LAND USE CONFLICTS JOANNA GOCAﾅ・K
Photo: Eimear Tynan
N O R T H E R N F I N D I N G S #4 N O R T H E R N F I N D I N G S #4 N O R T H E R N F I N D I N G S #4
PASSWORD The major threats for reindeer husbandry in Finnmark are mining activities, urban development and infrastructure. This is causing increased competition for land. For reindeer their grazing areas are gradually being lost. The investigation is to present interactions between different land uses and activities threatening reindeer grazing areas.
REINDEER MIGRATION IN N O R W A Y AND SWEDEN Main challenge for national authorities, Reindeer herding reindeer industry and all depends on the other users of the land availability to grazing is to find a solution to areas. In Norway, co-exist and to develop reindeer grazing area, it with possible lowest means area over 140 harm for the nature. Activities related to 000 km2. reindeer herding is regulated since 2005 by “Norwegian Reindeer Herding Act” and managed by organizations with many administrative levels. Herders themselves have traditionally organized the reindeer husbandry through “Siida-system” that can be understand as “working partnership” where individual rights for resources goes together with mutual help of the members in
SAAMI REINDEERS IN SWEEDEN SAAMI REINDEERS IN NORWAY WILD REINDEERS IN NORWAY
INVESTIGATING GRAZING AREA SAAMI REINDEER GRAZING AREA WILD REINDEERS GRAZING AREA
SOURCES: 1/Johnny-Leo L.Jernsletten and Konstantin Klokov: Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry (2000 - 2002 A.C.) 2/Staaland and Eikelmann (1993) 3/Gaare (1997)
Reindeer migration as a phenomenon is survival strategy and a way of use of nature's resources. The most important reason is that access to food varies with the seasons, and external conditions can also cause problems, such as cold, dryness, heat or insects. According to that, reindeer need large and undisturbed area during the whole year. Movement patterns and routes have changed considerably because of urban, infrastructure and industrial development on the grazing land. Following the publication from 2004 “Inngrep in reinbeiteland� hudge area of Norway’s grazing pastures in Finnmark are lost due to exploitation, development and is disturbed by different activities on the grazing land such as tourism, vehicles, hydro-powers, wind powers, power lines and relevant.
MIGRATION FROM WINTER TO SPRING & SUMMER PASTURES
MIGRATION ROUTE SOURCE: www.reindrift.no
MIGRATION FROM
REINDEER MIGRATION IN FINNMARK SPRING & SUMMER PASTURES TO WINTER
MIGRATION ROUTE
SOURCE: www.reindrift.no
LOSS OF PASTURES INFRASTRUCTURE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Problem that is commonly called as “loss of pastures� occurs in two different ways: physical destruction and reduction of use of the pasture. Pastures are lost or dramatically disturbed through: construction of buildings and fabrics that contains all kinds of additional infrastructure; hydro - electric power facilities, pipelines, mining, roads, power lines, wind powers, snowmobile tracks, tourist mountain cabins. While I look at the reindeer grazing area through reindeer eyes I would like to add to list of reasons of disturbance also fences that are used by herders to separate grazing areas and put them together with infrastructure that interrupt natural migration of animals and their needs.
Hammerfest
Alta
Lakselv
Kautokeino
0
25
50 km
INFRASTRUCTURE 1 TRANSPORT, MAIN MOUNTAIN LODGES AND SETTLEMENT IN FINNMARK
Vardo
REINDEER MIGRATION DIRECTION Vadso
MOUNTAIN LODGE, CAMPING AIRPORTS Kirkenes
MAIN SNOWMOBILE TRACKS SETTLEMENT
ROADS
SOURCE: www.environment.no www.reindrift.no Northern Norway - Travel Guide 2013 NorgeApp - Snowmobiletruck
0
25
INFRASTRUCTURE 2 POWER LINES, WIND POWER AND HYDRO POWER AS A REASON OF DISTURBANCE ON REINDEER GRAZING AREAS
WINDPOWER HYDROPOWER TRANSFORMER STATION POWER STATION 132 kV LINE LESS THEN 132 kV LINE POSSIBLE NEW 420 kV LINE MAIN FENCES
RIVERS AND LAKES REINDEER MIGRATION DIRECTION
50 km
SOURCE: www.reindrift.no www.environment.no
GLASS/ CERAMICS/ PAINTS SIBELCO NORDIC
OIL & GAS
Hammerfest LNG Snøhvit Perpetuum Waste Management, Polarbase
RECYCLING
Finnmark Gjenvinning
ENERGY
FINNMARK MILJØVARME LAKSELV
ENERGY
MILJØVARME ALTA
DAIRY PRODUCTS TINE MEIERIET ALTA
SAND DISTRIBUTION
Finnmark Sand AS
ENERGY
Finnmark Miljøvarme Karasjok
REINDEER PRODUCTS Reinprodukter A.S
0
25
50 km
ELKEM TANA
LAND BASED INDUSTRY TRANSPORTATION
Jan Nylund & Sønner AS
FISHING INDUSTRY Seafood Vardø A.S
DAIRY PRODUCTS Tine Meieri avd. Tana
FISHING INDUSTRY Vadsø sildoljefabrikk
Reindeer pastoralism have been co-exixting with multiple industries for centuries, this map shows some of the companies that are currently operating in Finnmark. The impacts from these enterprises range from harmless to destructive. Too keep good relations to other actors in the territory is crucial for reindeer herders. The question is: when industrial activities in the north escalate bit by bit, how are reindeer herding as livelihood to survive?
