Nor asnaniBakar Z
GS55515
M.Ar chUPM 2020/ 2021
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ABSTRACT MEDAN MAGNET YOUTH AND COMMUNITY CENTRE: INVIGORATING THE KAMPUNG MEDAN COMMUNITY THROUGH BODY, MIND AND SOUL. By NORASNANI BINTI BAKAR JULY 2021 Supervisor : Ar. Kalsom Mohamad Faculty : Faculty of Design and Architecture According to the survey conducted by the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS, 2017), 4.2 million Malaysians suffer from mental health problems and 600,000 of them are youth aged between 5 to 16 years old. Youths in the present day are more vulnerable to various factors which lead to depression and mood disorder. Studies conducted worldwide have generally associated one of the primary reasons for the occurrence of depressive disorders among young people are poor living conditions. A Malaysian psychologist, Ellisha Othman, has stated that urban poverty is one of the main factors which influences the existence of mental health issues in a community. The substandard living conditions for people experiencing urban poverty are not ideal and not conducive to live in hence it leads youngsters living there to turn to negative ways to express their dissatisfactions. The negative behavior portrayed by them contributes to the increase in the number of crimes and social problems in that area. Therefore, to prevent the youths’ mental state and attitude from worsening, the objective of this paper is to study the environmental conditions of the urban poor which lead to mental health problems prevalent amongst youths of low-income communities. To ease the flow of the research, localization of case study has been done to produce more reliable results. The case study chosen for this paper is in the low-income community in Kampung Medan, Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Due to the steadily increasing number of youths suffering from mental illnesses especially in the low income housing area, there is a need to identify the relationship between mental stress and the environmental conditions lived in by the youth in low- income communities. Literature review is also used to identify types of mental health problems commonly existing in low income communities, to understand the factors which lead to its existence in the communities and to study the correlation between the developments of mental problems with environmental conditions. Keywords: Mental health, Environmental factors, Youth, Low Income group.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most Merciful. Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah for the strengths He gave me and His blessing in helping me completing this design thesis. Special appreciation goes to my supervisor, Ar.Kalsom Mohamad, whose knowledge, understanding, guidance and support made it possible for me to work on a topic that greatly interests me. Her words of encouragement have been a great motivator to me during the process of completing this thesis. I would also like to thank my studio master, Ar. Wan Sofia Wan Ishak, who has been a great lecturer, who always provides her best advice and discussions to the best of her abilities. With her support, this thesis could be achieved. Working under her guidance is both a privilege and pleasure in architectural designing. I would also like to thank my fellow classmates for helping each other out and going through our final semester together. Last but not least,to my beloved parents, Atikah Kidin and Bakar Umar, I would like to express my gratitude for being the best parents ever. They have helped me financially, emotionally and physically since the beginning of the journey. I will not finish this journey without their continuous prayers and support. Once again, I thank Allah, and thank you all.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ……….....................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………..................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………..................................................................................v CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION & DESIGN THESIS STATEMENTS ………........................1 1.1 Thesis Background…………….................................................................................1 1.1.1 Definition of Mental Illness….....................................................................2 1.1.2 Types of Mental Illness…...........................................................3 1.1.1.1 Post Traumatic Disorder..........................................................3 1.1.1.2 Depression............................................................................3 1.1.1.3 Bipolar disorder.......................................................................3 1.1.3 Risk Factor of Mood Disorder...........................................................................4 1.1.4 Impacts of Mental Illness on Youth...................................................................5 1.2.Problem statement….......................................................................................... 5 1.3. Thesis Statement ............................................................................................. 5 1.4. Thesis Aim ........................................................................................................6 1.5 Thesis Objectives ...............................................................................................6 1.6 Summary - NABC [ needs, approach, benefit, competition]...............................6 1.7 Potential Clients................................................................................................. 7 1.7.1 Main Client - Penggerak Belia Tempatan - PEBT Negeri Selangor.......7 1.7.2 Main Client - HATI……………………………………………………….....7 1.8 Target group........................................................................................................8 1.8.1 Youth Problems..............,,,,...................................................................9 1.8.2 Low income community..,,,,...................................................................11 CHAPTER 2 - SUPPORTING DATA & INVESTIGATION........................................12 2.1. Relationship between mental stress with the environmental condition among youth in low income communities…..........................................................................12 CHAPTER 3 - SITE AND CONTEXT RESPONSES............................................... 14 3.1 Site Selection Criteria……………………………................................................. 16 3.2 Site History......................................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Zero Illegal Squatters Mission.............................................................. 19 3.2.2. The 2001 Kampung Medan Riots. ........................................... ....... 19 3.3 Urban Analysis....................................................................................................20 3.4 Macro Analysis and Responses..........................................................................21 3.5 Micro Analysis & Responses...............................................................................22 3.6 Summary on site & contextual response.............................................................32 CHAPTER 4 - STUDY CASES .................................................................................33 4.1 Project 1 - MACBA Museum of Contemporary Art ………………………………..34 4.2 Project 2 - Tingbjerg Library & House of Culture Denmark…………….............. 35 4.3 Project 3 - Merida Factory Youth Movement / Selgascano................................ 36 4.4 Project 4 - Bike Works Non-profit Bicycle Shop……………38 4.5 Coffee and Bikes.................................................................................................39 4.6 Conclusion - Leading to Thesis Building Programme.........................................40 4.7 Proposed programme…………………….............................................................41 4.8 Hypothetical Program……………………………………..41 4.9 Sports for brain development research data…………………………42 5.0 Design Aspiration……………………………………………..43
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CHAPTER 5 - CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PROPOSAL..............................................44 5.1. Community Magnet .......... ............................................................................... 44 5.2 Design approach …………..............................................................45 5.3 Design generator explorations…………..............................................................45 5.4 Human Movement and Character Analysis…………………………………46 5.5 Site context 5.6 Building massing & Site planning …………………...............................................................48 5.7 Design Development ……………………………………......................................................49 5.8 Design Development Sketch 50 5.9 Form study (Mockup) 51 Isometric Layers building (Source: Author) 53
CHAPTER 6 FINAL DESIGN PROPOSAL..............................................54 5.8 Schematic Drawing and Perspective view 54 5.9 Special Study……………………………………………………………………68 5.10 Construction study 70 5.11 Green design study 71 5.10 Technical Study……………………………………………………………………...72 5.11 Summary conclusion…………………………................................................... 96 REFERENCES ........................................................................... 96
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION & DESIGN THESIS STATEMENTS This chapter will introduce the definition of mental health issues and its current condition and effects in Malaysia. The factors and impact of mental health to youth will also be discussed throughout this chapter. Literature review related to this matter will support the facts and data regarding it. 1.1. Thesis Background
Figure 1-National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017
After heart disease, mental illness has been foreseen to be the second biggest health problem affecting Malaysians in the upcoming years. Data from the survey conducted by the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS, 2017) has found that 4.2 million Malaysians suffer from mental health problems. 600,000 people from this total are youths aged between 5 to 16 years old. Youngsters who are often exposed to constant pressure and stress in their daily lives have higher risk of being affected with mental health problems. Moreover, international researchers have mostly associated one of the main causes for the development of depressive disorders in young people is a stressful environment. According to Ellisha Othman, a Malaysia Clinical Psychologist, living in urban poverty is also one of the factors that influences mental health issues. The living conditions for the urban poor are substandard, often afflicted with crowded environments which commonly have a high density of crime. This brings constant discomfort and is unconducive to its users, making most of the youths in th area to avert themselves from this environment. Then, these youths tend to express their dissatisfaction with their living environment through negative acts such as vandalism; leading to more crime and social issues to occur in the area. This research intends to find the relationship between the environmental conditions which become the factors for the development of mental health problems among the youths living in the low-income housing area. To ensure an ease in the flow of research, the youths living in the low- income housing area in Kg. Medan, Petaling Jaya, Selangor has been chosen as a case study. There is a need to identify the relationship between the occurrence of mental illness among youth in the low-income community with their environmental conditions in the area. Based on the National Health Department data, one in five youth are depressed, two in five are anxious and one in ten are stressed. This number of people, especially youths, are rising each year and it is concerning. . Most worrying is that there is a suicidal attempt among the affected youths. Urban areas have a higher number of mental health problems instead of rural areas. This shows that there might be an environmental condition that affects them. Therefore, these issues should not be overlooked and should not be dealt with by the health department alone. Instead, Architecture should contribute an alternative solution in order to cater to this issue.
Figure 2-Survey data from National Health Departments 1.1.1 Definition of mental Illness Mental wellbeing involves our psychological, emotional and social well-being. It determines how humans will feel, think and react. Mental health is a condition where a person understands his or her own ability, allowing them to deal with common pressures in everyday life. They are also able to think clearly and act accordingly and efficiently, to aid or contribute to their community. Mental illnesses are health conditions which involve negative changes in emotion, thinking, behavior or a combination of these. Mental illnesses are often linked to distress and the changes it brings to the affected people always lead to difficulties for them in dealing with the ordinary demands and routines of daily life.
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1.1.2 Types of mental Illness Mental health problems or illness can be classified into several types. Each type will have different symptoms. The chart below shows the types of mental illness generally found to be affecting Malaysians. This study focused more on Mood Disorder mental illness because youths are more prone to this type of mental illness. It usually affects their behavior and way of thinking, sometimes severely.. Depression, PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Bipolar Disorder are examples of Mood Disorder illness.
Figure 3- Types of mental illness.
