Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science №70-2

№70/2021

Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science ISSN 3453-9875

VOL.2

It was established in November 2016 with support from the Norwegian Academy of Science.

DESCRIPTION

The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.

Editor in chief – Karin Kristiansen (University of Oslo, Norway)

The assistant of theeditor in chief – Olof Hansen

• James Smith (University of Birmingham, UK)

• Kristian Nilsen (University Centre in Svalbard, Norway)

• Arne Jensen (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway)

• Sander Svein (University of Tromsø, Norway)

• Lena Meyer (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)

• Hans Rasmussen (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)

• Chantal Girard (ESC Rennes School of Business, France)

• Ann Claes (University of Groningen, Netherlands)

• Ingrid Karlsen (University of Oslo, Norway)

• Terje Gruterson (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway)

• Sander Langfjord (University Hospital, Norway)

• Fredrik Mardosas (Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway)

• Emil Berger (Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Norway)

• Sofie Olsen (BioFokus, Norway)

• Rolf Ulrich Becker (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)

• Lutz Jäncke (University of Zürich, Switzerland)

• Elizabeth Davies (University of Glasgow, UK)

• Chan Jiang(Peking University, China) and other independent experts

1000 copies

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CONTENT

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Novikova A., Ivanov E., Kurguzova N., Akzhigitov R., Bozhkov A.

COLOSTRUM COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN REGULATING THE NUMBER OF IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELLS IN ANIMALS WITH LIVER FIBROSIS 3

ECONOMIC SCIENCES

Tarko A. RESULTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRIES THAT CAME OUT OF 1991.........................................12

HISTORICAL SCIENCES

Shutova M.

"HONEST MIRROR OF YOUTH" AS THE MAIN SOURCE OF EDUCATION OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION OF PETER'S RUSSIA .........................................................33

PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Amanov A.

MEANS OF CONNECTING THE COMPONENTS OF THE TEXT IN UZBEK LITERARY LANGUAGE 36

SOCIAL SCIENCES

Synchak B., Koval A.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE IN JOURNALISM .39

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

COLOSTRUM COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN REGULATING THE NUMBER OF IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELLS IN ANIMALS WITH LIVER FIBROSIS

Novikova A., postgraduate student of the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov Ivanov E., PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov Kurguzova N., Senior Lecturer of the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov Akzhigitov R., postgraduate student of the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov Bozhkov A. Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, Kharkov DOI: 10.24412/3453-9875-2021-70-2-3-11

Abstract

Two different fractions were prepared from whole colostrum: defatted colostrum (DC) and low molecular weight components of colostrum (LMC), and their effect on the growth dynamics of Wistar rats, in which liver fibrosis was induced, and the content of erythrocytes, platelets, and immunocompetent cells (leukocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes). To induce liver fibrosis, rats were injected three times with copper sulfate at a dose of 1 mg /100 g of body weight with an interval of 48 hours between injections. 24 hours after the last administration of copper, the development of the initial stage of fibrosis was observed according to histology data, and this was accompanied by an inhibition of the rate of growth in the body weight of the animals. Hematological parameters were determined onan automatic analyzer MindrayBC -2008 Vet, (USA). It was found that inanimals with fibrosis the number of platelets was increased by 2 times in comparison with the control, other types of cells, in particular immunocompetent cells, remained within the normal range. If animals with Cu-induced fibrosis were injected with OM and NCM at a dose of 0.1 mg /100 g of body weight daily for 6 days, then there was a significant increase in the number of immunocompetent cells in the bloodstream (leukocytes by 80% with OM and 59 % for NCM; lymphocytes by 68% and 30%, respectively; monocytes by 82% for OM and 160% for NCM; granulocytes by 218% and 223%, respectively), with a decrease in the number of platelets compared to animals with fibrosis.

It has been suggested that the components of colostrum have a stimulating effect on the functional activity of bone marrow cells, which can contribute to the elimination of liver fibrosis. DC and LMC had different effects on the content of different types of bone marrow cells.

Keywords: defatted colostrum, low molecular weight components of colostrum, immunocompetent cells, Cu-induced liver fibrosis.

Introduction.

It is known that liver fibrosis, the process of replacing liver cells with connective tissue, is a universal response of the body to damage. [1] Damage in liver tissue can be caused bya varietyof factors: toxic chemicals in water, food or air, microorganisms, or physical factors. [2, 3] Fibrosis of the liver is dangerous because it can lead to the development of cirrhosis, which is an irreversible chronic severe condition. [4]

At the same time, in the early stages of development, fibrosis can be eliminated and the impaired liver function restored. Currently, there is an active search fornaturalcompounds that cannormalize liverfunction in fibrosis. [5]

Earlier it was shown that repeated sequential administration of copper sulfate in a dose of 1 mg /100 g of body weight to experimental animals was accompanied by the induction of liver fibrosis. [6, 7]

It is known that colostrum is a natural component, which includes a large number of biologically active compounds, such as immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgD, IgE, IgM, cytokines and related interferon, various growth factors - insulin-like factors, platelet, epithelial factors and including the transfer factor. [8, 9, 10] Transfer factor has a wide spectrum of action on biological systems and can normalize liver dysfunction against the background of fibrosis. [11] Isolation of the transfer factor is associated with a fine purification system, which requires expensive equipment on the one hand, and on the other hand, with such a purification system, a number of other biologically active compounds can be removed. It is of interest to separate colostrum into a number of components, in particular, the removal of lipid components and the removal of high molecular weight proteins, to obtain low molecular weight components of colostrum, which also include a transfer factor. With this approach, relatively simple

fractionation methods can be used while maintaining the biologically active properties of the materials.

In this regard, in our work, we investigated the effect of whole skimcolostrumand lowmolecular weight components of colostrum (which also includes a transfer factor) on the growth dynamics and hematological parameters of animals with Cu-induced liver fibrosis.

Materials and methods.

The experiments were carried out on three-monthold male Wistar rats. The animals were kept under standard vivarium conditions. To simulate fibrotic changes in the liver of rats, a solution of copper sulfate was used, which was administered to rats intraperitoneally three times with an interval of 48 hours between

injections at a concentration of 1 mg Cu /100 g of body weight, as described earlier. [6, 7, 12]

For fractionation, colostrum was obtained from the Alpha farm (Ukraine), from Ukrainian dairy cowspockmarked, the second milk yield after calving. Fat was removed by centrifugation of whole colostrum at 3000 g for 20 min at roomtemperature. After removing the fats, the resulting colostrum was used as defatted colostrum(DC). When obtaining low molecular weight components (LMC), colostrum was passed through membrane filters with a pore diameter of 10 nm, which made it possible to remove proteins with a high molecular weight of more than 10 kd (Fig. 1)

Fig.1. A. Protein composition of skim colostrum as determined by mass spectrometry. B. Composition of proteins included in the fraction of low molecular weight components of colostrum.

The obtained fractions of DC and LMC were dried in a rotary evaporator and stored dry samples at a temperature of minus 15 ºС without access to air.

To study the effect of DC and LMC, animals with induced liver fibrosis with copper sulfate (Cu - ind.fibrosis) were injected per os with aqueous solutions of

DC and LMC at a dose of 0.1mg/100 g of body weight 6 times every 24 hours (Fig. 3). When working with animals, all recommendations for bioethical standards were observed.

Fig.2. Scheme showing experimental groups of animals, which were sequentially injected with copper sulfate at a dose of 1 mg/100 g for the induction of fibrosis, followed by the administration of DC and LMC. The control variant was not subjected to any additional influences.

The body weight of the animals was determined daily, and after decapitation of the animals, which was carried out under ether anesthesia, blood was collected intubes withK3 EDTA(3-substituted potassiumsalt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) for further studies of hematological parameters on an automatic analyzer Mindray BC - 2008 Vet, (USA). The absolute content of leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, hemoglobin content, hematocrit, average volume of erythrocytes, erythrocyte anisocytosis, average concentration of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte, relative width of platelet distribution, average platelet volume and platelet volume were determined.

Each experimental group consisted of 6 rats. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using the Exel program. Data in the work are presented as mean (x) and standard error (SE).

Research results.

Influence of exogenous copper ions on the morphology and growth dynamics of rats. Three-time sequential administration of copper sulfate to experimental animals at a dose of1 mg / 100 gofbodyweight was accompanied by morphological changes in the liver tissue, which is characteristic of toxic liver damage, in particular: acute coagulation necrosis of hepatocytes in the perilobilar zones, apoptosis of some

hepatocytes, dystrophic changes in hepatocytes (protein fatty degeneration). Intoxication with copper ions led to venous hyperemia, the presence of erythrocyte accumulations (aggregates) (Fig. 3 Aa, Ab).

Previously, it was shown that the intoxication of animals withcopper sulfate was accompanied bya 30% increase in collagen content and the growth of connective tissue in the liver. [13]

Dysfunction of the liver was accompanied by a loss or delay in the growth of the body weight of the animals. So, if the body weight of the control group of animals increased almost linearly from 1 to 13 days of observation and at the end of the experiment it increased by 25 - 30% of the initial (Fig. 3B, curve 1), then in animals with Cu - induced liver fibrosis by at the end of the experiment, it remained at the level ofthe initial values (Fig. 3B, curve 2).

In the event that animals with Cu-induced liver fibrosis received DC per os at a dose of 0.1 mg / 100 g of body weight, then after growth retardation, from day 5 to 13, they slowly, but gained body weight, and by the end of observations, it increased by 10 - 15% of the initial one (Fig. 3 B, curve 3). If animals with Cu-induced liver fibrosis received LMC, then they increased their body weight with a higher rate, although they lagged behind the control group (Fig. 3B, curve 4).

135

introduction of copper sulfate

colostrumand

125

115

105

95

145 1 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

relative body weight,% days of experiment

85

Fig. 3. A. Micrographs of histological liver samples from control animals (a) and animals that were injected three times with copper sulfate at a dose of 1 mg / 100 g of body weight with an interval of 48 hours between injections (b). Magnification x 400 s. B. The dynamics of the body weight of control animals (1), animals with Cu - induced liver fibrosis (2), as well as animals with Cu - induced liver fibrosis, who received defatted colostrum at a dose of 0.1 mg / 100 g of body weight (3) and the group animals with fibrosis who received low molecular weight components of colostrum daily at a dose of 0.1 mg / 100 g of body weight for 6 days with an interval of 24 hours (4). Mean values from 6 animals in each experimental group are shown. * - differences were noted between the experimental groups in comparison with the control group for which p <0.05.

Consequently, colostrum intake partially restores body weight growth in experimental animals with Cuinduced liver fibrosis. LMC shows a greater effect in restoring this indicator as compared to DC. However, the fullrecoveryofthe growthrateofanimals withliver fibrosis did not occur.

The results obtained convincinglyconfirm the fact that the inflammatory process in the liver, induced by intoxication with copper ions, is characterized by systemic changes at the level of the whole organism. In particular, a change in the functional activity of the digestive system, a shift in the balance of the redox system towards prooxidants [14, 15]. Despite numerous studies of the mechanisms of the development of inflammatory reactions, the questions of the integrative

mechanisms of the response to the action of pathogenetic factors remain unresolved. In this case, the excess of copper ions, we believe that the bone marrow, producing blood cells and immunocompetent cells, is a systemic factor in the formation of inflammatory responses.

Hematological parameters in rats with Cu - induced liver fibrosis and after administration of colostrum components. The content oferythrocytes inexperimental animals with Cu - ind. liver fibrosis did not differ from intact control. The content of hemoglobin, the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte, hematocrit, and the average volume of the erythrocyte and anisocytosis of erythrocytes in animals with Cu -ind. liver fibrosis also remained at the control level (table).

Table

Erythrocyte count, average erythrocyte volume, hemoglobin content, hematocrit and erythrocyte anisocytosis in the intact control group, animals with Cu-induced fibrosis, and animals with Cu-induced fibrosis, who received DC and LMC per os at a dose of 0.1 mg / 100 g body weight. Mean values from three experiments and standard errors of the mean are presented.

Groups of experimental animals

Intact control

Cu – ind. fibrosis

Cu – ind. fibrosis and DC injection

Cu – ind. fibrosis and the introduction of LMC

The number of erythrocytes, х109 l

Average volume of erythrocytes, fl

INDICATORS

Hematocrit, % Hemoglobin content, g/l

Erythrocyte anisocytosis, %

8,52 ±0,37 55,00 ±3,09 46,60 ±0,70 146,00 ±3,79 14,73 ±1,88

7,6 ±0,24 53,40 ±0,95 41,70 ±0,76 132,00 ±3,45 13,80 ±0,90

7,93 ±0,05 54,20 ±0,69 42,90 ±0,72 134,33 ±1,45 14,17 ±0,58

7,81 ±0,23 56,05 ±0,90 43,70 ±1,40 138,50 ±3,55 15,08 ±0,78

Administration to animals with Cu - ind. liver fibrosis DC and LMC in doses of 0.1 mg / 100 g of body weight did not affect the parameters of hematopoiesis (table).

Consequently, at the initial stages of the development of Cu-induced fibrosis, hematopoiesis remained within the normal range. Skim colostrum and low molecular weight components of colostrumalso had no effect on hematopoiesis, at least when it corresponded to the control level.

The number of leukocytes in animals with Cuind. liver fibrosis remained within the control values (Fig. 4A). However, in animals with liver fibrosis, which received DC at a dose of 1 mg / 100 g of body weight for 6 days, the leukocyte content was increased by 80% compared with control (Fig. 4A). In the event that animals with liver fibrosis received LMC, then their leukocyte content was also increased by 59% in relation to the control (Fig. 4A). The manifestation of leukocytosis after the administration of colostrumcomponentstoexperimentalanimalscanbeapositiveeffect against the background of intoxication, since this is accompanied by the activation of the cellular link of immunity.

Since leukocytes produce interferon and growth factors [16], this can positively affect the restoration of liver function against the background of fibrosis.

