UNIP - Universidade Paulista Campus - Chacara Santo Antonio Architecture and Urbanism
Nuan Garcia Ferreira Student number: C7319J-1
PlantAiR - Vertical Farm
Sao Paulo 2018
Nuan Garcia Ferreira C7319J-1
PlantAiR Vertical Farm
“Graduation Project to obtain the title of Barchelor in Architecture and Urbanism, from Universidade Paulista-UNIP.� Advisor Professor: Marcelo Afonso D`Avilla
Sao Paulo 2018
Nuan Garcia Ferreira C7319J-1
PlantAiR Vertical Farm Approved in: EXAMINATION BOARD _________________________________________/__/___ Prof. Advisor Marcelo Afonso D’Avilla Universidade Paulista – UNIP _________________________________________/__/___ Prof. Edison Hiroyama Universidade Paulista – UNIP _________________________________________/__/___ Prof. Invited _________________________
“Graduation Project to obtain the title of Barchelor in Architecture and Urbanism, from Universidade Paulista-UNIP.” Advisor Professor: Marcelo Afonso D`Avilla
Sao Paulo 2018
CIP - Cataloging in Publication Ferreira, Nuan Garcia PlantAiR - Vertical Farm / Nuan Garcia Ferreira. - 2018. 98 f. : il. color Graduation Project (Barchelor) presented to the Institute of Science and Technology Universidade Paulista - UNIP, Sao Paulo, 2018. Concentration Area - Architectural Design Professor Advisor: Professor Master Marcelo D’Avilla. 1. urban vertical farm. 2. environment. 3. sustainability. I. D’Avilla, Marcelo (Advisor). II. Title.
Prepared by the System of Automatic Generation of Catalog Data from Universidade Paulista with the data provided by the author.
“Architects have to dream. We have to search for our Atlantises, to be explorers, adventurers, and yet to build responsibly and well.� Renzo Piano
ABSTRACT
This monograph presents Project PlantAiR, a vertical farm that incites the introduction of new technologies as alternative ways to supply the great urban centres.
According to Despommier (2010, p.24), this technology brought the possibility of transforming cities based on sustainable strategies, such as energy production through disposal waste, water collection and new forms of agriculture. From the research, mapping the logistics of distribution centres to the final consumer, the author analyzes the case studies of SOA, OMA and SPARK offices related to vertical farms. Gathering the guidelines presented during this course and based on the materials studied, the project emphasizes the importance of the conscious use of architecture in favour of sustainability and environmental balance.
Keywords: Vertical farm, technology, sustainability, agriculture.
ACRONYM LIST FAO - United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FAOSTAT - United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database GHG - Greenhouse Gas SIRENE - Supplementary Information Request at the National Entries MPA - Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores (Small Farmers Movement) SDG - Sustainable Development Goals MMA - Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Environment Ministry) EMBRAPA - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) CEASA - Centrais de Abastecimento (Supply Centers) FLV - Fruits and Vegetables WHO - World Health Organization QA-SA - Quadro Analítico-Santo Amaro (Analytical Framework - Santo Amaro) MSP - Municipality of Sao Paulo SVMA - Secretaria Municipal do Verde e Meio Ambiente (Green and Environment Secretariat) MEM - Macroárea de Estruturação Metropolitana (Metropolitan Structuring Macro Area) PDE - Plano Diretor Estratégico do Município de São Paulo (Strategic Master Plan for the Municipality of Sao Paulo) PA-SA - Perímetros de Ação-Santo Amaro (Action perimeters - Santo Amaro) PIU - Projeto de Intervenção Urbana (Urban Intervention Project) ACJ - Arco do Jurubatuba (Jurubatuba Arch)
FIGURE LISTFIGURE LIST FIGURE: 1...................................................14 FIGURE: 2...................................................15 FIGURE: 3...................................................16 FIGURE: 4...................................................18 FIGURE: 5...................................................18 FIGURE: 6...................................................20 FIGURE: 7...................................................21 FIGURE: 8...................................................22 FIGURE: 9...................................................24 FIGURE: 10.................................................30 FIGURE: 11.................................................32 FIGURE: 12.................................................34 FIGURE: 13.................................................35 FIGURE: 14.................................................36 FIGURE: 15.................................................38 FIGURE: 16.................................................40 FIGURE: 17.................................................40 FIGURE: 18.................................................42 FIGURE: 19.................................................43 FIGURE: 20.................................................46 FIGURE: 21.................................................48 FIGURE: 22.................................................50 FIGURE: 23.................................................52 FIGURE: 24.................................................54 FIGURE: 25.................................................56 FIGURE: 26.................................................58 FIGURE: 27.................................................59 FIGURE: 28.................................................60 FIGURE: 29.................................................61 FIGURE: 30.................................................61 FIGURE: 31.................................................62 FIGURE: 32.................................................64 FIGURE: 33.................................................64 FIGURE: 34.................................................64 FIGURE: 35.................................................65 FIGURE: 36.................................................67 FIGURE: 37.................................................68 FIGURE: 38.................................................68 FIGURE: 39.................................................69 FIGURE: 40.................................................71 FIGURE: 41.................................................72 FIGURE: 42.................................................73
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CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 11 2. URBANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE................................................................................. 13 2.1. THE FUTURE OF FOOD............................................................................................. 14 2.2. THE WASTE PATH..................................................................................................... 18 2.3. FOOD IN BRAZIL AND SAO PAULO......................................................................... 19 3. NEIGHBOURHOOD ANALYSIS......................................................................................... 24 3.1. THE MUNICIPALITY OF SANTO AMARO................................................................ 25 3.2. REGIONAL PLANNING.............................................................................................. 28 3.2.1. MACRO-AREAS OF SANTO AMARO............................................................ 29 3.2.2. LAW OF LAND SUBDIVISION, USE............................................................... 31 AND OCCUPANCY OF SOIL.......................................................................... 31 3.2.3. EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC.................................................................. 33 ACTIVITY........................................................................................................ 33 3.2.4. GREEN AREAS BY INHABITANTS................................................................ 35 3.3. ARCO DO JURUBATUBA........................................................................................... 36 4. URBAN CONTEXT.............................................................................................................. 38 4.1. URBANISTIC PARAMETERS..................................................................................... 39 4.2. BUILDING SITE AND SECTIONS.............................................................................. 41 4.3. PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY........................................................................................ 43 5. MAPS AND DIAGNOSTICS............................................................................................... 46 5.1. ZONING....................................................................................................................... 47 5.2. USE OF THE SOIL....................................................................................................... 49 5.3. MAXIMUM HEIGHT................................................................................................... 51 5.4. WAYS AND LOGISTICS............................................................................................. 53 5.5. HYPSOMETRY............................................................................................................ 55 6. VERTICAL FARMS ............................................................................................................ 58 6.1. PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND ................................................................................... 59 TECHNIQUE................................................................................................................ 59 6.2. SUSTAINABILITY....................................................................................................... 61 7. CASE STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 64 7.1. SOA - TOUR VIVANTE................................................................................................ 65 7.1.1. FLOWCHART................................................................................................... 67 7.1.2. PROGRAM....................................................................................................... 68 7.1.3. SITE PLAN....................................................................................................... 69 7.1.4. SECTION.......................................................................................................... 71 7.1.5. FLOOR PLANS................................................................................................ 72 7.2. OMA - WEST LOUISVILLE FOOD PORT................................................................... 73 7.2.1. FLOWCHART................................................................................................... 75 7.2.2. PROGRAM....................................................................................................... 76 7.2.3. SITE PLAN....................................................................................................... 77 7.2.4. FLOOR PLANS................................................................................................ 79 7.3. SPARK - HOME FARM................................................................................................ 81 7.3.1. FLOWCHART................................................................................................... 83
7.3.2. PROGRAM....................................................................................................... 84 7.3.3. SITE PLAN....................................................................................................... 85 7.3.4. FLOOR PLANS................................................................................................ 87 7.3.5. SECTION AND PLANTATION........................................................................ 88 7.4. STRUCTURAL REFERENCES.................................................................................... 89 8. THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................... 92 8.1. ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT................................................................................... 93 8.2. DESIGN PARAMETERS............................................................................................. 94 8.3. PRODUCTION CALCULATION.................................................................................. 96 8.4. SECTORS AND DEPARTMENTS............................................................................... 97 8.5. FLOWCHART.............................................................................................................. 99 8.6. ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN...................................................................................... 102 8.6.1. TECHNICAL INFORMATION......................................................................... 106 8.7. SITE PLAN.................................................................................................................. 109 8.8. SECTOR PLAN............................................................................................................ 111 8.9. GERMINATION AND SOWING PLAN....................................................................... 113 8.10. PRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION PLAN............................................................. 115 8.11. FOOD PROCESSING PLAN...................................................................................... 117 8.12. DOCKS AND REFECTORY PLAN............................................................................. 119 8.13. SUPPLY AND STORAGE TANKS PLAN........................................................................ 121 8.14. ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING PLAN............................................................................ 123 8.15. ADMINISTRATIVE 1º FLOOR PLAN............................................................................. 125 8.16. ADMINISTRATIVE 2º FLOOR PLAN............................................................................. 127 8.17. COMERCIAL FLOOR PLAN.......................................................................................... 129 8.18. SITE AND BUILDING PLAN......................................................................................... 131 8.19. SECTION A-A 1º SECTOR..................................................................................... 133 8.20. SECTION A-A 2º SECTOR..................................................................................... 135 8.21. SECTION B-B 1º SECTOR..................................................................................... 137 8.22. SECTION B-B 2º SECTOR..................................................................................... 139 8.23. SECTION B-B 3º SECTOR..................................................................................... 141 8.24. SECTION C-C 1º SECTOR..................................................................................... 143 8.25. SECTION C-C 2º SECTOR..................................................................................... 145 8.26. SECTION C-C 3º SECTOR..................................................................................... 147 8.27. SECTION D-D............................................................................................................ 149 8.28. SECTION E-E............................................................................................................ 151 8.29. RIGHT AND LEFT ELEVATIONS............................................................................. 153 8.30. FRONTAL AND BACK ELEVATIONS...................................................................... 155 8.31. ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS.................................................................................... 157 8.32. PERSPECTIVES....................................................................................................... 159 8.33. PHOTO MONTAGE.................................................................................................. 167 8.34. MODEL...................................................................................................................... 169 9. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS................................................................................................ 173 10. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES..................................................................................... 175
1. INTRODUCTION
The theme of urban vertical farms emerged from the current scenario of the cities and their accelerated development, which harm the environment and as a consequence the entire population of the planet.
