Lee chul young,korean grammar textbook,indexed

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Essential Grammar For Korean as a Second Language

ร‚ล  2004 All rights reserved by

Chul Young Lee

Version 2.3


Preface Demand for the Korean langauge education as a second language is significantly increasing these days. The Korean language is an agglutinative language and is sometimes recognized tricky to learn by the people who speak a European language as their primary language. But depending on how systematical the education method is, it can be efficiently learned with the aid of its scientific letter system Hangeul. This book aims to provide the comprehensive rules and factors of the Korean language in a systematic way. The grammar chapters contain most of the important basic rules so that you can build the essence to learn Korean. This book can be used for self-learners who are learning Korean with other books and environment and want a good grammar textbook. This book can be also used as a textbook in a Korean class, in which case I recommend the instructors to provide replicating examples to the students and try to relate the multiple chapters on the inflectional words with each other to maximize the efficiency of the education. I hope this can contribute to the Korean language education to all the people who teach or learn Korean. Chul Young Lee ์ด์ฒ ์˜

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CONTENTS Part I. Alphabet & Basic Phonetics Chapter 0: About the Korean Alphabet System โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 5 Chapter 1: How to Compose a Syllable โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.. 6 Chapter 2: Korean Alphabet โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 7 Chapter 3: Important Rules for Pronunciation โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..... 11

Part II. Basic Grammar Chapter 4: Parts of Speech โ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.. 18 Chapter 5: Sentence Structure โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 20 Chapter 6: Inflectional Words โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ... 23 Chapter 7: Supplementary Inflectional Words โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆ........ 28 Chapter 8: Irregular Inflectional Words โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆ........ 32 Chapter 9: Attitudes โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ........ 38 Chapter 10: Postpositions โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 41 Chapter 11: Designation โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 44

Part III. Useful Expressions & Vocabularies Chapter 12: 5W1H โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 47 Chapter 13: Frequently Used Basic Sentences โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 48 Chapter 14: Numeral & Units .โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 51 Chapter 15: Time .โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 55 Chapter 16: Family โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 57

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Part I. Alphabet & Basic Phonetics

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Chapter 0. About the Korean Alphabet System The World's Most Scientific Writing System The Korean Alphabet is known to be the most scientific writing system in the world. This letter system is called Hangeul. Each character in Hangeul represents a unique sound in a systematic way, which makes it very easy and clear to learn this letter system. This is why Koreaรข€™s literacy rate is extremely high. Hangeul was developed in 1443 by King Sejong (1397-1450) who clearly stated the purpose of developing this letter system. It was basically to let everyone in the nation to be able to read and wirte easily. He developed the new letter system in an amazingly scientific and systematic way. He created the shapes of the characters in a way that they resemble the shapes of the human organs when they are pronounced. Hangeul is a state-of-the-art phoneme character system which consists of 10 basic vowels, 14 basic consonants and some compound vowels and consonants, and you can write down whatever you hear in a unique way. You typically do not have to ask how to spell something. This is possible because one character in Hangeul is mapped to only one sound. While you learn this letter system, you will be amazed to see how easy it is to learn and how powerful it is. You could even apply Hangeul to another language without a big problem.

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Chapter 1. How To Compose A Syllable 1. Why is Syllable Important in Korean?

Syllable is the unit of composing actual letters using the letter elements (consonants and vowels). Once you become able to build a syllable by applying the consonants and vowels, you can write anything you hear.

2. What does a Korean Syllable look like? It is composed of three elements: Initial Sound (์ดˆ์„ฑ), Medial Sound (์ค‘์„ฑ) and Final Sound (์ข…์„ฑ), as you can see in the figure below.

INITIAL [ 1 Consonant ]

MEDIAL [ 1 Vowel ]

FINAL [ 0, 1, 2 Consonant(s) ] Figure 1 A Korean Syllable

3. Composing Syllables See the example below:

Initial Sound (1 consonant)

ํ•œ

Medial Sound (1 vowel)

Final Sound (1 consonant)

Figure 2 An example of a syllable A syllable must have exactly 1 consonant as the initial sound and 1 vowel as the medial sound. A syllable can be composed with or without the final sound (consonant). Sometimes there can be 2 consonants located as the final sound. Examples (๋ณด๊ธฐ) Syllables without the final sound: ๊ฐ€, ๋‚˜, ๋„ˆ, ๋ฝ€, ์ญˆ, ์•ผ, ์˜, ์™œ Syllables with 1 consonant as the final sound: ์•ˆ, ๋…•, ํ•ฉ, ์–Œ, ๊ต‰, ์žˆ, ๋‚š, ๊บพ Syllables with 2 consonants as the final sound: ์•Š, ์—†, ์•‰

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Chapter 2. Korean Alphabet There are 14 basic consonants and 10 basic vowels.

1. Consonants (์ž์Œ) 1) Basic Consonants Consonant

Name

Value

Stroke Sequence

ใ„ฑ

๊ธฐ์—ญ

[g/k]

ใ„ฑ

ใ„ด

๋‹ˆ์€

[n]

ใ„ด

ใ„ท

๋””๊ทฟ

[d/t]

ใ…ก

ใ„ท

ใ„น

๋ฆฌ์„

[r/l]

ใ„ฑ

ใ„ฑ

ใ„น

ใ…

๋ฏธ์Œ

[m]

ใ…ฃ

ใ„ฑ

ใ…

ใ…‚

๋น„์

[b/p]

ใ…ฃ

ใ…ฃใ…ฃ

ใ…ฃใ…ฃ

ใ……

์‹œ์˜ท

[s]

ใ…‡

์ด์‘

[ล‹]

ใ…ˆ

์ง€์’

[j/g]

ใ…Š

์น˜์“

[tโˆซ/ts]

ใ…‹

ํ‚ค์”

[k]

ใ„ฑ

ใ…‹

ใ…Œ

ํ‹ฐ์•

[t]

ใ…ก

ใ…ก

ใ…

ํ”ผ์–

[p]

ใ…Ž

ํžˆ์—

[h]

ใ…‚

ใ…… ใ…‡ ใ…ˆ ใ…Š ใ…Œ ใ… ใ…Ž

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2) Compound Consonants Consonant

ใ„ฒ ใ„ธ ใ…ƒ ใ…† ใ…‰

Value โ€˜kโ€™ sound in sky

Name ์Œ๊ธฐ์—ญ

โ€˜tโ€™ sound in start

์Œ๋””๊ทฟ

โ€˜pโ€™ sound in spy

์Œ๋น„์

โ€˜sโ€™ sound in say

์Œ์‹œ์˜ท

strong/voiceless โ€˜j/gโ€™ sound

์Œ์ง€์’

1) Every compound consonant is a fortis. Do not get confused with aspiration (ใ…‹, ใ…Œ, ใ…, ใ…Š) 2) Do not get confused with double consonants which are combination of two different consonants (ใ„ณ, ใ„ต, ใ„ผ, ใ„ฝ, ใ„พ, ใ„ป, ใ…„, and ใ„ฟ).

2. Vowels (๋ชจ์Œ) 1) Basic Vowels Vowel

Name

Value

Stroke Sequence

ใ…

์•„

[a]

ใ…ฃ

ใ…

ใ…‘

์•ผ

[ya]

ใ…ฃ

ใ…

ใ…“

์–ด

[ำ™]

ใ…•

์—ฌ

[yำ™]

ใ…—

์˜ค

[o]

ใ…›

์š”

[yo]

ใ…œ

์šฐ

[u]

ใ…œ

ใ… 

์œ 

[yu]

ใ…œ

ใ…ก

์œผ

[-]

ใ…ก

ใ…ฃ

์ด

[i]

ใ…ฃ

ใ…‘

ใ…“ ใ…• ใ…— ใ…› ใ… 

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2) Compound Vowels Consonant

ใ… ใ…” ใ…’ ใ…– ใ…š ใ…Ÿ ใ…ข ใ…˜ ใ… ใ…™ ใ…ž

Value

Name

โ€˜aโ€™ sound in and

์• 

โ€˜eโ€™ sound in end

์—

โ€˜yaโ€™ sound in yam

์–˜

โ€˜yeโ€™ sound in yes

์˜ˆ

[o] + [e]

์™ธ

โ€˜weโ€™ sound in we

์œ„

ใ…ก + ใ…ฃ

์˜

โ€˜waโ€™ sound in swallow

์™€

โ€˜woโ€™ sound in wonderful

์›Œ

โ€˜waโ€™ sound in wax

์™œ

โ€˜weโ€™ sound in wet

์›จ

3. Common Writing Rules Writing a syllable should be done by the following rules: 1) Write in the following order: Initial Sound โ–บ Medial Sound โ–บ Final Sound 2) For each letter element, write from Top and from Left.

Polarity of Vowels (๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ์Œ์–‘) Positive Vowels: ใ…, ใ…‘, ใ…—, ใ…›,

and compound vowels including them

Negative Vowels: ใ…“, ใ…•, ใ…œ, ใ… , ใ…ก ,

and compound vowels including them

Neutral Vowel: ใ…ฃ Vowel Accordance (๋ชจ์Œ์กฐํ™”): Vowels with the same polarity tend to stick together in words (but this is not an absolute rule any more in modern Korean). For example, an inflectional word with the stem with a positive vowel uses suffixes with a positive vowel. <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๋†€๋‹ค (to play) โ–ถ ๋†€ + ์•„์š” = ๋†€์•„์š”

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Two-Element Syllable Matrix with Basic Consonants and Basic Vowels in Order

๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์•„์ž์ฐจ์นดํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜ ๊ฐธ๋ƒ๋Œœ๋žด๋จ€๋ฑŒ์ƒค์•ผ์Ÿˆ์ฑ ์บฌํƒธํ„ํ– ๊ฑฐ๋„ˆ๋”๋Ÿฌ๋จธ๋ฒ„์„œ์–ด์ €์ฒ˜์ปคํ„ฐํผํ—ˆ ๊ฒจ๋…€๋ŽŒ๋ ค๋ฉฐ๋ฒผ์…”์—ฌ์ ธ์ณ์ผœํ…จํŽดํ˜€ ๊ณ ๋…ธ๋„๋กœ๋ชจ๋ณด์†Œ์˜ค์กฐ์ดˆ์ฝ”ํ† ํฌํ˜ธ ๊ต๋‡จ๋ด๋ฃŒ๋ฌ˜๋ตค์‡ผ์š”์ฃ ์ตธ์ฟ„ํˆํ‘œํšจ ๊ตฌ๋ˆ„๋‘๋ฃจ๋ฌด๋ถ€์ˆ˜์šฐ์ฃผ์ถ”์ฟ ํˆฌํ‘ธํ›„ ๊ทœ๋‰ด๋“€๋ฅ˜๋ฎค๋ทฐ์Šˆ์œ ์ฅฌ์ธ„ํํŠœํ“จํœด ๊ทธ๋Š๋“œ๋ฅด๋ฏ€๋ธŒ์Šค์œผ์ฆˆ์ธ ํฌํŠธํ”„ํ ๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ๋””๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋น„์‹œ์ด์ง€์น˜ํ‚คํ‹ฐํ”ผํžˆ

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Chapter 3. Important Rules for Pronunciation ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์Œ ๋ฒ•์น™๋“ค

1. Representative Sounds for Consonants (์ž์Œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ’) [Rule 1] If a consonant is a Final Sound in a stand-alone syllable, it can be pronounced as one of only 7 sounds: ใ„ฑ, ใ„ด, ใ„ท, ใ„น, ใ…, ใ…‚, ใ…‡ where the consonants as a Final Sound belong to:

[ใ„ฑ] โ—„ ใ„ฑ, ใ„ฒ, ใ…‹, ใ„ณ, ใ„บ [ใ„ด] โ—„ ใ„ด, ใ„ต [ใ„ท] โ—„ ใ„ท, ใ……, ใ…†, ใ…ˆ, ใ…Š, ใ…Œ [ใ„น] โ—„ ใ„น, ใ„ผ, ใ„ฝ, ใ„พ [ใ…] โ—„ ใ…, ใ„ป [ใ…‚] โ—„ ใ…‚, ใ…, ใ…„, ใ„ฟ [ใ…‡] โ—„ ใ…‡ [Rule 2] A Final Sound pronounces as its representative sound (in Rule 1), if it is followed by a consonant.

<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์†Ÿ๊ณ 

๋‚š๋‹ค

์žˆ๋‹ค

๋†’๋‹ค

์ –๋‹ค

์•‰๋‹ค

๋„“๋‹ค

๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ

[Rule 3] A Final Sound recovers its original sound if it is followed by a vowel, unless they are at the border of an independent combination.

