< G 6 ; > H @ C N = : 9 H 7 G : K ; G 6 C D K 6 < G 6 ; D E $ * " ( & ' &
:[j [h ei" iec iaWb i_ah[ c_b`´[j \eh Z[ aecc[dZ[ ][d[hWj_ed[h EZiZg 6Vh]dab Ign`iZ`c^``Zg! [Vg i^a :b^a
F7 F ? H E = H ; = D I A E L ; C ? B @ ¤ C £ H A D ? D = ; H 9 E ( D ; K J H 7 B ; J H O A I 7 = ; H > L7 : L ? = ¤ H Å > L ; C L ? ; H # > L7 : A K D : ; D ; E F B ; L ; H Å > L7 : L ? A 7 D
H[if[aj d\ ecjWda[ c g YZi \²aYZg b^a_³Zi 9Zg Zg bVc\Z \dYZ \gjcYZ i^a! Vi k^ VaaZ W³g i²c`Z dh bZgZ db! c g k^ aZkZg d\ [dgWgj\Zg# > YZiiZ cn]ZYhWgZk `Vc Yj a²hZ db! ]kVY k^ \³g [dg b^a_³Zi! d\ ]kVY k^ hVbbZc `Vc \³gZ K^ k^a Yd\ d\h \ZgcZ WZcniiZ aZ_a^\]ZYZc i^a Vi [_ZgcZ Zi eVg jYWgZYiZ b^h[dghi ZahZg! c g YZi \²aYZg ign`hV\Zg d\ h`dkWgj\#
F7F?H E= IAEL:H?<J C²hiZc VaaZ ign`hV\Zg Zg [gZbhi^aaZi V[ eVe^g# EVe^gZi jY\³g db`g^c\ .- V[ ign`hV\Zch k²\i# 9Zc eg^b²gZ g kVgZ i^a [gZbhi^aa^c\ V[ eVe^g Zg ig²# ;^caVcY d\ HkZg^\Z Zg WaVcYi kZgYZch hi³ghiZ eVe^gegdYjXZciZg d\ Z`hedgi³gZg# Ig² i^a eVe^g[gZbhi^aa^c\ XZaajadhZig² Zg ine^h` [dg" ]daYhk^hi jc\i ig²! hdb [²aYZh [dg Vi incYZ jY ^ h`dkZc# C aZig²Zg Zg h²ga^\i kZaZ\cZYZ i^a eVe^g# 9Zg Wgj\Zh ^``Z ig² [gV gZ\ch`d" kZcZ i^a eVe^g[gZbhi^aa^c\# :i hidgi VciVa h`dkWgj\ ]Vg ^cY[³gi b^a_³aZYZahZ d\ bVc\Z Zg d\h XZgi^Ò XZgZi ^ ]Zc]daY i^a dgYc^c\ZgcZ db W²gZYn\i^\i h`dkWgj\ E:;8 d\ ;H8 # 7²gZYn\i^\i h`dkWgj\ db[ViiZg W YZ h`dkZcZh ig²egdYj`i^dc! h`dkYg^[iZch e k^g`c^c\ V[ cVijg" d\ `jaijgk²gY^Zg! h`dkYg^[iZch jYaZYc^c\Zg d\ gZhhdjgXZ[dgWgj\ hVbi VgWZ_Yhb^a_³# 9Zi Zg k^\i^\i Vi ]jh`Z e ! Vi c g k^ iVaZg db W²gZYn\i^\i h`dkWgj\! Zg YZg iVaZ db Zc VchkVga^\ Yg^[i! ]kdg Z_ZgcZ ^ iV`i bZY eaVcaV\i [²aYc^c\! \ZceaVciZg Ä ine^h` ^ [dg]daYZi &/(# > CdgYZc Zg XV# -% V[ VaaZ h`dkWgj\ XZgi^Ò XZgZi ^ gZaVi^dc i^a W²gZYn\i^\ Yg^[i# H`dkVgZVaZi ^ :jgdeV Zg hi^\ZcYZ! YV `jc XV# V[ i^ak²`hiZc b ai ^ `jW^`bZiZg Wa^kZg [²aYZi d\ Wgj\i# 9Zhk²ggZ Zg YZg e kZgYZcheaVc iVaZ db Zi ga^\i [VaY e %!