In references to cities, in the book “The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century� by Professor of Columbia University Dickson Despommier, they must have their own ecosystem and function like nature, where, the waste that becomes turned into energy, the water supply does not need major infrastructure works and the food is obtained in the region itself, exempting the extraction of these from the surrounding municipalities, thus making them more sustainable.
However, currently, urban centres rely solely on food grown in neighbouring cities for their supply and it is at this time that vertical farms appear as an option for the agricultural system.
To exemplify what happens in the City of Sao Paulo, waste from cultivation to food distribution is shown schematically, thus clarifying the logic of vertical farms in this context.
As they use new technology and are protected by patent laws, there was some difficulty in presenting a wider range of case studies as design references. The main reference used in this project was the vertical farm AeroFarms that uses the aeroponics technology (cultivation of vegetables where the suspended roots receive droplets in a mist of nutrient solution through micro-sprinklers).
As design references, the case studies of urban vertical farms, Tour Vivante of the SOA group, a multifunctional building surrounded by hydroponic agriculture, the West Louisville Food Port of the OMA office, a complex organized by supermarket, vertical farm, bar, a square of food and space for rent and, finally, the multifunctional building for residential use and living for the elderly, where the residents themselves can grow their food, the Home Farm, located in Singapore and designed by the SPARK office.
Based on the studies reported throughout this monograph, I present the PlantAiR project, an urban vertical farm, located in the Santo Amaro neighbourhood that seeks to rescue the region’s roots, where in the 19th-century agricultural trade was its main characteristic.
This monograph translates urban planning with a focus on the environment and shows that vertical farms can become an option for urban agriculture, in addition to reducing the carbon footprint of food consumed in the city of Sao Paulo.
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2. URBANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE the current population scenario and the agriculture
2.1. THE FUTURE OF FOOD
In Brazil, the current population exceeds 209 million people with an exponential growth scenario. Every day, rural areas are being devastated by urbanization, which often goes beyond areas of environmental preservation with deforestation.
According to a population comparison chart between urban and rural population (Figure 1) obtained by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - FAO, it is possible to imagine the scenario we are building for the near future.
“To feed this larger, urban and wealthy population, food production is expected to increase by 70%�, (Alan Bonjanic, 2017)
PEOPLE IN MILLION - Estimation and Projection
According to FAO Representative in Brazil, Alan Bojanic, in 2050 the population will be 9.8 billion, 29% more than the current number and the biggest growth will be in developing countries. (FAO, 2017)
Urban Poputation
Rural Poputation
FIGURE: 1
Source: FAOSTAT (Nov16,2018)
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The climatic factor is in fact a threat to food, we can also mention the degradation of the soil, water resources and the emission of gases from the agricultural sector.
According to a report released by FAO it is estimated that 22% of all damage caused by natural disasters, such as droughts, floods by storms or tsunamis, fall on the agricultural sector. (FAO, 2018)
“Agriculture, and everything that is included, is not only essential for our food supply, but also continues to be the main source of livelihood across the planet. Although being a sector at risk, agriculture can also be the basis on which we build societies that are more resilient and capable of dealing with disasters ”, said FAO director general, Brazilian José Graziano da Silva. (FAO, 2018)
GHG emissions related to the agricultural sector: RICE CULTURE (1,90%)
CANE BURNING (1,50%)
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT (4,80%)
AGRICULTURAL SOILS (35,90%)
FIGURE: 2
ENTERIC FERMENTATION (55,90%)
Source: SIRENE (September, 2018)
In Brazil, the agricultural sector was responsible for 12% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2010 (SIRENE, 2018). In 2012, GHG emissions from the agricultural sector accounted for 37% of total emissions, being mainly related to nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions (BRAZIL, 2018) In 2017, the agricultural activities that most generated GHG emissions were soil management (fertilization and soil preparation) and enteric fermentation of animals (Figure 2).
According to Dickson Despommier, biologist and professor at Columbia University in his book “The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century”, he argues that without the interference of man, life would continue in an equitable way, with all forms of life living harmoniously within of a given ecological zone. Man has always been part of this chain, but recently we have become aware of this intimate connection from a formal scientific perspective.
Currently, we are embarrassed and wonder if it is fair to the other forms of life on the planet (Despommier, 2010)
Mankind is depleting the world’s food production areas, triggering effects such as climate change that result in incalculable environmental disasters, threatening the species itself.
“Commercial agriculture in the region cannot continue to grow at the expense of the region’s forests and natural resources,” explained Jorge Meza, FAO’s forestry director.
FIGURE: 3
Source: MPA (October, 2018)
FAO warned between 1990 and 2005, in addition to grazing, commercial cultivation was responsible for about 10% of deforestation in Brazil in the analyzed period, while other forms of land exploration, small-scale cultivation, mixed agriculture, infrastructure accounted for the rest together 10%. (FAO, 2016)
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2.2. THE WASTE PATH
Worldwide, it is estimated that approximately 1.3 billion tons of food are lost each year. This represents more than 30% of all world food production for human consumption. All that food would be more than enough to feed the 821 million people who are still hungry in the world.
In Brazil, according to United Nations data, in 2013, 26.3 million tons of available food was lost. Products such as rice, corn, tomatoes and onions are the most wasted in the country.
The theme is of fundamental humanitarian importance worldwide and was incorporated into the 2030 Agenda by the Sustainable Development Goal 12.3, which poses the global challenge of reducing food waste in the face of the challenge of contributing to the eradication of hunger in the world present in the SDG 2, depicted on the Hunger Map monitored by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Source: MMA
FIGURE: 4 TIME TO TURN THE TABLE Source: *IBGE **EMBRAPA Source: FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization)
WORLDWIDE: 1,3 BILLION TONS OF FOOD WASTED PER YEAR (2013) 795 MILLION PEOPLE GOING HUNGRY BRAZIL: 26,3 MILLION TONS OF FOOD WASTED PER YEAR (2013)* 7,2 MILLION PEOPLE GOING HUNGRY**
FIGURE: 5
THE ROUTE: FROM HARVEST TO CONSUMPTION
10% of all the waste still occurs in the harvest
50% occurs in handling and transportation
30% occurs at the supply centers (CEASA)
10% are shared between supermarkets and consumers
Source: Authorial
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2.3. FOOD IN BRAZIL AND SAO PAULO
In Brazil, the Ministry of Health establishes official guidelines for the promotion of healthy eating. Among them, the one that highlights the increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables (FLV) stands out, considering that the current levels are well below the recommended. (BRASIL, 2006).
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum daily consumption of 400 g per capita or the equivalent of 5 servings of 80 g on average per day of fresh fruits and vegetables to achieve its healthy and protective effect against chronic diseases. (WHO, 2003).
In fact, the analysis of the evolution of the participation of FLV in the total calories of the diet, determined by the acquisition of food at home in the metropolitan regions of the country, revealed that it has not changed substantially in the last three decades. It is also worth mentioning the effect of income on the participation of these foods in the diet: the consumption of FLV in the lower-income classes (from 1 to 4 of the minimum wages per capita) is 4.5 times lower than that of the classes with higher income ( more than 5 minimum wages per capita), (MONTEIRO; MONDINI; LEVY-COSTA, 2000; LEVY-COSTAet al., 2005). therefore, we conclude from the map to the side (figure 6), which are the potential neighbourhoods that will be related in the proposed implantation.
Households with an income of 20 or more minimum wages
DISTRICTS
COVERAGE AREA IN % up to 10.00 from 10.01 to 20.00 from 20.01 to 30.00 from 30.01 to 45.00 45.01 more
Kilometers
FIGURE: 6
Source: IBGE 2010 Demographic Census. Statistical Projection of the Sample
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Table 1: Percentage of individuals who consume five or more daily proportions of fruits and vegetables, by sex, according to age and years of schooling. Age in years
Years of schooling
18 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 64
65 +
0 to 8
9 to 11
12 +
Total
Total
20,7%
22,5%
23,6%
25,9%
28,6%
28,2%
19,7%
23,0%
30,8%
24,4%
Male
19,7%
19,5%
16,6%
19,9%
20,9%
21,9%
14,7%
18,7%
25,4%
19,4%
Female
21,9%
25,3%
29,5%
30,6%
34,0%
32,0%
24,0%
27,0%
35,1%
28,7%
Source: Vigitel Adapted, 2016.
Population proportion aged 18 and over with completed high school
DISTRICTS SUB-DISTRICTS
COVERAGE AREA IN %
Kilometers
FIGURE: 7
Source: IBGE. 2010 Demographic Census. Statistical Projection of the Sample
In the Table shown (Table 1), elaborated from data obtained in the Ministry of Health program called Vigitel, compared with the data from the maps below for teaching and ageing of the population, the potential neighbourhoods that consume fruits and vegetables in the Municipality prove to us from Sao Paulo. In view of the established scenario, the need to implement actions aimed at promoting the consumption of fruits and vegetables in the Brazilian population as a whole is evident. However, it seems to be a priority for actions that include, among the urban population, male individuals and those with low education. Population proportion by age group
DISTRICTS
DISTRICTS IN %
up to 14.00 from 14.01 to 23.00 from 23.01 to 37.00 from 37.01 to 55.00 from 55.01 to 80.00 80.01 more Kilometers
FIGURE: 8
Source: IBGE. 1991, 2000, 2010 Demographic Census. Statistical Projection of the Sample
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3. NEIGHBOURHOOD ANALYSIS talking to the surroundings
FIGURE: 9
Source: PMSP (Modified)
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3.1. THE MUNICIPALITY OF SANTO AMARO
1552 the first record of occupation in the region was an indigenous village, on the banks of the Jurubatuba River, which facilitated the irrigation of agriculture.
It passed through parish, village and province, and in 1832, it became a municipality. Keeping food production strong as; cassava, rice, beans and etc.
With the large volume of food produced, it is the main agricultural supplier to the Capital São Paulo in the 19th century.
In 1883 “the way of the Santo Amaro ox cart” begins to receive new projects idealized by Kulhman. Facilitating food transport.
In 1913 the railway was replaced by trams bringing more consumers from other regions making Santo Amaro a strong commercial centre.
From 1960 onwards, with the industrial boom, unbridled expansion began and the agricultural areas of Santo Amaro were reduced and gave rise to industrialization in the region.
At the end of the 19th century, the Santo Amaro village became the major supplier of agricultural products to the city of Sao Paulo, all the staples: cassava, corn, beans, rice, potatoes were bought from Santamarenses; there were 640 sqm of fertile land, numerous rural properties dedicated to raising livestock and poultry, donkey troops and ox cart brought to the capital the woods, coal and food in general, which would be sold in the central market.
This transport between the towns of Sao Paulo and Santo Amaro, over time, became known as “The way of the Santo Amaro ox cart” and it was so, until 1883. This is one of the reasons that lead some engineers, having in front of him Alberto Kulhmann, projecting an extensive railway, which starting from the Center and Vila Mariana, penetrated in the south of the Province of Sao Paulo, going until Santo Amaro.
In 1913 trains were replaced by trams. In 1935, the federal interventionist, Armando Sales de Oliveira, issued a decree that annexed the city of Santo Amaro to the Capital and, thus, Santo Amaro, who for centuries had taken care of himself without guardianship, became part of the capital’s municipality. A vast rural area was included in the municipal territory of São Paulo, bordering the municipalities of São Vicente and Itanhaem.
Since then, trams have become the main link between capital and Santo Amaro. Along its path, farms and farms were subdivided and the region underwent rapid urbanization, giving rise to several neighbourhoods in the 1960’s; with the automobile-oriented transport policy, the tram was extinguished on March 27, 1968.
These allotments were arranged in such a way that the lots with areas between 10,000 and 20,000 sqm and those with more than 20,000 sqm occupied the banks of the Pinheiros River and the Jurubatuba River, where several industries were implanted in the region. degraded with the departure of many of these large companies in the region.
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3.2. REGIONAL PLANNING
Santo Amaro occupies a total area of 37.5 sq km, housing a population of 238,025 inhabitants. It is limited, to the north, by the Subprefectures Pinheiros and Vila Mariana; to the east, with the Subprefectures Jabaquara and Cidade Ademar; to the south, with the SubPrefecture of Capela do Socorro; and to the west, with the sub-prefectures of M’Boi Mirim and Campo Limpo. The Pinheiros and Jurubatuba Rivers are a strong physical element that defines the limits to the southwest of this sub-prefecture.
It has an extensive area occupied by strictly residential use, in which the aquifer of the Córrego do Cordeiro Sub Basin stands out. Also noteworthy is the recent implementation of large commercial, service and leisure developments along the Marginal do Rio Pinheiros and Nações Unidas Avenue.
The presence of green areas is quite significant, both as arboreal patches and as associated with large equipment - schools, clubs, cemeteries - and also in exclusively residential neighbourhoods. (QA-SA, 2016)
Due to its vast green area, small producers are still found in the regions of farms, but none of them with sufficient productivity to supply the extension of the neighbourhoods itself. The power of the big industries took over the land of the small ones, and they are losing their cultivation areas every day, allowing big companies to seize the soil making it impossible to cultivate.
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3.2.1. MACRO-AREAS OF SANTO AMARO
Subprefecture Santo Amaro is part of the South Macro region 2 of the Municipality of Sao Paulo, together with Campo Limpo, Capela do Socorro, Cidade Ademar, M’Boi Mirim and Parelheiros. Together, they house 22.6% of the total population of the Municipality of Sao Paulo in an area of 654.7 sq km, corresponding to 43% of the total territory of the city.
The Metropolitan Structuring Macro Area - MEM comprises the sectors of the development axes associated with the Urban Operation Águas Espraiadas / Chucri Zaidan and the Arco Jurubatuba, also including the Historic Center of Santo Amaro. These sectors cover areas with intense potential for urbanization and requalification, concentrated in the lanes along the main roads that structure the territory of the Subprefecture - Marginal Pinheiros, Nações Unidas Avenue, Eusébio Stevaux, Jornalista Roberto Marinho and Nossa Senhora do Sabará. (QA-SA, 2016)
The study of these Macro Areas allows an amplified view of issues addressed for the implementation decision, focusing on places of urban requalification and easy access, to serve the surrounding neighbourhoods, makes it inviting.
FIGURE: 10
Source: QA-SA, 2016.
METROPOLITAN STRUCTURING MACROAREA
URBAN CONTENT AND SUSTAINABLE USE MACROAREA
CONSOLIDATED URBANIZATION MACROAREA
PRESERVATION OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS MACROAREA
URBANIZATION QUALIFICATION MACROAREA REDUCING OF URBAN VULNERABILITY MACROAREA REDUCING OF URBAN VULNERABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RECOVERY MACROAREA CONTROL OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALIFICATION MACROAREA
AREA OF PROTECTION AND RECOVERY OF FOUNTAINS LIMIT OF MACROZONE LIMIT OF MACROREGIONS LIMIT OF SUBPREFECTURE HYDROGRAPHY METROPOLITAN URBAN STAIN
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3.2.2. LAW OF LAND SUBDIVISION, USE AND OCCUPANCY OF SOIL In the recent approved Zoning (Law Nยบ 16,402/16), occupation guidelines for the structuring and qualification strategies in line with the provisions of the PDE are verified for the territory of Subprefecture Santo Amaro. The zones were defined according to the characteristics of the territory in which they operate, reflecting the growth dynamics and recent occupation trends of this Subprefecture. (QA-SA, 2016).
The restructuring and qualification of the Santo Amaro areas become an incentive for the creation of new projects, as a neighbourhood only tends to win when new ideas that add value to it are put into practice, regardless of whether it is a public idea or private, being functional and adding value to the neighbourhood becomes relevant.
FIGURE: 11 QUALIFICATION AREAS
Source: QA-SA, 2016.
PRESERVATION TRANSFORMATION AREAS AREAS LIMIT OF SUBPREFECTURE LIMIT OF THE MUNICIPALITY METROPOLITAN URBAN STAIN HYDROGRAPHY
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3.2.3. EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY The income profile of residents is one of the highest in the city, with per capita household income above R$ 3,000 per month (2010).
The population of the Subprefecture Santo Amaro remained stable between 1980 and 2010, reaching 238,025 inhabitants in the last Census. The population growth rate, which showed negative rates from 1980 to 2000, in the period from 2000 to 2010 showed a growth of 0.9%, higher than the rate of the municipality (0.8%). The demographic density in 2010 (81.67 pop/ha) was lower than that of the municipality (102.02 pop/ha).
The degree of development is also indicated by the provision of education, socioassistance, health and sports-cultural services, most of the time with higher standards than the average for the municipality. (QA-SA, 2016)
According to the related data, it can be concluded that the Santo Amaro region has a favourable profile and fits FLV consumers with an income equivalent to that mentioned in the previous study.
Belo
38%
Santo Amaro
16%
25% 35%
4% 5%
5%
6%
6%
7% 13% FIGURE: 12
6
14% Source: QA-SA, 2016.
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD CHEMICAL INDUSTRY RETAIL BUSINESS EDUCATION SERVICES CONSTRUCTION PAPER AND GRAPHIC INDUSTRY OTHERS
34
3.2.4. GREEN AREAS BY INHABITANTS
The vegetation of Santo Amaro covers the total area of tree and undergrowth classified by satellite image. The Parks and Green Areas Index considers the totality of the existing municipal and state park areas, in addition to the garden areas in squares, flowerbeds, avenues.
Emphasizing green areas, one of the guidelines proposed by the Subprefecture of Santo Amaro is to improve the offer of green areas for public use with the implementation of parks and urban afforestation; and, also, the implementation of social programs aimed at homeless people and precarious housing. (QA-SA, 2016)
Keeping the data covered in this chapter and seeking to improve it, the concept of the Subprefeitura SANTO AMARO project that I discuss in the following chapters starts from the principle of maintaining the existingvegetal vegetation in the lot, públicas preserving areas2014 and increasing the permeability rate of Cobertura e áreas verdes porgreen habitante, the soil, adding gardens and trees the landscape. Cobertura vegetal total considera a área total de vegetação arbórea e rasteira classificada por imagem de satélite. O Índice de Parques e Áreas Verdes considera a totalidade das áreas dos parques municipais e estaduais existentes, além das áreas ajardinadas em praças, canteiros, avenidas e em próprios municipais.
SQUARE METERS
180
155,0
160 140 120 100 80 60
54,0 33,7
40
14,1
20
23,9 2,3
0 VEGETATION COVER INHABITANT Cobertura vegetal porPER habitanteÁ
MSP
FIGURE: 13 Fonte: SVMA
fios vão além do alcance do próprio polando seu território. Sua política
Sul 2
PUBLIC AREAS por PERhabitante INHABITANT reasGREEN verdes públicas
Sub SA Source: SVMA
à mobilidade, com o incentivo ao uso do transporte coletivo e investimento em segurança no trânsito, além
3.3. ARCO DO JURUBATUBA
The PIU Arco do Jurubatuba ACJ Urban Intervention project is part of the Railroad and Riverfront Sector of the Metropolitan Structuring Macro Area - MEM defined by the Strategic Master Plan - PDE, Law No. 16.050 / 2014. It has great potential for urban transformation and has a strategic role in the restructuring of the Municipality. This condition results from successive public and private investments that provided it with a complex system of infrastructures, such as canalized rivers, railways and structural roads capable of articulating the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo and made possible the municipality’s industrialization process. Today, in this strategic territory, there are already processes of economic transformation and patterns of land use and occupation that should be conducted in a structured way. (PIU-ACJ, 2017)
As an intervention, it provides for large-scale productive activities with a high intensity of knowledge and technology that will generate new jobs in the area, which presupposes an increase in the flow of people through public spaces and means of transport. (PA-SA, 2016)
The expanding region turns the chosen lot into the ideal place, in this context an agricultural history is resumed in an innovative way, redrawing the origins of Santo Amaro.