The content of lymphocytes in animals with Cuind. liver fibrosis was reduced compared to controls by 25% (Fig. 4B). If animals with fibrosis were injected with DC and LMC, then the lymphocyte content was increased in comparison with the control by 68 and 30%, respectively (Fig. 4B).

Consequently, DC caused a more pronounced effect of stimulating the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes compared to LMC.

The class of phagocytic mononuclear cells - monocytes in animals with Cu - ind. liver fibrosis did not

differ from the control values (0.33 ± 0.09 and 0.4 ± 0.06).Atthe sametime,administrationofDCandLMC to animals with hepatic fibrosis was accompanied by a significant increase in this class of cells by 82 and 160%, respectively, compared withintact controls (Fig. C).

Consequently, LMC was 2 times more effective in increasing the number of monocytes compared to DC. Such a significant increase in phagocytic cells, which are able to remove destroyed cells, denatured proteins and circulating immune complexes from the body, is the most important stage in eliminating pathological processes in the liver.

When assessing the level of nonspecific reactivity of an organism, the index of the ratio of the number of lymphocytes to monocytes is often used. In intact control animals, it was 19.6 arbitrary units, in animals with liver fibrosis, it was significantly reduced to 12.0, after administration of DC to animals with fibrosis, it did not differ from the control level (18.1). However, after administration to animals with fibrosis of LMC, it was almost 2 times lower than the control and amounted to 9.7 arbitrary units.

Consequently, the administration of DC to animals after intoxication withcopper sulfate is more preferable compared to LMC, at least for the regulation of the cellular link of immunity.

A relatively leukocytes large proportion is occupied by granulocytic cells, which include basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils. The total number of granulocytes in the control group was 2.0 * 109 cells / l. It did not change in animals with Cu - ind. liver fibrosis (2.4 * 109 cells / l) (Fig.4D). However, after the administration of DC and LMC to experimental animals, their number increased 2.2 times compared to the control level (Fig. 4D).

20

15

10

5

0

25 1 2 3 4 The absolute content of leukocytes , х10 9 /

Fig.4. A. The absolute content of leukocytes in the intact control group (1), the group of animals with Cuinduced liver fibrosis (2), in the group with Cu - ind. fibrosis, followed by 6-fold administration of DC at a dose of 1 mg / 100 g of body weight (3) and in the group with fibrosis, followed by 6-fold injection of LMC at a dose of 0.1 mg / 100 g of body weight (4); B. Absolute lymphocyte count in the same groups of animals; C. Absolute content of monocytes in the same groups of animals; D. Absolute content of granulocyte in the same groups of animals.

It is known that granulocyte inducers are interleukins: 1,3,5, granulocyte-stimulating factor, granulocyte-monocyte factor, which are present in colostrum. Consequently, the administration of colostrum componentstoanimals withliverfibrosisstimulatesthe formation of immunocompetent cells that can ensure the restoration of the pathologically altered liver.

As it was revealed on histological preparations of the liver with the development of fibrosis, there was a change in the state of the vessels. In this regard, it is of great interest to assess the number and characteristics of platelets, as an indicator of blood coagulation.

It was found that in animals with Cu - ind. with liver fibrosis, the number of platelets was increased 2fold compared to the control (Fig. 5A), that is, thrombocytosis took place. The causes of thrombocytosis are very diverse, but they are based on an increase in cytokines that stimulate platelet formation.

Thrombocytosis is known to increase the likelihood of blood clots. If animals with fibrosis received DC for 6 days, then the platelet count remained 50% higher than the intact control, but was 26% less than with fibrosis (Fig.5A). LMC had a less pronounced effect of reducing the number of platelets in animals with fibrosis compared with DC (only by 15%) (Fig. 5A).

Fig. 5. A. The number of platelets in the intact control group (1), the group of animals with Cu - induced liver fibrosis (2), in the group with Cu - ind. fibrosis, followed by 6-fold administration of DC at a dose of 1 mg / 100 g of body weight (3) and in the group with fibrosis, followed by 6-fold injection of LMC at a dose of 0.1 mg / 100 g of body weight (4); B. Thrombokrit in the same groups of animals; C. the average volume of platelets in the same groups of animals. Mean values and standard errors are given.

* - differences were noted between the control and experimental groups, for which p <0.05.

Consequently, the intake of DC provided a decrease in thrombocytosis, which took place in Cu - ind. liver fibrosis. In favor of the different effect of DC and LMC on platelet formation, data on thrombocrit indicators testify. So, thrombocritis in rats with Cu - ind. liver fibrosis was increased in comparison with the control level by 88%; after the animals with fibrosis received DC, this indicator decreased by 21%, although it remained somewhat higher compared to the control, whereas inthe case ofreceiving LMC byanimals, it did not change (Fig. 5B).

The change in thrombocyte was due to an increase in the number of platelets, while maintaining their volume (Fig. 5C).

Discussion

It was previously thought that the induction of fibrogenesis leads to irreversible chronic conditions [17]. Intensive studies in recent years have shown that liver fibrosis can be reversible, however, the features and mechanisms of this process have not been finally established. Understanding the process of loss of the liver's ability to regenerate and remove the formed connective tissue elements in response to tissue damage is a fundamental problem in biomedical research. It is quite obvious that its solution will allow developing methods of treating chronic pathologies and understanding the basic mechanisms of age-related pathologies that have a direct connection with them.

We believe that the problemof "reversible ↔ irreversible" metabolic states depends primarily on the stages of the process development. This can be explained by the fact that at the late (terminal) stages of a metabolic process, metabolic and / or epigenetic memory is formed, which has an adaptive character and, with long-term maintenance, "passes" into a state

of "self-support", that is, the process becomes irreversible. At the initial stages of the formation of an adaptive response, which is fibrosis, until the “self-support” systemis established, the process can be reversible, that is, a shift ofthe “degradation↔ regeneration” equilibrium towards regeneration and restoration of the “previous” homeostatic balance in the body is ensured. Natural biologically active compounds, in particular colostrum components, can act as factors capable of shifting the balance. Colostrum contains a unique natural set of biologically active compounds of a wide spectrum of action, and they can have a systemic effect on the regulation of the process in the body [10, 18].

The effectiveness of the process of restoring the functional activity of the fibrotic-altered liver will depend on the systemic response of the body to the action of the pathogenetic factor. In the formation of the systemic response, the bone marrow plays a central, coordinating (integrative) role as a producer of blood cells and, first of all, immunocompetent cells [19]. Actively phagocytic cells not only remove apoptotic or necrotic cells and circulating immune complexes [20], but are also producers of a wide range of cytokines, low molecular weight regulatory peptides, and other biologically active substances [21]. These biologically active substances take both direct and indirect participation in enhancing the processes of liver regeneration and restoration of its function and other body systems.

The results of this work and previously obtained data on the study of the mechanisms of Cu-induced liver fibrosis indicate and indicate that:

1)24hoursafterthelast threetimesadministration of copper sulfate to experimental animals, liver fibrosis develops, which was at the initial stage of development [7]. This is evidenced by moderate morphological changes in the liver, as well as intensive growth of the

liver capsule [22]. These changes in the liver tissue occurred against the background ofan increase inthe content of lipid hydroperoxides and inhibition of the activity of glutathione peroxidase, aconitase, and other enzymes [14].

2) the reaction of the bone marrow manifests itself insignificantly to these relatively small homeostatic changes at the initial stages of the liver fibrosis development,as evidencedbythepreservationofthe number of erythrocytes and their structural and functional char-

of development of the International

acteristics within the control values. The results obtained suggest that such a response of the bone marrow to the presence of liver fibrosis will not have an effect on its elimination; and the fibrosis will intensify and progress to the next stage, forming cirrhotic changes in the liver. In other words, relatively small functional changes in the liver that take place in our case may remain "insignificant" for other regulatory systems of the body, in particular for the bone marrow; and the liver can move to the next stage of pathogenesis (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Scheme that demonstrates different strategies for the development of liver fibrosis: I Introduction of copper ions, which is localized in the liver, induces oxidative stress, an increase in the content of lipyl hydroperoxides (LOOHs), inhibition of antioxidant enzymes (GPx), an increase in the number of platelets, inhibition of animal growth, while bone growth the brain does not "react" to these changes, as evidenced by the preservation of the number of immunocompetent cells at a constant level. II In the event that colostrum components are administered to animals with fibrosis, they activate the function of the bone marrow, which is accompanied by a pronounced increase in the content of immunocompetent cells in the bloodstream, elimination of oxidative stress and restoration of body weight growth, which may indicate an increase in the regeneration process of the fibrous liver.

3) if at the initial stages of the development of Cuinduced fibrosis experimental animals received the components of colostrum, then these components caused a pronounced response at the bone marrow level, which was expressed in an increase in the total number of leukocytes (by 59-80%), lymphocytes (by 30-68%), monocytes (82-160%), granulocytes (62%); at the same time, the number of platelets decreased and approached the control values.

4) these changes caused by the components of colostrum differ quantitatively depending on the composition of these components. This indicates that different regulatory effects can be exerted on bone marrow cells by using different methods for fractionating whole colostrum.

5) changes in induction at the level of hematopoiesis is accompanied by restoration of the activity of antioxidant enzymes, restoration of the immune system [9], restoration of the ability of animals with Cu-induced liver fibrosis to perform work [7] and is accompanied by a slight increase in body weight growth (Fig. 6).

The results obtained suggest that if there are minor structuralandfunctional changesinthe liver, whichcan be relatively easily compensated by hypertrophy of hepatocytes, then such changes will not affect the compensatory functions of the bone marrow, which will not cause a systemic response at the level of the organism. Inthis case, these structural and functional changes will

be “fixed” in the liver, and the balance in the system of “fibrotic changes” will be preserved due to the activation of stellate cells. The rest of the metabolic systems "adjust" (adapt) to the new functional state, since it is not at this stage of development dangerous, and after a certaintime(longenough)the next stageoffibrosis will beformed, which willbeirreversibleduetothe factthat most of the body systems “adapted”, that is, formed the mechanisms of“ self-maintenance ”of such a state.

If, at the initial stages of fibrosis development, an “additional” signal is provided by colostrum components to the bone marrow, the activity of immunocompetent cells and the possible activation of other body systems, including the intestinal microbiota, are increased, then the balance can be shifted towards the regeneration of liver cells and ensure the reversibility of fibrotic changes.

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ECONOMIC SCIENCES

RESULTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRIES THAT CAME OUT OF 1991

Tarko A.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor of Mathematical Cybernetics Chief Researcher of the Dorodnicyn Computing Centre of the Federal Research Center «Computer Science and Control» of Russian Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.24412/3453-9875-2021-70-2-12-32

Abstract

The analysis of the economic, demographic and socio-psychological development of Russia and other former USSR countries, the Warsaw Pact and Yugoslavia countries 30 years after 1991 is carried out. The development of two sectors of economy - the high-tech and the raw materials were investigated. Integral Index of Development ID was developed to assess the development of countries that came out of 1991.

Keywords: gross domestic product, economic growth rate, life expectancy, socio-psychological violation, survival to age 65, high-tech development, foreign direct investments, raw materials, integral development index.

1. Introduction

This paper will analyze the results achieved by the countries that went out the USSR and the Warsaw Pact in 1991. In view of thirtieth anniversary of these countries we will compare their economic and social development, will consider the prospects for moving forward. One of the objectives of the study is to compare the results achieved by these countries, including comparison with developed and developing countries of the world.

In 1991, the republics of the former USSR, the Warsaw Pact and Yugoslavia underwent to a market economy regime. The Warsaw Pact countries and Yugoslavia began to develop on the basis of a multi-sector economy,inRussia,the mainsectoroftheeconomyhas become the extraction of raw materials.

Russia and the countries that left the USSR have mostly united into the Union of Independent States (CIS). The countries of the former Warsaw Pact and Yugoslavia after 1991 began to focus on the European Union and NATO. Economic interactions between the two groups of countries are largely weakened.

The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the development of the three groups of countries – former Soviet Union (FSU), the former Warsaw Pact, including the Baltic States that joined their system (FWPB), the former Yugoslavia (FYU). We will compare the development mentioned countries with the European Union and other countries of the world.

The raw materials sector is no longer the only one in Russia. After the beginning of the global economic crisisin2008,elementsofthe high-techsector,the metallurgical sector and agricultural production began to better develop in Russia.

Our task is to study both the economic systems in countries and the living conditions of their population. This means that our way of investigation is differ from the UN program of Human Development Index (HDI). Technically, the method ofanalysis is based onthe consideration of many parameters of development. If the knowledge of GDP per capita, life expectancy and education received by a person are enough to assess the living conditions of a person, then to characterize the

state and development of countries and the social processes going on in them, it is necessary to analyze different parameters characterizing the dynamics of the economy and demographic development of the country to assess the course of processes.

It should be noted that we recently performed a study of HDI of the subjects of the Russian Federation [8]. The study was performed using different principles. The parameters characterizing both positive development and negative phenomena were considered. A large number of parameters were analyzed. This analysis was carried out on the basis of databases of the Federal State Statistics Service [10]. Space remote sensing data were also involved in the work.

Now world development contains two simultaneous processes: 1) scientific and technological progress against the background of economic growth and the continuation of globalization in the countries of the world;2)thesystemic globaleconomiccrisisthatslows down the economy and all processes that depend on it [4, 5, 6].

The way out of the crisis requires a structural adjustment of the economy; the financial system is part of what needs to be rebuilt. It is necessary to change the structure of economic relations in a globalized world. Now the search for a way out of the situation requires choosing the direction of structural adjustment of the economy, dependingonthe choice ofnewdevelopment paths. Globalization has not stopped, but its direction and speed have become largely dependent on problems that previously had little impact on decision-making. The search for new ways often takes place by trial and error, and there are undoubtedly quite a lot of these choices. In these conditions, complex mathematical modeling and forecasting acquires new tasks.

All quantitative data were obtained from the World Bank databases [14], and small use of British Petroleum data [13].

