Significant Fountains in History Atlas by Nolan King

By Nolan King

First Edition 2013 ÂŠ Nolan King Design Typefaces: Maven Pro & Maven Pro Light Designed by Joe Prince Published to Issuu

Table of Contents Foreword Preface Introduction Map Timeline Styles Purpose Grading

Fountains Ancient Medieval Renaissance Islamic Mughal Baroque Contemporary Modern Afterword Index Sources

Foreword MAPPING FOR A NARRATIVE ATLAS During the Fall Semester 2013 at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, students of “Advanced Graphic Design and Design Studio 421/426” authored a collection of maps, charts and diagrams that centered around the concept of “Water and System.” Each designed artifact addressed aspects of individual design research and illustrates various methods of investigation. Projects engaged students in the invention of unique graphic systems that visualize information about water. The designs represent quantitative and qualitative narratives and illustrate individual perspectives and interests. These visual displays of water and system were compiled into an atlas - a book of maps, charts, illustrations or diagrams united by the subject of water and system. The atlas represents a coordinated body of methods, a scheme or plan of procedure that was used to organize data from design research. Various production methods were considered and students were encouraged to explore a wide variety of media and design strategies. These methods were evaluated on their effectiveness as generators of visual information with respect to their project goals and intended meanings. by Stacy Asher Assistant Professor of Art

Preface In thinking about and research of water categorized into the groups seen in the “Visual Eye” reading, fountains stuck out to me for both their beauty and importance historically. Having a background in history (major in Religious Studies and minor in history) and love of stories that accompany historical objects and periods, my vision began to take form. Thinking of mapping mostly, I wanted to show where in the world the most fountains existed and during what times they were built. As this developed further in thinking of placing the information into a volume, I saw the need to draw out the information further, looking at the story for each fountain. As such the project began to grow in scale, from a pamphlet sized document into a nearly 100 page encyclopedia outlining each fountain, it’s style, geographical and chronological placements, purpose, and self appointed grading. As such, one semester quickly ran away with the project being only partially finished. This volume is not finished, yet. More research needs to be done and writing accomplished. The process is intensive. Spending countless hours in the studio, where the book currently rests was a feat in itself. I don’t plan to stop here. Corrections need to be made. Layouts and pictures altered. Movement to a web or mobile application is in the future. And as was envisioned, expansion of the ‘significant’ fountains will come. by Nolan King

Introduction A fountain is a piece of architecture or sculpture which supplies water into a basin as means for drinking water and/or for a decorative or dramatic effect. The intention or purpose of a fountain was originally purely functional. They would be connected to springs or aqueducts and used to provide fresh water for drinking, bathing, and washing to the residents of cities, towns and villages. Up until the late 1800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, most fountains operated by gravity, and needed a source of water higher than the fountain, such as a reservoir or aqueduct, to make the water flow. Being in the center or hub of the city, fountains became art pieces in addition to their utilitarian properties. Eventually the way the water flowed from a fountain became just as much of the intent of the artist as the sculpted figures and objects that adorned its basin. With the invention of modern pluming, fountains lost their function as a source for fresh water, and became ornament for courtyards, buildings, parks and gardens. The progression in the style and technology used in fountains is as interesting as the stories that accompany them.

Map

While each area of the world has numerous fountains, Europe hosts some of the biggest and best. A large part of this is due to the system of aqueducts that the Romans built throughout the continent, as outlined here. With the advent of modern plumbing, water was much more accessable for fountains. As such, the number of fountains and their purposes began to change. Places where fountains were thought impracticle were now able to host fountains for asthetic purposes rather than functional ones. Each fountain referenced in this book is shown on this map. To match names to colors, see the Index.

Timeline

Fountains were originally purely functional, connected to springs or aqueducts and used to provide drinking water and water for bathing and washing to the residents of cities, towns and villages. Until the late 19th century most fountains operated by gravity, and needed a source of water higher than the fountain, such as a reservoir or aqueduct, to make the water flow or jet into the air.

garden designers used fountains to create miniature versions of the gardens of paradise. King Louis XIV of France used fountains in the Gardens of Versailles to illustrate his power over nature. The baroque decorative fountains of Rome in the 17th and 18th centuries marked the arrival point of restored Roman aqueducts and glorified the Popes who built them.

