DEGROWTH IN ARCHITECTURE: CLIMATE EMERGENCY AND SOCIAL DIVISION by Nuha abdul kareem

DEGROWTH IN ARCHITECTURE: CLIMATE EMERGENCY AND SOCIAL DIVISION A qualitative study that connects growth of cities and communities by reduction of consumption of resources. NUHA ABDUL KAREEM

Abstract Imagine a post consumerist future where the economic growth and country’s growth pattern based on GDP is decelerated, resource extraction limiting the earths finite resources are reduced, ecologically transforming to the coming worrying events and disasters, newer economic patterns that are more simple and harmonious with nature. Now though our environmentalists and us architects has been trying so hard to achieve this mission, by inventing alternative techniques for this mission, we as a nation and community have somehow failed in reaching that point. Lack of community responsibility is one main reason coupled with problematizing the existing resource development techniques rather than proposing new ideas and provoking new thoughts. We all have been recently worried about growing consciousness over our current cultural model based on a limited fantasy of endless exploitative resources. The increasing global warming has now become a part of our lives which makes us to rethink about our lifestyle. A new paradigm in architecture, “degrowth” has now become a major discussion topic among many architects and conservationists. There has been immense trials and discussions to picture this alternative to the current dominance of economic growth. The UN climate change report released a report that we may have just 12 years and need “unprecedented changes” to avoid devastating effects from the climatic disasters, our world is now being busy dealing with the other problems like, rising economic inequality, political strikes, racism and what more. The curators of 2019 OSLO triennale look upon these climate and economic related challenges underpinned by a single cause: the expectation for continuous economic growth. They highlight this concept as a growing movement to manage our economic assumptions and establish a contraction of our economies and resource consumption with the hope that our society becomes focused on quality of life and less focused on productivity. Through this research we try to limit our study on climate emergency and community redevelopment with evident case studies and analysis and reports, even though we discuss shortly about the impacts and challenges of an economic growth dependent nation. We also try to incorporate a latest ideology built and supported by few architects “arcology” which we explain and it as a result for degrowth civilization through this study and also the limitations and challenges to face post introducing this concept.

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1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Context The architecture of degrowth has recently gotten attention after being introduced in the OSLO architecture triennale in 2019, where they talks about climate emergency, resource allocation and social divisions themed under “degrowth” with “Enough: the architecture of degrowth” curated by architectural firm”Interrobang” with the core idea of introducing the term degrowth into architecture and also to the people through their venues that tells the story of a city lived in. They repurposed old banks, power stations and garages into new venues. (Oslo Architecture triennale, 2019). Around the world, the environmentalists and climatologists has declared a state of emergency, in finding alternative building technologies against the climate wars without effecting the economic growth, but also with cost efficient and sustainable building ways.

What is degrowth? “Degrowth isn’t about failing to continue to grow. Degrowth is about intentionally not demanding that growth. So it’s a very different perspective. The idea with Degrowth is that this is done on purpose, it is done with a redistribution of the assets, and this is done so that everybody has enough. It’s done by design, not by collapse.” (Smith, 2019) (Shaw, 2019) “Degrowth” after its first introduction through 2019 Oslo triennale has led to more serious discussions and much recognition. Degrowth themes mainly two vast issues; climate emergency that further lead to the social division or social inequality in the community that we live in. This has to be looked through 2 sides of the same coin without effecting the result of the other one. Climate emergency warnings are given so that a better and a sustainable building ways can be confronted to the society without compromising the need and economic growth. A cities growth is measured in terms of its economic growth and by means of its GDP value. Sustainable and cost effective techniques can be the biggest challenge here to make up the nation’s economic growth. Degrowth is an economic strategy or can be even called as a new economic model that tries to explain how reduction of production of architecture and consumption of the finite sources can lead to an ecologically oriented human civilization. It is more of an ideology, where it explains a society that is not measured in terms of economic growth and resource extraction, but realigning society by distributing resources evenly and by adopting values of sharing and co-operation. Considering the fact that, the planetary sources are getting depleted and becoming more finite, taking on a more sustainably built environment is what we need to think about in future. Acquiring different architecture methodologies that helps in rebuilding the society with much lesser expansion and extraction should be a suitable solution when considering the degowth economy rather than a capitalist economy. Resilient architecture is then studied under degrowth that explains the adaptability factor of degrowth dependent civilization. Indeed resilience has now become so common that it has now even displaced sustainability by many architects and environmentalists. Co-adapting to the changing surroundings and building a framework of solutions without creating new ones. Indeed, it’s obvious that designing for all unpredictable disasters and events will not work out but, we can make sure that our cities and homes are able to weather these disruptions and can bounce back afterwards.

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Which includes, climate change, resource depletion and even other challenges that can effect socially.

1.2 Research Questions What is architectural degrowth? How is architecture going to support climate emergency and social division? -

Resilient architecture: how can architecture adapt to the varying climatic issues and improve the community outside the narrative of growth? Community redevelopment: how can social equality be achieved by interactive design strategies? Introduction of “arcology”: Define arcology. How can this utopian notion be brought into the consumerist future and how can it improve the societal future?

1.3 Aim and objectives The study here aims to explain about the core terminology “degrowth”. It themes mainly two vast issues; climate emergency and social inequality. So how can this be solved hand in hand by improving the city development tackling the global warming and climate issues without compromising for economic growth and production?

Objectives -

This is where we introduce “resilient architecture. Studying on resilient architecture that can adapt to the climate emergency will be looked upon further in this study. How transforming to the varying climate, in order to design, produce and consume differently responding to the flexibility of the climate outcome. Taking the second aspect of degrowth, social equality and division, we then discusses about “community redevelopment” interactive designs. After we discuss the sub topics under the main; climate emergency and social concerns, we then introduces a new utopian model of study, ”Arcology” in short listing one example.

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1.4 Scope and limitations Scope 

Scope of the study is to look on the sustainable pattern of development in detail that wholly sums up the idea of degrowth which discusses about climate emergency and social issues.

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Studying new topic “degrowth” in brief and explaining the outcomes of degrowth, we divide them into climate emergency and social division. We study these topics and subdivide them into 2 classifications. Introduction of a new ideology into the research should help us to compare with different methodologies taken.

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The objectives discussed above will explain the different aspects of sustainable growth structure and will cover the terminologies given above. This should help our aim of the study as to how it is going to improve the city’s development balancing the economic growth as well.

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This will be looked in detail by discussing under each given objective. Also comparing the studies with case studies including resilient architecture, in that has been adapted in different locations around the world.

