Agriculture Landscaping Self sustainability.

•

Being in the rural setup, it has its reach to everyone. People from villages can take advantage from the institute.

•

Organic agriculture will reach the farmers and will then achieve its motive

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Unlike central gujarat, climate in this area is not as dry.

•

The soil being clayey has good quality for agriculture and is also good for construction.

DEMERITS: •

The contours are difficult for construction

•

They also increase the overall cost of construction.

•

Very far from town, need to develop proper transportation system, at times

the

distance might be a disadvantage . •

The route to the site need to get developed for better conveyance and need better connectivity.

•

The climate is not very pleasant throughout the year and need some special considerations during construction.

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CASE STUDY

HOW DO THE BUILT FORM RESPOND TO THE PHILOSOPHIES OF THE ORGANIZATIONS ??? 17

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RAMAKRISHNA MISSION ( BELUR MATH )

Front elevation

Sprawling over several acres of land on the western banks of the river Hooghly (Ganga), it is a place of pilgrimage for people from all over the world, professing different religious faiths. Even people not interested in religion come here for the peace it exudes. Sanctified by Swami Vivekananda, and several other illumined monks, the Belur Math premises include the main monastery, several temples and the Headquarters of the twin organizations of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission.

Philosophy •The Ramakrishna Order stands as a symbol of the eternal truths of religion tested and embodied by Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda and their message of harmony of religions, divinity of the soul, renunciation and service. •Free from bigotry and sectarianism, rational and modern in outlook, the Math and the Mission are committed to the task of ushering in a new age in which distinctions of caste, creed and class do not exist, we reach fullness in God, and all our activities are carried out as an act of worship. •The aim is the regeneration of the entire humanity.

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Adaptations : •Chattris and pavillions with semicircular chajja cantilever projections from Jodhpur Palace. •Curvature of the roof from Bengal Temple Vishnupur 18th century. •The rectangular entrance with pairs of columns on sides, a horse- shoe arch with scroll turning upward and a pointed arch on top from Nasik Pandulena Chaitya Hall ( 1st century B.C) •Horizontal curviform architrave with spirally rolled ends from Northern Gateway of the Great Stupa, Sanchi, Bhopal ( 1st century B.C) •Brackets from Fatehpur Sikri, U.P. •Columns and arches supported by double columns in Diwan-I-Khas at Agra fort. •The white marble statue of Sri Ramakrishna sculpture placed on a beautifully carved fully blossomed lotus like Lakshmi on lotus at Kailas Temple Ellorah and Buddha seated on lotus at Kanheri. •Inlaid statuettes of Navagraha on the cirucmambulatory path from statuettes of deities at Khajuraho temple. •Composition of domes above Garbhamandira of Ramakrishna temple from Tomb of Raja Bakhatawar Singh at Alwar, Rajasthan. •The top dome at Ramakrishna Mission Temple from Orissa temple. •Side entrance with side columns and central doorway from Maan Mandira, Gwalior Fort. •Parapet wall from City Palace, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. •Platform pedestal from Khanderaya Mahadeo at Khajuraho •Dome composition from Dome of Maria Del Flore, Florence and Tomb of Alwar, Rajasthan INFERENCES •true symbol of harmony of different architectural styles from all periods and culture depict the philosophy of the organization of brotherhood and one religion. •focus of the institution both functionally and visually. located at the physical centre of the prime public area. •scale of the temple is monumental but still some kind of comfort is felt in the place. used as place for meditation. •the plan it is one huge space ( natmandir) , which explains the philosophy of equlity of all human. There is one huge space for everyone, inspite of his religion, caste, sex, or any other factor. •The site is very well landscaped and maintained. Simple but elegant pathway leading from the entrance gate bordered with a large number of huge trees and the setting against the morning sun presents a more informal and easy going setting. 19

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AUROVILLE, PONDICHERRY PHILOSOPHY: â&#x20AC;˘The community is not based upon adherence to any specific religion, but a shared humanitarian goal; as such, the community does not represent any specific religious sect or cult.. The goal of Aurovilian society is to work out differences of culture and class in a new and higher way; the ideal of human unity in diversity. THE CITY:

Concept of city growth.

Conceptual zoning

Auroville is a universal "cultural township", in Viluppuram district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India near Puducherry in South India, whose stated purpose is to realize human unity in diversity. The city was planned by The Mother with some rudimentary sketches, leaving the details for future generations. The shape of the town is fashioned after a spiral galaxy, symbolising life and humankind's evolving existence. In the middle of the town is the Matrimandir, the "Soul" of the city, symbolizing the birth of a new consciousness, of a new era where human unity, conscious living and inter-cultural collaboration are to prevail. The Matrimandir is the "cohesive force" of the township, a place "to find one's consciousness". Radiating from this centre are four "zones" as indicated by The Mother: the "Residential Zone", "Industrial Zone", "Cultural Zone" and "International Zone". Around the city area proper a so-called "Green Belt" .In the future it will act as a buffer-zone and Peace zoneâ&#x20AC;Ś. an area for recreation. It is not for the renunciation of the world but as a centre and a field of practice for the evolution of another kind and form of life which would in the final end be moved by a higher spiritual consciousness and embody a greater life of the spirit. - Sri Aurobindo 20

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MATRIMANDIR: the soul of the city •At the very centre of Auroville one finds the 'soul of the city', the Matrimandir, situated in a large open area called 'Peace', from where the future township will radiate outwards. The atmosphere is quiet and charged, and the area beautiful. •The Matrimandir emerges as a large golden sphere which seems to be rising out of the earth, symbolising the birth of a new consciousness seeking to manifest. •It is an important and powerful feature at the heart of the city which was seen by the Mother as the "symbol of the Divine's answer to man's aspiration for perfection" and as "the central cohesive force" for the growth of Auroville. • Mother’s vision gave it the spiritual essence and the architect’s interpretation gave it aesthetic and architectural articulation.

matrimandir

PHILOSOPHY AND BUILDING: The name 'Matrimandir' means literally 'Temple of the Mother'. According to Sri Aurobindo's teaching, the 'Mother' concept stands for the great evolutionary, conscious and intelligent principle of Life, the Universal Mother, - which seeks to help humanity move beyond its present limitations into the next step of its evolutionary adventure, the supramental consciousness. •Its shape is the pure natural form called the salagram, carved out of a precast concrete space frame expressing structural clarity, simplicity and monumentality. •The geometric shape lies somewhere between a super eclipse and an eclipse. •This form called salagram, described by the tantric cult is an egg from which the creation or the matter emerges. •Matrimandir basically consist of the inner chamber enclosed by the outer shell. Mother’s vision gave it the spiritual essence and the architect’s interpretation gave it aesthetic and architectural articulation. • Inner chamber is a twelve faceted hall, with no windows and twelve columns, with the crystal in the centre, receiving the light from above.

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INNER CHAMBER The spacious Inner Chamber in the upper hemisphere of the structure is completely white, with white marble walls and white carpeting. In the centre a pure crystal-glass globe suffuses a ray of electronically guided sunlight which falls on it through an opening at the apex of the sphere. The most important thing is this: the play of the sun on the centre. Because that becomes the symbol, the symbol of future realisations." There are no images, no organised meditations,no flowers, no incense, no religion or religious forms.

To find one's consciousness.. The Matrimandir is there for "those who want to learn to concentrate.." "No fixed meditations, none of all that, but they should stay there in silence, in silence and concentration. A place for trying to find one's consciousness."

section

SYMBOLISM The Matrimandir :symbol of the Divine's answer to man's aspiration for perfection.Union with the Divine manifesting in a progressive human unity.

elevation

The four pillars that support the structure of Matrimandir, and carry the Inner Chamber, have been set at the four main directions of the compass. They symbolise four power and personalities of the Mother Mahakali, Maheshwari, Mahalakshmi, Mahasaraawati. Again the refocusing if the ray down to the lotus pond, sybolises higher consciousness penetrating down to the lowest consciousness. The colours of the meditation rooms : Peace(deep blue); Sincerity(light blue); Humility(deep green); Gratitude(pale green); perseverance(pale yellow); Aspiration(orange-yellow); Receptivity(orange); Progress(orange-red); Courage(red); Goodness(reddish violet); Generosity(pure violet); Equality(blue-violet). 22

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OSHO COMMUNE, PUNE PHILOSOPHY: Osho taught that the greatest values in life are (in no specific order) awareness, love, meditation, celebration, creativity and laughter. He said that enlightenment is everyone's natural state, but that one is distracted from realising it – particularly by the human activity of thought, as well as by emotional ties to societal expectations, and consequent fears and inhibitions. He attempted to ensure that no "system of thought" would define him, since he no philosophy can fully express the truth.

believed that

OSHO COMMUNE The Osho Commune nestled in the beautiful, green city of Pune is the base from whence Bhagwan Rajneesh. The community, consisting of people from all over the world lives in a closely protected environment. The city of Pune was a perfect choice for the Ashram owing to its perfect climate which lasts almost throughout the year , its greenery and the tolerant attitude of its inhabitants added to which its proximity to Bombay .

PHILOSOPHY AND BUILDINGS : After having rejected several preliminary concepts, OSHO sent his design directives through a thick book with a postage stamp – sized photograph and a message on a small piece of paper with the phrase – BLACK, BLACK, BLACK. The image was of a barn at sunset, very shadowy, with a dramatic blue halo encompassing the structure.

The final design conception interpreted the mysterious metaphors while combining the tectonic presence of the built form with human scale, incessantly responding to the sorrunding landscape.

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•The pyramids: a perceptive experience and as a symbol . •The oldest extant monumental form to epitomize the spectrum of the Client’s philosophical beliefs. It is the most stable form. •Black embodies the amalgamation of all the colors, harnesses cosmic energy. •These all black pyramids suggest rising energy and an indrawn meditative posture. •The blue tinted glass windows and skylights symbolize enlightenment : blue being the first color one perceives on enlightenment- the halo of life

INFERENCES • buildings are very simple in plan, focus is about creating an environment with emphasis on spaces that are quiet, tranquil and serene. •form, color, texture, material, landscaping respond to the philosophy of the client. Every aspect of design is thought and related well to each other. •The Commune is again a symbol of conscious spirituality, which has nothing to do with any religion or caste or community.