In addition to providing drinking water, fountains were used for decoration and to celebrate their builders. Roman fountains were decorated with bronze or stone masks of animals or heroes. In the Middle Ages, Moorish and Muslim

By the end of the 19th century, as indoor plumbing became the main source of drinking water, urban fountains became purely decorative. Mechanical pumps replaced gravity and allowed fountains to recycle water and to force it high into the air.

Styles

Each fountain has a family that it belongs to called a style. In Europe artistic styles were much different than in the Middle and Far East, causing them to be given their own category despite occuring simultaneously. Even in Europe styles overlapped in time, but due to distinct artistic differences belong to separate styles.

Ancient fountains were born out of a necessity to hold water for easy access. Ancient civilizations built stone basins to capture and hold precious drinking water, the earliest of which is a carved stone basin, dating to around 2000 BC. While not having an overly ornate quality like later fountains, their beauty was simple and revered for structual quality in later ages.

Unlike other styles, Islamic isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t dictated by a place in time as much as where it falls geographically and religiously. Fountains of Islamic style come in walled off gardens layed out to resemble a paradise rather than a public work. Having both features of running water and still pools to reflect the sky, they sought a balance of elements to help balance oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s self.

Comtemporary fountains are the most diverse style of the group. Starting by being fed by aqueducts and eventually being fed by pipes and steam pressure, the purpose of fountains changed during this period to being purely decorative. While the technology and purpose behind fountains changed, the artistic style evolved much slower.

As the structures of the ancient period began to fall apart, mainly the aqueducts, fountains began to become less common. Public fountains dried due to lack of water. Monastaries and palaces held the only fountains, but they were not always filled with running water. Due to this, fountains took on a much larger religious purpose than utilitarian.

Much the same to Islamic style, Mughal fountains took form more in gardens with still pools, than public works with running water. In fact, their form derives from that of Islamic gardens, though with a much more nomadic influences.

As the Renaissance brought about the discovery of many new things, the idea and purpose of fountains were rediscovered in Europe. Combining the efforts to rebuild aqueducts with new scientific discovery, fountains took on a new, lavish form while providing some water to communities. Starting in Italy, the movement eventually swept northward into France and other parts of Europe.

Thought of as the golden age of fountains, especially in Rome, the Baroque style took the new knowledge of fountains from the Renaissance and added an even more ornate quality to them. Rome took the forefront of this movement, with Paris and newly founded St. Petersburg not far behind. Still using the aqueducts as the foundation, Baroque artists found new ways to add movement and beauty to fountains.

Fountains of the Modern style begin to take human and animal figures out of their forms and take on a much more abstract style. Taking the technologies developed during the previous period, Modern fountains serve no utilitarian purpose giving them more freedom in how water is used as well as size. Most fountains from this period take no sculpted form, but have a jet nozzle that shoots water high in the air.

Purpose

Each fountain has a purpose or mulitple purposes for being built. Those purposes fall into one of four categories, as seen here. Carrying or holding water are characteristics of a utilitarian purpose. A few fountains were built with a recreational purpose, that is to serve as a meeting place or place to relax. Other fountains were created with a religous motif or reason. Most fountains, however, were created with for the pure aesthetics and beauty that it brought to a scene.

Grading Given each fountainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s different purpose, it is hard to come up with a way to say one is more significant than another. To come up with grades, a score from 1-10 was given in each purpose for every fountain. A weight was then assigned to each purpose, utility having the highest and aethetic having the lowest. The grades for each fountain are shown on their respective pages. The top ten scores are shown to the right.

The variable category was added to include any historical purpose or something that could not be qualified into one of the four purposes.

Aesthetic adds to the beauty of the enviroment in which the fountain lives, but serves no greater purpose than that.

Utility supplies a populace with water and also creates a central hub of a city by which people may congregate. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s purpose being so important gives it the heaviest weight.

Recreation gives a place to hold community events or acts as a place to go and relax. While serving a greater purpose, it is a minimized one.