FIGURE: 14
Source: PA-SA, 2016
36
4. URBAN CONTEXT knowing the location
FIGURE: 15
Source: QA-SA, 2016
38
4.1. URBANISTIC PARAMETERS
Land Use and Occupation Zoning - Law 16.402 / 16 Zoning: ZC (Centrality Zone) • Total land area: ..................................................................................... 30,784.89 sq m • CO (COEFFICIENT OF OPERATION) basic: 1 ....................................... 30,784.89 sq m • OR (OCCUPANCY RATE) for lots larger than 500 sq m: 0.7 ................ 21,549.42 sq m • Permeability Rate: 0.25 ........................................................................ 7,696.22 sq m • Maximum height gauge: ...................................................................... 48 m • Front section: ....................................................................................... 5 m • Lateral and deep sections: .................................................................. N/A • Environmental qualification: ................................................................ PA 4 • Minimum QA score: ............................................................................. 0.78 • Vegetation cover: ................................................................................. 0.5 • Drainage: .............................................................................................. 0.5
MAP OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF SAO PAULO
MAP OF THE DISTRICT OF SANTO AMARO
FIGURE: 16
LOT INTERVENTION AREA
FIGURE: 17
Source: Authorial
BUILDING SITE
Source: Authorial
40
4.2. BUILDING SITE AND SECTIONS
Lot limit
Lot limit Nações Unidas Av. Central bed Nações Unidas Av. CPTM rail CPTM rail Bike lanes
Jurutatuba River Jurutatuba River
Lot limit
SITE PLAN
Rua Benedito Fernades
Lot limit
FIGURE: 18
Source: Authorial
42
4.3. PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY
Access to Socorro Station located at Rua Florenville.
In this photo taken at the corner of Rua Benedito Fernandes, we can see the good width of the two-way road, the good width of the pavement and the good afforestation of the road.
Another neighbouring development is Sam’s Club supermarket. This can create good market visibility for the urban farm, allowing Sam’s Club customers to become PlantAiR customers.
This is an old vehicles entrance of the company that worked in the place. Once again we face a lack of accessibility and the creation of a barrier for crossing pedestrians with disabilities.
FIGURE: 19
Source: Authorial
In this photo taken at the corner of Rua Benedito Fernandes, we can see the lack of a disabled access ramp at the pedestrian crossing.
This commercial building is located next to the building site and represents great potential for the movement of the vegan snack bar present in the PlantAiR project program.
The Building of the World Church of the Kingdom of God which, during worship hours, will impair the circulation of vehicles with the temporary increase in traffic in the region.
On the pavement along Avenida Nações Unidas, it is possible to verify two points of vulnerability of the site, which are: the lack of visual permeability caused by the wall and the lack of public lighting that makes the region dangerous for pedestrians at night.
Also along the pavement of Avenida Nações Unidas, we can see the precariousness in their conservation and the danger of accidents that can bring for the pedestrians in the region.
With this photo taken from Avenida Nações Unidas, we can conclude that because it is a high traffic route, the place suffers during peak hours an intense influence of noise pollution and concentration of air pollution.
In this photo taken from the corner of Rua Brasílio Luz, we can highlight the future Shopping 25 de Março building that will be built on the site. This will be a strong attraction in the region and will enhance the visibility of the PlanAiR project.
44
5. MAPS AND DIAGNOSTICS exploring the implantation site
FIGURE: 20
Source: Google Earth (Modified)
46
5.1. ZONING
The importance of this map is to show the relationship of the surroundings and how it affects the implementation of the chosen lot. It is an area of urban restructuring, the lot located on Avenida das Naçþes Unidas in Santo Amaro which, being a Centrality Zone, presents parameters favourable to the construction of the PlantAiR project.
Analysis area Chosen building site ZC - Centrality Zone Square / Flowerbed
FIGURE: 21
Source: Authorial
48
5.2. USE OF THE SOIL
Land use in the region is predominantly commercial and in a second moment we saw that residential use occurs in small lots in the inner area of the blocks. We can also analyze the existing green areas in the surroundings, bringing environmental comfort to the chosen lot.
Analysis area
School
Chosen building site
Commercial / Services
Contaminated area
Evangelical Church
Square / Flowerbed
Eletropaulo Substation
Residential horizontal medium / high standard
Socorro CPTM Station
Residential / Commercial / Service
Parking areas
Residential vertical medium / high standard
FIGURE: 22
Source: Authorial
50
5.3. MAXIMUM HEIGHT
The existing maximum height map contains buildings that reach 81 m in height, but the vast majority varies between 3 m and 9 m in height distributed between 1 and 2 story residential houses and 3 story buildings for shops. The maximum height limit for the chosen terrain is 25.77 m.
Analysis area
21 m height
Chosen building site - 25,77 m maximum height
42 m height
3 m height
48 m height
6m height
81 m height
9m height
Unbuilding lots
12 m height
Square / Flowerbed
15 m height
FIGURE: 23
Source: Authorial
52
5.4. WAYS AND LOGISTICS
In this map, we can observe a weakness for the flow of production.
The production yields an average of 1,460 tons/year of vegetables, with 70% of this production sold over the internet requiring delivery, the main routes used are Av. Da Naçþes Unidas and Av. Vitor Manzini.
For the daily delivery of 4,000 kg of vegetables, will be used 30 refrigerated bigger 2-axle lorries powered by biodiesel.
Analysis area Chosen building site Structural tracks Collecting ways Local routes Bike lanes Socorro CPTM Station
FIGURE: 24
Source: Authorial
54
5.5. HYPSOMETRY
The hypsometry map shows the slopes and reliefs of the lot and its surroundings. Being a low slope lot, it tends to facilitate the execution of the entire infrastructure of the building, and will also provide easy access to the main roads.
Analysis area Chosen building site
FIGURE: 25
Source: Authorial
56
6. VERTICAL FARMS structure and operation
FIGURE: 26
Source: https://www.businessinsider.com
58
6.1. PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND TECHNIQUE The vertical farm got its name because its internal production structure is built on overlapping shelves, forming several cultivation “shelves”. This innovative style arose from studies carried out in the last century, which through a survey done on macrobiotic security, alternative forms of food production began to be discussed, for the health of the food and to optimize the space for cultivation. In the book “The Vertical Farm The 21st Century” written by biologist and professor at the University of Columbia Dickson Despommier in 2010 the author discusses the advantages of putting this type of cultivation into practice.
The system proposed at PlantAiR urban vertical farm uses the aeroponics system, where vegetables are suspended on shelves keeping their roots free so they can receive nutrients through nebulization, by sprinklers in an environment strictly controlled by automation and checked at all times for that there is no contamination or weakening of the roots.
The automation system controls, temperature, humidity, mixture of nutrients released by the sprinkler system and led lighting emitted through an appropriate system for each type of vegetable. The figure (figure 27) below shows some indicated parameters of how the cultivation environment should be maintained.
ROOT TEMPERATURE
24 ºC
AERIAL TEMPERATURE
24 - 31 ºC
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVE RADIATION
500 μmol/m²s
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
50 - 95 %
CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
1000 PPM
FIGURE: 27
Source: Luuk Graamans_MSc Tesis, 2015
FIGURE: 28
Source: Aerofarm, (Nov. 2018).
The image above (image 28) shows how the shelves are assembled and how the planting system works.
The led lamps emit the necessary light for each species that are minimally controlled by the intensity and frequency providing the photosynthesis of the leaves.
Computerized lighting allows the control of nutrition, flavour and hue of vegetables.
The roots are suspended, receiving a mist of nutrients necessary for development, which is also controlled by computers.
The cloth medium is where the seeds are germinated, with no need to use the land for planting. After the leaf development cycle, the clothes are sanitized and reused in the next cultivation trays, however, as there are nutrients attached to it, the liquid expelled from the fabric enters the recycling process for the sprinkler system to nebulize again after controlling the nutrients.
The solution chamber corresponds to the void between the medium cloth and the bottom of the tray where the sprinklers are that nebulize the nutrients to the roots.
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6.2. SUSTAINABILITY WATER CONSUMPTION IN AGRICULTURE
AEROPONICS CLOSED SYSTEM
Conventional agriculture
Hydroponics
Aeroponics Water
Nutrients
Mixing waste
FIGURE: 29
Recycling Source: Authorial
Aeroponics can be worked in a closed system, recovering and reusing the water that is part of this renewable cycle, being one of the benefits raised in relation to other cultivation systems.
Another factor that stands out in the vertical farm system adopted is the photovoltaic plates, which, being supplied by solar radiation, do not depend on the emission of pollutants, as in the use of generators or supply by conventional systems.
Automation is extremely important in this system, as it is through it that supply and nutrition controls are established, as seen, including analyzing and detecting any kind of pests and exterminating them, without the need to use pesticides. With this, we have food grown as safely as possible and without impacting the soil, water or the environment. FIGURE: 30
Source: Aerofarm, 2018.
According to Despommier (2010, p.114), it is possible to list several benefits that an urban vertical farm provides cities.
Among these benefits, the intermittent production of vegetables, as seen, the cultivation on the vertical farm does not depend on the weather, you can produce any species throughout the year, ending the waste due to climatic factors that destroy cultivation fields, as well as the harvest term. decreased because it does not depend on the soil or natural irrigation, to happen, reducing the use of water for this purpose by up to 95%, it extinguishes the use of pesticides, providing healthy and safe food, without so many price ranges.
In addition to the benefits generated directly in production, there are also indirect benefits, such as reducing pollution from logistics when transporting food from neighbouring cities to urban centres, decreasing conventional agriculture, allowing the soil to heal. FIGURE: 31
Source: Despommier, (2010, p.114).
“The Planet is not inanimate. It is a living organism. The earth, rocks, oceans, atmosphere and all living things are one big organism. A holistic and coherent life system that regulates and modifies itself. �
James Lovelock- The principle of Gaia
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7. CASE STUDY
project samples
FIGURE: 32
Source: SOA
FIGURE: 33
Source: OMA
FIGURE: 34
Source: SPARK
64
7.1. SOA - TOUR VIVANTE
FIGURE: 35
Source: SOA
Office: SOA Architectes Location: Paris Year: 2006 Architects: Pierre Sartoux, Augustin Rosenstiehl Collaborators: Martin Frei, Carlos Alvarez (project managers), Elsa Junod (graphic designer), Eng. Koudjo Aidam Consultants: SETEC (Paris) and Dr. Dickson Despommier of Columbia University. Floors: 30 Total area: 50,470 sq m. Cost: â‚Ź 98,100,000.00. Height: 112 m plus vane 140m. Energy supply through photovoltaic panels: 3,000 sq m. Solar heating on the terrace: 900 sq m. Mini wind turbines with 2 pinwheels. About the project: Multifunctional building of offices, apartments, shopping malls, and cultivation of hydroponic vegetables. Surrounded by a cultivation system, it allows the user a cooler environment on hot days, as well as the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits throughout the year. It receives energy from a mini wind power plant located at the top of the tower, which receives strategic winds throughout the year, along with photovoltaic panels that are supplied by solar radiation.