1.1.1.1 Post Traumatic Disorder PTSD is an example of mood disorder caused by a very stressful, frightening or distressing event. People with PTSD always relive the traumatic event through nightmares and flashbacks and may experience feelings of isolation, irritability and guilt. This can also lead to sleeping problems such as insomnia and issues with their concentration. Symptoms are often severe and persistent, such as recurring nightmares and flashbacks. The aftereffects of these symptoms usually have a significant impact on their day to day life, sometimes making it difficult for them to live life as a normal citizen. 1.1.1.2 Depression Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent and sometimes severe feeling of unhappiness, loss of interest, inadequacy and guilt. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how a person feels, thinks and behaves. It can also lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems such as experiencing negative moods, loss of interest, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disrupted sleep and no appetite, low energy and in worst cases, a person suffering form this disorder have constant thoughts of death or suicide for weeks or months at a time. 1.1.1.3 Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterised by cycles of severe low (depressed) and high (manic) moods. It is also known as Manic Depression that specifically affects someone‟s mood, causing them to experience extremely high moods (Manic Episodes) and extremely low moods (Depressive Episodes), sometimes in tandem or sporadically. The contrast between these moods can make the depression seem deeper and can be harder to deal with. The Manic Episodes (high moods) are not defined by the persistent happy feelings felt by the sufferer. Experiencing Manic Episodes can actually make people more irritable and agitated and easily distracted. People who suffer from this may also feel a surge of overconfidence within themselves, making them feel untouchable. These excessive moods affect a person‟s behavior and they may become hyperactive, more talkative and sometimes they become overly friendly. During these Manic Episodes, they also might
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say or do inappropriate things which they normally do not do. Other dangerous effects that these episodes will cause to an affected person is that they become very active to the point where they have less sleep. In worse cases, some of them would not sleep at all. If this situation continues on for a long time, the physical health of the affected person will be at risk. The Depressive Episodes (low moods) refers to not only consistent sad feelings either. Going through these episodes can actually make people become overly upset, fatigued and having no interest in or find enjoyment in things they used to like. They may also suffer from low self esteem, lacking in confidence, feeling overly guilty, feeling worthless or helpless. In some cases, people who experience low moods might also feel agitated, constantly tense and have recurring thoughts of death or suicide. In the long run, these feelings can affect a person‟s behavior such as making them withdraw away from people. The people suffering from these episodes might also not do things they normally like. They can also have trouble sleeping or they will sleep an excessive amount. This is the same for their appetite, either they eat too little or too much. The worst scenario that could happen in this situation if the person experiencing these episodes inflict self-harm or attempt suicide.
Figure 4-Risk factor of Mood Disorders
1.1.3 Risk Factor of Mood Disorder There are many factors that can lead to mental health problems. Figure 2 shows that environment and social, family-related. Biological and genetics are some of the risk factors for Mood Disorder. Environment and Social are the main risk factors that affect youth. Stressful urban environments, low income and poor housing, bullying or abuse, socioeconomic disadvantage, social isolation and stigmatization are the risk factors under environmental and social categories. This risk factor can change someone‟s behavior and thinking. There is a case where family will be the factor of mental health. Youths tend to do things they are not supposed to do when they lack love and attention from their family. Some of them experienced emotional and physical abuse from their family which became traumatic events for them. If these youths are not given the proper treatment after facing such harsh situations in their lives, it can harbor serious mental illness problems within them. Biological and genetics also are the risk factors for mood disorders but these cases will not be included in this study as the circumstances under this factor is not affected by outside influence and sometimes it is congenital.
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1.1.4 Impacts of Mental Illness on Youth
Figure 5-Impacts mental illness on Youth Mental illness brings negative impacts to youths. Figure 3 shows that mental illness can affect the youth's thoughts, feelings and behaviors. From the aspect of thought, this illness will make youth be riddled with constant negative thinking. This might make them unable to focus and concentrate on their daily life routine such as work or school. Meanwhile, on the feelings aspects, this can lead to them experiencing unstable moods such as unexplained tearfulness or anger outbursts. Moreover, youths also tend to have aggressive behavior and are prone to being involved in taking substance abuse. One of the most serious scenarios that can occur is when they attempt suicide or when they harm another person without any reason at all. 1.2 Problem Statement The lack of community engagement in mental illness prevention contributes to the rising numbers of mental health cases amongst Malaysian youths. The impacts of youths being affected with mental illness are negative and if it is not contained, it will lead to even more major social issues in the future such as suicide and substance abuse. A journal titled “Depression among the urban poor in Peninsular Malaysia: A community based cross- sectional study” has concluded that the rate for the occurrence of depression among the urban poor is 12% higher compared to the people living outside of the urban poor conditions. To reduce the development of mental health issues amongst urban poor youths and to find out the environmental factors which influence the growth of mental illness among the urban poor has become the main reason why this study is conducted. 1.3 Thesis statement This thesis is to study the factors which will aid in producing a design of an architecture intervention, be it a youth centre, school or a building, which suits the needs and can bring about positive changes in the urban setting of the case study area, which is Kampung Medan, Petaling Jaya, Selangor. This design approach should focus on the sensory integration in the environment and give a positive impact to the behavior of youth in the area.
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1.4 Thesis Aim This thesis aims to help in reducing the development of stress disorders among youths from lowincome communities by providing spaces for them to conduct activities which allows for the expression of their emotions and feelings in a healthier manner. As the youths in Kampung Medan always participate actively in sports and recreational activities, this study focused on the benefits of providing architecture intervention which hosts various sport programmes for the youths. It also highlights the use of architectural elements in the interior design to increase the feeling therapeutic qualities to its user and becoming a sanctuary for those who need treatments for recovery. 1.5 Thesis objectives
The design intention is to provide spaces, facilities and programs for youth and to increase community engagement. To establish the strategies which promote mental health awareness and treatment in low income communities and attract them voluntarily come to the centre through design approach. To design a youth and community centre in order to strengthen the community of Kampung Medan. To encourage the involvement of the community to join the programs and activities conducted at the proposed design of the youth and community centre.
1.6 Summary - NABC [Needs, Approach, Benefit, Competition] Needs, N: A space for the youths of low income activities to de-stress and do sports/recreational activities in one centralized place. Approach, A: To incorporate „Sport‟ as the main building programme for the architectural intervention, attracting the community of all ages to come and use the facility and participate in the programmes provided. Benefits, B: Introducing building programmes revolving around sports as a catalyst needed to instill positive habits in youths, empowering them and helping them to develop their potential in various skills such as sports and entrepreneurship. It is also to allow them to communicate with their surrounding community more. Competition, C: Becoming an infrastructure with designs that is more than the common, pre-existing facilities. To develop an inclusive design for activities beyond sports programmes which all ages of the community can participate in such as group gardening, food and beverages and entrepreneurial spaces.
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1.7 Potential client 1.7.1 Main Client - Penggerak Belia Tempatan - PEBT Negeri Selangor
Figure 7 : PeBT Logo Penggerak Belia Tempatan (PeBT) was established in 2009, to support the initiative of the Selangor State Government, to promote development programmes in various categories such as sports, for the younger generation in the state of Selangor. 1.7.2 Main Client - HATI
Figure 8 : HATI Logo Hati is a non-profit web-portal which shares information about the various charities in Malaysia, usually nonprofit and non-governmental organisations, working hard to accommodate and improve the lives of underprivileged communities. HATI has the mission to be the “central station” for all things community related, where charities, NGOs, under-privileged communities, donors, sponsors and support groups can link up effectively. Hati is run entirely by a group of volunteers. They consist mostly of Malaysians from different life backgrounds, non-aligned with any other organisations. HATI was established based on three reasons which are firstly, in the present day there is a lack of direct and organized information on charities and non-profits organisations in Malaysia. When someone needs certain help, it is often difficult to find the needed information. The Internet presents an opportunity to have the information to be constantly available thus, HATI enables smaller charities to be highlighted in its web portal, allowing those who need it to access it in a short amount of time. Secondly, HATI hopes to create awareness and be a catalyst towards volunteering in Malaysia by providing adequate information regarding it, on its web.. It also encourages the spirit of caring and connecting with the underprivileged. Last but not least, HATI aims to become the central information exchange where NGOs and charities can connect and share experiences, thus improving each other in the long run.
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Figure 9 : Strategic Partnership 1.8 Target group The target user is youth and community in a low income group. From the background study done on the case study area, youths are often involved in crimes and negative behaviours such as loitering and theft. The urban lifestyle, which is fraught with commercialism and materialism, causes teenagers to compare themselves to their more well-to-do friends, which sometimes lead them to achieve materialism through crimes. Also, poor people live in neighbourhoods where usually the built environment is of poor quality, infrastructure that is substandard and unsafe as it is often subjected to vandalism and having poor access to open spaces and green environments. Thus, there is a need to understand the relation between the built environment and mental health. Providing access to spaces such as exercise areas, recreational areas and green spaces which have therapeutic values is important in constructing good mental health for youth in low income communities.
Figure 10 : Thesis target group
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This group category was identified to suit the program and activities on this thesis project. These youth categories have their own function and serve its purposes for this thesis proposal. The early youth is the stage where they have their self awakening and always desire for knowledge. Their reasoning power and judgement are growing, yet limited by experience. In this stage, youth tend to search for personal identity and go through rapid growth, changing mood and fact gathering minds. Youth in this category should be involved with learning and education programs which can help boost their knowledge and at the same time help them in community and social activities. Middle youth is the stage where they attempt to discover the world with their dreams of ambition. They look to the future with passion, like it is a vast field for them to conquer. They also crave for freedom and are very eager to make new friends. Therefore, exciting recreational activities and extreme sports programs should be provided to them, so that they are attracted to participate in it. The youth in this category tend to be influenced by their peers. Middle youth is the category where we need to approach with more care and caution. Paying more attention to their behaviour can prevent mental health problems and crime issues among them. Matured youth is the stage where mental capability is more developed. Their way of thinking is more constructive and they love to debate and question various things happening in their life. They are explorative towards things that they do not know before such as sex, careers, vocations, and religions. They still tend to be easily influenced by others' opinions, particularly by their friends and those whom they see as role models. In this stage, they are more socially-conscious, as they also think about a wider scope in their life such as employment, family life, worship and service to humanity. Nurturing the matured youth category is important as they can give support and become a role model to the other youth categories. Suitable programs and activities instilled in the proposed architectural intervention will lead all of these youth categories in the right direction. The design proposal of this study intended to provide youth with activities and programs that can make them a better person and help reduce the risk of them developing mental health problems. For those in the recovery stage, this design proposal can help them in their recovery by giving support through peer education and community engagements.