Religious purpose or motif give a group of people something by which they can identify or make it necessary to come and view the work as an act of piety.

Roman Aqueducts The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts to bring water from distant sources into their cities and towns, supplying public baths, latrines, fountains and private households. Waste water was removed by complex sewage systems and released into nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and free from effluent. Aqueducts also provided water for mining operations, milling, farms and gardens.

Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, being constructed along a slight downward gradient within conduits of stone, brick or concrete. Most were buried beneath the ground, and followed its contours; obstructing peaks were circumvented or, less often, tunnelled through. Where valleys or lowlands intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgework, or its contents fed into highpressure lead, ceramic or stone pipes and siphoned across. Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks, sluices and distribution tanks to regulate the supply at need.

Before the development of aqueduct technology, Romans, like most of their contemporaries in the ancient world, relied on local water sources such as springs and streams, supplemented by groundwater from privately or publicly owned wells, and by seasonal rain-water drained from rooftops into storage jars and cisterns.The reliance of ancient communities upon such water resources restricted their potential growth. Romeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aqueducts were not strictly Roman inventions, their engineers would have been familiar with the water-management technologies of Romeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Etruscan neighbours and Greek allies, but they proved conspicuously successful.

While having no initial aesthetic, recreation, or religious qualities, the Roman aqueducts are the most important man made, utilitarian water source in history. They continued to be used for the next 1500 years and actually fed many of the fountains on this list.

Enneacrounos The southeast fountain, called Enneakrounos (â&#x20AC;&#x153;of nine spoutsâ&#x20AC;?), dates from the second half of the 6th century BC and was canalised from the only existing natural spring of Athens at that time, the spring Kallirhoe. It was the tyrant Peisistratos who diverted the spring waters to the Enneakrounos, with nine faucets inside. Today, this is the best-preserved structure in the south side of Agora. The Southeast Fountainhouse stands at the center of an historical controversy surrounding the Late Archaic use of the Athenian Agora, and both its identification and date have crucial ramifications for our understanding of the Agora in the late sixth and early fifth centuries B.C.E. The fountain house has consistently been associated with the Peisistratidai.

As such, it is often included as part of their additions and embellishments to the built environment of Athens. A reappraisal of the pottery from the fountain house, overflow channels, and pipelines, together with an examination of the in situ architectural remains, however, demonstrates that the building should instead be placed among the earliest buildings of the new democracy and is one of the structures that helped to define, both spatially and conceptually, the area of the new Agora.

Around 530-520 BC, when the Peistratid family was still in power, a number of houses near the southeast corner of the Agora were dismantled to make room for Enneacrounos, or Southeast Fountainhouse. Its remains (only the foundations are preserved) are located just to the south of the Church of the Ayioi Apostoloi.

Enneacrounos only fits the utilitarian purpose, but it did serve as a water source to Athens, one of the most influencial ancient cities. The longevity of the fountain makes it all the more significant.

Fontana Maggiore The Fontana Maggiore is a monumental medieval fountain located between the cathedral and the Palazzo dei Priori in the city of Perugia in Italy. It was made between 1277 and 1278 by sculptors Nicola Pisano and Giovanni Pisano. The hydraulics were by Fathers Bevignate and Boninsegna. The fountain was part of program of civic improvements begun in 1278 to celebrate the autonomy of the free commune of Perugia. On the twenty-five sides of the basin are sculptures representing prophets and saints, the labors of the months, the signs of the zodiac, scenes from Genesis, and events from Roman history.

The panels on the lower basin represent salient episodes from the Old Testament (the seduction of Adam by Eve, and of Samson by Delilah). The founding of Rome, a major example for Perugia, is also featured, as well as a kind of agricultural calendar with the related astrological signs. These are followed by the seven “liberal arts” and a personification of Philosophy. Between the “mechanical” and the “liberal arts” is the griffin, Perugia’s heraldic symbol, and the lion, the symbol of the Guelph faction of which Perugia was a supporter.