2. Economy

Let's start with an analysis of the income in the countries - the gross domestic product per capita (GDP) in each of the countries – the FSU, the FWPB and the FUY (Fig.1). We will compare the development of

Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 70/2021

countries, including with other developed and also developingcountriesofthe world.Onthegraph,thecountries of each group are represented by groups of columns, in each group in descending order of the parameter value. Further to the right there are the columns average values of the parameters of the countries represented by the World Bank are given: high-income

countries, the European Union, low-income countries and the least developed countries (according to the terminology of the UN). Also data of usual countries presented. GDP is expressed in US dollars, taking into account the purchasing power parity of the dollar at current international prices [14].

Fig. 1. GDP per capita in three groups of countries and other values in 2019. Explanations are in the text.

It should be noted that the average income values of the three groups of countries are equal, respectively: FSU – $ 15,012, FWPB – $ 35,513, FUY – $ 25,248. It can be seen that the FWPB countries have achieved higher development, followed by the FUY countries, the FSU countries have the least results. This difference between the countries is also visible visually – the array of columns for the FSU countries is noticeably lower than the FWPB and FUY. It should be added that the highest columns on the chart are the developed countries of the world occupying its right part – from Ireland ($89,684) and Norway ($70,006) to the United States (65,298), Finland (53,172) and France (50,993). Taking into account the fact that the GDP of the European Union is equal to $ 47,828, we see that none of the countries that came out of 1991 has reached either the level of the EU or the level of advanced developed countries.

We see that among the countries of the former Soviet Union, Russia's GDP per capita is the largest – $ 29,181. This value is lower than any the FWPB countries except Bulgaria. Of the FUY countries, Slovenia and Croatia are ahead of Russia. Such an achievement of the former leader of the socialist camp after almost 30 years of development in the new economy is not too great achievement. The income of the United States exceeded the income of Russia by 2.4 times, Germany by 1.97 times, Finland by 1.8 times. In terms of GDP per capita, Russia’s rank is 54th in the world, being between Malaysia and Oman. It should also be noted that Russia occupies the 52nd place in the UN list of HDI, and in the list of 27 countries of the FSU, FWPB and FUY it is on the 12th place.

Analyzing the countries of the former USSR, we must note that in addition to Kazakhstan, Belarus, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan, other countries ofthe FSU are much poorer than Russia – their GDP per capita is almost half as much.

However, the greatest surprise and regret is caused by Tajikistan, whose income, as can be seen from Fig. 1, is close to the poorest World countries – low income and the least developed. This is a self-supporting catastrophe that has been going on for many years.

However, the author knows that mathematical science inTajikistanis not destroyed – inthese conditions, high-quality scientific articles are published, and new generations of scientists are being trained at the Tajik National University at its 18 faculties.

An attentive reader has undoubtedly noticed that the GDP per capita in China ($16,804) is not so much, it is less than the average income in the European Union, its level slightly lower than Belarus ($19,997) and slightlyhigher thanBosnia and Herzegovina ($16,289). This is due to the specific development of this country. With China's total income comparable to the United States, the income per person is low – rapid high-tech development does not occur throughout all the country, and with a high population, the income per person lags behind the income of a resident of Belarus. We will repeatedly see this phenomenon of transformation of great achievements when moving to the level of one resident of China during subsequent aalysis.

Another conclusion, following from the analysis of Fig. 1, is that the countries of the FWPB and FUY have not achieved the results of the advanced countries

Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science No 70/2021 of Europe and the world. Obviously, the system of participation of these countries in the EU has flaws that have not yet become clear. The idea comes that a sufficiently rich European Union could organize active material and technological support for new countries joining it, such as, for example, the European equivalent of the Marshall Plan. However, it seems that these countries have received a very "light" form of such assistance.

of GDP growth per capita

8

6

will immediately notice unexpected phenomena. The average growth rates of GDP per capita in the three groups of countries studied by us were FSU – 3.6%, the FWPB – 3.9% and the FUY – 3.5%. Unexpectedly these rates exceed not only the European Union (1.87%), but also the advanced countries – Denmark –2.41%, Greece – 2.03%, the USA – 1.68%, France –1.37%, Belgium – 1.24%, Finland – 1.06%. In the period of 2012-2019, the pace of development was even less. The exceptions were the countries with special development, China – 5.73% and Ireland – 3.97%. 4.89 4.78 4.64 4.63 4.55 4.43 2.82 2.18 1.95

10 Armenia Moldova Georgia Tajikistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Belarus Azerbaijan Lithuania Romania Hungary Estonia Poland Bulgaria Latvian Slovakia Czech

4

2

The low rates of advanced developed countries, extremely small in terms of their usual development, indicate that most of them are still exposed to the ongoing systemic crisis of the economy. It is hard to believe that the financial crisis of developed countries, which is usually talked about in the West, has been recurring several times over the past 12 years.

As already mentioned, from Fig. 2 it can be seen that the countries of the FSU, FWPB and FUY have growth rates significantly higher than the advanced countries. This circumstance confirms the fact discovered earlier by A.M. Tarko that in the years of increasing crisis, the richest countries are primarily exposed to it, the decline in the development of the less rich occurs a few years later [5, 6].

4.81 4.08 3.39 3.37 3.18 2.49 1.87

5.73 3.97 2.41 2.03 1.37 1.24 1.68 0

Macedonia

Serbia Montenegro Bosnia and Herz. Croatia C.

It should be noted that Russia, Belarus and Azerbaijan have the lowest rates of development not only in their group, but in comparison with the countries of the FWPB and FUY– Russia – 1.41%, Belarus – 1.40, Azerbaijan – 1.37%. Undoubtedly, each "failure" in the growth rate has its own reasons; first of all, this can be seen in the economic crisis and a decrease in oil sales in the years under review.

Consumption of electricity per capita is important characteristic of the both – the standard of living of a person and the level of economic and technological development of his country. These data are presented in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Electricity consumption in the countries of the FSU, FWPB and FUY and in the advanced developed countries of the world in 2014 (kWh per capita)

Inthegivenyeartheelectricityconsumption(kWh per capita) of four countries that came out of 1991 –Estonia (6,7), Slovenia (6,7), Russia (6,6) and the Czech Republic (6,3) exceeded the average value in the European Union – 6,0. At the same time, the electricity consumption of Finland (15,3) exceeds Russia by 2.3 times, the USA (12,9) – by 2 times, South Korea (10,5) – by 1.6 times. It means that advanced developed countries live in more comfortable conditions. The average values of electricity consumption – FSU – 2,9, FWPB – 4,521, FUY 4,378 – are less than the average value of the European Union (6,0). At the same time, the lowest power consumption is in the countries of the FSU.

3. Demography

Let us turn to the analysis of demographic processes. This article was written for the purpose of assessing the development of countries, so we hope to apply the demography not only as the tradition science of population reproduction, but for our purposes – the analysis of socio-economic processes. Let's start with current healthcare spending in 2019. (Fig. 4). We will express health care expenditures not in traditional shares of countries ' incomes, but in real monetary terms per capita.

We can see from fig. 4 that in 2019, an average value of expenditure in the FSU was of $ 773 per person. The expenses in the FWPB group were the larger - $ 2,133, in the FUY they are slightly less – $ 1,767. The European Union spent much more per person – $ 4,205.This meansthat wereinthecountriesoftheFSU, on average, spent 5.4 times less. the expenditure on healthcare in Russia amounted to $ 1,488, was 3 times less than in the European Union.

The largest expenditure on health care in FWPB was in the Czech Republic – $ 3,041 (2.0 times more than in Russia), and in the FUY – $ 3,158 (2.1 times more than Russia). It should be noted that health care costs in the United States were $ 10,624, in Germany –$ 6,098, in Finland – $ 4,457 – respectively, the costs were 7.1, 4.1 and 3 times more than Russia. Thus, in relation to healthcare in Russia, the costs are from 3 to 7 times less than in advanced developed countries.

An important fact in the development is that the Central Asian countries – Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan –live in a special world. Having incomes close to the

poorestandleastdeveloped countries,theyhave(as can be seen from Fig. 4), Tajikistan's income is 8.3 times less than Russia's) and health care close to these countries in Tajikistan – $ 250 – is 5.9 times less than Russia,

The backlog of three groups of studied countries cannot be proud of the data on life expectancy at birth (LE) (Fig, 5). The lag countries of the FSU, FWPB and FUY lag far behind other European countries. The average values of LE for the three groups of countries are 72.4 years, 76.7 years and 77.6 years. The value of the European Union is noticeably greater – 81.1 years. For Russia withan LE equal to 73.2 years – this is an8-year lag. None of the three groups of countries of the FSU, FWPB and FUY, with the exception of Slovenia (81.3 years), exceeds the average value in the EU. These countries are at the bottom positions in Europe. Also, for example, the LE of Japan, 84.4 years, is more than Turkmenistan, 68.2 years, by 16 years, while the LE of Turkmenistan is close to the value of the least developed countries – 65.35 years.

60 65 70 75 80

79.1 78.5 77.9 77.5 76.1 76.0 75.5 75.2 74.9

81.3 78.4 77.4 76.9 75.8 75.7

81.1 65.3 85

84.4 82.6 81.8 81.2 80.9 78.8 76.9

Fig. 5. The values of the life expectancy for groups of countries in 2019

Let's consider another demographic indicator – infant mortality in 2019. (Fig. 6). This value in Russia 4.9, it is is higher than normal values in Europe. The average infant mortality values per 10,000 deaths are 14.3 in the FSU, 3.7 in the FWPB, 3.8 in the FUY. In the European Union, this parameter equals – 3.32, and in high-income countries 4.3. In some of these countries, the minimum values in Europe are reached, but

there are also countries with infant mortality that has not gone far from the Middle Ages – in Turkmenistan it is 36.3, while this mortality in the least developed countries is 44.8. In all the republics in Central Asia, the child mortality rate is higher than 15, and this situation has not been corrected for many years.

Fig. 6. Infant mortality values for groups of countries in 2019

Our next parameter is maternal mortality. in 2019 (Fig. 7). Its value in Russia – 7 is the same as in Germany. However, the average values of the countries of the FSU – 9.7, FWPB – 9.7, FUY – 8.3 exceed the value in the European Union – 6.0. Here the situation is

similar to the situation of infant mortality – some countries have minimum values in Europe, but especially in the countries of Central Asia there are countries with extremely high mortality – in Kyrgyzstan, the maximum is 60. Just as in the Central Asian regions, the decrease in this type of mortality is very slow.

Fig. 7. Maternal mortality values for groups of countries in 2017

There is a new parameter of demography – the probability that men will survive to 65 years (Fig. 8). Again, we see the lowest row of columns belonging to the FSU countries group. Onaverage, the probabilityof living to 65 years in the countries of the FSS is 67.4%, the FWPB is 73.9%, and the countries of the FYU are 80.6%. The most noticeable result here is a unique phenomenon that Russia has the lowest probability of survival among all the countries under consideration –60.8%! The most dangerous and sad circumstance is

that Russia's value is closest and almost equal value to low-income countries 59.5% and least developed countries 62.2%. This indicates the extraordinary social situation of life in a country that was once a landmark of a bright future. Unfortunately Ukraine and Turkmenistan show close, not much greater values to Russia. Probability of surviving to 65 in the European Union is 84.4%. We see a very big difference. And the greater difference shows Ireland-89.3%, Norway – 89.1%, , South Korea-88%, Great Britain-87.2%.

Fig. 8. The probability of surviving to the age of 65 in 2018 for men of the country groups

Let's consider the share of the population 65 years and older in the countries (Fig. 9). Here Russia is on the 3rd place among the countries of the FSU, but it is inferior to many countries of the FWPB and FYU. The average values of the percentage state of the three groups of countries - FSS-9.7%, FVDB-19.4% , FYU17.7% show that the share of the elderly is the smallest in the FSU countries.

The next effect we see countries of Central Asia: a situation consisting of a well-known respect for the

Percentage from total population

elderly, but their number is the smallest amongall other 1991 countries. This parameter is slightly smaller that in low income countries of the world (3.3): Kyrgyzstan – 4.60 – Uzbekistan – 4.60 – Turkmenistan – 4.59 –Tajikistan – 3.09.

Having the highest child mortality and the smallest proportion of elderly people countries are a slowly eliminate developmental defect that has been going on since ancient times.

Population ages 65 and above, in groups of countries in 2019 г., % of total population Fig. 9. The share of the population 65 years and older in groups of countries in 2019

4. Socio-psychological violation at a national scale

Now let's move on to the study of unexpected socio-political disorders in large population groups with the help of using demographic parameters.

We will make a new application for demographic parameters – will use them as indicators of socio-psychological disorders of large of population groups [9]. The author of this paper apparently, is the first who found and applied such use to demographic parameters on a national scale. This phenomenon is first to be detected as incomprehensible and unpleasant phenomenon, then to determine its etiology.

For example, in space medicine the author knows about this [2]. When specialists learned to support a relatively long stay of an astronaut in the orbit, a bad changes in the electrocardiogram were detected. It looked like a strong incomprehensible pathology. Soon it was found that witha sufficientlylongstayin weightlessness in the absence of gravity, the internal organs begin to shift in the body. This gave the appearance of a view of strong pathology of the electric cardiogram. When the phenomena was understood, doctors quickly learned to deal with the case.

So the first large-scaled socio-psychological violation is the emergence of migration of the largest of the population groups of the EU countries from their native countries to its richer countries. The indicator of this was the strong increase of the death rate of population.

If we consider the points of the values of the countries of the world in the plane of the coordinate axes " crude death rate " and "LE" (Fig. 10), we can expect that the values of mortality will decrease with increasing of LE – the points will occupy the diagonal of the corresponding plane of parameters. However, recently, in the range of LE values of 72-77 years, the points have stopped following this direction – in a number of countries death rate in this range has significantly increased! Thus, now the maximum world death rate is 15.5 per 1000 in 2019. It was registered in Bulgaria, and this country with the highest mortality rate in the world, overtaking the traditional champions – the poorest countries in Africa. Now it is joined by Ukraine –14.7, Serbia – 14.6,Latvia – 14.5, Lithuania – 13.7, Romania – 13.4, and other countries.

