Essential Grammar For Korean as a Second Language
รล 2004 All rights reserved by
Chul Young Lee
Version 2.3
Preface Demand for the Korean langauge education as a second language is significantly increasing these days. The Korean language is an agglutinative language and is sometimes recognized tricky to learn by the people who speak a European language as their primary language. But depending on how systematical the education method is, it can be efficiently learned with the aid of its scientific letter system Hangeul. This book aims to provide the comprehensive rules and factors of the Korean language in a systematic way. The grammar chapters contain most of the important basic rules so that you can build the essence to learn Korean. This book can be used for self-learners who are learning Korean with other books and environment and want a good grammar textbook. This book can be also used as a textbook in a Korean class, in which case I recommend the instructors to provide replicating examples to the students and try to relate the multiple chapters on the inflectional words with each other to maximize the efficiency of the education. I hope this can contribute to the Korean language education to all the people who teach or learn Korean. Chul Young Lee ์ด์ฒ ์
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CONTENTS Part I. Alphabet & Basic Phonetics Chapter 0: About the Korean Alphabet System โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆ. 5 Chapter 1: How to Compose a Syllable โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.. 6 Chapter 2: Korean Alphabet โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ. 7 Chapter 3: Important Rules for Pronunciation โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..... 11
Part II. Basic Grammar Chapter 4: Parts of Speech โฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.. 18 Chapter 5: Sentence Structure โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ. 20 Chapter 6: Inflectional Words โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ... 23 Chapter 7: Supplementary Inflectional Words โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆ........ 28 Chapter 8: Irregular Inflectional Words โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆ........ 32 Chapter 9: Attitudes โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ........ 38 Chapter 10: Postpositions โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆ 41 Chapter 11: Designation โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ. 44
Part III. Useful Expressions & Vocabularies Chapter 12: 5W1H โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ. 47 Chapter 13: Frequently Used Basic Sentences โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ. 48 Chapter 14: Numeral & Units .โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆ 51 Chapter 15: Time .โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ. 55 Chapter 16: Family โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ 57
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Part I. Alphabet & Basic Phonetics
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Chapter 0. About the Korean Alphabet System The World's Most Scientific Writing System The Korean Alphabet is known to be the most scientific writing system in the world. This letter system is called Hangeul. Each character in Hangeul represents a unique sound in a systematic way, which makes it very easy and clear to learn this letter system. This is why Koreaรข€™s literacy rate is extremely high. Hangeul was developed in 1443 by King Sejong (1397-1450) who clearly stated the purpose of developing this letter system. It was basically to let everyone in the nation to be able to read and wirte easily. He developed the new letter system in an amazingly scientific and systematic way. He created the shapes of the characters in a way that they resemble the shapes of the human organs when they are pronounced. Hangeul is a state-of-the-art phoneme character system which consists of 10 basic vowels, 14 basic consonants and some compound vowels and consonants, and you can write down whatever you hear in a unique way. You typically do not have to ask how to spell something. This is possible because one character in Hangeul is mapped to only one sound. While you learn this letter system, you will be amazed to see how easy it is to learn and how powerful it is. You could even apply Hangeul to another language without a big problem.
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Chapter 1. How To Compose A Syllable 1. Why is Syllable Important in Korean?
Syllable is the unit of composing actual letters using the letter elements (consonants and vowels). Once you become able to build a syllable by applying the consonants and vowels, you can write anything you hear.
2. What does a Korean Syllable look like? It is composed of three elements: Initial Sound (์ด์ฑ), Medial Sound (์ค์ฑ) and Final Sound (์ข ์ฑ), as you can see in the figure below.
INITIAL [ 1 Consonant ]
MEDIAL [ 1 Vowel ]
FINAL [ 0, 1, 2 Consonant(s) ] Figure 1 A Korean Syllable
3. Composing Syllables See the example below:
Initial Sound (1 consonant)
ํ
Medial Sound (1 vowel)
Final Sound (1 consonant)
Figure 2 An example of a syllable A syllable must have exactly 1 consonant as the initial sound and 1 vowel as the medial sound. A syllable can be composed with or without the final sound (consonant). Sometimes there can be 2 consonants located as the final sound. Examples (๋ณด๊ธฐ) Syllables without the final sound: ๊ฐ, ๋, ๋, ๋ฝ, ์ญ, ์ผ, ์, ์ Syllables with 1 consonant as the final sound: ์, ๋ , ํฉ, ์, ๊ต, ์, ๋, ๊บพ Syllables with 2 consonants as the final sound: ์, ์, ์
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Chapter 2. Korean Alphabet There are 14 basic consonants and 10 basic vowels.
1. Consonants (์์) 1) Basic Consonants Consonant
Name
Value
Stroke Sequence
ใฑ
๊ธฐ์ญ
[g/k]
ใฑ
ใด
๋์
[n]
ใด
ใท
๋๊ทฟ
[d/t]
ใ ก
ใท
ใน
๋ฆฌ์
[r/l]
ใฑ
ใฑ
ใน
ใ
๋ฏธ์
[m]
ใ ฃ
ใฑ
ใ
ใ
๋น์
[b/p]
ใ ฃ
ใ ฃใ ฃ
ใ ฃใ ฃ
ใ
์์ท
[s]
ใ
์ด์
[ล]
ใ
์ง์
[j/g]
ใ
์น์
[tโซ/ts]
ใ
ํค์
[k]
ใฑ
ใ
ใ
ํฐ์
[t]
ใ ก
ใ ก
ใ
ํผ์
[p]
ใ
ํ์
[h]
ใ
ใ ใ ใ ใ ใ ใ ใ
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2) Compound Consonants Consonant
ใฒ ใธ ใ ใ ใ
Value โkโ sound in sky
Name ์๊ธฐ์ญ
โtโ sound in start
์๋๊ทฟ
โpโ sound in spy
์๋น์
โsโ sound in say
์์์ท
strong/voiceless โj/gโ sound
์์ง์
1) Every compound consonant is a fortis. Do not get confused with aspiration (ใ , ใ , ใ , ใ ) 2) Do not get confused with double consonants which are combination of two different consonants (ใณ, ใต, ใผ, ใฝ, ใพ, ใป, ใ , and ใฟ).
2. Vowels (๋ชจ์) 1) Basic Vowels Vowel
Name
Value
Stroke Sequence
ใ
์
[a]
ใ ฃ
ใ
ใ
์ผ
[ya]
ใ ฃ
ใ
ใ
์ด
[ำ]
ใ
์ฌ
[yำ]
ใ
์ค
[o]
ใ
์
[yo]
ใ
์ฐ
[u]
ใ
ใ
์
[yu]
ใ
ใ ก
์ผ
[-]
ใ ก
ใ ฃ
์ด
[i]
ใ ฃ
ใ
ใ ใ ใ ใ ใ
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2) Compound Vowels Consonant
ใ ใ ใ ใ ใ ใ ใ ข ใ ใ ใ ใ
Value
Name
โaโ sound in and
์
โeโ sound in end
์
โyaโ sound in yam
์
โyeโ sound in yes
์
[o] + [e]
์ธ
โweโ sound in we
์
ใ ก + ใ ฃ
์
โwaโ sound in swallow
์
โwoโ sound in wonderful
์
โwaโ sound in wax
์
โweโ sound in wet
์จ
3. Common Writing Rules Writing a syllable should be done by the following rules: 1) Write in the following order: Initial Sound โบ Medial Sound โบ Final Sound 2) For each letter element, write from Top and from Left.
Polarity of Vowels (๋ชจ์์ ์์) Positive Vowels: ใ , ใ , ใ , ใ ,
and compound vowels including them
Negative Vowels: ใ , ใ , ใ , ใ , ใ ก ,
and compound vowels including them
Neutral Vowel: ใ ฃ Vowel Accordance (๋ชจ์์กฐํ): Vowels with the same polarity tend to stick together in words (but this is not an absolute rule any more in modern Korean). For example, an inflectional word with the stem with a positive vowel uses suffixes with a positive vowel. <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๋๋ค (to play) โถ ๋ + ์์ = ๋์์
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Two-Element Syllable Matrix with Basic Consonants and Basic Vowels in Order
๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ผ๋ง๋ฐ์ฌ์์์ฐจ์นดํํํ ๊ฐธ๋๋๋ด๋จ๋ฑ์ค์ผ์์ฑ ์บฌํธํํ ๊ฑฐ๋๋๋ฌ๋จธ๋ฒ์์ด์ ์ฒ์ปคํฐํผํ ๊ฒจ๋ ๋๋ ค๋ฉฐ๋ฒผ์ ์ฌ์ ธ์ณ์ผํ จํดํ ๊ณ ๋ ธ๋๋ก๋ชจ๋ณด์์ค์กฐ์ด์ฝํ ํฌํธ ๊ต๋จ๋ด๋ฃ๋ฌ๋ตค์ผ์์ฃ ์ตธ์ฟํํํจ ๊ตฌ๋๋๋ฃจ๋ฌด๋ถ์์ฐ์ฃผ์ถ์ฟ ํฌํธํ ๊ท๋ด๋๋ฅ๋ฎค๋ทฐ์์ ์ฅฌ์ธํํํจํด ๊ทธ๋๋๋ฅด๋ฏ๋ธ์ค์ผ์ฆ์ธ ํฌํธํํ ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋น์์ด์ง์นํคํฐํผํ
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Chapter 3. Important Rules for Pronunciation ์ค์ํ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฒ์น๋ค
1. Representative Sounds for Consonants (์์์ ๋ํ๊ฐ) [Rule 1] If a consonant is a Final Sound in a stand-alone syllable, it can be pronounced as one of only 7 sounds: ใฑ, ใด, ใท, ใน, ใ , ใ , ใ where the consonants as a Final Sound belong to:
[ใฑ] โ ใฑ, ใฒ, ใ , ใณ, ใบ [ใด] โ ใด, ใต [ใท] โ ใท, ใ , ใ , ใ , ใ , ใ [ใน] โ ใน, ใผ, ใฝ, ใพ [ใ ] โ ใ , ใป [ใ ] โ ใ , ใ , ใ , ใฟ [ใ ] โ ใ [Rule 2] A Final Sound pronounces as its representative sound (in Rule 1), if it is followed by a consonant.
<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์๊ณ
๋๋ค
์๋ค
๋๋ค
์ ๋ค
์๋ค
๋๋ค
๋ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ
[Rule 3] A Final Sound recovers its original sound if it is followed by a vowel, unless they are at the border of an independent combination.
<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์์
๋์
์์ด
๋์
์ ์
[Comparison] Dependent combination: ์ท์ ์ ์ด์. (Original sound recovered) Independent combination:
์ท ์ ์ด์. (Pronounced as representative sound)
[Rule 3-1] If there are 2 consonants in the Final Sound position, the second one recovers its value, when it is followed by a vowel.
<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์์์
๋์ด์
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2. Phoneme Compression (์์ด ์ถ์ฝ) Phoneme compression is a phenomenon that occurs when two phonemes meet and change. [Rule 1] Consonant Compression (์์ ์ถ์ฝ) Whenโใฑยทใทยทใ ยทใ โare followed or preceded by โใ โ, they change to the aspirationโใ ยทใ ยทใ ยทใ โ. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
ใฑ + ใ = ใ + ใฑ = ใ
๋ ธ๋๊ณ โถ [๋ ธ๋ผ์ฝ]
(yellow)
ใท + ใ = ใ + ใท = ใ
์ข๋ค โถ [์กฐํ]
(good)
ใ + ใ = ใ + ใ = ใ
๋ฐํ โถ [๋ฐํด]
(to be stepped on)
ใ + ใ = ใ + ใ = ใ
๋ฟ์ง โถ [๋ค์น]
(to touch/reach)
[Rule 2] Vowel Compression (๋ชจ์ ์ถ์ฝ) When two vowels meet, they become a diphthong. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
ใ + ใ = ใ
๋ณด์๋ผ โถ [๋ด๋ผ]
(to see)
ใ + ใ = ใ
์ฃผ์๋ค โถ [์คฌ๋ค]
(to give)
[Note] Do not get confused with the historical transformation: โcompactionโ (์ถ์ฝ) In history there were special mutual assimilation cases where two consecutive vowels were compressed or became one sound. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๊ฐํ โถ ๊ฐ
(dog)
์ฌ์ด โถ ์
(bird)
์ ์์ธ โถ ์ ์ โถ ์ ์
(lip)
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3. Consonant Assimilation (์์์ ๋ณ/์์๋ํ) The final sound of a syllable, when it meets another vowel which is the initial sound of the next syllable, one (or both) of these two changes its sound to resemble the other. [Backward Assimilation (์ญํ๋ํ)] If a final sound โใดโ is followed by โในโ, this โใดโ is pronounced as [ใน]. ใด + ใน โถ [ใน + ใน] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
์ ๋ผ โถ [์ค๋ผ] ๋๋ก โถ [๋ ๋ก]
(stove)
If a final sound โใ /ใ โ is followed by โใดโ or โใ โ, this โใ /ใ โ is pronounced as [ใ ]. ใ /ใ + ใด/ใ โถ [ใ + ใด/ใ ] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๊ฐ์ฌํฉ๋๋ค โถ [๊ฐ์ฌํจ๋๋ค]
(Thank you.)