* e \gjcY V[ gnYc^c\Zc V[ igde^h` h`dk! bZc YZi ]Vg! hdb c²kci! ^ciZi bZY ign`hV\Zg d\ eVe^gegdYj`i^dc Vi \³gZ# 9Zg[dg Zg YZi k^\i^\i! Vi k^ hdb [dgWgj\ZgZ ]jh`Zg Vi h^`gZ dh! Vi YZ i^c\ k^ `³WZg! hdb Zg [dgVgWZ_YZi V[ ig² [gV YZ igde^h`Z h`dkZ! `dbbZg [gV XZgi^Ò XZgZYZ h`dkWgj\#
KZca^\ ]^ahZc
AVhhZ ?³g\ZchZc B^a_³VchkVga^\ Ä CdkV\gV[ 6$H
(
CDK6K >H $ C D# )
=dh dh c³ha[h Zk Zc [dgh`Za JVchZi db Yj k²a\Zg Vi [ b²g`Zi Y^cZ ign`hV\Zg! Zg YZ b²g`Zi V[ b^a_³Zi! c g YZ `dbbZg [gV dh#
IL7D;D DEH:?IA IL7D; CdgY^h` B^c^hiZgg Yh b^a_³b²g`Z hdb k^hZg! Vi ign`hV\Zc Zg WaVcYi YZ b^cYhi b^a_³WZaVhiZcYZ# B²g`Zi hi^aaZg Zc g²``Z `gVk i^a Wa#V# jYaZYc^c\ V[ \^[i^\Z hid[[Zg d\ ^cY]daY V[ j³ch`ZYZ hid[[Zg ^ ign`hV\Zc# HkVcZb²g`Zi h^\cVaZgZg YZg[dg W YZ Vc" hkVga^\]ZY d\ dbiVc`Z [dg b^a_³Zi#
<I9
9E(#D;KJH7B
=H;;D I;DI;
;H8 hi g [dg ;dgZhi HiZlVgYh]^e 8djcX^a d\ Zg Zc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa cdc"egdÒ i b²g`" c^c\hdgYc^c\ i^a ig² d\ eVe^g# > Zc ;H8" h`dk Wa^kZg YZg ^``Z [²aYZi bZgZ ig²! ZcY h`dkZc `Vc c Vi gZegdYjXZgZ# HVbi^Y^\ Zg ;H8 Zc \VgVci^ [dg Vi Yng d\ eaVciZa^k Wa^kZg WZh`niiZi d\ Vi h`dkVgWZ_YZgcZ Zg h^`gZi jYYVccZahZ! h^``Zg]ZY d\ dgYZcia^\ a³c#
K^ ]Vg jYk^`aZi Zc bdYZa i^a WZgZ\c^c\ V[ YZc 8D'"jYaZYc^c\! YZg h`Zg ^ [dgW^cYZa" hZ bZY egdYj`i^dc V[ Zc ign`hV\# 9Zi Zg h kZa Y^gZ`iZ jYaZYc^c\Zg ]Zai [gV eVe^g" egdYj`i^dc i^a ign`c^c\! i^a ^cY^gZ`iZ jYaZY" c^c\Zg hdb [m anh ^ egdYj`i^dch]VaaZc# K^ WZgZ\cZg ign`hV\Zch hVbaZYZ jYaZYc^c\ d\ de`³WZg 8D'"`kdiZg! YZg hkVgZg i^a jY" aZYc^c\Zc# 9ZgkZY `Vc ign`hV\Zc b²g`Zh 8D'"cZjigVa# A²h bZgZ e h^YZ ,#
CdkV\gV[ ^cY[³gZg YZc &# bVgih '%&% <gZZc HZchZ hdb hjeeaZbZci i^a YZ ³kg^\Z XZg" i^Ò XZg^c\Zg# DgYc^c\Zc Zg Z\ZcjYk^`aZi d\ ]Vg i^a [dgb a Vi h`VWZ YV\a^\i [d`jh e ZcZg\^dei^bZg^c\ \ZccZb VY[²gY#