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Limitations 

Though we discuss on degrowth as an economic model which takes up sustainable growth strategy as a study for discussing its sub topics, we are relatively unaware about the outcome of its possibilities considering the increasing population, financial crisis that can largely effect the nation’s economic growth, depleting resources as a result of global warming and much more concerns to be discussed.

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However tackling the outcome of this situation is looked upon like 2 sides of a coin. This now reminds us of the fact that degrowth is not just environmental, but also social. So in order to achieve one side we have to compromise the other side. i.e., we’ll have to compromise social concerns to achieve environmental ambitions or vice versa.

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This is because of the fact that, in order to address sustainability issues we’ll have to raise the economic growth or get richer so that we’ll be able to solve it in future.

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Though our aim is to find alternative design strategy as architects, we have to greatly look upon these limitations as well. For example; discussing about “arcology” in this study will show large scope of results and even larger limitations as well since it is still so far considered to be a utopian model.

2. Literature Review 2.1 What is architectural degrowth? How is architecture going to support climate emergency and social division? Let us first try to explain about the smallest change that as we architects and responsible individuals can do. We are all aware about the already set notion, that, architecture is always measured in terms of the number of infrastructures built and increasing number of spaces to accommodate the multiple group of societies and expanding economies. This greedy mind-set is supported by success being measured not in terms of ecological and earth friendly environment but to reach the doubling pace of marketing and trading. This has ultimately lost the necessary values that is advantageous to the community and the earth as well; like, community gatherings and sharing. Now each individual is focused on his or her own civic life who is more or less careful about his surroundings and how it is adversely affecting the other communities around him. Humans now don’t have the sense of being their own or their responsibilities to be fulfilled. We try to blame the cause and individuals behind all destructions in spite of losing the fact that we ourselves are responsible for these damages. We try to blame the others and how they were careless about their responsibilities by not realizing the fact that the world that we live, belongs to each individual irrespective of his or her caste, culture, tradition, colour, nation or anything. So we have to build up our role in protecting the mother earth where we have to develop measures and ways in which we can reform different methodologies in building a better and sustainably well off atmosphere for all. This study explore to study about “Architecture of degrowth” as a brief explanation was given in the introduction earlier. Though “degrowth” seems to be new concept, being it discussed under economic studies as well, associating with architecture seems to be new paradigm of discussion and 5|Page

argument here. Degrowth can be classified under a movement or an economical strategy that studies all the aspects that can contribute to reduce the production of resources that at the same is effecting the climatic atmosphere as well. Realigning society with the planetary limits that uses energy efficient alternatives without bringing a drop in the economic growth at the same time. We have to look in to “degrowth economy” rather than a capitalist economy. This wholly brings the idea of sustainable development that can be explained through all given objectives earlier. (Shaw, 2019) Degrowth is about challenging the idea of economic growth as a universal good. Now as we’ve mentioned earlier, we look into two broader subjects themed under degrowth. Climate emergency and social inequality, for which we need to study on the alternatives that can make up a solution. Thinking about climate crisis, it is clear that our planet doesn’t have enough resources. We urgently need a fundamental reorganization of society. Degrowth has always been there everywhere. We knowingly or unknowingly has always been part of the growth. We have always cared for everyone without trade as an option. For example; if someone wanted to organize a charity program for the whole community, that’s degrowth thinking right there. We all are quite good at degrowth innately, but it’s the systems that we have created have become problematic. Now each individual may have different perspective about degrowth. Some may think that it something that actually restricts the growth, or some may even opinionated on growth without any consumption which is a necessary stipulation. Intentionally, degrowth is demanding that growth. It is done so that everybody has enough and it is done with equal redistribution of assets, which is done by design and not by collapse. So here, what our next question is, how can architecture lead its way for this reorganization? We shall now look into detail with all the broader aspects that will cover up this question and also introduce new terminologies which will help in rethinking the growth of our society. (Buchs & Koch, 2019)

2.2 Resilient architecture: How can architecture adapt to the varying climatic issues and improve the community outside the narrative of growth? -

(Minnery, 2015) The term resilience means adapting to the surrounding environment and also can sustain life even in case of any disasters. This also means “learning from the environment” and making necessary developments according to the varying climatic issues. 2). Practice of involving community in the building process and design that can result into strong and inclusive cities where the community interaction and sharing processes are mutually learnt and built within them. Since degrowth particularly explains about reduction of resource extraction and resource depletion, adaptability now be seen as a factor that is a primary solution for an ecological environment. Adaptability is directly linked to resilience which is why we derive from degrowth.

We cannot simply ignore the extreme weather conditions and temperature any more than we can ignore precipitation that has doubled in recent years. We cannot deny the dangerous air quality any more than we can deny the increased severity of hazardous weather-related events. However, it isn’t just expressive, as the administration and nations has implemented a wide range of regulations and policies regarding the climate emergency which require federal agencies to include climate change risks and impacts. While it may be still difficult to calculate with pinpoint accuracy the long6|Page

term effects of climate change, it is clear that, in the short-term, a paradigm shift and newer adjustments among professionals designing for the built environment is necessary to break the various circles. Indeed, a booming global population and rapid urbanization are placing greater pressures on an aging infrastructure in many ways. By 2050, global demand for water is projected to increase by 55 percent. By 2035, global demand for energy will increase by 35 percent. (Minnery, 2015) Now before we bring the term adaptability, we have to look at the term “resilience” as an area of study that was born out of ecology and, at its core, holds the direction for architects promoting it to solve problems without creating new ones. The connection to architecture is twofold; firstly, resilience meaning building adaptable structures that can “learn” from their environment and surrounding and sustain life, even during the times of disaster. Secondly, the architects and the designers themselves value from the spaces they created and lastly, resilience means involving the community and the each individuals in the design process and the strong and inclusive urban spaces and cities they’ve created. If the architects and all the urban developers focus in moving along the straight path, then a natural evolution of resilience and adaptability can occur in terms of technical specificity. And since our environment is changing and moulding rapidly – for better or worse – than the evolution we were talking about can be more vital than ever. Following are the principles that may serve as the basis for a new ecological system.

The principles that details resilience are as follows: (Minnery, 2015) 1. The current practice of approach may not be effective in solving future problems, architects should design such that the spaces have the capacity to accommodate changing environmental and social conditions as a result of useful life. Analysis on hazard and climate research and data to perform risk and vulnerability programs.

2. A mutual assessment within buildings and community to measure the unsteady changes in environment and human conditions that are often indirect to the impacts of climate change.