1.8.1 Youth Problems
Figure 11 : Youth problem
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Figure 12 : Source by Statistic report 2014 and 2015, Department of Social Welfare Malaysia The rise in social deviance among adolescents can be viewed from various aspects. In 1995, 4012 adolescents (remanded in prison and Henry Gurney School) were involved in crimes where 96.2% were male adolescents. The phenomenon should not be viewed lightly as there are more and more male detainees in rehabilitation centres and under remand. Statistics also show that the involvement of female juveniles in crime has also increased 161.5% from 325 cases in 1974 to 850 cases in 1995. The statistics of the Prison Department of Malaysia show that from the 2964 juveniles who are serving prison sentences, 1231 (41.6%) are Malays,110 (3.7%) Chinese; 314 (10.6%) Indians; 197 (6.6%) other races including the Bumiputera in Sabah and Sarawak, and 1112 (37.5%) foreign juveniles. The increase in criminal misconduct among adolescents is influenced by several factors such as going through parental neglect and abuse, being the victims of bullying and mistreatment in school, substandard living conditions and neglect from the community. Young offenders stated that their crimes are most commonly committed for material gain. Some offences, especially vandalism and stealing vehicles were committed for excitement, enjoyment or to relieve boredom and stress. “The rising mental health among youths is alarming because this will affect national development as they are national assets”, quoted Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai.
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1.8.2 Low income community People in the low income groups can be defined as people with a total household salary categorized in the Bottom 40% (B40) group. Most B40 families live in densely populated urban areas with low cost houses such as terrace houses and Flats. According to BMC Public Health (Sofia Amara & Norizan Abdul Razak), the low-income community in Malaysia faces numerous health challenges, especially related to NCD (i.e.non-communicable disease) such as poor mental health and poor nutritional intake and physical problems.“This problem now has become more complex because it might relate to drugs, bullying and some other issues (involving youngsters) compared previously when anxiety and stress was the main cause,” said Consultant Psychiatrist at University Malaya Specialist Centre (UMSC), Associate Professor Dr Ng Chong Guan referring to the rise in the number of youngsters with mental health problems, especially in the city centre area of Malaysia. In the law enforcement sector, several authorities agreed that poverty is a significant cause of crime. This statement does not mean that a person who is not affected by poverty is not a criminal. In fact, people with wealth have also committed crimes many times, hence the existence of the “white collar” crime category. However, the focus of this study is on the urban poor because they are more likely to be affected by mental illnesses as a result of their overall surroundings and lifestyle. These people are often troubled by various problems such as high living expenses, financial difficulties, job insecurity, insufficient funds, limited educational opportunities, insufficient health and sanitation and poor infrastructure. Half of these problems are monetary issues. All of these deprivations and difficulties that they face in their lives had turned them desperate, leading them to be involved in crime. In the area of poorer communities and in regions of high population density where declining housing conditions and unemployment concerns often plague its residents, the crime rate tends to be higher. Poverty is often induced by the desperation of citizens to improve their economic well-being in a short time. Many homeless people suffer from psychiatric disorders or addictions to drugs and alcohol. Some of them are even involved in illegal activities such as drug trafficking, drug smuggling and gangsterism.
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CHAPTER 2 SUPPORTING DATA & INVESTIGATION 2.1 Relationship between mental stress with the environmental condition among youth in low income communities. 'Environment' implies something that surrounds us. It can be categorized as living or nonliving. Things such as chemistry, physics and other natural forces are involved. In their milieu, living things exist. Humans will deal with it constantly and adapt to situations in their world. Community will also experience many related environments surrounding it. The phrase "environment" includes three main fields, according to Barnett & Casper, 2001; Schulz & Northridge: 1. Built environment describes people-made or changed structures, spaces and goods. Houses, highways,transport networks,traffic and noise, buildings, architecture, public spaces, parks and greenspaces in urban areas are included. 2. Air, water, landscapes, natural green spaces like wetlands and parks, and chemical pollution and toxins in these spaces are part of the natural environment. 3. The social environment relates to the physical environment, social interactions and cultural contexts in which individuals function. This involves social and economic processes, local and community values, and factors such as jobs, gender, social support, cultural traditions (including religion), community interactions, tension, social inequities, networks, family influences and power relationships. Poor people are located within neighbourhoods with a built environment of poor quality, infrastructure that is substandard and unsafe, and poor access to open spaces and green environments. The relation, including mental health, between the built and natural environment and health has been developed. As well as having access to 'green exercise' and play room, access to green space has a therapeutic value. This is an important criteria in constructing good mental health for youth in low income communities. This can be said that related environments can affect a person's mental health. This is due to what kind of environment that they live in. This effect on their mental and behavioral. Related environments that affect mental health can be categorized by macro and micro aspects. Related environments in the macro aspect cover a bigger picture and issues. Urbanization is one of the macro related environments. Urbanization is a process by which towns develop spontaneously or by relocation thus becoming urban in their communities. Urbanization is the product of people moving to urban areas in search of economic opportunities and to provide a better lifestyle and living conditions, particularly in developing countries.Much of the services and career corridors are provided to urban areas to make life more comfortable. But there is some research that highlights urbanization gives bad consequences to communities. According to Faziawati Abdul Aziz, based on her research, the outcome of it is that there are effects and implications because of the relocation of community squatters in Desa Mentari as the agenda of urbanization and industrialisation. The implications of that relocation are the deterioration of the structure of the society, ethnic disputes, the growth of social problems and the poor living environment.
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The built environment factor is a product from urbanization. Urbanization was the main reason for the relocation of the residents of Kampung Medan. They were resettled into low-cost apartments and terrace houses as compensation for the demolition of their squatters' houses. The two types of houses studied under the visual observation method are the low-cost apartment of Desa Mentari and the two-storey terrace houses in Jalan PJS 2. As most of the families who were relocated to these new housings were from the low income group, as stated from the interview with the ADUN of Taman Medan, most of the residents settled into their new houses peacefully. However, the residents have stated that there has been drastic changes in the overall environment of their new houses, compared to when they were living in their squatters' houses. The execution of the housing schemes catering to the relocation of rapid urbanization causes problems such as inadequate amenities and the lack of long-term comfort to the residents of the housing. This fact further deteriorates the living standard of the urban population. The decay in the living standard for the urban poor puts pressure and causes more stress to them, leaving them at a higher risk of getting affected with mental health issues, especially to the younger people. The social environment of the case study area is affected by the negative effect brewed from the built environment elements. Since the “2001 Kampung Medan Riots” incident, this area has always been known as and viewed by the general public as a notorious area. People who do not live in this area often fear it when they pass by it to reach other places, and their fear is understandable. Ever since the incident, the racial harmony between the Malay and Indian community has been disrupted. Years passed and little by little, the racial harmony has been slowly mended over time but the wariness and cautiousness between the races are still prominent amongst them. After the incident, police supervision in this area has been more frequent, to prevent worsening of the already existing social problems such as gangsterism and drug abuse. Over the years, the crimes involving these problems have decreased but it has not disappeared entirely. Petty crimes such as theft and robberies are still very common in this area. Nowadays, people need reminders that attaining a low and affordable cost is important, but sacrificing the user‟s comfort is not the way to achieve it. The lessons in architecture have frequently encouraged and taught its disciple to value practicality and user‟s comfort, as well as knowing the importance of responding to a site‟s context and climate. Architecture also puts an emphasis on aesthetics, no matter how subtle it is being implemented in a building. Designers and architects should always apply these principles of architecture to ensure that the buildings they built are long-lasting, usable and comfortable for users to use within the time it is capable of being lived in and even more.
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CHAPTER 3 SITE AND CONTEXT RESPONSES This chapter will discuss the site selection criteria, the background and history related to this thesis proposal. The understanding of the site selection will help in designing a good building proposal to serve the community in the area. 3.1 Site Selection Criteria Survey by the National Health Department stated that areas that are more prone to suicide cases, as the effect of accumulating and untreated mental health problems, are in Kuala Lumpur (13.2%) and Selangor (9.5%). The table below shows the highest number of children involved in crime which is in the area of terrace and public apartment housing in Selangor. Thus, the case study was decided to be in Selangor.
Table 1 Children involved in crime by state Source : statistic report 2018. www.jkm.gov.my Statistics below show that youth crime frequently happens in village, terrace house and apartment areas. This will lead to identifying the potential site for case study research and design thesis proposal.
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Table 2 Children involved in crime by type of residences,2018 Source : statistic report 2018. www.jkm.gov.my The income groups in Malaysians are categorised into three different income groups. According to the Department of Statistics' (DOSM) Household Income and Basic Amenities (HIS/BA) survey of 2019, the first category is the Top 20% (T20) group. This refers to the Malaysian households who earn more than RM 10k per month. The second category is the Middle 40% (M40), where the average household income is around RM 4k to RM 10k per month while the third category is the Bottom 40% (B40). People in the B40 group earn lower than RM4k per month. The focus of this study is the third Bottom 40% (B40) group, because people from this group are often suffering with mental health problems, either congenital or developed later on in their lives.
Figure 13 : Mental health in low income. (sources : WHO Mental Health Atlas 2011) One of the core reasons for the increasing mental health problems amongst Malaysians from all age ranges is due to the lack of awareness in the community on how they should approach and handle it. There is also a huge unspoken stigma from the community to the people who seek treatment. Treatment is also expensive and sometimes not possible by the people in the low income group to continue. Thus, alternative approaches should be taken to aid in the treatment of mental illness. There have been a few approaches taken by architects to create the best environment for youth in low-income groups to de-stress and recover from mental issues. Architect Norman Foster has integrated the use of natural materials such as timber into a post-cancer treatment facility, the Maggie‟s Centre in Manchester, to reduce stress of users and induce the feeling of calm, soothing the mental wellbeing of the user.
