FR AG M E NTAT ION A LO NG
30⁰
A SSIGNM E N T
E
# 4
E i m ea r
Ty na n
THE QUEST:
T
o continue exploring the theme of fragmentation through the use of a line of longitude. Layers will be examined, along longitude 30⁰ E in Finnmark, at different scales. These layers may hold a powerful charge for seeing the north in a different light. It will help to evaluate the conditions that made these places exist and to understand the dynamic relationship between activity and place.
PASSWORD: FRAGMENTATION STRATEGY: A LINE LINE OF LONGITUDE : 40,008 km Study area 32km; Location: Finnmark
N FIN
PURPOSE OF LINE:
LINE OF EXPLORATION + RANDOM FINDINGS
INTENDED USE:
TO MAP THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE TO FIND CONNECTIONS ON MACRO, MESO AND MICRO LEVEL
CONSIDERATIONS:
TIME, DISTANCE, MOVEMENT, SCALE
MAR
K
30
#1
⁰E
LINE OF LONGITUDE - BACKGROUND
L
30⁰ E
The first coloured aerial photograph of the South Pole by Emil Schulthess, The Exact geographic position of the South Pole, near the Amundsen-Scott Station, 1958. Superimposing a graphic of longitudinal lines radiating from the South Pole was used to make sense of such an isotropic environment (Cosgrove, D and Fox, William, L., 2010)
NE
AN
ta l
DI
Po r
ME
RI
ar en ts
GR EE
NW
IC
H
:B ur ce So ap M
LI
we bs ite .
Ac
ce
ss
ed
20
-1
0-
20
13
on·gi·tude - from Latin longitudo Long = length tudo= state or condition
Compass by Edward Chafe. Source: Cambridge Digital Library
Images: L:Board of Longitude c.1714, London; R: Harrison’s prize-winning longitude watch, completed in 1759. Source: Cambridge Digital Library
#2
LONGITUDINAL LINE 30⁰ E NATIONAL SCALE
15⁰ E LIN
E
GLOBAL SCALE
ICH
MER
IDI
EN
20⁰ E
GRE
ENW
10⁰ E 5⁰ E
Map Source: Google Earth
10⁰ E
15⁰ E
25⁰ E 5⁰ E 20⁰ E
#3
Map Source: Google Earth
25⁰ E
30⁰ E
30⁰ E - APPROACH The study area, 30⁰ E, will be examined as follows: 1. Perspectives of different users 30⁰ E
2. Territory analysis 3. Focus areas or “Hot Spots” along the line 4. Conclusion
Sør Varanger
STUDY AREA
Map Source: Norge Digitalt
#4
USER PERSPECTIVE AVERAGE HEIGHT:
THE SNOWY OWL
THE HIKER THE BUMBLEBEE
THE REINDEER
15m (but varies)
chubby
3m
THE
LEMMING
THE DRIVER
1.8m
1.5m
1.2m
0.2m
AVERAGE SPEEDS:
RESTRICTED VIEWS
ABILITY TO SEE 270⁰ - 360⁰ DURING MOVEMENT
Illustrations using AutoCAD
DRIVING SPEEDS AND FIELD OF VISION: what we see depends on speed of movement
25 kmh
35 kmh
40 kmh
50 kmh
Original source: www.slowresearch.org; Illustrations using AutoCAD and Photoshop
#5
USERS AND DIFFERENT FIELDS OF VISION ALONG 30⁰ E THE BUMBLEBEE
THE REINDEER
THE SNOWY OWL
THE HIKER
THE LEMMING
LEGEND Full view Partial view No view Analysis of 360⁰ sight lines around each user with a 2km radius. The user is placed in the centre of each circle and lines of sight are calculated.