3. to Strive for design that can align life cycle with beneficial potential result like how a building can facilitate regeneration of natural resources and also improve air quality at the same time.

4. Acknowledge that some standards and techniques may be outdated with the advent of climate change.

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Conservation, Restoration and Recycling. In the above section as we discussed about resilient architecture, we understand that adopting resilient practices will help us to adapt to the changing climate patterns. This pushes us to think and analyze about different techniques and materials that can be used in supporting this architectural practice.

 Researching on materials considering its energy efficient values, durability and cost effectiveness is one method in contributing to this step.

 Different materials require different building techniques and this too includes energy requirement i.e, energy wasted in construction, expenses spent in construction. Availability of the same materials depending on the locations and also skilled labors are all factors that effects in small or a large way.

 Not all the materials and techniques can be used in all the locations. Like how in the above point it is discussed, availability of materials and also disaster prone areas will need special care and construction techniques.

Apart from bringing in different materials, innovation and sustainability construction techniques, what we can do is polish from the existing ones. Conservation is one method where we can solve in the issues that we discussed in above points without spending in much research on different materials and techniques.

Country like India. Shows the best examples for conservation architecture that are adapted in many states. In Kerala, one example that can be taken is the Cheraman mosque in kodungallur of Trissur district which is known to be the world’s second oldest.

(Rajeev, 2019) The oldest of the mosques that was claimed to be built in 629 AD is the first mosque built in Indian subcontinent. Muziris projects Ltd. that was launched by the government to recover the historical and cultural importance of Muziris port in a sustainable manner initiates the restoration of Cheraman mosque guided by Ar. Benny Kuriakose. To increase the capacity, many additions were made after it was restored in 1994, the front part was demolished leaving its ancient part untouched. 8|Page

Cheraman mosque, Kodungallur

(Rajeev, 2019)

Recycling of the whole building can otherwise be also called as conservation. But this can also be done by reusing the materials of ancient or historical buildings in buildings that are restored from the same or the ones that are building independently. E.g.; Timber used in old rafters of traditional houses of Kerala are recycled and used in heritage buildings or museums to denote its value. And even lime used for construction of its walls or roof slab is also reused and mixed with the present building materials used for construction.

Before and after images of Chettinadu mansion (Kumudhavalli, 2014)

The above picture shows the before and after image of Chettinadu mansion in Pudukottai in Tamil nadu. This restoration project into a heritage hotel “Chidambar vilas” at Chttinadu region is 110 year old palatial mansion once a residence of Nattukottai chettiars. (Kumudhavalli, 2014)

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Accessories used from the old structure (Kumudhavalli, 2014)

The above picture shows an example where they have recycled old chandeliers and lightings from the old Chettinadu mansion that has restored into a hotel to match the traditional detail. (Kumudhavalli, 2014) (Frearson, 2019) The Oslo architecture triennale 2019 has brought in the most interesting ideas that are drawn from its venues of exhibition that tells us a story of a city lived in. where an old bank was repurposed into an old museum, car garage into a gallery, power stations into think tanks. The library, one of the main venue, showcases a series of architecture and design proposals that support this model. The architecture website, Dezeen, issues different projects that was well known for its concept and ideology supporting degrowth exhibited in Triennale. (Frearson, 2019)

Source materials first, design second

(Frearson, 2019)

1. Italian based design and research studio, Gisto, comes up with a new principle to design process. Rather coming up with a concept first and then finding materials, he starts with the material and shapes design around them. Multiplo, the above image, shows structures that can be made out of materials found on demolition sites, from old windows to ventilations.

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Use recycled materials for bespoke solutions

(Frearson, 2019)

2. Artist Kalle grude uses building elements that companies throw away to create transient structures. Can be used taken back after use and recycled. He created a table with attached seating that can be used by the users as seating. After the show is over, the materials can be disassembled and used it elsewhere.

Use alternative forms of fuel

(Frearson, 2019)

3. London based design studio, Public works installed a power plant comprises a water heating system that is heated by compost, providing heat for the bench to offer passers warm place to take rest 11 | P a g e

Find ways to use less concrete

(Frearson, 2019)

4. Sand accounts for the greater percent in concrete and main reason for global warming issues. To address this issue, design research duo, YYY-MM-DD developed a prototype column made out of crushed construction waste. A large empty bag that can be transported to site after it gets filled and forms a structural object.

Design buildings that leave no trace

(Frearson, 2019)

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5. Interrobang, London based architecture studio developed this project to leave exactly as how they found it. Ilford demountable timber structure, is a design for community market and hydroponic farm that will be located on a car park for 5 years and then moved to another location.

2.3 Community redevelopment: how can social equality be achieved by interactive design strategies? The ongoing arguments on degowth and its replacement for sustainability and international climate change conventions, has led to discussions on reorientation of work that needs to carried out locally and in urban growth. This brings us to a question in its validity in city and urban planning. To showcase degrowth and its relativity to the climate change, our society must come to grips with reality. In order to achieve anything big it all starts from the smallest acts. And this should start from our own initiatives from our sides. Different communities and architects have now started initiating dwellings that owns a tools for urban gardening to create place for people and plants. This brings to an excellent concept that was developed by Studioprecht to design their “farm house”. In the next 50 years, consumption of food shall be more than in the last 10,000 years! This brought them to the discussion relating, “Can our buildings support to grow our food? “. (STUDIO PRECHT, 2018) Today, ironically, food is eating our natural resources. Agriculture has become highly insufficient and a harmful sector with using 70% of our drinking water and emoting one third of all our greenhouse gases. This has become a threat to the biodiversity as well, since we mainly plant crops to feed domesticated animals. And since it out of our sights, we have lost and not really felt the value and essence of our fodder as to not really knowing and understanding its means of production and its immense value in our lives. Uncontrollably, obesity and diabetes has increased as a part of result. The solution here, was to grow regional and eat local and also become part of the process. If the supply chain shortens, it also reduces packaging, gas for deliver and energy for refrigeration. And even more importantly, it creates a visible and mental connection to our food. How wonderfully this concept can bring appreciation in growing a tomato in our presence and within our sight and to enjoy it bite by bite. To really know where your food comes from and how it lands on your table connects us to an ecological cycle. If this ideology has become a practice, growing our food in the centre of our cities in our homes, can consequently reduce the trading and marketing competitions among countries. This can simultaneously, help decrease the resources and energy being extracted from the environment. Because of the interdependent relationship between the economic growth and use of renewable energy sources, we cannot sufficiently reduce emissions through individual, community or technological change alone. We need to shift away from the growth dependent economy. Though we prioritize environment and social concerns at the top of the lists as a part of degrowth agenda, fight for the pole position have trouble with design ethics. Like, building a structure with exposed concrete showing its raw and natural aesthetics can be appealing and honest thing to do when it comes to truth to materials. But, it’s also a nonsense when concerned about the environmental impact. These are the things we have to let go (AUROVILLE, n.d.) In a country like India, the opportunities to start and experiment on the various principles and green technologies are immense. There are places and different communities and organizations that precisely aim in experiment friendly building techniques. The best example that 13 | P a g e