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Figure 14 : Site selection criteria (Source: Edgemarket city) Site criteria for this design proposal will focus on the area that has higher number of low income communities, high juvenile crime, high stress area and lack of facilities for youth in the area. In Malaysia, Selangor is the area that has a high number of low income groups and a higher number of juvenile crimes. Statistics from PDRM states that Klang Valley and Kuala Lumpur have the highest case of youth crime. Therefore, Petaling Jaya has been chosen as the area for the case study area for this thesis proposal. Based on previous data, a few case study areas have been identified. Figure 14 showing the site selection criteria based on hot areas in Klang Valley, source from the edge markets article stress and city. Finally from the study Petaling Jaya has the most low income community in selangor and has the highest percentage of stress level residents.Three case study area was chosen as a high potential study area based on criteria of low income, high juvenile crime, high stress and lack of youth facilities area. Those area are Desa Rejang in Setapak, Bandar Tasek Selatan and Kampung Medan, Petaling Jaya. Kampung Medan was selected as a case study area as it has more prominent issues to be detailed up for this research show in Figure 15.
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Figure 15 : Site selection criteria (Source: Author)
Figure 16 : Site selection similarities and differences (Source: Author) Figure 16 showed three potential sites to become the case study. They had been selected based on site criteria which are all three sites that have low income population areas, have a higher crime records, are populated with youth and sites that lack public facilities for youth. The differences of these potential sites are in terms of their public transportation and human activities surrounding the site.
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After analysis, Kampung Medan was chosen as a case study area for this thesis proposal as it is more prominent in terms of social issues and stressful environment. Kampung Medan shows strong character in the way that the surrounding citizens know Kampung Medan as a notorious place full of social issues such „gangsterism‟, theft, loitering and murder.. Therefore, this site is the most potential site for research and study. 3.2 Site History
Figure 17: Key plan Petaling Jaya Selangor
Figure 18 : Site Location Kampung Medan
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Figure 19 : Kg. Medan Site Images Kampung Medan is located in PJS 2, Petaling Jaya Selangor, along the New Pantai Expressway (NEP). The area is surrounded by low-cost terrace houses and flats, abandoned developments as well as new commercial buildings. Kampung Medan is a middle-class and mixed-racial city. The history of Kampung Medan begins in 1894, when the actively operating mining industries brought in many immigrants to the area of Kampung Medan. The immigrants who were involved with the mining activities settled down here and constructed squatters' houses there. The houses were also built in nearby areas such as in Kampung Dato Harun and Kampung Mahar. Then Chief Minister of Selangor, Datuk Mohd Khir Toyo reorganised squatters in 2000 by introducing the new "Zero Squatters" policy which imposes the relocation of the squatters' houses owner into new low-cost terraces houses and flat houses. However, this policy does not fully resolve the resettlement of the residents due to the houses' cost effective design which minimized the users' comfort.
3.2.1 Zero Illegal Squatters Mission It was a mission set by the then Chief Minister of Selangor, Khir Toyo to make Selangor 'zero squatters' in line with national policy of Wawasan 2020. The opposition criticised Khir Toyo for approving housing projects in the squatters' area and forcing the residents to move out from their illegal homes. The squatter‟s area included Kampung Medan. Most squatters were relocated to live in low-cost flats. They received low compensation. Due to the high cost of living in the city, many squatter families were left homeless, some returned back to their hometown. 3.2.2. The 2001 Kampung Medan Riots 2001 was the year that Kampung Medan was truly recognized for its notoriety. This is due to the occurrence of the infamous “2001 Kampung Medan Riots”. This incident was sectarian violence, a form of communal violence between different groups of an ideology or between different races of different religions and occurs within one nation or in one community. The riot initially began in a small village of Kampung Medan but then it escalated and spread all the way through the nearby residential communities such as Kampung Gandhi, Kampung Lindungan, Kampung Datuk Harun, Taman Desa Ria and the surrounding of Jalan Klang Lama. This racial crisis then made its way further to the other areas in Petaling Jaya such as in Jalan Gasing, Kelana Jaya, Sungai Way, Bandar Sunway and even all the way to Puchong.
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This riot started from 8th March 2001 until 13th March 2001. Photographs in the possession of newspaper companies recording the incident have served as gruesome evidence and it showed the extensive injuries, both to the mental and the physical, of the people inflicted in the clashes. The next three weeks of unresolved tension resulted in the death of 6 people. It also left over a hundred people suffering with severe wounds, which ranged from head injuries, broken bones to deep gashes, slashes and hacked off limbs. After the riot was controlled, four hundred people were detained. Police have later admitted that they had neglected supervision in this area, resulting in the prolonged growth of gangster activity, drug addiction cases, juvenile delinquency, fights and even incest. Violence has become the lifestyle choice here and there have been approximately 40 cases of violence involving squatters and the people living in this neighborhood in the past three years. In the end, it was concluded that the main reason for the occurence of this racial conflict in Kampung Medan which was finally immobilized on the 13th of March 2001 was the urban poor‟s prolonged tension and stress which was left unattended due to the government's negligence. Associate Professor Dr Mansor Mohd Noor quoted, "If you are poor, you have the same problems. This is our problem, not a Malay or Indian problem," he added. Moreover, he stated that the stress of being in poverty and the deprecation that comes with the stigma of being an urban poor faced by the races has broken the community apart, drifting them to be further away from each other. 3.3 Urban Analysis Kampung Medan was originally a squatter area located in the district of Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia. Kampung Medan is well known for the 2001 Kampung Medan Riot . During this time, the Taman Medan ADUN was Norkhaila Jamaludin . Since 2008, Kampung Medan has been represented by Haniza Mohd Talha. Taman Dato Harun is located next to Kampung Medan . Dato Harun Idris is a Malay warrior in the May 13 Incident . Although Kampung Medan and the 47 surrounding areas are located in Petaling Jaya and Subang, both middle-class and racially mixed-areas, the villages are, in contrast, squalid. Their wooden houses are marked by rusty corrugated zinc roofs, small workshops and illegal workshops and stand worlds apart from the nearby glitzy Sunway Lagoon Resort Hotel. For years, the villagers in Old Klang Road, Taman Datuk Harun and Kampung Lindungan have complained of their garbage-strewn narrow streets and dusty environment. The 160,000 people in these squatter areas have had to put up with clogged drains and no proper electricity supply. 3.4 Macro Analysis and Responses This diagram shows the sun path, vegetation, traffic, solid and void and land use in Kampung Medan. For public transportation, there are several types of public transportation to Kampung Medan. One can reach Kampung Medan by train and stop at KTM Taman Dato Harun, using buses or also by taxi. This can be said that people can easily reach the site. Solid and void showing the occupied and unoccupied land in Kampung Medan. Most of the land was occupied. There is not much empty land in Kampung medan as most of the land is fully developed. Even the sites chosen are land that is used for public parking. YB Adun Kampung Medan said that the area is suitable to be developed as a Youth main centre, so that the youth in Kampung Medan have a place for them to learn new things, polish their skills and also as their gathering point. The landuse shows the type and title of the land in Kampung Medan.
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Figure 21 : Macro Site Diagram
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3.5 Micro Analysis & Responses Kampung Medan has racially mixed-areas Malay, Indian and Chinese. The Malays mostly live in low-cost flats and houses, the Chinese are scattered between various types of housings, while the Indians used to live in longhouses and squatter settlements before resettling in low cost flats and terrace houses similar to the Malay. Figure 22 shows that 68% of the population in Kampung Medan are Malay, 18% Indian and 14% of them are Chinese and others.
Figure 22 : Kampung Medan population
Figure 23 : Kampung Medan socio-economic Figure 23 shows the graph of the pandemic effect in low income in Kampung Medan. Most of the Kampung Medan residents are working in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur and some of them are working as entrepreneurs in the area. During this pandemic effect, the number of low income people in Kampung Medan rose up from 45% to 60%. This is due to their business being shut down and loss of profit.
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Figure 24 : Kampung Medan socio-economic and density diagram Kampung Medan has a lot of low income communities. The housing in Kampung Medan are mostly low-cost flats or apartments and low-cost terrace houses that have been relocated from the previous squatter. The condition of the site can be seen that it is really dense and traffic congestion was really bad in the area. There was uncontrolled development in Kampung as we can see that most of the development does not follow authority regulations and businesses or stalls were set up here and there; without a proper arrangement.
Figure 25 : Kampung Medan surrounding images
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Figure 26 : Kampung Medan daily social activities From Figure 26, analysis has been made in Kampung Medan and from this table can be seen the daily activities happening in the area. Visitors come to Kampung Medan for business and visiting purposes. Shop lot areas, stalls and houses are the main point for visitor.The main activities for residents are business and living. Most of the community work as small entrepreneurs and stall hawkers. Youth daily activities are studying and playing. They go to schools in the morning and afternoon and do recreational activities in the evening and night. But due to lack of facilities, they tend to hang out aimlessly with motorcycles and bicycles. The main activities for residents are business, and living. Most of the community run business and work as small entrepreneurs and stall hawkers. Pasar Pagi and Malam run every day except Monday in Kampung Medan. Stalls and hawkers can be seen all the way along in Jalan PJS and Kampung Dato Harun. There are also stalls that run in their residents.
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Figure 27 : Kampung Medan daily market
Figure 28 : Kampung Medan commercial activities
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Figure 27 and 28 shows the place where Kampung Medan residents do their commercial activities. Some of them run their business in properly rented buildings and some of them sell their items along the roadside and from their house. Figure 29 shows the current facilities provided for youth activities.The blue dot indicates the place where youth spent their time for activities after school. Space provided for youth is an open playground park, Community Hall, Tuition Centre by school or Private Sector. Existing open playgrounds and parks cannot accommodate the demand of recreational facilities for the youth. They have to take turns to use the facilities. The yellow dot indicates schools for primary school while green dots indicate school for secondary school. School and education facilities are enough to facilitate the youth in Kampung Medan. The facilities are Primary School like Taska, Tadika, Kindergarten, Sekolah Rendah Agama & Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan. Higher Education Schools in the area are Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan, Tuition Class, and Sekolah Tingkatan 6.
