Collective work from Columbia University 2013 by Noor Makkiya

COLLECTIVE WORK FROM COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013

CONTENTS TRANSPORTATION

..............................06

ENERGY

..............................24

DEVELOPMENT

..............................38

CLOSED LOOP

..............................49

SOCIAL EQUITTIES

..............................58

AGRICULTURE

..............................64

meTro Tro

Refurbanism Consolidating Edison Restoring the Garden of Eden Aima Bridge

Seeding Democracy

TRANSPORTATION

meTRO-TRO : Kumasi, Ghana Towards a Collaborative Network City:

Al Sakha Eiman, Le Kevin, Leung Andrew, Makkiya Noor

Transport infrastructure and urban management (access) is in a state of crisis. Kumasi, Ghana is expected to double its population from 2.4 million inhabitants to 4.7 million inhabitants by 2030. With the influx in population: health, sanitation, waste, and the economy must be understood as inseparable from the question of efficient transportation and access. Native to Ghana, the TRO-TRO is a midsize vehicle that seats 10-15 people has emerged as the only affordable physical and social infrastructure. As a privately-owned mini bus that functions as a shared taxi, 70% of Ghanaians use the TRO-TRO as a primary means of transportation. The efficiency the network is questioned to maximize the system to its full potential. As the city expands, mass transit is in favor of the TRO-TRO for its means of access and affordability. Rapid Bus Transit 06

and the implementation of a secondary ring road is not a feasible solution as opposed to a Rapid TRO-TRO Transit and networked intermodal and infrastructural hubs. By understanding this mode of transportation, METRO-TRO can become an efficient way to navigating the city. Recent development of Ghana, but more particularly Kumasi, has been catered around the notion of automobile and the determination towards a car-centric community. A once British colony the use of the automobile as a primary means of transportation has had its impact both in pros and cons. As an efficient means of transportation, air quality and congestion have impacted the lifestyle of Ghanaians. Currently seen as a traffic spiral, as land use becomes dedicated to roads an immediate effect of emissions, noise, accidents, and traffic reduce the attraction for pedestrian access.The goals are to provide a network for the city of Kumasi that would reduce traffic congestion through multiscalar infrastructural investments. We see the opportunity of the existing mode of transportation, the TRO-TRO, used by Ghanaians as a means of sustainable public transportation. Through points of intersections, the proposed network is a metropolitan transportation network map for the City of Kumasi. Based around efficiency and proximity to health centers, markets, and tourist locations (all of which induce traffic), the intermodal points become transportation hubs that grows in phases based on its success to adjacent communities. Investment occurs by acknowledging the branding qualities of telecom industries. By allowing them to advertise on the TRO-TRO and other on-site infrastructures (water, waste, and civic), the initial funding could allow the TRO-TRO station to have protective canopies for shading and energy harvesting (water and solar capturing). From the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s point of view, Ghanaians will have the opportunity to recycle for social credit. Currently, household waste is burned outside of residences contributing to poor air quality and respiratory illnesses amongst the population. If Ghanaians practiced safe disposal, the quality of air and overall lifestyle could increase a healthy community. Equipped at all TRO-TRO stations, Ghanaians can recycle trash for TRO-TRO fare credits, water dispensing, groceries, or phone credits (from telecom industries). Branded as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Fare Opportunities for Fair Tradingâ&#x20AC;? could a closed-loop system allow benefits for both constituencies? 08

LEGEND

GENERAL SYMBOL dedicated lane informal lane proposed arc road tro-tro stop dedicated tro-tro stop

intermodal hub main station

M MRC

material recovery center

SSF

small sorting facility

HOSPITAL TYPES clinic (131) district health doctorate (1) district hospital (2) health center (20) hospital (general) (45) hospital (regional) (1) maternity home (59) teaching hospital (1)