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LOTUS TEMPLE, NEW DELHI PHILOSOPHY: At the core of the Bahá'í teachings is the acceptance of the oneness of mankind, oneness of religion and oneness of God. The faith, founded in Iran by Bahá'u'lláh (Glory of God), raises worship above ritualistic and communal forms. It advocates an unfettered search after truth, condemns superstition and prejudice, teaches that the fundamental purpose of religion is to promote concord and harmony hand-in-hand with science. It inculcates the principle of equal opportunity, rights and privileges for both sexes, advocates compulsory education and exalts work performed in the spirit of service to the rank of worship.

The Bahá'í House of Worship at New Delhi The Bahá'í House of Worship at New Delhi is one of the marvels of modern architecture. The temple gives the impression of a half-open lotus flower afloat, surrounded by its leaves. The shining pure white marble, the majestic dome, the petals clearly standing out create a sense of grandeur and awe. All around the lotus are walkways with beautiful curved balustrades, bridges and stairs that surround the nine pools representing the floating leaves of the lotus. It is a remarkable tabernacle of peace and beauty and an engineering feat that will set standards for centuries. Capturing the imagination with its simplicity and elegance this monument in marble is dedicated to the purpose of prayer, meditation and spiritual upliftment. From within its hallowed precincts rise in praise and glorification of the Almighty voices in unison, of Hindus and Muslims, Jews, Christians, Buddhists and Zoroastrians people of all castes, colours and cultures. There is no clergy in the temple, no idols, no pictures, no sermons, no rituals. It is a place for communication between man and his Creator, God. The shrine, in fact a dream come true in concrete, has been designed by a young architect, Mr. Fariburz Sabha. 25

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PHILOSOPHY AND BUILDING

To the Indian taste the lotus flower has always been the fairest flower.Besides being the national flower of India, it has been inseparably associated with religion, be it Hinduism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism or Islam. In brief, the lotus symbolises the purity of spiritual reality as it rises, untouched, unblemished from the stagnant pools and quagmires of the earth. It reminds man that he, too, can achieve this state while still living in this material world. In brief, the lotus represents the Manifestation of God, and is also a symbol of purity and tenderness.

The lotus is a flower which comes to life with the first ray of the sun and drops with the setting of the sun. It is a flower which responds to light prominently, opening petal by petal, signifying the unfoldment of the latent spiritual potential in the being. That is the reason for centres of consciousness in the subtle body. The Temple is dynamically symmetrical in plan radiating from the centre. This is an indication of the emanation of the Supreme One into the multiple. It serves to create an ambience of the lotus blooming creating a spiritual effect as created in the mornings when first light of the sun hits the blooming lotus flower. The movement in the lotus temple is upward and outward as if expressing the human urge for freedom. The voyage seems to start once one has reached the main hall within the space is inspiring and unifying.

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LANDSCAPING Nature is always a guiding factor in human psychology. Man always in search of peace and silence move away from urban mishap to natures’ rescue. Nature has immense beauty which brings beauty in human life. In todays fast life where man has no time it makes him stop and look at beauty around and realize the great power of the supreme. To have a look around and take a break and realize his real self and aim of life. Here we see the landscaping of different institutes. How the beauty of nature makes the environment around a place of wonder.

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including but not limited to: •Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly referred to as Gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape. •Natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water; •Human elements such as structures, buildings, fences or other material objects created and/or •And abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions.

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OSHO COMMUNE, PUNE OSHO TEARTH is a beautiful 12-acre park that has been created out of a publicly-owned, former wasteland. It is not only a beautiful park but also a reflection of the simple ecological understanding that arises in meditation. That if you cannot love yourself, how can you love your neighbors, what to say of the trees. Its unique layout of spaces ― which are both separate yet remain part of the larger whole ― create the experience of the balance in nature between aloneness and oneness, of interdependence. This is a project that simultaneously addresses issues related to water regeneration and use, irrigation, health and social education, land use, reforestation and beautification. "You are a guest. Leave this earth a little more beautiful, a little more human, a little more lovable, a little more fragrant, for those unknown guests who will be following you." In an incredible transformation, a nullah (sewer) on the site was developed into a beautiful water body. A self regulating system using aquatic plants as the main cleaning factor was formed, village drains were linked to sewer lines and Gambusia’s (mosquito eating fish) were bred in the water.

Lanscaping creating the WOW feeling

Pathways with trees..

Bringing water into the built form, again blending of nature with built form.

•Beautiful landscaping which brings peace to mind. •A great example of indoor and outdoor blend. •Visually holding the cluster of pyramids together is a large tree sheltering the central open plaza. •Use of water all over the site bringing nature inside the building. •Hard as well as soft lanscape is well designed and brings about a mesmerizing experience to people who visit. •Entire feel of the place shows the beauty of nature and its role essentially in making life of a man beautiful. 28

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RAMAKRISHNA MISSION, BELUR •River GANGA flowing parallel to the site brings great beauty, presence of water body make the site self developed. While coming to the institute through water the temples on the bank forms a very beautiful skyline. •There are huge spans of green garden on the site. there is vast spaces on both sides of the temple. •The landscaping is very simple and quite. The sense is of peace. There is no extraordinary creation, not very expensive and done in simple method, the simplicity of the institute can be seen, also the temple is prominent in the site, without the landscaping effecting its impact. •There simple but elegant pathways bordered with a large number of huge trees, •The setting is not very formal but very well maintained and clean.

ISCKON MAYAPUR: Different kind found at different places, the space in front of the temple is large garden with fountains in form of lotus and seating. The landscaping in the more private areas is trying to bring the feel of traditional landscaping, like in GURUKUL the landscaping is done in traditional method, trying bring the feel of traditional hindu education institutes.

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SITE PLANNING OSHO COMMUNE, PUNE PROJECT: Osho Commune. Koregoan park, Pune CLIENT: Bhagwan Rajnees COMPLETED: 1990 PRINCIPAL ARCHITECT: Ar Hafeez Contractor ASSOCIATE ARCHITECT: Ar. Vivek Verma

This lush contemporary 40-acre campus is a tropical oasis where nature and the 21st Century blend seamlessly, both within and without. With its marble pathways, elegant black buildings, abundant foliage and Olympic sized swimming pools it is an extraordinary campus. The design composition includes a simple cluster of four blocks. The pyramid are large meditation halls with smaller halls below them. The buildings are placed around a central courtyard an keeping with the idea of providing open spaces. The visual impact of the facades lies in the variation in the intensity of the blacks and in the inherent textures of the varied materials. The site doesn’t have any built form as the focal, rather a huge tree in the center of the courtyard holds visually the clusters visually. The guest house is in the public zone, the meditation hall being furthest in the site.the auditorium is near the guest house. THE FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS Spread over an area of 31 acres, the ashram can be divided into three parts: Osho Mahakshyapa – a rectangular structure (painted black) Osho Commune – the pyramid – shaped buildings, completed by contractor in 1992, in a site area of 3 acres. The commune houses a Meditation Hall, an Auditorium ( 40,000 sq.ft.). Residential facilities and a Kitchen with outdoor eating area. Osho teerth – a Japanese Garden spread over 13 acres of publicly owned wasteland

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RAMAKRISHNA MISSION, BELUR

Temple with vast green space on both the sides….

PROJECT: Ramakrishna Math, Belur, Howrah CLIENT: Ramakrishna Mission COMPLETED: 14th Jan, 1938. PRINCIPAL ARCHITECT: Ar. Mj. Herald Brown, from Martin Burn LOCATION: Belur Math is located on the west bank of River Ganges in the district of Howrah, West Bengal.

ACCESSIBILITY: It is easily accessible by Rail ( through Bali Railway Station), road ( Grand Trunk Road) and River – (Belur Ferry Ghat).

Ramakrishna Temple situated in the Center of the Primary Public Area as the focus of the site.

•The site layout is mainly done in zoning, Public zone, Semi Public zone and Private zone. •The temple is in visual as well as physical center of the Public zone. •There are residential quarters for maharajs behind the temple, which becomes private zone. •There are number of temples on the bank of the river . •At the entrance there is huge space for open parking shaded with trees. There is also an information center and small books outlet near the entrance. The site chosen for the temple is right on the holy river Ganges with clear view of two important paces related to Sri Ramakrishna- Dakshineshwar and Cossipore which adds to its sanctity. In a spatial tribute to the Ganges, the temple has been located parallel to its flow, sufficiently awat to avoid its water from entering during high tides Not far from the temple is are the Old shrine, the remodelled Math cottage housing the room where Swami Vivekananda spent his last days, temples dedicated to Swami Brahmananda, the Holy Mother Sri Sarada Devi and Swami Vivekananda

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AUDITORIUM An auditorium (auditoria pl.) is the area within a theatre , concert hall or other performance space where the audience is located in order to hear and watch the performance KIND OF AUDITORIUM Proscenium: The audience directly faces the playing area which is separated by a portal called the proscenium arch. The stage is often raised a few feet higher than the first rows of the audience. The audience is on a rake, getting higher as the seating goes towards the rear of the house. Thrust: The playing area protrudes out into the house with the audience seating on more than one side. Theater in the Round: The playing area is surrounded by audience

General plan of an auditorium and view…..

seating on all sides

BHARAT BHAVAN, BHOPAL: • The indoor theatre has a central sunken stage with seating around it. •The theatre has a seating capacity of 350 persons in the form of a Baithak system. •This is again a non conventional design, which do not have seating as general auditoriums. •The architecture in itself has a marvelously achieved a cultural articulation of performance and responses. •It is called the antarang OSHO COMMUNE: •Osho conceived this building to be rising of the water, with a bridge crossing the bridge that will remind people to leave the mind and to go in. •It is an oval expanse of white marble, used by osho for its discourses. Auditorium plan in osho commune

•It is a pyramidal shaped meditation hall, with the entrance flanked by a 30m expanse of water with a central walkway. •It is 28m in height, sound proofed with air-conditioned, airpurification and a multi-dimensional lighting system. •Tensile structure, supported only in the center, making the entire space free from columns and beams. •Covers 250,000 sq.ft. of the area. 32

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AMPHITHEATRE The name amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) refers to a level, open space surrounded by an oval area that gradually ascends. The area may be a man-made structure or a natural geographic formation, but it is suited for seating people on the sloping area for the viewing of spectator sports, games, concerts, displays, rallies, or theatrical performances BHARAT BAHVAN, BHOPAL Called BAHIRANG, on the northern end of the complex is the open-air theatre of BHARAT BAHVAN, with a breath taking view of the lake settings. Capacity of 500 persons,it is a theatre scooped out from the land contours. looking up from the stage, one views the electric room at the top, with a perpendicular wall of two openings coming out and abruptly ending in the skyline- a look to frame the vista. •During the performance, hard reflecting surfaces in the form of polished wooden screens are kept behind the stage.the arrangement suffices the demand without any audio system. • Lighting is from the focus lights which are installed on poles along the circumference of the seating. •The building space confirms with the contour of the terrain and the terrain and the terrace gardens above them cascades down to the lake. AUROVILLE, PONDICHERRY The amphitheatre’s inner diameter is 75m and its outer diameter is 98m (including its outer slope). (the area is 4.400sq.mt and 7.500sq.mt with slopes). It is 2.2m deep and its steps form a family of circles whose centres are evenly spaced along a line which includes the Urn.(this line is thus the amphitheatre’s symmetrical axis). rainwater is evacuated by gravity towards the northwest by an underground pipeline.