66
7.1.1. FLOWCHART
WIND TURBINES
ROOF
OFFICES SHARED MEETING ROOM
HYDROPONIC HORTICULTURE
AUTONOMOUS UNITS / TOILETS
APARTMENTS TYPE T4 APARTMENT / TOILETS
TYPE T3 APARTMENT / TOILETS
TYPE T5 APARTMENT / TOILETS
ELEVATORS
TYPE T2 APARTMENT / TOILETS
TERRACE
MALL
MEDIA LIBRARY
SUPERMARKET
NURSERY
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
RETAIL CENTRE
PARKING
FIGURE: 36
Source: Authorial
7.1.2. PROGRAM RESIDENTIAL
130 apartments on the first 15 floors (T2 x 30, T3 x 50, T4 x 35, T5 x 15)
11,045 sq m
OFFICES
Offices on the top 15 floors
8,675 sq m
PLANTATION
Horticulture from street level to the top of the building
7,000 sq m
MALL
Shopping centre and Supermarket
6,750 sq m
AMENITIES
Nursery and Media Library
PARKING
475 underground parking spaces
650 sq m 12,400 sq m
FIGURE: 37
Source: Authorial
FIGURE: 38
Source: SOA
68
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
7.1.3. SITE PLAN
VEHICLE ACCESS
SITE PLAN
FIGURE: 39
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
VEHICLE ACCESS
Source: SOA (MODIFIED)
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7.1.4. SECTION
WIND TURBINES: ENERGY PRODUCTION PANORAMIC VIEW
LOADER ELEVATORS OFFICES
ELEVATORS HYDROPONIC HORTICULTURE
TERRACE
APARTMENTS
RETAIL CENTRE
RETAIL CENTRE PARKING
CROSS SECTION
FIGURE: 40
Source: SOA (MODIFIED)
7.1.5. FLOOR PLANS APT. T5 - 15 units
LOADER ELEVATOR
APARTMENT PLAN 2nd to 5th floor
APT. T2 - 30 units
HYDROPONIC HORTICULTURE
APT. T3 - 50 units
PUBLIC ELEVATOR
APT. T4 - 35 units
STAIRS
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
OFFICE PLAN 16th to 30th floor
LOADER ELEVATOR
FIGURE: 41
OFFICES
PUBLIC ELEVATOR
STAIRS
HYDROPONIC HORTICULTURE Source: SOA (MODIFIED)
72
7.2. OMA - WEST LOUISVILLE FOOD PORT
FIGURE: 42
Source: OMA
Office: OMA Architectes Location: West Louisville, USA Year: 2015 Architects: Shohei Shigematsu Team: Christy Cheng, Jackie Woon Bae, Carly Dean, Matthew Haseltine, Kostya Miroshnychenko, Richard Nelson-Chow, Hanna Tulis and Andrea Zalewski Collaborators: GBBN Architects (Executive Architecture), Senler, Campbell & associates (Structural Engineering) and MEP, FP: CMTA Consulting Civil Engineering: Sabak Wilson & Lingo Topography: GEM Engineering Services: 43,207 sq m Industrial: 31,214 sq m Infrastructure: 2,415 sq m Offices: 1,207 sq m Events Area: 929 sq m Restaurant / Bar: 185 sq m Total area: 95,625 sq m About the project: It is a point of supply, distribution, recreation, offices and commerce located in West Louisville in the United States. This location allows users to interact at event fairs, rent spaces for workshops and sustainability practices and has a fixed structure that controls the cultivation and distribution of vegetables and fruits carried out in the enterprise.
74
7.2.1. FLOWCHART
VEHICLE ACCESS
EDIBLE GARDEN
FOOD TRUCK SQUARE
SPORTS COURT
COFFEE ROASTERY
MAIN SQUARE
WEEKLY JUICERY
DOCKS AND PARKING
PRODUCT PROCESSING
DEMONSTRATION FARM
PUBLIC KITCHEN
VERTICAL FARM
LIBRARY
JEFFERSON COUNTY EXTERNAL OFFICE
FIGURE: 43
VISITING CENTRE
PRODUCT WASHING
INTERNAL ROUTE RECYCLING CENTRE FACILITIES
STORES
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
FREE MARKET
SEED CAPITAL
Source: Authorial
7.2.2. PROGRAM OUTDOORS FOOD SPORTS STORES VISITING CENTER FOOD FOOD PROCESSING PROCESSING SERVICES EDUCATION OFFICE OFFICE PLANTATION PRODUCTION RECYCLING VEHICLES
FIGURE: 44
FIGURE: 45
Main square / free market / edible garden Food area with food trucks Sports court Retail centre - supermarket Service area and access to the building Coffe roastery Weekly organic juicery Product washing Product processing Public kitchen Library Seed Capital Jefferson County External Office Farmed Here - Vertical Farm Demonstration Farm - Horizontal Farm Recycling centre facilities Docks and Parking
19,450 sq m 7,000 sq m 2,100 sq m 2,050 sq m 1,150 sq m 1,450 sq m 700 sq m 2,000 sq m 2,100 sq m 1,150 sq m 350 sq m 500 sq m 2,550 sq m 10,050 sq m 10,050 sq m 2,900 sq m 5,200 sq m Source: Authorial
Source: OMA
76
VEHICLE ACCESS
7.2.3. SITE PLAN
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
SITE PLAN FIGURE: 46
VEHICLE ACCESS PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
Source: OMA (MODIFIED)
78
7.2.4. FLOOR PLANS
FIGURE: 47
Source: ARCHDAILY
FIGURE: 48
Source: ARCHDAILY
FIGURE: 49
Source: DESIGNBOOM.COM
80
7.3. SPARK - HOME FARM
FIGURE: 50
Source: SPARK
Office: SPARK Location: Singapore Year: 2014 Director: Stephen Pimbley Team: Yun Wai Wing, Wenhui Lim, Chanachai Panichpattan, Ethan Hwang, Jan Panelo, Narelle Yabuka Mixed program: offices, housing, market, and hydroponic agricultural production. Levels: 11 Total area: 51,790 sq m Cost: N / A About the project: Homefarm is a multifunctional enterprise that adds housing for urban retirees, with several other residential types. It also includes residential and commercial agriculture for Singapore, which combines apartments and central facilities facilitating their remodelling. Residents live in a highdensity garden environment with a vertical farm connected to the building, where they can work and earn an income. The goal of SPARK is to generate discussion about the potential that can emerge from the mixture of two typically separate realities. The research-based project addresses two pressing challenges Singapore faces: how the city-state can support a rapidly ageing society and how it can increase its food security, 90% of which is currently imported.
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7.3.1. FLOWCHART RESIDENTIAL
PLANTATION
STORAGE
SOIL-BASED LINEAR FARM FACADE LINEAR / VERTICAL FARM
4 BEDROOMS APARTMENT
AQUAPONIC VERTICAL FARM
2 BEDROOMS APARTMENT
TRADICIONAL SOIL-BASED FARM
STUDIO
PARK
CONVIVIALITY LIBRARY
FOOD COURT
SOCIAL CONVENTION CENTRE
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
PARKING
LOADING AND UNLOADING
WAREHOUSE
TECHNICAL SECTOR PACKAGING
RETAIL CENTRE MALL
MARKET
FIGURE: 51
INSTITUTIONAL SEC. HEALTH CENTRE
NURSERY
Source: Authorial
7.3.2. PROGRAM RESIDENTIAL
Apartments - Studio / 2 Bedrooms / 4 Bedrooms
20,810 sq m
PLANTATION
Soil-based Linear Farm / Facade / Aquaponic Vertical Farm / Tradicional Farm
14,800 sq m
TECHNICAL SECTOR
Product packaging industry
1,400 sq m
HEALTH CENTRE
Medical Center for the Elderly
2,940 sq m
MARKET
Market for residents
4,060 sq m
F.C./SOCIAL CENTRE
Food Court / Social Convention Centre for residents and visitors
2,800 sq m
NURSERY / LIBRARY
Educational centre for residents
2,230 sq m
RETAIL CENTRE
Mall / Stores / Shops / Services
2,750 sq m
GARAGE
Parking
FIGURE: 52
FIGURE: 53
37,000 sq m Source: Authorial
Source: SPARK
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7.3.3. SITE PLAN
PEDESTRIA VEHICLE ACCESS
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
PEDESTRIA PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
SITE PLAN FIGURE: 54
AN ACCESS T +65 6396 0328
F +86 6396 0968
E INFO@SPARKARCHITECTS.COM A 110 LORONG 23 GEYLANG, VICTORY CENTRE #03-09 SINGAPURE 388410
PEDESTRIAN ACCESS
VEHICLE ACCESS
AN ACCESS
Source: SPARK (MODIFIED)
86
7.3.4. FLOOR PLANS
SITE PLAN
FIGURE: 55
Source: SPARK(MODIFIED)
FIGURE: 56
Source: SPARK(MODIFIED)
7.3.5. SECTION AND PLANTATION
FIGURE: 57
Source: SPARK
FIGURE: 58
Source: SPARK
88
7.4. STRUCTURAL REFERENCES Architect: Santiago Calatrava BIM: Revit Autodesk Project: Peace Bridge Year: 2008-2012
Type: Bridge Location: Calgary, Canada Measures: 126 m long / 8 m wide / 5.85 m high
About: The bridge is defined by a helical structure developed over an oval cross-section with two clearly defined tangential rays, creating an internal architectural space. The upper openings are filled with glazed sheets folded in the same shape as the outside of the helical shape, offering protection to users against the rain and winter weather conditions. (CALATRAVA, 2008)
PRE MANUFACTURED SECTIONS
PRE MANUFACTURED SECTION CONSTRUCTION
AUXILIARY CONSTRUCTION BRIDGE
PEACE BRIDGE IN FINAL STAGE OF CONSTRUCTION
FIGURE: 59
Source: wikipedia.org
Office: MAD Architects BIM: Gehry Technologies Co. Ltd. Project: Harbin Opera House Year: 2010-2015
Type: Theater / Cultural Center Location: Harbin, China Footage: 1,800,000 sq m
About: Committed to developing futuristic, organic and technologically advanced projects, the Harbin Opera House was structured by a steel mesh calculated by high-precision software, designed with a series of steel plate walls, faceted glass and skylights. The glass made by Shenyang Yuanda, are embedded in the steel structure, with a customized system capable of melting snow and directing it to integrated drains.