can be taken is Auroville in Pondicherry. It is a community that has completely specialized its work and nature to the ecological building techniques. By using these conventional building methodologies and cost efficient building materials, they build low cost and environment friendly building structures that are durable and strong. This can be drawback as well, when, taken part as a city planning. To build huge and multiple storied infrastructure with these materials, may, not be completely practical when taken today as present day. It also adds to a point that it may not be aesthetically pleasing when included in city linking structures. This is where it becomes in battle with the growth sector of the nation. When a city planning fails to match all the huge structures with a building built of raw and natural materials, the marketing value of that particular month can potentially come down. This can pressurize the countries city planning and architects as well to make the dwellings and structures that can double up the GDP competing with the other respective nations.

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3. Methodology

Research question

Objective

Studying on resilient architecture that can adapt to the climate emergency. Resilient architecture: How can architecture adapt to the varying climatic issues and improve the community outside the narrative of growth? How transforming to the varying climate is possible in order to design, produce and consume differently responding to the flexibility of the climate outcome.

Methodology To define a clear understanding about degrowth and to give a brief explanation on its issues and causes. A detailed qualitative study on climate resilience followed by study on community redevelopment by taking case studies of different cities and villages.

Explaining around 3 case studies and functioning projects of cities and villages as to how have it helped itself being functional.

Explaining all the scopes and limitations on the case studies referred. Inference on all the detailed study done including the analysis and case studies.

Community redevelopment: how can social equality be achieved by interactive design strategies?

Introduction of “arcology”: Define arcology. How can this utopian notion improve the societal future?

Taking the second aspect of degrowth, social equality and division, we then discusses about “community redevelopment” interactive designs.

We then introduces a new utopian model of study,”Arcology” explaining with real life examples where this is conceptualized.

The above 3 case studies were taken based on the community redevelopment as well, so challenges and analysis is done from the same.

Graphs, reports, population study, surveys are all taken from the official websites and NGO portals for a much clearer inference and study of the topic.

Briefing the concept first and how it was derived as a utopian model. Explaining and stating it with 2 important real life case studies.

There are many limitations for this theory. 15Analysis | P a gand e conclusion based on limitations.

3.1 Data sources and data types 1. The study is divided into sections which mainly explains about climate emergency and social equity under degrowth. The 2 subjects were studied as 2 sub topics and then later inter linking them as a common subject to be studied under degrowth. This was done with the help of case studies of 3 cities that was taken from the official site of World Bank under the topic “building urban resilience by empowering communities” where different cities are planning to rebuild resilience with community sharing and living. 2. Initially degrowth as a topic was come across through an article where it issues the Oslo architecture Triennale, where the theme taken was “DEGROWTH IN ARCHITECTURE” and how architecture and architects should respond to a time of climate emergency and social division. Climate emergency was then later linked to resilient urban space and social division linked to community redevelopment. These then was studied together with case studies and a transparent introduction was given on arcology which was also studied under the same. 3. Sources and data were collected from survey reports and interview reports based on which detailed studies were done by the local organizations and NGOs. Reference to these sources are given below respectively.

3.2 Data collection -

Case study selection criteria : i. Selection of 3 case studies that experimented and tried the alternative techniques ii. iii.

supporting the principles of degrowth in and around 3 different countries. History and origins of arcology best explained through the organization founded by Paulo Soleri himself. Followed by a city project that is partially initiated in Abu Dhabi. Though the techniques experimented supports degrowth or even arcology, limitations and challenges are visibly strong and how it effects the community is explained.

Case study checklist: i. Introduction and challenges of the project initiated is explained separately. ii. Surveys, growth related graphs, project reports. iii. Photos and historic images. iv. Analysis and limitations.

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4. Results The urban cities are now under huge pressure in providing adequate and safe livelihood with increasing number of population at the same also providing them with resources such as energy, food and water. In cities worldwide and in different countries, the impact of climate change with its effects ranging from drought to flooding can have a drastic impact on cities infrastructures, health, tourism, biodiversity and also on the communities. Resilience is referred under urban sustainability concepts, as, ‘smart’, ‘low carbon’ and ‘eco cities’. So the term resilient city refers to an urban city that has the ability to withstand all the stresses and difficulties and also to prepare and plan, recover and adapt to the changing outcomes. Many cities now have already incorporated resilient thinking into urban planning with regard to adaptation as a result of climate change. So the need for this plan has now become necessary in the perspective of developing cities and nations in particular, to give a transition towards sustainability. This is where degrowth is taken into action where the solutions for climate emergency can also solve the social and community issues at the same time linearly. This section will focus on case studies of different cities and will draw lessons from observations made in the process.

a. The case of water squares in Rotterdam city This study will elaborate on city-to-community learning around the notion of water squares i.e. the already implemented best practice project in Rotterdam. According to (Bravo, 2020) , Introduction Rotterdam holds one of the largest harbours in world whose economy is highly dependent on the control of water which has long stand expertise and experience in water management. City is located on river banks and much of the city located below sea level. Dry under regular condition; can be used as a public square enhancing public communication. Squares are recessed on different levels; rainwater buffering. Making water management visible to the public (communication). Enhancing the quality of public space.

Challenges Precipitation runoff in the low lying polders due to intense rain showers.

Riverine and sea based flooding. Drought and soil subsidence because drinking water is extracted from river.

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(DE URBANISTEN, n.d.)

Water Square Benthemplein

According to (DE URBANISTEN, n.d.) ,

   

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Combines water storage by improving the quality of urban public space. Started its construction in 2011 to build rain water storage system in Benthemplein. Conducted 3 workshops that included active participation of the public from all sectors and discussed possible uses, desirable atmospheres and how storm water can influence the square. “All agreed: the water square should be a dynamic place for young people, lots of space for play and lingering, but also nice, green intimate places. And what about the water? This had to be excitingly visible while running over the square: detours obligatory!” (City of Rotterdam Engineering Bureau, n.d.) 3 basins were constructed to fills up when it rains. However when dry, can be used as recreational spaces. The deepest basin fills up only when it consistently keeps raining. The water from less deep basins are accumulated through gutter and is collected in an infiltration underground device keeping the water level stable and also helps to keep the city’s trees and plants in good condition by reducing the urban heat.