Fig. 10. The relationship death rate and life expectancy in the world in 2018 The values of the countries of the FSU, FWPB, FUY and several developed countries of the world are highlighted

In this case, people have started moving to richer countries. Mentioned migration originated several years ago in Europe. A part of the young working-age population that joined the EU or has not yet joined took advantage of free movement and have started moving to richer European countries. The remaining elderly population in their country, in accordance to the Gompertz law, has a significantly higher death rate, which is manifested in the statistics of these countries in the form of a "paper" increase of mortality. This phenomenon unintentionally compromised the demographic parameter of total mortality. Statistics have shown an increase in total mortality in such countries to values higherthanthe maximummortalityinthepoorest countries of the world. It should be noted that the mortality parameter in this case has become an indicator of a serious change in the socio-psychological state of the people. The author of this article wrote about this phenomenon several years ago [6, 8].

It should be noted that Bulgaria has the largest number of elderly people among all the countries we are considering – 21.3% (Fig. [9]). This confirms that after moving to work in richer countries of Europe, youngworkers gavethe world notonlythehighest mortality rate, but also a high percentage of the remaining elderly people in the country.

Now the increase in migration of population to other countries in an increasingly free world is making larger. This can be perceived as one of the manifestations of the idea of the devil's pump of N. N. Moiseev [3].Thedifferenceisthathebelieved thatrichcountries would take talented people from developing countries,

but it turned out that modern migration attracts everyone – f the lowest-paid professions to talented people. According to the forecast of A. N. Chumakov and Stychinsky [11] migration from less developed to more developed countries in a few years will significantly increase worldwide and will become a new factor of world development.

Another manifestation of the change in socio-psychological living conditions in Europe is a significant increase in negative expectations of the population in some countries, the mainof which, apparently, are Russia,BelarusandUkraine. Aparameterisresponsible for this is the difference between the life expectancy of women and men (DLE) (Fig. 11). This parameter was proposed by A. M. Tarko a few years ago [6]. He came to the conclusion that DLE is an indicator of unfavorable and unachievable social expectations of large groups of people in society.

On the graph of the DLE in 2019 (Fig. 11) we see that the maximum values of DLE have Belarus – 10.1 years, Ukraine – 10.06 years and Russia – 9.93 years. The remaining values among the FSU countries are noticeably less.

In the FWPB countries the situation with the maximum values of DLE is almost completely repeated for the case of maximum values of the FSU – countries: Lithuania – 9.50 years, Latvia – 9.10 years and Estonia – 8.40 years. There is no something like this in the advanced developed countries of the world – in the EU countries, the average values of DLE are 5.4 years, in high-income countries 5.2 years.

Fig. 11. The difference in the LE of women and men (DLE) in groups of countries in 2019

The mechanism of the "action" of DLE is known. In unfavorable conditions with negative and uncertain expectations, a genetic difference in the physiological properties of women and men is manifested – in men, mortality increases significantly more strongly. This is explained by the diseases that occur to a greater extent inlife – threateningdiseases – heart attacks, strokes and others. This is confirmed by many studies – including datafromambulance workers[1].Itis worthnotingthat in 2019 in Russia, the LE of women is 78.2 years, and men – 68.2. The difference in the time of life between

women and men 10 years - is not present either in the poorest or in the richest countries.

Recently, the author found that the number of suicides in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, as well as Lithuania and Latvia, are the largest in Europe (Fig. 12), and these countries with the highest DLE (Fig. 6) and the largest suicides are the same countries. This is the most reliable confirmation of the fact that the DLE characterizes the unfavorable situation and negative expectations of the population.

According to A.M. Tarko this DLE parameter is not the only one parameter of manifestation of this negative socio-psychological state of the population. Another indicator is the crude death rate: the population of Russia is not prone to mass migrations, but the graph Fig. 8 clearly shows an increase in death rate [5].

It should be added that unfavorable conditions with a lack of decent work, unemployment and other negative conditions contribute to an increase in mortality among men. A few years ago, Federal State Statistics Service (ROSSTAT) data showed that there is a group of about 20 regions mainly around the Moscow region, in which the total mortality is higher than the largest in the world [5??6]. This situation has been going on for several years and has persisted until 2019.

This case shows that the demographic parameter acquires a bright social significance. For Russia to be the last country in Europe with an important parameter that characterizes social life is an unfavorable phenomenon. It is undoubtedly another indicator of trouble

It should be noted that Bulgaria has the largest number ofelderlypeople amongall the countries which we are considering – 21.3% (Fig. 9). This seems to confirm the situation that after moving to work in richer European countries, young workers gave the world not only the highest mortality rate, but also a high percentage of the remaining elderly people in the country.

5. Technical and high-tech development

To analyze the high-tech development of the world countries, almost the same parameters will be needed as in the analysis of the development of a conventional economy, but in a specific area that requires

an understanding of the essence of high-tech production. [12]. These parameters express complex interactions of special economic processes that depend both on the decisions of the leaders of countries and on organizations that create high-tech products. The possibility of creating high-tech products depends both on the level of development of the country, the focus of development onobtaininghigh-techproduction, wealth and a well-developed higher education system in the country.

Let's consider the share of income of three groups of countries from the production and export of hightech products in relation to all industrial products in 2019. (Fig. 13). The average values here are as follows: FSU – 8.3%, FWPB –12.8%, FUY – 6.3%. We see that the FWPB countries have overtaken both the FSU and the FUY. However, out of all three groups of countries, the representative of the FSU – Kazakhstan was in the first place (28.8%). Russia came in second place in the FSU group (13%). Exports of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Latvia amounted to 20.8%, 17.5% and 17.2%, respectively, which is significantly more than that of Russia. However, only Kazakhstan and the Czech Republic surpassed the high-income countries (20.6%) and the European Union (16.1%). But these achievements are small compared to, for example, South Korea (32.4%), China (30.8%), France (27.0%) and Ireland (26.0%). As a result, Russia is on the 9th place in terms of high – tech exports – between Romania and Poland. This position of Russia shows that high-tech exports are not the main point of its development. As we will see, its raw material exports provide a major share of income.

Let's consider the high-tech exports expressed in US dollars of the countries and groups of countries which we are studying, (Fig. 14). I would like to draw attention to the fact that Russian high-tech exports are

significantly ahead of the FSU countries, and only the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary are ahead of it among the FWPB countries, it is the highest among the FUY countries. Among countries under consideration,

Fig. 13. Exports of high-tech products in groups of countries, percents of merchandise exports in 2019 is shown

the situation with high-tech products is better than that of Russia, only the Czech Republic – by 3.5 times, Poland – by 2.2 times and Hungary – by 1.8 times.

Russia many years ago was advanced country in the world, but now we must point out that now China has 71.9 times more high-tech exports than Russia,

Germany – 20.6 times, South Korea – 18.9 times, the United States – 15.3 times, France – 11.6 times. In general, Now Russia is on the 30th place in the world in this parameter, ahead of Denmark and Slovakia and behind Israel and Brazil.

Fig. 14. Export of high technologies in groups of countries of the world in 2019 US dollars. A logarithmic scale is applied along the horizontal axis.

It should be noted that most of the countries of the FSU – except Kazakhstan and Belarus – have very small high-tech exports (Fig 15). So, if Kazakhstan's exports are 20.7% of Russia, Belarus – 6.97%, then Ar-

menia's exports are 0.42%, Kyrgyzstan – 0.28%, Azerbaijan – 0.26%, Moldova – 0.23%, Uzbekistan –0.19%, Georgia – 0.18%. Tajikistan, unfortunately, has no data on high-tech exports at all.

Fig. 15. Export of high-tech production in groups of countries in percents of merchandise export in 2019

Foreign direct investment in the economy is used for various purposes, but most importantly – it allows you to deploy useful activities of foreign capital on the territory of your country. The influence of foreign direct investment allows for the introduction of more advanced production technologies, more advanced equipment, the production of more advanced products, the import of more advanced management technologies.

Information about foreign direct investment in the countries which we are studying presented in Fig. 16. The average value of direct investment is is 1.87% of GDP in high-income countries, 1.62% in the European

Union, and 2.89% in low – income countries. Hungary has the largest investment of 19.6%. At the same time, Finland – allows itself to have investments – 5.9%, Norway – 3.16%, the United States – 1.64%, China –1.09%. As for the analyzed countries, they do not have less than 1.85%. Russia in this area shows one of the smallest values – 1.88%. Here it should be noted that even poor Tajikistan has direct investments 2.62%. It is worth noting that Turkmenistan (4.80%), Uzbekistan (4.%) and Azerbaijan (3.13%) have one of the largest direct investments.

Fig. 16. Foreign direct investment in groups of countries in 2019

The largest value of foreign investment belongs to Georgia – 7.67%. This circumstance may be explained by the special attitude of Western companies in special conditions when the country ranks penultimate among three countries that came out of 1991 in terms of exports of high-tech products as a percentage (ahead of Uzbekistan) (Fig. 7) and penultimate in terms of exports in monetary units (ahead of Estonia) (Fig. 8). Computer communication services are the most important type of activity that cannot be replaced by other actions. This includes international telecommunications, computer data processing, and news operations between residents and non-residents; these are construction services, business, professional and technical services, and much more. Now both globalization and the life of ordinary people is impossible without these services. Different European countries participate in this activity in different ways (Fig. 17). On average, commercial services occupy 54% in the European Union%.

However, the distribution of these services varies markedly in different countries. Ireland performs a maximum – 81.7% of these works, Finland – 73.8%

of these works, China – 62.6%, .South Korea. – 51.4%, USA – 48.9%, Norway – 34.0%. This distribution of work has developed historically. The reader will be interested to know that Ukraine is in the first place in the FSU countries – 53.1% and Belarus – 48.2%. Russia makes a little less – 45.8%. Volumes of work in FSU are smaller than the FWPB countries and some of the FUY countries. However, here we are surprised by the sharp decline in the performance of these works among some of the countries of the FSU – from Armenia –22.3% and Azerbaijan – 21.3%, to Uzbekistan – 9.9% and Georgia – 4.4%. It should be noted that poor KirgiziaandTajikistanperformmorecomputer servicesthan richer Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. This is a manifestation of their higher scientific training, received back in the time of the USSR.

Fig. 17 shows that in 2019 minimum of communication work in three groups of countries is carried out in Georgia. It is difficult to explain this phenomenon for Georgia, which is aspiring to European structures. In addition, as mentioned, it is the penultimate among the countries of the FSU, FWPB and FUY for the export of high – tech products.

Fig. 17. Computer and communication services in groups of countries in 2019 (% of exports)

An element of scientific and technical work is the writing and publication of scientific and technical articles. Fig. 18 shows information about the publication of scientific and technical articles in journals in 2018. We see that Russia was the birthplace of 81 thousand works in 2018. Almost 8 times fewer articles were pub-

lished in Ukraine. However, the rest of the FSU countries have published much fewer articles. Poland published 35 thousand of papers, it is maximum of FWPB. However, all these values are much less than the number of production published in China – 528 thousand, the United States – 422 thousand. The output of Germany – 104 thousands, 22% more than Russia.

and technical journal articles In groups of countries in 2018.

Fig. 18. The number of papers published in scientific and technical journals of different countries in 2018 A logarithmic scale is applied along the horizontal axis.

6. Extraction and export of raw materials and of natural resources

When we turn to the raw materials sector and to the economy of Russia and other countries, we will see

that the most popular is oil production. According to British Petroleum (table 1) [13] Russia in 2019 was on the second place in the world, Kazakhstan was on the 13th, Azerbaijan on the 24th place.

Oil production in million tones in 2019 according to British Petroleum [13]. Country Млн т 1 USA 746,7 2 Russia 568,1 3 Saudi Arabia 556,6 4 Canada 274,9 5 Iraq 234,2 6 China 191,0 7 United Arab Emirates 180,2 8 Iran 160,8 9 Brazil 150,8 10 Kuwait 144,0 11 Nigeria 101,4 12 Mexico 94,9 13 Kazakhstan 91,4 14 Qatar 78,5 15 Norway 78,4 16 Angola 69,1 17 Algeria 64,3 18 Libya 57,8 19 Great Britain 51,8 20 Oman 47,3 21 Colombia 46,7 22 Venezuela 46,6 23 Indonesia 38,2 24 Azerbaijan 38,1 25 India 37,5 26 Egypt 33,6 27 Malaysia 29,8 28 Argentina 28,8 29 Ecuador 28,5 30 Australia 20,6 31 Congo Rep. 17,4 32 Thailand 17,0 33 Turkmenistan 12,5 34 Vietnam 11,4 35 Gabon 10,9 36 Equatorial Guinea 8,2 37 South Sudan 6,8 38 Chad 6,7 39 Peru 6,1 40 Brunei 5,9 41 Sudan 5,0 42 Denmark 5,0 43 Italy 4,3 44 A country. 4,2 45 USA 3,7 46 Russia 3,6 47 Saudi Arabia 2,8 48 Canada 2,3 49 Iraq 1,0

Table 1.

was inferior to Norway in Europe. At the same time, its share of exports was 4.2 times more than that of highincome countries and 11.2 times more than the European Union.

91.7 70.0 52.7 25.1 24.9 7.6 3.7 2.1 1.8 14.6 5.2 4.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 1.9 20.8 10.6 5.2 1.7 62.1 13.5 9.5 8.5 7.9 3.5 0.047 1.9 2.1 9.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russia Belarus Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Armenia Georgia Ukraine Moldova Lithuania Bulgaria Latvian Romania Slovakia Hungary Poland Czech Montenegro Croatia Bosnia and Herz. Slovenia N. Macedonia Norway USA Great Britain Finland South Korea. Italy Germany China

Fig. 19. Fuel exports on the international market in 2019 in groups of countries. A logarithmic scale is applied at the horizontal axis.