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Figure 29 : Kampung Medan current youth facilities
Figure 30 : Kampung Medan Youth Gathering point Figure 30 shows the area or place where youth in Kampung Medan spent their time gathering or hanging out without any specific or regulated activities. Mostly, they will hang out with their motorcycles or bicycles and make noise in the neighbourhood. This is due to the lack of facilities and programs in Kampung Medan. Youth here tends to hang out in groups, riding their motorcycle and bicycle. This shows that they need facilities that can provide education and sport programs to instill positive habits among the youths.
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Figure 31 : Kampung Medan NGO activities and programs There are many activities and programs that have been conducted at Kampung Medan such as Young Heroes Scout Searching, Skateboard training, Cultural Dance, Takraw and Futsal Sport, IT Class, Health Campaign and many more. But there are no proper public facilities to hold the activities. This will limit the experience to youth and reduce satisfaction and impact to them. Proper facilities should provide for better outcomes.
Figure 32 : Current Youth Centre in Petaling Jaya
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Neighbouring Youth Centres are mostly owned by private organizations that only focus on spiritual approach and in small scale facilities. This could be an advantage for this proposal to make something different from the existing Youth centre. The Youth Centre focuses holistically, including the mind, body, and soul. Youth should not be exposed to mind and spirit education only; they also have to learn new skills in physical activities and programs.
Figure 33 : S.W.O.T Analysis diagram Site Issues : In order to reach the youth centre area, walking conditions are bad and unfriendly. Synthesis : Propose a walkway which could pass by the neighbourhood at Desa Mentari and Taman Cahaya apartment to strengthen the bonding of the pedestrian and the residents. Promoting a walkable community around the TOD.This site which is located just 5 min walk to the nearby housing makes the location even more prominent and strategic as it can also include various outdoor activities and community bonding activities. A public plaza can also be proposed to welcome the users in the area. 3.6 Summary on site & contextual response
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Figure 34 : Site and Contextual Analysis diagram Based on the observation and analysis throughout the site; its can clearly be seen that there is a lack of public facilities and no proper place for youth to do their activities in one place. There is no strong youth identity and character in Kampung Medan. Even the business and commercial are uncontrolled and lead to traffic congestion. There are many NGOs that intend to give education and programs to the youth in Kampung Medan but there is no proper place for them to conduct the activities. This limits the youth to get better education and training, discouraging them from developing their potentials and skills aside helping them de-stress. Therefore, throughout this study, the intention is to attract all relevant and prominent activities in Kampung Medan to an architectural intervention in the form of a centre. The presence of this center can magnify the community involvement with the building activities provided as it will be held in a proper place with comfortable conditions and sufficient facilities. This centre will provide holistic programmes, education and learning space for youth, sports and activities area for youth and community, and also business start-up workshops and retails for entrepreneurs especially for single mothers and the underprivileged community in Kampung Medan.
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CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDIES This chapter will discuss the selected case study and precedent study that has been chosen as the guide and reference for this thesis proposal. All the data regarding selected case study and precedent study will be gathered and analysed to give some guide to propose suitable programs and space for this thesis project. 4.1 Project 1 - Museum of Contemporary Art situated in the Plaça dels Àngels, in El Raval, Ciutat Vella, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Figure 35 : The MACBA In 1995, the building of the museum, designed by a well-known American architect Richard Meyer, faced a very popular newly built public square, the Plaça dels Àngels, frequented by creative people, street artists, and skaters. Meyer designed a building shaped like a large box, clad in white enamel-painted steel panels, flanked by a circular pavilion on its west end, which accommodates the visitors‟ entrance and service spaces, and a semi-detached wing on the east end, housing additional gallery spaces and staff offices. From the entrance, the public reaches the main galleries through a long ramped path adjacent to the main facade. The architect conceived most of the galleries, especially those located on the upper floors, as spaces filled with daylight coming from an array of louvered skylights cut in the flat roof of the museum.
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Figure 36 : MACBA Why is it a successful project? i. ii.
Raval neighborhood which had for years been an immigrant neighborhood, densely populated, under-privileged and presumably lacking a sense of community among the residents. Raval neighborhood has experienced a swift and successful transition from a „degenerate‟ center to one that is lively and energetic.
Figure 37 : MACBA: View of the raised platform adjacent to the south facade. A MACBA for modern skateboarding and is an effective meeting ground in youth culture due to its reputation within the skateboarding world. Encourage enjoyment and interest in art and contemporary culture through a transformative impact and aspiration.
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4.2 Project 2 - Tingbjerg Library & House of Culture Denmark.
Figure 38 :Tingbjerg Library & House of Culture Denmark. With the opening October 1, 2018, Tingbjerg Library and Culture House is a new landmark building in Copenhagen, Denmark. COBE‟s aim is for the project to serve as an urban catalyst and an architectural framework for social and cultural activities, thereby contributing to a positive development of the local community - currently a marginalised area with high crime rates but also an architectural cornerstone in Danish modernism. “As an architect, it is an honour to have the opportunity to build in Tingbjerg because of its rich architectural history. This building was created by two prominent figures in Danish modernism, architect Steen Eiler Rasmussen and landscape architect Carl Theodor Sørensen. Before we even began our work the bar was set high. We wanted to create a new destination in Tingbjerg that respects both its surroundings through choice of materials and shape while at the same time creating a strong identity of its own. Our ambition was for the Tingbjerg Library and Culture House to become a social and cultural engine,” says Dan Stubbergaard, architect and founder of COBE.
Figure 39 :Tingbjerg Library & House of Culture Denmark.
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Why is it a successful Project? i.
The Tingbjerg Library & House of Culture Denmark serves as an urban catalyst and an architectural framework for social and cultural activities, thereby contributing to a positive development of the local community - currently a marginalised area with high crime rates but also an architectural cornerstone in Danish modernism.
ii.
The building concept extension to the existing Tingbjerg School, vehicle for social interaction, culture, and urban transformation, bringing the neighborhood‟s diverse community together, architecture and choice of materials respect the historic surroundings, open and transparent façade facing the street, the building shows its many activities to its surroundings. An Architectural appearance, the funnel shaped volume pointing towards the school, the roof of the culture house spans from 4 floors and slopes down to one floor towards the entrance of the school.
4.3 Project 3 - Merida Factory Youth Movement / Selgascano The building is designed as a large canopy that is open to the entire city and available to anyone who would like to come. This canopy is composed of a series of volumes with oval floor plans treated as isolated modules, allowing independent access. Since there is no system to control climate within the site, a large thermal covering, a meter thick, protects the youth from rain and sun while they participate in activities below. The cover also helps control the climate within these activity areas. Protective and translucent, the roof extends like a floating cloud.
Figure 41 :Merida Factory Youth Movement / Selgascano
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Figure 42 : Merida Factory Youth Movement / Selgascano
This project to study about programs and activities for youth which is a proposed program. This building proposed Skatepark, Concert area, broadband Internet, Modding, Tuning, Modeling, Graffiti, Urban Art, Street Theatre, tightrope walking, circus activities, Video Art, Electronic Music, Acrobatics, Performing Arts, Manga, Parkour, Audiovisual Art, Contemporary Dance, Dance Funk and Hip Hop, Ballroom and MACC (contemporary artistic body manifestations) are all activities that make up the collective Factory Program.
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4.4 Project 4 - Bike Works Non-profit Bicycle Shop is located in South Seattle
Figure 43: Bike Works Non-profit Bicycle Shop The Bike Works Non-profit Bicycle Shop is located in South Seattle, in the Columbia City Neighborhood. We‟re a full-service repair shop that sells quality used bikes and new & used bike parts and accessories. There are 3 main programs in Bikeworks, firstly focused on community bike shops, second, program for youth and third is program for adults. A community bike shop promotes bicycles as a vehicle for change to empower youth and build resilient communities. Since 1996 Bikeworks has worked to educate and empower youth, and make bicycling accessible and affordable to the Seattle community. Youth programs are rooted in the belief that young people thrive when they are valued, feel a sense of belonging, and value themselves. They offer bicycle classes, camps, and clubs for youth ages 9-17 years of age. Adult programs offer the same fun, friendly, and accessible high-quality bike education as our youth programs. We offer classes, volunteer opportunities, and open shops for people 18+ years old. They also have programs for support bike works to empower youth through bike mechanics, riding and leadership activities as figure 42 shows. Keep thousands of bikes out of the landfill and get them back on the street as clean, healthy transportation alternatives. Build community by providing affordable bicycle services to all. Therefore this case study can be used for programming in my thesis design.
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4.5 Coffee and Bikes
Figure 44: Community Attractive hangout The main challenge in the design brief was to transform the large bicycle storage into an attractive hangout spot. This was achieved by positioning the relatively small coffee bar and workshop into an elongated and transparent volume on a green slope, relating to the central TU Delft square on one side and the bicycle storage on the other, underneath a big bicycle deck. Versatility is an important aspect of the design. The grass slope the building stands on, partially hides the bikes from view and fits the building into its surroundings, making it attractive and accessible on all sides. It also prevents people from putting their bike against the façade. It also hides the bicycles at ground level from view while the cyclist can still look outside freely, giving him a safe feeling. The workshop is located on ground level with a direct connection to the parking. The coffee bar is located at a 1-meter height, overlooking the square and the parking. The height of the ceiling varies, giving the seating area its own accent.
Figure 45: The square and the parking
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4.6 Conclusion - Leading to Thesis Building Programme Based on the selected case study, it leads to studying the character of the chosen site. It is what the people need and what is supposed to be provided for them. Back to the intention to cater to the issues of mental illness and throughout the analysis in Kampung Medan, it has been identified that the youth needs a place for them to boost up their knowledge and skills. A place for community engagement; where they can interact with each other, learn about business and training and also a place for Mental illness recovery. It shows that the prominent activity in Kampung Medan is bicycle and food stalls. Therefore, the main agenda for this thesis proposal is „Bicycle Hub‟ and „Food and Beverages area‟. The architectural framework is meant for social and cultural activities to create positive development of the local community. Currently a low-cost area with negative perception but now the idea can transform the area into a positive perception.