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LIBRARY A library is a collection of information, sources, resources and services, organized for use, and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In the more traditional sense, it means a collection of books. This collection and services are used by people who choose not to — or cannot afford to — purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research. SALIENT FEATURES. •Must be in quiet area with a welcoming atmosphere around.should be planned away from noisy are of the complex/building. •Should be easily accessible and conveniently related to transport. •Orientation of the front of the building to north to minimize glare from sun. •Enough book shelving as well as readers seating to plan 20 years anticipated growth. •Reading area should be well planned with minimum disturbance and naturally lit. •Not only place to house books but also place that makes reading a delightful and enjoyable experience. •The circulation should be well worked and made most easy for the users.

RAMAKRISHNA MISSION, golpark. •To assist scholars in their work of study and research, there is at the Institute, a General Library, with a reading room attached. •The library also has a Junior Section for children. There are three different sections for children. The planning of these are done in keeping the ergonomics of kids. The Junior Section of the Library has over 6,655 books and the Children's Section contains 14,525 books. •The General Library has over 2,03,766 books including 5,021 rare books and 424 Indian and foreign journals.this has different sections for research and biblio.there is a specific area for catalogues. •There are separate reading rooms five in number. •The location of the library in the institute is from the main entry. It has direct access without having to go to any other part of the building.

Reference section

Location of the library in the institute….

Reading area 34

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VISITORS CENTRE/ INFORMATION CENTRE/ WELCOME CENTRE All such institutes need a place where people visiting for the first time can go and get information. A welcome center might come up as the first building in the public zone. This needs to have a very friendly environment and welcome atmosphere. This gives the first impression to the visitors so can have a small library, and information cell. Usually have the facility to get yourself registered in the institute. Then there might be another from given to it like a visitors’ center. This place again provides basic information to any new visitor. Like in AUROVILLE the place is very big. So the visitor center can be visited to know about the immediate as well as other information Again there can be other form that is the information center, this generally has the general information, might have a Panorama to guide about the organization. It usually guides about the recent activities going in the campus. INFORMATION CENTER •An elegant Welcome Center is designed to make you immediately feel at home. Over 50% of the visitors are here for the first time - from over 100 countries - and translators are available. •It provides you with detailed information about the resort and your stay in Pune, or any other additional information you may need. Money is not used within the campus; instead, vouchers are used and can be purchased here at the welcome center. •International staff available to answer questions and help find way around the campus. •These individual sessions include a variety of different approaches to massage and bodywork, breath, energy readings, gestalt, and many more. THESE MIGHT BE COMBINED INTO A SINGLE BUILDING. As per design these might be planned in the campus. OTHER FACILITIES: •Depending on the institution one might have to design some commercial outlet. •There should be arrangement for some banking facilities. •Facility for communication through telephones or internet should be there •cafe can be an ideal spot to meet people and place for refreshment for people on a day visit. •Might develop for transportation facility if the site is not in some urban place . 35

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LODGING AND FOODING DIFFERENT KIND OF ARRANGEMENTS:There can be different kind of arrangements with the requirements of the institute. As the kind of training and workshops and training facilities, one might broadly divide into three kinds LODGING Guesthouse (double bed and single bed rooms) Small single room cottages with or without kitchen (might be planned in vernacular style). Family cottages with kitchen facilities. FOODING: Common kitchen with dining space. Dining space can open, semi open or closed, as the climate allows. Café with the visitors center for non participating visitors. Cottages with kitchens for longer period of stay.

GUESTHOUSE , ( OSHO COMMUNE) : Osho Guesthouse is a beautiful starting place for visitors to the Resort. The tastefully modern, silent rooms all have air conditioning and attached bathrooms. As they are almost on top of the auditorium, it makes Dynamic Meditation at 6 am in the morning very hard to resist! •Accommodation is offered on campus. Facilities range from single rooms with single bathroom to shared space with individual partitioned areas and shared bathrooms. •Site plan shows block B and D having residential rooms. •Also the L- shaped building has comfortable visitors’ accommodation and includes basic amenities like kitchen and storage space. It has 60 rooms, all with double beds, A/C, fresh air supply and attached bathrooms. 4 of them are designed to accommodate people with physical difficulties KITCHEN An ultra modern 20,000 sq. ft new kitchen with air conditioned serving area and lanscaped outdoor eating area is now accomodating many. 36

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ISCKON MAYAPUR: Guest house facility. Number of guest houses for different kind of users. Zoning also as the kind of user. Like the sanyasis have their accommodation closer to the temple. •

The public guest house is at the entrance of the site.

•

There is another guest house for the senior members of the institute.

•

Foreigners have a separate guest house in the private area of the site.

•

There are gurukuls which have there separate residential parts in form of hostels.

•

There are single room cottages made in vernacular style.

•

There is a huge kitchen and a hall made for dining (prasad). This is designed for traditional indian eating style of sitting on ground and eating. It has attached washing space.

•

Rest the gurukuls have their separate dining and kitchen.

COTTAGE DESIGN: (auroville) Auroville has several examples of small cottages of two to three rooms and a kitchenette. Simple in plan these are cost effective and energy efficient construction. The cottages need to be small and cozy. It should have the required comfort space and spaces such that he can relax. The design might have semi open spaces which makes the cottages a beautiful experience.

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ORGANIC FARMING: Organic farming is a form of agriculture which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulators, and livestock feed additives. As far as possible, organic farmers rely on crop rotation, crop residues, animal manures and mechanical cultivation to maintain soil productivity and tilth to supply plant nutrients, and to control weeds, insects and other pests.

GREEN HOUSE: A greenhouse is a structure with a glass or plastic roof and frequently glass or plastic walls; it heats up because incoming solar radiation from the sun warms plants, soil, and other things inside the building. Air warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall. These structures range in size from small sheds to very large buildings. The glass used for a greenhouse works as a selective transmission medium for different spectral frequencies, and its effect is to trap energy within the greenhouse, which heats both the plants and the ground inside it. This warms the air near the ground, and this air is prevented from rising and flowing away. Greenhouses thus work by trapping electromagnetic radiation and preventing convection. •Need of composite unit.

agriculture

•Storage for the products of farming, there packing and dispatching to the market •Training farmers.

place

for

ORGANIC FARMING IN OASIS Oasis is practicing organic farming since three years. They produce large number of seasonal fruits and vegetables. They understand the benefits of organic farming and encourage it. They plan to train the farmers for it as well They have these ongoing projects : •Agriculture •Horticulture •Gaushala •Vermi compost unit •Wheat grass project

the

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GAUSHALA Animal rearing is an integral part of agriculture, and we are in the process of creating an wholistic agriculture centre. Cow dung and cow urine are very useful ingredients in organic farming. Milk and milk products are integral part of food of human beings. After mother’s milk, cow’s milk is considered to be highly nutritive food and most useful for human beings. In Ayurveda, cow’s milk is considered to be ‘JIVANAMRUT’; meaning lifegiving antidote.

CASE STUDY OF GAUSHALA AT ISCKON MAYAPUR: Gaushala made for 100 cows. There are separate sections for old and young cows. Huge storage area needed for food for animals. Machine for preparation of the food. The dung storage which is used for manure Biogas plant Residence for care taker. Approximate area was 3500 sq. mt There was no provision for separate space for milking, which should be there. And also some medical facilities for the animals.