<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์†Ÿ์•„

๋‚š์•„

์žˆ์–ด

๋†’์•„

์ –์€

[Comparison] Dependent combination: ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์–ด์š”. (Original sound recovered) Independent combination:

์˜ท ์ž…์–ด์š”. (Pronounced as representative sound)

[Rule 3-1] If there are 2 consonants in the Final Sound position, the second one recovers its value, when it is followed by a vowel.

<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์•‰์•„์š”

๋„“์–ด์š”

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2. Phoneme Compression (์Œ์šด ์ถ•์•ฝ) Phoneme compression is a phenomenon that occurs when two phonemes meet and change. [Rule 1] Consonant Compression (์ž์Œ ์ถ•์•ฝ) Whenโ€˜ใ„ฑยทใ„ทยทใ…‚ยทใ…ˆโ€™are followed or preceded by โ€˜ใ…Žโ€™, they change to the aspirationโ€˜ใ…‹ยทใ…Œยทใ…ยทใ…Šโ€™. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

ใ„ฑ + ใ…Ž = ใ…Ž + ใ„ฑ = ใ…‹

๋…ธ๋ž—๊ณ  โ–ถ [๋…ธ๋ผ์ฝ”]

(yellow)

ใ„ท + ใ…Ž = ใ…Ž + ใ„ท = ใ…Œ

์ข‹๋‹ค โ–ถ [์กฐํƒ€]

(good)

ใ…‚ + ใ…Ž = ใ…Ž + ใ…‚ = ใ…

๋ฐŸํ˜€ โ–ถ [๋ฐœํŽด]

(to be stepped on)

ใ…ˆ + ใ…Ž = ใ…Ž + ใ…ˆ = ใ…Š

๋‹ฟ์ง€ โ–ถ [๋‹ค์น˜]

(to touch/reach)

[Rule 2] Vowel Compression (๋ชจ์Œ ์ถ•์•ฝ) When two vowels meet, they become a diphthong. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

ใ…— + ใ… = ใ…˜

๋ณด์•„๋ผ โ–ถ [๋ด๋ผ]

(to see)

ใ…œ + ใ…“ = ใ…

์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค โ–ถ [์คฌ๋‹ค]

(to give)

[Note] Do not get confused with the historical transformation: โ€˜compactionโ€™ (์ถ•์•ฝ) In history there were special mutual assimilation cases where two consecutive vowels were compressed or became one sound. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๊ฐ€ํžˆ โ–ถ ๊ฐœ

(dog)

์‚ฌ์ด โ–ถ ์ƒˆ

(bird)

์ž…์‹œ์šธ โ–ถ ์ž…์Š โ–ถ ์ž…์ˆ 

(lip)

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3. Consonant Assimilation (์ž์Œ์ ‘๋ณ€/์ž์Œ๋™ํ™”) The final sound of a syllable, when it meets another vowel which is the initial sound of the next syllable, one (or both) of these two changes its sound to resemble the other. [Backward Assimilation (์—ญํ–‰๋™ํ™”)] If a final sound โ€˜ใ„ดโ€™ is followed by โ€˜ใ„นโ€™, this โ€˜ใ„ดโ€™ is pronounced as [ใ„น]. ใ„ด + ใ„น โ–ถ [ใ„น + ใ„น] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

์‹ ๋ผ โ–ถ [์‹ค๋ผ] ๋‚œ๋กœ โ–ถ [๋‚ ๋กœ]

(stove)

If a final sound โ€˜ใ…‚/ใ…โ€™ is followed by โ€˜ใ„ดโ€™ or โ€˜ใ…โ€™, this โ€˜ใ…‚/ใ…โ€™ is pronounced as [ใ…]. ใ…‚/ใ… + ใ„ด/ใ… โ–ถ [ใ… + ใ„ด/ใ…] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ–ถ [๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•จ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค]

(Thank you.)

๋ฐฅ๋ฌผ โ–ถ [๋ฐค๋ฌผ] ์˜†๋ฉด โ–ถ [์—ผ๋ฉด]

If a final sound whose representative sound is โ€˜ใ„ทโ€™ (i.e., โ€˜ใ„ท/ใ…Œ/ใ……/ใ…†/ใ…ˆ/ใ…Šโ€™ ) is followed by โ€˜ใ„ด/ใ…โ€™, this former consonant is pronounced as [ใ„ด]. ใ„ท/ใ…Œ/ใ……/ใ…†/ใ…ˆ/ใ…Š + ใ„ด/ใ… โ–ถ [ใ„ด + ใ„ด/ใ…] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๊ฐ€ ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ์š” โ–ถ [๊ฐ€ ๋ด”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”]

(Iโ€™ve been there.)

ํ•œ ๊ณณ๋งŒ โ–ถ [ํ•œ ๊ณค๋งŒ]

(only one place)

์ –๋จน์ด โ–ถ [์ „๋จน์ด]

(a nursing baby)

13


[Forward Assimilation (์ˆœํ–‰๋™ํ™”)] If a final sound โ€˜ใ…โ€™ or โ€˜ใ…‡โ€™ is followed by โ€˜ใ„นโ€™, this โ€˜ใ„นโ€™ is pronounced as [ใ„ด]. ใ…/ใ…‡ + ใ„น โ–ถ [ใ…/ใ…‡ + ใ„ด] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

(invasion)

์นจ๋žต โ–ถ [์นจ๋ƒ‘] ์ข…๋กœ โ–ถ [์ข…๋…ธ]

[Mutual Assimilation (์ƒํ˜ธ๋™ํ™”)] ใ„ฑ + ใ„น โ–ถ [ใ…‡ + ใ„ด] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

&

ใ…‚ + ใ„น โ–ถ [ใ… + ใ„ด] (bitter discussion)

๊ฒฉ๋ก  โ–ถ [๊ฒฝ๋…ผ]

(providence)

์„ญ๋ฆฌ โ–ถ [์„ฌ๋‹ˆ]

4. Palatalization (๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œํ™”) A non-palatal consonant is pronounced as a palatal if it is followed by โ€˜ใ…ฃโ€™ inside a word group (์–ด์ ˆ). This applies only if two syllables are combined in a dependent relation. ใ„ท + l โ–ถ [ใ…ˆ + l]

&

ใ…Œ+ l โ–ถ

[ใ…Š + l]

[Rule 1] Palatalization rule applies to dependent combination <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๋ฐญ ๏ผ‹ ์ด โ–ถ [๋ฐ”์น˜]

๋ ๏ผ‹ ์ด โ–ถ [๋„์น˜]

๋ง ๏ผ‹ ์ด โ–ถ [๋งˆ์ง€]

๋‹ซ ๏ผ‹ ํžˆ ๏ผ‹ ๋‹ค โ–ถ [๋‹ค์น˜๋‹ค]

[Rule 2] Palatalization rule does not apply to the following cases: 1) Compound word (of independent words)

<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ํ™‘์ด๋ถˆ = ํ™‘ + ์ด๋ถˆ โ–ถ [ํ˜ผ๋‹ˆ๋ถˆ] 2) Within the stem of a word

<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๋”๋””๋‹ค,

๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ๋‹ค, ๊ฒฌ๋””๋‹ค, ์ž”๋””, ๋Šํ‹ฐ๋‚˜๋ฌด 14


5. Rules about โ€˜ใ…Žโ€™ [Rule 1] Consonant Compression (์ž์Œ ์ถ•์•ฝ) See page 12.

[Rule 2] โ€˜ใ…Žโ€™ is mute before a vowel <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ข‹์•„์š” โ–ถ [์กฐ์•„์š”] ์•Š์•„์š” โ–ถ [์•„๋‚˜์š”] [Rule 3] โ€˜ใ…Žโ€™ makes a following โ€˜ใ……โ€™ a fortis (tensed sound) <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ–ถ [์กฐ์”€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค]

6. Voiceless Consonants ใ„ฑ/ใ„ท/ใ…‚/ใ……/ใ…ˆ Pronounced as Fortis If voiceless consonants ใ„ฑ/ใ„ท/ใ…‚/ใ……/ใ…ˆ/ follow a voiceless consonant (as the final sound of a preceding syllable), they are pronounced as a fortis [ใ„ฒ/ใ„ธ/ใ…ƒ/ใ…†/ใ…‰]. <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ํ•™๊ต โ–ถ [ํ•™๊พœ] ๊ฝƒ๋ฐญ โ–ถ [๊ผณ๋นง] ์ˆ™์ œ โ–ถ [์ˆ™์ฉจ] This may or may not happen when they follow a voiced consonants (ใ„ด/ใ„น/ใ…/ใ…‡). <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๊ฐˆ๋Œ€ โ–ถ [๊ฐˆ๋•Œ] ๋‹ด๋‹ค โ–ถ [๋‹ด๋”ฐ] ์ˆ ๋ณ‘ โ–ถ [์ˆ ๋ผ] ์–ธ์ œ โ–ถ [์–ธ์ œ]

(no effect)

๊ธด์žฅ โ–ถ [๊ธด์žฅ]

(no effect)

์ถœ๋ฒ” โ–ถ [์ถœ๋ฒ”]

(no effect)

15


[Note] Head-Sound Rules (๋‘์Œ๋ฒ•์น™)

- Historical change (not important) There are specific rules for the initial sound of the first syllable of a word. Pronunciation conforms to these rules, so does the spelling. (โ€˜Head-soundโ€™ means the initial sound of the first syllable of a word.)

[Rule 1] โ€˜ใ„ดโ€™ followed by โ€˜ใ…ฃโ€™ cannot be a head-sound. This โ€˜ใ„ดโ€™ becomes mute (โ€˜ใ…‡โ€™). <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๋…€์ž โ–ถ ์—ฌ์ž

(woman)

๋‰ด๋Œ€ โ–ถ ์œ ๋Œ€

(relation)

[Rule 2] โ€˜ใ„นโ€™ cannot be a head-sound. If โ€˜ใ…ฃโ€™ follows this โ€˜ใ„นโ€™, it becomes mute (โ€˜ใ…‡โ€™), otherwise it becomes โ€˜ใ„ดโ€™. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๋Ÿ‰์‹ฌ โ–ถ ์–‘์‹ฌ

(conscience)

๋ฅ˜ํ–‰ โ–ถ ์œ ํ–‰

(vogue)

๋ž˜์ผ โ–ถ ๋‚ด์ผ

(tomorrow)

[Rule 3] Double consonant cannot be a head-sound. You separate the consonants using โ€˜ใ…กโ€™. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

Chirstmas โ–ถ ใ…‹๋ฆฌใ……๋งˆใ…… โ–ถ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค strike โ–ถ ใ……ใ…Œ๋ผ์ดใ…‹ โ–ถ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ดํฌ

[Exceptions to Rule 1 & 2] Rule 1 and 2 do not apply to adopted foreign words. <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๋ผ๋””์˜ค (radio), ๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋‰ด์Šค (news)

16


Part II. Basic Grammar

17


Chapter 4. Parts of Speech ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ Parts of Speech Parts of speech are the types of words classified according to their commonness from the grammar perspective. There are 8 parts of speech in English: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. In Korean there are 9 parts of speech: noun, pronoun, numeral, verb, adjective, postposition, pre-noun, adverb, and interjection.

1. Noun (๋ช…์‚ฌ) Type

Description

example

Regular Noun (๋ณดํ†ต๋ช…์‚ฌ)

Name of an object

ํ•˜๋Š˜, ๋•…, ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ , ๊ฝƒ, ์Œ์•…

Proper Noun (๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ)

Name of a specific person or a property

์ด์ˆœ์‹ , ์‚ผ์„ฑ, ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ, ํ•œ๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด

Dependent Noun (์˜์กด๋ช…์‚ฌ)

Noun that cannot be used without a preceding prenoun or noun.

๊ฒƒ, ๋ฐ, ๋ฐ”, ๋“ฏ, ์ฒด, ์ˆ˜, ๋…˜, ์ง€, ๋•Œ๋ฌธ, ๋งŒํผ, all the units (๊ฐœ, ๋ถ„, ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ,

์ดˆ, ์ž”, ๋Œ€, ์ฑ„, ์ผค๋ ˆ, โ€ฆ..)