๋ฐฅ๋ฌผ โถ [๋ฐค๋ฌผ] ์๋ฉด โถ [์ผ๋ฉด]
If a final sound whose representative sound is โใทโ (i.e., โใท/ใ /ใ /ใ /ใ /ใ โ ) is followed by โใด/ใ โ, this former consonant is pronounced as [ใด]. ใท/ใ /ใ /ใ /ใ /ใ + ใด/ใ โถ [ใด + ใด/ใ ] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๊ฐ ๋ดค๋๋ฐ์ โถ [๊ฐ ๋ด๋๋ฐ์]
(Iโve been there.)
ํ ๊ณณ๋ง โถ [ํ ๊ณค๋ง]
(only one place)
์ ๋จน์ด โถ [์ ๋จน์ด]
(a nursing baby)
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[Forward Assimilation (์ํ๋ํ)] If a final sound โใ โ or โใ โ is followed by โในโ, this โในโ is pronounced as [ใด]. ใ /ใ + ใน โถ [ใ /ใ + ใด] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
(invasion)
์นจ๋ต โถ [์นจ๋] ์ข ๋ก โถ [์ข ๋ ธ]
[Mutual Assimilation (์ํธ๋ํ)] ใฑ + ใน โถ [ใ + ใด] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
&
ใ + ใน โถ [ใ + ใด] (bitter discussion)
๊ฒฉ๋ก โถ [๊ฒฝ๋ ผ]
(providence)
์ญ๋ฆฌ โถ [์ฌ๋]
4. Palatalization (๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ํ) A non-palatal consonant is pronounced as a palatal if it is followed by โใ ฃโ inside a word group (์ด์ ). This applies only if two syllables are combined in a dependent relation. ใท + l โถ [ใ + l]
&
ใ + l โถ
[ใ + l]
[Rule 1] Palatalization rule applies to dependent combination <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๋ฐญ ๏ผ ์ด โถ [๋ฐ์น]
๋ ๏ผ ์ด โถ [๋์น]
๋ง ๏ผ ์ด โถ [๋ง์ง]
๋ซ ๏ผ ํ ๏ผ ๋ค โถ [๋ค์น๋ค]
[Rule 2] Palatalization rule does not apply to the following cases: 1) Compound word (of independent words)
<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ํ์ด๋ถ = ํ + ์ด๋ถ โถ [ํผ๋๋ถ] 2) Within the stem of a word
<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๋๋๋ค,
๋ฒํฐ๋ค, ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค, ์๋, ๋ํฐ๋๋ฌด 14
5. Rules about โใ โ [Rule 1] Consonant Compression (์์ ์ถ์ฝ) See page 12.
[Rule 2] โใ โ is mute before a vowel <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ข์์ โถ [์กฐ์์] ์์์ โถ [์๋์] [Rule 3] โใ โ makes a following โใ โ a fortis (tensed sound) <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ข์ต๋๋ค โถ [์กฐ์๋๋ค]
6. Voiceless Consonants ใฑ/ใท/ใ /ใ /ใ Pronounced as Fortis If voiceless consonants ใฑ/ใท/ใ /ใ /ใ / follow a voiceless consonant (as the final sound of a preceding syllable), they are pronounced as a fortis [ใฒ/ใธ/ใ /ใ /ใ ]. <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ํ๊ต โถ [ํ๊พ] ๊ฝ๋ฐญ โถ [๊ผณ๋นง] ์์ โถ [์์ฉจ] This may or may not happen when they follow a voiced consonants (ใด/ใน/ใ /ใ ). <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๊ฐ๋ โถ [๊ฐ๋] ๋ด๋ค โถ [๋ด๋ฐ] ์ ๋ณ โถ [์ ๋ผ] ์ธ์ โถ [์ธ์ ]
(no effect)
๊ธด์ฅ โถ [๊ธด์ฅ]
(no effect)
์ถ๋ฒ โถ [์ถ๋ฒ]
(no effect)
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[Note] Head-Sound Rules (๋์๋ฒ์น)
- Historical change (not important) There are specific rules for the initial sound of the first syllable of a word. Pronunciation conforms to these rules, so does the spelling. (โHead-soundโ means the initial sound of the first syllable of a word.)
[Rule 1] โใดโ followed by โใ ฃโ cannot be a head-sound. This โใดโ becomes mute (โใ โ). <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๋ ์ โถ ์ฌ์
(woman)
๋ด๋ โถ ์ ๋
(relation)
[Rule 2] โในโ cannot be a head-sound. If โใ ฃโ follows this โในโ, it becomes mute (โใ โ), otherwise it becomes โใดโ. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๋์ฌ โถ ์์ฌ
(conscience)
๋ฅํ โถ ์ ํ
(vogue)
๋์ผ โถ ๋ด์ผ
(tomorrow)
[Rule 3] Double consonant cannot be a head-sound. You separate the consonants using โใ กโ. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
Chirstmas โถ ใ ๋ฆฌใ ๋งใ โถ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ง์ค strike โถ ใ ใ ๋ผ์ดใ โถ ์คํธ๋ผ์ดํฌ
[Exceptions to Rule 1 & 2] Rule 1 and 2 do not apply to adopted foreign words. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๋ผ๋์ค (radio), ๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋ด์ค (news)
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Part II. Basic Grammar
17
Chapter 4. Parts of Speech ํ์ฌ Parts of Speech Parts of speech are the types of words classified according to their commonness from the grammar perspective. There are 8 parts of speech in English: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. In Korean there are 9 parts of speech: noun, pronoun, numeral, verb, adjective, postposition, pre-noun, adverb, and interjection.
1. Noun (๋ช ์ฌ) Type
Description
example
Regular Noun (๋ณดํต๋ช ์ฌ)
Name of an object
ํ๋, ๋ , ๋์ฅ๊ณ , ๊ฝ, ์์
Proper Noun (๊ณ ์ ๋ช ์ฌ)
Name of a specific person or a property
์ด์์ , ์ผ์ฑ, ์ฝ์นด์ฝ๋ผ, ํ๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ณด์คํด
Dependent Noun (์์กด๋ช ์ฌ)
Noun that cannot be used without a preceding prenoun or noun.
๊ฒ, ๋ฐ, ๋ฐ, ๋ฏ, ์ฒด, ์, ๋ , ์ง, ๋๋ฌธ, ๋งํผ, all the units (๊ฐ, ๋ถ, ๋ง๋ฆฌ,
์ด, ์, ๋, ์ฑ, ์ผค๋ , โฆ..)
2. Pronoun (๋๋ช ์ฌ) Words that indicate and replace nouns.
Type Personal Pronoun (์ธ์นญ๋๋ช ์ฌ)
Description Indicates a person: the first person, the second person, the third person
example ๋, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ ํฌ, ๋, ๋น์ , ๊ทธ๋, ๋ํฌ, ์ด๋ถ, ์ ๋ถ, ๊ทธ๋ถ
Demonstrative Pronoun (์ง์๋๋ช ์ฌ)
Indicates an object or a direction
์ด๊ฒ, ์ ๊ฒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ, ์ ๊ธฐ, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ
Interrogative Pronoun (์๋ฌธ๋๋ช ์ฌ)
Indicates the subject of questioning
๋๊ตฌ, ์ธ์ , ์ด๋, ๋ฌด์
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3. Numeral (์์ฌ) Words for numbers. Refer to the separate Chapter for Numerals.
4. Verb (๋์ฌ) Words that indicate movement.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ํ๋ค, ๋๋ค, ๊ฐ๋ค, ์ค๋ค, ์๋ค, ์๋ค, ๋ ธ๋ํ๋ค, ๋๋ค 5. Adjective (ํ์ฉ์ฌ) Words that indicate state of an object.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ถฅ๋ค, ๋ฅ๋ค, ์์๋ค, ๋์๋ค, ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ๋ค, ๋ฐฐ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ค, ๋๊ทธ๋๋ค 6. Pre-noun (๊ดํ์ฌ) Words that are followed by nouns, pronouns and numerals, and modify them. Do not get confused with pre-nouns and adjectives. Pre-nouns do not inflect (conjugate) and adjectives do not modify nouns in front of them.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ ๋ ธ๋ 7. Postposition (์กฐ์ฌ) Postpositions are attached to most of any words to compose a component of a sentence. Refer to the separate Chapter for Postpositions. [Note] Postposition is the only independent word that is written without a space after a preceding word.
8. Adverb (๋ถ์ฌ) Words that are followed by a verb or an adjective and modify it, or modify the entire sentence.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์์ฃผ ์์ ๊ฝ,
์ด์ฌํ ๋ด๋ค
9. Interjection (๊ฐํ์ฌ) Words that usually express emotion and are capable of being used by itself independently.
Substantives (์ฒด์ธ) and Inflectional Words (์ฉ์ธ) Substantives are the words that can take a role of a body supported by a postposition in a sentence. Nouns, Pronouns and Numberals are substantives.
Inflectional words are the words that have independent meanings and can be used as a predicate in a sentence. Verbs, Adjectives and Predicate Postpositions are inflectional words.
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Chapter 5. Sentence Structure ๋ฌธ์ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 1. Basic Format of a Korean Sentence with the Main Components
์ฃผ์ด + ๋ชฉ์ ์ด + Subject Object
๋ณด์ด Complement
+ ์์ ์ด Predicate
* Pre-nounal, adverbial, and independent components are not shown in this diagram.
Part of speech is a class of a word determined by the nature of a word itself before being used, but when the word is used in a sentence, it is assigned its function as a component of the sentence. For example nouns need appropriate postpositions to become a component of a sentence, and inflectional words need appropriate suffixes. The components are subject, object, predicate, complement, prenounal component, adverbial component, and independent component. The subject and the predicate are essential to form a sentence (even though subject is often omitted).
[Rule 1] The order of the sentence components is as above. [Rule 2] Subject, object and complement are granted the roles by a postposition. [Rule 3] There are 3 cases for the predicate (all with appropriate inflection): (Donโt get confused with English where only verbs can be a predicate.)
i) A verb can be a predicate with a closing suffix [๋ณด๊ธฐ]
์ ๋ ์ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข์ํฉ๋๋ค. Subject
Object
I like an apple.
Predicate
ii) An adjective can be a predicate with a closing suffix [๋ณด๊ธฐ]
๋ ์จ๊ฐ ์ข์ต๋๋ค. Subject
The weather is nice.
Predicate
iii) Substantive + predicate postposition (โ์ด๋คโ) can be a predicate [๋ณด๊ธฐ]
์ ๊ณ ํฅ์ ์์ธ์ ๋๋ค. Subject
My hometown is Seoul.
Predicate
[Rule 4] Object is used before the predicate (verb). โ Compare with English. [๋ณด๊ธฐ]
์ ๋ ์ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข์ํฉ๋๋ค. Subject Object
I like an apple.
Predicate
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[Rule 5] Complement is used only for the incomplete predicates, โ๋๋คโ and โ์๋๋คโ. [๋ณด๊ธฐ]
๊ทธ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋์ด ์๋๋๋ค. Subject Complement
That person is not a teacher.