STRUCTURE IN CONSTRUCTION PHASE
FINISHED STRUCTURE
FIGURE: 60
AERIAL VIEW OF HARBIN OPERA HOUSE
Source: wikipedia.org
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8. THE PROJECT PlantAiR Urban Vertical Farm
FIGURE: 61
Source: Authorial
92
8.1. ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT
“The intention of the project design arose in creating an organic form that referred to sustainability and nature using biomimicry, not only in its functioning through the Closed System¹ but also in its form.” Nuan Garcia Designed in response to the agricultural history of the Santo Amaro neighbourhood, appearing in curves as if it were a mountain in the landscape, emerging in the urban context in an integrative process Core and Shell². The project proposal addresses the concept of an inviting and permeable environment. The curved facade made of steel panels treated in white thermo-acoustic paint transmits smoothness and sharpness. The ogival architectural mass involves a large area of vegetable cultivation, processing and storage. Upon entering the lobby of the administrative building that is part of this architectural complex, visitors can observe through the transparent glass of the geodesic structure, bringing the feeling of connection with the outside square where they are invited to experience the concept of sustainability. Walking through the bridge which was designed of a crystalline glass curtain wall in a helical structure who was attached to the main building, allows the interior visualization of the vertical farm where the whole process takes place. Finally, the visitors can try the vegetables in a snack bar that is part of this complex, as well as a vegan market that allows the user new experiences and shows them the benefits of preserving the environment. Overcoming the complex typology of the vertical farm, PlantAiR articulates an architecture inspired by nature through Biomimicry³. It is not limited to the project as aesthetics and functionality, the life cycle of the project happens through the conscious use of materials with a high level of recycling. As PlantAiR integrates the user with the environment, architecture consequently becomes part of the performance of the interior spaces as well as their context within the landscape. ¹ Closed System; where several technologies are used that complement each other forming a synergistic process, acquiring better results than in isolated processes. ² Core and Shell; internally functional and externally beautiful structure. ³ Biomimicry; imitation of the environmental renewal cycle, in aesthetic and functional form.
8.2. DESIGN PARAMETERS
Urban parameters: Zoning: Centralized zone and urban restructuring. • Total land area: ...................................................................................... 30,784.89 sq m • CO (COEFFICIENT OF OPERATION) basic: 1 ........................................ 30,784.89 sq m • OR (OCCUPANCY RATE) for lots larger than 500 sq m: 0.7 ................ 21,549.42 sq m • Permeability Rate: 0.25 ........................................................................... 7,696.22 sq m • Maximum height gauge: ........................................................................................ 48 m • Front section: ............................................................................................................ 5 m • Lateral and deep sections: ...................................................................................... N/A • Environmental qualification: ................................................................................... PA 4 • Minimum QA score: ................................................................................................. 0.78 • Vegetation cover: ...................................................................................................... 0.5 • Drainage: ................................................................................................................... 0.5 Used: • CO: 0.56 ................................................................................................. 17,302.80 sq m • TO: .......................................................................................................... 19,431.25 sq m • Permeability Rate: .......................................................... 7,010 sq m (vegetated areas) • Permeability rate with draining floor: ...................................... 3,713.64 sq m (paving) • Permeability rate with 50% drainage floor: ............................. 1,856.82 sq m (paving) • Sidewalk: ......................................................................................................... 630 sq m • Total Permeability Rate: ......................................................................... 8,866.82 sq m • Percentage of permeability rate: ....................................................................... 28.80%
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0m 2.5
el
an ºp
12
el
an ºp
11
el
an ºp
10 1.1 0
m
el
pan 9º
el
pan 8º
l
ane
p 7º
l
ane
p 6º
l
ane
p 5º
l
ane
p 4º
el
pan 3º
el
pan 2º
el
pan 1º
FIGURE: 62
Source: Authorial
8.3. PRODUCTION CALCULATION
• Cultivation panel measures: ......................... 1.10 m x 2.50 m = 2.75 sq m per panel • Cultivation towers: ......................................................................................... 632 units • Panel measures x cultivation tower: ......................................................... 1,738 sq m • Cultivation shelves: ......................................................................................... 12 units • Cultivation panels: ...................................................................................... 7,584 units • Production area: ....................................................................................... 20,856 sq m • Production per panel per day: ............................................................................ 7.4 kg • Daily mature panels: ...................................................................................... 540 units
According to surveys carried out based on information from the Ministry of Health, the ideal daily consumption of vegetables per person is 200 grams. At PlantAiR, daily production reaches 4,000 kg in 24 hours, 7 days a week. The growth cycle of vegetables revolves in 14 days and is commercialized in the types baby cabbage, watercress, arugula and mixes, combining the types in a single 200 g package. According to the calculation above, it is concluded that PlantAiR produces enough vegetables to meet the consumption of 20 thousand people daily. Thus, the reach of service can serve the population of São Paulo, not being limited to the Santo Amaro neighbourhood.
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8.4. SECTORS AND DEPARTMENTS
SECTIONS SECTORS Docks
Germination and Sowing
DEPARTMENTS Loading and unloading area Loading and unloading vehicle parking
1 1
Inspection laboratory and seed storage area Seed preparation, washing, sterilization and drying room Germination panel preparation room Germination sector Seedling analysis laboratory Toilets Internal circulation
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Growing area Control center, lighting automation and seedling monitoring Laboratory of analysis of adult plants Production and Cultivation Temperature control room Air relative humidity and carbon dioxide control room Toilets
Food Processing
Nutrient Storage and Distribution
Non-absorbed solution recycling centre
QTY.
1 1 1 1 1 1
Stock area for preparing panels with adult plants Green leaves preparation and packaging room Shipping and logistics control room Stock area of ​g reen leaves ready for sale Toilets
1 1 1 1 1
Water storage tanks Acid storage tank Nutrient solution storage tank
1 1 1
Non-absorbed solution accumulation tank Filter station and solution treatment Recycled solution pasteurization station
1 1 1
Carbon Dioxide storage tank Waste Management and Methane gas storage tank Carbon Dioxide production Biomass storage tank Reception DC - DATA CENTER IT Room - Information technology room Cleaning material storage Staff locker room VRF air conditioning room Administrative and Cafeteria Water mirror and internal landscaping Sector Administration, financial and marketing room Boardroom FIGURE: 63 Refectory Ground floor toilets 1Âş Level toilets Boardroom toilets Shop for selling green leaves Cashier
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UNIT. AREA. TOTAL AREA. (sq m) (sq m)
120.00 140.00 Total sector area 185.00 170.00 50.00 325.00 120.00 30.00 120.00 Total sector area 6,600.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 25.00 Total sector area 540.00 170.00 10.00 125.00 25.00 Total sector area 200.00 55.00 105.00 Total sector area 200.00 55.00 105.00 Total sector area 55.00 55.00 80.00 Total sector area 40.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 45.00 20.00 490.00 205.00 95.00 180.00 7.00 10.00 10.00 Total sector area 145.00 58.00
120.00 140.00 260.00 185.00 170.00 50.00 325.00 120.00 30.00 120.00 1,000.00 6,600.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 25.00 6,785.00 540.00 170.00 10.00 125.00 25.00 870.00 200.00 55.00 105.00 360.00 200.00 55.00 105.00 360.00 55.00 55.00 80.00 190.00 40.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 45.00 20.00 490.00 205.00 95.00 180.00 7.00 10.00 10.00 1,132.00 145.00 58.00
Food Processing
Nutrient Storage and Distribution
Non-absorbed solution recycling centre
Toilets
1
Stock area for preparing panels with adult plants Green leaves preparation and packaging room Shipping and logistics control room Stock area of ​g reen leaves ready for sale Toilets
1 1 1 1 1
Water storage tanks Acid storage tank Nutrient solution storage tank
1 1 1
Non-absorbed solution accumulation tank Filter station and solution treatment Recycled solution pasteurization station
1 1 1
Carbon Dioxide storage tank Waste Management and Methane gas storage tank Carbon Dioxide production Biomass storage tank Reception DC - DATA CENTER IT Room - Information technology room Cleaning material storage Staff locker room VRF air conditioning room Administrative and Cafeteria Water mirror and internal landscaping Sector Administration, financial and marketing room Boardroom Refectory Ground floor toilets 1Âş Level toilets Boardroom toilets
Commercial Sector
Parking and Circulations
Technical Areas
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Shop for selling green leaves Cashier Kitchen Storage Internal circulation Rubbish room Vegan Cafeteria and Restaurant Loading and unloading area Toilets
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Parking and circulation of vehicles, lifting platforms and pedestrians areas Permeable vegetated area
1 1