During the Middle Ages Italy was divided into two factions, the Guelphs who upheld the claims to temporal power of the Papacy, and the Ghibellines who believed that temporal power should be in the hands of the Holy Roman Emperor. Two eagles conclude the cycle and may lead one to the mistaken conclusion that they represent the symbols of the Holy Roman Emperor. Since the eagle is also the symbol of the city of Pisa, it is more likely that these panels act as Giovanni Pisanoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s signature.

Variable-25%

Aesthetic-6%

Recreation-9%

Utility-50%

Religous-10%

The Fontana Maggiore was built during a time when fountains were less common due to the disrepair many of the aqueducts had fallen into. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s importance religiously was minimal as was its aesthetic quality.

Silver Tree Fountain Based on the records of William of Rubruck, most scholars maintain that in front of the palace was the Silver Tree fountain. However, there is a group of researchers who conclude that the famous fountain was inside the palace. According to Rubruck, there were 4 silver sculptures of lions at the foot of the Silver Tree, and fermented mare’s milk—airag, favourite drink of the Mongols, would run from their mouths. Four golden serpents twined round the tree. Wine would run out from the mouth of one serpent, airag—from the mouth of the second serpent, mead from the third, and rice beer from the fourth. The top of the tree was crowned by an angel blowing a bugle. The branches, leaves and fruits of the tree were all made of silver.

William of Rubruck, a Flemish Franciscan missionary and papal envoy to the Mongols reached Karakorum in 1254. He has left one of the most detailed accounts of the city. He didnt care for the city, but described it as a very cosmopolitan and religiously tolerant place, and the silver tree he described as part of the Khan’s palace has become the symbol of Karakorum. Unfortunately Rubruck’s description of the fountain is the only remaining memory of it. It was destroyed along with the rest of the capitol of Karakorum around 1267. There are several artists depictions based upon Rubruck’s writings, but surely none are an exact match.

The fountain was created by the French jeweller and sculptor Guillaume Bouchier of Paris, who had been captured by the Mongols in Hungary and brought back to embellish Karakorum. One of the artist depictions can be found on the reverse of the Mongolian 5000-tughruk bill. Recently, a reconstructed statue of the fountain has been built at a hotel near where Karakorum was built.

Variable-25%

Aesthetic-6%

Recreation-9%

Utility-50%

Religous-10%

The short life of the Silver Tree doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t give a clear picture of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s meaning or importance, but from what is known, the beauty of the fountain as well as the innovative technology it used was unparalleled for its time.

Fontaine des Innocents The Fontaine des Innocents is a monumental public fountain located on the place Joachim-du-Bellay in the Les Halles district in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France. Originally called the Fountain of the Nymphs, it was constructed between 1547 and 1550 by architect Pierre Lescot and sculptor Jean Goujon in the new style of the French Renaissance. It is the oldest monumental fountain in Paris.

The fountain was commissioned as part of the decoration of the city to commemorate the solemn royal entry of King Henry II into Paris in 1549. Artists were commissioned to construct elaborate monuments, mostly temporary, along his route, from the Port Saint-Denis to the palais de la Cité, passing by le Châtelet, the pont Notre-Dame and the cathedral. The fountain was placed on the site of an earlier fountain dating to the reign of Philip II of France, against the wall of the Cemetery of the Innocents, at the corner of rue Saint Denis (where the King’s procession passed) and rue aux Fers (today’s rue Berger), with two facades on one street, one facade on the other.

Pierre Lescot, the architect of the fountain, was responsible for introducing classical models and French Renaissance architecture into Paris. Francis I named him chief architect of the Palais du Louvre, and over the following years he transformed the building from a medieval castle into a Renaissance palace. He worked together with Jean Goujon on the decoration of two facades of the Cour CarrĂŠe of the Louvre.The architecture of the fountain was inspired by the nymphaeum of ancient Rome, a style of building or monument found throughout the Roman empire, decorated with statuary of nymphs, tritons and other water deities, and usually used to protect a fountain or spring.

Variable-25%

Aesthetic-6%

Recreation-9%

Utility-50%

Religous-10%

Built as a monument as well as a way to provide water to the community, the Fountain of the Innocents has a diverse history that includes almost being destroyed if not for the love of the people.