If we compare Russia's fuel exports on the international market (52%) and the export of high-tech products in the export of industrial products (13%) (Fig. 12), then we can conclude that this is a raw countrywithelements ofhigh-tech development. Since Russia is on the 2nd place in these two indicators, behind Kazakhstan among the FSU countries, and the fact that the decrease in the values of other FSU countries is approximately the same in these cases, it can be concluded that other FSU countries are developing in the same direction as Russia, their main part of their income is fuel sales. The other part is developing on a smaller scale - high-tech sales.

According to British Petroleum, oil consumption in 2019 was as follows (Fig. 19): FSU – 28.3 million tons, FWPB – 5.6 million tons, FUY – 2.3 million tons. According to the data of Table. 1 and Fig. 20 oil consumption in Russia (150.8 million tons) accounted for 26% of production, in the United States – 112.7%. This confirms that, unlike the United States, Russia is a typical raw material country that sells most of the oil from production. For Kazakhstan, this value is equal to 17.3%, for Azerbaijan – 12.9%, which also indicates that these two countries are also raw materials.

Fig. 20. Oil consumption in groups of countries in 2019 according to British Petroleum (million tons). A logarithmic scale is applied at the horizontal axis.

The extraction, processing and use of metals has historically always been a respected business in Russia. Data on the sale of ores and metals are shown in Fig. 21. Three groups of countries sold the following shares of their total exports in 2019: FSU – 11.05%, FWPB –3.30%, FUY – 4.96%. The share of Russia was a considerable share – 6.17%. However, the maximum sale was in Armenia – 36.12%, Georgia – 17.66%, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan – 13.9%, Bulgaria – 12.78%.

These countries significantly support their economies by selling metals. At the same time, high-income countries sold significantly less – 3.68%, and the European Union – 2.64%. Therefore, from the fact that Armenia, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan have less high-tech exports than the average of the European Union, it can be concluded that the high-techexports ofthese countries give them less benefit so far.

Fig 21. Export of ores and metals by groups of countries in 2018, % of commodity exports

Fig. 22 shows the export of food in groups of countries in 2019. Exports of the FSU countries amounted to 21.9%, FWPB – 11.6%, FUY – 11.6%.

Among the countries of the FSU, the exports of only Russia and Kazakhstan were less than the European Union, we canconclude that for the rest ofthe countries

Percentage of merchandise exports

10

of their income in this way. Apparently, the same can be said about Lithuania, Latvia and Bulgaria, since they export high-tech products and sell ores and metals less than food. 20.8 17.3 15.7 13.3 10.3 8.0 4.2 3.6

14.2 9.4 6.9 4.4

9.8 7.8 12.5 12.4 9.3 8.9 6.7 5.4 2.6 1.5 1

Food exports in group of countries in 2019, % of merchandise exports Fig. 22. Food exports in groups of countries, % of exports of goods

100 Moldova Georgia Armenia Belarus Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Russia Kazakhstan Latvian Lithuania Bulgaria Poland Romania Hungary Czech Slovakia Croatia N. Macedonia Bosnia and Herz. Slovenia European Union High income Norway France USA Ireland Great Britain. Germany Finland S. Korea

Exports of goods and services in groups of countries in 2019, current US$

1 000 000 000 000.000

100 000 000 000.000

Percentage current US$

10 000 000 000.000

1 000 000 000.000

Let's consider commodity exports in groups of countries (Fig. 23). Russia among countries of 1991 is in the first place here. Note it is equals to 28.2% of Germany's exports. The second largest export country Poland has 17.7%, the third-the Czech Republic has 57 309 000 000 50 066 000 000 32 960 000 000 19 500 000 000 14 024 000 000 9 695 000 000 3 798 000 000 2 779 000 000 2 640 000 000 1 966 000 000 264 013 000 000 198 881 000 000 123 616 000 000 89 623 000 000 76 873 000 000 33 303 000 000 33 151 000 000 16 105 000 000 15 689 000 000 44 943 000 000 19 630 000 000 17 180 000 000 7 189 000 000 6 578 000 000 465 000 000 5 815 427 000 000 2 499 457 000 000 705 564 000 000 571 465 000 000 469 684 000 000 419 850 000 000 1 250 000 000 1 489 152 000 000 1 643 161 000 000 100 000.000

10 000 000 000 000.000 Russia Kazakhstan Ukraine Belarus AzerbaijanUzbekistan Turkmenistan GeorgiaMoldova Armenia KyrgyzstanTajikistanPoland Czech HungarySlovakia Romania BulgariaLithuania Estonia Latvian Slovenia Serbia Croatia N. Macedonia Bosnia and MontenegroEuro. Union China USA GermanyJapanFrance Great Britain

100 000 000.000

13.4%. In general, other countries have much less exports than Germany - for the FSU it is – 3.4% of its commodityexports,fortheFWPB –6.4%,fortheFUY – 1.1%. These results indicate that each of the countries that came out of 1991 has a long way to go to turn into a truly developed country. 1 000 000.000

Fig. 23. Merchandise exports in groups of countries in 2019, US dollars

7. Calculation of the integral development index ID of the BBS, FWPB and FUY countries

Our task is to calculate the integral index of development ID for the considered parameters. We introduce an integral index of the development of the countries of the FSUB, FWPB, and FYU, based on the use of the considered parameters.

Here is a list of our groups of parameters and parameters:

Economy

1. GDP per capita, USD, 2019.

2. GDP growth rate, USD, 2019.

3. Electricity consumption, kW-hour per capita, 2014.

Demographics

4. Current health care expenditures per capita in, PPP dollars, 2019.

5. Total death rate, , per 1000 deaths, 2018.

6. Life expectancy at birth( LE), years, 2019.

7. Probability of survival to 65 years, men, % of the cohort, 2019

8. Infant mortality, per 1,000 live births, 2019.

9. Maternal mortality, per 100,000 live births, 2017.

10. The difference in the number of LE women and men, years, 2019

11. The number of suicides, per 100,000, 2017.

12. Population aged 65 years and older, % of the total population, 2019.

Technological and high-tech development

13. Exports of high-tech products, % of industrial exports, 2019.

14. Export of high-tech products, USD current, 2019.

15. Exports of goods to high-income countries, % of total exports of goods, 2019.

16. Foreign direct investment in groups of countries, net inflow, % of GDP, 2019.

17. Computer and communication services, % of exports 2019.

18. Computer and communication services, % of imports, 2019.

19. Publication of papers in scientific and technical journals, 2018.

20. Exports of manufacturing products, % of exports of goods, 2019

Export of natural resources

21. Fuel exports, % of goods exports, 2019

22. Oil consumption, million tons, 2019, from British Petroleum.

23. Exports of ores and metals, % of exports of goods, 2019.

24. Exports of food, % of exports of goods 2019

25. Merchandise exports, current USD, 2019.

The method of calculating the ID is based on the assumption that all parameters have equal importance. The rank method is used to calculate the index. All parameters are divided into two types: 1) a larger value corresponds to a larger value from the range of values; 2) a larger value corresponds to a smaller value. In this setting, the ranks of all countries are calculated for each parameter used. Then for each country, from the obtained values the average ranks of all parameters are calculated. Then the ID index is calculated by following method: the obtained values are converted into an ordered rank sequence, so that rank 1 belongs to the best indicator in importance, and 27 belongs to the worst. When implementing on a computer, the Excel program is used, which allows to automatically take into account the lack of data. Then all the parameters are combined into the four groups used and the parameters are converted again, but for each group of parameters into its own rank sequence. It should be noted that due to the different number of parameters in each group, the sum of the ranks calculated for groups of parameters are not equal to the rank for all parameters. The result of calculating the integral index of all the considered variables and indices for the four studied groups is presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

The Index of development (ID) of three groups of countres. The ranks for for each country and group are shown. The smaller the rank, the larger its the value.

N Country Country Index ID Economy Demography

Tech. and High Tech Developing Export of Natural Resources

1 Estonia 1 1 5 12 23

2 Czech 2 6 2 2 21

3 Slovenia 3 3 1 7 17

4 Slovakia 4 10 6 6 20

5 Hungary 5 3 10 1 16

6 Montenegro 6 9 3 17

7 Serbia 7 7 11 5

8 Russia 8 13 25 11 3

9 Northern Macedonia 9 18 8 9 19

10Bosnia and Herzegovina. 10 18 8 19 13

11Romania 11 10 14 4 12

12Georgia 12 15 23 23 6

13Lithuania 13 2 13 13 11

14Tajikistan 14 24 17 27

15Poland 15 3 7 3 15

16Bulgaria 16 8 12 14 3

17Croatia 17 14 4 15 9

18Moldova 18 18 26 21 18

19Kazakhstan 19 10 22 16 1

20Belarus 19 21 19 20 8

21Latvian 21 16 17 10 14

22Azerbaijan 22 26 16 18 22

23Kyrgyzstan 23 27 24 22 5

24Armenia 24 17 15 24 1

25Ukraine 25 22 27 8

26Uzbekistan 26 25 20 25 9

27Turkmenistan 27 23 21 26 7

We see that five top lines of the ID table are occupied by countries of FWPB - Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia, Hungary. The sixth and seventh places has got countries of FYU: Montenegro and Serbia. The best place from countries of FSU belongs to Russia which occupies the eighth line in the table. In addition the six bottom lines with numbers 22-27 in the table are occupied by the FSU countries – Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan. From these facts it can be concluded that the FWPB is the

best in the unofficial competition of groups of countries.

We can get more detailed data from fig. 24. So, in the FSU group, the section "Economy" the best place with 52 point belongs to FWPB, last one belong to FSU – 100 points. In section "Demography" best place is occupied by FYU with 53 points. Best in "Hi tech" is FWPB with53points.Bestplacein"Rawmaterialsand Nature Resources have won both - FSU and FWPB.

Fig. 24. Histogram of the ranks achieved by every group of countries. Each of column in four groups of sections shows the rank of one element of groups of countries. The higher the column, the lower its rank

8. Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that the countries of the former USSR, the Warsaw Pact and Yugoslavia have made significant progress in 30 years of independent life. Theyhave more or lessovercome the defects ofthe previous regime that existed before 1991.The countries of the former USSR achieved the least small success –both in economic development and in social life, which was in addition understood due analize of non-standard demographic parameters and socio-psychological disorder that has manifested itself to a large extent in mentioned three countries. At the same time, Russia has lost a lot – now it is looks like a good team of the second football league, we compare the success of it and other countries of the former USSR with the success of the former Warsaw Pact countries, which are ahead of it in majority of respects. However, they also have difficulties in development, and they all are still far from the first league – advanced developed countries. The former countries of Yugoslavia, which have not yet fully recovered from the recent wars, are also striving forward and are in an intermediate state in terms of success. All countries have a desire to achieve more and are taking actions in moving forward. It is hoped that the efforts of these countries will be successful.

The author has a pleasure to expresses gratitude to Anna Tarko for her help in carrying out computer calculations on for this article.

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HISTORICAL SCIENCES

10.24412/3453-9875-2021-70-2-33-35

Abstract

This study is devoted to the issue of educating the younger generation on the basis of the brightest source of the XVIII century. The workdevotes a lot ofspace to the analysis ofthe source, which highlights the main methods of education, in particular, noble heirs, and also traces their evolution. The information obtained from the material under consideration helped to trace the fusion of church traditions and European principles in questions about the formation of a highly educated personality of the new Russian Empire. It is the compilation of different cultures that has become a unique feature of the pedagogy of the period under consideration. The researchers study the characteristic features for the improvement of pedagogical thought and educational trends in modern Russia. Аннотация Данное исследование посвящено вопросувоспитания подрастающего поколения на основе ярчайшего источника XVIII столетия. В работе много места отведено анализу источника, в котором освещены основные методы воспитания, в частности, дворянских наследников, а также прослеживается их эволюция. Информация, полученная из рассматриваемого материала, помогла проследить слияние церковных традиций и европейских начал в вопросах о становление высоко воспитанной личности новой Российской империи. Именно компиляция разных культур стала уникальной чертой педагогики рассматриваемого периода. Исследователями изучаются характерные черты для совершенствования педагогической мысли и образовательных тенденций современной России.

Keywords: Education, educational concepts, royal heirs, science, historical experience, education. Ключевые слова: Воспитание, образовательные концепции, царские наследники, наука, исторический опыт, образование. В настоящий период перед педагогами, исследователями лежит большая задача – изучение воспитательных основ на примере изучения опыта прошлого на базе исторических источников. Воспитание высоконравственного поколения должно являться и является одним из основных направлений современной педагогики. С помощью таких источников как «Домострой» - XVI столетия, либо же выбранного нами источника можно проанализировать и позаимствовать простые истины, правила воспитания и обучения в современную

обхождению, собранное от разных авторов» вышло в свет во времена Петра Великого зимой 1717 года, а затем неоднократно переиздавалось как для учебных заведений , так и для домашнего использования. Отмечается, что книга стала пользоваться сразу же очень большим спросом.