Area for Air Conditioning machines Area for Photovoltaic Panels
1 1
25.00 Total sector area 540.00 170.00 10.00 125.00 25.00 Total sector area 200.00 55.00 105.00 Total sector area 200.00 55.00 105.00 Total sector area 55.00 55.00 80.00 Total sector area 40.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 45.00 20.00 490.00 205.00 95.00 180.00 7.00 10.00 10.00 Total sector area 145.00 58.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 15.00 220.00 80.00 25.00 Total sector area 12,224.64 7,010.00 Total sector area
25.00 6,785.00 540.00 170.00 10.00 125.00 25.00 870.00 200.00 55.00 105.00 360.00 200.00 55.00 105.00 360.00 55.00 55.00 80.00 190.00 40.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 45.00 20.00 490.00 205.00 95.00 180.00 7.00 10.00 10.00 1,132.00 145.00 58.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 15.00 220.00 80.00 25.00 593.00 12,224.64 7,010.00 19,234.64
Total Final Area
30,784.64
75.00 6,830.00 Total sector area
75.00 6,830.00 6,905.00
Source: Authorial
98
8.5. FLOWCHART GERMINATION SECTOR
SEEDLING ANALYSIS LABORATORY TOILETS
INSPECTION LABORATORY AND SEED STORAGE AREA
SEED PREPARATION WASHING, STERILIZATI AND DRYING ROOM
FOOTBRIDGE
GERMITATION AND SOWING
LOADING AND UNLOADING VEHICLE PARKING
LOADING AND UNLOADING AREA
DOCKS
PARKING OF EMPLOYEES AND VISITORS
DOCKS, EMPLOYEES AND VISITORS ACCESS
STAFF LOCKER ROOM
NON-ABSORBED SOLUTION RECYCLING CENTRE
ADMINISTRATIVE FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
MARKETING
TOILETS
RECYCLED SOLUTION PASTEURIZATION STATION
FOOD PROCESSING
STOCK AREA READY
BOARDROOM BOARDROOM
TOILETS
RECEPTION TOILETS
IT DC - DATA CENTER
TOILETS
COMMERCIAL SECTOR CLEANING MATERIAL STORAGE
TOILETS
VRF AIR CONDITIONIN
SHOP FOR SELLING GREEN LEAVES
FOOTBRIDGE FOR VISITORS
FIGURE: 64
NUTRIENT STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION WATER STORAGE TANKS
REFECTORY
STAFF AREA
GERMINATION PANE PREPARATION ROOM
S
SNA
PRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION
EL M
TOILETS
LABORATORY OF ANALYSIS OF ADULT PLANTS
GROWING AREA
N, ION
TEMPERATURE CONTROL ROOM CONTROL CENTER, LIGHTING AUTOMATION AND SEEDLING MONITORING
AIR RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTROL ROOM
ENGINEERING
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION NUTRIENT SOLUTION STORAGE TANK
ACID STORAGE TANK
BIOMASS STORAGE TANK
METHANE GAS STORAGE TANK
FILTER STATION AND SOLUTION TREATMENT
OF ​G REEN LEAVES Y FOR SALE
HIPPING AND
NON-ABSORBED SOLUTION ACCUMULATION TANK
KITCHEN
PRODUCTION OF ENERGY
STOCK AREA FOR PREPARING PANELS WITH ADULT PLANTS
GREEN LEAVES PREPARATION AND
ACK BAR AND RESTAURANT STORAGE
CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE TANK
VEGAN CAFETERIA RESTAURANT
LOADING AND UNLOADING RUBBISH ROOM
CASHIER
PARKING FOR VISITORS Source: Authorial
100
8.6. ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
The study of environmental comfort in this project reveals the following factors. To transmit well-being to the user, employee comfort and energy efficiency while preserving the environment. Throughout this design process, several hypotheses were raised using the case studies carried out as support, making it possible to define the current implementation. The materials used are extremely relevant in this process, increasing the efficiency of the project, such as the use of special low-emissivity glass, a natural compound for thermoacoustic protection and strategic openings to optimize ventilation. The choice of these materials was made through the analysis of the studies set out below, where, through the study of solar incidence, we realized that the greatest incidence occurs mainly in the east and west faces according to the implantation. Photovoltaic plates were used in the project to generate enough energy to meet the needs of the building. In this case, the solar incidence is a necessary part of the project, being favourable in all periods of the year so that the slabs have greater use and efficiency. Artificial lighting in indoor environments is essential for plantation control. In this case, LED lamps suitable for growing vegetables were used. The other areas are composed of mixed artificial and natural lighting, as well as openings for natural ventilation when possible. In relation to the permeability rate, in addition to the natural soil preserved in external environments, on the pavement and paving the drainage floor is adopted, considered by the city council to be 50% permeable, which allows better water drainage on rainy days. This project meets the main needs of environmental comfort, provides for user comfort, energy efficiency with the use of intelligent technologies and automation, soil preservation, temperature control and lighting contributing to the performance of employees, making it a satisfactory project in the urban context.
102
08:00
06:49
17:28
June 22
WINTER SOLSTICE
12:00
17:28
06:49
17:00 17:28
FIGURE: 64
06:49
June 22
June 22
08:00
05:18
18:52
December 22
SUMMER SOLSTICE
12:00
18:52
05:18
December 22
17:00
18:52
05:18
December 22
Source: Authorial
104
m 1.50
1.0 0
m
anels
rp Sola
FIGURE: 65
Source: Authorial
8.6.1. TECHNICAL INFORMATION Air-conditioning system: • Cultivation area: Chiller and Fun coil, uses the cold water supply to reduce the consumption of evaporators in the need to cool the environments. All controlled by an automation process, keeping the temperature stabilized at 27ºC in a closed cycle. • Administrative area and other sectors: VRF (variable refrigerant gas flow) that works with a condenser through a single refrigeration cycle, reducing gas consumption. Ventilation: Natural ventilation system by the chimney in the administrative sector, with a large opening on the ground floor with landscaping that includes a water mirror, making the environment cooler by reducing the use of air conditioning. Landscaping: Externally the landscaping is composed of leafy trees native to the Atlantic forest that can withstand the weather without requiring artificial irrigation and providing a good shade on the sidewalks on sunny days and in winter, its foliage diminishes and allows solar radiation to permeate. Calculation of solar panels: • 322 structures with 16 plates each • Measures per plate 1.00 m x 1.50 m • Total solar panels: 5152 * 49 kWh / monthly • Energy obtained: 252,448 kWh / monthly • Required: 217,303 kWh / monthly The calculations made above are estimates obtained based on equipment that can be used in vertical farms, performed with overestimated margins.
106
FIGURE: 66
Source: Authorial
• The aerodynamic shape of the building allows the fluidity of the winds, causing no damage to the surroundings of the building. • The incidence of winds from the south and southeast has free passage through the building, which does not provide any type of barrier due to its warhead shaped design, remaining constant during the passage through the terrain.
03_SECOND FLOOR 02_FIRST FLOOR 01_GROUND FLOOR
FIGURE: 67
• The photovoltaic plates are positioned on the roof of the building with a limit of distance between them and the aluminium sheets composed of the roof itself to avoid excessive heat transmission, providing efficient and efficient use, because despite the photons being activated by light converting them into electrical energy, the sun’s rays also transmit a lot of heat. • The metal plates received a special white paint coating that provides the reflection of solar radiation in order to reduce the transmission of heat into the environment, forming on a thermally reflective surface, where about 99% of the sun’s rays will be reflected, reducing the internal temperature by up to 35%. • Under the covering metal sheets, a thermal insulator based on natural fibres was used, which allows greater efficiency in the temperature control in indoor environments, providing greater energy efficiency for temperature control in all building environments.
Source: Authorial
108
site limit
JURUBATUBA RIVER
8.7. SITE PLAN
5m retre
at
110
site limit
JURUBATUBA RIVER
02 8.8. SECTOR PLAN
SECTORS DESCRIPTION DOCKS GERMINATION AND SOWING PRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION FOOD PROCESSING NUTRIENT STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION NON-ABSORBED SOLUTION RECYCLING CENTRE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CO2 PRODUCTION ADMINISTRATIVE AND REFECTORY COMMERCIAL SECTOR
5m retre
at
112
8.9. GERMINATION AND SOWING PLAN
114
W.C.
TEMPERATURE CONTROL ROOM
8.10. PRODUCTION AND CULTIVATION PLAN
scale 1:500
site limit
5m retrea
t
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
CONTROL CENTER, LIGHTING AUTOMATION AND SEEDLING MONITORING
W.C. W.C.
LABORATORY OF ANALYSIS OF ADULT PLANTS
AIR RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTROL ROOM
CULTIVATION TOWER
116
STOCK AREA OF GREEN LEAVES READY FOR SALE
GREEN LEAVES PREPARATION AND PACKAGING ROOM
OFFICE
W.C. W.C.
DECONTAMINATION AREA
W.C.
8.11. FOOD PROCESSING PLAN
scale 1:300
site limit
5m retrea
t
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
STOCK AREA FOR PREPARING PANELS WITH ADULT PLANTS
118
WALKING BRIDGE PROJECTION
LOADING AND U AREA
8.12. DOCKS AND REFECTORY PLAN scale 1:200
site limit
5m retrea
t
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
DOCKS
KITCHEN
PRODUCTION OUTPUT FOR LOGISTICS
REFECTORY
UNLOADING A
COVERAGE PROJECTION
120
METHA STORAG 250
ACID STORAGE TANK 250m³
NUT S
WATER STORAGE TAN 950m³
8.13. SUPPLY AND STORAGE TANKS PLAN scale 1:250
site limit
5m retrea
t
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
BIOMASS STORAGE TANK 350m³
CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE TANK 250m³
ANE GAS GE TANK 0m³ RECYCLED SOLUTION PASTEURIZATION STATION 500m³
FILTER STATION AND SOLUTION TREATMENT 250m³
TRIENT SOLUTION STORAGE TANK 500m³ NON-ABSORBED SOLUTION ACCUMULATION TANK 950m³
ACCESS TO PIPE GALLERY
NK
EMPLOYEE ELEVATOR
122
W.C. CHAGING ROOM
W.C. CHAGING ROOM
D.C.
VRF AIR CONDITIONING ROOM DISABLED W.C.
I.T. STAFF LOCKER ROOM
INTERNAL LANDSCAPING
INTERNAL LANDSCAPING
RECEPTION
WATER MIRROR
S
S
WATER MIRROR
UP
UP UP
S
S
ACCESS
UP
PARKING
8.14. ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING PLAN scale 1:250
site limit
5m retrea
t
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
VISITORS ELEVATOR
BIKE RACK
WALKING BRIDGE PROJECTION
124
MARKETING
FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
W.C. W.C. LE VE
VE BO L A PRO
T JEC ION
8.15. ADMINISTRATIVE 1ยบ FLOOR PLAN
scale 1:200
site limit
5m retrea
t
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
WALKING BRIDGE PROJECTION
126
W.C. W.C.
BOARDROOM
8.16. ADMINISTRATIVE 2ยบ FLOOR PLAN
scale 1:200
site limit
5m retrea
t
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
WALKING BRIDGE
128
STORAGE
KITCHEN
WALKING BRIDGE PROJECTION
W.C. GREEN LEAVES SHOP
W.C.