Analysis: -

The above reference shows how it very well is framed to adapt the water management issues as a result of climate emergency. This shows the resilient framework of the city by involving community together in it.

CITY

RESILIENCE

COMMUNITY

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The city-to-community learning is much shown, where the city imparts knowledge on the community and has multifunctional solutions with community involvement. In short before they planned to implement the whole plan, they first learnt about the city’s strength and weaknesses. After studying the basic content about the city, they then involved the community from all sectors. This shows that they have not just involved a specific group of people but included all age categories and did not consider their employment status or social status. This was done by holding 3 workshops. This can be seen as a perfect example as to how powerful a community participation can mean to building of an urban space or a city. Completely standing with the community’s point of views and opinions, they created as much as of recreation spaces which can be multi functioned at each time period. Molding a city into an adaptive zone and creating public involvement and communication throughout within the spaces as well as the public themselves, is what is seen as an example for a framework for climate controlled resilient city.

b. City of Bandar Lampung, Indonesia This section will discuss on how city of Bandar lampung began to incorporate climate change adaptation goals with the support of ACCCRN (Asian cities climate change resilient network), into its budget and plans along with government, NGOs and universities along with public participation. (ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK, 2016) According to (A.Lassa & Nugraha, 2014) , Introduction Bandar Lampung is a coastal city and is modified into 2 parts after it was hit by tsunamis; upper part where higher economic classes live and marginal part. 55% of the land use of city is used for dry and mixed dry agriculture areas. As a result of continued reclamation of the coast, half of the communities live by the coast and river banks.

Challenges After the Krakatoa volcano erupted, the city’s been highly prone to tsunamis.

According to recent climate vulnerability assessment, city very likely to be hit by droughts and floods. Since the dry agriculture lands are very sensitive to droughts. They experience lack of fresh water for its population. Poor waste management has been a reason for flooding and accumulation of wastes on coastline. This resulted in water contamination and lack of drinking water. These issues divided the communities and lead to issues between them as a proper planning was not implemented initially.

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The ACCCRN Framework in Practice in Indonesia: A framework was created with five phases/components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Shared learning dialogues (SLDs) among practitioners and policy makers. Vulnerability assessment (VA) Conducting in-depth studies Planning city-resilient strategy Implementation of the strategies that have been set to start from 2016-2018.

Source: Internal ACCCRN Project Report/Presentation (A.Lassa & Nugraha, 2014)

Pilot projects: (A.Lassa & Nugraha, 2014) To assess present and future climate variability in Bandar Lampung and, also to study about the vulnerability and adaptive capacity, some initial projects were introduced in the most vulnerable areas and social groups. The assessment document that was made reveals city’s proneness to natural catastrophe and natural hazards like floods, droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes. 

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The first one was implemented by an NGO named Lampung ikhlas, aimed at waste management and water management to improve community adaptation to reduce impacts of flood and water scarcity. This was done by recycling the solid wastes e.g. plastic and paper waste cycling and turning organic wastes into fertilizers. This was aimed at changing the behaviour of coastal communities and helped the local communities in kangkung village to filter brackish water to drinking water. The second was implemented by NGO named Mitra bentala. By initiating vertical agriculture in panjung village, they trained the local communities in saving the space and making it efficient where the urban poor can turn the organic wastes to grow vegetables and plants in their marginal gardens. The master plan that was made by the SLDs stated that "drainage channels and rivers has reduced the drainage capacity and increased the possibility of flooding." In addition, "due to high tide, wind storm and high rainfall in coastal areas there has been severe flood events. And along with piled garbage in coastal areas – and inland areas, the secondary impacts (of 20 | P a g e



disease spreading and water contamination) could trigger the occurrence of dengue fever and diarrhoea. Realizing the importance to have a plan for waste management, Bandar Lampung prepared An Integrated Solid Waste Master Plan to increase city resilience in facing to the impact from climate change, either direct or indirect." (A.Lassa & Nugraha, 2014) These has then reduced the impact of flooding due to deposition of solid wastes on the drainage system and also community involvement was very visible throughout the process.

Analysis: -

The active involvement of public participation shows that the waste management has improved over years with proper disposal systems that has reduced the risks of flooding and lesser risk of living by the coasts. The city planning; division into 2 parts have shown how community inequality was well shown in the city and how its impact was shown on the poor waste management and climate uncontrolled city. Also training the communities with newer and more technical knowledge has helped in gaining more participation in the future sustainability programs and also including their suggestions and views on any programs to be implemented. What most cities now lack is proper knowledge of natural hazards and measure in overcoming it. This was specifically looked upon and comes under the ACCCRN program that particularly aims at coastal villages and educating them with necessary ideas and precautions. The initial steps in fuelling the sustainability, taken here as e.g. like waste recycling and using them as fertilizers was a well done initiative which was first introduce in Bandar Lampung.

c. Kuyu district in Ethiopia This section encases different methods of adoption of soil and water conservation measures for climate change and variability techniques in Kuyu district, Ethiopia. According to (Filho, Simane, Kalangu, Wuta, & Munishi, 2017) , Introduction Largely dependent on agriculture and 44% of GDP is contributed by them. Faces severe soil degradation.

Challenges Soil erosion results in erratic and evasive rainfall, steep terrain, deforestation. Soil erosion as a result of climate change reduce agriculture productivity by 10-20%. Has been a main reason for continuing poverty and hunger. Lack of proper organizations and institutions to properly plan and settle the issues being faced. Lack of community development as a result of improper city planning and poor adaptive measures taken for climate changes.

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Soil and water conservation measures taken: (Filho, Simane, Kalangu, Wuta, & Munishi, 2017) 

Different measure for soil and water conservation was taken in Kuyu district. The most common one was stone bund, as a soil conservation practice intensively used. After interviewing around 100 households, 49% use stone bund construction on their farm plots as climate change adaption strategy. This is also because of high potential of stones in that area that they mostly use this technique.

Stone bunds in lower watershed; (a) newly built stone bund; (b) series of stabilized stone bunds with grass, six years after construction.

(Filho, Simane, Kalangu, Wuta, & Munishi, 2017)

Stone bund conservation method used in Ethiopia.