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SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE CASE STUDIES: VISITORS’ CENTRE, AUROVILLE This building demonstrates use of appropriate building technologies and methods of construction, land reclamation and afforestation, renewable energy technologies, and water and waste management techniques. PROJECT DETAIL: Site location – Auroville Climate – Warm and Humid Covered area (plinth) – 1200 sq.mt approximate. Contractor / builder – local labour were trained and managed on site Project duration – 1989- 1992 Architect – Suhasini Ayer Guigan and Serge Maini DESIGN FEATURES: Spatial planning has been done in a modular grid of 4x4m, reducing structural costs and aiding daylight. Use of alternative and innovative construction techniques has reduced embodied energy immensely. Some of these are stone foundation, wall in compressed earth block, roof in compressed earth tiles, and ferrocement channels, prefabrication RCC staircase, ferrocement external doors etc. Use of solar chimney for ventilation, suited to the warm and humid conditions of Auroville Excavation pit left after excavating soil for making of compressed earth blocks and tiles used for waste recycling pond The building demonstrates energy efficiency by choice of low energy material and construction technique. Use of arches and span openings is a predominant feature of the building. A shallow modular grid has been adopted, which aids uniform daylighting, reduces structural costs and the construction process also has thereby been simplified

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VIKAS APARTMENT, AUROVILLE Resource efficiency and community participitation are key to energy efficiency. It has been aptly demonstrated in this building, which has used climate – responsive building design and elements, appropriate building technologies, renewable energy technologies, and waste management techniques. Efficiency is being maintained at end use by conscious use of various resources and systems. PROJECT DETAIL: Project description – 23 residential apartments housing 50 people and common facilities Building type – residential Climate- warm and humid Built in area – 1420 sq.mt Architect - satprem maini Period of construction – 1992-1999 DESIGN FEATURES: The buildings are oriented longitudinally along east-west axis with openings along the north-south for cross ventilation and reducing summer gain. Pier walls oriented at 45 degrees to the predominant wind direction further aid cross ventilation The buildings are partly sunken with adequately daylit basement floors (1.2 m deep) that are cool in summer (earth stabilizes internal temperature Soil excavation for construction has been used in making earth blocks for the buildings thus reducing the embodied energy Solar chimneys are integrated with the building structures creating a natural draft that add to the ventilation Fenestration with overhangs have been adequately designed to get enough daylight and cut off direct gains Terrace gardens and creepers on the west façade reduce cooling loads. Space conditioning is achieved through natural cross ventilation Installed renewable energy systems and waste management techniques solar photovoltais for lighting (57 panels of different capacity, totalling 2040W for 23 apartments) The solar water heating system provides hot water only to the kitchen Water pumping using a windmill Solar water pumping with submersible pumps Waste water recycling using lagooning Solid waste management with auroville eco services 41

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INFERENCES PHILOSOPHY AND BUILT FORM RAMAKR ISHNA MISSION BELUR

AUROVILLE, PONDICHERRY

OSHO COMMUNE, PUNE

LOTUS TEMPLE, DELHI

TYPE

Temple architecture , made in 1938.blend of various styles.

Modern building with new technology . Still under construction, on the philosophy of the institute with many symbolisms

Modern building, blend of most ancient form in a modern method.

Raw way of interpretation, In the form of a lotus flower, a true miracle in architecture and structure as well.

PHILOSOP HY

Universal brotherhood and religion

Birth of a new society, independent of any religion, caste or culture.

Spirituality, independent of any religion. Work for human peace.

Universal brotherhood. All religion blendind into one.

SCALE

Temple as the focus, monumenta l in scale

Matrimandir focus, monumental

Different scales, no built form becomes the focus

Monumental in scale.

•Site development by using the contours. •Development of water body and using water in landscaping. •Vehicular circulation only in particular part, rest all pedestrian movement. •Zoning of public, semi public and private areas. •Staff residences and guest cottages in the private zone. Other facilities in public zone. •Design with prospect for future expansion. •Library as per standards. •Institution including lecture rooms, seminar rooms, all as per standards. •Sustainable architecture as an important feature. •Residences in two type, family cottages and guest house having rooms. •Dining facility with a dedicated kitchen and individual kitchen in cottages. 42

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ORGANIC FARMING: Organic farming means farming that does not involve usage of chemicals such as chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Organic Farming is not new for India. Indian farmers have practiced Organic Farming for centuries before the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Green Revolutionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, which struck after the Independence. In the name of more Productivity, farmers found a shortcut in using Chemicals. Though initially they seemed to improve production, over the period the soil fertility depleted. The ill effect of chemical farming is been realized by many farmers, now. But the new generations of farmers have lost their touch with Organic practices which their fore fathers used to do. So, they need to be introduced once again with Sustainable Farm Practices. Also the revolution in Biotechnology has changed the farm practices very much. In this new era of Global Competition, Indian Farmer has no choice but to go for a planned, sustainable, integrated agriculture system.

Why Organic Farming The various benefits of organic farming for small farmers all over the world include high premium, low capital investment, ability to achieve higher premium in the market, and the ability to use traditional knowledge. According to a research conducted, small farmers in India can benefit drastically from organic farming and will help in alleviating poverty in the country. In traditional India, the entire agriculture was practiced using organic techniques, where the fertilizers, pesticides, etc., were obtained from plant and animal products. Organic farming was the backbone of the Indian economy and cow was worshipped (and is still done so) as a God. The cow, not only provided milk, but also provided bullocks for farming, dung which was used as manure and urine as pest controller. As time went by, extensive dependence on chemical farming has shown its darker side. The land is losing its fertility and is demanding larger quantities of fertilizers to be used. Pests are becoming immune requiring the farmers to use stronger and costlier pesticides. Due to increased cost of farming, farmers are falling into the trap of money lenders, who are exploiting them no end, and forcing many to commit suicide. Both consumer and farmers are now gradually shifting back to organic farming in India. It is believed by many that organic farming is healthier. Though the health benefits of organic food are yet to be proved, consumers are willing to pay higher premium for the same. Many farmers in India are shifting to organic farming due to the domestic and international demand for organic food. Further stringent standards for non-organic food in European and US markets have led to rejection of many Indian food consignments in the past. Organic farming, therefore, provides a better alternative to chemical farming.

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Benefit of Organic Farming High premium : Organic food is normally priced 20-30% higher than conventional food. This premium is very important for a small farmer whose income is just sufficient to feed his/her family with one meal. Low investment : Organic farming normally does not involve capital investment as high as that required in chemical farming. Further, since organic fertilizers and pesticides can be produced locally, the yearly costs incurred by the farmer are also low. Agriculture greatly depends on external factors such as climate, pests, disease. Further most of the small farmers are dependent on natural rain for water. Therefore in cases of natural calamity, pest or disease attack, and irregular rainfall, when there is a crop failure, small farmers practicing organic farming have to suffer less as their investments are low. (It should be noted that while shifting from chemical farming to organic farming, the transition might be bit costly) Less dependence on money lenders : Many small farmers worldwide commit suicide due to increasing debt. Since chemical inputs, which are very costly, are not required in organic farming, small farmers are not dependent on money lenders. Crop failure, therefore, does not leave an organic farmer into enormous debt, and does not force him to take an extreme step. Synergy with life forms : Organic farming involves synergy with various plant and animal life forms. Small farmers are able to understand this synergy easily and hence find it easy to implement. Traditional knowledge : Small farmers have abundance of traditional knowledge with them and within their community. Most of this traditional knowledge cannot be used for chemical farming. However, when it comes to organic farming, the farmers can make use of the traditional knowledge. Further, in case of organic farming, small farmers are not dependent on those who provide chemical know-how.

WHY ORGANIC FARMING: •More beneficiary for small farmers •For safe environment •For healthier food •to avoid food contamination •For soil conservation •For rural infrastructure •For sustainablility

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SUSTAINABILITY

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SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE Sustainable architecture applies techniques of sustainable design to architecture. From the root words sus– (under) + tenere (to hold); to keep in existence; to maintain or prolong. It is related to the concept of "green building" (or "green architecture"). In the broad context, sustainable architecture, seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. The built environment consumes energy and resources in its development, but sustainability is achieved when this development utilizes the naturally available resources and produces and consumes its energy. It also recycles and re-use the waste that it produces. Thus the designs must aim at striking a balance with the environment, creating least impact and nature. Sustainability can be achieved by these essential issues. •Working according to the climate, and making the building respond to the climate. In ACTIVE or PASSIVE method. •By correct choice of material and special technologies. METHOD

METHOD

•RESPOND TO LOCAL CONTEXT

• SENSITIVE CHOICE OF MATERIAL

•GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

• LESS IN-BUILT ENERGY

•CLIMATE

• LOCALLY AVAILABLE

•ENVIRONMENT

• EASILY RECYCLABLE MATERIAL

•RESOURCES LOCALLY AVAILABLE

• SIMPLY ASSEMBLED/ FABRICATED LIGHT WEIGHT/ SIMPLE TASK USE THE MATERIAL IN ITS SIMPLEST FORM

•WATER •MATERIAL •ENERGY •SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PATTERNS

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DESIGN APPROACH: Energy conscious design in building includes mainly: •Orientation and site layout •Building form and internal planning •Passive solar design •Utilization of day light •Ventilation •Light and appliances

WASTE/ ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL:

An enormous increase in the consumption of certain selected materials like cement, steel, burnt clay, brick and timber is due to rapid growth of industry. Due to this there is environmental degradation on large scale bringing up close to an ecological disaster. In view of acute shortage and ever escalating cost of conventional building materials besides traditional technology being partly responsible for environmental degradation, there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of utilising the waste/environmental friendly materials for housing. The use of industrial waste as low cost building material has been cost effective. So one must utilise more and more industrial and agricultural waste and recycled aggregate as building materials for sustainable development. Environment friendliness of materials can be judged on the basis of the following criteria: •Saving non – renewable resources. Waste utilization •Effect and extent of waste arising from the production process •Pollution in production and usage •Suitability for recycling Few of them: •Risk husk as partial replacement to – cement •Modified soil •Waste plastic fibre reinforced concrete with flyash •Pozzocrete 83 – improved fly ash material •Concrete hollow bricks •Red mud •Fly ash 49

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CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS: ( for WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE) The site being in the zone of warm and humid , these are following considerations to be taken

FORM AND PLANNING The building will have to be opened up to breezes and oriented to catch whatever air movement there is. Open elongated plan shapes. Door and window openings as large as possible, allowing a free passage of air. Group of building to be spread out. For solar heat gain, orient the building with the long axis in east- west direction.

EXTERNAL SPACES Shading and passage for air movement are the two basic requirements. Trees and foliage can be relied on for shading. Pergolas and light framing to be covered by climbing plants can be used for shading. Should allow free movement of air through buildings and through spaces between buildings. To provide privacy by distance, as walls and screens cannot be used for the purpose as they would prohibit air movement. Many activities are planned out doors.

ROOFS AND WALLS Construct building of low thermal capacity materials, using lightweight construction. Use a reflective upper surface, a double roof construction, with roof space ventilated, a ceiling with its upper surface highly reflective, and having a good resistive insulation. Both the roof and the ceiling should be of low thermal capacity.

AIR FLOW AND OPENINGS Openings placed suitably in relation to the prevailing breezes . Should be large and fully openable. Ventilation is also important and should be taken care of.