SYDVARANGER iiron mine
ROAD SURFACE Veidekke Industri AS, Sør-Varanger
FISHING INDUSTRY Varanger Laks & Vilt AS
LAND BASED INDUSTRY WINTER PASTURE REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTE
SOURCE: www.environment.no www.reindrift.no
ULVERYGGEN NUSSIR COPPER REPPARFJORD STONE
STJERNOY NEPHELINE SYIENITE
LOPPA SLATE
PORSVANN COPPER
ALTA SLATE
BIDJOVAGGE GOLD/ COPPER
0
25
50 km
F S
FRIARFIORD FRIARFIORD SLATE SKIFER
IRON ORE, NATURAL STONE SDEPOSITS AND MAIN MINERAL INDUSTRY ON
TANA KVARTSITT BJORNEVATN IRON SKALLELV QUARTZITE
R
E
I
N
D
E
E
R
G R A Z I N G DISTRICTS
IN F I N N M A R K
REINDEER MIGRATION DIRECTION
GALLUJAV’RI NICKEL
POSSIBLE FUTURE OPERATION OPERATING
REINDEER GRAZING DISTRICTS
RAI’TEVARRI GOLD/ COPPER
KAUTOKEINO KVARTSITT
EAST FINNMARK 84,000 REINDEERS
SVANVIK QUARTZ
GJEDDEVANN GOLD / ARSEN
WEST FINNMARK 103,550 REINDEERS
SOURCE: www.reindrift.no Curry Draft. Thesis prep Document Mineralressurser Norge 2012
FAVRAN
WINTER PASTURE
BIDJOVAGGE MINE KAUTOKEINO
5 4 3 2 1
SPALCCA
POSSIBLE REINDEER MIGRATIOROUTE BETWEEN SUMMER AND WINTER PASTURES
SUMMER PASTURE
ABBORASSA
PROTECTED AREA PLANNEDAREA PLANDE TO BE PROTECTED
Kjækan
HYDROPOWER WITH WATHER RESERVOIR REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTES SETTLEMENT INVESTIGATED POSSIBLE REINDEER TRAIL/ ABORRASSA 34 POWER LINE ROAD MAIN FENCES
0
10 km
MY OWN CLASSIFICATION : ACCES TO GRAZING AREA DESTROYED / NO FOOD LIMITED ACCESS / OBSTACLES HIGH DISTURBANCE / THREAT SPOTS DISTURBANCES ACCES
REJSA NATIONAL PARK
0
10 km
BIDJOVAGGE MINE AND REINDEER GRAZING AREA
REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTES DOAD TO THE MINE
BIDJOVAGGE MINE
AUTUMN-WINTER AND SPRING GRAZING
REINDEER COLLECTING & RECOVERY AREA HERDER CABINS INVESTIGATED REINDEER MIGRATION ROUTE FENCES
AUTUMN GRAZIN
SUMMER GRAZING
SOURCES 1/ REINDEER HUSBANDRY AND BARENTS 2030 - International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry 2/ REINDEER HUSBANDRY IN NORWAY - Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry. Arctic Council 2000 - 2002. Konstantin Klokov St. Petersburg State University and Johnny-Leo L. Jernsletten University of Tromsø 3/ SAMI REINDEER MANAGEMENT IN NORWAY: MODERNIZATION CHALENGES AND CONFLICTING STRATEGIES Reflections Upon the Co-management Alternative Jan Age Riseth 4/ EFFECTS OF POWERLINE ON MIGRATION AND RANGE USE OF WILD REINDEER - Biological Conservation (2007) - E. Reimers, B. Dahle, Sindre Eftestol, J.E. Colman, E. Gaare. Department of Biology. University of Oslo. 5/ SOME IMPACTS OF OVERGRAZING BY REINDEER IN FINNMARK, NORWAY 1996- Robert Evans. Division of Geography, Anglia Polytechnic University, Cambridge. 6/ REINDEER MANAGEMENT DURING COLONIZATION OF SAMI LANDS - IA long term perspective of vulnerability and adaptation strategies. Isabelle Brannlun, Per Axelsson. Global Environmental Change 21 (2011). 7/ MINERALRESSURSER I NORGE 2012 - Mineralstatistikk og bergindustriberetning. PUBLIKASJON NR 1-2013 8/ HERDING ON THIN ICE - An exercise in resiliance and adaptive strategy Thesis Prep Document. Tracie Curry. Advisor: Kelly Doran 9/ IMPACT OF ARCTIC CLIMATE AND LAND USE CHANGES ON REINDEER PASTORALISM: INDEGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND REMOTE SENSING - N. G. Maynard, A. Oskal, J.M. Turi, S.D. Mathiensen, I. Eira, B. Yurchak, V. Etylin, J. Gebelein 10/ INTERNET WWW.REINDRIFT.NO; WWW.NENVIRONMENT.NO; http://sciencenordic.com/windpower-oh-my-deer http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/151229/ http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/8851 (zdjecia z gory migracja) http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/7593 protest against mining http://www.oloft.com/casestudy.html herding in sweeden przekroj http://www.arcticdiscovery.com/sami-culture/ http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications
JOANNA GOCAŁEK Northern findings 2013 TROMSO ACADEMY OF LANDSCAPE AND TERRITORIAL STUDIES AHO/UiT