Fanya juu terraces in a semi-arid area which have developed over time into benches: well established grass strips along the bunds (Kenya).

Graph showing the study of percentage of households using these measure and conservation measures (Filho, Simane, Kalangu, Wuta, & Munishi, 2017)

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

However there are certain factors that examines on how much intensively can it be implemented based on their studies. Factors are: 1. Farm size - studies shown that families with larger farms are more likely to adopt stone bund strategy as a solution for soil conservation. They also have more opportunities to use new practices on trial basis and also have ability to deal the risk than ones with small farms. 2. Family size - this is important factor to be taken as the poor resource farmers depend on their family labour. Household size largely determines on practices and conservation measures being undertaken by them. Larger the size, more labour and more easily they can implement conservation strategies without any labour expenses. 3. No of livestock owned - more no of livestock owned, is negatively implemented of the stone bund practice. This is because wealthy farmers have their own resource options besides farmland and have more cattle due to which they give less care and structure maintenance as a result, cattle damage. They are less concerned about adopting conservation techniques for improving productivity. 4. Training on soil and water conservation - it is positively and negatively significant as the farmers who are trained and educated about SWC is more likely to adopt conservation practices and also trial of newer techniques.



After examining and analysing the above explained factors, stone bunds engage in the community for its construction supporting the logistic, technical and material aspects. Under water limiting conditions, the stone bunds are useful techniques to improving soil water content through runoff control, and reaches 59% in plots with barriers alone, and even 84% in plots with barriers + organic matter. When rainfall is erratic, stone bunds conserve more moisture in the soil for longer which helps to retain water stress during dry spells. Studies have shown that it can increase yield from 33% to 55% by increasing the productivity overall.

 

Analysis: -

Lack of SWC has been an overlying problem in Ethiopia for long. Since the kuyu district is wholly dependent on agriculture soil degradation problems are more likely and this has resulted in drought and poverty among communities. Regular flooding and landslides have become a major issue to be looked upon. A proper initiative was planned with active community participation after conducting interviews and surveys among different families ranging from upper to lower class. After filtering the results and majority, the government arranged for fund to initiate stone bund technique in many farmlands. Since this was newer that time, a proper education was given about this practice and also regarding the hazards and future outcomes about SWC. This gave the public an opportunity to give their views and also to gain knowledge about it. Since stone bund involves labour and community, this gave an opportunity to engage them in the development process and also to reflect on their ideas and knowledge. This shows us that how well each family household was studied and by understanding their needs, found the best solution to tackle this. This also suggests that strengthening agriculture extension services to make farmers more informed about climate change impact on soil erosion and adaptation strategies to use.

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4.1

Arcology

(Malloy, 2018) An idea that was proposed by Italian architect, Paulo Soleri through his book Arcology: city in the image of a man, talks about the fusion of architecture and ecology to achieve ecological vision in response to city growth. Arcology would particularly explain about a concept that produce and consume on its own; to meet all the essential living requirements, to generate their own food and resources, sustainable waste management, improving air and water quality and also to minimise the area of buildings that it occupies and to maximise the services. To be enough selfsufficient to manage as a small town with green buildings with less energy produced vehicles and power management. Apart from the decades of research and work on this concept, arcologies seems to be difficult to build in the real world. Why and the reasoning behind this will be studied detail in further. Why and the reasoning behind this will be studied detail in further. 

A clear introduction on arc ology and various objectives taken as a part.



Explaining some of the projects and planning done as a part of arc ology.



Explaining the limitations for this utopian model so as to why be this is still not accomplished considering the years of research spent on this huge and vast topic.

a. ARCOSANTI By joining the Italian words “cosa” and “anti” meaning “against things” Soleri named both his studio and non-profit foundation as Cosanti. Cosanti – can be called as imaginative or provocative architecture experiments or a foundation exploring the built world in balance with the nature. (ARCOSANTI, 2020) (ARCOSANTI, 2020) In 1970, the Cosanti foundation dropped a prototype arcology project of an experimental small town in the high desert of Arizona. An ambitious project as an experiment with limited environmental footprint integrating architecture design and ecology.  -

It is based on set of 4 core values: frugality and resourcefulness ecological accountability experimental learning leaving limited footprint



Paolo Soleri was settled in paradise valley. Arizona in 1955. He began building experimental dwellings using unique and innovative building techniques on the 5 acre plot where he made his home which was later named as Cosanti. Earth-casting methods were used for construction of most structures where concrete is poured over the earth taking shapes from the contours of the land. Soleri built most structures from the roof down. Most of them are built below ground level, surrounded by earth mounds, that acts as natural insulation to moderate interior temperature.

 

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The Dome house (1949), Cave Creek Arizona was the first of Soleri’s semi-subterranean projects.



The structures in Arcosanti is designed to use it multi functionally to extend their utility and facilitating many performances, workshops and cultural programmes that happen every year. Close to 8000 people have contributed their design and work by taking part in building Arcosanti.

Challenges (Bucknell, 2017) 1. The master plan set out by Soleri is barely 5 percent complete. Site that is capable of building around 5,000 houses are now limited to only 50 since day one. 2. This affects the construction process as it is their main source of income. 3. The principle cites cars and vehicles as death of their society, yet every resident has one of their own. 4. They travel 70 mile weekly to pick up food supplies die to lack of proper supplies. 5. Their vision “maximum accessibility to all elements” fails to work out since there no ramps in sight and elevators aren’t ecofriendly enough to match their principle.

Image source:

(ARCOSANTI, 2020)

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Lab (ARCOSANTI, 2020)

Foundry (ARCOSANTI, 2020)

Vaults (ARCOSANTI, 2020)

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b. Masdar city, Abu Dhabi So far, this idea has remained utopian. But despite decades of work and planning on the concept, this idea seems to be remarkably difficult to build in the real world. This tells us that, so far mankind does not have the technology or willpower to bring functioning arcology in reality or in existence. But this hasn’t stopped the nations and different governments from trying and contributing to this manifesto. One of the city that has invested in this utopian idea is Masdar city of Abu Dhabi.

MASDAR CITY, Abu Dhabi (Masdar, n.d.)

Transportation, MASDAR CITY, Abu Dhabi (Masdar, n.d.)

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Residence ,MASDAR CITY, Abu Dhabi (Masdar, n.d.)

It relies solely on solar and other renewable energy sources, with zero-carbon, zero-waste principle.

Six sq.km is set aside for development and will provide homes and housing to 45,000 to 50,000 people and 1500 businesses, including IREA (International renewable energy agency) and Masdar institute for science and technology. With no cars and other transport running, it is instead provided by mass transit and personal rapid transit systems.