POINTS OF TOURISM education

1 KNUST (KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) 2 TECHNICAL INSTITUTE 3 KUMASI POLYTECHNIC 4 OPOKU WARE SCHOOL 5 WESLEY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION 6 KUMASI SECONDARY SCHOOL

market civic 1 PREMPEH ASSEMBLY HALL 2 3 4 5

PUBLIC LIBRARY GHANA ARMED FORCES MUSEUM KMA CENTRE FOR NATIONAL CULTURE

landscape 1 50 JUBILEE PARK 2 3 4 5

GOLF COURSE CHILDREN’S PARK NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN BOTANICAL GARDEN

churches 1 CENTRAL MOSQUE

2 ST. PETER’S BASCILICA 3 WESLEY METHODIST CATHEDRAL 4 SOLDIERS OF CHRIST MINISTRIES 5 SUAME CATHOLIC CHURCH 6 CHURCH OF PENTECOST 7 GOSPEL AMBASSADORS CHURCH 8 PATASI PENTACOST CHURCH 9 BROTHERHOOD CHURCH 10 SOUTH SUNTRESO ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 11 ASHTOWN BAPTIST CHURCH 12 AHODOWO MOSQUE

other 1 CENTRAL MARKET (KEJETIA

MARKET) 2 ASAFO MARKET 3 AIRPORT 4 BABA YARA STADIUM 5 JUTE FACTORY 6 COCA COLA BOTTLING COMPANY 7 GUINNESS BREWING COMPANY 8 ADM COCOA 9 KUAPA KOKOO UNION 10 SHOE FACTORY 11 GOLDEN TULIP 12 MOTOR PARK

tractor loader roll on/off

or motor bike

to TAMALE

to MAMPONG

to UNYANI

BANTAMA

SUAME MANHYIA

TAFO

AIRPORT

ASAWASE 5 5

ASOKORE MAMPONG

9 5 4

1 1

SUBIN 3

1 3

KWADASO

KNUST

OFORIKROM

NHYIAESO

ASOKWA

10 7

to TAKORADI

to BEKWAI

to CAPE COAST

VEHICU LA R

29K

s sion emisoise n ents id acc

13% car TAXI

M O FRTO AN I T IF AR TR IC SH C ESAFF D R PE T

13% car

101K

57%

people take tro-tro in peak hours

landuse dedicated

71%

tro-tro

to TAMALE

to PRESENT CAR TAMALE DILEMMA

RAPID Z SYSTEM AND THE FUTURE OF KUMASI

The city of Kumasi has adopted the car centric model to that colonization time has offered. The annual increase MAMPONG in car ownership has been escalating to reach at 9.4% in 2012. The low capacity of car ownership is accompanied by a resilient inherent system of the shared taxi “Tro-Tro”. They serve over 101,000 commuters in Kumasi during peak hours alone! Cars serve a much lower number of people and is responsible for 7% of the carbon emission. BANTAMA

95%

less CO²

R la ED n U padus CE rk e D in fo g r

per 30 people

TAXI

12% taxi

rom n ft f rai shi destcar pe to

d uce n, red estria nd d e p cicle, access by blic a pu

27% taxi

more vehicular traffic 30 cars

traffice increased

increase

2 tro-tro per 30 people

IT WITH ANS PR TR IO SS ACCE TY RI

CO²

7% annual

SI 2012 MA KU

landuse dedicated for roads

sed o rea s t inc tance ntial s i d esideork r w ure leis

reduce in traffic

D CE s DU ion REmiss e

9.4%

increase in car ownership

-64%

less vehicles during peak

SHARED RA PI

TRAFF IC

IN AT CR T E ACRAC ASE CE TIO D SS N

206K

total estimated vehicles in 2013

reduced traffic

By switching to the Tro-Tro transport system we will be able to to reduced traffic crisis to 64%. One realizes that the aforemenMAMPONG tioned infrastructure will also be related to many other physical and social layers of the city including health access, and waste management. Most importantly, economy would advance if the gain of man hours due to the new efficient transportation infrastructure. BANTAMA

SUAME

MANHYIA

TAFO

AIRPORT

ASAW

ASAWASE

i SUBIN

WADASO

M i M SUBIN KWADASO

OFORIKROM

OFORI

NHYIAESO

ASOKWA

ner

12PM

SUN

WEEKEND (TYPICAL SCHEDULE FOR SATURDAYS + SUNDAYS)

MON

WEEKDAY (TYPICAL SCHEDULE FOR MONDAYS + WEDNESDAYS + THURSDAYS

TRASH DAY (TYPICAL SCHEDULE FOR TUESDAYS + FRIDAYS)