Fontana del Nettuno The Fountain of Neptune is in Florence, Italy, situated on the Piazza della Signoria, in front of the Palazzo Vecchio. The fountain was commissioned in 1565 and is the work of the sculptor Bartolomeo Ammannati. It was commissioned on the occasion of the wedding of Francesco I deâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Medici with Johanna of Austria in 1565. The assignment had first been given to Baccio Bandinelli, who designed the model but he died before he could start working on the block of Apuan marble.

The Neptune figure, whose face resembles that of Cosimo I deâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Medici, was meant to be an allusion to the dominion of the Florentines over the sea. The figure stands on a high pedestal in the middle of an octagonal fountain. The pedestal in the middle is decorated with the mythical chained figures of Scylla and Charybdis. The statue of Neptune is a copy made in the nineteenth century, while the original is in the National Museum. However, when the work was finished, it was not appreciated in particular by the Florentines, who called it Il Biancone (the white giant).

The fountain has suffered a great deal of damage during the centuries. It was used as a washbasin for laundry at the end of the 16th century. It was vandalized on January 25, 1580. A satyr was stolen during the carnival in 1830. It was damaged again by the Bourbon bombardments of 1848. Consequently, it has been the object of several restorations and substitutions. On August 4, 2005, the statue was the target of three vandals who climbed it, damaging one of the hands and the trident of Neptune. The act was recorded by security cameras. The statue was restored by 2007. Since then, security on the fountain has been taken very seriously.

The Fountain of Neptune began a time where the utility feature of fountains was put to the side for the shere aesthetic value that could be found in the mixing of scupture and moving water.

Villa d’Este, Tivoli The Villa d’Este in Tivoli is an example of mulitple fountains laid out in a palace garden. The villa itself is surrounded on three sides by a sixteenthcentury courtyard sited on the former Benedictine cloister. The fountain on a side wall, framed within a Doric, contains a sculpture of a sleeping nymph in a grottoguarded by d’Este heraldic eagles, with a bas-relief framed in apple boughs that links the villa to the Garden of the Hesperides.

The garden plan is laid out on a central axis with subsidiary cross-axes, refreshed by some five hundred jets in fountains, pools and water troughs. The water is supplied by the Aniene, which is partly diverted through the town, a distance of a kilometer, and, originally, by the Rivellese spring, which supplied a cistern under the villa’s courtyard. The garden is now part of the Grandi Giardini Italiani. The Villa’s uppermost terrace ends in a balustraded balcony at the left end, with a sweeping view over the plain below. Symmetrical double flights of stairs flanking the central axis lead to the next garden terrace, with the Grotto of Diana, richly decorated with frescoes and pebble mosaic to one side and the central Fontana del Bicchierone to the other.

To descend to the next level, there are stairs at either end — the elaborate fountain complex called the Rometta (“the little Rome”) is at the far left — to view the full length of the Hundred Fountains on the next level, where the water jets fill the long rustic trough, and Pirro Ligorio’s Fontana dell’Ovato ends the cross-vista. A visitor may walk behind the water through the rusticated arcade of the concave nymphaeum, which is peopled by marble nymphas by Giambattista della Porta. Above the nymphaeum, the sculpture of Pegasus recalls to the visitor the fountain of Hippocrene on Parnassus, haunt of the Muses.

The gardens serve no utilitarian purpose, actually diverting part of a river to supply water to their aesthetic and recreational purposes. The beauty and attention that exists in the gardens is a marvel to behold, however.

Bahčisarajskij Fontan The “Fountain of Tears” is located in the Khan’s Palace or Hansaray in the town of Bakhchysarai, Crimea, Ukraine. The palace was built in the 16th century and became home to a succession of Crimean Khans. The walled enclosure contains a mosque, a harem, a cemetery, living quarters and gardens. The palace interior has been decorated to appear lived in and reflects the traditional 16th-century Crimean Tatar style. It is one of the more famous Muslim palaces found in Europe. The palace’s complex design and minarets were constructed by Ottoman, Persian and Italian architects. Later damages required partial reconstruction, but the structure still has a resemblance to its original form.