1 Эдуард Успенский. Общее собрание/ Юности честное зерцало. – М.: АСТ, 2008

Примечательно,чтодажевбудущем,когдавыходилиновые подобные книги и поучения об этике, многие авторы всё равно брали за основу суждения «Юности честное зерцало…». Так детский писатель Эдуард Успенский составил на основе данного источника, очередной сборник правил поведения для подрастающего поколения: «Юноша! То есть мальчик в районе тринадцати лет! Нам с тобой в руки попалась эта книга «Юности честное зерцало». Давай прочтем ее вместе от начала до конца.».1 Петровская эпоха известна исторической науке как период радикальных реформ, в том числе и в сфере образования, науки. Однако будущий император оценивал, что социокультурное состояние населения не соответствует происходящим реформам. Именно по его поручению был подготовлен данный документ. Важнейшей причиной данного

"HONEST MIRROR OF YOUTH" AS THE MAIN SOURCE OF EDUCATION OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION OF PETER'S RUSSIA

Shutova M. student of the Kuban State University, Krasnodar

поручения стали тесные контакты Российской империи с зарубежными государствами, в том числе и в сфере обмена образовательными новшествами. Ещё во времена Бориса Годунова была предпринята первая попытка обучения дворянских детей за рубежом, однако она не увенчалась успехом. И только со времён Петра появляется стабильная практика получения знаний за рубежом для молодых людей. Предпочтение отдавалось таким странам, как Англия, Франция, Голландия, так как считалось, что страны сильны как в преподавании точных наук,так ивсфере искусствоведческогожанра. Как следствие, XVIII век открывает для нас новых знаменитыхписателей, художников, ученых и мыслителей. Большим толчком к написанию документа была так же поездка ПетраВеликоговПариж летом 1717 года. Именно сравнение царём французской элиты с российским дворянством послужило поводом для изданий документа. Так же по одной из версии, страны Европы неоднократно жаловались правительству на несоответствующее поведение российской элиты во время пребывания на учёбе. Безусловно, что коренное изменение внутреннего строя в России стало следствием изменения духовной и культурной жизни. Невозможно в этом контексте не вспомнить Николая Михайловича Карамзина: «…Россия текла путем, предписанным ей рукою Петра, более и более удаляясь от своих древних нравов и сообразуясь с европейскими. Замечались успехи светского вкуса. …В одежде, в экипажах, в услуге вельможи наши мерялись с Парижем, Лондоном, Веною».2 К сожалению, авторы документа доподлинно неизвестны. По одной из версий это был епископ Рязанский и Муромский Гавриил (Бужинский). Но, однако очень большую роль в составлении документа сыграл Яков Брюс- один из известных сподвижников Петра Великого. На наш взгляд, неслучайно именно Брюс был привлечен к данной работе, так как именно он, используя основы христианскихценностей ужераннее прописанныев «Домострое», смог их разнообразить некоторыми тенденциями западнической культуры. Брюс по своим взглядам был конечно же западником и его взгляды полностью соответствовали духу петровских реформ. Вероятно,вчисле прочихдокументов были использованы положения из сочинения Эразма Роттердамского «Гражданство обычаев детских», что подтверждает, что данный документ это во многом компиляция христианских традиций Руси и достижений Запада. Безусловно, многие правила были зафиксированы с личным слов Петра Великого, что так же прослеживается и исследователями. Цель нашей работы это обозначить основные воспитательные традиции на основе выбранного источника, поэтому приступим. 2 Карамзин Н.М. История государства Российского: XII томов в 4-х книгах. Книга 4. Т. XII. - М.: Рипол Классик. - 1997.

Прописанные автором правила можно разделить на несколько групп: 1.Правила поведения отроков со своими родителями. Очень важно, что эти правила прописываются в самом начале документа и автор уделяет этим вопросам особое значение: «В первых наипаче всего должни дети отца и матерь в великой чести содержать. И когда от родителей что им приказано бывает, всегда шляпу в руках держать, а пред ними не вздевать, и возле их не садитися, и прежде оных не заседать, при них во окно всем телом не выглядовать, но все потаенным образом с великим почтением, не с ними вряд, но немного уступи позади оных в стороне стоять, подобно яко паж некоторый или слуга»3 .

2. Отдельно автор прописал правила во время танцев и празднеств. Прослеживается черта петровских преобразований, так как появляются новые светскиетрадиции, ноподнихследовалопрописать особые правила: «Непристойно на свадьбе в сапогах и острогах быть, и тако танцевать, для того что тем одежду дерут у женского полу и великий звон причиняют острогами, к тому ж муж не так поспешен в сапогах, нежели без сапогов».

3. Следующей группой правил, стали правила о поведении при дворе. В этой группе правил выделяется эпоха крепостничества, а также окончательное становление в России абсолютизма: «Прямый придворный человек имеет быть смел, отважен, и не робок, а с государем каким говорить с великим почтением. И возможет о своем деле сам предъявлять, и доносить, а на других не имеет надеятися. Ибо где можно такого найти, который бы мог кому так верен быть, как сам себе. Кто при дворе стыдливо бывает, оный с порожними руками от двора отходит».

4. Несмотря на то,что в основном правила прописывают основы светской жизни, существует отдельный блок наставлений о правилах поведения в храме. «Зерцало» освящает правило необходимости молитвы в храме, а также о строгой дисциплине во время божественной литургии: «В церкве имеет оной очи свои и сердце весма к Богу обратить и устремить, а не на женской пол, ибо дом Божий, дом молитвы, а не вертеп блудничен, но увы коль часто случается, что тем другия соблазняются и подают злой пример».

5. И отдельным блоком правил мы хотим выделить советы девушкам по данному документу. Правил немного, так как безусловно в основе своей правила писали для дворянских наследников, нежели наследниц. И необходимо заметить, что данные правила имею довольно характерные черты. Для девушек правила прописывали необходимый набор качеств, а именно набожность, благочестие, скромность и целомудренность. Примечательно, что советы девушкам написанные в духе «Домостроя». То есть автор не желал распространять европейские новшества на женскую сторону. 3 Юности честное зерцало: Репринтное издание / Выполнено с факсимильного издания 1976 г.- М.: Издательство «Планета», 1990

4

С одной стороны, это может свидетельствовать о социальном неравенстве, а с другой же стороны о сохранении «церковного взгляда» на добродетель девушек. «Украснение девиц<…> есть признак к благочестию <…> Стыдливая <…> девица, не токмо в лице краснеет, но и стыдливыя имеет уши. Устрашится, когда что безстудное слово услышит, <…> потупит лице свое, яко бы она того не разумеет, или востав отходит далее».4 Однако, « Юности честное зерцало…» не имеет чёткой структуры как документа. Правила варьируются в разных частях документа и нередко повторяются. Безусловно, исследователей привлекает и язык написания документа. На лицо отход от церковных традиций и использование жаргонизмов. Возможно, данный стиль был ближе и доступнее для населения и более отчётливо доносил до их сознание основные мысли: «Когда кто меж своими слугами присмотрит одного мятежника и заговорщика (переговорщика), то вскоре такого надобно отослать. Ибо от одной овцы паршивой все стадо пострадать может, и нет того мерзостнее, как убогой, гордой, нахалливой, и противной слуга, от чего и пословица зачалась: в нищенской гордости имеет диавол свою утеху.» В данном тезисе прослеживается радикальное правило, но, однако и вопрос о крепостничестве. Несмотря на строгое правила почитания государя, дворянского сословия, документ очень категоричен в отношении крестьян. «Никто честновоспитанный возгрей (соплей.Сост.) в нос не втягн подобно как бы часы кто заводил, а потом гнусным образом оныя в вниз глотает, но учтиво, как вышеупомянуто, пристойным способом испражняет и вывергает. Рыгать,кашлятьиподобныйтакиягрубыядействия в лицо другого чини, или чтоб другой дыхание и мокроту желудка, которая восстает, мог и чувствовать, но всегда либо рукой закрой, или отворотяротнасторону, илискатертию, или полотенцем прикрой. Чтоб никого не коснутца и тем сгадить.».

«Должно, когда будешь в церкве или на улице людем никогда в глаза не смотреть, яко бы из их насквозь кого хотел провидеть, и ниже везде заглядоватся, или рот розиня ходить яко ленивый осел».

Данные предложения нельзя трактовать иначе - как нехватку элементарной культуры воспитания среди дворянского сословия, которому прежде всего был посвящён данный документ. Отсюда возможно и грубость формулировки, чтобы навсегда искоренить вредные привычки. Несмотря на то, что петровские реформы значительно приблизили страну к европейской культуре, недостатки светской культуры на Руси были слишком очевидны. Первому императору хотелось совершить настоящий прорыв во всех сферах жизни общества. Однако именно образовательное направление еще было во многом привержено церковным традициям. Во многом именно это стало причиной, по которой не все затеи Петра свершились. Но так или иначе, именно «Юности честное зерцало» - значительный прорыв в области воспитания подрастающих государственных служащих, в котором наглядно прослеживается постепенный отход от традиции и светские начала. На наш взгляд, концепция автора актуальна и по сей день, так как правила красноречивы, категоричны и возможно данный стиль воспитания имеет место быть. Однако, только с помощью сочетания разных исторических источников по данной тематике, было бы возможным составить лучший сборник постановлений, одновременно опираясь, как на церковные традиции и каноны Руси, так и на более светские тенденции.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:

1.Домострой. СПб.: Наука, 1994.

2.КарамзинН.М. История государства Российского: XII томов в 4-х книгах. Книга 4. Т. XII. - М.: Рипол Классик. – 1997.

3.Ключевский В.О. Литературные портреты.М.: Современник, 1991.

4.Ломоносов М. В. Полн. собр. соч. в 10-ти т. М.; Л., 1959.

5.Лотман Ю.М. Беседы о русской культуре. Быт и традиции русского дворянства (XVIII-начало XIX века). - СПб., 1994.

6.Эдуард Успенский. Общее собрание/ Юности честное зерцало. – М.: АСТ, 2008

7.Юности честное зерцало: Репринтное издание / Выполнено с факсимильного издания 1976 г.М.: Издательство «Планета», 1990

Юности честное зерцало: Репринтное издание / Выполнено с факсимильного издания 1976 г.- М.: Издательство «Планета», 1990

PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES

MEANS OF CONNECTING THE COMPONENTS OF THE TEXT IN UZBEK LITERARY LANGUAGE

Amanov A.

Senior Teacher, Department Of Uzbek Language and Literature, Namangan State University, Namangan, Uzbekistan

DOI: 10.24412/3453-9875-2021-70-2-36-38

Abstract

This article discusses the essence ofthe text concept intoday’s Uzbek linguistics. It also provides an overview of the text in the world linguistic and different approaches to this event.

Keywords: the theory of the text, linguistic of the text, the ontological and functional signs of the text, the semantic structure of the text, the syntactic integrity, the syntactic structure, paragraph, maximum text, minimal text

Introduction

In physics, the discovery of the atom was considered a great success, and shortly after it was announced as the smallest particle, it became known to the world of science that the atom, in turn, would also be divided into fragments. We are confident that scientific research in this area will reveal that even the smallest fractions can be divided. Because an objective being is a collection of particles that can be divided into infinite parts.

XX century scientific thought, Hegelian dialectics and dialectical categories proved that the most important concepts of existence and social life are inextricably linked. This, in turn, had a profound effect on the development of all the humanitarian sciences. Now it is necessary to imagine and investigate each event in a general connection, that is, in a certain chain.

The most important and complex linguistic relationship between human society since its inception. It is of great practical and theoretical importance to study them, or rather to studythe texts that reflect the essence of those relations, to analyze the rules of their formation.

The reforms taking place in our lives are reflected in every field, including linguistics, which today has made great strides in all areas of language. The emergence of a number of new directions in language (computer linguistics, psycholinguistics, mathematical linguistics, sociolinguistics) and the scale of scientific research created in connection with their study is also evidence of this.

In particular, text linguistics is one of the new directions in the field of linguistics. Philology and other humanitarian sciences can be considered as a set of knowledge about the text, which includes examples of culture, language and literature of the peoples. Nevertheless, when interpreting the concept of the text, linguists express different opinions.

Literature review

Studies devoted to the study of the text and its nature appeared at the end of the twentieth century. Text linguistics is one of the issues that has attracted the attention of many linguists. In particular, in world linguistics V. Matezius, I. Galperin, L.Loseva, O. Mos-

kalskaya, K. Abdullaev, in Uzbek linguistics in this regard R. Kungurov, I. Kochkortoyev, Q. Samadov, N. Mahmudov, M. Yoldoshev, X. Doniyorov, E. Kılıchev, S. Karimov, B. Umarkulov expressed their opinion about the text.

In the general development of text theory, text linguistics, the services of representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle, German, French, English, American, Dutch, Polish and other schools of linguistics are recognized in world linguistics, while in Russian linguistics the works of V.V. Odinsov, I. R. Galperin, O. I. Moskalskaya, L. M. Loseva, Z.Y. Turaeva, N. S. Valgina, N. D. Zarubina deserve special attention.

Academician G. Abdurahmanov was one of the first in Uzbek linguistics to deliver a speech on the theory of text at the third Conference of Turkologists of the formerSovietUnioninTashkentin1980,expressed his views on the essence and solutions of the problem, distinguished anumberoftypesoftext. Linguist A. Gulamov also expressed his views on the essence of the text.

In the later period of Uzbek linguistics, it is possible to note the works of such scholars as A. Mamajonov, M. Tukhsonov, M. Abdupattoyev, N. Turniyozov, M. Khakimov in this field [1]. Text linguistics has been formed as a separate branch of linguistics, is constantly developing, and new theoretical generalizations are being made. First of all, it should be noted that there are different opinions among experts in the definition of the concept of text.

Results and Discussion

Some linguists consider only a written whole or a piece ofspeech to be text. For example, the Russianlinguist L.M. Loseva emphasizes that the definition of "text" should be based on the characteristics of all texts [2]. I. R. Galperin, who studied the text as an object of linguistic research, emphasizes that “completion is realized in the form of a written document as one of the leading aspects of the text that reflects its ontological and functional features”. In his view, a text is a speech work in the form of writing. However, most linguists who deal with the problems of text linguistics point out that text can be both written and oral [3].

Indeed, the same idea has a scientific and logical basis, and it accurately reflects the essence of the text.

Z.Y. Turaeva states that according to the general theory of textual linguistics, it is possible to take a text that is the product of oral or written speech as its subject, but it is expedient to interpret the text in a narrow sense, that is, only as a product of written speech. R.A. Karimova, who studied the semantic-structural structure of the text on the example of oral and written speech in Russian, noted that the text is a work of speech not only graphically, but also orally, in which the oral form is the genetic basis and the analysis of the facts leads to the theoretical conclusion that "at first glance the text seems to be located at opposite points of space, the verbal emergency (spontaneous) text and the written text (literary text) have a common feature - a certain structure." [4]. In linguistics, in almost all of the many and varied definitions given to a text, the sign of coherence and integrity is expressed in one way or another.