TUE

WASTE

FREIGHT

SCHOOL

EMERGENCY

TRO-TRO

SINGLE

TAXI

i i

EMERGENCY VEHICLES ALWAYS HAVE PRIORITY

PEDESTRIAN

BICYCLIST

WEEKEND TYPICAL BETWEEN 8AMTO6PM

WEEKDAY TYPICAL BETWEEN 5TO10AM + 2TO6PM

1 7 6

riors 2

-tro

tro

ottles in eb bl water

mar ke

por ta

tal ki

minute cr ng phone

ales in kilo ts

s am gr

C GH

social capital credits to be used at various infrastructures

tro-tro fare

ers lit

corporate sponsorship for social awareness

o ticekts i n -tr

its ed

The upper diagram shows a private public partnership between KMA, international investors and local businesses. International investors can receive advertising and real estate incentives due to the added value of transit hub stations.The telecom industry could be a potential investor for marketing due to their ubiquitous presence in Ghana. KMA could provide two policies that could incentivize the tro-tro industry. First would be a fixed salary provided by KMA for drivers only during peak hours. On off-peak hours drivers can maintain to their own routes. A fair for fare trade system will be social credit opportunity in exchange for proper trash disposal to increase peak time ridership. In addition KMA could subsidize upgrading tro-tro vehicles will help private business owners transition into the rapid transit market. The policy of fair for fare trading would encourage people to dispose their waste and put a value on garbage. In exchange Ghanians would receive social credit such as tro-tro fares, phone credits, portable water, or groceries. These credits could be subsidized by KMA and paid by private tro-tro station developers. Is would help keep stations clean and maintained on a daily basis. Other local businesses and nearby markets could also receive incentives to maintain the efficiency of tro-tro stations. Local businesses adjacent to stations could receive certain tax breaks if they participate to clean up stations. Tro-tro station owners could hire area boys that provide escort services to allow for efficient passenger flow and also to reduce informal markets within the rapid transit system.

tro

PRESENT CAR DILEMMA

groceries

O RHO D RES ID

AFO M ARK

kma

go metro-tro

social credits

L BUSI OCA N

developer

O-

O TR

02 03

01 community brings trash

02 user interacts with display

03 scale to weigh for 04 area consultant transfers quantity of recyclables trash in designated bins

05 once full, trash is taken to collection station

INTERMODALE HUB (MARKET FOR GOODS & IDEAS) The proposed hub is located at the CBD area on an existing informal Tro Tro stop. The neighboring Asafo market could serve in conjunction with the proposed Tro Tro station. The first phase includes two canopy structures, a ticketing booth and developer perimeter investment. The second phase would expand the area of the station. Therefore, a market expansion at the Asafo market would become necessary. The third phase, would encourage investment in the areas adjacent to the market and station.

22 22

21 21

16 16

15 15

20 20

4 13 13

16 16

17 17

1 Clinic 2 Shops

17 17

3 Waste Receiving Point

14 14

4 Public Restrooms 5 Material Recovery Center 6 On-Station Development 7 Dispatcher Zone 8 Tro Tro Parking

99 Ticketing And Information Kiosk 10 10 Entry Point 11 11 Command Center 19 12 On Site Development 13 Parking 14 14 Dispatcher Zone 15 15 On Site Development 16 16 Informal Market 17 17 Informal Market Kiosks 18 18 Cafe 19 Information Kiosk 20 Market Sheds 21 21 Internet Cafe 22 22 Mixed Use Developer Investment 10’

20’

18 18

12 12

50’

22 22

11 11

44 3 3

55 10 10

6 6

ENERGY

REFURBANISM: Brooklyn, New York Refurbishing Brooklyn for an adaptive resilient and defensible urbanism Le Kevin, Makkiya Noor, He Xiaokang, Gianpapa Ellena