2. Pronoun (๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ) Words that indicate and replace nouns.

Type Personal Pronoun (์ธ์นญ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ)

Description Indicates a person: the first person, the second person, the third person

example ๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ €ํฌ, ๋„ˆ, ๋‹น์‹ , ๊ทธ๋Œ€, ๋„ˆํฌ, ์ด๋ถ„, ์ €๋ถ„, ๊ทธ๋ถ„

Demonstrative Pronoun (์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ)

Indicates an object or a direction

์ด๊ฒƒ, ์ €๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์ €๊ธฐ, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ

Interrogative Pronoun (์˜๋ฌธ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ)

Indicates the subject of questioning

๋ˆ„๊ตฌ, ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋””, ๋ฌด์—‡

18


3. Numeral (์ˆ˜์‚ฌ) Words for numbers. Refer to the separate Chapter for Numerals.

4. Verb (๋™์‚ฌ) Words that indicate movement.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋†€๋‹ค, ๊ฐ€๋‹ค, ์˜ค๋‹ค, ์•‰๋‹ค, ์„œ๋‹ค, ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋•๋‹ค 5. Adjective (ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ) Words that indicate state of an object.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ถฅ๋‹ค, ๋ฅ๋‹ค, ์˜ˆ์˜๋‹ค, ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค, ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„๋‹ค, ๋ฐฐ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋™๊ทธ๋ž—๋‹ค 6. Pre-noun (๊ด€ํ˜•์‚ฌ) Words that are followed by nouns, pronouns and numerals, and modify them. Do not get confused with pre-nouns and adjectives. Pre-nouns do not inflect (conjugate) and adjectives do not modify nouns in front of them.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ƒˆ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ 7. Postposition (์กฐ์‚ฌ) Postpositions are attached to most of any words to compose a component of a sentence. Refer to the separate Chapter for Postpositions. [Note] Postposition is the only independent word that is written without a space after a preceding word.

8. Adverb (๋ถ€์‚ฌ) Words that are followed by a verb or an adjective and modify it, or modify the entire sentence.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ˆ์œ ๊ฝƒ,

์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋›ด๋‹ค

9. Interjection (๊ฐํƒ„์‚ฌ) Words that usually express emotion and are capable of being used by itself independently.

Substantives (์ฒด์–ธ) and Inflectional Words (์šฉ์–ธ) Substantives are the words that can take a role of a body supported by a postposition in a sentence. Nouns, Pronouns and Numberals are substantives.

Inflectional words are the words that have independent meanings and can be used as a predicate in a sentence. Verbs, Adjectives and Predicate Postpositions are inflectional words.

19


Chapter 5. Sentence Structure ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 1. Basic Format of a Korean Sentence with the Main Components

์ฃผ์–ด + ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด + Subject Object

๋ณด์–ด Complement

+ ์„œ์ˆ ์–ด Predicate

* Pre-nounal, adverbial, and independent components are not shown in this diagram.

Part of speech is a class of a word determined by the nature of a word itself before being used, but when the word is used in a sentence, it is assigned its function as a component of the sentence. For example nouns need appropriate postpositions to become a component of a sentence, and inflectional words need appropriate suffixes. The components are subject, object, predicate, complement, prenounal component, adverbial component, and independent component. The subject and the predicate are essential to form a sentence (even though subject is often omitted).

[Rule 1] The order of the sentence components is as above. [Rule 2] Subject, object and complement are granted the roles by a postposition. [Rule 3] There are 3 cases for the predicate (all with appropriate inflection): (Donโ€™t get confused with English where only verbs can be a predicate.)

i) A verb can be a predicate with a closing suffix [๋ณด๊ธฐ]

์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Subject

Object

I like an apple.

Predicate

ii) An adjective can be a predicate with a closing suffix [๋ณด๊ธฐ]

๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Subject

The weather is nice.

Predicate

iii) Substantive + predicate postposition (โ€˜์ด๋‹คโ€™) can be a predicate [๋ณด๊ธฐ]

์ œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์€ ์„œ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Subject

My hometown is Seoul.

Predicate

[Rule 4] Object is used before the predicate (verb). โ€“ Compare with English. [๋ณด๊ธฐ]

์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Subject Object

I like an apple.

Predicate

20


[Rule 5] Complement is used only for the incomplete predicates, โ€˜๋˜๋‹คโ€™ and โ€˜์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€™. [๋ณด๊ธฐ]

๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Subject Complement

That person is not a teacher.

Predicate

[Rule 6] Subject is often omitted (in imperative sentences and in the colloquial language). [๋ณด๊ธฐ]

ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๋‹ค๋…€์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

(I) have been to Korea.

Predicate

2. Sentence Components (๋ฌธ์žฅ ์„ฑ๋ถ„) There are total of 7 components in Korean sentences.

1) Subject (์ฃผ์–ด) 2) Object (๋ชฉ์ ์–ด) 3) Predicate (์„œ์ˆ ์–ด) 4) Complement (๋ณด์–ด) 5) Pre-nounal Component (๊ด€ํ˜•์–ด) A pre-nounal component modifies a substansive (noun/pronoun/numeral).

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. Subject

P.N.C.

Object

He likes a beautiful scene.

Predicate

6) Adverbial Component (๋ถ€์‚ฌ์–ด) An adverbial component modifies the predicate, a pre-nounal component, another adverbial component or the entire sentence. (Possible combinations: substansive + postposition, inflectional word with a suffix, and an adverb)

[๋ณด๊ธฐ]

์–ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Adverb Subject A.C.

We had a lot of snow yesterday.

Predicate

7) Independent Component (๋…๋ฆฝ์–ด) An independent component is used independently of other components in the sentence.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์•„, ๋“œ๋””์–ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด๊ตฌ๋‚˜. I.C.

A.C.

Oh, finally itโ€™s summer!

Predicate

21


3. Suffixes for Predicate Suffixes for a predicate assigns the attitude class (politeness and formality) and the tense (pastpresent-future), and indicate the type of the sentence (interrogative sentence, imperative sentence, etc.).

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] Fundamental Form: ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋‹ค (to like) Tense

Attitude

Formal Polite Informal Polite Formal Plain Informal Plain

Past

Present

Future

์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š” ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์–ด

์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š” ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด

์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ข‹์•„ํ• ๊ป˜์š” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์•„ํ• ๊ป˜

Refer to the separate Chapter for Infected Words for more details.

4. Postpositions Postpositions are attached to compose a component out of a bare word. Refer to the separate Chapter for Postpositions.

Spacing Rule for Writing (๋„์–ด ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์›์น™) You must have a space between any two independent words, except for postpositions. (๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋„์–ด ์“ฐ๋˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•ž ๋‹จ์–ด์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ ์“ด๋‹ค.) โ€˜Wordsโ€™ above mean any of the 9 parts of speech. Suffixes and prefixes are not โ€˜wordsโ€™.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ]

๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. pronoun

noun

verb

postposition

22


Chapter 6. Inflectional Words ์šฉ์–ธ I. Inflectional Words Verbs, adjectives and predicate postpositions inflect when they are used in a sentence, and are called the inflectional words. They have the following structure:

HeadSUFFIX

STEM

(Tail-) SUFFIX

* There can be only 1 stem and 1 tail suffix used, but there can be multiple head-suffixes inserted.

Inflectional words can be a predicate in a sentence: i) A verb or an adjective can be a predicate if inflected with a closing suffix.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ]

(์ €๋Š”) ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Subject

Object

I like an apple.

Predicate

ii) A noun plus predicate postposition (โ€˜-์ด๋‹คโ€™) can also be a predicate of a sentence.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ]

์ œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์€ ์„œ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Subject

My hometown is Seoul.

Predicate

II. Stem (์–ด๊ฐ„) The stem of a word (verb or adjective) is the root part of the word that contains the fundamental meaning of it. The stem does not change its form. What changes is the suffix (and also the stemsupplements, if any) as the words are used in a sentence.

III. Fundamental Form & Fundamental Suffix (๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ˜• ์–ด๋ฏธ) A fundamental form is the original form of a verb or an adjective that is composed of the stem of the word and the fundamental suffix โ€˜-๋‹คโ€˜. A fundamental form implies no role of the word as a sentence component such as tense, attitude or the predicate type.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ]

ํ•˜๋‹ค = ํ•˜(stem) + ๋‹ค(fundamental suffix) ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋‹ค = ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜(stem) + ๋‹ค(fundamental suffix) ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค = ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต(stem) + ๋‹ค(fundamental suffix)

to do to study beautiful

IV. Tail-Suffix (์–ด๋ง์–ด๋ฏธ) Tail-Suffix is the ending part of a verb or an adjective, and it decides many important roles of the word in the sentence such as tense, attitude and the predicate type. Inflectional words are verbs, adjectives and predicate postpositions. In a sentence, a verb or an adjective must be inflected with a proper suffix to be a component of the sentence. For that, the fundamental suffix โ€˜-๋‹คโ€™ is replaced by an appropriate tail-suffix, or a combination of a head-suffix and a tail-suffix.

23


1) Closing Suffix (์ข…๊ฒฐ์–ด๋ฏธ) Closing suffixes are used for an inflection to finish the sentence. There are different types of closing suffixes as in the following table:

Type

Suffixes

Normal (ํ‰์„œํ˜•) statement

-ใ…‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค/์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค[FP], -์ง€[IC], -์ง€์š”/์ฃ [IP],

ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,

-(ใ„ด)๋‹ค[C], -์•„/์–ด[IC], -์•„์š”/์–ด์š”[IP],

ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”, ํ–ˆ์†Œ, ํ–ˆ๋‹ค,

-(ใ„ด)๋ฐ(์š”)[IC(IP)], -(ใ„ด)๋Œ€(์š”)[IC(IP)],

ํ–ˆ์–ด, ์ข‹์ง€, ํ–ˆ๋„ค์š”,

-๋ ท๋‹ค[IC], -์˜ค/์†Œ[IP], -๋Š๋‹ˆ๋ผ[IC], -๋„ค์š”[IP], -๋„ค[C], -๋งˆ[IC]

Interrogative (์˜๋ฌธํ˜•)

instruction

Petitionary (์ฒญ์œ ํ˜•) suggestion

Exclamatory (๊ฐํƒ„ํ˜•) exclamation

ํ•˜๋งˆ, ์ข‹์€๋ฐ์š”, ์ข‹๋Œ€์š” ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”,

-์•„/์–ด[IC], -์•„์š”/์–ด์š”[IP], -๋˜๊ฐ€[FC],

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”, ํ–ˆ๋‚˜์š”,

-์ง€[IC], -์ง€์š”/์ฃ [IP], -๋‚˜[C], -๋‚˜์š”[IP],

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ฐ€, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ ,

-(์œผ)ใ„น๊นŒ(์š”)[C(IP)], -(์œผ)๋ƒ/๋Š๋ƒ[IC]

Imperative (๋ช…๋ นํ˜•)

ํ–ˆ๋„ค, ํ–ˆ๋Š๋‹ˆ๋ผ,

-ใ…‚๋‹ˆ๊นŒ/์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ[FP], -(์œผ)ใ„ด๊ฐ€์š”[IP],

-(์œผ)ใ„ด๊ฐ€/๋Š”๊ฐ€[FC], -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ[IC], -๋ ค๋‚˜[FC],

question

example

ํ–ˆ๋‚˜, ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ, ํ–ˆ์–ด, ํ–ˆ๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”, ํ–ˆ๋Š๋ƒ

-์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค[FP], -์•„/์–ด[IC], -์•„์š”/์–ด์š”[IP],

ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค, ๋“ค์–ด์š”,

-์ง€์š”/์ฃ [IP], -๋ผ/์•„๋ผ/์–ด๋ผ/์—ฌ๋ผ[IC],

ํ•˜์˜ค, ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ํ•˜์ง€,

-๋ ค๋ฌด๋‚˜[IC], -์˜ค[IP], -๊ฒŒ[FC], -์ง€[IC]

๋“ค์–ด, ํ•˜์—ฌ๋ผ

-ใ…‚์‹œ๋‹ค[FP], -์ง€[IC], -์ง€์š”/์ฃ [IP],

๊ฐ‘์‹œ๋‹ค, ๊ฐ€์ฃ ,

-์ž[C], -์„ธ[FC], -์ž๊พธ๋‚˜[IC]

๊ฐ€์„ธ, ๊ฐ€์ž

-๊ตฐ์š”[IP], -๊ตฌ๋ ค[IP], -๊ตฌ๋‚˜[IC],

๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฐ์š”,

-๊ตฌ๋จผ[IC], -๋ผ/์•„๋ผ/์–ด๋ผ/์—ฌ๋ผ[IC]

๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฌ๋‚˜

* Bold face attitude means a frequently used one, and Italic means old fashioned.

[Note] -(์œผ)์„ธ์š”[IP]: A closing suffix transformed from โ€“(์œผ+)์‹œ+์–ด์š” = -(์œผ)์…”์š”. This suffix can be used as a normal, an interrogative, or an imperative closing suffix. [๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์€ ์ฐธ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜์„ธ์š”. (normal)

์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”? (interrogative) ๋“œ์„ธ์š”. (imperative)

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2) Connection Suffix (์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์–ด๋ฏธ) Connection suffixes are used for an inflection to connect the sentence to another sentence or a word, without finishing the sentence. There are different types of connection suffixes as in the following table:

Type Equivalent (๋Œ€๋“ฑ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ)

Suffixes

example

-๊ณ , -๋ฉฐ, -๋‚˜, -์ง€๋งŒ, -๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,

์‚ฐ์€ ๋†’๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋„“๋‹ค.