Source: Contour Data from Norge Digitalt; Analysis in Autodesk Civil 3D
#6
WALK THE LINE: TOPOGRAPHY ALONG 30â ° E
32 elevations at 1km intervals 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04
Source: Norge Digitalt; Profiles produced using Autodesk Civil 3D
#7
03 02 0
1000 m
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: OVERGROUND ELEMENTS
MIGRATORY ROUTES OVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
ELECTRICITY LINES
FLIGHT PATHS
LESSER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE
kirkenes airport
0
10km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Source: FlightRadar 24; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Source: http://www.piskulka.net/
International flight paths Domestic flight paths
PROMENANT PLACES ALONG 30⁰ E LANGFJØRDEN KIRKENES
HESSENG BJØRNEVATN BJØRNEVATN IRON-ORE MINE SANDNES
SVANVIK BJØRNVATN PASVIK ELVA
#8
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: SURFACE ELEMENTS WATER SYSTEMS
OVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
0
BUILDINGS
10km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Different elements were mapped with information given 1km on either side of longitude 30⁰ E
5km
5km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
ROAD AND RAIL
TOPOGRAPHY
2km
5km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
#9
Main roads Bjørnevaten mine roads Rail
5km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS
0
FIELD SYSTEMS
MARSH/PEATLANDS
SHRUB LAYER
LOW HERBACEOUS LAYER
OVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
10km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
5km
AutoCAD tracings using Autodesk Map 3D
30⁰ E PROFILE SHOWING LANDSCAPE TYPES North
South Open area (Åpent område) Woodland (Skog)
150
Marsh/peat (Myr) Lake (Innsjø)
moh
Cropland (Dyrket mark)
100
50
0
5
Source: Norgeskart; re-drawn in AutoCAD
10
15 km
20
25
30
# 10
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: MAIN ACTIVITIES MINING
OVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
REINDEER SUMMER GRAZING
Mine tailings dumped into Langfjorden (2010)
0
10km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD Map source: Bing Maps; Illustra-
tions using AutoCAD Map 3D
Mine area (2010)
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: SUB-SURFACE LAYERS SUB-SURFACE LAYERS GEOLOGY
PERMAFROST
Ă˜yegneis-granitt Ambifolit og glimmerskifer Basalt Granitt-granodioritt Glimmer gneis Gabbro Kvarsitt Klonglomerat
Map source: www.ngu.no; re-worked in Adobe Illustrator
# 11
Thin moraine Bare rock Thick marine deposits Thick strand deposits Fill material Peat-Marsh
Map source: www.ngu.no; re-worked in Adobe Illustrator
MILITARY
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: MAPPING THE INVISIBLE NORWAY/RUSSIA BORDER (Estd. 1826)
MINING + MINERAL LICENCES
PROTECTION AREA (1961 DESIGNATION)
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
Source: www.ngu.no; Diagram produced in AutoCAD
Source: NorgeDigitalt; Diagram produced in AutoCAD
TERRITORY ANALYSIS: COMBINATIONS AND CONFLICTS OVERVIEW: LINE+BORDERS
MINING + WATER COURSES
MINING + URBANISATION +REINDEER GRAZING Bjornevatn Mine waste Urban area Bjornevatn Mine
Bjornevatn mine
Water
Mining licences
0
Summer reindeer grazing areas
10km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
5km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
5km
Source: Norge Digitalt; Diagram: using AutoCAD
# 12
“HOT SPOTS” ALONG 30⁰ E OVERVIEW: “HOT SPOTS” BASED ON LAND USE
THE FJORD
THE VILLAGE AND THE MINE
THE FARM
THE BORDER
NO
30⁰
RU
IA Source: Bing Maps
FJORD VILLAGES MINE REINDEER GRAZING
AGRICULTURE
# 13
SS
RW AY
BORDER
1751
182 6 1920 -194 4
HOT SPOT #1 : THE BORDER
1809
Source: http://www.pasvikelva.no/index.php?page_id=2&lang_id=2&article_id=125
1826
The border between Norway and Russia was established.
1852
The Norwegian-Finnish border was closed for the movement of reindeer. This had consequences for reindeer-herding Sami, as new grazing lands had to be found. It was however difficult for the authorities to enforce the agreement along the border.
1920
Finland and the Soviet Union signed the peace treaty in Dorpat. Petsamo-Suenjel became a Finnish area when the border was drawn between Soviet-Russia and Finland inasmuch as Finland was independent. Russia was now no longer a neighbour of Norway.
1939
The Finnish-Russian War between Finland and the Soviet Union. Finland had to surrender parts of its territory to the Soviet Union.