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Objective of sustainable development Sustainable development has following four objectives: • Social progress, recognizing the need of everyone • Effective protection of the environment • Prudent use of natural resources • Maintenance of high and stable growth of economy and employment. The importance of achieving sustainable development is a topic subject to rapid development of new ideas, new materials and new technologies. It is important to recognize that the clients, customers or users of development scheme should be able to identify with the principal of sustainable development included in the establishment of a particular project. The rules for designing energy conserving buildings are now well established. 1. Reduce energy consumption in construction by using low energy natural materials such as earth, stone and wood, and avoid use of manufactured energy consuming materials like brick, cement and steel. 2. Avoid mechanical cooling and heating or at least reduce the cooling and heating load by using solar passive techniques such as proper orientation of building, sun shading of windows, earth shelter etc. 3. Use alternative sources of energy- solar cookers and water heaters, windmills, bio-gas plants etc. 4. Avoid wastage of energy while building is in use. Provide day lighting and energy efficient equipment for all uses in the building. Switch off gadgets when they are not needed.

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Energy efficiency or sustainability can be defined as the continuedability of the society, an ecosystem or any interactive system to function without exhausting key resources and without adversely affecting the environment. It can be defined as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;development that needs the meets of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; The concept of living within the capacity of supporting ecosystem has also been suggested as a basis for sustainable development. In context of the habitat design, sustainability recognizes the intricate relationship between human civilization and natural habitat. It realizes the fact that nature must be preserved and perpetuated if the human community itself is to survive. Any development will have some environmental impact. Sustainable development can be thought of as development with low environmental impact, while maximizing environmental, economic and social gains. Sustainable development is therefore a very broad subject that goes behind just conserving the environmental capital. Buildings as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious environmental problems because of excessive consumption of energy and other natural resources. The close connection between energy use in buildings and environmental damage arises because energy intensive solutions sought to construct a building and meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting cause severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources. Accelerated urbanization imposes immense pressure on the dwindling energy sources and fragile ecosystems. Yet, the resources crunch confronting energy supplies can be alleviated if we design and develop future buildings by incorporating sound concepts of energy efficiency and sustainability. Buildings can be designed to meet the occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s need for thermal and visual comfort at reduced levels o energy and resources consumption. Energy resources efficiency in new construction can be affected by adopting an integrated approach to building design.

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Principles of sustainable architecture. Small is beautiful. Large houses generally use a tremendous amount of energy to heat and cool. This energy usually comes from the combustion of fossil fuels, depleting these resources and emitting greenhouse gases and pollutants into the air. Also, the larger the house, the more materials go into its construction; materials which may have their own environmental consequences. The key to this is efficient use of space, good organization, and keeping possessions to a manageable level. We do look forward to spreading out some in the passive solar, earthbag home we are building. Heat with the sun. Good passive solar design will provide just enough sunlight into the rooms to be absorbed by the surrounding thermal mass (usually masonry materials), so that the heat will be given back into the room when the sun goes down. The thermal mass is a kind of â&#x20AC;&#x153;heat batteryâ&#x20AC;? that stores the warmth, absorbing it to keep the room from getting too hot during the day. Equally important to thermal mass is insulation (such as straw bales or crushed volcanic rock) that will keep that heat inside. Thermal mass materials need to be insulated from the outside, or else they will just bleed that warmth right back out. A rock house might have tons of mass, but be uncomfortably cold because of this energy bleed. So a good solar design will utilize materials of the right type in the right places, blending thermal dynamics with utilitarian design. Keep your cool. the temperature tends to stay fairly even. A good way to keep your cool is to dig into the earth. If you dig about six feet into the earth, you will find that the temperature there varies by only a few degrees year round. While this temperature (about 50-55 degrees F.) might be too cool for general living comfort, you can use the stability of the earth's temperature to moderate the thermal fluctuations of the house. If you dig into a south-facing hillside to build, or berm the north part of the house with soil, you can take advantage of this. Be energy efficient. There are many ways to conserve the use of fossil fuel. Using the sun, wind, or water to produce electricity is one. If you choose to do this, you will be forced to be careful in the way you use your electricity because it is limited. Whether you get your electricity from alternative sources or from the grid, it pays to choose energy efficient appliances. Front-loading clothes washers, for instance, use much less electricity, water and soap than the top-loaders. Compact florescent lights use about a third of the electricity of standard bulbs. Many appliances use electricity by just being plugged in (known as phantom load); be sure to avoid this. Conserve water. The use of low water capacity toilets, flow restrictors at shower heads and faucet aerators are fairly common now. More radical conservation approaches include diverting gray water from bathing, clothes washing and bathroom sinks to watering plants; catching rain water from roofs and paved areas for domestic use and switching to composting toilets. These can be very effective and safe means of water conservation if done carefully to avoid bacterial infestation. Landscaping with drought tolerant, indigenous plants can save an enormous amount of water.

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Use local materials. There are several benefits to using local, indigenous materials. For one, they naturally fit into the â&#x20AC;&#x153;feelingâ&#x20AC;? of the place. For another, they don't burn as much fossil fuel to transport them, and they are likely to be less processed by industry. Use natural materials. A major reason for choosing natural materials over industrial ones is that the pollution often associated with their manufacture is minimized. For every ton of portland cement that is manufactured, an equal amount of carbon dioxide is released into the air. And then there is the matter of your health; natural materials are much less likely to adversely affect your health. Save the forests. While wood is ostensibly a renewable resource, we have gone way beyond sustainable harvesting and have ruined enormous ecosystems. Use wood as decoration. Cull dead trees for structural supports. Use masonry, straw bales, papercrete, cob, adobe, rocks, bags of volcanic rock, etc., instead of wood. Unfortunately it is difficult to get away from lumber in making a roof, so consider making a dome from materials that can be stacked. Domes are also more energy efficient and use less materials for the same space as a box. A conventional straw bale house only diminishes the amount of wood used by about 15%! Recycle materials. If the materials already exist, you might as well use them, because by doing so you are not promoting the creation of more of them. You might also be keeping them out of the landfill, or keeping them from being transported for further processing. Wood that is kept dry does not degrade much, nor does glass. All kinds of things can be used in a house. Build to last. There is an attitude in this throw-away society that an old house might as well be replaced by a new one. Unfortunately this is often true, because of shoddy construction or poor choice of materials, or lack of maintenance. A well made house can last for centuries, and it should. Moisture getting into a building can lead to ruin, and it is hard to avoid this, whether from the outside environment or from condensation from within. For this reason I am partial to the use of materials that are not degraded by moisture. Grow your food. Why not ask your house to help nourish you? With all of that south-facing glass, you might as well devote some of it to a greenhouse. Herbs and salad greens can be grown year round. What a pleasure! Share Facilities. A basic tenet of sustainability is to share what you have with others. Doing this can diminish the need for unnecessary duplication of facilities. In this way a group of people can not only have fewer tools or appliances or functional areas, but at the same time they can have available a greater variety of these facilities. This benefits both the environment (through less industrial activity) and the individual (by providing more options for living.)

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CONSIDERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO CLIMATE. Architects can achieve energy efficiency in the buildings they design by studying the macro and micro climate of the site, applying bioclimatic architectural principles to combat the adverse conditions, and taking advantage of the desirable conditions. A few common design elements that directly or indirectly affect thermal comfort conditions and thereby the energy consumption in a building are listed below •Landscaping •Ratio of built form to open spaces •Location of water bodies •Orientation •Planform •Building envelope and fenestration

LANDSCAPING Landscaping is an important element in altering the microclimate of a place. Proper landscaping reduces direct sun from striking and heating up building surfaces. It prevents reflected light carrying heat into a building from the ground or other surfaces. Landscaping creates different airflow patterns and can be used to direct or divert the wind advantageously by causing a pressure difference. Additionally, the shade created by trees and the effect of grass and shrubs reduce air temperatures adjoining the building and provide evaporative cooling.

BUILDING FORMS/ SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIO The volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled and its relationship with the area of the envelope enclosing the volume affect the thermal performance of the building. This parameter, known as the S/V (surface-to-volume) ratio, is determined by the building form. For any given building volume, the more compact the shape, the less wasteful it is in gaining/ losing/ heat. Hence, in hot and dry regions and cold climates, building are compact in form with low S/V ratio to reduce the heat gain and losses, respectively. Also the building forms determines the air flow pattern around the building, directly affecting the its ventilation. The depth of a building also determines the requirements for the artificial lighting-greater the depth, higher the need for artificial lighting.

LOCATION OF WATER BODIES Water is a good modifier of microclimates. It takes up heat in evaporation and causes significant cooling especially in a hot and dry climate. 55

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ORIENTATION Building orientation is a significance significant design consideration mainly with regard to solar radiation and wind. BUILING ENVELOPE AND FENESTRARION The building envelope and its components are key determinants of the amount of heat gain and loss and wind that enters inside. The primary elements affecting the performance of a building envelope are: • material and construction techniques • roof • walls • fenestration and shading • finishes MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Material with low embodied energy Choice of building materials is important in reducing the energy content of buildings. Strain on conventional energy can be reduced by use of low-energy materials, efficient structural design, and reduction in transportation energy. The choice of materials also helps to maximize indoor comfort. The insulation Insulation is of great value when a building requires mechanical heating or cooling insulation helps reduce the space-conditioning loads. Location of insulation and its optimum thickness are important . ROOF The roof receives significant solar radiation and plays an important role in heat gain/losses, day lighting and ventilation depending on the climatic needs, proper roof treatment is essential. In a hot region, the roof have enough insulating properties to minimize heat gain. WALLLS Walls are a major part of the building envelope and receives large amount of solar radiation. The heat storage capacity and heat conduction property of walls are key to meeting desire thermal comfort conditions. The wall thickness, material, and finishes can be chosen based on the heating and cooling needs of the building. Appropriate thermal insulation and air cavities in walls reduce heat transmission into the building, which is the primary aim in a hot region.

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FENESTRATION AND SHADING Of all the elements in the building envelope, windows and other glazed areas are most vulnerable to heat gain or losses. Proper location, sizing, and detailing are of windows and shading form an important part of bioclimatic design as they help to keep the sun and the wind out of the building or allow them when needed. The location of opening of ventilation is determined by prevailing wind direction. Opening at higher levels aid in venting our hot air. Size, shape, and orientation of opening moderate air velocity and flow in the room; a small inlet and a large outlet increase the velocity and distribution of airflow through the room. When possible, the house should be so positioned on the site that advantage of prevailing winds. The prevailing wind direction is from the south/south-west during summer. Natural lighting is also admit into a building through glazed openings. Thus, fenestration design is primarily, governed by requirements of heat gain and losses, ventilation and day lighting. The important components of a window that governs these are the glazing systems and shading devices.