-๋“ ์ง€, -๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ, -๋Š๋‹ˆ, -๋ฉด์„œ,

Mountain is high and ocean is wide.

-ใ„ด๋ฐ, -๋˜ -๋ฉด, -๊ฑฐ๋“ , -๋‹ˆ(๊นŒ), -๋ฏ€๋กœ, Subordinate (์ข…์†์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ)

-์•„/์–ด, -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ, -์•„์•ผ/์–ด์•ผ, -๋Š”๋ฐ, -ใ„น๋ง์ •, -ใ„น์ˆ˜๋ก,

๋ด„์ด ์˜ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๋‹ค. Since spring has come, we have a warm weather.

-๋Ÿฌ, -๋ ค, -๊ฒŒ, -๋„๋ก, -์•„๋„/์–ด๋„, -๋”๋ผ๋„ Supplementary -์•„/-์–ด, -๊ฒŒ, -์ง€, -๊ณ  (๋ณด์กฐ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ)

ํƒ์ด ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Tom is studying.

* See the Chapter for Supplementary Inflectional words for the details of the supplementary connection suffixes.

3) Transmutation Suffix (์ „์„ฑ์–ด๋ฏธ) Transmutation suffixes are used for an inflection to convert the nature of a phrase/subsentence to another. There are different types of transmutation suffixes as in the following table:

Type Noun form (๋ช…์‚ฌํ˜•) Pre-noun form (๊ด€ํ˜•์‚ฌํ˜•)

Suffixes -(์œผ)ใ…, -๊ธฐ

-(์œผ)ใ„ด, -๋Š”, -(์œผ)ใ„น

example ํƒ์€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. Tom hates to study. ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ข‹๋‹ค. It is nice to see Tom studying.

V. Head-Suffix (์„ ํ–‰์–ด๋ฏธ) Head-suffixes can be inserted into the front part of the suffix to indicate the attitude (towards the subject of the sentence) and the tense.

1) Honorific Head-Suffix (์กด์นญ ์„ ํ–‰์–ด๋ฏธ): -์‹œThe head-suffix โ€˜์‹œโ€™ elevates the attitude towards the person whom you are talking about (typically the subject of the sentence). This is done independently of the attitude elevation towards the person whom you are talking to, which is typically done by the tail-suffix.

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[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ ๋‹ค.

Grandfather watches a movie.

๋ณด๋‹ค = ๋ณด(stem) + ๋‹ค(fundamental suffix)

verb: to see

โ–ถ ๋ณด(stem) + ์‹œ(honorific head-suffix) + ใ„ด(tense head-suffix) + ๋‹ค(tail-suffix)

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ €ํฌ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

My grandmother is very kind.

์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค = ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜(stem) + ๋‹ค(fundamental suffix)

adjective: kind/friendly

โ–ถ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜(stem) + ์‹œ(honorific head-suffix) + ใ…‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(tail-suffix)

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ด๋ถ„์ด ์ €ํฌ ์žฅ๋ชจ๋‹˜์ด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

This is my mother-in-law.

์ด๋‹ค = ์ด(stem) + ๋‹ค(fundamental suffix)

predicate postposition:. to be

โ–ถ ์ด(stem) + ์‹œ(honorific head-suffix) + ใ…‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(tail-suffix)

2) Modesty Head-Suffix (๊ฒธ์–‘ ์„ ํ–‰์–ด๋ฏธ): -์˜ตThe head-suffix โ€˜์˜ตโ€™ elevates the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to by your modesty. This is not explicitly used in modern Korean.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ œ ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ต์†Œ์„œ.

Please listen to me.

3) Tense Head-Suffix (์‹œ์ œ ์„ ํ–‰์–ด๋ฏธ): -๋Š”-, -์•˜/์—ˆ-, -์˜€-, -๋”-, -๊ฒ Tense

Suffixes

Past (๊ณผ๊ฑฐ)

-์•˜/์—ˆ-, -์˜€-, -๋”-

Present (ํ˜„์žฌ)

-ใ„ด/๋Š”- *

Future (๋ฏธ๋ž˜)

-๊ฒ -

example ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด์ œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. We saw a movie yesterday.

๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑท๋Š”๋‹ค. I walk a lot everyday.

๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋…์— ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. I will do my homework this evening.

* The present tense head-suffix is used only for verbs with some tail-suffixes such as โ€˜-๋‹คโ€™ (normal) or โ€˜-๊ฐ€โ€™ (interrogative). For many other cases, the closing tail-suffix itself indicates the present unless thereโ€™s a past or future tense head-suffix attached.

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Exercises 1. Inflect the following verbs as indicated: ๊ฐ€๋‹ค

to go

โ–ถ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•™๊ต์—

_____ stem

+

______

+

honorific head-suffix

โ–ท ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•™๊ต์— __________________.

๋จน๋‹ค

________. normal closing tail-suffix [FP]

Teacher is going to school now.

to eat

โ–ถ ์•„์นจ์— ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด _____ stem

+

_____

+

past-tense head-suffix

________. normal closing tail-suffix [FP]

โ–ท ์•„์นจ์— ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ______________________.

I had a big breakfast this morning.

2. Inflect the following adjectives as indicated: ๊ฐ€๋ณ๋‹ค

light

โ–ถ ์†œ์€ _________ stem

+

____________ ? interrogative closing tail-suffix [FP]

โ–ท ์†œ์€ __________________?

Is cotton light?

3. Inflect the predicate postposition as indicated: ์ด๋‹ค

to be

โ–ถ ๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ์ „์— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜_____

+ ______ + ______

+

____________ .

stem honorโ€™ head-suffix past-tense head-suffix normal closing tail-suffix [FP]

โ–ท ๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ์ „์— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜__________________.

He/She was a professor before.

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Chapter 7. Supplementary Inflectional Words ๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ 1. Definition Supplementary inflectional words are the inflectional words that cannot be independently used as predicate of a sentence, and they are used after the main inflectional word. If there are two inflectional words used in the predicate of a sentence, the first word is the main inflectional word (๋ณธ์šฉ์–ธ) and the second one is the supplementary inflectional word (๋ณด์กฐ์šฉ์–ธ). The supplementary inflectional word is used to express status, completion, negation, duty, necessity, inability, supposition, desire and etc.

2. Usage A main inflectional word and a supplementary inflectional word can be used as the format below:

Main Inflectional Word Stem of Main Inflectional Word

Supplementary Inflectional Word

Head- Supplementary Connection Suffix Tail-Suffix

+

Stem of Supplementary Inflectional Word

HeadSuffix

TailSuffix

Supplementary connection-suffixes: -์•„/์–ด, -๊ฒŒ, -์ง€, -๊ณ (์•ผ), -์•„์•ผ/์–ด์•ผ, -๋‚˜, -๊ฐ€/ใ„ด๊ฐ€/๋Š”๊ฐ€, -๊ธฐ๋Š”, -(์•„/์–ด)๋„ (๋ณด์กฐ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์–ด๋ฏธ)

[Format 1]

Main Verb + Supplementary Verb ๋ณธ๋™์‚ฌ

<๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๋ณด์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ

๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€

๋– ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ M-Verb

[Format 2]

๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. S-Verb

Main Verb + Supplementary Adjective ๋ณธ๋™์‚ฌ

<๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๋ณด์กฐํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ

๋ƒ‰๋ฉด์ด

๋จน๊ณ 

์‹ถ์–ด์š”.

M-Verb S-Adjective

[Format 3]

Main Adjective + Supplementary Verb ๋ณธํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ

<๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๊ธธ์ด

๋ณด์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ

๋„“์–ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. M-Adj

S-Verb

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[Format 4]

Main Adjective + Supplementary Adjective ๋ณธํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ

<๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๊ธธ์ด

๋ณด์กฐํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ

๋„“๊ธฐ๋Š”

ํ•˜๋‹ค.

M-Adj

S-Adj

3. Supplementary Inflectional Words List There are supplementary verbs and supplementary adjectives as follows:

[ Supplementary Verbs (๋ณด์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ) ] Negation (๋ถ€์ •):

(-์ง€) ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋‹ค(์•Š๋‹ค)

Refrainment (์ž์ œ): Inability (๋ถˆ๋Šฅ): Activeness (์‚ฌ๋™): Passiveness (ํ”ผ๋™): Progress (์ง„ํ–‰):

(-์ง€) ๋ง๋‹ค (-์ง€) ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค (-๊ฒŒ) ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹ค (-์•„/์–ด) ์ง€๋‹ค, (-๊ฒŒ) ๋˜๋‹ค (-์–ด) ๊ฐ€๋‹ค, ์˜ค๋‹ค, (-๊ณ ) ์žˆ๋‹ค, ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‹ค

Completion (์™„๋ฃŒ): Service (๋ด‰์‚ฌ):

(-๊ณ ) ๋‚˜๋‹ค, (-์•„) ๋‚ด๋‹ค, ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค, (-๊ณ /๊ณ ์•ผ) ๋ง๋‹ค (-์–ด) ์ฃผ๋‹ค, ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค

Attempt (์‹œํ–‰):

(-์–ด) ๋ณด๋‹ค, ๋‚ด๋‹ค

Emphasis (๊ฐ•์„ธ):

(-์–ด) ๋Œ€๋‹ค

Possession (๋ณด์œ ): Inference (์ง์ž‘): Duty (๋‹น์œ„/์˜๋ฌด/ํ•„์—ฐ):

(-์–ด) ๋‘๋‹ค, ๋†“๋‹ค, ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค (-์•„/์–ด) ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค (-์•„์•ผ/์–ด์•ผ) ํ•œ๋‹ค

[ Supplementary Adjectives (๋ณด์กฐํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ) ] Desire (ํฌ๋ง): Negation (๋ถ€์ •): Supposition (์ถ”์ธก):

(-๊ณ ) ์‹ถ๋‹ค (-์ง€) ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋‹ค/์•Š๋‹ค, ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค (-ใ„ด๊ฐ€/๋Š”๊ฐ€, -๋‚˜) ๋ณด๋‹ค, (-๋‚˜, -๊ฐ€) ์‹ถ๋‹ค, ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค

Status (์ƒํƒœ): Admission (์‹œ์ธ):

(-์–ด/์•„) ์žˆ๋‹ค, ๊ณ„์‹œ๋‹ค (-๊ธฐ๋Š”) ํ•˜๋‹ค

<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์€ ์„œ์šธ๋งŒํผ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.

Busan is not as big as Seoul.

M. Adj S. Adj

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Exercises Complete the sentence using the main inflectional word and the supplementary inflectional word given below: 1. Main Verb: ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค (to sleep)

Supplementary Verb: ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค [inability]

I could not tell the fact. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„

_______ + ์ง€ stem

________ + ______ + ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

suppl. con. tail-s

stem

โ–ท ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ _________________

2. Main Verb: ๊ฐ€๋‹ค (to go)

past head-s normal closing tail-s [FP]

___________________________.

Supplementary Verb: ์žˆ๋‹ค [progress]

Yes, I am coming now [Iโ€™m on my way]. ์˜ˆ, ์ง€๊ธˆ

________ + ๊ณ  stem

_________ + ___

suppl. con. tail-s

โ–ท ์˜ˆ, ์ง€๊ธˆ _____________

3. Main Verb: ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค (to show)

stem

.

normal closing tail-s [FP]

_________________________.

Supplementary Verb: ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค [service]

Iโ€™ll show you my family pictures. ์ €ํฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ______ + ์–ด

_______ + _____

stem suppl. con. tail-s โ–ท ์ €ํฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ _____________

4. Main Adjective: ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•˜๋‹ค (tired)

stem

future head-s

+

_____________. normal closing tail-s [FP]

_________________________.

Supplementary Verb: ๋ณด์ด๋‹ค [inference]

You look tired today. ์˜ค๋Š˜

________ + ์–ด stem

โ–ท ์˜ค๋Š˜

ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•ด

suppl. con. tail-s

_________ + _______________. stem

normal closing tail-s [FP]

๋ณด์ด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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5. Main Verb: ์Œ“๋‹ค (to pile up)

Supplementary Verb: ํ•˜๋‹ค [duty]

You should lay the foundation firmly. ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ํŠผํŠผํžˆ _______ + ์•„์•ผ stem

________ + ใ…‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

suppl. con. tail-s

stem

โ–ท ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ํŠผํŠผํžˆ _________________

6. Main Verb: ์„œ๋‹ค (to go)

normal closing tail-s [FP]

______________.

Supplementary Adjective: ์žˆ๋‹ค [status]

Tom is just standing there. ํƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ________ + ์–ด stem โ–ท ํƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ

_________ +

suppl. con. tail-s

๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ _____________

7. Main Verb: ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋‹ค (to go)

stem

๋‹ค. normal closing tail-s [FC]

________________.

Supplementary Verb: ์ฃผ๋‹ค [service]

Please let me know how to get there. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€

___________ + ____ stem

suppl. con. tail-s

โ–ท ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ _____________

8. Main Adjective: ๊ณ ํ”„๋‹ค (hungry)

_________ + stem

์„ธ์š”.

imperative closing tail-s [IP]

_________________________.

Supplementary Adjective: ํ•˜๋‹ค [admission]

I should admit that I am hungry. ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€

________ + ๊ธฐ๋Š” stem

โ–ท ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€

suppl. con. tail-s

_____________________

_________ + ๋„ค์š”. stem

normal closing tail-s [IP]

_____________________.

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Chapter 8. Irregular Inflectional Words ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ์šฉ์–ธ 1. Regular Inflectional Words and Irregular Inflectional Words A regular inflectional word is an inflectional word that either does not change the stem or suffix at all, or changes the stem or the suffix but as a natural phonemic phenomenon, when it inflects. An irregular inflectional word is an inflectional word whose stem or the inflection suffix changes irregularly when it inflects.