S
W.C.
UP
11 8.17. COMERCIAL FLOOR PLAN scale 1:250
site limit
5m retrea
t
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
LOADING AND UNLOADING AREA
RUBISH BIN RECEIPT AND EXIT OF GOODS RUBISH EXIT
VEGAN CAFETERIA AND RESTAURANT
EXIT
ENTRANCE
CASHIER BIKE RACK
130
JURUBATUBA RIVER
12 8.18. SITE AND BUILDING PLAN scale 1:1000
132
SITE LIMIT 03_SECOND FLOOR 02_FIRST FLOOR
01_GROUND FLOOR
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
8.19. SECTION A-A 1ยบ SECTOR
scale 1:250
134
SOLAR PANELS
TECHNICAL AREA: • NUTRIENT, WATER AND AC • NUTRIENT CIRCULATION P • CARBON DIOXIDE INSUFFL • AUTOMATION AND LIGHTI
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
8.20. SECTION A-A 2º SECTOR
scale 1:250
SITE LIMIT WHITE COLOR ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE MATERIAL(ACM) PANELS WITH INTERNAL THERMAL INSULATION OF NATURAL FIBERS
AIR CONDITIONING AND HUMIDITY CONTROL SYSTEM
CID FEEDING PUMPS PUMPS FOR RECYCLING LATION MACHINES ING EQUIPMENT
136
SITE LIMIT 03_SECOND FLOOR 02_FIRST FLOOR
01_GROUND FLOOR
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
8.21. SECTION B-B 1ยบ SECTOR
scale 1:250
ELEVATOR SHAFT
138
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
8.22. SECTION B-B 2ยบ SECTOR
scale 1:250
140
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
8.23. SECTION B-B 3ยบ SECTOR
scale 1:250
SITE LIMIT ACCESS TO THE PIPE GALLERY
142
SITE LIMIT 03_SECOND FLOOR 02_FIRST FLOOR
01_GROUND FLOOR
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
8.24. SECTION C-C 1ยบ SECTOR
scale 1:250
ELEVATOR SHAFT
144
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
8.25. SECTION C-C 2ยบ SECTOR
scale 1:250
146
SECTORIZATION PLAN NON-SCALE
8.26. SECTION C-C 3ยบ SECTOR
scale 1:250
ELEVATOR SHAFT
148
LOW-E(LOW EMISSIVITY) GLASS THERMAL EFFICIENT DRILLED ACM PLATES FOR HOT AIR OUTLET
03_SECOND FLOOR
02_FIRST FLOOR
01_GROUND FLOOR
8.27. SECTION D-D scale 1:250
OPEN STRUCTURE FOR HOT AIR OUTLET
150
03_SECOND FLOOR
02_FIRST FLOOR
01_GROUND FLOOR
22 8.28. SECTION E-E
scale 1:250
152
03_SECOND FLOOR 02_FIRST FLOOR 01_GROUND FLOOR
RIGHT ELEVATION
03_SECOND FLOOR 02_FIRST FLOOR 01_GROUND FLOOR
LEFT ELEVATION
8.29. RIGHT AND LEFT ELEVATIONS
scale 1:1000
154
03_SECOND FLOOR 02_FIRST FLOOR 01_GROUND FLOOR
FRONTAL ELEVATION
03_SECOND FLOOR 02_FIRST FLOOR 01_GROUND FLOOR
BACK ELEVATION
8.30. FRONTAL AND BACK ELEVATIONS
scale 1:1000
156
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS DETAIL SCALE 1:50
SECTION A-A SPATIAL TRUSS DETAIL SCALE 1:50
LOW-E GLASS 20mm
CARBON STEEL TUB 10 cm diameter 5 mm thickness
GEODESIC STRUCTURE DETAIL SCALE 1:50
25 8.31. ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL CARBON STEEL TUBE 10 cm diameter 5 mm thickness CARBON STEEL TUBE 10 cm diameter 5 mm thickness
WHITE COLOR ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE MATERIAL(ACM) PANELS INTERNAL THERMAL INSULATION OF NATURAL FIBERS
CARBON STEEL TUBE 20 cm diameter 5 mm thickness CARBON STEEL TUBE 20 cm diameter 5 mm thickness
WHITE COLOR PVC PANELS
ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE MATERIAL(ACM) PANELS SCALE 1:10
CARBON STEEL TUBE 40 cm diameter 2 cm thickness
FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE SEALANT
m
CARBON STEEL TUBE CORNER CHANNEL FOR FIXING GLASS
BE
GEODESIC STRUCTURE UNION
SPATIAL TRUSS DETAIL SCALE 1:10
158
8.32. PERSPECTIVES
FIGURE: 68
Source: Authorial
160
FIGURE: 69
Source: Authorial
162
FIGURE: 70
Source: Authorial
164
FIGURE: 71
Source: Authorial
166
8.33. PHOTO MONTAGE
FIGURE: 72
Source: Authorial
FIGURE: 73
Source: Authorial
168
8.34. MODEL
FIGURE: 74
Source: Authorial
FIGURE: 75
Source: Authorial
FIGURE: 76
Source: Authorial
170
FIGURE: 77
Source: Authorial
FIGURE: 78
Source: Authorial
FIGURE: 79
Source: Authorial
FIGURE: 80
Source: Authorial
172
9. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
The research and case studies raised to complete this work expands the knowledge in several independent areas of architecture. This work became possible based on the studies of Dickson Despommier in his research on the benefits of vertical farms for humanity, as well as on the studies on cities created by Richard Rogers in his book Cities for a small planet. In summary, the studies were started from demographic research, in order to better understand how the distribution of food works and the needs of the world population without forgetting the future populations that will inhabit our planet. Moving to a scale of city, municipality and reaching the place of implantation, the neighbourhood of Santo Amaro, chosen for having an agricultural history that is currently extinct due to urbanization. Finally, the project proposal, based on the three case studies mentioned, allowed the introduction of a sustainable model of agricultural production, in an urbanized region with high population density, adding value to the neighbourhood. Throughout the analyzes made for this work, I could observe that architecture without thinking about the environment as part of the project becomes an immeasurable crime, concluding that a good project is only possible with an environmental base added to it, otherwise, it does not pass of a building polluting the environment and the landscape.
“The only way forward , if we are going to improve the quality of the environment,is to get everybody involved.”
Richard Rogers
FIGURE: 81
Source: Joanna Lambert (2014)
174
10. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES knowing better
Sites: AEROFARM. 10/11/2018.
Available
at:
https://aerofarms.com/technology/
Accessed
on
CALATRAVA. Available at: https://calatrava.com/projects/peace-bridge-calgary.html Accessed on 11/15/2018. CF. Santo Amaro On Tracks: from the steam train, to the tram and the subway. Historian. Fatorelli Available in: http://carlosfatorelli27013.blogspot.com/2015/01/santo-amaro-sobre-trilhos-dotrem-vapor.html Accessed on 20/10/2018. FAO. FAO Brasil representative presents scenario of demand for food. Available at: http://www.fao.org/brasil/noticias/detail-events/en/c/901168/ Accessed on: 21/09/2018 FAO. Commercial agriculture generated almost 70% of deforestation in Latin America. Available at: http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/es/c/425614/ Available at: 10/20/2018 FAO. Agricultural sector is most affected by disasters, according to a new report Available at: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/280822/icode/ Accessed on: 10/10/2018 MAD. Available at: Accessed on 11/15/2018
http://www.i-mad.com/work/harbin-cultural-center/?cid=4
MMA. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and Mitigate the Effects of Drought. Available in: http://www.mma.gov.br/gestao-territorial/combate-a-desertificacao/convencao-daonu.html Accessed on: 10/19/18 UN. FAO participates in national food waste awareness week Available at: https://nacoesunidas.org/fao-participa-de-semana-nacional-de-conscientizacaosobre-desperdicio-de-alimentos/ Accessed on: 10/17/2018 PIUACJ. Public consultation of the PIU Arco do Jurubatuba Available at: https://minuta.gestaourbana.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/piu-arco-jurubatuba/ Accessed on: 11/17/2018 SIRENE. Annual estimates of greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil Available at: http:// sirene.mcti.gov.br/documents/1686653/1706227/Estimativas+2ed.pdf/0abe2683-e0a84563-b2cb-4c5cc536c336 Access at: 10/10/2018
Books: BERARDI, Maria Helena Petrillo. Stories of the neighborhoods of São Paulo, Santo Amaro. Brazil: Gráfica Municipal de São Paulo, 1981. CHIORO, Arthur. Brazilian Regional Food Brazil. Editora Brasil. 2015. DESPOMMIER, Dickson. The Vertical Farm: Feeding the World in the 21st Century. New York: Picador 2010. ENGEL, Henio. Structural Systems. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili, 2009 MONTEIRO, Carlos; MENDONÇA, Franciso. Urban climate. São Paulo: Context, 2003 ROGERS, Richard. GUMUCHDJIAN, Phillip. (Ed). Cities for a Small Planet. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili. 2008. Theses and Articles: ALENTEJANO, Paulo Roberto R .. Country-city relations in 21st century Brazil. 1997. Dissertation (Master’s) CPDA / UFRRJ, Rio de Janeiro, 1997. GRAAMANS, LUUK JAN ADRIAAN. Vertical, The re-development of vacant urban structures into viable food production centres utilizing agricultural production techniques. Netherlands, 2015. Master’s thesis. MONTEIRO, C. A .; MONDINI, L .; LEVY-COSTA, R. B. Changes in the composition and nutritional adequacy of the family diet in the metropolitan areas of Brazil (1988-1996). Revista de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, Vol. 34, n. 3, p. 251-258, 2000. LUCKE, SÉRGIO AUGUSTO. Urban solid waste as a renewable source for electricity generation: economic and socio-environmental aspects. Campinas, sp. 2012. Doctoral thesis PA-SA. Proposal Booklet for Regional Plans of the Subprefectures Perimeters of ActionSanto Amaro. São Paulo City Hall. December 2016. QA-SA. Proposal Booklet for the Regional Plans of the Subprefectures Analytical Framework - Santo Amaro. São Paulo City Hall. December 2016.
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