Decades of declining maritime activity have left parts of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront underutilized. Meanwhile, various insufficiencies or inefficiencies were located along the East River only to become pressured nodes within their respective systems (power plants, recycling facilities and its neighboring tech industry). How can the East River and its abandoned industrial spaces serve as a new 24

type of infrastructure that can connect these points into an intermodal system of exchange? Refurbanism examines and curates a legacy of what are now underutilized and often abandoned hydraulic infrastructures and insufficient energy modes of productions within the city and offers through the lenses of redesigning, retrofitting, and refurbishing, an evolutionary urbanism that cultivates sustainable practice by systems of exchanges that includes algal farming for energy and conformity to the growing trend of technological industries for an adapting, resilient, and defensible Brooklyn. Our proposal seek s to reinvent the use of the Dry Docks at the Brooklyn Navy yards. By cultivating algae within these large volumes, a green and vibrant ecosystem could thrive. Algae as a green energy has the ability to oxygenate the atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide and outputting clean oxygen in return. If mechanized, algae may also produce biofuels to be used within the industry at the Navy Yards. Therefore, our envisioned landscape becomes a plane of intersecting pipes and meeting locations within the vast open network of the Dry Docks. Education can be experienced when the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inhabitants meander through the site. Could urban growth sprout in the legacy of post-industrial infrastructure?

1.8 MILE; 7 MINS. WOODHULL MEDICAL/ MENTAL HEALTH CENTER

1 MILE; 4 MINS. THE BROOKLYN HOSPITAL CENTER

WALLABOUT BAY PUBLIC LEARNING LABS 01 RAW 02 PROCESSED 03 TERRAFORM 04 REVERSE OSMOSIS 05 PLAYGROUND 06 AMPHITHEATER 07 LIVE/WORK-STREAD 08 CEREMONIAL/SCENIC

02 01

GREEN MANUFACTURING PLANT DELTA CO-GEN POWER PLANT

BROOKLYN GRANGE BLDG. 92

CLINTON AVE.

ILT AVE. VANDERB

T AVE.

CLERMON

CUMBERLA ND ST

BROOKLYN QUEENS EXPRESS WAY

ST.

AVE.

500

ADELPHI

CARLTON

AVE.

T. OCFORD S

PORTAND

ELLIOT PL.

ATED] TED]

NLIGHT CAPTURE + SU DE CA

COLUMN

LABORATORY CAFETERIA PUBLIC LEARNING LAB ALGAE DOCK CISTERN (RAW) CISTERN (PROCESSED) WALLABOUT BAY ELEVATED PATHWAY ENTRANCE/EXIT

P I PE S AS FA

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

ALG A L

UNCTION AS SEATING TO F

W LO ERS

5’

25’

50’

ION LANDFORM PROPOSED GAB

TER TO ALGAE SYSTEM BE WA

D ME

REFURBISH > DRY DOCKS INTO ALGAL PONDS

REC LA I

ALGAE CAN DOUBLE THEIR MASS SEVERAL TIMES A DAY AND PRODUCE AT LEAST 15 TIMES MORE OIL PER ACRE THAN ALTERNATIVES SUCH AS RAPESEED, PALMS, + SOYBEANS

11,253,394 TONS/YR 13,426 BARRELS/YR

DD 05

DD 03 24

STAGE II ALGAE GROWTH

DD 02

DO C RETROFITTING DRY

RECYCLED WATER

13,426 BARRELS

475 K SQ.FT

318 K SQ.FT

CO2

197 K SQ.FT

PROPOSED

102 K SQ.FT

245 K SQ.FT

AIR REP IP SH

EXISTING

STAGE I

179 K SQ.FT

E TO R MAIN

SQ.FT

.FT

CONDITIONING [GAS/WATER]