A. Gulamov emphasizes that the completeness of the idea is relative, the completeness of the content of the work can be understood from the whole text, citing the example of a unified text consisting of three paragraphs, and based on this, he mentioned:

Mamajonov. His special course for students of philology “Text Linguistics” analyzes scientific views on the text. Issues such as the essence, types and units of the concept of text, the connection and means of connection of these units, synonymy between text units, syntactic and stylistic figures are described. [7] Later, in the book "Syntax of Text", published in collaboration with his student M. Abdupattoev, the structural-semantic and stylistic aspects of the text, the thematic-rhetorical relationship in the text units were analyzed in detail, the relevant conclusions were summarized [8].

N.Turniyozov's book "Text Linguistics" is one of such educational works, which includes general information about the text in accordance with the relevant curriculum, the concepts of micro and macrotext [9].



“Expression is not limited to the sentence (simple sentence and compound sentence). A complete idea is usually given by a syntactic integrity that is larger than the sentence. Speech is a component of this integrity.

M. Khakimov is another Uzbek linguist who is concerned withtextproblems.Inhisdissertation,"Contribute to the work aimed at identifying the specific links and functions of the scientific text and its units, the definition of the author's personal relationship and its types in the scientific text", he studied in detail the syntagmatic and pragmatic features of the Uzbek scientific text on the basis of rich factual materials [10].



This component is connected with other components of the same integrity in various ways (content, grammar) byvarious means. It has its own composition and stylistic features.



A simple sentence can be a paragraph in its integrity under certain conditions.



Suchasyntactic integrityisasyntacticconstruction text. Some sentences express a relatively complete idea, while the text expresses the content of an entire complex.

A number of scientific articles have been published in Uzbek linguistics related to the study of this or that aspect of the text. To date, more than twenty methods of studying the text have been developed and are widely used in linguistics. One of them is the statistical study of Uzbek texts. This method of studying the text is consistently expressed in M. Yuldashev's paper " Linguopoetic study of literary text", which includes methods,views, frequencyvocabularyofstudyingtexts of different functional styles on the basis of statistical methods [11].



Because the text is a whole, it may have some headings that match its content. The text is divided into separate segments - parts, paragraphs, sentences. Thus, the text makes it even clearer that language is a means of communication. Speech is reflected in the composition of the text.

A text is a large piece of speech, and a paragraph is a piece of text. All versions of the text (maximum text and minimum text) completely represent a particular topic (content). So it is a high-level syntactic unit. [5] Given these features of the text, some researchers consider it necessaryto distinguish it as an independent branch of linguistics (with names such as grammar of a text r, text linguistics). Some call it text syntax (such as phrase syntax, simple sentence syntax) as a continuationof sentence syntax, therebyexpandingthe meaning ofthe syntaxtermto a larger syntactic integritythan the sentence as the basic syntactic unit. In this case, the upper limit of the syntax is the text syntax, not the compound sentence syntax.

M. Tukhsonov studied the system of means connecting elements in the Uzbek language with the difference of macrotext and mikrotext in his dissertation[6].

One of the first generalized, educational works on text linguistics in Uzbek linguistics was created by A.

The analysis and application of linguistic-statistical methodsoftextstudyisalsooneofthecurrentproblems of text linguistics. The researches of Samarkand scientists S. Karimov, M. Yuldashev, D. Urinbaeva are noteworthy in this regard.

In linguistics, the psycholinguistic study of the text also has a specific history. Especially researches of linguists I. Lisakova, A.A. Leontyev, N.S. Evchik, A. Shtern,T.A.Drozdovaareremarkable.The workinthis area deals with the processes involved in the creation and comprehension (perception) of text, the relationship between human psychology and the ability to create text [12].

Works in the psycholinguistic study are also emerging in Uzbek linguistics. In particular, I. Azimova's dissertation provides an overview of the general views on the semantic perception of the text in psycholinguistics, studies the linguistic and extralinguistic factors influencing the comprehension of the text on the basis of psycholinguistic experiments, shows the levels of the text comprehension process [13]

Another important branch of text linguistics, the "direction of the study of literary text", can be said to be highly developed in Uzbek linguistics. In this direction, M. Yuldashev defended his doctoral dissertation onthe “Linguopoetic studyof literarytext”. Inthis doctoral dissertation, the expression of the aesthetic function of language in the literary text is analyzed on the

example of the best works of Uzbek literature. The semantic types of the literary text and the problem of intertextuality are classified and described on the basis of factual materials, the principles of linguopoetic analysis of the literary text are developed. The style of formation of the literary text and the linguistic factors involved in it are studied, as well as the mechanisms of poetic actualization of phonographic, lexical, morphological and syntactic means in the literary text. [11]

S. Boymirzayeva's doctoral dissertation is devoted to the monographic study of the cognitive nature of the semantic structure of the text phenomenon. The work explores the communicative-pragmatic features of the text phenomenon, shows the integral connection of the categories of modalityand temporalitywiththe essence of the text, which serve to form its content. It is also revealed that the formation of the content of the text is a social phenomenon, it is a product of linguistic cognitive activity with the participation of the author and the recipient [14].

Sh.Turniyazova's dissertation is devoted to the study of derivational features of text formation, which discusses the microtext and its types, proving that even a simple grapheme (sound in speech), words and phrases can come in the form of text. This paper providesa scientificinterpretationofthederivationalproperties of micro and macro texts, and describes the derivational properties of text components and general text structure. It also discusses the semantic factor as a derivation operator, as well as lexical devices and the hierarchical relationship of text components [15].

Conclusion

The reforms taking place in our lives are reflected in every field, including linguistics, which today has made great strides in all areas of language. The emergence of a number of new directions in language (computer linguistics, psycholinguistics, mathematical linguistics, sociolinguistics) and the scale of scientific research created in connection with their study is also evidence of this.

In particular, text linguistics is one of the new directions in the field of linguistics. Philology and other humanitarian sciences can be considered as a set of knowledge about the text, which includes examples of culture, language and literature of the peoples. Nevertheless, when interpreting the concept of the text, linguists express different opinions. Nowadays, a classifi-

cation of particle constructions according to their occurrence has also been developed, and particle constructions have been described grammatically and linguo-poetically. Given this, it can be said that research in the field of text linguistics is being conducted in various directions and aspects. There is no doubt that new areas of text research will be discovered in the future.

REFERENCES:

1. Mamajonov A. (1989). “Linguistics of text”. Tashkent. pp. 10-12.

2. Loseva L. M. (1980). “How the text is constructed?”. Moscow. pp. 25.

3. GalperinI. R. (1981). “Text asan objectoflinguistic research”. Moscow. pp. 36-37.

4. Tukhsanov M. (1990). “Microtext and its communicative integrity”. Tashkent. pp. 87.

5. Karimova R.A. (1992). “Semantically structural organization of the text (based on oral spontaneous and written texts)”. Moscow. pp. 27.

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8. Mamajonov A. (1989). “Linguistics of text”. Tashkent. pp. 31.

9. Mamajonov A., Abdupattoyev M. (2002). “Text syntax”.Fergana. pp. 42-43.

10. Turniyozov N. (2004). “Text linguistics”. Samarkand. pp. 11.

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14. Azimova I. (2008). “Psycholinguistic study of the semantic concept of newspaper texts in Uzbek”. Tashkent. pp. 14-15.

15. Boymirzayeva S. (2010). “Categories that form the communicative-pragmatic content of the text in the Uzbek language”. Tashkent. pp. 21.

16. Turniyazova Sh. (2010). “Derivative features of text formation in modern Uzbek language”. Tashkent. pp. 56-57.

SOCIAL SCIENCES

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE IN JOURNALISM

Synchak B., Koval A. postgraduate students of the department of journalism «Kiev University of Culture», lecturers of the Journalism Department «Ukrainian Institute for the Humanities» Ukraine, Kyiv

Синчак Б., Коваль А. аспіранти кафедри журналістики «Київського університету культури», викладачі кафедри журналістики «Українського гуманітарного інституту» Україна, Київ DOI: 10.24412/3453-9875-2021-70-2-39-43

Abstract

The article critically examines the problems of higher journalistic education in Ukraine, in particular the interaction of journalistic education with the real demands of the labour market. Specific main problems of higher journalistic education in Ukraine are identified with the substantiation of problematic factors directly affecting the studyofthe journalistic professionand alternative ways ofsolvingthem. Suggestions for overcomingthe problems of education and work in the profession in general aspects are presented. The general view of the problem of the gap between theory and practice in journalism by a recent student of journalism and a practicing journalist with more than thirty years of experience in the profession allows for a holistic assessment of the situation and offers its own recommendations for solving this problem. Анотація Устаттікритичномупоглядупіддається проблематика вищоїжурналістськоїосвітив Україні,зокрема взаємодія журналістської освіти з реальними вимогами ринку праці. Ідентифікуються конкретні основні проблеми вищої журналістської освіти в Україні із обґрунтуванням проблемності факторів, що безпосередньо впливають на вивчення журналістської професії та альтернативними шляхами їх вирішення Подаються пропозиції щодо подолання проблематики освіти та роботи за спеціальністю у загальних аспектах. Спільний погляд на проблему розриву між теорією та практикою в журналістиці нещодавнього студента кафедри журналістики та журналіста-практика із понад тридцятирічним досвідом у професії дозволяє цілісніше оцінити ситуацію та запропонувати власні рекомендації для розв’язання означеної проблематики. Keywords: theory and practice in journalism, problems of journalistic education, employers' requirements, stakeholders, employment after training. Ключові слова: теорія та практика в журналістиці, проблеми журналістської освіти, вимоги роботодавців, стейкхолдери, працевлаштування після навчання. Постановка проблеми. Дискусії про те, кому і як готувати журналістів, ведуться в Україні впродовж десятиліть. Змінилося вже кілька поколінь учасників цих спорів, але проблеми розриву між теорією та практикою в журналістиці залишаються актуальними. Показовою у цьому контексті є ситуація коли «роботодавці звинувачують освітян у недостатніхзнаннях, з якими випускники факультетів та інститутів приходять улаштовуватися в медіа», а ті у свою чергу дорікають медійникам «про небажання долучатися до освітнього процесу» [1]. Обидві сторони дискусії мають власні обґрунтування

щодо проблемної ситуації, однак її тенденційність девершується й статистичними даними, які свідчать про те, що в Україні «51% молоді працює не за фахом» [2]. Обидва приклади можуть свідчити про широкий спектр проблематики розриву між теорією та практикою не тільки в журналістиці, а й загалом. Формальне здобуття освіти зумовлює суттєві ризики як для ринку праці так і для коефіцієнту компетентності у фахових знаннях випускників українських ЗВО. Розробка рекомендацій щодо подолання розриву між теорією та практикою в жур-

Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science

налістиці допоможе окреслити комплексне розуміння проблематики відповідності освітньої програми сучасним вимогам ринку праці. В Україні проблематику подолання розриву між теорією та практикою в журналістиці досліджували: В. Здоровега, С. Квіт, М. Тимошик, Р. І. Живолуп, О. Холод, М. Житарюк, С. В. Арефнія, О. В. Каплій, І. Пенчук, В. В. Власенко, О. Пелешок, М. Д. Дяченко, Г. Гандзілевська, О. В. Петрук, таін.Зазначені автори усвоїхпрацяхпереважноакцентують увагу на загальних особливостях та вихідних компонентах проблем журналістської освіти в Україні. Окреслюють недосконалості та фактичні ознаки розбіжностей між теорією та практикою, що стосуються адаптації, універсалізації, формуванню соціального інтелекту та інших невід’ємних складових з якими стикається журналіст-початківець у професійній практиці. Саме томуметою дослідження єокреслення основнихактуальних рекомендацій щодо подолання розриву між теорією та практикою в журналістиці. Основна частина. Журналістика як академічне поняття в Україні є досить молодим напрямком освіти. Раніше ця спеціальність була відгалуженням філології, однак фактори стрімкого технологічного розвитку мас-медіа у ХХІ ст. та зростання суспільної важливості професії журналіста на фоні масово-інформаційної революції зумовили сутнісний науковий перегляд постановки питання. Для сучаснихреалій є актуальною проблематика розриву між теорією та практикою в журналістиці. Професійні тенденції та універсалізація професії журналіста змушує переглядати вимоги до навчання та опанування цього ремесла. З одного боку у низці кейсів-пропозицій від ЗВО спеціальність «журналістика» є абсолютно рівноправною. Саме тому на цю навчальну дисципліну в українських вишах поширюються загальні вимоги викладання. З іншого боку, як вид діяльності, сучасна журналістика вирізняється від багатьох інших професій своєю плюралістичністю змісту, формами організації, стилів, публічністю, суспільною значимістю, а також досяжністю для всіхтих, хто воліє висвітлитисвою громадськупозицію чи поділитися власною думкою – новітні девайси спрощують такі можливості для будь-кого з користувачів Інтернетпростору до двох-трьох кліків перед публікацією чого-небуть. Саме тому, різноманітних ідей та міркувань щодо того, як і комупідготовлювати студентів журфаків і слухачів фахових курсів, на порядок більше, аніж пропозицій щодо вишкілу

спеціальностям, які не є такими демократичними і доступними загалу. На даний момент у суспільстві набирає ваги думка, що система вищої журналістської освіти не відповідає повною мірою запитам, які висуває сучасний ринок праці. Через це дехто вважає професійну освіту недостатньо ефективною. Наразі економіка та соціальна сфера України стали абсолютно іншими, ніж ті, що були на початку двадцять першого століття. У ринкових обставинах роботодавець почав формувати нові замовлення на працівника медіа сфери, якого ринок праці не завжди може йому запропонувати. За словами багатьох роботодавців, усе більш виразно проявляється невідповідність між потребамиринкупраціі кінцевим результатомдіяльності системи освіти. Ця різниця безумовно, перш за все, швидко змінює економічну модель, при цьому освіта як значно більш консервативна сфера не може встигнути за змінами, що відбуваються. В останні роки розрив в швидкості змін ринку праці і високопрофесійної освіти почав збільшуватися. Співвідношення професійних, освітніх стандартів і відповідної системи оцінювання результатів навчання забезпечує точне і більш повне розуміння взаємозв'язку між роботодавцями і системою освіти. У нинішніх умовах, дуже важливо розуміння в необхідності балансу між пропозицією професійної освіти і професійним попитом. Взаємозв'язок професійних і освітніх стандартів набагато складніше за своєю природою. Кожен з них має свій власний, який не пересікається з іншим, функціоналом. В сучасних умовах освіта і медіа-бізнес – це дві субсистеми суспільства, постійно взаємодіючі і тісно взаємопов'язані, але в рамках виключно конкретних правил і логіки, властивих кожній системі. Сучасні вимоги медіаринку ставлять перед вищою школою завдання підготовки фахівців журналістського профілю, які повинні мати досить високий рівень професійної культури, володіти високою професійною мобільністю, здатністю швидко адаптуватися до умов, які можуть динамічно змінюватися в сучасному професійному середовищі. Саме тому ми виділяємо такі аспекти, що впливають на подолання розриву між теорією та практикою в журналістиці. Розглядаючи вітчизняні проблеми журналістської освіти доцільно їх категоріально розподілити за векторним спрямуванням. У Таблиці 1 вказані головні з тих, що межують із тематикою дослідження.