Glazing systems Before recent innovations in glass, films, coating, a typical residential window with one or more layers of glazing allowed roughly 75%-85% of the solar energy to enter a building. Internal shading devices such as curtain and could reflect back some of that energy outside the building.

Shading devices Heat gain through windows is determined by the overall heat loss coefficient U-value (W/m K) and the solar energy gain factor, and is much higher as compared to that through solid walls. Shading devices for windows and walls thus moderate heat gain to the building.

FINISHES The external finishes of a surface determines the amount of heat absorbed or rejected by it. For example, a smooth and light color surface reflects more light and heat in comparison to a dark color surface. Lighter color surface have higher emissivity and should be ideally used for warm climate. Advance passive heating technique are used by architect in a building design to achieve thermal comfort conditions in cold climate. Passive solar heating system can be broadly classified into direct gain systems and indirect gain system.

EARTH AS MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION:

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Down through the ages, people have been using raw earth for building their living spaces. Every single continent, and nearly every country, possesses a rich heritage of earthen buildings. From the roof of the world in Tibet, or the Andes Mountains in Peru, to the Nile’s shore in Egypt or the fertile valleys of China, many are the examples of earth as a building material. It is evaluated that about 1.7 billion people of the world’s population live in earthen houses: About 50 % of the population in developing countries, and at least 20% of urban and suburban populations. Ramasseum, Egypt ~ 1300 BC The world’s oldest earthen building still standing is about 3,300 years old. The Ramasseum, made of adobes, was built around 1,300 BC in the old city of Thebes. It can still be visited on the left shore of the Nile, opposite Luxor.Tabo monastery, India 996 AD In India, the oldest earthen building is Tabo Monastery, inSpiti valley – Himachal Pradesh. It was built with rammedearth and has withstood Himalayan winters since 996 AD. People from all countries with so many diverse cultures, social & constructional habits; have used this material from our Mother Earth. They created their living spaces and adapted their architectural and constructional answers according to the behaviour and properties of the soil, in relation to its hydrous states. But from the end of the XIXth century, the skills of earth builders have been progressively lost. Till the half of the latter XXth century, building with earth became marginal. We owe a lot to the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, for the renaissance from the middle of the XXth century of earthen architecture. With the world awareness for sustainable development, which is happening since a few decades, earthen architecture and construction sees a renaissance of the tradition, which benefits now from scientific researches. All over the world, people have transformed this heavy, dark and formless material into a lighter building material. They created their living spaces and they adapted their architectural and constructive answers according to the behaviour, and properties of the soil. People found out twelve main techniques which are related to the four hydrous states of the earth.

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New development of earth construction really started in the nineteen fifties, with the technology of the Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks (CSEB). India experimented with CSEB technology only in the nineteen eighties/nineties. Since a decade, India sees some wider dissemination and development of CSEB. The achievements built at Auroville show how earthen buildings can create a light and progressive architecture.

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Soil is the result of the transformation of the underlying rock under the influence of a range of physical, chemical and biological processes related to biological and climatic conditions and to animal and plant life. A soil is an earth concrete. Like a concrete that contains gravel, sand and cement as a binder, a soil contains gravel, sand, and, silt and clay acting as binders as well. But silt and clay are not stable under water. Nevertheless, earthen buildings proved that they could last very long, when people mastered the material and when they maintained their buildings. FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES Soils are composed of solid components, water and air. They are characterized by 4 fundamental properties. Granularity or texture It corresponds to the grain size distribution of a soil. It is a percentage by weight of the different grain sizes. The grain size classification adopted by a large number of laboratories is based on the ASTM-AFNOR standards:

Pebbles

Gravel

Sand

Silt

Clay

200 to 20 mm

20 to 2 mm

2 to 0.06 mm

0.06 to 0.002 mm

0.002 to 0 mm

For building with earth, pebbles should be removed. Compressibility It is the ability of a soil to be compressed to the maximum. It is related to the energy of compaction. Optimum Moisture Content, OMC, defines the compressibility. The OMC is a percentage by weight of water to achieve the highest compression of the soil. Plasticity This property of a soil refers to its possibility to be submitted to deformation without elastic failure. It defines its ability to be moulded. Cohesion It defines the capacity of soil grains to remain together. This property is strongly linked with the plasticity.

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THERMAL BEHAVIOUR

Note that earthen walls have a different thermal behaviour than any other materials. We speak of hydro-thermal behaviour. Therefore, as clay is just stabilised and not burnt, it can still absorb and release some moisture through evaporation and condensation. Thus this phenomenon will happen with the difference of moisture/temperature between the outside and inside: -The outside temperature is higher: the wall will evaporate moisture. This will cool down the wall and thus the building inside. -- The temperature is lower outside: the wall will condense moisture. This will create heat in the wall and thus the building inside. This type of phenomenon happens on a daily basis and also from season to season. Thus this saying from France:"Earthen buildings (rammed earth) are cool in summer and hot in winter." Note that this hydro-thermal behaviour is more effective in temperate climates than in tropical climates. Unfortunately there is no enough data on such behaviour.

TYPICAL SOILS The solid components of a soil are gravel, sand, silt and clay. Therefore, soils can simply be classified into 4 typical soils, according to the quantity of its components: Gravely, Sandy, Silty, or Clay soils. They are defined by the percentage of the grain sizes, which influence the soil behaviour. In a sandy soil, for example, the sand proportion influences the most, the soil behaviour. When another grain size influences the soil to a lesser extent, the classification will need to be more precise: 路 A sandy silt soil will be mostly silty with an influent proportion of sand. 路 A silty sand soil will be mostly sandy with an influent proportion of silt. The name of this classification is given by the component which influences the most the behaviour of the soil. Note that the soil has to be evaluated as whole and not as separate components. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how these various components combine with each other. For example, a soil might have more gravel than normal, but if the clay is very plastic and with the proper proportion, the soil might not be called gravely but probably good soil. A soil will have sometimes 2 components influencing its behaviour: one very influent and another one to a lesser extent. Therefore, a more accurate classification will be defined as follows: Silty sand soil = Soil mainly sandy with an influent proportion of silt. Sandy silt soil = Soil mainly silty with an influent proportion of sand. 61

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SOIL IDENTIFICATION Identifying the quality of a soil is essential. Not every soil is suitable for earth construction. But with some knowledge and experience most soils can be used. Topsoil and organic soils must not be used. They should be removed and kept for agriculture. All over the world many laboratories can analyse soil samples for road building. Fewer laboratories can do it for buildings but they acquired vast knowledge and understanding of soils. Nevertheless, this scientific knowledge and these laboratory tests are not accessible by the common man. Since millennia people have known what to do with their local soil. They developed simple field tests to check the properties and behaviour of their soil. Therefore, the Auroville Earth Institute practices only field tests, called sensitive analyses, to identify a soilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quality. These simple sensitive analyses can be performed after a short training. They follow the four fundamental properties of the earth and they can be practiced by anybody, as we use our senses. The aim of these sensitive analyses is to identify in which category the soil sample belongs: Gravely, Sandy, Silty, Clayey or combined soil, i.e. sandy clay or clayey sand, etc. Then, according to this classification, one will know what to do with the soil and which earth technique to select.

The aim of these sensitive analyses is to find out in which categories goes the soil sample: Gravely, Sandy, Silty, Clayey or combined soil i.e. sandy clay. Then, according to this classification, one must look into the recommendations for stabilization and soil improvement. Note that the soil identification should be practiced twice: first on the raw soil, before doing any modification, and also after correcting the soil (i.e. after sieving).

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SENSITIVE ANALYSES Look at a dry or humid soil and touch it to define the percentage and the size of the grain sizes.

Granularity

Looking and touching

Compressibi lity

Pressing

Add a little water, if the soil is dry, to get a moist soil and compress it by hand to make a ball. Evaluate how much pressure you need

Shaping the ball

Add more water and make a cohesive ball. Evaluate how easy it is to shape it and how cohesive it is.

Stretching the ball

Pull the ball like rubber elastic and try to break it. Evaluate the strength of the ball.

Sticking a knife

Stick a knife into the cohesive ball and pull it out. Evaluate how the soil sticks on it.

Cutting the ball

The ball is cut in 2 pieces. Examine the aspect of the cut.

Water apsorption

Print with the thumb a small depression on the ball. Fill it with water and evaluate the time of absorption.

Diluting the ball

Add much more water to the ball and try to loose the cohesion of the soil. Evaluate how much the soil sticks to the hand.

Washing the soil

Add much more water to the soil and wash away silt and clay. Evaluate the amount of fine sand, which remains in the palm.

Smelling the soil

Take some moist soil and smell it.