NUTRIENTS

475K

SQ.FT

OF ALGAE ESTING HARV F O R THE

318K

.FT

DO CK

9,827 BARRELS

DD 06

1, 9 6

4,703,832 TONS/YR 5,612 BARRELS/YR

14,639,162 TONS/YR 17,465 BARRELS/YR

TOTAL SQ.FT. FUEL PRODUCED CO2 ABSORBED

TOES! TOMA

STR

8” DIA. C O L U

E (TYP.) TUR UC

BARGE AS ALGAE SUBSTA

TION

RAW

FE NS RA ET A G AL

05 04

EFORE CSO

197K

STAGE IV

8,237,535 TONS/YR 9,827 BARRELS/YR

DD 04

DD 01

SQ.FT

179K

SQ.F

STAGE III STAGE II STAGE I

CO2 + H20 + NUTRIENTS

STAGE III ALGAE HARVESTING

OIL EXTRACTION STAGE IV 06 26,037 BARRELS

05 17,465 BARRELS

04 24,818 BARRELS

03 5,612 BARRELS

9,044,136 TONS/YR 24,818 BARRELS/YR

,518,556 SQ.FT. 97,186 BARRELS 61,464,183 TONS

THE BROOKLYN NAVY YARD’S DRY DOCKS ARE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING ROUGHLY 97,186 BARRELS OF BIO FUEL ANNUALLY

200 S.FT 1K C.FT

22K C.FT

TANKERS, PIPES

25K C.FT

CO2 LIQUEFYING FACILITY, TANKERS

LOADING DOCK FOR STUDENTS

QUEEN POWER STATION

BIOFUEL STATION

CORNELL TECHNION

SORTING,UNLOADING 10 ACRE REFURBISHING, OF SERVICE REFINERY AREA

BIOFUEL STATION

11K C.FT

TANKERS, PIPES

10K C.FT

CO2 LIQUEFYING FACILITY, TANKERS

PURPOSED MAIN WASTE RECYCLE FACILITY

LES CO-GEN ALGAE TANKERS, CO2 TANKERS.

STORAGE FACILITY

55 C.FT 44 C.FT 36.6 ACRE FA, 3 ALGAE FIELDS, PROCESSING PLANT, ALGAL ALGAL CAFETERIA. TANKS

348K VOLUME

CONFERENCE ROOM, LIBRARY, CAFE.

12 S.FT

WIFI ACCESS

2.4 GHz

BROOKLYN TECH YARD

ARK / FEMA OCCUPIED VESSEL

SORTING,STORAGE.

0.6 FA

CONFERENCE HALL, MUSEUM, OUTDOOR ARENA

6.5 FA

1K C.FT

POWER PLANTS; ENERGY RECYCLING FACILITIESE; E-WASTE INTER-BROROUGH PORTS IMPORT/EXPORT PORTS TECH CAMPUS; EDUCATION

SILICON

H C E D T AR Y

CIRCULATES CONCENTRICALLY THROUGHOUT THE STRUCTURE.

$20

PROGRAM >

PU8BLIC LEARNING LABS PROVIDE EDUCATIONAL SPACES THAT CAN EXHIBIT THE INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE OF THE BROOKLYN NAVY YARDS

EIVE P L A N TERS TO REC

G GABION MESHIN

EN T

NITY OPPORTU

EMONAL EV CER R FO

ALGAE COMPO ST

CORPORAT E S TA KE

FERR Y

PRIMARY B Y P ROD UCT

TOURISTS

PR O

TE CH

COMMUN ITY

NER LAN YP CIT

RS DE L HO

CORPOR ATE

IES TECH

OPE R A TO RS

BYPR O DU C

COMMUNITY ST A K E H OLD ERS

PRIMA RY

RATE ST CORPO A K EH OL

STA KEH O L DE RS

AL GA EE COM NG MUN INE ITY E ST AK EH RY BY-PRODUC O PRIMA T

BY -

ERS OLD EH AK ST

EHOLDERS STAK Y T UNI MM CO

PRIM AR Y Y

ES PORAT TAKEHOL COR DE R T UC OD PR

Y AR M I R T ODUC -PR Y B

RS OLDE KEH STA

S ER LD

RS DE

LS NA O I SS FE

TAKEHOLDERS UNITY S COMM

ITY UN MM CO

SCIENTISTS ALGAE

FAMILIES STU DEN TS CO MM UN IT

DEVELOPMENT

CONSOLIDATING EDISON: Brooklyn, New York For a tech waterfront Lee Wilber, Makkiya Noor, Kara Ela

the East River from the Lower East Side of Manhattan. The project site comprises more than 32 acres owned by Consolidated Edison, including 11 acres that currently houses decommissioned facilities. The development of the Vinegar Hill waterfront will consolidate the operation and facilities of Consolidated Edisonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hudson Avenue Station, 38