Figure 46: Suggestion Framework Figure 46 shows the summary of the framework for this design proposal. Designing a centre which provides alternative and flexible spaces needed by the youths and the community in the case study area to destress and socialize will be able to educate them about the stress they faced, encourage them how to manage it together and finally recovering, thus preventing the mental stress from affecting more people in the future.
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Figure 47: Proposed Program
Figure 48: Hypothetical Program
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Figure 49 : Sports for brain development research data It is worthwhile to engage in sports in late childhood because it positively influences cognitive and emotional functions. Yet few studies have investigated the impact of sports on pre-adolescents‟ cognitive functions or explored which cognitive functions are developed by which sporting disciplines. Such knowledge could be useful in developing training programs for preadolescents, aimed at improving cognitive functions important for a given sporting discipline.
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Figure 50 : Design Aspiration - Grotao Community Center-in Sao Paulo, Brazil Why it is Inspired? i. ii.
iii.
The alternative activities, such as football leagues are organized in an environment where the concepts of fair play and tolerance are communicated. To help provide services, education, recreation and to also help shore up the surrounding hillside. Help alleviate some of the erosion problems while providing an important space for cultural activities. Anti-crime program bearing the name “180 Degrees.” The crime rate in the area has decreased by 30%.
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CHAPTER 5 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PROPOSAL 5.1 Community Magnet
Figure 51 : Community magnet Urban magnets are unique places that attract and hold activity groups. The right activities proposed to it can animate the place and give it vitality, becoming a local landmark and often achieving economic success. The theory is based on structuring a place around key planning, land use and design approaches that appeal deeply to a small, activity-oriented niche group in a community. By creating a place that this group frequents, an animated place is created and then the rest of us and many businesses gather around it because of its energy. It also becomes a memorable and unique place, striving with vitality. Urban magnet theory is a new stream of thinking that is emerging in city planning and design in response to the failure of many commercial areas and downtown revitalization efforts, or at least their boring ubiquity. Currently, most planning, design and revitalization efforts focus on making a place look nice, and maybe getting people to come to shop. Attractive forms and shop areas are important but they are entirely insufficient to create a powerful magnet to draw and “keep” people over time . It is almost similar to creating a large bonfire by starting with a small one, revitalizing a neighbourhood involves focusing the heart of vitality on one or a few “activity subcultures” and then the rest of us gather round to watch, participate and support the emerging vitality. As momentum builds, so does the reputation and economic success of an area. Urban Magnet Theory is dedicated to better understanding how to create these “magnetic” places in our communities. Therefore this design uses this theory or urban magnet as a design approach. Urban Magnets and its core theories are managed and promoted by the Institute for Urban Vitality, a non-profit organization based in Vancouver, BC that is dedicated to advancing understandings and techniques for making our cities more interesting and vital. Figure 51 shows in urban to small scale Kg Medan this thesis uses the same approach with an urban magnet that is similar which is community magnet.
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5.3 Design generator explorations
Figure 52 : Design approach : Metaphor Based on figure 52, this sketch shows the concept statements, to form connections between youth and community . The space is meant to create human pattern, movement, and will find the activity active and passive within the centre layout. Magnetic field lines represent the positive impact to the community and youth through the activity body and mind to prevent stress . The space and program as main attractions for community and youth. The direction is magnetic through the middle as a centralized point as a major hub for youth and community. The continuous line represents the sustainability of the building program and it also shows balance that depicts the balanced lifestyle of the youth. The figure 53 shows the magnetic field line work at site with 3d model mockup.
Figure 53 : Design Generator (Magnetic Field Lines)
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Figure 54: Human Movement and Character Analysis The centre to express itself almost in the same way that the youth of today choose to to express themself. The concept of style is extremely important in youth culture as youth largely choose to express themself through a visual style. Therefore it is the aesthetic of the building that affords the greatest opportunity to communicate with youngsters. Figure 54 shows the human movement and character analysis.
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Figure 55 : Site context The figure above shows the site context with the surrounding neighborhood. Before development, the setback and plot ratio of the site needs to be determined. Setbacks are created by the zoning restrictions, ordinances and building codes laid out by local governments. A zoning law may, for instance, specify a 3 m setback, which means that there must be at least 3 m between a road and any building. The purpose of setbacks is to ensure security, privacy, a uniform neighbourhood (i.e. with buildings set at the same distance), and environmental protection. They also allow public utilities to access buildings.
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5.5 Building massing & Site planning Below are the building massing, site planning and design strategies. (Figure 56 – 60) of community magnet with the spatial design to emphasize on youth and community in Kg Medan.
Figure 56: Building Massing The design strategies from the program proposed. And develop from 3 blocks which are sport and activity, education and learning and commercial. These strategies can define the main program based on proposal.
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Figure 57: Design Development This diagram shows design development and how the voids improve connectivity between the spaces on different floors.
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Figure 58: Design Development Sketch
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Figure 59: Form study (Mockup)
Figure 60: Idea development sketches Figure 60 shows the idea development from sketches how the activity and program can work at site. Creating buffer zones and deciding how to attract the community to come to the site through design developments.
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Figure 70 : Space study and analysis (Source: Author)
Figure 71 : Form and Facade Study (Source: Author)
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Figure 72 : Isometric Layers building (Source: Author) The picture above shows all the space and program located, from the ground floor to fourth floor plan.
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5,8 Final Design proposal
SITE PLAN
BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN
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Community Plaza & Hawker Food Bank
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
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There are three entrances for the public and 1 service entry. The main entrance is located at the south of the site to welcome the residents coming from the residential area.They will be guided to the entrance by walking through the food truck and hawker area provided here first. Food attracts people and the safer spaces provided for them to sell allows more people to come and buy from them. Extreme park Outdoor Area
The overall shape of this centre is very organic to emphasize the feeling of curiosity to users. It is also to portray the feeling of fun and energetic to the users who come, especially youths, as organic shapes are not straightforward, more exploration is needed to reach the whole floor. To stimulate the sense of arrival of users, various sports facilities provided can be seen from the entrance, including extreme sports such as wall climbing. This spatial placement retains the interest of the youth to come and explore the many games that they can play with their friends here. There is also a bike workshop on this floor, if they wish to expand their skill set and gain income. In the middle of the centre, there is an open plaza for people to gather, or do many other things such as social events or entrepreneur activities as it is a multifunctional space. Water features can also be enjoyed at this plaza area, the sound of water induce serenity to users.
Open Cafe Area
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This plaza is sheltered from bad weather conditions by the use of skylight, making it into an atrium. Atrium encourages more natural daylighting into the building. The clear sky view it provided made it more open and approachable to the users. It also saves on the energy cost during daytime.
There are seating provided around the futsal court, either for spectators of the futsal match or for users to lounge and spend time with their friends here. Various activities can be done here such as chatting and eating. This space encourages social interactions among the users, allowing youths to spend quality time with their family and friends.
Community Plaza & Atrium
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FIRST FLOOR PLAN Besides reaching here using the lifts and staircases provided, this floor can also be reached by the ramp provided for cyclists. This is to provide more challenge and excitement to bicycle users in this centre.There is a highlighted bicycle track on this floor, to avoid collision between the cyclists and walking users. There are two voids on this floor, to increase the connectivity of space between this floor with its upper and lower floor. This way, more users are informed about the different spaces on other floors.The voids also promote more effective ventilation within the centre.The hallway heading towards the e-sports and game lounge room is narrow, to increase the feeling of anticipation in users upon reaching the room, and to increase interactions among users who walk there at the same time. The esports room uses glass curtain wall, to promote transparency of the spaces, thus preventing closeted vandalism to the provided facilities. The dynamic shape design is continued prominently on this floor, enveloping the spaces and making them more organically-shaped as well. Its fluidity is a welcoming character to this centre, as it fits the many movements occurring within it as most programmes on this floor are still sports-related. It is also contrasting with the rigid shape of the existing buildings in the area, making this centre a point of attraction for visitors.
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E-Sport Games Area
Indoor Games Area
There is also a gym provided on this floor, for users who wish to use equipment such as the treadmills and lifting heavy weights to increase their physical strength. The usage of the equipment in this gym is monitored by a staff handling registration and logistics in the gym, such as maintaining the facility‟s workability and separating the equipment that needs to be repaired, as a safety measure for users.
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SECOND FLOOR PLAN The programmes on this floor focused more on cognitive programmes, creative programmes and social positive activities. This practical design allows more users to use this space at the same time. There is also a communal entrepreneur startup office and coworking space on this floor to allow for small businesses to expand and strengthen their business.There is only one void on this floor, and it is retained to continue the connectivity of spaces of this floor with the spaces on the upper and lower level. A multifunctional event space is located on this floor, near the void. It can be seen from the floor below and this helps with the wayfinding of users within this building.There are also sliding walls installed in these seminar rooms to allow it to transform and become smaller rooms for smaller groups to use.
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There is a seminar room on this floor which can be rented to generate income for this centre. Its curved design is stimulating and aesthetics for users.
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THIRD FLOOR PLAN The void design is also continued on this floor. There is an open space near the void, where events like book exhibitions can be held. From this space, users can see the rain water collection system clearly. It is enveloped in cladding which uses colours that resemble natural elements such as the tree, to create the feeling of coolness, peace and comfort in the centre. Its natural colour is a nice change compared to the typical steel or concrete design.
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Library & Therapy Room The programmes on the third floor still focused on the cognitive and creative programmes. There is a library on this floor where the community can come to read and gain more knowledge. Separate rooms for extra quiet and privacy are also provided for users. There is also a separate children area to provide a less intimidating environment which will encourage them to read and learn.The creative spaces provided are an arts craft workshop, art studio and a sewing room.These spaces are vital in helping users to divert their stress into doing hobbies and gaining skills which helps them to de-stress and generate income independently.