2. Regular Inflectional Word Classes There are several classes of regular inflectional words.

1) No-change inflection (๋ณ€ํ™” ์—†๋Š” ํ™œ์šฉ) No change occurs at any inflection ever.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋จน๋‹ค โ–ถ ๋จน๊ณ , ๋จน์ง€, ๋จน์œผ๋‹ˆ, ๋จน์–ด์„œ, ๋จน์„๊นŒ, ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, โ€ฆโ€ฆ (verb: to eat) -์ด๋‹ค โ–ถ ์ด๊ณ , ์ด์ง€, ์ด๋‹ˆ, ์ด์–ด์„œ, ์ผ๊นŒ, ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, โ€ฆโ€ฆ (predicate preposition) 2) ใ„นโ€“drop (ใ„น ํƒˆ๋ฝ) All the inflectional words whose stem ends with โ€˜ใ„นโ€™ drop their tailing โ€˜ใ„นโ€™ when they meet a leading sound โ€˜-ใ„ด, -ใ„น, -ใ…‚, -ใ……, -์˜คโ€™ of a suffix (without any exceptions).

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋‚ ๋‹ค โ–ถ ๋‚ (stem) + ใ…‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(suffix) โ–ท ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ธธ๋‹ค โ–ถ ๊ธธ(stem) + ใ…‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(suffix) โ–ท ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

(verb: to fly) (adjective: long)

๋„๋‹ค, ๋†€๋‹ค, ๋‹ฌ๋‹ค, ๋œ๋‹ค, ๋Œ๋‹ค, ๋ฉ€๋‹ค, ๋ฌผ๋‹ค, ๋ฐ€๋‹ค, ๋ฒŒ๋‹ค, ๋ถˆ๋‹ค, ๋นŒ๋‹ค, ์‚ด๋‹ค, ์•Œ๋‹ค, ์–ผ๋‹ค, ์šธ๋‹ค, ์ ˆ๋‹ค, ์กธ๋‹ค, ์ค„๋‹ค 3) ์œผโ€“drop (์œผ ํƒˆ๋ฝ) All the inflectional words whose stem ends with the vowel โ€˜ใ…กโ€™ drop their tailing โ€˜ใ…กโ€™ when they meet a leading sound โ€˜-์•„/์–ดโ€™ of a suffix (without any exceptions). This does not apply to the ๋ฅด-irregular inflectional words described as #4 in the irregular inflectional words sections below.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์“ฐ๋‹ค โ–ถ ์“ฐ(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ์จ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋‹ค โ–ถ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด(stem) + ์•„(suffix) โ–ท ๋”ฐ๋ผ

(verb: to write) (verb: to follow)

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๊ฐ€์˜๋‹ค, ๊ธฐ์˜๋‹ค, ๋„๋‹ค, ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค, ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋“ค๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋œจ๋‹ค, ๋ฐ”์˜๋‹ค, ์Šฌํ”„๋‹ค, ์“ฐ๋‹ค, ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค, ์น˜๋ฅด๋‹ค, ํฌ๋‹ค 3. Irregular Inflectional Word Classes There are several classes of irregular inflectional words.

< 1-5: Irregular Inflectional Words Whose Stem Changes > 1) ใ……โ€“irregular Inflection (ใ…… ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) The base (final sound) of the stem 'ใ……' drops when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์ž‡๋‹ค โ–ถ ์ž‡(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ์ด์–ด ๊ธ‹๋‹ค โ–ถ ๊ธ‹(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ๊ทธ์–ด

(verb: to connect) (verb: to draw a line)

๋ถ“๋‹ค, ์ “๋‹ค, ์ง“๋‹ค [Regular inflectional words]

์›ƒ๋‹ค(to smile/laugh), ๋นผ์•—๋‹ค(to snatch), ์”ป๋‹ค(to wash)

2) ใ„ทโ€“irregular Inflection (ใ„ท ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) The base (final sound) of the stem 'ใ„ท' changes to โ€˜ใ„นโ€™ when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋“ฃ๋‹ค โ–ถ ๋“ฃ(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฑท๋‹ค โ–ถ ๊ฑท(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ๊ฑธ์–ด

(verb: to listen) (verb: to walk)

๊ธท๋‹ค, ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋‹ค, ๋ฌป๋‹ค(to ask), ์‹ฃ๋‹ค [Regular inflectional words]

๋ฌป๋‹ค(to bury), ์–ป๋‹ค(to gain), ์Ÿ๋‹ค(to pour)

3) ใ…‚โ€“irregular Inflection (ใ…‚ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) The base (final sound) of the stem 'ใ…‚' changes to โ€˜์˜ค/์šฐโ€™ when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๊ตฝ๋‹ค โ–ถ ๊ตฝ(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ๊ตฌ์›Œ ๋ˆ•๋‹ค โ–ถ ๋ˆ•(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ๋ˆ„์›Œ

(verb: to broil) (verb: to lie down)

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๊ฐ€๋ณ๋‹ค, ๊ฐ€์—ฝ๋‹ค, ๋ฅ๋‹ค, ๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค, ๋งต๋‹ค, ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋‹ค, ๋ฐ‰๋‹ค, ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ค, ์‰ฝ๋‹ค, ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค, ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค, ์ค๋‹ค, ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๋‹ค, ์ถฅ๋‹ค [Regular inflectional words]

์”น๋‹ค(to chew), ์žก๋‹ค(to grab), ์ข๋‹ค(narrow)

4) ๋ฅดโ€“irregular Inflection (๋ฅด ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) The vowel 'ใ…กโ€™ in the syllable โ€˜๋ฅดโ€™ of the stem changes to โ€˜ใ„นโ€™ when it meets a leading vowel of a suffix, so that there are 2 consecutive โ€˜ใ„นโ€™s in the inflected form.

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‹ค โ–ถ ์˜ค๋ฅด(stem) + ์•„(suffix) โ–ท ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค โ–ถ ๋‹ค๋ฅด(stem)+ ์•„(suffix) โ–ท ๋‹ฌ๋ผ

(verb: to climb) (adjective: different)

๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๊ฑฐ๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋‚˜๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋‹ค(to press), ๋งˆ๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋ถˆ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋‹ค, ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค, ์„œํˆฌ๋ฅด๋‹ค, ์ด๋ฅด๋‹ค, ์ž๋ฅด๋‹ค, ์กฐ๋ฅด๋‹ค, ์ง€๋ฅด๋‹ค 5) ์šฐโ€“irregular Inflection (์šฐ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) The vowel โ€˜ใ…œโ€™ in the end of the stem drops when it meets the suffix โ€˜์–ดโ€™. There is only one word in this class: ํ‘ธ๋‹ค

ํ‘ธ๋‹ค โ–ถ ํ‘ธ(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ํผ

(verb: to scoop out)

< 6-9: Irregular Inflectional Words Whose Suffix Changes > 6) ์—ฌโ€“irregular Inflection (์—ฌ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) If the last syllable of the stem is 'ํ•˜', the suffix โ€˜-์•„/์–ดโ€™ changes to โ€˜-์—ฌโ€™. (This is applied to all the verbs and adjectives that end with โ€˜-ํ•˜๋‹คโ€™. ) (The inflection result โ€˜-ํ•˜์—ฌโ€™ often becomes โ€˜-ํ•ดโ€™ in the spoken language.)

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ–ถ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค โ–ถ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์—ฌ

(verb: to study) (adjective: similar)

7) ๋Ÿฌโ€“irregular Inflection (๋Ÿฌ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) The suffix โ€˜-์–ดโ€™ changes to โ€˜-๋Ÿฌโ€™.

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There are only 3 words in this class: ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋‹ค(yellowish), ์ด๋ฅด๋‹ค(to reach), ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋‹ค(bluish)

์ด๋ฅด๋‹ค โ–ถ ์ด๋ฅด(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ

(verb: to reach)

๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋‹ค โ–ถ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ

(adjective: yellowish)

ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋‹ค โ–ถ ํ‘ธ๋ฅด(stem) + ์–ด(suffix) โ–ท ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ

(adjective: blue)

[๋ฅด-irregular inflectional words] ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋‹ค(to press), ์ด๋ฅด๋‹ค(early, to peach)

8) ๊ฑฐ๋ผโ€“irregular Inflection (๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) The imperative suffix โ€˜-์–ด๋ผโ€™ changes to โ€˜-๊ฑฐ๋ผโ€™. (This is applied to all the intransitive verbs whose stem ends with โ€˜ใ…โ€™.)

๊ฐ€๋‹ค โ–ถ ๊ฐ€(stem) + ์–ด๋ผ(suffix) โ–ท ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋ผ

(verb: to go)

์ž๋‹ค โ–ถ ์ž(stem) + ์–ด๋ผ(suffix) โ–ท ์ž๊ฑฐ๋ผ

(verb: to sleep)

9) ๋„ˆ๋ผโ€“irregular Inflection (๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) The imperative suffix โ€˜-์–ด๋ผโ€™ changes to โ€˜-๋„ˆ๋ผโ€™.

์˜ค๋‹ค โ–ถ ์˜ค(stem) + ์–ด๋ผ(suffix) โ–ท ์˜ค๋„ˆ๋ผ

(verb: to come)

< 10: Irregular Inflectional Words Whose Stem and Suffix Both Change > 10) ใ…Žโ€“irregular Inflection (ใ…Ž ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ ํ™œ์šฉ) [a] The tailing โ€˜ใ…Žโ€™ in the stem drops when it meets a suffix that begins with โ€˜ใ„ดโ€™. [b] The suffix โ€˜-์•„/์–ดโ€™ changes to โ€˜-์• โ€™.

ํŒŒ๋ž—๋‹ค โ–ถ ํŒŒ๋ž—(stem) + ใ„ด(suffix) โ–ท ํŒŒ๋ž€ ํŒŒ๋ž—๋‹ค โ–ถ ํŒŒ๋ž—(stem) + ์•„ (suffix) โ–ท ํŒŒ๋ž˜

(adjective: blue)

ํ•˜์–—๋‹ค โ–ถ ํ•˜์–—(stem) + ใ„ด(suffix) โ–ท ํ•˜์–€ ํ•˜์–—๋‹ค โ–ถ ํ•˜์–—(stem) + ์•„ (suffix) โ–ท ํ•˜์–˜

(adjective: white)

[Tip] Try placing a suffix โ€˜-์–ด/์•„โ€™ after the stem of an inflectional word. If the resulting form does not change from the crude โ€˜stem + suffixโ€™ combination, it is a โ€œregular inflectionโ€, and otherwise an โ€œirregular inflectionโ€ (except for the cases where the vowel โ€˜ใ…กโ€™ drops).

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Exercises 1. Inflect the following regular verb with ใ„น-drop as indicated: ๋ฐ€๋‹ค

to push

โ–ถ ๋ฌธ์„ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ

_____

+

stem

โ–ท ๋ฌธ์„ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ

์„ธ์š”.

imperative closing tail-suffix [FP]

__________________.

Push the door hard.

2. Inflect the following ใ„ท-irregular verb as indicated: ๋“ฃ๋‹ค

to hear/listen

โ–ถ ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์Œ์•…์„ _____

+

stem

________. normal closing tail-suffix [FP]

โ–ท ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์Œ์•…์„ __________________.

โ–ถ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ

_____ stem

โ–ท ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ

+

________

I am listening to the music now.

๋ณด์„ธ์š”.

supplementary connection suffix

____________ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.

Try listening to it.

3. Inflect the following ใ…‚-irregular adjective as indicated: ์ถฅ๋‹ค

cold

โ–ถ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ _________ stem

โ–ท ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€

+

____________ ?

interrogative closing tail-suffix [FP]

___________________ ?

Is the weather cold today?