relocating the existing infrastructure into a more compact form within the neighborhood for its operation. Then reclaims all 32 acres of prime waterfront real estate along the East River to the city’s historic core, creating a vibrant community for all to explore. Along with the development of highand mid-rise mixed-use building, which serves to house the businesses and professionals for their needs, and will cultivate a diversity of new uses: residences and offices blending with restaurants and shops; public parks and open spaces that invites residents, neighbors and visitors to come together. We envision a total revitalization of Vinegar Hill’s urban waterfront focusing on commercial and residential uses supported by significant public access, recreation, cultural, hospitality and entertainment will create a better tomorrow for the neighborhood .

Brooklyn Downtown CAPITAL

CH RES EAR

TRAINING

ECONOMIC GROWTH

EST INV

EDUCATION

LABORFORCE LABOR

INCOME

Vinegar Hill SUSTAINABLE

Brooklyn Navy Yard

GREEN-TECH

LAND

SKILLS

JOBS

DEVELOPMENT

CREATIVE

STARTUPS

DUMBO

DEVELOPMENT AREA

WATERFRONT ACCESS

< 5%

Limited Access (Visual only)

Rest

> 85

ric te

100%

d ( Pu

Wate rfro

blic)

nt Are

> 10%

Rest ric (Priv ted ate )

NSOLIDATED EDISON

on Avenue Station - Consolidation Plan

ase 2

Construction of new facilities to house relocated equipment

BROOKLYN TECH TRIANGLE Office Space Occupancy Rate

90%

Occupied

NT OW

BR OO

KL YN

NA VY

YA R

Relocate existing equipment

Occupied

DO W

100%

Office Space Occupancy Rate

ILL

DU MB

98% Occupied

Site demolition and preparation for new development

ZONING I

Flush

To Ins Polyt titu ech te o nic fN YU

TRANSPORTATION

High-Ri

ing A ve.

62 57 69

Retail C

High St. York

St.

The B

St.

York St. lyn W aterf ront Gree

High-Ri

nwa y

Proposed new Greenway bike route

rook

Proposed bus line extension

Low-Ris Strip

Industri High-Ri

n lto Fu St.

Proposed ferry terminal

Mid-Ris Residen Old

Proposed Subway Interchange Station

Mid-Ris

Marsh

all St .

Low-Ris To Brooklyn Bridge Park & Wall St.

To Schaefer Landing / South Williamsburg

Public W

Building Capacity Green Infrastructure

FAR suggested 6.5 52% Comercial 38% Residential 20% residential

Pocket Park

High Rise 50,000 Sq FT X 7

Green street

Building Capacity

Low Rise 30,000 Sq FT Roof Gardens

Waterfront Park

CLOSED LOOP

RESTORING THE GARDEN OF EDEN: Basra, Iraq COMMERCE DWELLING Through adaptive sustainable marsh villages Allwai Family Allen Thom,Dobson Dan, Makkiya Noor, Mojica Robert

The Iraq Marshes are wetlands located in the south of Iraq, were once the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Europe and Asia. Located in the middle of a desert those marshes serviced Marsh Arabs and vast population of wildlife. Unfortunately those marshes suffered from brutal draining due to the former government act of punishment toward Shia Muslim who occupied the marshes. Prior to 2003, the marshes were drained to 10% of their original size. The marshes were deserted and the farmers were forced to migrate to the city seeking job opportunities they canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t afford After the Iraq war many organization worked to refurbish the marshes and they succeeded in recovering part of the marshes. In our proposal we seek to rebuild the marsh villages and motivated the farmers to return to their inherited culture but how can we build a stronger and more resilient villages? With the sacristy of water and the threat of dam construction in turkey and Syria, it would be crucial to built a resilient system were these marshes work in a closed loop system. By installing a minor integrated technologies that can store water, and energy these marshes would work more efficiently in the dry season.