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FOURTH FLOOR PLAN On this floor, users are greeted with the lush green sight of the community garden. Various types of plants are grown here, and this garden is kept alive by the teamwork of the users, especially the residents of Kg medan.It is located on the top floor of this centre, to insulate the noise from the lower levels, thus promoting a comfortable atmosphere. This atmosphere is also ideal for the therapy room located across the void from the community garden. To help the therapy patients to recover faster, the interior of the therapy rooms uses timber cladding and decorations to induce the feeling of serenity. In some of the rooms, they are painted in therapeutic colours such as blue and green.To prevent the common feeling of fear that comes with seeking therapy treatment, a dance studio and yoga room is designed together in the therapy room, as an alternative treatment. This is to boost the confidence of users to come for treatment and to provide fun, stress-free activities they can do to help themselves.
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The image shows the calm ambience surrounding the community garden on the fourth floor of this centre. It induces the feeling of peace to users. The activity provided in this space which is group gardening is also positive. It encourages social interactions amongst the users and helps them to strengthen their bonds and become a closer and healthier community together.
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WEST ELEVATION & EAST ELEVATION
This centre‟s unique appearance adds to the element of fun, attracting youth who appreciate having a good time to come visit and spend time in it.
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SOUTH ELEVATION & NORTH ELEVATION
The dynamic shaped facade which envelops the building protects it from extreme weather conditions and from sunlight glare. The curved patterns on the facade also reflect the energy and active movement of the youths and the bustling community.
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5.9 Special Study
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The spaces within the centre can be seen through this sectional perspective cut. The use of double volume is implied in spaces where it will be constantly used by multiple users at one time such as the futsal court and the flexible event space. This is because spaces with double height have better ventilation and increased lighting. The feeling of spaciousness is also enhanced and this is healthy for the body and mind of the youths using this space. The colossal and uniquely shaped rainwater harvesting system can be seen in all its beauty. It is eye-catching and it adds up to the overall aesthetics of the centre. The wavy roof shape also follows the dynamic design going on for this centre, making it looks natural and not out of place with the whole centre.
The best impression to the user, as its lasting impression allows the centre to become like a magnet, attracting the users to come.
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5.10 Construction study
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5.11 Green design study
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5.12 Technical Studies For Kampung Medan Community Centre
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1.0 GRAVITATIONAL DOWNFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM The water supply system used for this building is Gravitational downfeed distribution system.The source of water supply provided by the authority,Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS)through common trenching. Direct pipes are connected directly from the main pipe (after the reading meter) to the spaces that require clean water such as cafes and kitchens. This is because of foods and drinks. For nondirect pipes (which is used for non-drinking purposes such as toilet, sink, toilet pump, cleaning etc.)the water is supplied directly to suction tank, from suction tank, the water is then distributed to other tanks which are; domestic water tank and sprinkler tank. The volume of suction tanks is 1/3 of total supply needed for the domestic tank. Domestic water tank is located at roof level to allow easy distribution.
2.0 WATER CAPACITY CALCULATION All Floor Level Area
WC
Tap
Shower
Basin
Male Changing Room Female Changing Room OKU Toilet Male Toilet Female Toilet Cafe Kitchen Male Prayer Room Female Prayer Room
16 18 18 -
8 9 9 -
5 4 -
3 4 1 12 12 4 5 Ablution Ablution
Total
52
26
9
41
Total Galloon
52 (40) =2080
26 (20) =520
9 (50) =450
41 (20) =820
Calculation for the capacity of water reeded is based on: ● Water closet = 40 gallon/unit ● Tap = 20 gallon/unit ● Showers = 50 gallon/unit ● Basin = 20 gallon/unit 3.0 TANK SIZE CALCULATION AND LOCATION Domestic tank calculation Rule of thumb: 1 tank module (1.2 x 1.2 x 1.2) = 400 gallon i) Total Domestic Water Capacity: = 3870 gallons Therefore, ii) No. of tanks = 3870 / 400 Nos required = 9.675 ~ 10 tanks
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Domestic tank calculation Floor
Area (sqm)
Nos of sprinkler
Basement
8594m2 /10sqm
860
Ground Floor
5081m2 /10sqm
508
First Floor
4319m2 /10sqm
432
Second Floor
4319m2 /10sqm
432
Third Floor
4319m2 /10sqm
432
Fourth Floor
4648m2 /10sqm
432
Total nos of sprinkler
3096
i) Nos of system =3096/1000 = 3.1 system ii) Capacity of water = 3.1 x 3000 iii) Tank Size
= 9300 gallon
= 1 tank = 400 gallon (1.2 x 1.2 x 1.2)
iv) Nos of tanks = 9300 / 400 = 23 SPRINKLER TANKS Domestic tank calculation Rule of thumb: ⅓ amount of domestic tank + sprinkler tank Therefore, i) Capacity of water = 1/3 x (3870 + 9300) = 1/3 x 13170 = 4390 gallon ii) No. of tanks = 4390 / 400 = 10.975 = 11 SUCTION TANKS
Location of tanks, Suction tanks : Basement floor Domestic tank : fourth floor Sprinkler tank : Ground floor Rainwater harvesting tanks :Basement floor
SCHEMATIC LAYOUT
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VERTICAL LAYOUT
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1.0 SEWERAGE SYSTEM: CONNECTED SEWERAGE SYSTEM The premise‟s sewerage system is connected to a public sewage treatment plant that is operated and maintained by Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd. This diagram depicts the flow of sewage and wastewater from your premise‟s toilets, bathrooms and kitchen to the public sewage treatment plant everyday through your premise internal (private) sewerage pipelines into the underground public sewerage pipelines before the effluent is released back into the waterways. 2.0 SEWER MANHOLE Calculation Type of establish: Commercial, offices, shopping complex, entertainment / recreational centres, restaurants, cafeterias and theatres, Population equivalent
= 3 per 100 sqm gross area
Therefore,
= (30951 sqm/100) X 3 = 929 PE
Manhole 1 to equivalent 2 Population equivalent Peak Flow Factor
= 929 PE = 4.7 X (929 PE/100)
-0.11
= 6.005 I/s Sewerage production at average daily flow, Q Q = (Peak flow X PE X 255)/(24 X 60 X 60) = 1422554 / 86.400 = 16464 I/s The manhole helps in inspection, cleaning and maintenance of sewer. The last manhole will go to the public sewage treatment plant. If there is any blockage, the checking and clearing of the blockage will be done via the inspection chamber. Manhole Distance = <30m from each manhole Total num of manhole provided = 5 NOS
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The traditional bucket collector system for waste collection involved a lot of vehicles and labors, the most important, which is smelly, unsightly, unhealthy, inconvenient and costly, and difficult to be integrated in a building automation system. A central vacuum system is a new trend to build up an Automated Wasted Collect System integrated with concealed pipes in and around the buildings within the development during the construction stage in building automation system to solve this problem of waste generation easily, efficiently, silently, and perpetually. AGENCY INVOLVED
SCHEMATIC LAYOUT
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1..0 REFUSE CHAMBER CALCULATION : Rule of thumb : 1 cubic meter for 110 sqm of nett building area Gross floor area Nett floor area
= 30951sqm = 30951 - 35% = 18570 sqm
Therefore, Size of refuse chamber = 18570 / 110 = 168.8 cubic meter Standard size of refuse chamber = 4m x 8m x 3.3m or 105.6 cubic meter Therefore, No, of refuse chamber required = 168.8 / 105.6 = 1.59 = 2 unit = 2 UNIT
VERTICAL LAYOUT
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1.0 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM: SMART GRID SYSTEM A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources. Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid. TNB has decided to embark on implementation of smart grid test system projects. It will be carried out in 3 phases (2010-2013) at 3 sites; Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor. 2.0 POWER SUPPLY: COMPONENTS AND CALCULATION 1) TNB Substation - Transformer Gear - Switch Gear Room 2) Main Switch Room 3) Generator Set 4) Sub Distribution Board 5) Electrical Riser 6) Distribution Board Size of MSB (Main Switch Board) 2 2 Required = (Total GFA/1000 m ) X 2 m 2 2 2 = (18570 m /1000 m ) X 2 m 2 = 37.14 m = (6.1m X 6.1m) Provided = 6m X 6.5m 2 =39 m Size of Genset (Generator room) 2 2 Rule of thumb = 2 m for 1000 m 2 2 Required = (Total GFA/1000 m ) X 2 m 2 = 37.14 m = (6.1m X6.1m) Provided = 6m X 6.5m 2 =39 m Preliminary Maximum Electrical Load 2 The maximum demand in watt per ft per jkr calculation guideline 2 2 Total area of building, 18570 m = 199885.8 ft Distribution Substation Consist of; - Switch gear / genset - Transformer - Low voltage distribution board
Maximum demand Calculation: 1) Lighting and power supply outlet 2 Rule of thumb : 0.9w / ft , therefore, 2 Lighting and power supply outlet = 199885.8 ft X 0.9w = 179897.22 Watt = 180 kW
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2) Air-conditioning and ventilation 2 Rule of thumb : 4.7w / ft , therefore, 2 Air conditioning and ventilation = 199885.8 ft 2 = 199885.8 ft X 4.7w = 939463.26 Watt = 939 kW 3) Equipment and future load Rule of thumb : 20% of the above, therefore, 180 kW + 939 kW = 1119 kW X 20% = 223.8 kW Therefore, the total maximum demand is, = 180 kW + 939 kW + 223.8 kW = 1342.8 kW TNB Sub Station
Transformer
Type
Power
Area Served
Size
Single Chamber
<1mW (7.6m x 4.5m)
>10000sqft/929sqm
0.3m x 0.2m x 0.46m
Double Chamber
1-2mW (10.0m x 4.5m)
>100000sqft/9290sqm
1.2m x 0.6m x 1.06m
Triple Chamber
2-3mW (12.4m x 4.56m)
>50000sqft/46450sqm
1.8m x 0.9m x 1.8m
Existing TNB located at the site
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VERTICAL LAYOUT
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1.0 AIRCOND SYSTEM: VRV (VARIABLE REFRIGERANT VOLUME) The Daikin VRV system is a multi-split type air conditioner for commercial buildings that uses variable refrigerant flow control developed by Dalkin to provide customers with the ability to maintain individual zone control in each room and floor of a building. The Dalking VRV air conditioning system is the world‟s first usde of variable refrigerant flow control. This technology circulates only the minimum amount of refrigerant needed at any one time and enables individual climate control of air conditioning zones. The name VRV derives from this technology that we call “variable refrigerant volume”. Calculation for VRV aircond system
Rule of thumb : 1 unit fan coil cover 1000sqft Total net area = 18570 m2 = 92.903 sqm = 18570/92.903 = 200 unit 1 unit = 48 HP 1 unit size = (0.93m x 0.765m) x 3 = 2.13m Therefore, space needed for outdoor unit : = 200 x 2.13 = 425.75 m2 = (21m x 21m) 2. VENTILATION SYSTEMS: SOLAR EXHAUST FAN SYSTEM Solar roof ventilation & exhaust fan that operates completely without mains electricity. It is the ideal solar exhaust fan for roof ventilation and building cooling and great for reducing moisture levels and condensation in the roof space. The superior performance, as well as its ability to suit different climates and applications, its ease of installation, and a flexible design. HVLS FAN SYSTEM Technically, an HVLS, high-volume, low-speed fan is a ceiling fan greater than 7 feet (21.1 meters) in diameter. The air from an HVLS fan moves toward the floor in a column that radiates in all directions, flowing horizontally until it reaches a wall --- or airflow from another fan --- at which point it turns upward and flows back toward the fan. This creates convections-like air currents that build as the fan continues to spin. The increased air circulation effectively removes hot, humid air and replaces it with drier air.