?IE '*&&' >HD &)%%& Zg Zc ^ciZgcVi^dcVa hiVcYVgY [dg k^g`hdb]ZYZgh b^a_³hing^c\ degZiiZi V[ 9Zc >ciZgcVi^dcVaZ HiVcYVgY^hZg^c\h" dg\Vc^hVi^dc >HD # >HD &)%%& h²iiZg Zc g²``Z `gVk i^a egdXZhhZgcZ ^ k^g`hdb]Z" YZc! W YZ ]kVY Vc\ g `dcigda! gZ\^higZg^c\ d\ Zc`ZaiZ VgWZ_Yh\Vc\Z ^ b^a_³gZaZkVciZ eZgheZ`i^kZg#
ÈL_ ia_bj[h c[Z" Wj l_ [h c_b`´X[l_Zij[" ^lWZ c[Z Z_]5È 7ZciZ 6cYgZVhZc <gVÒ h` `dchjaZci
CDK6K> H $ CD# )
)
Jhoaj[ad_aa[h F[j[h 7Wi^ebc0
9Zi Zg dh! hdb h`Va i `dbbZcYZ \ZcZgVi^dc @a^bVideb³YZi ^ @³WZc]Vkc Zg dkZghi Zi# E igdYh V[ Zc db[ViiZcYZ ^cYhVih WaZk YZi ^``Z i^a YZc hidgZ W^cYZcYZ V[iVaZ! k^ ]VkYZ ] WZi e # 9Zi Zg a^Yi ²g\Zga^\i! bZc jcYZghigZ\Zg WVgZ k^\i^\]ZYZc V[ Zc [dgihVi ^cYhVih#
=dh CdkV\gV[ Zg k^ `aVg bZY Zi cni b^a_³i^aiV\ Ä YZi \ g jcYZg WZiZ\cZahZc <gZZc HZchZ # >Y Zc Zg Vi [dgVc`gZ Zc g²``Z hb VY[²gYhb³chigZ ]dh bZYVgWZ_YZgcZ! h YZ d\h iV\Zg b^a_³" WZk^Yhi]ZYZc bZY h^\ ]_Zb [gV VgWZ_YZ# 9Zi \³g EZiZg 6Vh]dab VaaZgZYZ# =Vc Zg ign`iZ`c^``Zg! cnWV\i [Vg d\ bZ\Zi deb²g`hdb e h^i Z\Zi VchkVg [dg Vi h^`gZ YZ cnZ \ZcZgVi^dcZg Zi hjcYi `a^bV# EZiZg 6Vh]dab Zg ^ a³WZi V[ Zc VgWZ_YhYV\ ^ `dciV`i bZY bVc\Z egdXZhhZg! ]kdg YZg VaaZgZYZ Wa^kZg i²c`i \g³ci# =Vc hdgiZgZg V[[VaY! Zg WZk^Yhi db bVh`^cZgcZh hig³b[dgWgj\! b^a_³" kZca^\Z [VgkZg d\ eVe^g[dgWgj\# =Vc Zg ineZc! YZg Vai^Y \ g Zc gjcYZ d\ haj``Zg [dg YZ `dciV`iZg! hdb hi g jc³Y^\i i²cYi# " ?Z\ kVg ^ a²gZ e 6gYZc 7d\ign``Zg^! hdb YZc" \Vc\ kVg Vine^h` ^ WgVcX]Zc! [dgY^ YZg VaaZgZYZ [dg bVc\Z g h^YZc WaZk i²c`i b^a_³g^\i^\i! h _Z\ Ò ` YZ \dYZ kVcZg bZY [gV WZ\ncYZahZc! [dgi²aaZg EZiZg 6Vh]dab! hdb \ZgcZ k^a \^kZ YZ \dYZ kVcZg k^YZgZ i^a VcYgZ# 9Zi Zg cZide VY[²gYh²cYg^c\Zg EZiZg 6Vh" ]dab [gZb]²kZg hdb YZi! YZg k^g`Za^\ `Vc \³gZ Zc [dgh`Za e h^\i# " 