Predicate
[Rule 6] Subject is often omitted (in imperative sentences and in the colloquial language). [๋ณด๊ธฐ]
ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ค๋ ์์ต๋๋ค.
(I) have been to Korea.
Predicate
2. Sentence Components (๋ฌธ์ฅ ์ฑ๋ถ) There are total of 7 components in Korean sentences.
1) Subject (์ฃผ์ด) 2) Object (๋ชฉ์ ์ด) 3) Predicate (์์ ์ด) 4) Complement (๋ณด์ด) 5) Pre-nounal Component (๊ดํ์ด) A pre-nounal component modifies a substansive (noun/pronoun/numeral).
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๊ทธ๋ ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์น๋ฅผ ์ข์ํ๋ค. Subject
P.N.C.
Object
He likes a beautiful scene.
Predicate
6) Adverbial Component (๋ถ์ฌ์ด) An adverbial component modifies the predicate, a pre-nounal component, another adverbial component or the entire sentence. (Possible combinations: substansive + postposition, inflectional word with a suffix, and an adverb)
[๋ณด๊ธฐ]
์ด์ ๋ ๋์ด ๋ง์ด ์์ต๋๋ค. Adverb Subject A.C.
We had a lot of snow yesterday.
Predicate
7) Independent Component (๋ ๋ฆฝ์ด) An independent component is used independently of other components in the sentence.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์, ๋๋์ด ์ฌ๋ฆ์ด๊ตฌ๋. I.C.
A.C.
Oh, finally itโs summer!
Predicate
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3. Suffixes for Predicate Suffixes for a predicate assigns the attitude class (politeness and formality) and the tense (pastpresent-future), and indicate the type of the sentence (interrogative sentence, imperative sentence, etc.).
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] Fundamental Form: ์ข์ํ๋ค (to like) Tense
Attitude
Formal Polite Informal Polite Formal Plain Informal Plain
Past
Present
Future
์ข์ํ์ต๋๋ค ์ข์ํ์ด์ ์ข์ํ๋ค ์ข์ํ์ด
์ข์ํฉ๋๋ค ์ข์ํด์ ์ข์ํ๋ค ์ข์ํด
์ข์ํ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค ์ข์ํ ๊ป์ ์ข์ํ๊ฒ ๋ค ์ข์ํ ๊ป
Refer to the separate Chapter for Infected Words for more details.
4. Postpositions Postpositions are attached to compose a component out of a bare word. Refer to the separate Chapter for Postpositions.
Spacing Rule for Writing (๋์ด ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์์น) You must have a space between any two independent words, except for postpositions. (๋ชจ๋ ๋จ์ด๋ ๋์ด ์ฐ๋ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ ์ ๋จ์ด์ ๋ถ์ฌ ์ด๋ค.) โWordsโ above mean any of the 9 parts of speech. Suffixes and prefixes are not โwordsโ.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ]
๋๋ ์ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข์ํฉ๋๋ค. pronoun
noun
verb
postposition
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Chapter 6. Inflectional Words ์ฉ์ธ I. Inflectional Words Verbs, adjectives and predicate postpositions inflect when they are used in a sentence, and are called the inflectional words. They have the following structure:
HeadSUFFIX
STEM
(Tail-) SUFFIX
* There can be only 1 stem and 1 tail suffix used, but there can be multiple head-suffixes inserted.
Inflectional words can be a predicate in a sentence: i) A verb or an adjective can be a predicate if inflected with a closing suffix.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ]
(์ ๋) ์ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข์ํฉ๋๋ค. Subject
Object
I like an apple.
Predicate
ii) A noun plus predicate postposition (โ-์ด๋คโ) can also be a predicate of a sentence.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ]
์ ๊ณ ํฅ์ ์์ธ์ ๋๋ค. Subject
My hometown is Seoul.
Predicate
II. Stem (์ด๊ฐ) The stem of a word (verb or adjective) is the root part of the word that contains the fundamental meaning of it. The stem does not change its form. What changes is the suffix (and also the stemsupplements, if any) as the words are used in a sentence.
III. Fundamental Form & Fundamental Suffix (๊ธฐ๋ณธํ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ ์ด๋ฏธ) A fundamental form is the original form of a verb or an adjective that is composed of the stem of the word and the fundamental suffix โ-๋คโ. A fundamental form implies no role of the word as a sentence component such as tense, attitude or the predicate type.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ]
ํ๋ค = ํ(stem) + ๋ค(fundamental suffix) ๊ณต๋ถํ๋ค = ๊ณต๋ถํ(stem) + ๋ค(fundamental suffix) ์๋ฆ๋ต๋ค = ์๋ฆ๋ต(stem) + ๋ค(fundamental suffix)
to do to study beautiful
IV. Tail-Suffix (์ด๋ง์ด๋ฏธ) Tail-Suffix is the ending part of a verb or an adjective, and it decides many important roles of the word in the sentence such as tense, attitude and the predicate type. Inflectional words are verbs, adjectives and predicate postpositions. In a sentence, a verb or an adjective must be inflected with a proper suffix to be a component of the sentence. For that, the fundamental suffix โ-๋คโ is replaced by an appropriate tail-suffix, or a combination of a head-suffix and a tail-suffix.
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1) Closing Suffix (์ข ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ) Closing suffixes are used for an inflection to finish the sentence. There are different types of closing suffixes as in the following table:
Type
Suffixes
Normal (ํ์ํ) statement
-ใ ๋๋ค/์ต๋๋ค[FP], -์ง[IC], -์ง์/์ฃ [IP],
ํฉ๋๋ค, ํ์ต๋๋ค,
-(ใด)๋ค[C], -์/์ด[IC], -์์/์ด์[IP],
ํ์ด์, ํ์, ํ๋ค,
-(ใด)๋ฐ(์)[IC(IP)], -(ใด)๋(์)[IC(IP)],
ํ์ด, ์ข์ง, ํ๋ค์,
-๋ ท๋ค[IC], -์ค/์[IP], -๋๋๋ผ[IC], -๋ค์[IP], -๋ค[C], -๋ง[IC]
Interrogative (์๋ฌธํ)
instruction
Petitionary (์ฒญ์ ํ) suggestion
Exclamatory (๊ฐํํ) exclamation
ํ๋ง, ์ข์๋ฐ์, ์ข๋์ ํ์ต๋๊น, ํ์ด์,
-์/์ด[IC], -์์/์ด์[IP], -๋๊ฐ[FC],
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ฐ์, ํ๋์,
-์ง[IC], -์ง์/์ฃ [IP], -๋[C], -๋์[IP],
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ ,
-(์ผ)ใน๊น(์)[C(IP)], -(์ผ)๋/๋๋[IC]
Imperative (๋ช ๋ นํ)
ํ๋ค, ํ๋๋๋ผ,
-ใ ๋๊น/์ต๋๊น[FP], -(์ผ)ใด๊ฐ์[IP],
-(์ผ)ใด๊ฐ/๋๊ฐ[FC], -(์ผ)๋[IC], -๋ ค๋[FC],
question
example
ํ๋, ํ์๊น, ํ์ด, ํ๋, ๊ทธ๋ด๊น์, ํ๋๋
-์ญ์์ค[FP], -์/์ด[IC], -์์/์ด์[IP],
ํ์ญ์์ค, ๋ค์ด์,
-์ง์/์ฃ [IP], -๋ผ/์๋ผ/์ด๋ผ/์ฌ๋ผ[IC],
ํ์ค, ํ๊ฒ, ํ์ง,
-๋ ค๋ฌด๋[IC], -์ค[IP], -๊ฒ[FC], -์ง[IC]
๋ค์ด, ํ์ฌ๋ผ
-ใ ์๋ค[FP], -์ง[IC], -์ง์/์ฃ [IP],
๊ฐ์๋ค, ๊ฐ์ฃ ,
-์[C], -์ธ[FC], -์๊พธ๋[IC]
๊ฐ์ธ, ๊ฐ์
-๊ตฐ์[IP], -๊ตฌ๋ ค[IP], -๊ตฌ๋[IC],
๊ทธ๋ ๊ตฐ์,
-๊ตฌ๋จผ[IC], -๋ผ/์๋ผ/์ด๋ผ/์ฌ๋ผ[IC]
๊ทธ๋ ๊ตฌ๋
* Bold face attitude means a frequently used one, and Italic means old fashioned.
[Note] -(์ผ)์ธ์[IP]: A closing suffix transformed from โ(์ผ+)์+์ด์ = -(์ผ)์ ์. This suffix can be used as a normal, an interrogative, or an imperative closing suffix. [๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๊ทธ ๋ถ์ ์ฐธ ์น์ ํ์ธ์. (normal)
์๋ ํ์ธ์? (interrogative) ๋์ธ์. (imperative)
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2) Connection Suffix (์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ) Connection suffixes are used for an inflection to connect the sentence to another sentence or a word, without finishing the sentence. There are different types of connection suffixes as in the following table:
Type Equivalent (๋๋ฑ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ)
Suffixes
example
-๊ณ , -๋ฉฐ, -๋, -์ง๋ง, -๊ฑฐ๋,
์ฐ์ ๋๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ค๋ ๋๋ค.
-๋ ์ง, -๊ฑฐ๋, -๋๋, -๋ฉด์,
Mountain is high and ocean is wide.
-ใด๋ฐ, -๋ -๋ฉด, -๊ฑฐ๋ , -๋(๊น), -๋ฏ๋ก, Subordinate (์ข ์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ)
-์/์ด, -์์/์ด์, -์์ผ/์ด์ผ, -๋๋ฐ, -ใน๋ง์ , -ใน์๋ก,
๋ด์ด ์ค๋๊น ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๋ค. Since spring has come, we have a warm weather.
-๋ฌ, -๋ ค, -๊ฒ, -๋๋ก, -์๋/์ด๋, -๋๋ผ๋ Supplementary -์/-์ด, -๊ฒ, -์ง, -๊ณ (๋ณด์กฐ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ)
ํ์ด ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. Tom is studying.
* See the Chapter for Supplementary Inflectional words for the details of the supplementary connection suffixes.
3) Transmutation Suffix (์ ์ฑ์ด๋ฏธ) Transmutation suffixes are used for an inflection to convert the nature of a phrase/subsentence to another. There are different types of transmutation suffixes as in the following table:
Type Noun form (๋ช ์ฌํ) Pre-noun form (๊ดํ์ฌํ)
Suffixes -(์ผ)ใ , -๊ธฐ
-(์ผ)ใด, -๋, -(์ผ)ใน
example ํ์ ๊ณต๋ถํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ซ์ดํ๋ค. Tom hates to study. ๊ณต๋ถํ๋ ํ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ข๋ค. It is nice to see Tom studying.
V. Head-Suffix (์ ํ์ด๋ฏธ) Head-suffixes can be inserted into the front part of the suffix to indicate the attitude (towards the subject of the sentence) and the tense.
1) Honorific Head-Suffix (์กด์นญ ์ ํ์ด๋ฏธ): -์The head-suffix โ์โ elevates the attitude towards the person whom you are talking about (typically the subject of the sentence). This is done independently of the attitude elevation towards the person whom you are talking to, which is typically done by the tail-suffix.
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[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ํ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ป์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ ๋ค.
Grandfather watches a movie.
๋ณด๋ค = ๋ณด(stem) + ๋ค(fundamental suffix)
verb: to see
โถ ๋ณด(stem) + ์(honorific head-suffix) + ใด(tense head-suffix) + ๋ค(tail-suffix)
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ ํฌ ํ ๋จธ๋๋ ์์ฃผ ์น์ ํ์ญ๋๋ค.
My grandmother is very kind.
์น์ ํ๋ค = ์น์ ํ(stem) + ๋ค(fundamental suffix)
adjective: kind/friendly
โถ ์น์ ํ(stem) + ์(honorific head-suffix) + ใ ๋๋ค(tail-suffix)
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ด๋ถ์ด ์ ํฌ ์ฅ๋ชจ๋์ด์ญ๋๋ค.
This is my mother-in-law.