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โ–ถ ์˜ˆ, ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ _________

+

stem

____________. normal closing tail-suffix [IP]

___________________.

โ–ท ์˜ˆ, ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€

Yes, itโ€™s cold.

4. Inflect the following ๋ฅด-irregular adjective as indicated: ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค

different

โ–ถ ์˜์–ด์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด _________ stem

+

____________ ?

interrogative closing tail-suffix [IP]

โ–ท ์˜์–ด์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ________________ ?

โ–ถ ์˜ˆ, ๋งŽ์ด _________

+

stem

โ–ท ์˜ˆ, ๋งŽ์ด

Are English and Korean much different?

____________. normal closing tail-suffix [IP]

___________________.

Yes, they are much different.

5. Inflect the following ใ…Ž-irregular adjective as indicated: ํŒŒ๋ž—๋‹ค

blue

โ–ถ ํ•˜๋Š˜์ด _________

+

stem

____________. normal closing tail-suffix [FP]

โ–ท ํ•˜๋Š˜์ด __________________.

The sky is blue.

โ–ถ ์ €๋Š” __________ stem

ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

โ–ท ์ €๋Š”

+

________ pre-noun adjective suffix

____________ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

I like the blue sky.

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Chapter 9. Attitudes

Honorific & Casual Expressions ์กด๋Œ€๋ง๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ง I.

Attitudes Classes (์กด์นญ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰) Type

Class Formal Polite (FP)

Honorific Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Casual

II.

Informal Plain (IC)

Counterpart Older person, Person whom you are meeting for the first time, Stranger, Audience Older person as a close friend, Friend who did not agree to go casual Close friend, Friends who agreed to go casual, Men under your command (Also used as a literary style) Children, Brother, Sister, Close friend, Friend from childhood, Friend who agreed to go casual

Closing Suffixes for Different Attitudes (์ข…๊ฒฐ์–ด๋ฏธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์กด์นญ)

1) Normal Closing Suffixes (ํ‰์„œํ˜• ์ข…๊ฒฐ์–ด๋ฏธ) Verbs and Adjectives Inflected with Normal Closing Suffixes A predicate composed of a verb or an adjective assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to, depending on the suffixes for inflection.

Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)

Suffix -ใ…‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค/-์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -์•„์š”/์–ด์š” -๋‹ค [also in the fundamental form] -์•„/์–ด

์ €๋Š” ์ €๋Š” ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋Š”

example ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์–ด.

Predicate Postposition Inflected with Normal Closing Suffixes A predicate composed of a noun and a predicate postposition (โ€˜-์ด๋‹คโ€™) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to, depending on the suffixes used for inflection.

Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)

Postposition example -์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ €๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -์ด์—์š”/์˜ˆ์š”* ์ €๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด์—์š”. -(์ด)๋‹ค ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. -(์ด)์•ผ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด์•ผ. * -์ด์—์š” is used after a noun ending with a consonant, and โ€“์˜ˆ์š” with a vowel () means extra vowel inserted after nouns ending with a consonant

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2) Interrogative Closing Suffixes (์˜๋ฌธํ˜• ์ข…๊ฒฐ์–ด๋ฏธ) Verbs and Adjectives Inflected with Interrogative Closing Suffixes Suffix of the predicate (composed of a verb or adjective) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to.

Attitude Formal Polite (FP)

Suffix -ใ…‚๋‹ˆ๊นŒ/-์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)

-์•„์š”/์–ด์š” -๋‚˜ -์•„/์–ด, -๋‹ˆ, -๋ƒ

example ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”? ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‚˜? ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์–ด?

Predicate Postposition Inflected with Interrogative Closing Suffixes A predicate composed of a noun and a predicate postposition (โ€˜-์ด๋‹คโ€™) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to, depending on the suffixes used for inflection.

Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)

Postposition example -์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ €๋ถ„์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? -์ด์—์š”/์˜ˆ์š”* ์ €๋ถ„์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด์—์š”? -์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋ถ„์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? -(์ด)์•ผ ์ €๋ถ„์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด์•ผ? * -์ด์—์š” is used after a noun ending with a consonant, and โ€“์˜ˆ์š” with a vowel () means extra vowel inserted after nouns ending with a consonant

3) Imperative Closing Suffixes (๋ช…๋ นํ˜• ์ข…๊ฒฐ์–ด๋ฏธ) Verbs Inflected with Imperative Closing Suffixes Suffix of the predicate (composed of a verb) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to.

Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)

Suffix -์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค -์„ธ์š”/์…”์š” -๋ผ/์•„๋ผ/์–ด๋ผ/์—ฌ๋ผ -๋ผ/์•„๋ผ/์–ด๋ผ/์—ฌ๋ผ

์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ

example ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜๋ผ. ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ๋ผ.

4) Petitionary Closing Suffixes (์ฒญ์œ ํ˜• ์ข…๊ฒฐ์–ด๋ฏธ) Verbs Inflected with Petitionary Closing Suffixes Suffix of the predicate (composed of a verb) assigns the attitude towards the person whom you are talking to.

Attitude Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)

Suffix -ใ…‚์‹œ๋‹ค -์ง€์š”/์ฃ  -์ž, -์„ธ -์ž, -์„ธ

example ์ด์ œ ์ˆ™์ œ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์ˆ™์ œ ํ•˜์ฃ . ์ด์ œ ์ˆ™์ œ ํ•˜์ž. ์ด์ œ ์ˆ™์ œ ํ•˜์ž.

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III.

Head-Suffix โ€˜์‹œโ€™ for Elevating the Subject The head-suffix โ€˜์‹œโ€™ elevates the attitude towards the person whom you are talking about (typically the subject of the sentence). This is done independently of the attitude elevation towards the person whom you are talking to, which is typically done by the tail-suffix.

Attitude to counterpart Formal Polite (FP) Informal Polite (IP) Formal Plain (FC) Informal Plain (IC)

์ €๋ถ„์ด ์ €๋ถ„์ด ์ €๋ถ„์ด ์ €๋ถ„์ด

example ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด์—์š”. ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด์•ผ.

+ Subject elevation ์ €๋ถ„์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋ถ„์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด์„ธ์š”.* ์ €๋ถ„์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋ถ„์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด์…”.*

* Looks irregular after vowel compression

IV.

Sometimes nouns and verbs themselves imply attitudes Saying โ€œThank youโ€

FP: IP: FC: IC:

๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ( โ†‘ ) ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”. ๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ.

๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Saying โ€œHelp yourselfโ€ (or โ€œPlease eatโ€)

FP: IP: FC: IC:

๋“œ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๋“œ์„ธ์š”. ๋จน์–ด๋ผ. ๋จน์–ด.

์žก์ˆ˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์žก์ˆ˜์„ธ์š”.

๋จน์–ด์š”.

(โ†“)

(โ†“)

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Chapter 10. Postposition ์กฐ์‚ฌ

I. What is Postposition (์กฐ์‚ฌ)? A postposition is attached at the end of an independent word (without a space) and assigns the word a role in the sentence.

II. Postpositions (์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜) 1. Subject Postposition (์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ):

-์ด/๊ฐ€, -๊ป˜์„œ (honorific)

Besides these subject postpositions, some of the supplement postpositions (๋ณด์กฐ์‚ฌ) , such as -์€/๋Š”, -

๋„, -๋งŒ, -์กฐ์ฐจ, -๋งˆ์ €, -(์ด)์•ผ๋ง๋กœ, can take the role of a subject postposition. Especially โ€“์€/๋Š” among them are frequently used as a subject marker. Nuance Usage

When the answer to โ€œwho?โ€ is the subject

When itโ€™s the subjectโ€™s turn to be explained, in contrast with others

-์ด -๊ฐ€

-์€ -๋Š”

After Consonant After Vowel <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๊ทธ ํ•™๊ต์—๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

There are many students in the school.

์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Iโ€™ll give it a shot.

์ €ํฌ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ์˜ค์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

My father has come.

๋ณด์Šคํ†ค์€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋„์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Boston is a beautiful city.

์ €๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ”•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

I am hungry.

2. Object Postposition (๋ชฉ์ ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ):

-์„/๋ฅผ

<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

(after consonant/vowel, respectively) I am having lunch now.

์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ƒ€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. A friend of mine bought a watch today.

์ €๋Š” ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ฐ•์ฐฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. I like Chan Ho Park best among all baseball players.

3. Complement Postposition (๋ณด๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ): -์ด/๊ฐ€ (after consonant/vowel, respectively) Used in front of โ€˜๋˜๋‹คโ€™(verb: to become) or โ€˜์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€™(adjective: not)

<๋ณด๊ธฐ>

๋ˆˆ์ด ๋…น์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Snow becomes water if it melts.

์–‘๋ฐฐ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ณผ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Cabbage is not a fruit.

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4. Predicate Postposition (์„œ์ˆ ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ): Refer to the separate Chapter for inflectional words.

5. Pre-nounal Postposition (๊ด€ํ˜•๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ): -์˜[of] <๋ณด๊ธฐ>

ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

The capital city of Korea is Seoul.

6. Vocative Postposition (ํ˜ธ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ): -์•„/์•ผ, -(์ด)์—ฌ, -(์ด)์‹œ์—ฌ Refer to the separate Chapter for Designation.

7. Adverbial Postposition (๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ) -์—[at, to], -์—๊ฒŒ[to], -๊ป˜[to], -์—์„œ[at, from], -๋กœ/์œผ๋กœ[to] <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์š”.

I am going to school now.

์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

I am coming from school now.

์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•™๊ต ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

I am going toward school now.

์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋… 8 ์‹œ์— ๋งŒ๋‚˜์š”.

See you at 8 this evening.

ํƒ(Tom)์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง‘์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Tom is at home now.

์ด ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ ๋™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.

Please pass this book to my younger sibling.

์ด ์ฑ…์„ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜๊ป˜ ์ „ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.

Please pass this book to the professor.

8. Connection Postposition (์ ‘์† ์กฐ์‚ฌ): [and, with] -์™€/๊ณผ: after vowel and after consonant, respectively <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ฐฐ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค.

Apple and pear are both good.

โ€“ํ•˜๊ณ : colloquial <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.

Let me have apples and pears, three of each.

-(์ด)๋ฉฐ: โ€˜์ดโ€™ is used after a word ending with a consonant <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทค์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. I like all the fruits: apple, tangerine, etc.

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9. Supplement Postposition (๋ณด์กฐ์‚ฌ): These do not decide a specific component of a noun (or substantive) in the sentence, but it just assigns a meaning of โ€˜specialtyโ€™ to the preceding word, regardless of the sentence component (the component is implicitly assigned).

-๋„[also] -์€/๋Š”[contrast/emphasis] -๋งŒ[only] -๊นŒ์ง€[even] -๋งˆ์ €[even] -์กฐ์ฐจ[even] -๋ถ€ํ„ฐ[first] -(์ด)์•ผ๋ง๋กœ[indeed] -(์ด)๋ผ๋„[even though] -์ปค๋…•[on the contrary] -๋ฐ–์—[only] -๋งŒํผ[as much as] -(์ด)๋“ [whatever] -(์ด)๋‚˜๋งˆ[though] -๋Œ€๋กœ[separately, just as] -ํ† ๋ก[to the extent] -๋งˆ๋‹ค[every]

<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์ธ์‚ผ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Insam (Ginseng) grows well only in Korea.

๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ๋ฐ ๋ผ๋ฉด์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋จน์์‹œ๋‹ค.

Letโ€™s just eat RaMyun since weโ€™re so hungry.

์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค(Alice)๋„ ์ง‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

They say that Alice is also at home.