DWELLING Safaar Family

DWE

Alwash

ELLING

sh Family

BRIDGE

COMMUNITY

CHANNELIZED CENTRAL MARSH

1 2 3 4

Marsh Center market community center 5 primary school mosque 6 football field clinic

7 8 9 10

Water Bodies permanent marsh seasonal Marsh

Marshhood communal space house plot waste treatment plant municipal waste collection

Ma r

Cente sh 2

Marshho

Marshhoo

3 4

6 9 10

Marsh od

h h ood ars

Marshho

rshhood Ma

hood rsh

Cente r

Circulation Types water road

Stops small waste collection stop main collection stop intermodle hub

Waste Agriculture People

WTP 3

WET SEASON 1 2 3 4

communal activity Water well Water treatment plant waste collection

r panels ola

a te

r tan k

primary school football field

stored water well water treated water

WTP

insulation wooden gutter

Energy

Water

Food home garden

city grid capture

adjusting angle for collection

solar

extract

recycle

farming

live stock

red energy sto

r tre atm e nt

c ti o n

Wa t

els

Tank nt

overflow water outlet sand gravel valve perforated effluent pipe

r Collec t ate

ion

lar Pan So

reatme rT ecover

DRY SEASON

d Water treate

fo o d

Se e

g wa

r te

wa al ion ls l dit we Ad m fro

WTP

FISHERMAN

DWELLING Hilali Family

FISHING

DWELLING

Kuraishy Family

VENDING

EDUCATION

RECREATION

FOOT BRIDGE

BRIDGE

HARVESTING

DWELLING Fetuhi Family

FISHING

HARVESTING

COMMUNITY

TRADE

VENDING

DOCK

TRANSPORT

FISHING

HARVESTING

FISHERMAN

BRIDGE

TRANSPORT

COMMERCE

SOCIAL DUALITIES

AIMAH BRIDGE: Baghdad, Iraq Makkiya Noor, Devanshi Purohit

In the Asian cities seminar were asked to look at public spaces, critique what issues those public spaces have and propose an intervention. I focused on a bridge as a public space that connects two ethnically segregated communities and studied the complexity of the social layers that this bridge posses. One might say a good settlement must establish a sacred structure by some means so as to connect emotionally with its residents and helps its people to connect to a higher order. However there are many cases where cities consist of various rooted sacred structures like different racial and ethnic communities so the question lies on how to deal with segregated ethnic or racial communities? Aima Bridge connects two of the oldest rooted Muslim communities in Baghdad. One represented the Shia community the other represented the Sunni. The deep relationship between those two communities reflected the truth about Iraq; a country consisted of many minorities that coexisted with each other with no issues between them. After the Iraq war terrorists tried to stir problems between the Sunni and Shia by targeting those communities. One of the most profane attacks is stamping of this Aima bridge during a Shia pilgrimage when the Shia Muslims where passing through this bridge from the Sunni community. How can we create a safe neighborhood as urban designers?

Removing the wall Pedestrian & car bridge secured public space Secured Streets

Proposal (intervention)

69m

Existing Condition (using cars in weekdays)

Aimmah Market (umarket on weekends)

Night Bridge (at night everyday) 63

AGRICULTURE

SEEDING DEMOCRACY: Iraq Restoring the black land Le Kevin, Makkiya Noor

Iraq used to be the center of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Fertile Crescentâ&#x20AC;? of ancient Mesopotamia where it is also known as the Black Land with its adjacent bodies of water and dynamic waterways, flowing rich of organic material populated throughout the region from one end to the other. Iraq had not only fed itself but also provided various parts of the world with its abundant copious harvest of grains, dates and vegetables. 64