Plasticity

Cohesion

Humus content

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IMPROVING AND STABILISING SOILS According to the original soil quality, adding materials like gravel or sand can do some easy improvement. Note that it is not advisable to mix clay, as the process would be long for an uncertain result. Improvement can also be done by sieving the soil or by mixing different qualities of soil. Stabilising a soil will also improve it. SOIL STABILISATION A modern practice is to stabilise the earth, especially for compressed earth blocks (CEB) and rammed earth. It aims originally to stabilize silt and clay against water, so as to give lasting properties with the minimum of maintenance. Stabilisers Many stabilizers can be used. The most common ones are cement and lime. Others, like chemicals, resins or natural products can be used as well. The selection of a stabilizer will depend upon the quality of the soil and the requirements of the project. Cement will be preferable for sandy soils and to achieve quickly a higher strength. Lime will be preferred for very clayey soil, but will take a longer time to harden and give strong blocks. Cement or lime stabilisation of soils will increase the strength a lot, and stabilised earth could be exposed to water or even immersed. The densification of soils by compression (rammed earth, CSEB) or by adding water (shaped, cob, adobe, wattle and daub) will also give cohesion and more resistance. In this case the earth should not remain in contact with water for long. Percentages of stabilisers It depends on the soil quality and the particular requirements. The average stabilizer proportion is rather low: 5% for cement (3 to 8%) and 6% for lime (2 to10%). These low percentages are part of the cost effectiveness of CSEB and stabilised rammed earth. SOIL SUITABILITY AND STABILIZATION FOR CSEB Not every soil is suitable for earth construction and CSEB in particular. But with some knowledge and experience many soils can be used for producing CSEB. Topsoil and organic soils must not be used. Identifying the properties of a soil is essential to perform, at the end, good quality products. Some simple sensitive analysis can be performed after a short training. A soil is an earth concrete and a good soil for CSEB is more sandy than clayey. It has these proportions:

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According to the percentage of these 4 components, a soil with more gravel will be called gravely, another one with more, sand, sandy, others silty or clayey, etc. The aim of the field tests is to identify in which of these four categories the soil is. From the simple classification it will be easy to know what to do with this soil. Soil identification A very few laboratories can identify soils for building purposes. But soil identification can be performed by anybody with sensitive analyses. The main points to examine are: Grain size distribution, to know quantity of each grain size Plasticity characteristics, to know the quality and properties of the binders (clays and silts) Compressibility, to know the optimum moisture content, which will require the minimum of compaction energy for the maximum density Cohesion, to know how the binders bind the inert grains Humus content, to know if they are organic materials which might disturb the mix Soil stabilisation Many stabilizers can be used. Cement and lime are the most common ones. Others, like chemicals, resins or natural products can be used as well. The selection of a stabilizer will depend upon the soil quality and the project requirements: Cement will be preferable for sandy soils and to achieve quickly a higher strength. Lime will be rather used for very clayey soil, but will take a longer time to harden and to give strong blocks. The average stabilizer proportion is rather low: Minimum

Average

Maximum

Cement stabilisation

No technical maximum

Lime stabilisation

10 %

These low percentages are part of the cost effectiveness of CSEB.

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COST EFFECTIVENESS CSEB are most the time cheaper than fired bricks. This will vary from place to place and specially according to the cement cost. The cost break up of a 5 % stabilised block would depend on the local context. It would be within these figures, for manual equipment with an AURAM press 3000: Labour: 20 - 25 % Soil & sand: 20 - 25% Cement: 40 - 60 % Equipment: 3 - 5 % The strength of a block is related to the level of compression and to the quantity of stabiliser. This implies that to reduce the cost of a block one should try to reduce the quantity of cement but not the cost of the labour with unskilled people. One should also not cut down the cost of the press with cheap quality machines, which would not last and would not give strong blocks. In the context of Auroville, a finished m3 of CSEB masonry is always cheaper than fired bricks: 19.4% less than country fired bricks and 47.2 % less than wire cut bricks (March 2004).See

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ADVANTAGES OF CSEB A local material Ideally, the production is made on the site itself or in the nearby area. Thus, it will save the transportation, fuel, time and money. A bio-degradable material Well-designed CSEB houses can withstand, with a minimum of maintenance, heavy rains, snowfall or frost without being damaged. The strength and durability has been proven since half a century. But let's imagine a building fallen down and that a jungle grows on it: the bio-chemicals contained in the humus of the topsoil will destroy the soil cement mix in 10 or 20 years? And CSEB will come back to our Mother Earth! Limiting deforestation Firewood is not needed to produce CSEB. It will save the forests, which are being depleted quickly in the world, due to short view developments and the mismanagement of resources. Management of resources Each quarry should be planned for various utilisations: water harvesting pond, wastewater treatment, reservoirs, landscaping, etc. It is crucial to be aware of this point: very profitable if well managed ? disastrous if unplanned! Energy efficiency and eco friendliness Requiring only a little stabilizer the energy consumption in a m3 can be from 5 to 15 times less than a m続 of fired bricks. The pollution emission will also be 2.4 to 7.8 times less than fired bricks. Cost efficiency Produced locally, with a natural resource and semi skilled labour, almost without transport, it will be definitely cost effective! More or less according to each context and to ones knowledge! An adapted material Being produced locally it is easily adapted to the various needs: technical, social, cultural habits. A transferable technology It is a simple technology requiring semi skills, easy to get. Simple villagers will be able to learn how to do it in few weeks. Efficient training centre will transfer the technology in a week time.

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A job creation opportunity CSEB allow unskilled and unemployed people to learn a skill, get a job and rise in the social values. Market opportunity According to the local context (materials, labour, equipment, etc.) the final price will vary, but in most of the cases it will be cheaper than fired bricks. Reducing imports Produced locally by semi skilled people, no need import from far away expensive materials or transport over long distances heavy and costly building materials. Flexible production scale Equipment for CSEB is available from manual to motorized tools ranging from village to semi industry scale. The selection of the equipment is crucial, but once done properly, it will be easy to use the most adapted equipment for each case. Social acceptance Demonstrated, since long, CSEB can adapt itself to various needs: from poor income to well off people or governments. Its quality, regularity and style allow a wide range of final house products. To facilitate this acceptation, banish from your language "stabilized mud blocks", for speaking of CSEB as the latter reports R & D done for half a century when mud blocks referred, in the mind of most people, as poor building material.

SOME LIMITATIONS OF CSEB •Proper soil identification is required or lack of soil. •Unawareness of the need to manage resources. •Ignorance of the basics for production & use. •Wide spans, high & long building are difficult to do. •Low technical performances compared to concrete. •Untrained teams producing bad quality products. •Over-stabilization through fear or ignorance, implying outrageous costs. •Under-stabilization resulting in low quality products. •Bad quality or un-adapted production equipment. •Low social acceptance due to counter examples (By unskilled people, or bad soil & equipment).

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FERROCEMENT It is a strong, versitile, low-cost, long-lasting building material made from a wire reinforced mixture of sand, water, and cement. A ferro-cement structure is usually 2-5 cm (3/4"-1 3/4") thick--- much thinner and lighter than poured concrete structures. Because it has wire reinforcing distributed throughout the structure, ferro-cement structures have much greater tensile strength and flexibility than ordinary concrete. When building ferro-cement structures the sand/cement mortar is applied to the reinforcing wire with a trowel, never poured like common concrete. Often a form is used to provide the desired shape.

Construction The desired shape may be built from a multi-layered construction of chicken wire, and if needed reinforced with steel wire or steel bars. Over this finished framework, an appropriate mixture of cement, sand and water is spread out. During hardening, the ferrocement is kept moist, to ensure the cement is able to set and harden. The wall thickness of ferrocement constructions lies in general between 10 and 30 mm. Like other applications of cement, a considerable amount of time may be necessary for the material to fully cure and reach its final strength. Curing time is dependent upon the span or application load, and ferrocement can take a month before it is ready for use.

Advantages The advantages of a well built ferrocement construction are the low weight, maintenance costs and long lifetime in comparison with steel constructions. However, meticulous building precision is considered crucial here. Especially with respect to the cement composition and the way in which it is applied in and on the framework . When a ferrocement sheet is mechanically overloaded, it will tend to fold instead of crack or rupture. The wire framework will hold the pieces together, which in some applications (boat hull, ceiling, roof) is an advantage. A ferrocement construction has 10 to 25% of the weight of a comparable construction made of bricks. Another important advantage is the ease of construction. Concrete is referred to as "mud," in central north America. People have been building with mud and sticks since moving out of caves. An armature of reinforcing steel and wire replaced organic reinforcing material during the industrial revolution.

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FERROCEMENT CHANNEL A ferrocement roofchannel is a longitudinal element, semi-cylindrical shaped. It is easy to construct, uses less cement and steel than a conventional RCC roof and is also cheaper. During the installation process the roofchannel is lifted into place and can be immediately be joined together in order to provide a shelter, a roof or a floor slab. Ferrocement roofchannels could be a solution as a roofing system for a wide variety of building situations. The technique consist of making a mud mould on which the ferrocement roofchannel is cast, left overnight, demoulded within the next few days, cured and finally installed and joined in situ at the required site.

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BAMBOO The term bamboo describes all tree- or bushlike grasses having a durable woody or branched stem. The lignifying cell structure of the bamboo tissue and its technological properties are very similar to the wood tissue proper. Bamboo may therefore also be termed wood. Contrary to wood, the bamboo have a hard outer surface and is soft inside.

Tensile strenght: The fibres of the bamboo run axial. In the outer zone are highly elastic vascular bundle, that have a high tensile strenght. The tensile strenght of these fibres is higher than that of steel, but its not possible to construct connections that can transfer these tensile strenghs. Shrinking: Bamboo shrinks more than wood when it loses water. The canes can tear apart at the nodes. Bamboo shrinks in the cross section ca. 10-16 %, in the wall thickness ca. 15-17 %. Fire resistance: The fire resistance is very good because of the high content of silicate acid. Filled up with water, it can stand a temperature of 400째 C while the water cooks inside. Elasticity: The enormous elasticity of bamboo makes it to a very good building material for earth-quakeendangered areas. Another advantage of bamboo is its low weight. It can be transported and worked easily, the use of cranes is mostly unnecessary.

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EARTH AIR TUNNEL Although, this technique is essentially used for cooling the air in Hot and dry climates, it can also be used for winter heating. Earth- air tunnels may be considered as special types of wind towers connected to an underground tunnel. The cooling process is based on the fact that the temperature a few meters below the ground is almost constant throughout the year. A wind tower is connected to the underground tunnel, which runs from the bottom of the wind tower to the basement of the building. The wind tower catches the wind which is forced down the tower into the tunnel. The temperature of the tunnel, being lower than that of the ambient temperature, cools the air before it is circulated into the living space. In winter, the temperature of the air tunnel is higher than the ambient temperature and hence warms the air passing through it. Sensible cooling can b aided by evaporative cooling. To reduce the underground temperature, the ground can be shaded using vegetation and can be wetted by sprinkling water. This water seeps through and dampens the tunnel walls. Consequently, air from the tunnel is evaporatively cooled as it passes through the tunnel. Another variation possible is to use buried pipes instead in place of tunnel.