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VERTICAL LAYOUT
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MACHINE ROOM LESS TRACTION ELEVATOR The MRL (machine-room-less) elevator for low-rise to mid rise buildings offers a space saving machine room-less application. Machine room-less elevators do not have a fixed machine room on the top of the hoistway, instead the traction hoisting machine is installed either on the top side wall of the hoistway or on the bottom of the hoistway. The motor is installed using a permanent magnet which “sticks” the motor permanently and work with Variable Voltage Variable Frequency (VVVF) drive. Some of the hoisting machines are using gearless synchronous motors instead conventional induction motors. This design eliminates the need of a fixed machines room and thus saves much building‟s space. Almost all the MRL traction elevators are gearless traction.
Lift Calculation Number of passanger per trip (P) P = (POP X HCP) / (300/1) Where ; P : Number of passanger (per trip) POP : Number of person on floors served by the elevator system HCP : Handling Capacity Percentage i : Maximum interval time 300 : Seconds available in 5 minute peak period Facility
HCP % of
Office City Centre
12.0 – 14.0
Perimeter
11.5 – 13.0
Suburban
14.0 – 16.0
Determining Handling Capacity Handling Capacity (CP) = 300p / Interval = 300p / 30 = 10p HCP = 14% Determining Building Population 2 Net Floor Area = 18570m 2 Estimated Population = 1 person / 40 m = 18570 /40
= 464.25
VERTICAL LAYOUT Number of Passanger per Trip (P) P = (POP X HCP) / (300/ i) = (464.25 X 14) / (300/30) = 65 pax / 5 min or 65 pax / trip Therefore, no of Lift = Passanger per trip / Lift capacity = 65 pax per trip / 12 pax per trip =5.4 or 5 nos of lif
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Telephone system uses one room distribution system. The system consist of : -Sub Distribution Frame (SDF) -Main Distribution Frame (MDF) -Private Automatic Branch (PABX) -Distribution Telephone Closet (Closet) -Local Circuit Distribution System The telecommunication provider for this building is Telekom Malaysia. Telephone lines from the underground telephone cable into building‟s MDF room. MDF will distribute and divided the line into direct line and internal line. A direct line will be used for the main area meanwhile for internal line will go through the PABX room, which is used for operator control line at reception counter. Operator will control the telephone lines for the other spaces. The MDF and PABX are located at the basement level. The PABX Room consist of operator panel with battery back-up supply.
VERTICAL LAYOUT
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5.8 Summary conclusion Based on the study, the time is now ripe to design a large-scale community-based centre with building programmes that go against crime and improve mental health. Adopting building programmes which benefit mental health and increase the strength of the bonds between the youth and the community such as providing various sports programmes, community gardening, group therapy and plenty of lounging spaces for users to relax and take a breather are the most promising prevention strategies to tackle risk factors that are problematic to the mental wellbeing of youth in low income community. The programme‟s aim should focus on promoting community safety, pro-social behaviour and healthy development as well as to prevent crime of youth in low income communities. This approach can become a blueprint for the future design of public community centres that seek to reduce mental health illnesses and crime prevention. Recently, people's expectations have increased about the quality of their life. So, there is a demand for more facilities to fulfill this requirement. Nowadays, in developed countries community centers have a critical role to promote the quality of life. Although Malaysia is rich with community centers, they are underutilized. These community centers are faced with a different kind of problem. In this regard, participation at the community center served to make the community a social place such that the social networks extended outside the walls of the center. Utaberta et. al. declared that studies on community center development is very important for the nation. Although, the community center in Malaysia now is not getting enough attention. So, deeper and more integrated study should be conducted in order to create a friendly and more joyful atmosphere for the welfare of the community which is beneficial for designers to create a better community center for the public. REFERENCES Treatment-Resistant Major Depression, Carlos A. Zarate Jr, MD; Jaskaran B. Singh, MD; August 2006 Coaggregation of Suicide Attempts and Comorbid Mental Disorders in Adults,MSc; Carlos A. Zarate Jr, MD; Martin Preisig, August 1, 2019 Resolving mental illness issues in Malaysia, umsc.my/umsc, 2020 UM Specialist Centre. The Benefits of Exercise for the Clinically Depressed Lynette L. Craft, Ph.D. and Frank M. Perna, Ed.D., Ph.D.Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Promoting Better Health Care Services for Mental Health Patients in Malaysia Sew Kim Low and Wan Ying Lee,Vol. 5, No. 12, December 2015 Indexhibit 2021, inexhibit.com/mymuseum/macba-barcelonamuseum-of-contemporary-art/ tingbjerg-library-and-culture-house-cob Tingbjerg Library and Culture House / Cobe https://www.archdaily.com/148708/merida-factory-youth-movement-selgas Merida Factory Youth Movement / Selgascano" 07 Jul 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 8 Mar 2021 Abdul Ghani Salleh. (2008). Neighbourhood factors in private low-cost housing in Malaysia. Habitat International, 32(4): 485–497. Abdullah, H., Ortega, A., Ahmad, N., & Ghazali, S. (2015). Aggressive and delinquent behavior among high risk youth in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 11(16), 62. A. Damis. (2007). Spotlight: Poverty led to Kg Medan clashes. News Strait Times. News Strait Times. 14 May 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2021. th
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Ahmad Zohby. (2019). Therapeutic Architecture: Role of Architecture in Healing Process. RTF Fresh Perspective article. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
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Andrew J. Elliot. (2015). Color and psychological functioning: a review of theoretical and empirical work. Front Psychol. 2015;6:368. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00368How Colors Impact Moods, Feelings, and Behaviors Aziz, F. A., Hussain, N., & Ujang, N. (2016). The Implication of Slum Relocations into Low-cost High-Rises: An Analysis through the infrastructure of everyday life. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 1(2), 33-42. Azman AH. (2005). Solving Conflicts in a Multicultural Society: The Case of Kampung Medan in Readings on Ethnic Relations in a Multicultural society: Promoting National Unity and the practice of noble values. Cheras: Ampang Press. Azmi, N. F., Ruslee, S. N., Harumain, Y. S., Kamaruzzaman, S. N., Chua, S. J. L., & Au-Yong, C. P. (2019). A Study of Overcrowding Factors in Public Low-Cost Housing in Malaysia. Journal of Building Performance, 10(1). Barnett, E., & Casper, M. (2001). A definition of built, natural and social environment. American Journal of Public Health, 91(3), 465. Chandran, P. (2002). Remembering Kampung Medan: one year after. Malaysiakini News. Modified 28 January 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2021. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/10633 Chong Guan, N. (2020). Resolving mental illness issues in Malaysia. UM Specialist Centre. https://umsc.my/umsc_news/resolving-mental-illness-issues-in-malaysia/ Clio Berry, Daniel Michelson & Ellisha Othman. Views of young people in Malaysia on mental health, helpseeking and unusual psychological experiences. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2020 Feb;14(1):115-123. Coley, R. L., Leventhal, T., Lynch, A. D., & Kull, M. (2013). Relations between housing characteristics and the well-being of low-income children and adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 49(9), 1775-1789. doi: 10.1037/a0031033 Department of Social Welfare Malaysia. (2016). Children Statistics, Malaysia 2016. Press Release. th th Published 15 December 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2021.https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=NVYwaEtwM21MempVbWpBZFpxOFZ HZz09 Edwin Michaela, Eng May Chuen & Teh Boon Teck. (2015). A Qualitative Study of the Day-to-Day Lives of Families of Indian Squatters in Desa Mentari Hardcore Poor Housing Scheme in Taman Medan, Selangor. Social Sciences Postgraduate International Seminar (SSPIS), 2015. e-ISBN 978-967-11473-2-0
th
Evelyn Shun. (2015). Summer Condo Elite: From house to Condo. YPNextHome.CA. Retrieved 12 July 2021. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/51e1b954e4b0e2abc3e95380/t/539a1504e4b05480fd716232/140260 6852995/from-house-to-condo-by-evelyn-eshun.pdf Farrington, D. P. (1996). Understanding and preventing youth crime (Vol. 93). York Pub. Services. Hamdy Mahmoud, Heba-Talla, Interior Architectural Elements That Affect Human Psychology and Behavior (October 19, 2017). ARChive, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2017
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