7gVcX]Zc Zg WaZkZi WZYgZ i^a Vi i²c`Z e b^a_³" Zi! Ó ZgZ k^g`hdb]ZYZg Wa^kZg b^a_³XZgi^Ò XZgZYZ d\ Ó ZgZ ign`hV\Zg [ g hkVcZb²g`Zi# 9Zi \ g ^ YZc g^\" i^\Z gZic^c\! bZc k^ `Vc Wa^kZ ZcYcj WZYgZ! ]k^h WVgZ k^ Wa^kZg bZgZ deb²g`hdbbZ e Vi WniiZ kdgZh jkVcZg jY bZY \dYZ kVcZg#
*
CDK6K >H $ C D# )
_ah[ c_b`´[j [dg YZ Zg 9^ea[h[dZ[ efboid_d][h 9V EZiZgh `²gZhiZ kVg \gVk^Y! hVY YZ Zc V[iZc d\ h Zi egd\gVb ^ ik! hdb `^\\ZYZ e ! ]kdg bVc\Z h`VYZa^\Z hid[[Zg YZg Zg ^ kdgZh ]jh]daYc^c\! d\ ]kVY YZ WZinYZg [dg [dgeaVci" c^c\hZkcZc# :i egd\gVb hdb gnhiZYZ YZb WZ\\Z# " 9Zi kVg k^g`Za^\ X]d`ZgZcYZ deanhc^c\Zg [dg dh hdb `dbbZcYZ [dg²aYgZ! d\ kdgZh deb²g`hdb]ZY e h`V" YZa^\Z hid[[Zg WaZk h`²geZi! [dgi²aaZg EZiZg 6Vh]dab# =_ZbbZ ]dh ]Vb `³WZg YZ jYZaj``ZcYZ hkVcZb²g" `ZYZ gZc\³g^c\h" d\ kVh`Zb^YaZg# 9Zg Zg ³`dad\^h`Z bVY kVgZg ^ `³aZh`VWZi! YZ Zg deb²g`hdbbZ e Vi gZYjXZgZ hig³b d\ kVcY[dgWgj\! YZ `³WZg `jc aZ\Zi³_ jYZc h`VYZa^\Z hid[[Zg! d\h c g YZ \^kZg YZi ^ \VkZ i^a VcYgZ! d\ \g²hhZi Wa^kZg ha Zi bZY Zc ] cYh`jWWZg# " :c hidg YZa V[ b^c WZk^Yhi]ZY db Vi heVgZ d\ k²gZ WZk^Yhi db! ]kdgYVc _Z\ `Vc h` cZ `a^bVZi! Zg ]Zai `aVgi `dbbZi V[ YZc e k^g`c^c\! hdb _Z\ ]Vg [ Zi \ZccZb b^i VgWZ_YZ! h^\Zg EZiZg 6Vh]dab#
Ic j_d] j³bb[h EZiZg 6Vh]dab \³g h^\ bVc\Z iVc`Zg db! ]kdgYVc ]Vc! ]Vch `daaZ\Zg d\ k^ VcYgZ `Vc h` cZ `a^bVZi ZcYcj bZgZ# =Vc bZcZg! Vi k^ hdb [dgWgj\ZgZ h`Va Wa^kZ WZYgZ i^a Vi hi^aaZ `gVk i^a YZ egd" Yj`iZg k^ `³WZg! d\ ]Vc ]Vg bVhhZg V[ ] W [dg [gZbi^YZc " W YZ e kZ\cZ V[ h^c h³c d\ h^c VgWZ_YheaVYh# " C g b^c h³c Wa^kZg ViiZc g! ] WZg _Z\! Vi b^c k^g`hdb]ZY Zg WaVcYi YZ bZhi b^a_³WZk^YhiZ ^ WgVcX]Zc# 6i k^ egdYjXZgZg ign`" hV\Zg! hdb ^``Z WZaVhiZg b^a_³Zi d\ Zg Yn\i^\Z i^a Vi kZ_" aZYZ kdgZh `jcYZg ^ [dgWgj\ V[ ign`hV\Zg# =k^h k^ `Vc \³gZ YZb bZgZ WZk^YhiZ! \^kZg YZ YZi [dg] WZcia^\ k^YZgZ ^ YZgZh cZik²g`! h^\Zg EZiZg 6Vh]dab# =Vc k^a \ZgcZ k²gZ bZY i^a Vi \ [dggZhi! W YZ c g YZi \²aYZg YZ hidgZ a^c_Zg! hdb Vi YZaZ b^a_³"k^YZc bZY YZc igZY_Z kZgYZc! bZc d\h ^ YZi hb " WaVcYi `daaZ\Zg d\ [Vb^a^Z! hdb hiVY^\ k^a [ Zc kZca^\ ]Zchi^aa^c\! ]k^h Zi anh Wg²cYZg jYZc \gjcY#
L_ aWd Xb_l[ [dZdk X[Zh[" ^l_i XWh[ l_ Xb_l[h c[h[ efc³haiecc[ f Wj Xojj[ leh[i klWd[h kZ c[Z ]eZ[ lWd[h
CDK6K> H $ CD# )
+
=kVY Zg Y^c kZc[bZ_d]5 9^i eVe^gkVa\ [dgi²aaZg Zc ]Za bVhhZ db Y^c ]daYc^c\ =k^h bVc k^a aZkZ YZc \g³ccZ a^c_Z ]Zai jY! W³g bVc dkZgkZ_Z Zc b^a_³kZca^\ eVe^g`kVa^iZi# 9Zg Ò cYZh ^b^YaZgi^Y ^c\Zc ]Za hVcY]ZY db`g^c\ YZc ZcZ ZaaZg YZc VcYZc ineZ eVe^g# :i Zg Yd\ ]Zai h^``Zgi Ä ]k^h Yj k²a\Zg eVe^g! hdb `Vc W²gZ ;H8" d\$ZaaZg HkVcZ b²g`Zi! hZcYZg Yj Zi `aVgi h^\cVa db! Vi Yj i²c`Zg e b^a_³Zi# 9Zg Ò cYZh ^ YV\ g^\i^\ bVc\Z [dgh`Zaa^\Z eVe^g`kVa^iZiZg! hdb ]Vg Zc Z`higV h`Vge b^a_³egdÒ a# CZYZc[dg Ò cYZg Yj YZ bZhi \²c\hZ [gV kdgZh ]dkZYaZkZgVcY³g! bZc jYkVa\Zi Zg cVijga^\k^h bZ\Zi hi³ggZ! d\ k^ `Vc aZkZgZ VaaZ YZ `kVa^iZi! hdb Ò cYZh e bVg`ZYZi# 9Zg[dg Zg YZi Vai^Y Zc \dY ^Y Vi iV\Z dh bZY e g Y! c g Yj h`Va k²a\Z eVe^g i^a Y^c ign`hV\#
CKBJ?:;I?=D
CKBJ?7HJ =BEII% CKBJ?7HJ I?BA
>HD &)#%%&
Bjai^Vgi Zg Zi bZ\Zi Vah^Y^\i eVe^g bZY Zc ]³_ ]k^Y]ZY d\ Zc Ó di dkZgÓ VYZ ^ W YZ h^a` d\ \adhh# <^kZg Zi [VciVhi^h` ign`W^aaZYZ! d\ Zg YZg[dg h²gYZaZh kZaZ\cZi i^a ign`hV\Zg! ]kdg YZg ³ch`Zh Zc \dY W^aaZY" d\ [VgkZ" \Zc\^kZahZ# 7gdX]jgZg! a³hWaVYZ! [daYZgZ d\ `ViVad\Zg Zg Wadi cd\aZ [ Z`hZbeaZg e VckZcYZahZhdbg YZgcZ#
87B7D9; I?BA% 87B7D9; =BEII
>HD &)#%%&
7VaVcXZ Zg Zc `kVa^iZi bZY Zi V[WVaVcXZ" gZi b^m V[ \ZcWgj\hÒ WgZ d\ cnZ ;H8"Ò WgZ# @kVa^iZiZc ]Vg Zc Ó di h^a` ZaaZg \adhh dkZg" Ó VYZ d\ \^kZg Zi [VciVhi^h` ign`gZhjaiVi# :g bZ\Zi kZaZ\cZi i^a ign`hV\Zg hdb WgdX]j" gZg! Y^gZXi bV^ah d\ i^ahkVgZcYZ! ]kdg YZg ³ch`Zh Zc b^a_³kZca^\ egdÒ a jYZc Vi \ e `dbegdb^h bZY ign`gZhjaiViZi#