์ด๋ค = ์ด(stem) + ๋ค(fundamental suffix)
predicate postposition:. to be
โถ ์ด(stem) + ์(honorific head-suffix) + ใ ๋๋ค(tail-suffix)
2) Modesty Head-Suffix (๊ฒธ์ ์ ํ์ด๋ฏธ): -์ตThe head-suffix โ์ตโ elevates the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to by your modesty. This is not explicitly used in modern Korean.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ ๋ง์์ ๋ค์ด ๋ณด์์ต์์.
Please listen to me.
3) Tense Head-Suffix (์์ ์ ํ์ด๋ฏธ): -๋-, -์/์-, -์-, -๋-, -๊ฒ Tense
Suffixes
Past (๊ณผ๊ฑฐ)
-์/์-, -์-, -๋-
Present (ํ์ฌ)
-ใด/๋- *
Future (๋ฏธ๋)
-๊ฒ -
example ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. We saw a movie yesterday.
๋๋ ๋งค์ผ ๋ง์ด ๊ฑท๋๋ค. I walk a lot everyday.
๋๋ ์ค๋ ์ ๋ ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค. I will do my homework this evening.
* The present tense head-suffix is used only for verbs with some tail-suffixes such as โ-๋คโ (normal) or โ-๊ฐโ (interrogative). For many other cases, the closing tail-suffix itself indicates the present unless thereโs a past or future tense head-suffix attached.
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Exercises 1. Inflect the following verbs as indicated: ๊ฐ๋ค
to go
โถ ์ ์๋์ด ์ง๊ธ ํ๊ต์
_____ stem
+
______
+
honorific head-suffix
โท ์ ์๋์ด ์ง๊ธ ํ๊ต์ __________________.
๋จน๋ค
________. normal closing tail-suffix [FP]
Teacher is going to school now.
to eat
โถ ์์นจ์ ๋ฐฅ์ ๋ง์ด _____ stem
+
_____
+
past-tense head-suffix
________. normal closing tail-suffix [FP]
โท ์์นจ์ ๋ฐฅ์ ๋ง์ด ______________________.
I had a big breakfast this morning.
2. Inflect the following adjectives as indicated: ๊ฐ๋ณ๋ค
light
โถ ์์ _________ stem
+
____________ ? interrogative closing tail-suffix [FP]
โท ์์ __________________?
Is cotton light?
3. Inflect the predicate postposition as indicated: ์ด๋ค
to be
โถ ๊ทธ๋ถ์ ์ ์ ๊ต์๋_____
+ ______ + ______
+
____________ .
stem honorโ head-suffix past-tense head-suffix normal closing tail-suffix [FP]
โท ๊ทธ๋ถ์ ์ ์ ๊ต์๋__________________.
He/She was a professor before.
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Chapter 7. Supplementary Inflectional Words ๋ณด์กฐ์ฉ์ธ 1. Definition Supplementary inflectional words are the inflectional words that cannot be independently used as predicate of a sentence, and they are used after the main inflectional word. If there are two inflectional words used in the predicate of a sentence, the first word is the main inflectional word (๋ณธ์ฉ์ธ) and the second one is the supplementary inflectional word (๋ณด์กฐ์ฉ์ธ). The supplementary inflectional word is used to express status, completion, negation, duty, necessity, inability, supposition, desire and etc.
2. Usage A main inflectional word and a supplementary inflectional word can be used as the format below:
Main Inflectional Word Stem of Main Inflectional Word
Supplementary Inflectional Word
Head- Supplementary Connection Suffix Tail-Suffix
+
Stem of Supplementary Inflectional Word
HeadSuffix
TailSuffix
Supplementary connection-suffixes: -์/์ด, -๊ฒ, -์ง, -๊ณ (์ผ), -์์ผ/์ด์ผ, -๋, -๊ฐ/ใด๊ฐ/๋๊ฐ, -๊ธฐ๋, -(์/์ด)๋ (๋ณด์กฐ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ด๋ฏธ)
[Format 1]
Main Verb + Supplementary Verb ๋ณธ๋์ฌ
<๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๋ณด์กฐ๋์ฌ
๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ
๋ ๋๊ฐ M-Verb
[Format 2]
๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค. S-Verb
Main Verb + Supplementary Adjective ๋ณธ๋์ฌ
<๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๋ณด์กฐํ์ฉ์ฌ
๋๋ฉด์ด
๋จน๊ณ
์ถ์ด์.
M-Verb S-Adjective
[Format 3]
Main Adjective + Supplementary Verb ๋ณธํ์ฉ์ฌ
<๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๊ธธ์ด
๋ณด์กฐ๋์ฌ
๋์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. M-Adj
S-Verb
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[Format 4]
Main Adjective + Supplementary Adjective ๋ณธํ์ฉ์ฌ
<๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๊ธธ์ด
๋ณด์กฐํ์ฉ์ฌ
๋๊ธฐ๋
ํ๋ค.
M-Adj
S-Adj
3. Supplementary Inflectional Words List There are supplementary verbs and supplementary adjectives as follows:
[ Supplementary Verbs (๋ณด์กฐ๋์ฌ) ] Negation (๋ถ์ ):
(-์ง) ์๋ํ๋ค(์๋ค)
Refrainment (์์ ): Inability (๋ถ๋ฅ): Activeness (์ฌ๋): Passiveness (ํผ๋): Progress (์งํ):
(-์ง) ๋ง๋ค (-์ง) ๋ชปํ๋ค (-๊ฒ) ํ๋ค, ๋ง๋ค๋ค (-์/์ด) ์ง๋ค, (-๊ฒ) ๋๋ค (-์ด) ๊ฐ๋ค, ์ค๋ค, (-๊ณ ) ์๋ค, ๊ณ์๋ค
Completion (์๋ฃ): Service (๋ด์ฌ):
(-๊ณ ) ๋๋ค, (-์) ๋ด๋ค, ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ค, (-๊ณ /๊ณ ์ผ) ๋ง๋ค (-์ด) ์ฃผ๋ค, ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค
Attempt (์ํ):
(-์ด) ๋ณด๋ค, ๋ด๋ค
Emphasis (๊ฐ์ธ):
(-์ด) ๋๋ค
Possession (๋ณด์ ): Inference (์ง์): Duty (๋น์/์๋ฌด/ํ์ฐ):
(-์ด) ๋๋ค, ๋๋ค, ๊ฐ์ง๋ค (-์/์ด) ๋ณด์ด๋ค (-์์ผ/์ด์ผ) ํ๋ค
[ Supplementary Adjectives (๋ณด์กฐํ์ฉ์ฌ) ] Desire (ํฌ๋ง): Negation (๋ถ์ ): Supposition (์ถ์ธก):
(-๊ณ ) ์ถ๋ค (-์ง) ์๋ํ๋ค/์๋ค, ๋ชปํ๋ค (-ใด๊ฐ/๋๊ฐ, -๋) ๋ณด๋ค, (-๋, -๊ฐ) ์ถ๋ค, ๋ฏํ๋ค
Status (์ํ): Admission (์์ธ):
(-์ด/์) ์๋ค, ๊ณ์๋ค (-๊ธฐ๋) ํ๋ค
<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๋ถ์ฐ์ ์์ธ๋งํผ ํฌ์ง ์๋ค.
Busan is not as big as Seoul.
M. Adj S. Adj
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Exercises Complete the sentence using the main inflectional word and the supplementary inflectional word given below: 1. Main Verb: ๋งํ๋ค (to sleep)
Supplementary Verb: ๋ชปํ๋ค [inability]
I could not tell the fact. ๋๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ค์
_______ + ์ง stem
________ + ______ + ์ต๋๋ค.
suppl. con. tail-s
stem
โท ๋๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ค์ _________________
2. Main Verb: ๊ฐ๋ค (to go)
past head-s normal closing tail-s [FP]
___________________________.
Supplementary Verb: ์๋ค [progress]
Yes, I am coming now [Iโm on my way]. ์, ์ง๊ธ
________ + ๊ณ stem
_________ + ___
suppl. con. tail-s
โท ์, ์ง๊ธ _____________
3. Main Verb: ๋ณด์ด๋ค (to show)
stem
.
normal closing tail-s [FP]
_________________________.
Supplementary Verb: ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค [service]
Iโll show you my family pictures. ์ ํฌ ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ฌ์ง์ ______ + ์ด
_______ + _____
stem suppl. con. tail-s โท ์ ํฌ ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ฌ์ง์ _____________
4. Main Adjective: ํผ๊ณคํ๋ค (tired)
stem
future head-s
+
_____________. normal closing tail-s [FP]
_________________________.
Supplementary Verb: ๋ณด์ด๋ค [inference]
You look tired today. ์ค๋
________ + ์ด stem
โท ์ค๋
ํผ๊ณคํด
suppl. con. tail-s
_________ + _______________. stem
normal closing tail-s [FP]
๋ณด์ด์ญ๋๋ค.
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5. Main Verb: ์๋ค (to pile up)
Supplementary Verb: ํ๋ค [duty]
You should lay the foundation firmly. ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ํผํผํ _______ + ์์ผ stem
________ + ใ ๋๋ค.
suppl. con. tail-s
stem
โท ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ํผํผํ _________________
6. Main Verb: ์๋ค (to go)
normal closing tail-s [FP]
______________.
Supplementary Adjective: ์๋ค [status]
Tom is just standing there. ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ฅ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ________ + ์ด stem โท ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ฅ
_________ +
suppl. con. tail-s
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ _____________
7. Main Verb: ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น๋ค (to go)
stem
๋ค. normal closing tail-s [FC]
________________.
Supplementary Verb: ์ฃผ๋ค [service]
Please let me know how to get there. ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋์ง
___________ + ____ stem
suppl. con. tail-s
โท ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋์ง _____________
8. Main Adjective: ๊ณ ํ๋ค (hungry)
_________ + stem
์ธ์.
imperative closing tail-s [IP]
_________________________.
Supplementary Adjective: ํ๋ค [admission]
I should admit that I am hungry. ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ
________ + ๊ธฐ๋ stem
โท ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ
suppl. con. tail-s
_____________________
_________ + ๋ค์. stem
normal closing tail-s [IP]
_____________________.
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Chapter 8. Irregular Inflectional Words ๋ถ๊ท์น ์ฉ์ธ 1. Regular Inflectional Words and Irregular Inflectional Words A regular inflectional word is an inflectional word that either does not change the stem or suffix at all, or changes the stem or the suffix but as a natural phonemic phenomenon, when it inflects. An irregular inflectional word is an inflectional word whose stem or the inflection suffix changes irregularly when it inflects.
2. Regular Inflectional Word Classes There are several classes of regular inflectional words.
1) No-change inflection (๋ณํ ์๋ ํ์ฉ) No change occurs at any inflection ever.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋จน๋ค โถ ๋จน๊ณ , ๋จน์ง, ๋จน์ผ๋, ๋จน์ด์, ๋จน์๊น, ๋จน์ต๋๋ค, โฆโฆ (verb: to eat) -์ด๋ค โถ ์ด๊ณ , ์ด์ง, ์ด๋, ์ด์ด์, ์ผ๊น, ์ ๋๋ค, โฆโฆ (predicate preposition) 2) ในโdrop (ใน ํ๋ฝ) All the inflectional words whose stem ends with โในโ drop their tailing โในโ when they meet a leading sound โ-ใด, -ใน, -ใ , -ใ , -์คโ of a suffix (without any exceptions).
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋ ๋ค โถ ๋ (stem) + ใ ๋๋ค(suffix) โท ๋ฉ๋๋ค ๊ธธ๋ค โถ ๊ธธ(stem) + ใ ๋๋ค(suffix) โท ๊น๋๋ค
(verb: to fly) (adjective: long)
๋๋ค, ๋๋ค, ๋ฌ๋ค, ๋๋ค, ๋๋ค, ๋ฉ๋ค, ๋ฌผ๋ค, ๋ฐ๋ค, ๋ฒ๋ค, ๋ถ๋ค, ๋น๋ค, ์ด๋ค, ์๋ค, ์ผ๋ค, ์ธ๋ค, ์ ๋ค, ์กธ๋ค, ์ค๋ค 3) ์ผโdrop (์ผ ํ๋ฝ) All the inflectional words whose stem ends with the vowel โใ กโ drop their tailing โใ กโ when they meet a leading sound โ-์/์ดโ of a suffix (without any exceptions). This does not apply to the ๋ฅด-irregular inflectional words described as #4 in the irregular inflectional words sections below.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ฐ๋ค โถ ์ฐ(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ์จ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ค โถ ๋ฐ๋ฅด(stem) + ์(suffix) โท ๋ฐ๋ผ
(verb: to write) (verb: to follow)
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๊ฐ์๋ค, ๊ธฐ์๋ค, ๋๋ค, ๋์๋ค, ๋ค๋ค๋ฅด๋ค, ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค, ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ค, ๋จ๋ค, ๋ฐ์๋ค, ์ฌํ๋ค, ์ฐ๋ค, ์ํ๋ค, ์น๋ฅด๋ค, ํฌ๋ค 3. Irregular Inflectional Word Classes There are several classes of irregular inflectional words.
< 1-5: Irregular Inflectional Words Whose Stem Changes > 1) ใ โirregular Inflection (ใ ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) The base (final sound) of the stem 'ใ ' drops when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์๋ค โถ ์(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ์ด์ด ๊ธ๋ค โถ ๊ธ(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ๊ทธ์ด
(verb: to connect) (verb: to draw a line)
๋ถ๋ค, ์ ๋ค, ์ง๋ค [Regular inflectional words]
์๋ค(to smile/laugh), ๋นผ์๋ค(to snatch), ์ป๋ค(to wash)
2) ใทโirregular Inflection (ใท ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) The base (final sound) of the stem 'ใท' changes to โในโ when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋ฃ๋ค โถ ๋ฃ(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ๋ค์ด ๊ฑท๋ค โถ ๊ฑท(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ๊ฑธ์ด
(verb: to listen) (verb: to walk)
๊ธท๋ค, ๊นจ๋ซ๋ค, ๋ฌป๋ค(to ask), ์ฃ๋ค [Regular inflectional words]
๋ฌป๋ค(to bury), ์ป๋ค(to gain), ์๋ค(to pour)
3) ใ โirregular Inflection (ใ ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) The base (final sound) of the stem 'ใ ' changes to โ์ค/์ฐโ when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๊ตฝ๋ค โถ ๊ตฝ(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ๊ตฌ์ ๋๋ค โถ ๋(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ๋์
(verb: to broil) (verb: to lie down)
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๊ฐ๋ณ๋ค, ๊ฐ์ฝ๋ค, ๋ฅ๋ค, ๋จ๊ฒ๋ค, ๋งต๋ค, ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ค, ๋ฐ๋ค, ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ค, ์ฝ๋ค, ์๋ฆ๋ต๋ค, ์ด๋ ต๋ค, ์ค๋ค, ์ฐจ๊ฐ๋ค, ์ถฅ๋ค [Regular inflectional words]
์น๋ค(to chew), ์ก๋ค(to grab), ์ข๋ค(narrow)
4) ๋ฅดโirregular Inflection (๋ฅด ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) The vowel 'ใ กโ in the syllable โ๋ฅดโ of the stem changes to โในโ when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix, so that there are 2 consecutive โในโs in the inflected form.
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ค๋ฅด๋ค โถ ์ค๋ฅด(stem) + ์(suffix) โท ์ฌ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค โถ ๋ค๋ฅด(stem)+ ์(suffix) โท ๋ฌ๋ผ
(verb: to climb) (adjective: different)
๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ค, ๊ฑฐ๋ฅด๋ค, ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ค, ๋๋ฅด๋ค, ๋๋ฅด๋ค(to press), ๋ง๋ฅด๋ค, ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ค, ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ค, ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ค, ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ค, ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ค, ๋น ๋ฅด๋ค, ์ํฌ๋ฅด๋ค, ์ด๋ฅด๋ค, ์๋ฅด๋ค, ์กฐ๋ฅด๋ค, ์ง๋ฅด๋ค 5) ์ฐโirregular Inflection (์ฐ ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) The vowel โใ โ in the end of the stem drops when it meets the suffix โ์ดโ. There is only one word in this class: ํธ๋ค
ํธ๋ค โถ ํธ(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ํผ
(verb: to scoop out)
< 6-9: Irregular Inflectional Words Whose Suffix Changes > 6) ์ฌโirregular Inflection (์ฌ ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) If the last syllable of the stem is 'ํ', the suffix โ-์/์ดโ changes to โ-์ฌโ. (This is applied to all the verbs and adjectives that end with โ-ํ๋คโ. ) (The inflection result โ-ํ์ฌโ often becomes โ-ํดโ in the spoken language.)
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๊ณต๋ถํ๋ค โถ ๊ณต๋ถํ(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ๊ณต๋ถํ์ฌ ๋น์ทํ๋ค โถ ๋น์ทํ(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ๋น์ทํ์ฌ
(verb: to study) (adjective: similar)
7) ๋ฌโirregular Inflection (๋ฌ ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) The suffix โ-์ดโ changes to โ-๋ฌโ.
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There are only 3 words in this class: ๋๋ฅด๋ค(yellowish), ์ด๋ฅด๋ค(to reach), ํธ๋ฅด๋ค(bluish)
์ด๋ฅด๋ค โถ ์ด๋ฅด(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ์ด๋ฅด๋ฌ
(verb: to reach)
๋๋ฅด๋ค โถ ๋๋ฅด(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ๋๋ฅด๋ฌ
(adjective: yellowish)
ํธ๋ฅด๋ค โถ ํธ๋ฅด(stem) + ์ด(suffix) โท ํธ๋ฅด๋ฌ
(adjective: blue)
[๋ฅด-irregular inflectional words] ๋๋ฅด๋ค(to press), ์ด๋ฅด๋ค(early, to peach)
8) ๊ฑฐ๋ผโirregular Inflection (๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) The imperative suffix โ-์ด๋ผโ changes to โ-๊ฑฐ๋ผโ. (This is applied to all the intransitive verbs whose stem ends with โใ โ.)
๊ฐ๋ค โถ ๊ฐ(stem) + ์ด๋ผ(suffix) โท ๊ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ผ
(verb: to go)
์๋ค โถ ์(stem) + ์ด๋ผ(suffix) โท ์๊ฑฐ๋ผ
(verb: to sleep)
9) ๋๋ผโirregular Inflection (๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) The imperative suffix โ-์ด๋ผโ changes to โ-๋๋ผโ.
์ค๋ค โถ ์ค(stem) + ์ด๋ผ(suffix) โท ์ค๋๋ผ
(verb: to come)
< 10: Irregular Inflectional Words Whose Stem and Suffix Both Change > 10) ใ โirregular Inflection (ใ ๋ถ๊ท์น ํ์ฉ) [a] The tailing โใ โ in the stem drops when it meets a suffix that begins with โใดโ. [b] The suffix โ-์/์ดโ changes to โ-์ โ.
ํ๋๋ค โถ ํ๋(stem) + ใด(suffix) โท ํ๋ ํ๋๋ค โถ ํ๋(stem) + ์ (suffix) โท ํ๋
(adjective: blue)
ํ์๋ค โถ ํ์(stem) + ใด(suffix) โท ํ์ ํ์๋ค โถ ํ์(stem) + ์ (suffix) โท ํ์
(adjective: white)
[Tip] Try placing a suffix โ-์ด/์โ after the stem of an inflectional word. If the resulting form does not change from the crude โstem + suffixโ combination, it is a โregular inflectionโ, and otherwise an โirregular inflectionโ (except for the cases where the vowel โใ กโ drops).
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Exercises 1. Inflect the following regular verb with ใน-drop as indicated: ๋ฐ๋ค
to push
โถ ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๊ฒ
_____
+
stem
โท ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๊ฒ
์ธ์.
imperative closing tail-suffix [FP]
__________________.
Push the door hard.
2. Inflect the following ใท-irregular verb as indicated: ๋ฃ๋ค
to hear/listen
โถ ์ ๋ ์ง๊ธ ์์ ์ _____
+
stem
________. normal closing tail-suffix [FP]
โท ์ ๋ ์ง๊ธ ์์ ์ __________________.
โถ ํ๋ฒ
_____ stem
โท ํ ๋ฒ
+
________
I am listening to the music now.
๋ณด์ธ์.
supplementary connection suffix
____________ ๋ณด์ธ์.
Try listening to it.
3. Inflect the following ใ -irregular adjective as indicated: ์ถฅ๋ค
cold
โถ ์ค๋ ๋ ์จ๊ฐ _________ stem
โท ์ค๋ ๋ ์จ๊ฐ
+
____________ ?
interrogative closing tail-suffix [FP]
___________________ ?
Is the weather cold today?
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โถ ์, ๋ ์จ๊ฐ _________
+
stem
____________. normal closing tail-suffix [IP]
___________________.
โท ์, ๋ ์จ๊ฐ
Yes, itโs cold.
4. Inflect the following ๋ฅด-irregular adjective as indicated: ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค
different
โถ ์์ด์ ํ๊ตญ์ด๊ฐ ๋ง์ด _________ stem
+
____________ ?
interrogative closing tail-suffix [IP]
โท ์์ด์ ํ๊ตญ์ด๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ________________ ?
โถ ์, ๋ง์ด _________
+
stem
โท ์, ๋ง์ด
Are English and Korean much different?
____________. normal closing tail-suffix [IP]
___________________.
Yes, they are much different.
5. Inflect the following ใ -irregular adjective as indicated: ํ๋๋ค
blue
โถ ํ๋์ด _________
+
stem
____________. normal closing tail-suffix [FP]
โท ํ๋์ด __________________.
The sky is blue.
โถ ์ ๋ __________ stem
ํ๋์ ์ข์ํฉ๋๋ค.
โท ์ ๋
+
________ pre-noun adjective suffix
____________ ํ๋์ ์ข์ํฉ๋๋ค.
I like the blue sky.
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Chapter 9. Attitudes
Honorific & Casual Expressions ์กด๋๋ง๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ง I.
Attitudes Classes (์กด์นญ ๋ฑ๊ธ) Type
Class Formal Polite (FP)
Honorific Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Casual
II.
Informal Plain (IC)
Counterpart Older person, Person whom you are meeting for the first time, Stranger, Audience Older person as a close friend, Friend who did not agree to go casual Close friend, Friends who agreed to go casual, Men under your command (Also used as a literary style) Children, Brother, Sister, Close friend, Friend from childhood, Friend who agreed to go casual
Closing Suffixes for Different Attitudes (์ข ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ ์ํด ์ ํด์ง๋ ์กด์นญ)
1) Normal Closing Suffixes (ํ์ํ ์ข ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ) Verbs and Adjectives Inflected with Normal Closing Suffixes A predicate composed of a verb or an adjective assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to, depending on the suffixes for inflection.
Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)
Suffix -ใ ๋๋ค/-์ต๋๋ค -์์/์ด์ -๋ค [also in the fundamental form] -์/์ด
์ ๋ ์ ๋ ๋๋ ๋๋
example ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ต๋๋ค. ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ด์. ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ด.
Predicate Postposition Inflected with Normal Closing Suffixes A predicate composed of a noun and a predicate postposition (โ-์ด๋คโ) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to, depending on the suffixes used for inflection.
Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)
Postposition example -์ ๋๋ค ์ ๋ ํ์์ ๋๋ค. -์ด์์/์์* ์ ๋ ํ์์ด์์. -(์ด)๋ค ๋๋ ํ์์ด๋ค. -(์ด)์ผ ๋๋ ํ์์ด์ผ. * -์ด์์ is used after a noun ending with a consonant, and โ์์ with a vowel () means extra vowel inserted after nouns ending with a consonant
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2) Interrogative Closing Suffixes (์๋ฌธํ ์ข ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ) Verbs and Adjectives Inflected with Interrogative Closing Suffixes Suffix of the predicate (composed of a verb or adjective) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to.
Attitude Formal Polite (FP)
Suffix -ใ ๋๊น/-์ต๋๊น
Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)
-์์/์ด์ -๋ -์/์ด, -๋, -๋
example ๊ทธ ํ์์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ต๋๊น? ๊ทธ ํ์์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ด์? ๊ทธ ํ์์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋? ๊ทธ ํ์์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ด?
Predicate Postposition Inflected with Interrogative Closing Suffixes A predicate composed of a noun and a predicate postposition (โ-์ด๋คโ) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to, depending on the suffixes used for inflection.
Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)
Postposition example -์ ๋๊น ์ ๋ถ์ ํ์์ ๋๊น? -์ด์์/์์* ์ ๋ถ์ ํ์์ด์์? -์ธ๊ฐ ์ ๋ถ์ ํ์์ธ๊ฐ? -(์ด)์ผ ์ ๋ถ์ ํ์์ด์ผ? * -์ด์์ is used after a noun ending with a consonant, and โ์์ with a vowel () means extra vowel inserted after nouns ending with a consonant
3) Imperative Closing Suffixes (๋ช ๋ นํ ์ข ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ) Verbs Inflected with Imperative Closing Suffixes Suffix of the predicate (composed of a verb) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to.
Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)
Suffix -์ญ์์ค -์ธ์/์ ์ -๋ผ/์๋ผ/์ด๋ผ/์ฌ๋ผ -๋ผ/์๋ผ/์ด๋ผ/์ฌ๋ผ
์์ ๋ฅผ ์์ ๋ฅผ ์์ ๋ฅผ ์์ ๋ฅผ
example ์ด์ฌํ ํ์ญ์์ค. ์ด์ฌํ ํ์ธ์. ์ด์ฌํ ํ๋ผ. ์ด์ฌํ ํ์ฌ๋ผ.
4) Petitionary Closing Suffixes (์ฒญ์ ํ ์ข ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฏธ) Verbs Inflected with Petitionary Closing Suffixes Suffix of the predicate (composed of a verb) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to.
Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)
Suffix -ใ ์๋ค -์ง์/์ฃ -์, -์ธ -์, -์ธ
example ์ด์ ์์ ํฉ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์์ ํ์ฃ . ์ด์ ์์ ํ์. ์ด์ ์์ ํ์.
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III.
Head-Suffix โ์โ for Elevating the Subject The head-suffix โ์โ elevates the attitude towards the person whom you are talking about (typically the subject of the sentence). This is done independently of the attitude elevation towards the person whom you are talking to, which is typically done by the tail-suffix.
Attitude to counterpart Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)
์ ๋ถ์ด ์ ๋ถ์ด ์ ๋ถ์ด ์ ๋ถ์ด
example ์ ์๋์ ๋๋ค. ์ ์๋์ด์์. ์ ์๋์ด๋ค. ์ ์๋์ด์ผ.
+ Subject elevation ์ ๋ถ์ด ์ ์๋์ด์ญ๋๋ค. ์ ๋ถ์ด ์ ์๋์ด์ธ์.* ์ ๋ถ์ด ์ ์๋์ด์๋ค. ์ ๋ถ์ด ์ ์๋์ด์ .*
* Looks irregular after vowel compression
IV.
Sometimes nouns and verbs themselves imply attitudes Saying โThank youโ
FP: IP: FC: IC:
๊ฐ์ฌํฉ๋๋ค. ( โ ) ๊ณ ๋ง์์. ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ง์.
๊ณ ๋ง์ต๋๋ค.
Saying โHelp yourselfโ (or โPlease eatโ)
FP: IP: FC: IC:
๋์ญ์์ค. ๋์ธ์. ๋จน์ด๋ผ. ๋จน์ด.
์ก์์ญ์์ค. ์ก์์ธ์.
๋จน์ด์.
(โ)
(โ)
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Chapter 10. Postposition ์กฐ์ฌ
I. What is Postposition (์กฐ์ฌ)? A postposition is attached at the end of an independent word (without a space) and assigns the word a role in the sentence.
II. Postpositions (์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ข ๋ฅ) 1. Subject Postposition (์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ฌ):
-์ด/๊ฐ, -๊ป์ (honorific)
Besides these subject postpositions, some of the supplement postpositions (๋ณด์กฐ์ฌ) , such as -์/๋, -
๋, -๋ง, -์กฐ์ฐจ, -๋ง์ , -(์ด)์ผ๋ง๋ก, can take the role of a subject postposition. Especially โ์/๋ among them are frequently used as a subject marker. Nuance Usage
When the answer to โwho?โ is the subject
When itโs the subjectโs turn to be explained, in contrast with others
-์ด -๊ฐ
-์ -๋
After Consonant After Vowel <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๊ทธ ํ๊ต์๋ ํ์์ด ๋ง์ต๋๋ค.
There are many students in the school.
์ ๊ฐ ํ ๋ฒ ํด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค.
Iโll give it a shot.
์ ํฌ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ป์ ์ค์ จ์ต๋๋ค.
My father has come.
๋ณด์คํค์ ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ๋์์ ๋๋ค.
Boston is a beautiful city.
์ ๋ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ ํ๋๋ค.
I am hungry.
2. Object Postposition (๋ชฉ์ ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ฌ):
-์/๋ฅผ
<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ ๋ ์ง๊ธ ์ ์ฌ์ ๋จน๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค.
(after consonant/vowel, respectively) I am having lunch now.
์ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ค๋ ์๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์์ต๋๋ค. A friend of mine bought a watch today.
์ ๋ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ค์์ ๋ฐ์ฐฌํธ๋ฅผ ์ ์ผ ์ข์ํฉ๋๋ค. I like Chan Ho Park best among all baseball players.
3. Complement Postposition (๋ณด๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ฌ): -์ด/๊ฐ (after consonant/vowel, respectively) Used in front of โ๋๋คโ(verb: to become) or โ์๋๋คโ(adjective: not)
<๋ณด๊ธฐ>
๋์ด ๋ น์ผ๋ฉด ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
Snow becomes water if it melts.
์๋ฐฐ์ถ๋ ๊ณผ์ผ์ด ์๋๋๋ค.
Cabbage is not a fruit.
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4. Predicate Postposition (์์ ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ฌ): Refer to the separate Chapter for inflectional words.
5. Pre-nounal Postposition (๊ดํ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ฌ): -์[of] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>
ํ๊ตญ์ ์๋๋ ์์ธ์ ๋๋ค.
The capital city of Korea is Seoul.
6. Vocative Postposition (ํธ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ฌ): -์/์ผ, -(์ด)์ฌ, -(์ด)์์ฌ Refer to the separate Chapter for Designation.
7. Adverbial Postposition (๋ถ์ฌ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ฌ) -์[at, to], -์๊ฒ[to], -๊ป[to], -์์[at, from], -๋ก/์ผ๋ก[to] <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ ๋ ์ง๊ธ ํ๊ต์ ๊ฐ์.
I am going to school now.
์ ๋ ์ง๊ธ ํ๊ต์์ ์ค๋ ๊ธธ์ ๋๋ค.
I am coming from school now.
์ ๋ ์ง๊ธ ํ๊ต ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋๋ค.
I am going toward school now.
์ค๋ ์ ๋ 8 ์์ ๋ง๋์.
See you at 8 this evening.
ํ(Tom)์ ์ง๊ธ ์ง์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
Tom is at home now.
์ด ์ฑ ์ ์ ๋์์๊ฒ ์ ํด ์ฃผ์ธ์.
Please pass this book to my younger sibling.
์ด ์ฑ ์ ๊ต์๋๊ป ์ ํด ์ฃผ์ธ์.
Please pass this book to the professor.
8. Connection Postposition (์ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ): [and, with] -์/๊ณผ: after vowel and after consonant, respectively <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ฌ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐฐ ๋ ๋ค ๋ชจ๋ ๋ง์๋ค.
Apple and pear are both good.
โํ๊ณ : colloquial <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ฌ๊ณผํ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฉ ์ฃผ์ธ์.
Let me have apples and pears, three of each.
-(์ด)๋ฉฐ: โ์ดโ is used after a word ending with a consonant <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ฌ๊ณผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทค์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณผ์ผ๋ค์ ๋ค ์ข์ํ๋ค. I like all the fruits: apple, tangerine, etc.
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9. Supplement Postposition (๋ณด์กฐ์ฌ): These do not decide a specific component of a noun (or substantive) in the sentence, but it just assigns a meaning of โspecialtyโ to the preceding word, regardless of the sentence component (the component is implicitly assigned).
-๋[also] -์/๋[contrast/emphasis] -๋ง[only] -๊น์ง[even] -๋ง์ [even] -์กฐ์ฐจ[even] -๋ถํฐ[first] -(์ด)์ผ๋ง๋ก[indeed] -(์ด)๋ผ๋[even though] -์ปค๋ [on the contrary] -๋ฐ์[only] -๋งํผ[as much as] -(์ด)๋ [whatever] -(์ด)๋๋ง[though] -๋๋ก[separately, just as] -ํ ๋ก[to the extent] -๋ง๋ค[every]
<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ธ์ผ์ ํ๊ตญ์์๋ง ์ ์๋๋๋ค.
Insam (Ginseng) grows well only in Korea.
๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ๋ฐ ๋ผ๋ฉด์ด๋ผ๋ ๋จน์์๋ค.
Letโs just eat RaMyun since weโre so hungry.
์จ๋ฆฌ์ค(Alice)๋ ์ง์ ์๋ค๊ณ ํฉ๋๋ค.
They say that Alice is also at home.
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Chapter 11. Designation: How to Call Your Counterpart 1. General and Easy Ways [Honorific] ์จ (Dependent Noun: Similar to Mr., Mrs. and Ms., but can be used for more various purposes)
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋ฐฑ์์ฃผ ์จ (Formal/Informal Polite, the full name makes you feel some distance) ์์ฃผ ์จ (Informal Polite, sometimes even used as Casual) ์ค๋ ์จ [Casual] -์/์ผ (Vocative Postposition: To a kid, younger brother/sister, very close friend in the same age)
[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ ์์ผ (if the last syllable of the name ends with a vowel) ๋ณํ์ (if the last syllable of the name ends with a consonant)
2. Brotherhood [Informal Polite] [Casual] (1) For Calling Elders (2) Extended to Close Older Friends: used more in the younger generation Elder
Male
Female
Male
ํ
๋๋
Female
์ค๋น
์ธ๋
You
[๋ณด๊ธฐ]
์ ์ ๋๋, ์คํธ ํ, ๋ฆฌ์ฌ ์ธ๋, ํ ์ค๋น
3. Title [Honorific] Occupation / Degree / Respect - a noun-suffix โ๋โ makes it polite ์ ์๋ (Teacher/Master, M.D.): can be also used to show respect to a person whoโs not a teacher ๊ต์๋ (Professor) ์ฌ์ฅ๋ (President of a company) ๊ณผ์ฅ๋ (A level of a manager) ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ (Dr.) ๊ฐ๋ ๋ (Head Coach, Manager of a sports team) ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ (Driver, Engineer) [๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋จ์ผ ์ ์๋ (Teacher)
๋ง์ดํฌ ์ ์๋ (just to show respect) 44
4. Special Ways [Informal Polite]
์์ ์จ (Uncle) โ Mostly to a married male, or a person who is way older than you are ์์ค๋ง (Aunt) - Mostly to a married female, or a person who is way older than you are ์ผ์ด (Uncle) โ To a single or a married male older than you ์ด๋ชจ (Aunt) - To a single or a married female older than you [Informal Plain]
์๊ธฐ(Self, actually means โHoneyโ) โ To boyfriend/girlfriend/husband/wife, rarely just as โyouโ
45
Part III. Useful Expressions & Vocabularies
46
Chapter 12. ์กํ์์น 5 Ws & 1 H I. 6 ํ์์น ์กํ์์น(5 Ws & 1 H) is the set of 6 elements that you should contain in the reports such as in broadcast news. They are as following:
Korean ๋๊ฐ ๋ฌด์์ ์ธ์ ์ด๋์ ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ
English Who What When Where Why How
II. What They Are ์กํ์์น(5 Ws & 1 H) elements are typically composed as follows:
๋๊ฐ = ๋๊ตฌ(pronoun) + ๊ฐ(postposition) ๋ฌด์์ = ๋ฌด์(pronoun) + ์(postposition) ์ธ์ = ์ธ์ (adverb) ์ด๋์ = ์ด๋(pronoun) + ์(postposition) ์ = ์(adverb) ์ด๋ป๊ฒ = ์ด๋ป(stem of an adjective) + ๊ฒ(supplementary connection suffix)
Exercises Translate the following English sentences into Korean, considering the 6 ํ์์น: 1) I quickly had a very good apple at home this morning because I was hungry.