1940
World War II begins. Norway is occupied by Germany.
1944
Finland’s border with the Soviet Union was changed. Petsamo and Suenjel became Soviet territory. Norway acquired the Soviet Union as its neighbour in the east. Movement across the border was strictly limited. Sør-Varanger was liberated by the Red Army as the first area to be liberated in Norway.
1991
The Soviet Union is dissolved. Russia becomes an independent republic.
The drawing of the border in 1826 between Norway and Russia cut right across the siida areas. Three siidas were inside the Norwegian-Russian communal district: •The Njavddam siida (Neiden siida) had its summer settlement in Neiden and its winter settlement in what is now Finland. •The Paccvei siida (Pasvik siida) used both sides of the Pasvik river •The Peisen siida (Petsjenga siida) was in Russia
HOT SPOT #2 : THE FARM THE HIGH NORTH - MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
The terrestrial environment in the High North is generally less affected by local activity than areas further south. This is partly because the cold climate results in low biological production in much of the region, and in consequence population density is low and there is little human activity.
http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-7-20112012-2/8.html?id=697770
3km
# 14
HOT SPOT #3 : THE VILLAGE AND THE MINE
THE HIGH NORTH - MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
3km
There is growing global demand for mineral raw materials, and their prices are rising, and this is creating opportunities for new activities and value creation. However, the extraction of metals and minerals involves physical disturbance of the natural environment and requires sound management of waste and pollutants, and can result in environmental problems.
http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-7-20112012-2/8.html?id=697770
HOT SPOT #4 : THE FJĂ˜RD THE HIGH NORTH - MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
The conservation of the wild salmon stocks in North Norway is an important issue, and the cumulative environmental effects on these stocks must not be allowed to increase. These stocks contribute to value creation in the region, and they are an important part of the natural resource base for Sami culture.
http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/documents/propositions-and-reports/reports-to-the-storting/2011-2012/meld-st-7-20112012-2/8.html?id=697770
3km
# 15
CONCLUSION 1. ACTIVITY MORE CONCENTRATED ON THE NORTH SIDE OF THIS LINE OF STUDY 2. DIFFERENT PRESSURES ON VULNERABLE LANDSCAPES CAUSED BY DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES/LAND USES 3. LITTLE PROTECTION FOR PLANT HABITATS THAT ARE SEEN TO HAVE LOW VALUE BUT VITALLY IMPORTANT FOR REINDEER GRAZING AND WILDLIFE 4. URBAN DEVELOPMENT APPEARS INCOHERENT AND DISJOINTED : THE THREE VILLAGES: BJORNEVATN, HESSING AND SANDNES ARE GRADUALLY MERGING. NO CLEAR IDENTITY.
DUMPING
MINING URBAN SETTLEMENT
AGRICULTURE
REINDEER HERDING
REFERENCES AND BACKGROUND READING Arctic Portal website, http://arcticportal.org/ Barents Portal website, http://barentsportal.com/barentsportal_v2.5/index.php/en/ (accessed 11 Nov 2013) Cambridge Digital Library, http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/longitude (accessed 15 Nov 2013) Cosgrove, D and Fox, William, L (2010) Photography and Flight. Reaktion Books Ltd., London. Desvigne, M (2009) Intermediate Natures. Birkhäuser. Basel Boston Berlin Jones, M. and Olwig, K. (2008) Nordic Landscapes. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis London Kartverket website, http://beta.norgeskart.no/#10/1077226/7798606/+land (accessed 27 Oct 2013) Miljø Direktoratet website, http://www.miljødirektoratet.no/no/Tjenester-og-verktoy/Kart/ (accessed 14 Oct 2013) McHarg, Ian. L (1992) Design with Nature. Wiley . Canada Norge Digitalt website, http://159.162.103.4/norgedigitalt.no/?_to=914 (accessed 12 Oct 2013) Norges geologiske undersøkelse website, http://www.ngu.no/no/hm/Kart-og-data/ (accessed 20 Nov 2013) Norsk Ornitologisk Forening website, http://www.birdlife.no/ (accessed 30 Nov 2013) Sobel, D. (2005) Longitude-The true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time. Walker & Company.