>HD &)#%%&
Bjai^YZh^\c ]Vg Zc Ó di bVi d\ _²kc dkZg" Ó VYZ# @kVa^iZiZc Ò cYZh ^ ( cjVcXZg/ L]^iZ! CVijgVa d\ >kdgn! d\ Zg YZgbZY Zi Vah^Y^\i eVe^g bZY bVc\Z VckZcYZahZh[dgb a# 9Zc Wa³YZ gZÓ Z`h[g^Z dkZgÓ VYZ \^kZg \dY a²hWVg]ZY d\ `Vc hiVY^\ W²gZ aZiiZ ^aaj" higVi^dcZg d\ W^aaZYZg# :g kZaZ\cZi i^a de" \VkZg hdb WgZkeVe^g! [daYZgZ! `ViVad\Zg dhk#
H;FH?DJ
>HD &)#%%&
GZeg^ci Zg Zc bViWZhig³\Zi \ZcWgj\h`kV" a^iZi bZY Zc V[kZ_Zi WaVcY^c\ V[ gZijgÒ WgZ d\ cnZ ;H8"Ò WgZ# 9Zc h^a`ZbViiZ dkZg" Ó VYZ \^kZg Zi Ó di ign`W^aaZYZ d\ Zg ^YZZa i^a de\VkZg bZY hidgZ iZ`hiÓ VYZg! ]kdg YZg ³ch`Zh Zi a²hZkZca^\i eVe^g Ä YZi `jccZ [m k²gZ W³\Zg! `ViVad\Zg ZaaZg i^ahkVgZcYZ#
CKBJ?9EFO
BVg^VccZ 7Vc\ EdjahZc <gVÒ h` `dchjaZci
CDK6K >H $ C D# )
>HD &)#%%&
JWZhig³\Zi bVi `kVa^iZi egdYjXZgZi e ;H8"Ò WgZ# :g bZ\Zi a²hZkZca^\ \gjcYZi h^c bViiZ dkZgÓ VYZ! d\ Zg YZg[dg h²gYZ" aZh kZaZ\cZi i^a de\VkZg hdb WgZkeVe^g! [dgbjaVgZg! W³\Zg d\ a^\cZcYZ de\VkZg# ;VgkZg^\Z ^aajhigVi^dcZg d\ [didh k^a [gZb" hi b^cYgZ [VgkZg^\Z d\ bZY b^cYgZ `dc" igVhi#
ÈL_b Zk l_i[" Wj Zk [h c_b`´X[l_Zij5 # i bWZ ei l_i[ Z_] ^lehZWd È
,
>HD &)#%%&
8nXajh Zg WVhZgZi e &%% \ZcWgj\h" Ò WgZ d\ jYZc b^a_³h`VYZa^\Z `Zb^`Va^Zg# ; h W YZ ^ Zc jWZhig³\Zi d\ aZi WZhig³\Zi `kVa^iZi! ]k^a`Zi \³g YZc kZaZ\cZi i^a h kZa WgZka^c^Z WgZkeVe^g$`dckdajiiZg d\ gZ`aV" bZign`hV\Zg hdb WgdX]jgZg! [daYZgZ ZiX# 8nXajh ]Vg Zi inYZa^\i \ZcWgj\h"jYign` bZY Zc aZi \g a^\ idcZ d\ c^hiZg ^ eVe^gZi#
De[naYZg HkVcZb²g`Z`gVkZcZ#
9O9BKI
8D'"cZjigVaZ Cj i^aWnYZg CdkV\gV[ 8D'"cZjigVaZ ign`hV\Zg# :c Ç\ZccZbhc^ia^\Ç ign`hV\ `Vc \³gZh 8D'"cZjigVa [dg XV# `g# (*%!%%# :c]kZg ign`hV\ e k^g`Zg b^a_³Zi Ä bZc ^ ]k^a`Zi db[Vc\4 9ZiiZ he³g\hb a deiV" \Zg Ó ZgZ d\ Ó ZgZ! Z[iZg] cYZc hdb YZg Zg `dbbZi ³\Zi [d`jh e b^a_³Zi# =k^h Yj ³ch`Zg Vi \³gZ a^Yi Z`higV [dg b^a_³Zi! `Vc Yj cj `³WZ 8D'"cZjigVaZ ign`hV\Zg#