2) Since I did not like a violent movie, I saw a cartoon at the movies yesterday.
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Chapter 13. Frequently Used Basic Sentences Basic Daily Sentences ํ์์ ์์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ๋ค #
ENGLISH
ํ๊ตญ์ด
1
์ (๋ค).
Yes.
2
์๋์ค.
No.
3
๊ฐ: ์๋ ํ์ธ์?
A: Are you in peace? {as a greeting}
4
๊ฐ: ์ ์ง๋ด์ จ์ด์?
A: Have you been in peace? {as a greeting}
5
์๋ ํ ๊ฐ์ธ์.
Go in peace. {as saying good-bye to a leaving person}
6
์๋ ํ ๊ณ์ธ์.
Stay in peace. {as saying good-bye to a staying person}
7
๋์ค์ ๋ด์. (๋ ๋ง๋์.)
See you later. {informal polite}
8
๋์ค์ ๋ต๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค.
See you later. {formal polite}
9
๋ฐ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค.
Pleased to see (meet) you.
10
๊ณ ๋ง์ต๋๋ค.
Thank you.
11
๊ฐ์ฌํฉ๋๋ค.
Thank you. [I appreciate it.]
12
๋ฏธ์ํฉ๋๋ค.
Iโm sorry. Excuse me.
13
์ฃ์กํฉ๋๋ค.
Iโm sorry. Excuse me. {politer}
14
์ ๊น๋ง์.
Hang on a second.
15
๊ด์ฐฎ์ต๋๋ค.
Thatโs all right. No problem.
16
๋ฆ์ด์ ์ฃ์กํฉ๋๋ค.
Iโm sorry Iโm late.
17
์๊ณ ํ์ จ์ต๋๋ค.
Thanks for being with us. / Thanks for your hard work.
18
๋ฐฐ๊ฐ ๊ณ ํ๋๋ค.
Iโm hungry.
19
๋ฐฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฆ ๋๋ค.
Iโm full. Iโm stuffed.
20
๋ชฉ์ด ๋ง๋ฆ ๋๋ค.
Iโm thirsty.
21
๋ ์จ๊ฐ ์ถฅ์ต๋๋ค.
Itโs cold today.
22
๋ ์จ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ปํฉ๋๋ค.
Itโs warm today. {spring}
23
๋ ์จ๊ฐ ๋ฅ์ต๋๋ค (๋จ๊ฒ์ต๋๋ค).
Itโs warm [hot] today. {summer}
24
๋ ์จ๊ฐ ์ข์ต๋๋ค.
Itโs a beautiful day. {weather}
25
๋น๊ฐ ์ต๋๋ค.
It is raining.
26
๋์ด ์ต๋๋ค.
It is snowing.
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Frequently Used Sentences In The Class ์์ ์ค์ ์์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ๋ค
From the Instructor # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ํ๊ตญ์ด ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒ ํด ๋ณด์ธ์. ์ ํ์ จ์ด์. ์ด ์ฑ ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ฌ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ณด์ธ์. ๋ค ๋ฐ์ผ์ จ์ด์? ์ค๋์ [ ]์ ๋ํด์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. ์์ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ฃผ์ธ์. ์ํ์ [ํด์ฆ๋ฅผ] ๋ณด๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ค ๋์ต๋๋ค. (๋ง๊ฒ) ๊ณ ์น์ธ์. ๋์์ด ํ์ํ์ ๋ถ์ ์์ ๋์ธ์. (์ง์) ๋ฐ๊ฟ๋๋ค. (์ง์) ํ ๋ฒ ๋ ๋ฐ๊ฟ๋๋ค. ์์๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ํด ๋ณด์ค ๋ถ (๊ณ์ธ์) ? ๋ค ํ์ ๋ถ ์ ๋์ธ์. ์๊ธฐ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ์ฃผ์ธ์. ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ์ค ์ ์๋ ๋ถ ๊ณ์ธ์? ์ง๋ฌธ ์์ผ์ธ์? ์ด ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ฐ์ ์ผ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
ENGLISH Please repeat it. / Could you do it again? Good (job). This is the textbook weโll be using in our class. Please look at this one. / Please check this out. Did everyone get this one (from me)? Weโll learn about [
] today.
Please show me your homework. Weโre having a test [quiz]. Time is up. Please correct it (properly). Raise your hand if you need help. Weโre switching the partner. Weโre switching the partner again. Do you get it? / Did you understand? Can anyone try this? / Who wants to give it a shot? Raise your hand if you are done. Please go back to your own table. Can anyone try this without looking (at the handout)? Any questions?
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You should memorize this sentence. / Please learn by heart. Weโre going to have a test in the next class.
22
Please bring it back next time.
๋ค์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ํ์ ๋ด ๋๋ค. ๋ค์ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์ค์ธ์. 23 ๋์์ด ๋ฉ๋๊น? 24 ์ค๋ ์ด๋ ์ต๋๊น? 25
์ด๊ฒ ์ค๋ ์์ ์ ๋๋ค.
Does it help? / Do you think itโs useful for you? How was it today? / How did you like the class today? This is todayโs homework.
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From a Student #
ํ๊ตญ์ด 1 ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ด์. 2
์ดํด๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ์ด์. ์ง๋ฌธ์ด ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒ ์ค๋ช ํด ์ฃผ์ธ์. ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒ ๋ง์ํด ์ฃผ์ค๋์? ์ค๋ ์์ ๊ฐ ๋ญ์ฃ ? [ ](์ด/๊ฐ) ํ๊ตญ๋ง๋ก ๋ญ์ฃ ?
3 4 5 6 7
ENGLISH <1> I didnโt get that. / I donโt understand. <2> {as an answer} I donโt know. I didnโt understand that. I have a question. Please explain that again. Could you say that once again? What is todayโs homework? What is [
] in Korean?
From Everybody # 1 2 3 4
ํ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ: ์๋ ํ์ธ์? ๋: (์,) ์๋ ํ์ธ์? ๊ฐ: ์ ์ง๋ด์ จ์ด์? ๋: ์, ์ ์ง๋ด์ จ์ด์? ์ ๊น๋ง์. ์๊ณ ํ์ จ์ต๋๋ค.
ENGLISH A: Are you in peace? {as a greeting} B: (Yes,) are you in peace, too? A: Have you been in peace? {as a greeting} B: Yes, have you been in peace, too? Hang on a second.
5
Thanks for being with us. / Thanks for your hard work. Thank you.
6
See you next week(end).
๊ฐ์ฌํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ค์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ต๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค. 7 ์๋ ํ ๊ฐ์ธ์.
Go in peace. {as saying good-bye }
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Chapter 14. Numerals & Units Numeral ์์ฌ 1. Two Counting Systems There are two different counting systems: Pure Korean Numbers (PKN) and Adopted Chinese Numbers (ACN). Both can be used for many cases, but there are some cases where one of the two must be used.
2. Pure Korean Numbers (PKN) [1-10] ํ๋ (ํ), ๋ (๋), ์ (์ธ), ๋ท (๋ค), ๋ค์ฏ, ์ฌ์ฏ, ์ผ๊ณฑ, ์ฌ๋, ์ํ, ์ด [10-90] ์ด, ์ค๋ฌผ (์ค๋ฌด), ์๋ฅธ, ๋งํ, ์ฐ, ์์, ์ผํ, ์ฌ๋ , ์ํ ( ) is used when the number modifies a following noun.
[All numbers beyond 100]
They exist, but they are not used in the contemporary language any more.
3. Adopted Chinese Numbers (ACN) [1 -10] ์ผ, ์ด, ์ผ, ์ฌ, ์ค, ์ก, ์น , ํ, ๊ตฌ, ์ญ [10-90] ์ญ, ์ด์ญ, ์ผ์ญ, ์ฌ์ญ, ์ค์ญ, ์ก์ญ, ์น ์ญ, ํ์ญ, ๊ตฌ์ญ [100 - billion] ๋ฐฑ, ์ฒ, ๋ง, ์ญ๋ง, ๋ฐฑ๋ง, ์ฒ๋ง, ์ผ์ต, ์ญ์ต 4. Time [Rule] Use PKN for hours, and ACN for minutes and seconds. Use ACN for all for 24 hour system. [Words] ์ค์ : AM ์: Oโclock
์คํ: PM ๋ถ: minute
์ด: second
์๊ฐ: hour (duration in hours), time (general duration) ์์ : midnight
์ ์ค: noon
<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์คํ ๋ ์ ์ผ์ญ ๋ถ: 2:30 PM
์ค์ ์ธ ์ ์ด์ญ์ค ๋ถ: 3:25 AM
์ค์ ์ด ์ ์ญ์ก ๋ถ: 10:16 AM ์ญ์ก ์ ์ค์ญ๊ตฌ ๋ถ: 16:59
์ด์ญ์ผ ์ ์ด์ญ์ผ ๋ถ: 23:23
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5. Months [Words] PKN for โmonthโ is ๋ฌ, and ACN is ์. [January - December] ์ผ์, ์ด์, ์ผ์, ์ฌ์, ์ค์, ์ ์, ์น ์, ํ์, ๊ตฌ์, ์์, ์ญ์ผ์, ์ญ์ด์ [Rule] Use ์ to mention which month, and use ๋ฌ (or ACN ๊ฐ์) to mention the duration. <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๊ฐ: ์ง๊ธ์ด ๋ช ์์ ๋๊น? ๋: ์์์ ๋๋ค.
Which month of the year is it now? Itโs October.
๊ฐ: ๋ถ๋ง ์์ ์ผ์ด ์ธ์ ์ ๋๊น?
When are you due for the delivery?
๋: ํ ๋ฌ ๋จ์์ต๋๋ค.
I have a month to go.