EARTH BERMING This technique is used both for passive cooling as well as heating of buildings, a feat which is made possible by the earth acting as a massive heat sink. Summer as well as winter variations die out rapidly with increasing depth from the earth's surface. This temperature at a depth of a few meters remains almost stable throughout the year. Thus, the underground or partially sunk buildings would provide both cooling (in the summer) and heating (in the winter) to the living space. Besides, load fluctuations are reduced by the addition of earth mass to the thermal mass of the building. The infiltration of air from outside is reduced. The earth sheltered structure has to be heavier and stronger to withstand the load of the earth and the vegetation above. Besides, it should be suitably waterproofed and insulated to avoid ground moisture. 72

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Waste water recycling by root zone system In this technology waste water is recycled using the root zone technique. It is a natural waste water treatment process based on aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of the contents in the roots of the reeds (phragmytes) and microbial organisms. The process is natural, economical, and efficient and gives quality treated water. This water is used for irrigation.

Staircase mumty used as wind tower The prevailing direction for cool winds in site is south- western. Here concept of wind tower is used. The tower facing the wind direction has been located over the staircase. Cool air to all areas are provided fro this tower and normal windows facing the lee of the wind has been provided to distribute the cool air throughout the buiding. The tower catches only the cool wind from the south- west, avoiding warmer air from other direction.

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DESIGN CONCEPT

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Interpretation of institute philosophy Major philosophies I understand are self leadership, self realization and right living. They believe in life with values, life which has all values intact. They say we all live with them hidden somewhere which we need to realize. In this interpretation of mine I use the BOWL in the site as the area of most potential. I take it as my area of focus. It seems to be the deep inner conscious of man, which he needs to realize. The buildings where he will learn this guard this centre bowl from all around. Now one reach the bowl through the path from all direction. While reaching he looks at all teachings around. The focus of the site guides him to true self.

Second issue of interpretation was to find what to place in the focus. Now second philosophy of SELF LEADERSHIP comes. Man has always needed a belief to live with. Be it any religion or leader. This seeing from history, we can see that in old time there were temples for him. Here the prime position was taken by GOD . Then came man in layers, divided on various criterion like caste, and culture. In second stage of generation, came spiritual institutes like ramakrishna mission and aurobindo ashram. Here there is one leader with all followers in the same layer. So now the division amongst the followers vanish. Oasis movement goes a step forward to this. Here there is no single leader. They propagate the concept of self leadership. They say we are to decide what is right and what is wrong. They donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have lectures and teachings, instead they have a unique method of delivering there teachings. It is through interaction. This helped me find the focus, which can only be a stage and audience. It can be an AMPHITHEATRE. it relates with the philosophy of expression to all.

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After deciding the major building placement, in the second step comes the nodes design. There comes blocks with there need . And they get connected to each other on the same path. Now the semi open nodes created between each block, is the place of prime importance. These are places which brings a character to the place. The path taking one around the institute becomes interesting and an experience in itself. All nodes overlooks to the amphitheatre, with steps from each to reach the place. It also connects other blocks to the institute . Nodes design becomes very important. It struck then the FIVE ELEMENTS OF LIFE. The EARTH, WOOD, FIRE, SKY, WATER. According to all philosophies, they form the basics of all life. According to hinduism, they are the elements of life from where we originate and after death finally vanish into it. Thus they seem to be the best points . Thus each node has a centre having a sybolical interpretation of the element.

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SITE PLAN

ZONING MAINLY HAS

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ZONINGThere are mainly 4 zones. One being the prime focus, area of hyper activity- the central bowl having the amphitheatre. This zone is the centre for all other activity. It is the prime focus of the site attracting all other activity . It is also the major public zone. it is area of hyper activity in the site. Also it has symbolical importance. With respect to landscaping also it is of utmost importance. Second is the zone beyond this, the public zone or the institute zone. This zone has all major institute blocks, administration, information center. This is located around the bowl forming a kind of protection around the amphitheatre. This zone is again zone of hyper activity. It has all the public activity taking place. Here the public blocks are in the front with the more private once coming on the inner side. Most of the block in this zone is on the highest terrain and directly approachable from the road. This zone also has the auditorium .this is again located with keeping in mind the vehicular entrance to the building Third zone being the living part of the institute. This is very important zone. Major requirement here is its being connected to the institute as well as maintain its privacy. This zone is located on both the slopes of the site. The eastern used for the hostel and western for the cottages. The slopes gives good privacy and view to each room, it facilitates to plan every room with there private open space. Fourth zone becomes the agriculture zone. Here the three valleys are used for irrigation of fruits, vegetables and spices. The southern slope is used for dense forestation like bamboo . The western slope has hard variety of fruit trees. The processing unit is located near the entrance to the site to facilitate the vehicular circulation.

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SITE PLANNING CONSIDERATION WITH RESPECT TO:

CONTOURS •All major blocks on the highest terrain of the site. Institute block on the highest terrain to facilitate circulation •Vehicular restricted to the highest terrain. •all the 3 valleys used for farming, for irrigation of fruits, vegetables and spices. •Water body located on the lowest terrain for easy collection and drainage. •The southern slope used for dense forestation and western for fruits. •Internal slopes for residential units, slopes giving advantage of privacy and view. •The bowl giving naturally developed amphitheatre. •The sewerage tank in the lowest terrain. And water collection tank also there. But the pump house on the highest terrain. •All blocks which need service from road located on the higher terrain like the kitchen and the processing unit. •Most of the blocks are first approachable from the highest terrain making the circulation more simple and easy for the users. •The valleys are only approachable by pathways which takes one around the entire site •All the blocks of basic functions are mostly located on the higher terrain. Blocks which are not public in nature and for individual use are located on lower terrains. FUNCTIONS •Buildings for public is located very near to the entrance, in the front of the site. Like the information center and administration block is first approached on the site. •Then comes the institute blocks, lecture halls and library block. They are connected to other two blocks also. They need to be connected to the residential units as well. •After this comes the residential blocks which need to get due privacy. They are approachable from outside as well as inside. •The processing unit needs service from road thus located near the entrance. •All agriculture related facilities in the valleys, they are inhouse activities . •Solitude huts on the external slopes for peace and extreme privacy. •Services located as per their requirement, like the sewarage tank in the valley, water store in the valley, pump house on high terrain. 80

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CLIMATE Climate has great influence over the energy efficiency of a building. Thus passive architectural techniques that I have adopted in my design are written here.

LANDSCAPING Major part of the land is used for organic farming. Coming with their values of RIGHT LIVING, they want to set up example for organic farming and promote it everywhere. The southern slope is used for growth of dense forest trees, mainly bamboo. It helps to create the airflow in the site and also cools it down. The south western wind flow is well guided into the site with the help of these trees. All the slopes are planted with trees to keep the soil intact. The eastern and western slope is planted with fruit trees, these give shade to buildings as well as cools down the air. The valleys are used for irrigation of fruits, vegetables, and spices. Ground cover and trees near the buildings also help in bringing down the temperature of the building.

LOCATION OF WATER BODY The water body is located in south western corner of the site. This cools the air coming from the same side, also this is the lowest terrain on the site thus making the collection of water there easy.

ORIENTATION All the blocks are taken care of with the orientation. South and south west is avoided. Green house is faced the sun, to facilitate from the suns rays.

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MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION

Main materials used are compressed stabilized earth blocks, ferrocement channels, bamboo, and reinforced concrete at places. Earth is useful for this site because of its easy availability. Also it has very less embodied energy.

Roof Roofing used for building are vaults, Advantages of vault construction It creates volume which helps the hot air to rise and go out . Gives volume to the spaces like seminar rooms, entry foyer, etc. It is a labour intensive method Doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require any framework or support. It is free spanning a technology developed in auroville. Goes very well with the material and profile of the site.

At other places flat roof is used done with ferro cement, which is cost effective . The roofs are finished with material which reflect sun and doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t add t the haet gain of the building

Fenestration and shading. Less fenestration on the southern face of the buildings. Shading done with lintels and roof slabs projected out to shade the openings. These also help to protect the building form the water.

Apart from these there are various other active methods of construction used. Like waste water treatment, earth berming, earth air tunnel for air conditioning of the auditorium. These have been discussed in the study part of the report.

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CONCLUSION This organization has its own values an teaching. This is there first institute from where they want to spread there thoughts. Thus this need to be a reflection of there values and principles. There urge to bring a change in the society, to make man more sensitive toward his environment, and people around, is in itself a noble effort. The institute need to set up trends in the field of construction and motivate people to adopt right way.

Thus I have tried to make a design which not only reflects there teachings, but is also practical and set example for all others. Its main feature is in doing correct things, making the place energy efficient, make all the facilities available to people staying there. Thus making it a model town where people come and peace of there mind.

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DRAWINGS

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CONTENT •Introduction

•Oasis movement

•Site analysis

•Case study Philosophy Ramakrishna mission

Auroville

Osho

Lotus temple

Landscaping

Site planning

Functional spaces

Organic farming

Sustainable architecture

Inferences

•Organic farming

•Sustainability

•Material of construction

•Passive methods

•Design concept

•Conclusion

•Area program

•Drawings

•Bibliography

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AREA PROGRAM Visitors’ center Administration Institution Library Auditorium(350 capacity) Amphitheatre(1000 capacitu) Residential buildings Agriculture coordination Center Gaushala Processing house Green house Nursery Services

- 600 sq.mt - 300 sq.mt - 2100 sq.mt - 475 sq.mt - 1100 sq.mt – 1000 sq.mt - 4900 sq.mt - 150 sq.mt - 1000 sq.mt - 500 sq.mt - 300 sq.mt - 200 sq.mt - 200 sq.mt

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ernst nufert

Architectural Data

Architectural graphic standard Swami Tattwajnanananda

- A symphony in architecture of ramakrishna temple

Auroville today

- The Auroville Adventure

Auroville today

- Auroville A Dream Take Shape

The auroville handbook HUDCO

- special training program for strengthening building center

Mili Majumdar

- Energy- efficient buildings in India

Osho times A+D magazines Thesis report

- Sandeep kumar

Thesis report

- Tapas Kr. Mandal

www.oasiswebsite.com www.eartharchitecture.org www.earth-auroville.com www.teri.org www.osho.com www.auroville.org www.belurmath.org www.wikipedia.com www.googlesearch.com

College library Department library