Power is supplied by solar plant, wind farms and geo-thermal energy including the community housing the world’s largest power plant. Solar-powered desalination plant will provide water, with its 80% being recycled and wastewater reused “as many times as possible” for crop irrigation. Biological wastes will be recycled and reused as fertilizers used as power source.

The project began in 2006 and the first phase, including the residential areas was due to be completed in 2009, however the impact due to global recession and crisis has pushed back to 2015, with its final completion due by 2020-25. (Geere, 2011)

Challenges (Vigano, 2017) 1. The project began in 2006 and the first phase, including the residential areas was due to be completed in 2009, however due to global recession and crisis has pushed back to 2015, with its final completion due by 2020-25. 2. The city now has only 250 permanent residents who are students of local university, though it is claimed to be for 50,000 people. 3. Though transportation system is claimed to be sustainable and carbon free, its not however connecting all the peripheral spots and is a complete loss.

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5. Discussion The degrowth hypothesis explains us that a radical and relevant reorganization of city is needed to achieve a reduction in resource and energy consumption with proper climate controlled strategies to remain within the planetary boundaries. But limitations and scope of the study mostly also suggests that such a shift is not necessary but desirable and possible. Degrowth started as an activist slogan in France in the early 2000s against consumerism and commodification, but since then it has evolved into a social movement that concerns about the climate emergency and economic growth of nations. Degrowth now operates as focal starting point foreseeing new worlds that can provide better lives and economy with less, in which sustainable development goes hand in hand with equity and a handful of alternatives that substitutes the growth “machine” characterizing contemporary society. Though urban resilience and social equity remains separate subjects to be explained, what our study focuses is that how we have related to degrowth agenda and how urgent is it to be solved. In the case of Rotterdam water squares, considering the whole city being built below sea level and along the river banks, it faces a high chance of emergency and critical scenario that was being evident at the beginning. This made the government and municipality officials to properly plan for a city that can withstand any kind of emergency being faced in the future. By building basins to fill up water during rainfall and to clear the drainage system, they made sure that degrowth principle is being acquired and justified. This was done by reduction of resources being used and energy efficient building technologies. Since the water square is now turned into a very active public square, the infrastructure around the square is now being less functional and does not play much of a role in city planning. Due its invisibility and continuous activities being engaged in the public square, the buildings have more likely become in efficient with taxes being continuously paid and affecting the economic growth of the city. This again explains us that degrowth as a movement remains paradoxical, by leaving either of the factors unjustified and not completely finding solutions to the city redevelopment. The Bandar Lampung city of Indonesia has been continuously prone to deadly tsunamis and earthquakes over years. Taking the serious global warming changes happening now, imagining the Bandar Lampung city being remains in the older state now in these adverse situations would have been really devastating. The dry agriculture in Indonesia is one of the main reasons behind drought and flooding. Almost half of the nation’s GDP is contributed by agriculture. Post disaster and hazards, the country remains poverty strike for many years by looking back to the disasters being happened in the country. It is strange that here, all the hazards being happened in the country is adversely or non-adversely affected by poor waste management. Community disagreement about the waste disposal has been the major reason for the inability to solve it systematically. People living by the coasts are very less aware about the after issue that shall be faced, by contaminating and disposing the water body with huge pile of wastes and blocking the drainage system. This causes flooding and have been a huge threat to the coastal villages and lacks proper precautionary methods to take as a step. The local NGOs came up with a solution solid waste recycling within the coasts and having proper disposal systems. However waste disposal systems are now being working the long run, but waste recycling is still a major issue that is being faced. There are many countries that have taken waste recycling as a sustainability step looking forward to degrowth driven city. But studies have now shown that Indonesia has however failed in completely accomplishing the recycling

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process unable to support degrowth agenda. Main reason being, economic issues to satisfy the expenses of recycling and total waste management programs. In kuyu district of Ethiopia, soil degradation has been occurring since the past 5 to 10 years. This is a major threat to the villagers and farmers since Ethiopia is largely dependent on agriculture. After surveying different household and villages in Ethiopia studies have concluded that, most of the households simply require resources and a simple lifestyle that is just required to look after their family and providing food and education. Ethiopia has not been really sensitive about contributing to the GDP and standing along with the other countries. Main focus goes towards eliminating poverty and hunger which is more than required for every household of Ethiopia being studied. This could be the main reason why the stone bund technique was used by many households which required less expense and least resources. Where it is used in their own farmlands and does not require much of labour. Since the initiation of this technique started, it has been a huge success in eradicating soil erosion and bringing satisfy able livelihood in the country. In a country like Ethiopia, where development and urbanization is not really focused, sustainable techniques to overcome climate issues like the one discussed can be adapted in order to sustain a livelihood without aiming for rapid urbanization. Bringing technologies and modern developments can be a huge step taken looking forward to degrowth pattern, because, agriculture being their sole source of earning, they are ready to take any kind of trials and risks to boost the agriculture economy and their practice. A degrowth city is not a utopian dream or a nostalgic fantasy of a previous era. Instead, it would be a city that shows the total global pattern of the contemporary world that we are looking forward to live and which tries to limit some of its harmful social and environmental aspects in order to allow spaces for new connections and patterns of common life to withstand. The idea of degrowth city does not attempt to homogenize, but rather point on inclusiveness. Heterogeneity and plurality comes hand in hand to the values of equity, living together, sharing resources and common ideas. Difference and plurality are inborn and essential for cities and therefore diverse spatial and social articulation are important in the production of degrowth city. They are also beneficial for the way such an idea of a city could be governed; possibly through local institutions, organizations and assemblies that try to combine forms of direct and delegate economy. Rather than developing a rigid thought on images that involve people to demand conformation to them, a flexible and more inclusive socio-spatial imagination about a degrowth city would be more beneficial; an open and inspirational urban narrative. These preliminary questions aim not to function as a whole narrative, but rather shows the way for such a broader socio ecological transformation. Along with the study, I would also like to include the serious pandemic that the whole world is now facing in the year 2020. Even though stricken by a nomadic virus, it has huge roles in accommodating to the topic of our study, mostly relating to the economic pattern and global financial crisis that we are ought to face. A manifesto has to be planned in reorganization of the city post covid-19 hopefully. On one hand, we are witnessing an increase of inequality now being faced in all sectors including, economy, health, urbanization and even city planning with shared communities, which the epidemic has amplified and made clear. The most vulnerable people now see an uncertainty, which was already increased by 2008 economic crisis, now in total collapse. Most of the families are now not being able to afford the payment of rental charges. This was already a reality before the epidemic, due to the prices inflated by the presence of taxes and investment funds that served in ways to artificially regulate the market. Thousands of people in Barcelona don’t have a home, a reality that prevented them not just defending themselves from epidemic during confinement, but 30 | P a g e

will also prevent them reorganizing their life post epidemic. “We have lost a generation: the elderly people who have died mainly in care homes”. (Paolini, 2020)