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Chapter 11. Designation: How to Call Your Counterpart 1. General and Easy Ways [Honorific] ์”จ (Dependent Noun: Similar to Mr., Mrs. and Ms., but can be used for more various purposes)

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋ฐฑ์˜์ฃผ ์”จ (Formal/Informal Polite, the full name makes you feel some distance) ์˜์ฃผ ์”จ (Informal Polite, sometimes even used as Casual) ์•ค๋”” ์”จ [Casual] -์•„/์•ผ (Vocative Postposition: To a kid, younger brother/sister, very close friend in the same age)

[๋ณด๊ธฐ] ์„ ์•„์•ผ (if the last syllable of the name ends with a vowel) ๋ณ‘ํ—Œ์•„ (if the last syllable of the name ends with a consonant)

2. Brotherhood [Informal Polite] [Casual] (1) For Calling Elders (2) Extended to Close Older Friends: used more in the younger generation Elder

Male

Female

Male

ํ˜•

๋ˆ„๋‚˜

Female

์˜ค๋น 

์–ธ๋‹ˆ

You

[๋ณด๊ธฐ]

์„ ์•„ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜, ์ค€ํ˜ธ ํ˜•, ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ, ํƒ ์˜ค๋น 

3. Title [Honorific] Occupation / Degree / Respect - a noun-suffix โ€˜๋‹˜โ€™ makes it polite ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ (Teacher/Master, M.D.): can be also used to show respect to a person whoโ€™s not a teacher ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜ (Professor) ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋‹˜ (President of a company) ๊ณผ์žฅ๋‹˜ (A level of a manager) ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜ (Dr.) ๊ฐ๋…๋‹˜ (Head Coach, Manager of a sports team) ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋‹˜ (Driver, Engineer) [๋ณด๊ธฐ] ๋‚จ์ผ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ (Teacher)

๋งˆ์ดํฌ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ (just to show respect) 44


4. Special Ways [Informal Polite]

์•„์ €์”จ (Uncle) โ€“ Mostly to a married male, or a person who is way older than you are ์•„์คŒ๋งˆ (Aunt) - Mostly to a married female, or a person who is way older than you are ์‚ผ์ดŒ (Uncle) โ€“ To a single or a married male older than you ์ด๋ชจ (Aunt) - To a single or a married female older than you [Informal Plain]

์ž๊ธฐ(Self, actually means โ€˜Honeyโ€™) โ€“ To boyfriend/girlfriend/husband/wife, rarely just as โ€˜youโ€™

45


Part III. Useful Expressions & Vocabularies

46


Chapter 12. ์œกํ•˜์›์น™ 5 Ws & 1 H I. 6 ํ•˜์›์น™ ์œกํ•˜์›์น™(5 Ws & 1 H) is the set of 6 elements that you should contain in the reports such as in broadcast news. They are as following:

Korean ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์™œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ

English Who What When Where Why How

II. What They Are ์œกํ•˜์›์น™(5 Ws & 1 H) elements are typically composed as follows:

๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ = ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ(pronoun) + ๊ฐ€(postposition) ๋ฌด์—‡์„ = ๋ฌด์—‡(pronoun) + ์„(postposition) ์–ธ์ œ = ์–ธ์ œ(adverb) ์–ด๋””์„œ = ์–ด๋””(pronoun) + ์„œ(postposition) ์™œ = ์™œ(adverb) ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ = ์–ด๋–ป(stem of an adjective) + ๊ฒŒ(supplementary connection suffix)

Exercises Translate the following English sentences into Korean, considering the 6 ํ•˜์›์น™: 1) I quickly had a very good apple at home this morning because I was hungry.

2) Since I did not like a violent movie, I saw a cartoon at the movies yesterday.

47


Chapter 13. Frequently Used Basic Sentences Basic Daily Sentences ํ‰์†Œ์— ์ž์ฃผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค #

ENGLISH

ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด

1

์˜ˆ (๋„ค).

Yes.

2

์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค.

No.

3

๊ฐ€: ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”?

A: Are you in peace? {as a greeting}

4

๊ฐ€: ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด์…จ์–ด์š”?

A: Have you been in peace? {as a greeting}

5

์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.

Go in peace. {as saying good-bye to a leaving person}

6

์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”.

Stay in peace. {as saying good-bye to a staying person}

7

๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ด์š”. (๋˜ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์š”.)

See you later. {informal polite}

8

๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

See you later. {formal polite}

9

๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Pleased to see (meet) you.

10

๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Thank you.

11

๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Thank you. [I appreciate it.]

12

๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Iโ€™m sorry. Excuse me.

13

์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Iโ€™m sorry. Excuse me. {politer}

14

์ž ๊น๋งŒ์š”.

Hang on a second.

15

๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Thatโ€™s all right. No problem.

16

๋Šฆ์–ด์„œ ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Iโ€™m sorry Iโ€™m late.

17

์ˆ˜๊ณ ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Thanks for being with us. / Thanks for your hard work.

18

๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ”•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Iโ€™m hungry.

19

๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Iโ€™m full. Iโ€™m stuffed.

20

๋ชฉ์ด ๋งˆ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Iโ€™m thirsty.

21

๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ถฅ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Itโ€™s cold today.

22

๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Itโ€™s warm today. {spring}

23

๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋ฅ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๋œจ๊ฒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค).

Itโ€™s warm [hot] today. {summer}

24

๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Itโ€™s a beautiful day. {weather}

25

๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

It is raining.

26

๋ˆˆ์ด ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

It is snowing.

48


Frequently Used Sentences In The Class ์ˆ˜์—… ์ค‘์— ์ž์ฃผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ๋“ค

From the Instructor # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ž˜ ํ•˜์…จ์–ด์š”. ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์žฌ๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค ๋ฐ›์œผ์…จ์–ด์š”? ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ [ ]์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ์‹œํ—˜์„ [ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ] ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋งž๊ฒŒ) ๊ณ ์น˜์„ธ์š”. ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„์€ ์†์„ ๋“œ์„ธ์š”. (์ง์„) ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์ง์„) ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ค ๋ถ„ (๊ณ„์„ธ์š”) ? ๋‹ค ํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„ ์† ๋“œ์„ธ์š”. ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์•‰์•„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ์•ˆ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”? ์งˆ๋ฌธ ์žˆ์œผ์„ธ์š”? ์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์™ธ์šฐ์…”์•ผ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ENGLISH Please repeat it. / Could you do it again? Good (job). This is the textbook weโ€™ll be using in our class. Please look at this one. / Please check this out. Did everyone get this one (from me)? Weโ€™ll learn about [

] today.

Please show me your homework. Weโ€™re having a test [quiz]. Time is up. Please correct it (properly). Raise your hand if you need help. Weโ€™re switching the partner. Weโ€™re switching the partner again. Do you get it? / Did you understand? Can anyone try this? / Who wants to give it a shot? Raise your hand if you are done. Please go back to your own table. Can anyone try this without looking (at the handout)? Any questions?

21

You should memorize this sentence. / Please learn by heart. Weโ€™re going to have a test in the next class.

22

Please bring it back next time.

๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ค์„ธ์š”. 23 ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? 24 ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์–ด๋• ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? 25

์ด๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ˆ™์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Does it help? / Do you think itโ€™s useful for you? How was it today? / How did you like the class today? This is todayโ€™s homework.

49


From a Student #

ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด 1 ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”. 2

์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ค๋ž˜์š”? ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ˆ™์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ์ฃ ? [ ](์ด/๊ฐ€) ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ง๋กœ ๋ญ์ฃ ?

3 4 5 6 7

ENGLISH <1> I didnโ€™t get that. / I donโ€™t understand. <2> {as an answer} I donโ€™t know. I didnโ€™t understand that. I have a question. Please explain that again. Could you say that once again? What is todayโ€™s homework? What is [

] in Korean?

From Everybody # 1 2 3 4

ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ฐ€: ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”? ๋‚˜: (์˜ˆ,) ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”? ๊ฐ€: ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด์…จ์–ด์š”? ๋‚˜: ์˜ˆ, ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด์…จ์–ด์š”? ์ž ๊น๋งŒ์š”. ์ˆ˜๊ณ ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ENGLISH A: Are you in peace? {as a greeting} B: (Yes,) are you in peace, too? A: Have you been in peace? {as a greeting} B: Yes, have you been in peace, too? Hang on a second.

5

Thanks for being with us. / Thanks for your hard work. Thank you.

6

See you next week(end).

๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์— ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 7 ์•ˆ๋…•ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.

Go in peace. {as saying good-bye }

50


Chapter 14. Numerals & Units Numeral ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ 1. Two Counting Systems There are two different counting systems: Pure Korean Numbers (PKN) and Adopted Chinese Numbers (ACN). Both can be used for many cases, but there are some cases where one of the two must be used.

2. Pure Korean Numbers (PKN) [1-10] ํ•˜๋‚˜ (ํ•œ), ๋‘˜ (๋‘), ์…‹ (์„ธ), ๋„ท (๋„ค), ๋‹ค์„ฏ, ์—ฌ์„ฏ, ์ผ๊ณฑ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿ, ์•„ํ™‰, ์—ด [10-90] ์—ด, ์Šค๋ฌผ (์Šค๋ฌด), ์„œ๋ฅธ, ๋งˆํ”, ์‰ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ˆœ, ์ผํ”, ์—ฌ๋“ , ์•„ํ” ( ) is used when the number modifies a following noun.

[All numbers beyond 100]

They exist, but they are not used in the contemporary language any more.

3. Adopted Chinese Numbers (ACN) [1 -10] ์ผ, ์ด, ์‚ผ, ์‚ฌ, ์˜ค, ์œก, ์น , ํŒ”, ๊ตฌ, ์‹ญ [10-90] ์‹ญ, ์ด์‹ญ, ์‚ผ์‹ญ, ์‚ฌ์‹ญ, ์˜ค์‹ญ, ์œก์‹ญ, ์น ์‹ญ, ํŒ”์‹ญ, ๊ตฌ์‹ญ [100 - billion] ๋ฐฑ, ์ฒœ, ๋งŒ, ์‹ญ๋งŒ, ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ, ์ฒœ๋งŒ, ์ผ์–ต, ์‹ญ์–ต 4. Time [Rule] Use PKN for hours, and ACN for minutes and seconds. Use ACN for all for 24 hour system. [Words] ์˜ค์ „: AM ์‹œ: Oโ€™clock

์˜คํ›„: PM ๋ถ„: minute

์ดˆ: second

์‹œ๊ฐ„: hour (duration in hours), time (general duration) ์ž์ •: midnight

์ •์˜ค: noon

<๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์˜คํ›„ ๋‘ ์‹œ ์‚ผ์‹ญ ๋ถ„: 2:30 PM

์˜ค์ „ ์„ธ ์‹œ ์ด์‹ญ์˜ค ๋ถ„: 3:25 AM

์˜ค์ „ ์—ด ์‹œ ์‹ญ์œก ๋ถ„: 10:16 AM ์‹ญ์œก ์‹œ ์˜ค์‹ญ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„: 16:59

์ด์‹ญ์‚ผ ์‹œ ์ด์‹ญ์‚ผ ๋ถ„: 23:23

51


5. Months [Words] PKN for โ€˜monthโ€™ is ๋‹ฌ, and ACN is ์›”. [January - December] ์ผ์›”, ์ด์›”, ์‚ผ์›”, ์‚ฌ์›”, ์˜ค์›”, ์œ ์›”, ์น ์›”, ํŒ”์›”, ๊ตฌ์›”, ์‹œ์›”, ์‹ญ์ผ์›”, ์‹ญ์ด์›” [Rule] Use ์›” to mention which month, and use ๋‹ฌ (or ACN ๊ฐœ์›”) to mention the duration. <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ๊ฐ€: ์ง€๊ธˆ์ด ๋ช‡ ์›”์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‚˜: ์‹œ์›”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Which month of the year is it now? Itโ€™s October.

๊ฐ€: ๋ถ„๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์ •์ผ์ด ์–ธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?

When are you due for the delivery?

๋‚˜: ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋‚จ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

I have a month to go.