Iraq also was well recognized with its urban farms that housed over 28 million palm trees across the nation. Unfortunately now grey concrete fields of developments and slums are illegally invading the urban and peripheral farms of Iraq. Many reasons contributed to the encroachment on urban agriculture including governmental abuse, wars and the foreign policies that have been imposed onto Iraq’s ancient agriculture system. For example, in 2004, when former Coalition Provisional Authority Paul Bremer III left Baghdad, he imposed ‘Order 81’ that was written to promote the patenting of seeds and the sale of genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. Prior to the U.S. invasion of Iraq, it was common between Iraqi farmers to exchange seeds for better variety. “Now, under U.S. decree, to patent varieties of seed all that is necessary is to be the first to “describe” or “characterize” them. Even though technically, the Iraqi farmer is not being stopped from saving and sharing seeds from traditional crops at this time, nevertheless there is now also nothing stopping Monsanto, Cargill, Dow, Syngenta, Bayer and other multinationals from “describing” or “characterizing” those traditional seeds, and thereby patenting those seeds in the future. And, when they do the Iraqi farmer then will be prohibited from saving and sharing those seeds that have been passed down from generations, and will have to buy them from “the company store,” “trapped into a high-cost cash crop economy from which he/she will find it impossible to escape.” Desperation and poverty led the Iraqi farmers to abandon their lands and migrate to the city looking for other opportunities to survive. As for the farmers within urban farms in newly developing cities like Karbala in the south they were also tempted to sell their lands illegally for residential and commercial developments. As for the agriculture land on the periphery. As agriculture plays a vital role in Iraqi culture, it is necessary to see the end result. For instance, what is the result of the destruction in the agricultural infrastructure? The Main purpose of the research is to find whether Iraq can restore its agriculture infrastructure and find out ways of refurbishing the traditional urban farm by proposing hybrid system between urban 66

and rural that can eventually compete with the rapid urban developments that are encroaching on the urban farms. Also provide new regulations policies that can counteract the in efficiency of the current policies.

soils are built upon they can never again be used for food production. In addition, Karabala is the site of the shrines of Imam Hussein and Abbas, who are among the most revered figures among Shiite Muslims, and witness millions of pilgrims visit every year. It The decline in the agriculture infrastructure is leading is no surprise to see these urban farmlands converted to two main outcomes the first is the extinction of the into hotels and commercial services for these tourists. urban farms by the rapid commercial projects in major In addition to commercial development along cities, and the second is the creation of what they call major arterials of Karbala immigrant farm“Bastana lands” slums encroached on the agriculture ers and other Iraqi refuges also purchased the the peripheral agriculture land by farmer migrant whom arable land on the periphery for the city For are looking for work opportunities close to the city. By Two reasons; first due its afford ability and second its visiting those areas in the city of Karbala hope I will be proximity to the city creating what is known for “Basable to further explore the outcomes of the rapid devel- tana slums”. The temporal houses that were built opment on the city center and its relation to the old city on the Bastana lands have no sanitation, no water, fabric, I will also be exploring the slum encroachment no roads, no education or any other services given on the peripheral farm land around the city . with the to the inhabitants. However it would be interesting help of the municipal government in Karbala I will be to know if the former farm land can be refurbished studying the possibility of restructuring the agriculture for agriculture production providing opportunities infrastructure of Iraq. The country’s environment min- of hybrid system between agriculture and living istry estimated in 2009 that 28 % of Iraq’s territory is composed of arable land, around 96 square miles are lost every year. Quite possibly, the main reason for implementing Order 81 is an attempt to advance the agribusiness of Iraq but I am aiming to have basic understanding of what exactly needs to be modernized in Iraq like integration of a new zoning typology to help protect the arable land or a deployment of techniques that can be used to improve the production and thereby encourage the farmers to not abandon their land and sell it to the highest bidder. On my way to Karbala I will be stopping in Sluaimania City in the north of Iraq, there I will be meeting with Nature Iraq Foundation a none governmental organization registered in Iraq, accredited to the United Nations Environment Programmed (UNEP), with their help I will try to find current projects planned to restore and refurbish Iraq natural environment. Karbala, a governorate of Iraq 110 kilometers (70 miles) south of Baghdad, is among the cities with a significant amount of prime farmland. The soils that have made Karbala such a strong agricultural producer centuries to form. Many Iraqi farmers fear that once these 68

BAGHDAD

KARBALA

BABIL

JOB CREATION AGRO-INDUSTRY LIVESTOCK WATER SEEDS

TECHNOLOGY

SEEDS

COMPETITION

LAND

LAW 81

GOVERNMENT

HIGH TEMPERATURE

DESERT STORM

WAR

WATER

CONTAMINATION

GOVERNMENT PROJECTS

PEOPLE

SECURITY REASONS URBAN IMMIGRATION

REAL-ESTATE OF ARABLE LAND UNEMPLOYED FARMERS

SLUMS

COMMERCIAL PROJECTS HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE

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