6. Dates [Rule] Use ACN for dates. <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์์ ์ญ์ก ์ผ (10 ์ 16 ์ผ): October 16 ํ์ ์ด์ญํ ์ผ (8 ์ 28 ์ผ): August 28 7. Weekdays [Sunday - Saturday] ์ผ์์ผ, ์์์ผ, ํ์์ผ, ์์์ผ, ๋ชฉ์์ผ, ๊ธ์์ผ, ํ ์์ผ
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Units ๋จ์ 1. Introduction Most of the countable words in Korean are expressed with units, typically in the following format:
(NOUN +) NUMBER + UNIT <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ฌ๊ณผ ํ ๊ฐ (an apple)
2. Frequently Used Units
Noun
UNIT
General Object Person (plain) Person (casual) Person (polite) Animal Building/House Machine/Vehicle Pen/Pencil/Candle Book/Notebook Paper Clothes Pair (Shoes/Socks/Gloves) One of a Pair (Shoes/โฆ) Tree Flower Year Month (duration) [PKW] Month (duration) [ACW] Month (of the year) Day Hour (duration) Hour (the time: oโclock) Minute Second Years (age) Food (vessel/bowl/dish) Liquid (bottle) Glass/Cup Won (Korean Currency) Dollar & Cent Dollar & Cent
๊ฐ ๋ช ์ฌ๋ ๋ถ ๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ฑ ๋ ์๋ฃจ ๊ถ ์ฅ ๋ฒ ์ผค๋ ์ง ๊ทธ๋ฃจ ์ก์ด ๋ ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ ์๊ฐ ์ ๋ถ ์ด ์ด/์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆ/๊ณต๊ธฐ/์ ์ ๋ณ ์/์ปต ์ ๋ฌ๋ฌ & ์ผํธ ๋ถ&์
Examples ์ฌ๊ณผ ํ ๊ฐ, ์ฅ๋๊ฐ ํ ๊ฐ ํ๋ช ๋ ์ฌ๋ ์ธ๋ถ ๊ฐ์์ง ํ ๋ง๋ฆฌ, ๋ง ๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ง ํ ์ฑ, ๋น๋ฉ ๋ ์ฑ ์ปดํจํฐ ํ ๋, ์ฐจ ๋ ๋, ๋นํ๊ธฐ ์ธ ๋ ์ฐํ ํ ์๋ฃจ, ์ด ํ ์๋ฃจ ์ฑ ํ ๊ถ, ๊ณต์ฑ ๋ ๊ถ ์ข ์ด ํ ์ฅ ์ทํ๋ฒ ๊ตฌ๋ ํ ์ผค๋ , ์ฅ๊ฐ ํ ์ผค๋ , ์๋ง ํ ์ผค๋ ๊ตฌ๋ ํ ์ง, ์ฅ๊ฐ ํ ์ง, ์๋ง ํ ์ง ๋๋ฌด ํ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ ์ฅ๋ฏธ ์ด ๋ ์ก์ด 2000๋ ํ๋ฌ ์ผ ๊ฐ์ ์์ 5์ผ ํ ์๊ฐ ํ์ ์ผ์ญ ๋ถ ์ด์ญ ์ด ์ด ๋ ์ด [PKW], ์ญ์ด ์ธ [ACW] ๊ตญ์ ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆ, ๋ฐฅ ํ ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ํ ํ ์ ์ ์ ํ ๋ณ, ๋ฌผ ํ ๋ณ ๋ฌผ ํ ์, ์ปคํผ ํ ์, ์ ํ ์ 1000์ 10๋ฌ๋ฌ 80์ผํธ 10๋ถ 80์ 53
Temperature ์จ๋
Weather
Object
์ถฅ๋ค
Cold
์์ํ๋ค
Chilly
์์ํ๋ค
Cool
์์ํ๋ค
Tepid
๋ฏธ์ง๊ทผํ๋ค
Warm
๋ฐ๋ปํ๋ค
๋ฐ๋ปํ๋ค
(in spring)
Warm
๋ฅ๋ค ๋จ๊ฒ๋ค
์ฐจ๊ฐ๋ค/์ฐจ๋ค
(in summer)
Hot / Sultry
๋จ๊ฒ๋ค
๋ ์จ๊ฐ ํนํน ์ฐ๋๋ค. Itโs sizzling/boiling. ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋งํ๊ตฐ์. The weather is awesome! ์ด๋ง๊ฐ ํํ ๋์ต๋๋ค. His/Her body temperature is boiling. (์ด๋ง: forehead, ๋๋ค: to boil) ์ฒด์จ์ด ์ญ์จ 38 ๋์ ๋๋ค. Your body temperature is 38oC. ์ค๋ ์ต๊ณ ๊ธฐ์จ์ด ์ญ์จ 30 ๋์ ๋๋ค. Todayโs high temperature is 30oC. ์ค๋ ์ต์ ๊ธฐ์จ์ด ํ์จ 20 ๋์ ๋๋ค.
Todayโs low temperature is 20oF.
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Chapter 15. Time ์๊ฐ
์๋ฒฝ
์์นจ
์ ์ฌ
Dawn
Morning
Lunch
๊ทธ์ 2 days ago
์๊น Some time ago
์ด์
๋ฎ Daytime
์ค๋
๋ด์ผ
Yesterday
Today
๋ฐฉ๊ธ
์ง๊ธ
๋น์ฅ
Now
Right away
Just now
์๋
Tomorrow
์ฌํด[๊ธ๋ ]
Last Year
This Year
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ
์ ๋ Evening
๋ชจ๋ 2 days after
์ด๋ฐ(๊ฐ) After a while
๋์ค์ Later
๋ด๋
ํ์ฌ
๋ฏธ๋
Present
Future
์๋
์ค๋๋
๋ฏธ๋
Today (Present days)
๊ธํผ 3 days after
Next Year
Past
Old days
๋ฐค Night
Future
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Conversation - Time ๋ํ โ ์๊ฐ
1. ๊ฐ: ์ธ์ ์ค์ จ์ด์?
When did you come? <IP>
๋: [๋ฐฉ๊ธ / ์๊น] ์์ต๋๋ค.
I came [just now / quite a while ago]. <FP>
๊ฐ: ์ธ์ ๋ค์ ๋ง๋ ๊น์?
When shall we meet again? <IP>
๋: ๋ด์ผ [์์นจ / ์ ๋ ]์์.
Tomorrw [morning / evening]. <IP>
๊ฐ: ์ถ์์ด ์ธ์ ์ฃ ?
When is Thanksgiving? <IP>
๋: [๋ชจ๋ ]์ ๋๋ค.
Itโs [the day after tomorrow]. <FP>
2.
3.
4. ๊ฐ: ์ ๋ [์๋ฒฝ์] ๋์ํ๋ ๊ฑธ ์ข์ํฉ๋๋ค.
I like fishing [at dawn]. <FP>
๋: ๊ทธ๋ฌ์ธ์? ์ ๋ ๊ทธ๋์!
You do? Me, too! <IP>
5. ๊ฐ: ์๋ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๊ตฐ์.
I miss the old days. <IP>
๋: ๊ทธ๋ฌ๊ฒ ๋ง์ ๋๋ค.
I feel the same way. <FP>
[ ] means a component that can be replaced. ( ) means a component that can be omitted.
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Chapter 16. Family ๊ฐ์กฑ
(์น)ํ ์๋ฒ์ง
ํฐ์๋ฒ์ง
(์น)ํ ๋จธ๋
์ผ์ด
๊ณ ๋ชจ
ํ[์ค๋น ]
(์ธ)ํ ์๋ฒ์ง
์๋ฒ์ง
๋๋[์ธ๋]
์ด๋จธ๋
๋
(์ธ)ํ ๋จธ๋
์ด๋ชจ
์ธ์ผ์ด
๋์
๋: Me ํ: Elder Brother (male) ์ค๋น : Elder Brother (female) ๋๋: Elder Sister (male) ์ธ๋: Elder Sister (female) ์๋ฒ์ง: Father ์ด๋จธ๋: Mother ์๋ฒ๋: Father <FP> ์ด๋จธ๋: Mother <FP> ์๋น : Dad/Daddy ์๋ง: Mom/Mommy ๋ถ๋ชจ๋: Parents ํ์ ์๋งค: Brothers and Sisters (์น)ํ ์๋ฒ์ง: Grandfather <Fatherโs Father> (์น)ํ ๋จธ๋: Grandmother <Fatherโs Mother>
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ํฐ์๋ฒ์ง: Fatherโs Eldest Brother <Married> ์์์๋ฒ์ง: Fatherโs Younger Brother ์ผ์ด: Fatherโs (single) Brother ์๋ชจ: Fatherโs Brotherโs Wife ํฐ์ด๋จธ๋: Fatherโs Eldest Brotherโs Wife ๊ณ ๋ชจ: Fatherโs Sister ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ถ: Fatherโs Sisterโs Husband (์ธ)ํ ์๋ฒ์ง: Grandfather <Motherโs Father> (์ธ)ํ ๋จธ๋: Grandmother <Motherโs Mother> (์ธ)์ผ์ด: Motherโs Brother (์ธ)์๋ชจ: Motherโs Brotherโs Wife ์ด๋ชจ: Motherโs Sister ์ด๋ชจ๋ถ: Motherโs Sisterโs Husband ์ฌ์ด: Cousin ๊ณ ์ข ์ฌ์ด: Fatherโs Sisterโs Child ์ด์ข ์ฌ์ด: Motherโs Sisterโs Child ์กฐ์นด: Nephew/Niece ์กฐ์นด์ฌ์: Husband of Niece ์กฐ์นด๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ: Wife of Nephew ์์: Grandson ์๋ : Granddaughter ์์ฃผ: Grandchild ์์ฃผ์ฌ์: Husband of Granddaughter ์์ฃผ๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ: Wife of Grandson
์๋ด: ๋ถ์ธ: ๋จํธ: ๋ถ๊ตฐ:
Wife (mine) Wife (other personโs) Husband Husband (other personโs) <FP>
์์๋ฒ์ง: Father-in-Law (Husbandโs Father) ์์ด๋จธ๋: Mother-in-Law (Husbandโs Mother) ์ฅ์ธ: Father-in-Law (Wifeโs Father) ์ฅ๋ชจ: Mother-in-Law (Wifeโs Mother)
โบ (designation) ์๋ฒ๋ โบ (designation) ์ด๋จธ๋/์ด๋จธ๋
โบ (designation) ์๋ฒ๋/์ฅ์ธ์ด๋ฅธ โบ (designation) ์ด๋จธ๋/์ฅ๋ชจ๋ 58
์ฒ๋จ: Wifeโs Brother ์ฒํ: Wifeโs Elder Sister ์ฒ์ : Wifeโs Younger Sister ํ์: Elder Brotherโs Wife ์ ์: Younger Brotherโs Wife ์ํ/๋งคํ: Elder Sisterโs Husband ๋งค์ /๋งค๋ถ: Younger Sisterโs Husband ๋์: Wifeโs Sisterโs Spouse or Husbandโs Brotherโs Spouse
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Conversation - Family ๋ํ โ ๊ฐ์กฑ 1. ๊ฐ: ๋ถ๋ชจ๋๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ์๋์?
Do you live together with your parents?
๋: ์๋จ, ๋ถ๋ชจ๋์ [ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค]์ ๊ณ์ธ์.
No, my parents are in [Florida].
๊ฐ: ๊ทธ๋ฌ์๊ตฐ์. ์์ฃผ ๋ง๋๋ต๋ฌ ๊ฐ์๋์?
I see. Do you visit them often?
๋: ์, [๋ ๋ฌ์ ํ ๋ฒ] ๊ฐ๋๋ค.
Yeah, we visit them [once every two months].
2. ๊ฐ: ํ์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋์ธ์?
How many brothers and sisters do you have?
๋: ๋จ๋์์ด ๋ ์์ต๋๋ค.
I have two younger brothers.
๊ฐ: ๋ ๋ถ ๋ค ๊ฒฐํผํ์ จ๋์?
Are they both married?
๋: ์, ๋ง๋ด๋์์ ์์ด๋ ๋์ด๋ ์์ต๋๋ค.
Yes. And my youngest brother has two kids.
๊ฐ: ๊ทธ๋ฌ์๊ตฐ์. ์ ๋ ์์ง ์ ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋์์ด
I see. I have a younger sister who is not
ํ๋ ์์ต๋๋ค.
married yet.
๋: ์ ๊ฐ ์ค๋งค ์ข ์ค๊น์?
Can I be a matchmaker?
๊ฐ: ๊ทธ๋ ์ฃผ์๊ฒ ์ต๋๊น?
Will you?
3. ๊ฐ: ์ฅ๋ชจ๋, ์๋ ํ์ จ์ต๋๊น?
How are you, mother-in-law?
๋: ์ด์ ์ค๊ฒ. ์ ์ง๋๋?
Glad you came. How have you been?
๊ฐ: ์, ๋๋ถ์ ์ ์ง๋์ต๋๋ค.
Yeah, Iโve been pretty good, thanks to you.
์ฅ์ธ์ด๋ฅธ์ ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ จ๋์?
Where is father-in-law?
๋: ์์ฆ ํ๊ถ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ฌ ๋ค๋์ .
He learns Tae Kwon Do these days.
๊ฐ: ์ ๋ง์? ์ ๋๋ค์.
Really? Iโm happy to hear that.
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4. ๊ฐ: ์ ๋ ์์ด๋ค๊ณผ ๋ ธ๋ ๊ฑธ ์ข์ํด์.
I like playing with kids.
๋: ๊ทธ๋์? ๊ฒฐํผ๋ ์ํ์ จ๋๋ฐ ์์ธ๋ค์.
You do? Iโm surprised, youโre not even married.
๊ฐ: ์ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์นด๊ฐ ๋ค์ฏ์ด๋ ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์.
I have five nephews.
๋: ๋ถ๋ฝ๋ค์.
I envy you.
๊ฐ: ํ์๋ ์ธ ๋ถ์ด ๋ค ์ผ์ ํ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ
All three of my elder bothersโ wives work,
๋ง์ด ๋ด ์คฌ์ด์.
so I took care of them a lot.
5. ๊ฐ: ์ ๋ถ์ด ์ธ์ผ์ด์ด์ ๊ฐ์?
Is he your motherโs brother?
๋: ์๋จ, ์ ํฌ ์ด๋ชจ๋ถ์ด์ญ๋๋ค.
No, heโs my motherโs sisterโs husband.
[ ] means a component that can be replaced. ( ) means a component that can be omitted.
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