One courtyard contains a small fountain whose sad story so moved the Russian writer Alexander Pushkin when he visited it that he wrote a poem about it titled “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray”. The fountain is known as the embodiment of love of one of the last Crimean Khans, Qırım Giray Khan for his young wife, and his grief after her early death. The Khan was said to have fallen in love with this Polish girl in his harem. Despite his battle-hardened harshness, he was grievous and wept when she died, astonishing all those who knew him. He commissioned a marble fountain to be made, so that the rock would weep, like him, forever.

In 1909-1910, a short film based on the poem was created by Yakov Protazanov. In 1934, Boris Asafyev created a ballet of the same name, also inspired by Pushkin’s work, and Alexander Ilyinsky composed an opera (1911) based on the poem. Originally placed by the young woman’s tomb in a restful garden, the fountain was transferred to its current location in the Ambassadors’ courtyard after Catherine II ordered the annexation of the Crimean territory. Pushkin’s verses are credited in part for ensuring the survival of the palace itself to date.

Placed in a religious setting, but having no religious purpose this section will be revised in the near future as will most of this atlas. Please leave a comment with the number 2 in it if you actually have read this.

Alhambra The Alhambra is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. It was originally constructed as a small fortress in 889 and then largely ignored until its ruins were renovated and rebuilt in the mid 11th century by the Berber king Badis ben Habus of the Kingdom of Granada who built its current palace and walls, and later converted into a royal palace in 1333 by Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada.

The present entrance to the Palacio Árabe, or Casa Real (Moorish palace), is by a small door from which a corridor connects to the Patio de los Arrayanes (Court of the Myrtles), also called the Patio de la Alberca (Court of the Blessing or Court of the Pond), from the Arabic birka, “pool”. The birka helped to cool the palace and acted as a symbol of power. Because water was usually in short supply, the technology required to keep these pools full was expensive and difficult. This court is 42 m (140 ft) long by 22 m (74 ft) broad, and in the centre there is a large pond set in the marble pavement, full of goldfish, and with myrtles growing along its sides.

In the centre of the court is the Fountain of Lions, an alabaster basin supported by the figures of twelve lions in white marble, not designed with sculptural accuracy but as symbols of strength, power, and sovereignty. Each hour one lion would produce water from its mouth. [8] At the edge of the great fountain there is a poem written by Ibn Zamrak. This praises the beauty of the fountain and the power of the lions, but it also describes their ingenious hydraulic systems and how they actually worked, which baffled all those who saw them. This is just a simple example of the Muslimsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; genius at architecture, design and engineering during that time.

Lots of words go here. Someone is knocking on the door to the lab and I am quickly losing my mind. I will end the night (morning) here. I hope this is good enough for now and will continue in the future.

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Variable-25%

Aesthetic-6%

Recreation-9%

Utility-50%

Religous-10%

Fontana di Trevi Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Variable-25%

Aesthetic-6%

Recreation-9%

Utility-50%

Religous-10%

Fontaines de la Concorde Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Bethesda Fountain Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Bartholdi Fountain Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Volcano Fountain Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Dru탑by Narodov Fontan Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Buckingham Fountain Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Fontaine du Palmier Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Fountain of Wealth Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Crown Fountain Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Floating Fountains Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Vaillancourt Fountain Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras dictum facilisis velit, et elementum eros accumsan sed. Pellentesque dui turpis, scelerisque sit amet ante quis, convallis rutrum odio. Nunc condimentum eros risus, sit amet pharetra risus lacinia vel. Vivamus id suscipit erat. Cras in semper tellus. Fusce mollis ullamcorper diam, tristique dictum metus laoreet nec. Praesent blandit non magna vel luctus. Aliquam scelerisque sapien lobortis lacus suscipit tincidunt. Vivamus vestibulum arcu ut diam tempus consectetur. Ut eget lacinia libero. Duis ut mattis nibh. Nam sagittis fringilla felis, sed tristique velit sodales nec. Curabitur turpis lorem, elementum accumsan ipsum bibendum, placerat sagit-

Afterword

Index

Sources All information found on the individual fountains pages comes directly from Wikipedia. I claim none of the words or phrases as my own.