6. Dates [Rule] Use ACN for dates. <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์‹œ์›” ์‹ญ์œก ์ผ (10 ์›” 16 ์ผ): October 16 ํŒ”์›” ์ด์‹ญํŒ” ์ผ (8 ์›” 28 ์ผ): August 28 7. Weekdays [Sunday - Saturday] ์ผ์š”์ผ, ์›”์š”์ผ, ํ™”์š”์ผ, ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ, ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ, ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ, ํ† ์š”์ผ

52


Units ๋‹จ์œ„ 1. Introduction Most of the countable words in Korean are expressed with units, typically in the following format:

(NOUN +) NUMBER + UNIT <๋ณด๊ธฐ> ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ (an apple)

2. Frequently Used Units

Noun

UNIT

General Object Person (plain) Person (casual) Person (polite) Animal Building/House Machine/Vehicle Pen/Pencil/Candle Book/Notebook Paper Clothes Pair (Shoes/Socks/Gloves) One of a Pair (Shoes/โ€ฆ) Tree Flower Year Month (duration) [PKW] Month (duration) [ACW] Month (of the year) Day Hour (duration) Hour (the time: oโ€™clock) Minute Second Years (age) Food (vessel/bowl/dish) Liquid (bottle) Glass/Cup Won (Korean Currency) Dollar & Cent Dollar & Cent

๊ฐœ ๋ช… ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ถ„ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ฑ„ ๋Œ€ ์ž๋ฃจ ๊ถŒ ์žฅ ๋ฒŒ ์ผค๋ ˆ ์ง ๊ทธ๋ฃจ ์†ก์ด ๋…„ ๋‹ฌ ๊ฐœ์›” ์›” ์ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ ๋ถ„ ์ดˆ ์‚ด/์„ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡/๊ณต๊ธฐ/์ ‘์‹œ ๋ณ‘ ์ž”/์ปต ์› ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ & ์„ผํŠธ ๋ถˆ&์ „

Examples ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ, ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ํ•œ๋ช… ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์„ธ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ๋ง ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘ ํ•œ ์ฑ„, ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ๋‘ ์ฑ„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ•œ ๋Œ€, ์ฐจ ๋‘ ๋Œ€, ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์„ธ ๋Œ€ ์—ฐํ•„ ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃจ, ์ดˆ ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃจ ์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ, ๊ณต์ฑ… ๋‘ ๊ถŒ ์ข…์ด ํ•œ ์žฅ ์˜ทํ•œ๋ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋‘ ํ•œ ์ผค๋ ˆ, ์žฅ๊ฐ‘ ํ•œ ์ผค๋ ˆ, ์–‘๋ง ํ•œ ์ผค๋ ˆ ๊ตฌ๋‘ ํ•œ ์ง, ์žฅ๊ฐ‘ ํ•œ ์ง, ์–‘๋ง ํ•œ ์ง ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ ์žฅ๋ฏธ ์—ด ๋‘ ์†ก์ด 2000๋…„ ํ•œ๋‹ฌ ์ผ ๊ฐœ์›” ์‹œ์›” 5์ผ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ•œ์‹œ ์‚ผ์‹ญ ๋ถ„ ์ด์‹ญ ์ดˆ ์—ด ๋‘ ์‚ด [PKW], ์‹ญ์ด ์„ธ [ACW] ๊ตญ์ˆ˜ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡, ๋ฐฅ ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ํšŒ ํ•œ ์ ‘์‹œ ์ˆ  ํ•œ ๋ณ‘, ๋ฌผ ํ•œ ๋ณ‘ ๋ฌผ ํ•œ ์ž”, ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ ์ž”, ์ˆ  ํ•œ ์ž” 1000์› 10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ 80์„ผํŠธ 10๋ถˆ 80์ „ 53


Temperature ์˜จ๋„

Weather

Object

์ถฅ๋‹ค

Cold

์Œ€์Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค

Chilly

์‹œ์›ํ•˜๋‹ค

Cool

์‹œ์›ํ•˜๋‹ค

Tepid

๋ฏธ์ง€๊ทผํ•˜๋‹ค

Warm

๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๋‹ค

๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๋‹ค

(in spring)

Warm

๋ฅ๋‹ค ๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค

์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๋‹ค/์ฐจ๋‹ค

(in summer)

Hot / Sultry

๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค

๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ํ‘นํ‘น ์ฐ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Itโ€™s sizzling/boiling. ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๊ตฐ์š”. The weather is awesome! ์ด๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํŽ„ํŽ„ ๋“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. His/Her body temperature is boiling. (์ด๋งˆ: forehead, ๋“๋‹ค: to boil) ์ฒด์˜จ์ด ์„ญ์”จ 38 ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Your body temperature is 38oC. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ์„ญ์”จ 30 ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Todayโ€™s high temperature is 30oC. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ตœ์ € ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ํ™”์”จ 20 ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Todayโ€™s low temperature is 20oF.

54


Chapter 15. Time ์‹œ๊ฐ„

์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ

์•„์นจ

์ ์‹ฌ

Dawn

Morning

Lunch

๊ทธ์ œ 2 days ago

์•„๊นŒ Some time ago

์–ด์ œ

๋‚ฎ Daytime

์˜ค๋Š˜

๋‚ด์ผ

Yesterday

Today

๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ

์ง€๊ธˆ

๋‹น์žฅ

Now

Right away

Just now

์ž‘๋…„

Tomorrow

์˜ฌํ•ด[๊ธˆ๋…„]

Last Year

This Year

๊ณผ๊ฑฐ

์ €๋… Evening

๋ชจ๋ ˆ 2 days after

์ด๋”ฐ(๊ฐ€) After a while

๋‚˜์ค‘์— Later

๋‚ด๋…„

ํ˜„์žฌ

๋ฏธ๋ž˜

Present

Future

์˜›๋‚ 

์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ 

๋ฏธ๋ž˜

Today (Present days)

๊ธ€ํ”ผ 3 days after

Next Year

Past

Old days

๋ฐค Night

Future

55


Conversation - Time ๋Œ€ํ™” โ€“ ์‹œ๊ฐ„

1. ๊ฐ€: ์–ธ์ œ ์˜ค์…จ์–ด์š”?

When did you come? <IP>

๋‚˜: [๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ / ์•„๊นŒ] ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

I came [just now / quite a while ago]. <FP>

๊ฐ€: ์–ธ์ œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?

When shall we meet again? <IP>

๋‚˜: ๋‚ด์ผ [์•„์นจ / ์ €๋…]์—์š”.

Tomorrw [morning / evening]. <IP>

๊ฐ€: ์ถ”์„์ด ์–ธ์ œ์ฃ ?

When is Thanksgiving? <IP>

๋‚˜: [๋ชจ๋ ˆ]์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Itโ€™s [the day after tomorrow]. <FP>

2.

3.

4. ๊ฐ€: ์ €๋Š” [์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์—] ๋‚š์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

I like fishing [at dawn]. <FP>

๋‚˜: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์„ธ์š”? ์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”!

You do? Me, too! <IP>

5. ๊ฐ€: ์˜›๋‚ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ๊ตฐ์š”.

I miss the old days. <IP>

๋‚˜: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

I feel the same way. <FP>

[ ] means a component that can be replaced. ( ) means a component that can be omitted.

56


Chapter 16. Family ๊ฐ€์กฑ

(์นœ)ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€

ํฐ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€

(์นœ)ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ

์‚ผ์ดŒ

๊ณ ๋ชจ

ํ˜•[์˜ค๋น ]

(์™ธ)ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€

์•„๋ฒ„์ง€

๋ˆ„๋‚˜[์–ธ๋‹ˆ]

์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ

๋‚˜

(์™ธ)ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ

์ด๋ชจ

์™ธ์‚ผ์ดŒ

๋™์ƒ

๋‚˜: Me ํ˜•: Elder Brother (male) ์˜ค๋น : Elder Brother (female) ๋ˆ„๋‚˜: Elder Sister (male) ์–ธ๋‹ˆ: Elder Sister (female) ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€: Father ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ: Mother ์•„๋ฒ„๋‹˜: Father <FP> ์–ด๋จธ๋‹˜: Mother <FP> ์•„๋น : Dad/Daddy ์—„๋งˆ: Mom/Mommy ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜: Parents ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค: Brothers and Sisters (์นœ)ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€: Grandfather <Fatherโ€™s Father> (์นœ)ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ: Grandmother <Fatherโ€™s Mother>

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ํฐ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€: Fatherโ€™s Eldest Brother <Married> ์ž‘์€์•„๋ฒ„์ง€: Fatherโ€™s Younger Brother ์‚ผ์ดŒ: Fatherโ€™s (single) Brother ์ˆ™๋ชจ: Fatherโ€™s Brotherโ€™s Wife ํฐ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ: Fatherโ€™s Eldest Brotherโ€™s Wife ๊ณ ๋ชจ: Fatherโ€™s Sister ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ถ€: Fatherโ€™s Sisterโ€™s Husband (์™ธ)ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€: Grandfather <Motherโ€™s Father> (์™ธ)ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ: Grandmother <Motherโ€™s Mother> (์™ธ)์‚ผ์ดŒ: Motherโ€™s Brother (์™ธ)์ˆ™๋ชจ: Motherโ€™s Brotherโ€™s Wife ์ด๋ชจ: Motherโ€™s Sister ์ด๋ชจ๋ถ€: Motherโ€™s Sisterโ€™s Husband ์‚ฌ์ดŒ: Cousin ๊ณ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ดŒ: Fatherโ€™s Sisterโ€™s Child ์ด์ข…์‚ฌ์ดŒ: Motherโ€™s Sisterโ€™s Child ์กฐ์นด: Nephew/Niece ์กฐ์นด์‚ฌ์œ„: Husband of Niece ์กฐ์นด๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ: Wife of Nephew ์†์ž: Grandson ์†๋…€: Granddaughter ์†์ฃผ: Grandchild ์†์ฃผ์‚ฌ์œ„: Husband of Granddaughter ์†์ฃผ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ: Wife of Grandson

์•„๋‚ด: ๋ถ€์ธ: ๋‚จํŽธ: ๋ถ€๊ตฐ:

Wife (mine) Wife (other personโ€™s) Husband Husband (other personโ€™s) <FP>

์‹œ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€: Father-in-Law (Husbandโ€™s Father) ์‹œ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ: Mother-in-Law (Husbandโ€™s Mother) ์žฅ์ธ: Father-in-Law (Wifeโ€™s Father) ์žฅ๋ชจ: Mother-in-Law (Wifeโ€™s Mother)

โ–บ (designation) ์•„๋ฒ„๋‹˜ โ–บ (designation) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹˜/์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ

โ–บ (designation) ์•„๋ฒ„๋‹˜/์žฅ์ธ์–ด๋ฅธ โ–บ (designation) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ/์žฅ๋ชจ๋‹˜ 58


์ฒ˜๋‚จ: Wifeโ€™s Brother ์ฒ˜ํ˜•: Wifeโ€™s Elder Sister ์ฒ˜์ œ: Wifeโ€™s Younger Sister ํ˜•์ˆ˜: Elder Brotherโ€™s Wife ์ œ์ˆ˜: Younger Brotherโ€™s Wife ์žํ˜•/๋งคํ˜•: Elder Sisterโ€™s Husband ๋งค์ œ/๋งค๋ถ€: Younger Sisterโ€™s Husband ๋™์„œ: Wifeโ€™s Sisterโ€™s Spouse or Husbandโ€™s Brotherโ€™s Spouse

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Conversation - Family ๋Œ€ํ™” โ€“ ๊ฐ€์กฑ 1. ๊ฐ€: ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?

Do you live together with your parents?

๋‚˜: ์•„๋‡จ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ [ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค]์— ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”.

No, my parents are in [Florida].

๊ฐ€: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๊ตฐ์š”. ์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ตˆ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?

I see. Do you visit them often?

๋‚˜: ์˜ˆ, [๋‘ ๋‹ฌ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ] ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Yeah, we visit them [once every two months].

2. ๊ฐ€: ํ˜•์ œ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์„ธ์š”?

How many brothers and sisters do you have?

๋‚˜: ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ์ด ๋‘˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

I have two younger brothers.

๊ฐ€: ๋‘ ๋ถ„ ๋‹ค ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?

Are they both married?

๋‚˜: ์˜ˆ, ๋ง‰๋‚ด๋™์ƒ์€ ์•„์ด๋„ ๋‘˜์ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Yes. And my youngest brother has two kids.

๊ฐ€: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๊ตฐ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์‹œ์ง‘ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์ด

I see. I have a younger sister who is not

ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

married yet.

๋‚˜: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋งค ์ข€ ์„ค๊นŒ์š”?

Can I be a matchmaker?

๊ฐ€: ๊ทธ๋ž˜ ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?

Will you?

3. ๊ฐ€: ์žฅ๋ชจ๋‹˜, ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?

How are you, mother-in-law?

๋‚˜: ์–ด์„œ ์˜ค๊ฒŒ. ์ž˜ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‚˜?

Glad you came. How have you been?

๊ฐ€: ์˜ˆ, ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ž˜ ์ง€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Yeah, Iโ€™ve been pretty good, thanks to you.

์žฅ์ธ์–ด๋ฅธ์€ ์–ด๋”” ๊ฐ€์…จ๋‚˜์š”?

Where is father-in-law?

๋‚˜: ์š”์ฆ˜ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์…”.

He learns Tae Kwon Do these days.

๊ฐ€: ์ •๋ง์š”? ์ž˜ ๋๋„ค์š”.

Really? Iโ€™m happy to hear that.

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4. ๊ฐ€: ์ €๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”.

I like playing with kids.

๋‚˜: ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”? ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๋„ ์•ˆํ•˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜์™ธ๋„ค์š”.

You do? Iโ€™m surprised, youโ€™re not even married.

๊ฐ€: ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์นด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ์ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.

I have five nephews.

๋‚˜: ๋ถ€๋Ÿฝ๋„ค์š”.

I envy you.

๊ฐ€: ํ˜•์ˆ˜๋‹˜ ์„ธ ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์…”์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€

All three of my elder bothersโ€™ wives work,

๋งŽ์ด ๋ด ์คฌ์–ด์š”.

so I took care of them a lot.

5. ๊ฐ€: ์ € ๋ถ„์ด ์™ธ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ด์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?

Is he your motherโ€™s brother?

๋‚˜: ์•„๋‡จ, ์ €ํฌ ์ด๋ชจ๋ถ€์ด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

No, heโ€™s my motherโ€™s sisterโ€™s husband.

[ ] means a component that can be replaced. ( ) means a component that can be omitted.

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