(Paolini, 2020) The post-COVID19 can be a unique opportunity to carry out the necessary measures- to reform the city back to its people, rebuilding transport and mobility measures, to discommodity the city and promoting degrowth. A planning was made as a result of urgent need due to structural change in organizing the city, by ensuring equal opportunities and substituting the current commodification of the city. It can be based on the given key elements: – Reorganization of mobility – (Re) naturalization of the city – Decommodification of housing –Degrowth can be achieved by encouraging economic growth by reducing the consumption. Encouraging small scale economies, local economy, small shops etc. – Stimulating the touristic degrowth. – “Reject the construction of new museums (for example, the new Hermitage museum), whose main goal is to increase business in the tourism sector and to contribute to the commodification of the city.” [Massimo Paolini, author] – Promoting energy efficient buildings and reduction of energy consumption, both public and private and reusing the construction materials.

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6. Conclusion In order to prove and verify the role of architects and policy makers for sustainable community development, It recommended that personal and joint efforts is required in order to collaborate with concerned authorities and agencies in the design, planning, and rebuilding of sustainable and a degrowth dependent country. This paper aims to contribute to degrowth thinking by reflecting on common assumptions about wellbeing of degrowth and focusing important challenges and offering different and unique ways in addressing them. The concerns and potential challenges maintaining and improving degrowth wellbeing need to address to advance this movement. It is not necessary that architects and those involved in architecture should not just be involved in shouldn’t be doing everything they can in order to bring about those systematic changes. Reducing the growth dependencies can bring about the systematic changes, where we could see different types of housing and community projects promoting values like, sharing, different kinds of intergenerational groups living together, and different niches. It is about, creating those precedents to prove this shift by design for living. Countries like new Zealand has announced they’re not going to have GDP as their main social health anymore, which can be a pretty significant baby step.

metric for

Degrading the natural sources is simply not validating proving the economics. The expanding consumerism is not just environmentally destructive, but psychologically harmful to humans that lose the meaning and connection humans seek. An example taken can be; reducing the advertising of environmental detrimental products or over consumption of fossil fuels. Everyone will have different thoughts about these ideas, but the important part is to find a common ground and to involve common discussions and arguments. Importantly we have to remember that we cannot move society towards changes that people cannot envision.

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7. References

A.Lassa, J., & Nugraha, E. (2014). Building Urban Resilience to Climate Change in the Secondary Cities in Indonesia. IRGSC, 22. alexander, S. (2012). Planned economic contraction: the emerging case for degrowth. Planned economic contraction: the emerging case for degrowth, 368. ARCOSANTI. (2020). ARCOSANTI. Retrieved from ARCOSANTI: https://www.arcosanti.org/about/ ARCOSANTI. (2020). ARCOSANTI. Retrieved from ARCOSANTI: https://www.arcosanti.org/about/ ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. (2016). TOWARD MAINSTREAMING AND SUSTAINING COMMUNITYDRIVEN DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA. Philippines: ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. AUROVILLE. (n.d.). Retrieved from Auroville: https://www.auroville.org/categories/12 Bravo, D. (2020, june 12). public space. Retrieved from public space: https://www.publicspace.org/works/-/project/h034-water-square-in-benthemplein Buchs, M., & Koch, M. (2019). Challenges for the degrowth transition: The debate about wellbeing. In M. Buchs, & M. Koch, Challenges for the degrowth transition: The debate about wellbeing (pp. 155-165). Elsevier. Bucknell, A. (2017). The Complicated and Contradictory Legacy of Arcosanti. METROPOLIS. City of Rotterdam Engineering Bureau. (n.d.). DE URBANISTEN. Retrieved from DE URBANISTEN: http://www.urbanisten.nl/wp/?portfolio=waterplein-benthemplein DE URBANISTEN. (n.d.). Urbanisten. Retrieved from Urbanisten: http://www.urbanisten.nl/wp/?portfolio=waterplein-benthemplein Filho, W. L., Simane, B., Kalangu, J., Wuta, M., & Munishi, P. (2017). Climate change adaptation in Africa. Switzerland: Springer. Frearson, A. (2019, 11 19). dezeen. Retrieved from dezeen: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/11/19/degrowth-architecture-oslo-architecture-triennale2019/ geere, D. (2011). Five real-world arcologies under construction. Five real-world arcologies under construction. Geere, D. (2011). WIRED. Five real-world arcologies under construction. Kumudhavalli, S. R. (2014). ADAPTIVE REUSE AND RESTORATION OF A CHETTINADU MANSION, PUDUKOTTAI, TAMILNADU, INDIA. h International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions (p. 12). Mexico: F. Peña & M. Chávez (eds.). Malloy, C. (2018). Step Inside This City of the Future That Time Forgot. Architectural digest.

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Masdar. (n.d.). Masdar: A MUBADALA COMPANY. Retrieved from Masdar: A MUBADALA COMPANY: https://masdar.ae/en/about-us/management/about-masdar Minnery, R. (2015). Resilience to Adaptation. the crucible for an ethical practice in architecture. Oslo Architecture triennale. (2019). Enough:The Architecture of Degrowth. Oslo: The Oslo School of Architecture and Design. Paolini, M. (2020, may 18). degrowth. Retrieved from https://www.degrowth.info/en/2020/05/manifesto-for-the-reorganisation-of-the-city-aftercovid-19/ Rachel Minnery. (2015). Resilience to Adaptation. The journal of the American Institute of Architects. Rachel Minnery. (n.d.). Resilience to Adaptation. Rajeev, L. (2019). Bringing back structural past of a religious monument. Kerala: THE HINDU. Shaw, M. (2019). What is the architecture of degrowth? The Architects Newspaper. Smith, M. (2019, 9 17). “Degrowth is about redistribution by design, not by collapse”. (M. Minkjan, Interviewer) STUDIO PRECHT. (2018). THE FARMHOUSE. STUDIO PRECHT. Vigano, L. (2017). Masdar City Project and its criticisms: a complete failure?

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