<E:IFEH ? BK<J;D :c kZaaZkZcYZ bniZ WZgZiiZg db b^a_³g^\" i^\]ZYZc ^ Vi h³\Z ^c[dgbVi^dc ZaZ`igd" c^h`! [gZb [dg \ZccZb Zc igVY^i^dcZa Wd\# :c cn jcYZgh³\ZahZ [gV Cdg\Z k^hZg ^ YZc [dgW^cYZahZ! Vi YZg jYaZYZh de i^a i^ \Vc\Z h bZ\Zi 8D' [gV XdbejiZgZ d\ hZgkZgZ! ZcY kZY Zc igVY^i^dcZa ign`i Wd\# @gVkZi db i^a\²c\Za^\]ZYZc V[ YZi Y^\^iVaZ bV" iZg^VaZ ]Vg Zc YZa V[ h`naYZc ]Zg[dg! Z[iZg" hdb YZi `g²kZg! Vi hZgkZgcZ hi g i²cYi ^ Y³\cYg^[i Ä d\h hZakdb YZ `jc Zg V`i^kZ! c g cni bViZg^VaZ ]ZciZh# IgdYh YZiiZ Zg YZg Yd\ cd\aZ ^c[dgbVi^dcZg YZg Z\cZg h^\ WZYgZ i^a YZi Y^\^iVaZ bZY^Z ZcY YZi ign`iZ! ]k^a`Zi cVijga^\k^h i²aaZg bZY ^ dkZgkZ" _ZahZgcZ# EgdYj`i^dc V[ Zc]kZg ign`hV\ k^a h²iiZ h^i [dYhedg ^ aj[iZc ^ [dgb V[ jYaZYi 8D' Ä d\h kZY \ZcVckZcYZahZ# JYaZYc^c\Zc [dgZ\ g a^\Z [gV bdidghVkZc hiVgiZh ^ YZ Ò ch`Z h`dkZ! i^a YZc [²gY^\Z ign`hV\ `³gZh jY i^a `jcYZc# > egV`h^h Zg YZi Zc bZ\Zi db" [ViiZcYZ de\VkZ Vi `dgia²\\Z ign`hV\Zch hVbaZYZ jYaZYc^c\ \ZccZb ]ZaZ a^khXn`" ajhhZc Ä h i^a [dgb aZi Zg YZg aVkZi Zc g²``Z a^khXn`ajhVcVanhZg d\ k²g`i³_Zg i^a Vi WZgZ\cZ! ZaaZg c²gbZgZ Zhi^bZgZ! YZc hVbaZYZ 8D'"jYaZYc^c\#
;D JHOAI7= :K A7D C£HA; K^ ]Vg jYk^`aZi Zc bdYZa i^a WZgZ\c^c\ V[ YZc 8D'"jYaZYc^c\! YZg h`Zg ^ [dgW^cYZahZ bZY egdYj`i^dc V[ Zc ign`hV\# 9Zi Zg h kZa Y^gZ`iZ jYaZYc^c\Zg ]Zai [gV eVe^gegdYj`"
>L7: ;H ;D 9E(#ALEJ;5 Hdb Zi aZY ^ @ndid"V[iVaZc Zg :J [dgea^\i^\Zi i^a Vi gZYjXZgZ h^c 8D'"jYaZYc^c\# :i V[ i^aiV\ZcZ Zg 8D'"`kdiZ"gZ\^hiZgZi! ]kdg (-% ZcZg\^ijc\Z YVch`Z k^g`hdb]ZYZg [ g i^aYZai Zi VciVa `kdiZg hkVgZcYZ i^a i^Ya^\ZgZ jYaZYc^c\# =ZgjYdkZg ]Vg hiViZc Zi WZ\g²chZi VciVa `kdiZg! hdb YZg h²a\Zh V[# =k^h k^g`hdb]ZYZgcZ! [m hdb [³a\Z V[ k²`hi! h`Va Wgj\Z Ó ZgZ `kdiZg! b YZ `³WZ YZb# I^a \Zc\²aY `Vc YZ d\h h²a\Z V[ YZgZh i^aYZaiZ `kdiZg! ]k^h YZ gZYjXZgZg YZgZh jYaZYc^c\! d\ e YZc b YZ [ eZc\Z i^a Vi aVkZ nYZga^\ZgZ ZcZg\^dei^bZg^c\# @kdiZgcZ ]VcYaZh V[ k^g`hdb]ZYZgcZ e W³ghZg# K^g`hdb]ZYZg d\ eg^kViZ! YZg ^``Z Zg db[ViiZi V[ `kdiZadk\^kc^c\Zc! `Vc de`³WZ `kdiZg \ZccZb Ó ZgZ [dg]VcYaZgZ# 9Zg^WaVcYi Zg 9VcbVg`h CVijg[gZYc^c\h[dgZc^c\ " ]kdg k^ de`³WZg `kdiZg i^a Vi 8D'"cZjigVa^hZgZ ign`hV\Zg# 9Z eZc\Z! hdb `kdiZgcZ ^cYWg^c\Zg ^ `kdiZhnhiZbZi! \ g Y^gZ`iZ i^a egd_Z`iZg d\ i^aiV\ [dg Vi cZYWg^c\Z 8D'"jYaZYc^c\Zc# :c 8D'"`kdiZ! hdb \^kZg i^aaVYZahZ i^a jY" aZYc^c\ V[ & idch 8D'! `dhiZg XV# `g# &*%!%%#
i^dc i^a ign`c^c\! i^a ^cY^gZ`iZ jYaZYc^c\Zg hdb [m anh ^ egdYj`i^dch]VaaZc# K^ WZgZ\" cZg h aZYZh ign`hV\Zch hVbaZYZ jYaZY" c^c\ d\ de`³WZg 8D'"`kdiZg YZg hkVgZg i^a jYaZYc^c\Zc# 9ZgkZY `Vc ign`hV\Zc b²g" `Zh 8D'"cZjigVa# KZY `³W V[ 8D'"cZjigV" a^hZgZYZ ign`hV\Zg [ g `jcYZc XZgi^Ò `ViZg e YZ ^cY`³WiZ 8D'"`kdiZg#
> `dbW^cVi^dc bZY kdgZh >HD"XZgi^Ò XZgZYZ b^a_³aZYZahZhhnhiZb! b^a_³b²g`c^c\Zc <gZZc HZchZ ! HkVcZb²g`Zi d\ YZ bVc" \Z b^a_³kZca^\Z eVe^g`kVa^iZiZg `Vc kdgZh `jcYZg YgV\Z cniiZ V[! Vi k^ aZkZgZg cd\aZ V[ bVg`ZYZih bZhi b^a_³g^\i^\Z ign`hV\Zg#
ÈL_ b[l[h[h c_b`´h_]j_][ jhoaiW][h$ E] Zk aWd ]´h[ [dZdk c[h[ \eh c_b`´[j l[Z Wj \ Z_d[ jhoaiW][h 9E(#d[kjhWb_i[h[j È 9Vc ;gZYZg^`hZc <gVÒ h` `dchjaZci
CDK6K> H $ CD# )
-
=Vg Yj k^a_Zc i^a Zc bZgZ \g³c egd[^a # i ^`³bf[h l_ Z_] ][hd[ K^ ]Vg W YZ anhiZc d\ `dbeZiZcXZgcZ! c g YZi \²aYZg g Y\^kc^c\ db b^a_³" d\ `a^" bVg^\i^\ ign`hV\hegdYj`i^dc# HVbbZc `Vc k^ \³gZ YZi WZYgZ# :g Yj ^ciZgZhhZgZi! h g^c\ d\ [ Zc V[iVaZ bZY Zc V[ kdgZh \gV[^h Z `dchjaZciZg#
9ZccZ ign`hV\ Zg hkVcZb²g`Zi# CdkV\gV[ 6$H Ä a^XZchcg# *)& )))#
>HD &)#%%&
CdkV\gV[ 6$H Õ Anc\kZ_ ( Õ .%%% 6VaWdg\ Õ Ia[# .+ (* ,, ,, Õ ;Vm .+ (* +, ., Õ lll#cdkV\gV[#Y`