Таблиця 1. Основні проблеми вищої журналістської освіти в Україні № Проблема Обґрунтування

1. Критерії оцінювання якості освіти

2. Зв’язок між ЗВО та українськими ЗМІ

3. Заангажованість ЗМІ

За якими критеріями зараз глобально оцінювати якісність журналістської освіти? З цього постають висновки про ефективність або ж неналежний стан останньої.

Практика підписання договорів про співпрацю та регулярне проходження практики студентами у професійних структурах забезпечує засвоєння теоретичного матеріалу та набуття практичного досвіду.

У виробничому процесі можуть виникати ситуації де студенти-практиканти потрапляють під вплив внутрішньої редакційної політики, що виходить за межі журналістських стандартів та починають сприймати це як належне.

4. Альтернативна журналістська освіта

5. Розмежування журналістської освіти і медіа-освіти

Курси з вивчення журналістики від медіахолдингів чи окремих журналістських установ. З одного боку це може свідчити про недостатню ефективність журналістськоїосвіти.Зіншого,чомуне залучатитакіпрограми у навчальний процес?

Наразі подібна практика не є популярною, адже для сучасності універсалізація працівника – це святе. Однак у даному контексті існує принципова різниця, навчати менеджера медіа-фахівця широкого кола чи журналіста.

6.

Використання української та англійської мов для навчання

Тенденція останніх років на українізацію усіх сфер суспільного життя уже приносить свої плоди у цьому напрямку, однак з прийнятним володінням англійською в освітньому процесі все ще є проблеми. Свідома орієнтованість на якісні зарубіжні англомовні джерела та напрацювання спектру українськомовних слугуватиме розвитку в журналістській освіті.

7. Компетентність студентів та викладачів

8. Інтеграція PR в журналістську освіту

Почнемо з того, що сімнадцятирічні студенти лише увиняткових випадках впевнені у власній орієнтованості на журналістську професію. Більшість з них насправді не відають чому вони вступили на журфак з цього й випливає проблема засвоєння знань та загального ентузіазму до професії. Викладачі ж не завжди у повній мірі знайому з практикою до якої готують студентів.

Тенденційним явищем в українських ЗВО є кафедри «журналістики та PR» де сутнісні антагоністи навчаються поруч за однією програмою упродовж чотирьох років. Ці професійні спрямування є абсолютно протилежними за значенням та не можуть абсолютно поєднуватися у навчальному процесі.

9.

Викладання російською за ключовими російськими авторами на 30 році незалежності України є недоліком не тільки у контексті порушення чинного законодавства, а й у векторі ідеологічного освітнього спрямування. Нагадаємо, що будь-яка радянщина передбачає імперіалістичні начала, тоді як незалежна Україна є демократичною республікою. Це абсолютно різні світоглядні системи за ідеологічною сутністю. Тому інтеграція таких наративів у освітній процес суперечить цілям і завданням української освіти.

з поданих

картину, однак прагнення є. А от суспільству варто вчитися бути медіаграмотнішими, відрізняти якісну журналістику від загального інформаційного непотребу яким наповнені сучасні масмедіа. З усвідомленням цих елементів з’явиться й систематичний запит на медіа-фахівців та професійних журналістів. «Об'єктивні критерії оцінювання якості університетської, у т.ч. журналістської освіти» [3] допомогли б реально дивитися на ситуацію в цілому та переглянути неактуальні підходи до начального процесу. Одним з таких оцінкових апаратів наразі є новоспечене Національне агентствоіззабезпечення якості вищої освіти (НАЗЯВО) робота якого якраз націлена на переформатування старих підходів до здійснення освітнього процесу і набуття статусу «каталізатора

позитивних змін у вищій освіті та формування культури її якості» [4]. Однак для предметного погляду на плоди його діяльності потрібен час та статистика. Наразі динаміка позитивних змін у цьому напрямку є багатообіцяючою. Пролонгація ЗВО договорів із базами практики (журналістськими редакціями) про систематичний обіг студентів-практикантів забезпечує практичність спеціальності журналістика. Саме так стейкхолдери (замовники робочих кадрів) мусять брати участь у освітньому процесі. Активне залучення останніх повинне давати позитивні результати як для кафедр журналістики так і для самих студентів. Питання української медіавласності є болючим з огляду на існуючу тенденцію до монополізації вітчизняних ЗМІ олігархами. За таких умов часто журналістика спотворюється перетворюючись на мас-медійну маніпулятивну машину приклади діяльності якої навіть можуть призводити до явищ безпрецедентних масштабів, та системного нехтування професійними стандартами [5]. Така картина подає поганий приклад для студентів-журналістів, та викривлює поняття професії журналістики як такої. У перспективі це негативно впливає на загальне розуміння академічного тлумачення журналістської професії. За словами І.Л. Михайлина «наукове життя завжди було трошки відокремлено від того, що звикли вважати практичною журналістикою», це обумовленорізнимифакторами,зокремазагальною некомпетентністю охоплення української академічної сфери журналістики на початках формування якісних підходів до навчального процесу. Але й самі «журналісти неохоче читають наукові праці, вважають, що вони написані виключно для внутрішніх потреб науки», тому таке непорозуміння часто є двостороннім. Михайлин вважає, що «наука про журналістику має на меті узагальнення досвіду, який є у журналістів – дослідження текстів, персонажів, новітніх явищ» [6]. Саме узагальнення набутого досвіду є необхідним компонентом для якісної трансформації журналістського ремесла у відповідність сучасним умовам. Навчання журналістики з позицій – лише уміти писати чи знімати, подавати новини є лише нішовим, але методологія вищої освіти робить його ціліснішим. Такий підхід є виправданим для розвитку галузі у цілому. Розглядаючи пропозиції щодо вирішення подолання розриву між вимогами професійного навчання на кафедрах журналістики та ринку праці виділяємо наступні компоненти: І. Процес

починаючи з першого семестру першого курсу. І подальшим проходженням практики в редакціях чи видавництвах роботодавця, що дозволить на ранній стадії навчання журналіста підготувати його для певної роботи. Ремарка щодо поліпшення підготовки бакалаврів: тут необхідно враховувати особ-

ливості характеристик регіонального освітнього середовища і обставини, які можуть характеризувати територіальні особливості медійного простору. ІІ. Впроваджувати в Україні практику інших країн. До прикладу, взяти досвід німецького (польського, чеського, іспанського, англійського тощо) вишу і запропонувати його українському. Аби такий досвід став прикладом рішень, бажано додавати думку експертів, які допоможуть адаптувати іноземний досвід в українські реалії: що з іноземного досвіду працюватиме у нас, а що – ні. ІІІ. Збільшити обсяги практичних дисципліни, для того, щоб у майбутньому, у нинішнього студента був не тільки необхідний обсяг знань, але й умінь, навичок і практичного досвіду для відповідності всім вимогам майбутнього роботодавця. IV. Наразі число бажаючих заснувати власні, авторські школи майстрів преси в Україні зростає в геометричній прогресії. Ігнорувати, тим паче забороняти або іншим чином обмежувати їх ініціативу не можна і не потрібно – професорсько-викладацькому складу багатьох кафедр журналістики «категорійних» вишів добре б було переймати досвід декого з практикуючих майстрів слова, при цьому, мудро обминаючи фальсифікаторів і різного роду шарлатанів від журналістики. Держава ж зі свого боку має контролювати ці заклади вищої освіти з точки зору дотримання вимог законодавства та освітніх стандартів. Висновки. Ідентифікація та публічний дискурс у контексті основних проблем вищої журналістської освіти в Україні допоможе посприяти виникненню позитивних тенденцій у цьому напрямку. Вдосконалення критеріїв оцінювання якості освіти та загальний перегляд підходів до реалізації освітнього процесу уже функціонує, однак результати його діяльності будуть відомі згодом. Налагодження реального діяльнісного зв’язку між ЗВО та українськими ЗМІ забезпечує практичне підтвердження засвоєння академічних знань. Заангажованість ЗМІ може негативно впливати на ситуацію в цілому. Натомість альтернативна журналістська освіта не вирішує усі питання надання якісної освіти. Розмежування журналістської освіти і медіа-освіти є обов’язковим для врегулювання реалізаціїсутності цихспрямувань.Розвитокпідходів до використання української та англійської мов у освітньому процесі забезпечить насичення якісним досвідом та його трансформацію у власний. Перегляд питання компетентності студентів при вступі та активне залучення викладачів у практику та практиків у викладачі безпосередньо впливає на поліпшення журналістської освіти. Інтеграція PR в журналістську освіту є негативним чинником розвитку явища та підходів до продукування інформації. Рудименти радянської системи в освітньому процесі повинні бути викорінені на користь сучасним реаліям та науково-технічного і культурного прогресу європейської цивілізації. Крім оптимізації пошуку роботодавців, процедур працевлаштування, впровадження іноземного досвіду

підготовки журналістів та вдосконалення навчального процесу, зокрема збільшення обсягів практичних дисципліни, необхідно запропонувати додаткові шляхи подолання дисбалансу між вимогами ринку і змістом професійного журналістського навчання, як з боку роботодавців, так і з боку вищих навчальних закладів. Таким чином, дисбаланс між вимогами ринку і змістом професійного навчання на журналістських кафедрах можна подолати. СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ:

1.Литвиненко В Теорія і практика: Чого більше в сучасній журналістській освіті [Електронний ресурс] / В Литвиненко // Mediasapiens. – 2016. – Режим доступу до ресурсу: https://ms.detector.media/zhurnalistskaosvita/post/17008/2016-07-14-teoriya-i-praktikachogo-bilshe-v-suchasnii-zhurnalistskii-osviti/.

2.Греба Р. Де працює молодь? Настав час дізнатися [Електронний ресурс] / Р. Греба // Українська правда. – 2019. – Режим доступу до ресурсу: https://life.pravda.com.ua/columns/2019/01/16/23506 7/.

3.Квіт С. Проблеми журналістської освіти в сучасній Україні [Електронний ресурс] / С. Квіт //

Електронний архів Національного університету "Києво-Могилянська академія". "Магістеріум", № 22, "Журналістика". – 2006. – Режим доступу до ресурсу: http://ekmair.ukma.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14242.

4.Стратегія Національного агентства із забезпечення якості вищої освіти до 2022 р. [Електронний ресурс] // НАЗЯВО. – 2014. – Режим доступудо ресурсу: https://naqa.gov.ua/.

5.Скляревська Г. Що відбувається на ZIK: звільнення, «чорні списки» та перемовини з АП [Електронний ресурс] / Г. Скляревська // Детектор медіа. – 2019. – Режим доступу до ресурсу: https://detector.media/community/article/168295/2019 -06-20-shcho-vidbuvaietsya-na-zik-zvilnennyachorni-spysky-ta-peremovyny-z-ap/.

6.Магазова А. «Українське журналістикознавство змінюється. Але його зміни завжди є трохи із запізненням…» [Електронний ресурс] / А. Магазова // Медіакритика. – 2012. – Режим доступу до ресурсу: https://www.mediakrytyka.info/ohlyadyanalityka/ukrayinske-zhurnalistykoznavstvozminyuyetsya-ale-yoho-zminy-zavzhdy-ye-trokhy-izzapiznennyam.html.

№70/2021

Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science ISSN 3453-9875

VOL.2

It was established in November 2016 with support from the Norwegian Academy of Science.

DESCRIPTION

The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.

Editor in chief – Karin Kristiansen (University of Oslo, Norway)

The assistant of theeditor in chief – Olof Hansen

• James Smith (University of Birmingham, UK)

• Kristian Nilsen (University Centre in Svalbard, Norway)

• Arne Jensen (Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway)

• Sander Svein (University of Tromsø, Norway)

• Lena Meyer (University of Gothenburg, Sweden)

• Hans Rasmussen (University of Southern Denmark, Denmark)

• Chantal Girard (ESC Rennes School of Business, France)

• Ann Claes (University of Groningen, Netherlands)

• Ingrid Karlsen (University of Oslo, Norway)

• Terje Gruterson (Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway)

• Sander Langfjord (University Hospital, Norway)

• Fredrik Mardosas (Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway)

• Emil Berger (Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Norway)

• Sofie Olsen (BioFokus, Norway)

• Rolf Ulrich Becker (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)

• Lutz Jäncke (University of Zürich, Switzerland)

• Elizabeth Davies (University of Glasgow, UK)

• Chan Jiang(Peking University, China) and other independent experts

1000 copies

Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science Iduns gate 4A, 0178, Oslo, Norway email: publish@njd-iscience.com site: http://www.njd-iscience.com